THE CONSENT OF TIME, DECIPHERING the errors of the Grecians in their Olympiads, the uncertain computation of the Romans in their Penteterydes' and building of Rome, of the Persians in their account of Cyrus, and of the vanities of the Gentiles in fables of antiquities, disagreeing with the Hebrews, and with the Sacred Histories in consent of time.  
Wherein is also set down the beginning, continuance, succession, and overthrows of kings, kingdoms, States, and governments.  
BY LODOWIK LLOID Esquire.  PROVERB. 24. Vir sapiens est fortis, & vir doctus robustus. 
¶ Imprinted at London by GEORGE BISHOP, and RALPH NEWBERIE. Anno 1590.   

TO THE MOST REVErend, JOHN Archbishop of CANTERBURY, Primate and Metropliotane of all England, and of her majesties most honourable privy Counsel.  
I Am bold (most reverend) to dedicate the fruits of this my travail, such as they be, unto your Grace, who can and will defend my rash attempt in so great a cause, and yet not so great an enterprise of me to accuse errors, as is necessary to your Grace to defend all writers in the proving thereof. I have presumed to write of the Consent of time, a charge wherein I confess myself far inferior to those that have herein much erred. Howbeit, I am the bolder encouraged by the assurance of my warrant which I take from the Sacred Histories the Centre and ground of all beginnings, and the only proof of all antiquities, without which (sayeth Eusebius) no History can be true: For 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 
10. Praep.  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
The errors are infinite in the computation of Rome, of the time of Cyrus, of the destruction of Troy, and specially in the accounts of the Olympiads, which made all Greek and Latin writers to go far amiss, and to fail in consent of time very much, sometime twenty or thirty Olympiads, sometime more, sometime less: the deceitfulness thereof, not only holy Histories have confounded, but whole successions of lives have disproved: for the Greeks' (saith josephus) Non tam study & notitiaveritatis quàm suis opinionibus, multa prodidere falsa: And therefore Thucydides used rather to account the time by the Peloponesian war, per aestates & hyemes, then by the Olympiads. Seeing then (right reverend) that profane writers are thus wrapped in errors by missing the true warrant of time, I took this my best course to prove consent of histories by succession of patriarchs, by continuance of judges, and by the government of kings, even from the creation of man unto the deluge: from the deluge to the promise made to Abraham: from the promise, to the Law given to Moses: from the Law given, to the building of the Temple: from the Temple to the captivity: and from the captivity to the MESSIAH, truly proved by Moses, and by the Chronicles of the kings, and last by Daniel, who made a perfect abstract for all Chronographers: Wherein he doth instruct all writers, how to find the order and time of histories, for the three last Monarchies, whose Method I follow, as much as my simple capacity suffered me: alleging such authorities as wrote best of every Country, endeavouring to avoid the name of the Olympiads as the enemy of truth and time.  
Thus I yield your Grace mine account of my proceeding for Consent of time, most humbly beseeching your L. to accept herein my good will, as one, that is to my small ability desirous to amend things amiss.  
Your Grace's most humbly to use,  
LODOW. LLOYD.   

TO THE READER.  
I Think my labour well bestowed, my reward sufficient, if my travail and good will be herein of the reader accepted: I accuse myself of some rashness to wade into those strong streams that have carried the best learned to a labyrinth of errors, who in seeking consent of time by uncertain computations of the Gentiles, have miss the square and perfect frame of the Prophets, the straight and perfect line from Adam unto Christ, without the which all profane writers most grossly err: for can any true account of time be made by the Romans computation, either from the building of their City which was from year to year, or by the censure of Lustrum, which the Grecians call Penteterides, which was from five year to five 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  year, or by the computation of their Indictions, which was from fifteen year to fifteen year, when neither the time of the building of Rome, or of appointing of Lustrum, or of the instituting of the indictions, are not yet known or agreed upon? In like manner the old Grecians from the time of Ninus, from the destruction of Troy, and last from the Olympiads so erred and became so fabulous in histories, and since from their Olympiads, that Greece itself is called Grecia mendax: for the Olympiads is the general cause of all errors, even in the best learned: for Xenophon, who flourished in the chief time of the Olympiads, yet fallax in his accusatur.  
The like gross error is in the computation of the Persians of the time of Cyrus. To speak of the Egyptians account from the one flowing of Nilus unto another, from one Dynastia unto another: during which time they say, 340. kings reigned from the first Pharaoh called Amasis, unto the last Amasis named also Pharaoh, far from any true consent of time, it were superfluous: by this means Hellanicus accused Acusilaus, Acusilaus Ephorus, Ephorus Timaeus, Timaeus Herodot, and Herodot accused Hesiodus. In brief one so accused another, that all erred in consent of time, and that by reason of their false computation, without looking to the succession of the patriarchs, continuances of judges, reigns of kings, and without respect of the jubilees which the Hebrues so observed, that they could not err: which if Pliny, Halicarnassaeus, Polybius, Diodorus, and the rest had observed, they had not so disagreed, in a hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred years, more or less from the sacred histories.  
Had they looked to the histories of the Hebrews, they had found how to avoid many inconveniences: for profane writers of the Assyrian, Chaldean, Egyptian, and Persian histories can not but err, for that they wrote long after the time of these kingdoms. I have therefore for the more assurance of sound warrant answered the time with the history of the Church, and have withal followed the best authorities both in sacred and in profane histories, as far as my simple judgement can reach.  
Lodowik Lloid.   

¶ A brief Table containing the Arguments of the histories of this Book, with the authorities of every History thereunto annexed.  

THE HEBREWES.  
OF the creation of the world, and of the continuance of the first age therein from Adam unto Noah. Fol. 1. 
CHAP. 1.   
Of the most ancient and true history of the Hebrews, after called Israel: of their laws and original government called Oligarchia 
2  from Abraham to whom the promise was made, unto Moses to whom the law was given. 17.  
Of the birth of Moses: of his favour with God: of his government over Israel for 40. years in the wilderness, and deliverance of them from Pharaoh, 
3  by the direction and instruction of God: of joshua his successor, and of his wars and victories, and of his good government over Israel for 32. years, and of the common wealth of the Hebrews, during the time of Moses and joshua, which was 72. years. 26.  
Of the third change of common wealth of the Hebrews, first from Oligarchia under the patriarchs: secondly from Aristocratia under the 
4  judges, now to a Monarchy under kings, which Israel cried out and never ceased until they had a king. 41.  
Of the taking away of the ten tribes from juda to Samaria by jeroboam, in the fourth year of Rehoboam, salomon's son: of the first division of 
5  Israel: of their wars and last destructions of the kings of Israel by Salmanasser. 54.  
Of the continuance of the kings of juda, after the kingdom of Israel was 
6  destroyed, Samaria taken, and the ten tribes of Israel carried capitue by Salmanasser into Assyria. 68  
Of the return of the jews into jerusalem after the captivity first by the decree of Cyrus, after by Darius, and last by Artaxerxes: of the second 
7  building of the temple by Esdras, Nehemias, and Zorobabcl, and of the government under the high Priest. 76.  
Of the Maccabees, and of the last kings of juda, and of their government 
8  under the Romans, and of their last destruction of jerusalem by Titus the Emperor. 85. ¶ I have used in the history of the Hebrues for my authorities these many writers, whose names are under written. 

Moses.  
Berosus.  
josephus.  
Eusebius.  
P. Eberus dereb. jud.  
Sigonius.  
Glareanus.  
Melancthon.  
Io. Freigius de vitis patrum.  
M. Beroaldus.  
Io. Functius.     

THE CHALDEANS.  
OF the first original of the Chaldeans, first called Arphaxades after the 
CAP. 1.  name of Arphaxad the third son of Sem, which was the first kingdom of the world: of their continuance, government and last destruction by Darius Medus, and Cyrus. Fol. 102.  
Of the rest of the kings of Assyria, from Ascatades the 18. king unto Sardanapalus 
2  the 36. and last king of the Assyrians, which is since the Israelits left Egypt until the first Olympiad, at what time jotham reigned in judea. 117.  
Of the kings of Babylon again called new Assyria, from Sardanapalus which 
3  the Greeks' call Tonoscon Coleros, until Balsaar the last king of Babylon. 128. 

Moses.  
Eusebius.  
Berosus.  
josephus.  
Manethon.  
Tro. Pomp.  
Orosius.  
Xenophon.  
Zonaras.  
Bucholcerus.  
Ruffinus.  
justinus.     

THE EGYPTIANS.  
OF the original beginning of the Egyptians, and of their continuance: 
1  of their kings and governments: Why Egypt was called Oceana, or Nilea. 141.  
Of the kings of Egypt after Ramesses time, firnamed Egyptus, at what 
2  time Oceana was called Egypt after the name of Egyptus before called Mizreia. 153.  
Of the last kings of Egypt by the name of Pharaos', which continued 1200. years: and of the first conquering of Egypt by Cambyses the second king 
3  of Persia. 165.  
Of the second conquest of Egypt by Alexander: of their kings afterward called 
4  Ptolemies, until the time of Caesar Augustus, by whom all Egypt was last conquered & made a province subject to the Roman Empire. 177. 

Manethon.  
Herodotus.  
Cheremon.  
Diod. Sicul.  
Io. Annius.  
Blondus.  
Appion.  
justinus.  
Ruffinus.  
josephus.  
Melancthon.     

THE SCYTHIANS.  
OF the antiquity of the Scythians, of their laws, government and life, 
1  of their hardiness in wars, and of their victories over the Persians and Egyptians, and their often invasions into Asia. Fol. 191. 

Herodotus.  
Dio. Siculus.  
Plini.  
Melancton.  
justinus.  
Berosus.  
Strabo.     

THE PARTHIANS.  
OF the original of the Parthians, and of the beginning of their kingdom 
CAP. 1.  and how long it continued: of their kings, government and last destruction by the Romans in the time of Augustus Caesar. Fol. 199. 

Strabo.  
justinus.  
Solinus.  
Plutarch.  
Livius.  
Val. Max.  
Linus.  
Diodorus.  
Melancthon.     

THE MEDES.  
OF the antiquity of Media, of the original of their kings, and of their 
1  common wealth, government and continuance. Fol. 209.  
Of the first kings of Media: of their government, laws and continuance from Deiocis until Astyages the last king of the Medes. 214. 

Strabo.  
Zonaras.  
Diodorus.  
Orosius.  
josephus.  
Pomp. Mela.  
Trog. Pomp.  
Ruffinus.     

OF LYDIA.  
OF the antiquity of Lydia: of the original of their kings, and of their 
1  common wealth and government. Fol. 223.  
Of the rest of the kings of Lydia, from Ardis the sixth king, until Croesus the last king of Lydia, and of their destruction by Cyrus, and the kingdom brought subject to Persia. 229. 

Eusebius.  
Ruffinus.  
Herodot.  
Diodor. & Functius.  
Trogus Pompeius.  
Strabo.  
Pomp. Mela.  
Melancthon.  
Appianus.     

OF PERSIA.  
OF the first original of Persians: of the antiquity of their kings, of their 
1  common wealth and government: of their continuance, and how they have been called the great kings by the means & dignity of Cyrus. 238.  
Of the two Magis that usurped Persia after Cambyses time: of Darius Histaspis, 
2  and his good government of Xerxes the great, and his wars in Greece: of his ignominious flight from Greece, and of his death in Persia after his flight. 249.  
Of the successors of Xerxes in Persia: of their wars, victories and government: of the state of Greece, and of the prosperities, victories and fame 
3  they had in Xerxes' time. 258.  
Of the tyranny of Darius Ochus: of his son Arsames, and of the utter 
4  confusion and last ruin of the Persians in the time of their last king Darius, surnamed Codomanus, by Alexander the great. 267.  
Of the state of the Persians under the Romans after the time that they were conquered by Alexander the great, until the time of Alex. Severus Emperor 
5  of Rome 550. years after, at what time began the new kingdom of Persia, by one Artaxerxes, and of his successors, until the Persians the fourth time were utterly destroyed by the Saracens. 278. 

Xenophon.  
josephus.  
Io. Functius.  
Dion.  
Zonaras.  
Strabo.  
Herodotus.  
L. Florus.  
Q. Curtius.  
justinus.  
Io. Monachus.  
Dio. Halicarnas.     

OF MAHOMET.  
OF the original of Mahomet in Arabia: of his greatness and credit not 
CAP. 1.  only among the Saracens and Arabians, but also in the East kingdoms: of the invasions of the Saracens: of their scattering wars in Asia, Europe, and in Africa, and of their continuance. Fol. 289. 

Pau. Aemilius.  
Blondus.  
Maspeus.  
jornandus de Get.  
Chron. Pol.  
Bonfinus de Hung.  
Functius.     

OF THE TURKS.  
OF the great Turk, and of his kingdom from Ottoman the first, until 
1  Selimus the 11. of the two Empires of Constantinople and Trapezuntium, which now the Turks do govern: of their beginning, and of their first service under Basilius Macedo Emperor of Constantinople. 302. 

Egnatius.  
Paul. iovius.  
Chromerus Pol.  
Blondus.  
Bonfinus.  
Functius.     

OF GREECE.  
OF the antiquity of Greece: of the beginning of their cities and Common wealth, of their laws and governments by degrees, during yet the 
1  infancy of Greece. 311.  
Of the building of Athens: of their beginning, and of their first laws under 17. kings, being the third kingdom of Greece in antiquity after the 
2  Sicionians and the Argives. 320.  
Of the original beginning of the kings of the Lacedæmonians, and of the kings of Corinth, who at one time began their government under the 
3  state of Monarchy, and also ended about one time: of their government and continuance. 327.  
Of the general government in all the cities of Greece from Lycurgus' time the king and the lawmaker in Sparta, until the coming of Xerxes the 
4  great, the 4. king of Persia into Greece: of Lycurgus' laws among the Lacedæmonians, and of Solon's laws among the Athenians. 333.  
Of the huge army of Xerxes, of his preparations both by land and by sea, of 
5  the pomp and pride of Xerxes in his journey to Greece, of his shameful great overthrow and ignominious flight from Greece again into Persia, and of the flourishing state of Greece at that time. 339.  
Of the civil dissension in Greece after Xerxes' time: how every city was 
6  in arms one against another: of their Peloponesian war which continued 27. yeeeres, to the overthrow of Greece by Philip, and after by his son Alexander the great. 347.  
Of the last destruction of Greece by the Macedonians, by means of civil discord and the Peloponesian wars, the only cause of their ruin and 
7  confusion: at what time king Philippe broke their backs, and his son Alexander their necks. And after them last of all the Romans kept them in perpetual servitude. 362. 

Eusebius.  
josephus.  
Zonaras.  
Theo. Bibliander.  
Strabo, & Xenoph.  
Thucydides.  
Herodotus.  
Plutarch.  
Archilogus.  
Diod. Siculus.  
Functius.  
Orosius.     

OF THE MACEDONIANS.  
OF the kingdom of Macedonia: of their continuance, laws, and government, of their kings, and of their wars, until the time of Alexander. 
CAP. 1.  Fol. 372.  
Of the renown and fame of Macedonia, during the reign of Alexander 
2  the great, of his conquests and victories over all the East: of his dangerous wars in India, Egypt, and in Scythia, and of the subduing of Darius, and the taking away of the Monarchy from Persia into Macedonia. 382.  
Of the division of Asia and Syria after the death of Alexander the great, between his captains: for he left no king to succeed after him but the 
3  sword. So many kingdoms were void by his death, that his captains that fought then under Alexander for wages and spoils, fought now for kingdoms and Empires. Of their wars, and of their continuance. 393.  
Of the Roman wars with king Philip, and his son Perseus, the two last 
4  kings of Macedonia: of their overthrow by Paul. Aemilius, and of the overthrow of false Philip and counterfeit Andriscus, by Q. Metellus in his last conquest of Macedonia. 404. 

Glareanus.  
Theo. Bibliand.  
Plutarch.  
Q. Curt. & Livi.  
Plinius.  
M. Scotus.  
Orosius.  
Florus.     

ASIA AND SYRIA.  
OF the wars of the kings of Asia and Syria with the Romans: of their succession in the wars, and of the continuance of their kingdom after 
CAP. 1.  Alexander's death. Fol. 413.  
Of that wicked and most blasphemous king Antiochus Epiphanes, son to Antiochus the great, and the type of Antichrist: of his usurpation and tyranny 
2  of the kingdom: of his sacking and cruelty in jerusalem: of his bloody wars, and persecutions of the Christians. 420.  
Of the last destruction of Asia and Syria through their civil dissension and long wars one against another, the only cause of their bondage afterward 
3  to the Romans, under whom they lived as subjects, and all Asia and Syria made provinces unto Rome. 429. 

Eusebius.  
Appianus.  
Eutropius.  
Valerius Max.  
L. Florus.  
Livius.  
Functius. and the Maccabees.     

AFRICA AND LIBYA.  
OF the first African wars between the carthaginians and the Romans, 
1  which continued 24. years, and of the victories of the Romans over them. Fol. 436.  
Of the second African wars between the carthaginians and the Romans, 
2  which endured 17. years: during which time Hannibal held terrible wars with the Romans, which brought the Empire of Rome well nigh to Carthage, but at last by Scipio Affricanus the wars were ended, Carthage overthrown, Africa won, and Hannibal forced to flee. 443.  
Of the third and last African wars between the Romans and the carthaginians, which endured four years: of the overthrow of Carthage 
3  and Numantia: of the ruin and last conquest of Africa by the Romans. 453. 

Livius.  
Appianus.  
Plinius.  
Polybius.  
Orosius.  
Eutropius.  
Dionys. Halic.  
Val. Maximus.  
L. Florus.  
Frontinus. And all the Romans.     

OF ITALY.  
OF the antiquity of old Italy first called janicula, and then Saturnia: 
1  of the beginning of the kings of the Latins, the first kingdom of Italy: of their laws, and government from Faunus unto Aeneas, and from Aeneas until Romulus. Fol. 459.   

OF THE ROMANS.  
OF the first building of Rome by Romulus: of his government, laws, and 
CHAP. 1.  appointing of Magistrates after he had founded the City: of his wars with the Sabines: of his conquests and victories over these Sabines, Fidenates, and of his triumph over king Acron. 467.  
Of the government, laws, and orders of Rome after Numa Pomp. time, 
2  until the end of Tarqvinius the proud, the last king of Rome: of their wars and victories during this time over their neighbours about them: of the enlargement of the City of Rome, and of their territories, and last of the banishment of their king. 480.  
Of the first change of government in Rome from a monarchy unto Aristocratia, at what time one Dictator and two Consuls were appointed to govern 
3  the people in the room of kings: of their good government, laws, wars, and victories, until the Tarentine wars where Pyrrhus began to aid the Tarentines against the Romans. 493.  
Of the wars and victories of the Romans over king Pyrrhus called the 
4  Tarentine wars, until the Carthaginean wars: of their victories and triumphs had over Italy, with divers other foreign nations and kingdoms. 507.  
Of the Roman wars, and of their conquest over Carthage, Numantia, 
5  and all Asia, and of their divers victories and triumphs over other nations, during the time of this African wars. 514.  
Of the conspiracy of Lucius Catilina, and of the two civil wars, the first 
6  between Marius and Silla: and the second between Pompey the great, and Iu. Caesar, during which time Carthage and Numantia were subdued in Hispaine, and the last conquest of Africa by Scipio the younger, and also surnamed Affricanus the younger. 524.  
Of the alteration and change of the common wealth of Rome from Aristocratia to Monarchia again: as before from kings to Consuls, so now from 
7  Consuls to Emperors, the state was altered by Iu. Caesar the first Emperor and last Dictator of Rome, and so from Iu. Caesar unto the end of Nero, which was the last of the progeny of Augustus. 536.  
From Nero the tyrant the sixth Emperor of Rome, until the time of Lu. 
8  Antoninus Commodus the cruel the 18. Emperor, a match meet for Nero, in the one the stock of Caesar was extinguished, in the other the blood of Antoninus ended and quite failed, two Emperors of like condition and manners: of the government of them over Rome from Nero to Commodus, during which time reigned 12. Emperors. 550.  
Of the good Emperor M. Antoninus, surnamed the Philosopher, and of his 
9  son Commodus: of the difference in their government: of the love which the father had in Rome, and of the hatred and contempt which the son had: of the murders and slaughter of divers Emperors from M. Antoninus the 17. Emperor, until the time of Dioclesian the 38. emperor. 562.  
Of the rest of the Emperors of Rome after Dioclesian's time, at what time 
10  their Empire at Rome began to decay: for that the dignity of the old Emperors were diminished by reason that Constantinople whom Constantine the great had so enriched and beautifiedwith their ancient monuments of Rome, that old Rome was hereby defaced, and new Rome thereby flourished, so that the Empire was divided between two Emperors, the one to be at Constantinople, the other at Rome. 576. 

Livius.  
Trogus Pomp.  
Florus.  
Valerius Max.  
Eutropius.  
Suetonius.  
Egnatius.  
Tacitus.  
Voriscus.  
Cassiodorus.  
Blondus.  
josephus.  
Plinius.  
Appianus.  
Sabellicus.  
Orosius.  
Beroaldus.  
Polybius.  
Dionys. Halicar.  
Herodianus.  
Functius with others.     

THE TRIAL OF MARTYRS.  
OF the try all of the Martyrs of God in the primitive Church, from the first 
CAP. 1.  persecution under Tiberius the third Emperor, in the which Stephen was stoned, james beheaded, Philip hanged, with infinite more tormented and persecuted, until the third persecution which began under Domitian the twelfth Emperor of Rome. Fol. 587.  
From the third persecution under Domitian the 12. Emperor, unto the sixth 
2  persecution under Sept. Severus the 22. Emperor: of the constancy of faithful Martyrs every where in the Church of God: of their godly lives, their deaths, and their glorious victory over Satan. 593.  
Of the tyranny of time from the sixth persecution under Severus, until the ninth persecution under Dioclesian the Emperor: of the zeal and constancy 
3  of the godly in their martyrdom, and of the tyranny and wickedness of the kings of Persia, and of the Emperors of Rome at that time in the persecution of the Church. 600.  
From Dioclesian under whom the vehementest persecution of any reigned, 
4  until the reign of Alexander Severus: by whose good means and great travail persecution somewhat sla●…kt, at what time divers heresies began fresh in many places of Asia and Europe. 608. 

Eusebius.  
Euagrius.  
Ireneus and  
Functius table.     

OF SPAIN.  
OF the antiquity of Spain, and of the original of their kings, and of their continuance from Tubal until Hispanus: during which time they were 
CHAP. 1.  called by diverse several names, as Caetubales, Hiberi, Celtiberi, and Hispani. Fol. 617.  
From the time of Hispanus, by whom they were called Hispaniards, until the 
2  monarchy and the names of kings ended, after what time Spain was divided into peculiar provinces and several dominions, after the reign and government of 24. kings from Caetubal the first, unto Mellicola the last. 626.  
From the dissolution and change of the kingdom of Hispaine into provinces and dominions, until they were subdued by the carthaginians and Africans, 
3  under whom they were subjects, until Scipio Affricanus time, at what time both Africa, Carthage, and Hispaine were made tributaries unto Rome. 633.  
From the time that the Romans conquered Hispaine, unto the time of the Vandals the third conquest of Hispaine, and from the Vandals unto 
4  the Goths victory over Hispaine, the fourth conquest from the Goths unto the Saracens the fift conquest of Hispaine. 641.  
From the time that the Saracens possessed Hispaine, until the time of Ferdinandus the great, and Alphonsus king of Arragon, which were the only 
5  first two kings that possessed all Hispaine, from the first monarchy of their kings, which was 2400. and odd years: so base a country was Spain, and conquered so many times, until Ferdinandus time. 647.  
For the histories of old Hispaine few have written of it, as Annius, Manethon: but since they were conquered by the Romans, all Roman writers speak of them by the reason of the African wars, as 

Livi.  
Trogus Pomp.  
Lu. Florus.  
Blondus.  
Beroaldus.  
Functius and many more of late  
But of old Hispaine  
Io. Annius.  
Manethon.  
Diodorus Siculus.  
Ritius.  
jornandus.  
Boufinus.     

OF GALLOGRAECIA.  
OF the beginning and original of the nation which was called Galgreekes, 
1  or Gallograecians: of their invasions, spoil, and slaughter in many countries in Asia: and of their overthrow by Cn. Manlius, who with great pomp triumphed over them at Rome. 655.  
From Francus the 16. king of France, then called Sicambri, until the time 
2  of Farabertus the 12. in number after Francus: of the wars, invasions, and victories: of the enlargement of their kingdom from one king to another, until Farabertus' government, during which time they were called Franci, after the name of Francus. 669.  
Of the continual wars which the Frenchmen had still in seeking for the quiet possession and the whole government of all France, from the time of 
3  Farabertus, until the time of Pharamundus, during which time they were called Franci: for as they were before called Sicambri from Marcomirus unto Francus four hundred and odd years: so now from Francus unto Pharamundus they were called Franci four hundred and odd years, that wellnigh nine hundred years they were before they could possess the kingdom of France. 675.  
From Faramundus the first king that had all France in his hand, and from 
4  whom all Historians and Chronographers begin the history of France, who began his reign in France in the year of our Lord and Saviour 420. of the laws, government, and wars from that time unto Clodovaeus the first Christian king of France, and so unto Clodovaeus the second of that name, and the 12. king after Pharamundus. 684.  
From Clodovaeus the second who began his reign 645. until the reign and government of Charles the great, the patron and only mirror of France, 
5  by whom chiefly the Frenchmen flourished in famous renown, and in whom all the laws, relics, and monuments are established. 697.  
From Charles the great, the only king of France in fame, of whom all the states of France hold their laws, monuments, and other ceremonies belonging 
6  to their inaugurations, crowning, and their several pomp: of his wars and victories against the Saracens: of his divers conquests every where, and of the taking of the Empire into Germany. 703. 

Tritemius.  
Pau. Aemilius.  
Arnol. Ferronus.  
Io. Tilius.  
Ritius.  
Blondus.  
Beroaldus.  
Plutarch.  
Functius.  
T. Livius.  
Diodor. Siculus.   
The briese for Britain I gathered out of these Authors.  

Dionysius Halicarnassaeus.  
Diodorus Siculus.  
Strabo.  
Gildas.  
Giraldus.  
Guidonius.  
Ponticus Verrunnius.  
Iu. Caesar.      

OF THE CREATION OF the world, and of the continuance of the first age therein from Adam unto Noah.  
IN the beginning of all beginnings, 
The creation of the world.  when GOD had made the universal frame of the whole world of nothing, the earth being without form or shape, covered with water, and the water covered with darkness: The first creature that was made, was light, of some learned 
Isido. lib. 5.  men supposed to be the creation of Angels: for the Sun, the Moon, and the Stars were created the fourth day, the rest of the six days works is set forth by Moses in Genesis, all living creatures, all creeping worms, all things in heaven above, and all things in earth below were created to set forth the glory of God, and to magnify his name, and God saw that all which he did was good, and therefore blessed them, and by virtue of his eternal word commanded them to multiply and to engender. He commanded both fish and fowl, the one to fly above in the air, the other to swim below in the water, for fish and fowl had one beginning. He commanded all the rest of his creatures to obey man, because man should serve and obey God: all creatures were created for the use of man, and for the glory of God, such was the love of God towards man. When God had made this great tabernacle of the world in such perfect frame, in such wonderful perfection, that the very perfection thereof (as the Philosopher saith) might see and say, Ex effectis, There is a God, the workmanship hereof is above far the reach of man, Quia ipse dixit, & facta sunt, and therefore Paul to the Hebrews saith, that we must understand through faith, that the world was ordained by the word of GOD, and the things which we see were not made of things that did appear: for God made all things of nothing, against the rules of Philosophy, Ex nihilo nihil fit, though Plato did his best to make some comparison (as far as his sense could see) of this great work with Art, applying to the earth, to the water, to the air, and to the fire, the most perfect kinds of squares, and most exquisite frames and forms of Geometry, which the learned may read to satisfy himself: and the whole universal frame by the 
●…saedri. Tetraedri. Octoedri.  names and qualities of sensible Elements, the earth her form, the water, the air, and the fire to have theirs, compared to Dodecaedri. Cicero likewise, to whom I refer the Reader that is desirous to hear a full praise at large in particulars, 
Dodecaedri. Read Plato, and Io. Phrig.  the variety, beauty, perfection, harmony, and the divine excellency of this work, devised and made by God to man: but let sense sleep in so great a matter, let Plato and 
Cicero lib. denat. deorum.  Cicero keep silence of that they know not, let Moses the man of God, not with sense but with faith, certify you in this, and hear what God said to job concerning his works: Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? 
job 38.  who hath laid the measures thereof? or who hath stretched the line over it? whereupon is the foundation of the earth set? or who laid the corner stone thereof? or who hath shut up the sea with doors and set bars on it? who said to the sea, Hitherto shalt thou come, and no further? where is the way where light dwelleth? or where is the place of darkness? hast thou perceived the breadth of the earth? or have the gates of death opened unto thee? Read the whole chapter, and there you shall read of the weakness of man to find out the works of God, & of the power of God in his works: which work being finished with all creatures therein saving MAN, of whose creation he taketh council of his Wisdom & Virtue, purposing to make a more excellent creature of man then the rest: and to the intent that man should not glory in the excellency of his own nature, he showeth whereof man's body was created, of the slime and dust of the earth. God saith, Let us make man to our own likeness, in 
The creation of man.  righteousness and holiness, in all innocency and perfection. So Manilius saith, Exemplúmque Dei quisque est in imagine parva, and for that man should not be alone without help or comfort, God made a woman to live in society of man for ever. And God said, Let man rule over the fish of the sea, and over the fowls of heaven, and over the beasts of the earth, and over every thing that creepeth or moveth upon the earth: and this great liberality of God towards man, taketh away all excuse of man's ingratitude, sith God left all things to man, and created man to his own image, and named him Adam the last creature made: and as he was the last, so was he the best creature made: for in man God rested Tanquam in suo templo & domicilio, in man God so delighted, that he endued him with Wisdom, justice, felicity on earth, that God might be served and glorified by man, for all creatures were made to serve man, that man might serve God in his creatures. God laid before man good and bad, life and death, God made man lord over all the earth, and to have sovereignty over the whole world, God placed man in a sweet, pleasant, and a delicate garden, in the 
Man placed in Eden.  garden of Eden, named so of the Hebrews for the delicacy thereof, of the Grecians named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, for the abundancy of pleasure therein, and in the Persian tongue called Paradise, for so the kings of Persia do name their delicate gardens and pleasant orchards, there might Adam live for ever without feeling of sin or tasting of death, had he not 
●…oph. i●… 〈◊〉.  disobeyed God. This Paradise was set in the East part of the earth, a place by report of the best learned most temperate and fertile. So Aristotle and Hypocrates affirm, saying, Omnia pulchriora in Asia nasci & meliora. This place is of the Prophet Ezechiel thus commended, Quòd facie ad orientem conversa adorarent: and Esay saith, justitiam ab oriente proficisci, that is, Righteousness should come from the East, meaning the Messiah to come. In the East the star appeared to the wisemen, in this place the pleasant rivers which commonly are called the four floods of Paradise, do spring in this garden. Hence doth Euphrates take her course and runneth through Babylon and Mesopotamia: hence doth Ganges spring to India: and compasseth all Aethiopia, from this garden doth Nilus overflow all Egypt, and from this place doth Tigris, so called for her swiftness, pass through Assyria. Moses nameth them in the Hebrew tongue otherways, which I laid down in the margin. This garden did much excel the garden 
Pis●…hon. Gi●…on. Childekel. Phrat.  of Alcinois, or the Orchard of Hesperides, or the delicate valleys of Thessaly, Tempe Thessalicum, or the Isles Fortunate. This pleasant place and the fame of Paradise, and the report of the pleasure of that place, was heard of amongst the Heathens: for it is written of john Freigius, that the figure of Pythagoras' letter was put up in Samo to signify the state of man 
Pytl●…go. letter.  as a figure of the tree of knowledge. In this happy place God commanded Adam and Eve to dwell, and there all creatures were brought before Adam, and he named them upon the sight: a true argument to prove the wisdom and perfection of Adam by his creation, a thing more proper to God then to man. So Plato could say, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, That 
Plato in Cra●….  God gave to every creature his own name in the beginning. In truth God gave him that great wisdom, that he could and did name all living creatures, and God gave him sovereignty and dominion over all the earth, and all the creatures therein, saying, Subijcite vobis terram & dominamini. The possession of Adam was much, to be an Emperor of the whole world, a commander of all the whole earth, but in the midst of this great bliss, the contempt of God and unthankfulness to God overthrew Adam: for Satan taking upon him the form of a serpent, a murderer from his original, 
john 7.  and a liar from the beginning, the ancient enemy of Man, envying the happy estate and the great felicity of Adam, fell in friendship with Eve, enticing her to eat of the forbidden fruit, saying: If thou eat of the tree of knowledge, your eyes shall be open, you shall know both good and bad, and you shall be as GOD himself. Eva straight conceived by the words of the serpent the destruction of man, and was enticed to say with the Poet, Vt vidi, ut perij, ut me malus abstulit error? took the fruit, ate it, and gave it to Adam to eat. Here sin entered into man, here death entered into the world. This disobedience Ingens malorum Chaos, brought Adam and all his posterities into bondage: by this transgression man lost the favour of God and the possession of Paradise for not keeping God's commandment. The image of God was obscured in man, and for sin sake the whole earth was cursed, that Hinc infoelix lolium & steriles dominantur avenae. thus by one man sin entered unto the world, and death by 
Rom. 5.  sin.  
This contempt of God through unthankfulness, lost all the benefits of God which he gave to man in his creation. The commandment broken by Adam, the church divided by Cain, marriage corrupted by Lamech, that which should be a testimony of man's obedience towards God in man, was broken by man, all the blessings of God which God created for man, in six days Adam lost, in six hours: and for that I wrote six hours, some of the best learned affirm 
The opinion of the learned concerning Adam's continuance in Paradise before his fall.  that Adam fell within six hours after his creation, some nine, some twelve: but all conclude that Adam fell the same day wherein he was created, and was the same day put out of Paradise: for as the first man sinned and disobeyed God, and became equal to the beast, Caluine. Pliny saith that Adam and Eve fell the same day that they were created, 27. I think that out of Moses it may be gathered, that Adam and Eve did 
Clemens fol. 128  not long retain the dignity they had received: for as soon as Moses said they were created, without any mention made of any other thing, he passeth to the fall, which was before that Adam knew his wife, which is to be in Genesis read, for had he dwelled with his wife any long time, surely the blessings of God should not have been in vain, and therefore Moses 
Gen. 4.  signifieth they were deprived of God's benefits before propagation of issue: whereby it seemeth straight after the creation before they had accompanied, their transgression fell, by which they were commanded to departed from the place of happiness, for the devil who hath been a murderer, a liar and a sinner from the beginning, even in the first man played his part to hasten the fall immediately after the creation of Adam, and from thence never ceased to spread abroad his poison amongst men.  
divers of the jews Rabbis were of opinion that Adam in Paradise continued not a night: and first Abba a great doctor 
Loar fol. 109.  of the jews saith, when Adam and Eve were planted, they were as it is written, a spring of my planting, the work of my hands to be delighted in. Again it is written, what day thou wast planted, thou didst wander from me: for in that day they were planted in the world, they were united, and the same day they rebelled. Again, in the sabboth's eve Adam was created, in the which day all these things fell out in order as the Rabbie Midras setteth down, that the Sabbath 
Midras 〈◊〉 Psal. 92.  coming on, hastened Adam out of Paradise. First, God purposed the making of man: Secondly, that he should reign with Angels: Thirdly, God gathered his clay, God form it, framed and breathed life unto it. God set man in Paradise, charged him with a commandment, but Adam transgressed the same day, he was condemned the same day, and driven out of Paradise the same day, for God came in the cool of the day to give sentence against Adam, and the Sabbath coming on, did rid him thence: for the Angels cried concerning him, Adam in honour and dignity will not continue a night, but he became like the beast that perisheth, 
Rabbi Menahem, fol. 9 upon Moses.  for the same day in the which the first man was created, it was committed to the extremity. The same words or the like doth doctor Bochay rehearse. The first hour Adam's mould was gathered, and so with those terms as Midras before rehearsed, the eleventh he was judged a transgresser, the twelfth he was driven out of Paradise, and so concluded as is said before, Adam in honour did not lodge a night, he became like the beasts that perish. So the jews Rabbis handle this in their book called Drash, at large, agreeing in one opinion. But some of them were more curious than need required in seeking out the very hours of Adam's continuance in Paradise. Some would have it the fixed hour as Augustine 
Theoph. & August. six hours.  writeth and holdeth it so, and of this opinion is Theophilactus who saith, As man was form the sixth day, so he did eat of the tree the sixth hour. Some would have it the ninth hour, as Thomas Aquinas, & some would have it the twelfth 
Thom. Aquinas nine hours. Bochay twelve hours.  hour as doctor Bochay, but the day is agreed upon, and their opinion hath been every where received. I will bring two or three more testimonies to confirm the words before. Rabbi Nathan writeth thus: the same day that Adam was form: 
Rabbi Nathan.  the same day that his members were knit, and his veins opened: the same day that life was put in him: the same day that he stood first on his feet: the same day that evah was married unto him: the same day that he gave names to all the creatures: the same day that he entered into Paradise: the same day that God gave him the commandment: the same day Adam disobeyed: and the same day he was driven out of Paradise. No doubt as soon as man was created, Satan sought man's destruction, and had a wicked desire to hate him, he went with all his might to destroy man, and working error and rebellion in our first parents Adam and Eve, he slew all mankind. The same murderer within a while after armed Cain to destroy his brother Abel. Because Adam trusted too much in his own abundancy, and thought never 
Cedrenus.  to be moved, the Lord turned away his face from him, and therefore the same day wherein Adam was made, he transgressed 
Mariaenus Scotus.  God's commandment. And Beda our own countryman said, that Adam was form the sixth day in which he sinned, and therefore died: for it was meet in reason, that the same day the second Adam for the salvation of mankind should sanctify unto himself his spouse the Church, in which he had created the first Adam the father of mankind, & taking a rib out of his side, made a woman: for as man was form the sixth day, and did eat of the tree the sixth hour, so the Lord jesus reforming man, is fastened to the tree the sixth day, and sixth hour: and that day wherein Christ was killed and slain in the flesh, and in the which day he was made a redeemer and a Saviour to man that had perished, It is so evident that that day the Lord obeying his father, suffered death, wherein Adam being disobedient unto God died: for as Adam by eating of the forbidden fruit of the tree of knowledge, brought death to the world, so Christ our Saviour dying upon the tree of the cross, gave life unto man. And again, as Christ was crucified in Golgotha for the sin of man, so Adam was dead and buried in that place before, by 
Adam was buried in Golgatha.  transgressing the commandments of God. Look in what day Adam transgressed, in the cool of the day was he condemned and put out of Paradise, so faith Rabbi Isaac, that the 
Rabbi Isaac.  creating of Adam, and the commandment, and the fall, and the driaing out of Paradise, all befell the self same day. Many of these Analogies seem probable for the confirming of these opinions afore spoken. For as it was kept in the tree which was the instrument of life and death, so is it also kept in time and place. But thanks be unto God who delivered us from the fall, from the curse, from death, hell, & damnation, and from going out of Paradise which was our portion held 
Our portion held by the first Adam.  by the first Adam: but now all things are made manifest by the second Adam, by the appearing of Messiah, who hath abolished sin and death, and hath brought life and immortality 
Paul.  unto light through the Gospel: for as Eve being a virgin and incorrupted, when she had conceived the words of the serpent, brought forth by disobedience death: so the virgin Mary full of faith and gladness, embracing the salutation of the Angel Gabriel, restored life through Christ, who redeemed man from thraldom. So was the promise of God before Adam was brought out of Paradise, that the seed of the woman (the Messiah and saviour in whom and by whom we have eternal life) should tread the Serpent's head. This comfort was very great unto Adam, and continued from Adam the first man unto Abraham, 1949. years, the first Patriarch, 
Gen. 3.  wherein the children of God were instructed by this promise, and saw through faith the redemption of man.  
Now by the sentence of God Adam was sent from the garden of Eden to till the earth whence he was taken, and being cast out at the East side of the garden of Eden, the Lord God set Cherubins and the blade of a sword shaken, to keep the way of the tree of life. Afterward Adam knew his wife which conceived and bare Cain, an argument to prove of no long continuance of Adam in Paradise. And again, Eve conceived and had another son and called him Abel, for yet the blessings of God, the state of marriage, and man's nature were not utterly abolished through sin, but the quality and the conditions thereof was changed. Cain was a tiler of the ground, and Abel was a shepherd: they offered both to the Lord sacrifice, and it is plain by their oblation, that how Adam 
The first sacrifice unto God.  instructed his children in the knowledge of God, and how God gave them sacrifices to signify their salvation: for so Adam confessed the Lord to be God, saying, I have obtained a man by the Lord, when Cain was borne. God took not his spirit from his elect, neither did absent himself from the church. For the first godly Fathers had the law written in their hearts by the spirit of God. The first table where the commandments were graven, was flesh, which was in Adam, the second was give in tables of stones to Moses. But as concerning their oblations, Cain offered unto God of the first fruit of the ground, & Abel likewise offered the first fruit of his sheep. 
Gen. 4.  Abel with his sacrifice was accepted of the Lord, and Cain with his oblations was rejected. For so Paul saith, that Abel 
Heb. ●…1.  offered unto God a greater sacrifice than Cain, by the which he obtained witness that he was righteous, because GOD received him to mercy, and therefore imputed righteous, God testifying of his gifts, by the which being dead, yet liveth, wherefore Cain was angry and exceeding wrath, and his countenance fell down, because he was an hypocrite, and offered only for outward show without sincerity of heart, yet God gave unto Cain the dignity of the first borne over Abel.  
But Cain contemning & despising God, when he was reproved of God for the murdering of his brother Abel, whom he enticed to walk to the fields to be killed, whose blood even from earth cried up unto heaven for revenge at God's hand, at that time the curse of God was pronounced against Cain, and he went from the presence of the Lord, wandering from place to place with tortures of a guilty conscience, according to God's sentence, as domestical furies night and day, seeking means to hide himself with the like guilty conscience, as Adam had when he fled from the face of God, when he was called of jehova in Paradise, Where art thou Adam? Cain went to the land of Node, thinking by being far from God, he should have less occasion to fear him. Cain had some visible mark to be known of all men: for God said he should not be slain, not that he loved him, but for that God abhorreth murder, and would have a murderer known. Cain knew his wife which conceived and bare Henoch, and 
Henoch was borne.  builded a city and called it after his sons name Henoch: this was the first city of the world, there he dwelled with his wife. To Henoch was borne Irad, and Irad begat Mehimal, and he begat Methushael, and Methushael begat Lamech: these children grew ungodly and wicked, as most natural and like children to Cain, the last worse than the first: for this contemptuous Lamech took to him two wives, the one named Adah, the other Zillah: thereby he first corrupted the lawful institution of marriage, which was that two should be one flesh. Afterward he mocked & scoffed at God's sufferance in Cain, saying: If Cain shall be avenged seven fold, truly Lamech shall be avenged seventy times seven fold, as though God would suffer none to punish him, albeit he was most contemptuous of good living, most ungodly and wickedly having 76. children in adultery, as josephus writeth, but by Adah 
Gen 4.  he had a son named jubal, who was the first that taught to make tents and to dwell therein, and he was the first father of such as had cattle. Lamech had a son named jubal, who was the first inventor of Music, as the harp & the organs, and other instruments. Zillah bore him a son named Tubal Cain, he found first the use of iron and brass, he was the first author of cunning craft in graving. Here is Pliny much deceived to name Amphion the first Musician: here was Diodorus 
Diodorus lib. 5.  overseen to prefer Apollo: and the most part of profane histories do greatly err, attributing to Mercury, to Orpheus, to Linus and to others which are read in Genesis in the first age found, for Prophetical histories are far more ancient than profane, by 2000 years, beside the first age, and first Fathers lived so long a time therein, they must of necessity be first acquainted with all things: for the chiefest cause of long life in the first age, was that all men universally might praise the Lord God in magnifying his name, acknowledging his works in his creatures. Thus did Adam, Seth, Enos, Henoch, Methusalem, Lamech and Noah see, yea and foresee the works of God in his creation, in his Church, in his redemption, in his promise, and in his election: for josephus writeth that the creation of man, the commandment, the state, the Church institution of marriages, all other governments fit for the children of God, were by Adam in two tables of stones: and some old ancient writers affirm, as Melancthon, that the first age was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, for that they excel in wisdom, justice, government and authority, full of inventions, full of of arts and sciences, and therefore a long life was by God granted unto them: for no doubt Adam before his fall had that full and perfect knowledge of God in his works, that he & his posterities taught afterward in the 
josephus.  word. The second age was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 wherein began the magnanimity and fortitude in wars, force, and violence. In wars Empires and kingdoms took beginning in the world, and this second age began in Nimrode, and continued until julius Caesar's time. The third age 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, endureth the whole time of the fourth monarch, given to delicacy & pleasure: for though the world be full of secret contention and hidden envy, full of open wars, one kingdom against another, yet not accomplished as in the fore ages. But to return to Cain and his posterities, how they grew from the beginning in idolatry, in superstition, & in outward pomp of vain ceremonies, framing to themselves a new kind of religion, not in sincerity and truth, but in external form and fashion, being ignorant of God and of his word, Christ the Messiah that was to come. This idolatry began in the house of Cain, from Cain himself unto the time of Belus 150. year after the flood. This Belus being dead, his son Ninus erected up his father's image or statue with such honour and with such privilege, and with such solemn pomp, as he that was guilty of any great crime, might flee Adstatuam Beli, to the image of Belus, as to a sure sanctuary of 
Belus Image a sanctuary to all wickedness.  his safety what fault soever he committed. Here began the second cause of idolatry, here images were made idols, set up, and all kind of graven work in stones or trees, were honoured as gods amongst the Gentiles, derived from the name of Belus, some calling them Baal, some Bell, some Belcebuc, according to the variety of tongues as Eusebius writeth. And this idolatry continued from Belus until Alexander the great, to whom at the siege of Babylon certain Astrologers called 
lib. 10. cap. 3. de prae.  Magis signified unto Alexander, unless he would restore the tomb of Belus, being spoiled and defaced by the Persians, he should have no good success at Babylon: but Alexander little esteeming their chaldaical divination, as Diodorus at large doth report, marcheth forward with his siege. At what time 
Diodorus lib. 11.  was Lucius Cornelius & Quintus Pompeius' Consuls at Rome, so the first idolatry of Cain and his posterity, were well and justly rewarded by the flood. The second age when idolatry began in Belus, ended in Sardanapalus 12. hundred and odd years, being the 36. king and last king of Assyria, as Eusebius affirmeth. All this while God had his Church for his elect, the Lord had appointed another seed unto Adam for Abel, which was Seth, in whose time men began to call upon the name of the Lord, and the Lord did moon the hearts of the godly to restore religion. The posterity of Seth which was by Cain and his family, suppressed and continued seven generations, until such time that Naema the daughter of Lamech 
Genes. 4.  and sister of Tubal Cain, taught men the use of fine flax to be soft clothed, and to be trim attired with cloth and linen, where before men were clothed with leather and skins.  
Now the posterity of Cain became right worldlings in following their fancies and pleasures from vice to vice, 
The sons of God married with the daughters of men.  nothing acquainted with the afflictions and crosses of the true Church: so when men began to be multiplied upon earth, and had daughters borne unto them, than the sons of God, as Moses calleth them, which josephus calleth the angels of God, meaning the seed of Seth which began to forsake the godliness and simplicity of their forefathers, & saw the daughters of men which issued out from Cain's house, that they were fair, took them to their wives of all that liked them: of this unlawful and wicked mixture of the good with the bad, of this holy seed with profane blood, of godly men with wicked women sprang up an huge people, much like unto the giants, or as Homer saith in his sixth Odysse, speaking of the Cyclope Poliphemus, to whom Moses 
Melancthon.  compareth them, alluding the course of their life ad Cyclopicam vitam, men more to be feared then to be followed: 
Fregius in histo. Adami.  yet Seth a man singularly beloved of God, endued much with God's blessings, studious to please God, desirous to plant true religion, and given to all kind of virtuous practising all godly exercises, and living in all felicity, left behind him godly children, as Enos, godly and virtuous like Seth his father, whom Moses preferreth to be the first that 
Fregius in histo. Adami.  earnestly called upon the Lord jehovah, detesting the house of Cain as dead.  
Then Henoch a godly sincere man, led an upright life before God, the seventh from Adam, prophesied of such wicked men, saying: Behold the Lord cometh with thousands of his Saints to give judgement against all, and to rebuke all 
jud. 1.  the ungodly of their wickedness, and of their cruel speaking against him: for even that Henoch saith Paul, was taken 
Heb 11.  away, to show that there was a better life prepared, and to be a testimony of the immortality of souls and bodies, and that he should not see death for his faith towards God: for before he was taken away, he was reported that he had pleased God, & he was seen no more, for God took him away. Henoch walked with Lamech the father of Noah, 
Henoch walked with God.  having respect to the promise, desired to see the Messiah which should be sent, and yet he saw but a figure thereof, he said by the spirit of prophesy, that when his son Noah was borne, this should comfort us concerning our work and sorrow of our hands as concerning the earth, which the Lord hath cursed. The last man of the first age was Noah a just and upright man in his time before God, he likewise walked with and obeyed GOD in all things, and therefore found favour with God, with whom God made his covenant, & established the same with a sign, for thee only have 
Genes. 9  I found just and righteous in this age upon the earth, for Noah 
Noah the righteous preacher.  was called the righteous preacher, preaching unto the wicked for amendment of life, and because they were lulled in all kind of securities and feared not God, Noah departed from them and went to another land: for he was warned of God of things that were not seen as yet concerning the Ark, God was so much offended with the wickedness of the world, that his wrath was kindled to see such iniquity upon earth, for the whole world was corrupt before God, and was filled with cruelty, all flesh had corrupted his way, and all imaginations of man's thoughts were so evil and wicked, that it repent the Lord to have made man, and as it were disavowing man to be his creature: they were so addicted to intemperancy, lust, gluttony, and security, the four principal causes of the flood, which for sin destroyed man and beast, and yet in mercy God spared man 120. years to repent, before he would destroy the world. No doubt many things have been written of the old patriarchs in the first age, and thought of many writers that Adam and his son Seth, had made two tables of stone, wherein they wrote many goodly things to their posterity. The best warrant is read in josephus, for that he travailed much in the history of the 
〈◊〉 lib. 1.  jews, and their other histories called Drash: for their Rabbis 
Zonara's lib. 1.  heap many fables beside the history of Moses, in their Chronicles called Drash: so Philo judaeus, Herodot, and Melancton, from them affirm. It is written again, that Adam and Seth foreseeing the deluge of the world, caused two pillars to be set up, the one of bricks, the other of brass, one to resist the violence of the water, the other to endure the rage of the fire: but I see no reason that Adam should prophecy the same to be from God, and yet he being man, sought means by natural reason, and ways by art, to prevent the everlasting decree of the Almighty. josephus might well err in that. I think that many things are written of the jews, which do not agree with the purpose of God's providence, nor his counsel: for the jews recorded in their books of histories, called Drash, any thing that might be conjectured true, and which they themselves supposed in opinion to be true, as the manners of their Talmudists were. 
Talmudists.   
josephus a great writer of the jews antiquities, the best Historiographer of Chaldean histories, who wrote more, and is more to be commended then any other, and because he thinketh much amiss for any man to seek records of antiquities amongst the Grecians, men of late knowledge, having their beginning and first original from Egypt, and Chaldea, specially Assyria and Chaldea, the first seat of man after the flood: for the Greeks' began to flourish in the declining age of the world, when that Assyria, Chaldea, Egypt, and other places of the East, were wasted & consumed with sword and fire: for so it seemeth by the Philosopher Calisthenes' report, then being with Alexander the Great at the siege of Babylon, writing unto his cousin Aristotle, who had been his preferrer unto Alexander, to that purpose he might search out the Libraries of Babylon, and to certify Aristotle of those antiquities, specially of Astrology, wherein the Chaldeans past, and of their monuments, wherein the Greeks' were ignorant: for Calisthenes sent unto Aristotle, how that Babylon was far more famous for all kind of learning and knowledge twelve hundred years past, than it was when Alexander the Great did besiege it, certifying him with records of 19 hundred years before Alexander's time.  
Berosus an ancient writer, and a man of great authority amongst the Chaldeans, saith, that Arphaxad one of the sons 
joseph lib. 1. cap. 14.  of Sem, whose birth was 2. years after the flood, christened 
Ko●…rus lib. 1. cap. 4.  the first name of this Country after his own name: afterward it was called Cephem, and now last named Chaldea, of the situation of this Country, and the seat of Babylon. I will let the reader read of it in Ptolom●…us, and in Pomponius 
Tabula 4. Asiae lib. 3.  Mela. I will go on with my history.  
When I'm the second son of Noah, had begotten a 
Genes. cap. 10.  son named Chus, and Chus had begotten a son, named Nemrad, this began to take arms, and to become great in his doings: he became mighty in earth, using violence and force against all people, framing himself to be first Emperor of the world, so full of cruelty and tyranny, that it grew unto a proverb, as it is in the Genesis, as Nemrod the mighty hunter before the Lord: his oppression was such, that he passed not to commit cruelty even in God's presence. This Nemrad began to rule in Babel, in the land of Shinear, afterwards called Chaldea, where he and his company returning from Armenia, where they after the flood began to build up an high tower, whose top should reach unto heaven to get them a name upon earth, lest they should be scattered 
Genes. 1.  over the whole earth, thinking through pride and ambition to prefer their own glory before God's honour: but vain is the help of man, their wicked enterprise was overthrown, for God saw their folly, and so confounded them in their devices, & in their speech, that one could not understand another. Then were they divided and scattered, than confusion of tongues began, which was then in the house of 
The confusion of tongues in the time of Peleg.  Heber only the Hebrew tongue, than began people to seek out countries and to inhabit the earth: The posterity of Sem to great Asia, Persia, Assyria and Chaldea, and all the regions about Euphrates towards the East part of the world: The posterity of Cham went to Egypt, Aethiope, Libya, and possessed all places about Nilus, and reached towards the South unto the furthest part of Africa: and the posterity of japhet possessed all the Westcountrey, the lesser Asia and all Europa, of whom all the Gentiles sprang out. Thus much for the first age from Adam unto Noah, 1656. Now I mean particularly to follow my history, as the reason is offered unto me by following the sons of Noah, their children and posterities from the land of Senaah, unto every part of the earth.  

CHAP. I.  
Of the most ancient and true history of the Hebrews, after called Israel, of their laws and original government called Oligarchia, from Abraham unto Moses.  
THE history of the Hebrews, for that it is most ancient from Heber's time the fourth from Noah, and most true, for that it is written by Moses and confirmed by the Prophets, but most of all in dignity and honour, for that lineally from Sem which first builded Jerusalem, the Messiah and Saviour of the world according to the flesh descended, though the history taketh no beginning but from the calling of Abraham out of Chaldea into the land of Canaan, so called first, after, the land of Israel, thirdly, of judea, four & last, called after Christ our saviours death, The holy land, or the land of Palestina: the inhabitants thereof were called accordingly, Canaanites, Hebrews, Israelites, jews, of whom either to speak or to write, of their laws, their judges, their Kings, or of their ceremonies, or of their common wealth, it was not lawful neither for the Grecians nor for the Romans, and so affirmed by josephus, that Demetrius Phalerius did aver before Philodelphus king of Alexandria, that the Greeks' nor the 
Sabellicu●… lib. 3.  Latinists might translate, handle, or so much as to presume to write of any Hebrew history being but profane men, as Theopompus, Theodecta, with others, which were made blind by their arrogancy, and became mad. another cause doth Eusebius allege, that neither Greeks' nor Latins were in time 
The antiquity of Greece.  to write of the Hebrues histories: for the greatest brag of the Greeks', as josephus saith, and the most ancient history of the Grecians, is Homer's work: they began to flourish in the time of Cyrus, after that the Assyrians, the Chaldeans and the Egyptians, and many other kingdoms of the East were decayed, and their empires lost, at which time the temple in jerusalem was by Cyrus permitted to be re-edified 80. years before the last permission by Artaxerxes surnamed Longimanus: for Plato of 
The praise of Plato.  whom Numenius the Pythagorean doth report, & is called of him Moses Attica lingua loquens, even that learned Philosopher doth confess, that the Grecians had their knowledge from the Chaldeans and from the Egyptians, and began to be famous and great after these great kingdoms were destroyed. The seven Sages were the first wise men known or commended in Greece, which was in Cyrus' time, at what time Solon lived 200. years before Plato, which was the infancy of Greece, and 
The infancy of Greece.  the first school of their Philosophy.  
Now the Hebrews being the most ancientest people, even from Heber's birth until Christ's death, which was after Christ's death 2000 years & odd, they inhabited the land called Syria, called likewise Phoenicia, and now in latter years called judea: of this country doth josephus write at large both of the nature of the people and of the goodness of the 
joseph. lib. contra.  soil. Hecateus the Abederit, a good Philosopher and a great writer, flourishing in the time of Alexander the great, made a book in describing and commending of judaea. I will them to read the 16. book of Strabo that would know the situation of 
Reed Stabo 16. book.  judea, where the Reader shall be satisfied with the full description of judea.  
josephus a jew borne, being taken prisoner by Vespasian the Emperor at the last destruction of jerusalem, at the which time he wrote a great volume containing 20. books of the antiquities of the jews, & he wrote other 7. books of the wars of the jews, a man of great industry, learned in the Hebrew and Greek tongue, and very expert in the jewish histories, saith, that Egyptians were envious to the children of Israel, for so were they called after jacobs' time, which by long wrestling with the Angel of the Lord, was named Israel: for first 
First Hebrews. 478  they were called Hebrews from Heber's time until jacob, which was 478 years and odd: secondarily, Israel from jacob, until the destruction of Samaria, at what time ten tribes of Israel were by Salmanassar king of Assyria Senacheribs' father, brought captive 
Then Israel. 1026  unto Assyria in the time of Osea the last king of Israel 1026. years, as Bucholcerus affirmeth, and from the destruction of Samaria 
Thirdly jewish. 786  until the last destruction of jerusalem by Titus Vespasian they were called Iewes 786. years.  
Now the malice of Egypt towards Israel was such, that 
A egyptians most envious to the jewish.  they kept them in bondage 430. years, and ever after they were by God delivered, they still wrought evil against them, and persecuted them with continual hatred, disliking their 
The mercy of God towards his people.  religion, abhorring their ceremonies, disdaining and much envying the felicity of the jews, with the which the God of Israel by power and great miracles, did advance them to the abolishing of idolatry, and contemning of their false gods, which the Egyptians, the Chaldeans & the Assyrians did adore, and therefore the blessing of God was according to the promise upon the Hebrews first, afterwards called Israel & jews, and continued from Abraham, to whom the promise was made until the time of the Messiah, the full accomplishment of the promise. So these people bathed in bliss, and being but a little country, few people, from Dan to Berseba, and of no estimation, became by God's favour strong, mighty, & conquerors 
The goodness of God to his people.  of the greatest kings of the world. So, he said (the Lord of all) out of Zion shall my Law proceed, and from jerusalem my word. This little city of jerusalem, chosen of God to be his seat, though often for sin destroyed, and the people plagued, yet still comforted to the stay of God's Church.  
It is written that David the second king of Israel, gave these words to Solomon his son before he died. Behold, Praeparavi impensas domus Domini auritalenta centum millia, & argenti mill 
3. Regum cap. 10  millia talentûm. And again it is written in the Chronicles, that gold and silver were as plenty in jerusalem, as stones in the street in the time of Solomon: for there was in the temple of Solomon, as Budaeus noteth 27. millions, in ready coin. This 
De Ass 4.  made other kingdoms to envy the prosperity of the Hebrews: for by just account of Budaeus, there was left before unto Solomon by David his father, ten times more treasures and substance in jerusalem, than Darius the great king of Persia left 
Ioseph. 8.  unto Alexander the great in Babylon when he conquered it: this was the promise which God performed to Abraham, and to his seed for ever.  
This godly Patriarch to whom the promise was made, was 50. years of age when Noah died, 40. years before Sodom 
Abraham's age when Noah died.  and Gomorrha were destroyed. At 75. years was Abraham called from Vr a town of Chaldea, in the last years of Ninus the first king of the Assyrians. Now while Abraham obeyed 
Gene. 18. 20. 47.  God from time to time, from place to place, exercising himself in the obedience of GOD, famine grew in the land of Canaan, so that he with few Hebrews were forced to flee into Egypt, where he continued three years, at what time he taught them knowledge of the stars, read 
Abraham's going to Egypt  Astronomy, and taught in Egypt Arts and Sciences, as josephus saith: for Abraham was brought up in Astrology with the Chaldeans, where he dwelled with his father There in Vr, and from whence the Egyptians had their learning and knowledge: for Egypt was as yet scant in the world known, where some of the Hebrews stayed after Abraham's departure and multiplied, in so much that the kings of Egypt troubled, molested, and brought them in such bondage, as they were 
The bondage of Israel in Egypt, 430. years. Moses the fift from Abraham.  made slaves and bondmen of the Egyptians until the time of Moses which was 430. years after Abraham, even than God delivered them from their bondage by the hands of Moses, which was the fift man in descent from Abraham, for Moses was the son of Amri, the son of Cath, the son of Levi, the son of jacob, the son of Isaac, the son of Abraham.  
But to return to Abraham, who attending the voice of the almighty, was most diligent with care and fear of God to perform his duty to his God: for God had blessed Abraham and promised also to bless them that would bless Abraham, saying, Benedican te benedicentibus, etc. I will bless than that bless thee, & I will curse them that curse thee, for in thee all the kindreds of the earth shall be blessed. For God had promised Abraham three great blessings, that is, First, the land of Canaan flowing with milk and honey: Secondly, the incarnation of Messiah tobe out of the tribe of juda: Thirdly, that his seed should be as the stars in the skies, or the sands in the sea. After God had blessed Abraham by the mouth of Melchisedech the high priest of God, saying: Blessed art thou Abraham of God most high possessor of heaven and earth: to 
Gene. cap. 14.  this high priest Melchisedech, Abraham paid tithe of all that he had, for God was with Abraham, he defended him, and he rewarded him. About this time were the kings of Sodom 
The kings of Sodom and Gomorrha overthrown by the king of Shinar.  and Gomorrha overthrown by Amraphael king of Shinar, and Let taken prisoner, but rescued by Abraham: this was not the last destruction of Sodom.  
Now reigned in Sicionia a king called Apis, of whom the country was afterward named Apia, and since called Peloponesus, and now Morea. In Assyria reigned Ninus the husband of Semiramis. In Egypt this time was a form of government called Dinastia, fifteen principal magistrates to govern the Egyptians. About this time Ishmael was borne of Agar the bondwoman, when Abraham was of the age of 86. 
Ishmael borne by Agar the the bondwoman.  of whom many nations do come. After this time Abraham's name was changed to confirm him in the promise. Circumcision than was instituted, and Isaac was likewise promised by the Angels that lodged with Abraham, as they went to destroy Sodom and Gomorrha, who opened to Abraham, how sin cried up unto heaven for vengeance upon the Sodomites, which Abraham with his eyes saw: he saw Sodom, Gomorrha, Seboim, Adamah and Segor, five great cities of Canaan burned with fire and brimstone from heaven, and all men, women and children destroyed, Let only with his wife and 
Lot with his two daughters escaped.  two daughters saved. In that soil where these 5. cities were burned, there was left a lake of such terrible sight, being one and twenty miles long, that Strabo in his book, and josephus at large describeth, which in another place shall be spoken of.  
But much deceived for that they attributed unto the effects of nature, which was the work of God whom they knew not at that time. Lot's wife by disobedience, looking 
josephus lib. 1. cap. 12.  back against the commandment, became a pillar of salt, a terrible monument of God's vengeance to all passers by: but mark how by drunkenness Let sinned with his daughters, a horrible example of drunkenness whom the wickedness of Sodom could not overcome, yet wine caused him to commit most abominable incest with his two daughters, who making their 
Lot's incest with his two daughters. Genes. 19  father of purpose drunk, became both with child by their father, the elder bare a son and she called his name Moab, the first father of all the Moabites, the younger bore a son, and she called his name Ammon, from whom sprang the Ammonites a people of great nations, who as they were born in most horrible incest, so were they & their posterity vile & wicked enemies to God and his church. About this very time Isaac was 
The birth of Isaac. Isaac the child of promise borne 14. years after Ishmael. joseph. lib. 1. cap. 15. Sara died, and is buried in Hebron. A ficide doth co●…tune 4. D●…achmes. Lib. cap 16.  borne when Agar and her son Ishmael was cast off. For God said unto Abraham, In Isaac thy seed shallbe called, and not in Ishmael, for Isaac was a figure of Christ. Not long after Sara the wife of Abraham when she had lived 127. years, even just the double years of the virgin Marie. Sara was buried in Hebron, where Abraham bought a field of an Ephronit●… for 400. sickles of silver, where Abraham and all his posterities were after buried. Abraham after Sara married a woman named Kaetura, by whom he had six sons prudent and very discreet men, their names you find in josephus, and the several nations that issued from them.  
Now Abraham waxed old, for he was an 100 year old when Isaac was borne, and he lived after the birth of Isaac 75. years, and then died, and was buried by his wife Sara in Hebron. 
Abraham dieth.  In the time of Abraham and of the first Patriarch, the Church of God was governed by a state called Oligarchia, until Moses time, to whom the law was given on mount Sinai by God, for before the law was written in the Patriarches hearts. But first he saw his son married with Rebecca, he was the 10. from Noah, as Noah was the 10. from Adam, and lived fifty years with Noah: he lived with Sem, Arphaxad, Sela, Heber, Peleg, Regu, Serug, Nahor & Thara which was his father. He was virtuous and godly, he was blessed of God, and in his seed the whole earth was blessed after him.  
Isaac had two twins borne together, Esau which is also 
Esau and Iacob●… birth.  called Edom, of whom the Idumeans came, & jacob called likewise Israel, of whom the Israelites came. jacob was the true type 
jacob was the true type of the Church  of the church of God, Christ being the head thereof. Esau likewise the figure of the synagogue of Satan, over whom Antichrist is the head. Isaac loved better Esau than jacob, but Rebecca loved jacob, as by her council, though needless, to jacob to defeat Esau of his father's blessing appeared, being therein faulty to prevent the Almighty. But as Cain never loved Abel, so Esau never loved jacob: for jacob ever feared his brother Esau, but God from his eternal purpose never changeth, but standeth to his people, & comforteth his church. The history of these two brethren you shall read in josephus at large, 
Lib. 1. cap. 18. 19  & in Genesis 27. & 28. In the time of jacob reigned in Niniveh Amatrites the 9 king of the Assyrians, a voluptuous wicked prince. Atlas' the great Astronomer, and thereby feigned of the Poets to sustain the skies upon his shoulders, flouriin these days. Osiris who is thought to be called Mirzaim, 
Diodo. de fab. 〈◊〉. lib. 2.  and of Berosus is named Oceanus, and Diodorus names him Menam the first king of the Egyptians, he governed Egypt, taught the people to worship their gods, instructed them in many faculties and sciences, which then few of the Egyptians knew: the daughter of jacob named Dina, was ravished of Sichem, the son of Hemor, afterward she is supposed by Philo judaeus to 
Functius in tabula patrum.  be the wife of job, by whom he gate fourteen sons and fourteen daughters, but some think it an error, saying: job was two descents after jacobs' children, but as I said before, hard it is to correct an error of such antiquity, for where true records want, than conjectures of men do grow.  
About this time Isaac died and was buried in Hebron hard 
Isaac dieth and is buried in Hebron.  by Rebecca his wife, he was accepted of God and walked in his ways virtuous and godly, he lived one hundred eighty years, three years longer than his father Abraham lived. Which Isaac lived  
With Sem 110. years. With Sara his mother 37. Arphaxat 48. Sarug one year. Salah 78. jacob his brother 120. Heber 139. Ismaeel his half brother by Abraham lived with Isaac 75 Agar 123. There his grandfather 35. joseph 29.  
Isaac saw the prosperity of his son Esau, which governed all the land of Seir, for the appointment of GOD was, 
Isaac saw the prosperity of Esau and the affliction of jacob.  Maior seruiet Minori, when jacob had no certain place in the world, but tossed from one affliction to an other. Isaac before he died saw the travel and trial of jacob. About this time was joseph sold by his brethren, and laid in prison in Egypt, even then Typhoon the Egyptian conspired the death of his brother Osiris, with the help of certain tyrants Busiris of Phoenicia, Antens of Lybia, Melinus of Crete, with others, he killed the king, usurped the kingdom, and was called thereby, as Berosus affirmeth, Typhoon tyrannus, but he was well requited, 
Diodo. lib. 1.  and all his confederates: for they all were slain by Orus Magnus, Osiris' son, in a town of Arabia named Anteos. 
justin. lib. 36. B●…sius lib. 1. cap 8.  Rhodes was builded about this time, which was named before Opheinissa: the great famine of the 7. dear years in Egypt, and in all the world, began likewise about the time of Isaac's death. In Assyria reigned Baleus the 11. king, a man of the 
justine lib 36. Orosius lib. 1. cap. 8.  greatest fame: after Semiramis in the 41. year of this King's reign, Hercules surnamed Lybius, drove all cruel tyrants and giants out of Italy, for he with continual wars for 10. years space wearied them, and subdued them, and afterward reigned peaceably 20. years, as both Berosus and Functius do affirm.  
In the 18. Dinasteia of Egypt, began the Kings of Egypt to 
The 18. Denas●…na of Egypt  be called Pharaones, a name of great dignity, not proper names, but as the Romans, Alexandrians, the Latins, with other kingdoms used to name their kings Caesar's, Siluij, Ptolemies, Arsaces, so like wise the Egyptians named their kings Pharaones, which began about the latter end of Isaac. Sparta a famous 
Sparta builded.  town amongst the Lacedæmonians, was builded of Pharoneus son, whose name was Sparta, and therefore after his own name named it Sparta. Alitle after this time, the going 
The going of jacob unto Egypt.  of jacob unto Egypt, was in the 130. years of his age, where he continued with his son joseph 17. years in great favour with Pharaoh, and then died, after Abraham's being in Egypt, 215. years, and before Moses went to Egypt to deliver the children of Israel out of bondage 215. years. Now while jacob and his family were in Egypt with his son joseph, who was sold by his brethren, and by his father thought to be slain, then dwelled in judea Hethits, jebusites, Amorites, Chananites, Amalakites, and Pheresites, this land flowed with milk and honey, fertile, and full of all plentifulness: for after joseph died in Egypt, Moses was borne within 65. years: and in the 
joseph died 65. years before Moses was borne.  fourscore year of Moses age, the 145. after joseph died, and were in the wilderness forty years, and after had the possession of the land of Chanaan, as it shall be hereafter said. But for that the histories of the patriarchs are written in the Genesis at large, and in josephus, and specially Frigius Mosaicus, in his book De historijs patrum, leaveth nothing untouched, I will forward to the birth of Moses.   

CHAP. II.  
Of the birth of Moses: of his favour with God: of his government over Israel for 40. years in the wilderness, and deliverance of them from Pharaoh, by the direction and inctruction of God of joshua his successor, and of his wars and victories, and of his good government over Israel for 32. years, and of the Commonwealth of the Hebrews during the time of Moses and josua, which were 72. years.  
MOses the son of Amri, being borne in Egypt, in the time of Israel's bondage, and thrown according to the commandment of Pharaoh unto Nilus: but by the 
The manner of Moses birth.  providence of God, Pharaohs daughter named Thermutis, walking for her pleasure with her maids about the banks of Nilus, beheld a thing hovering upon the water, commanded her maid to see what it was: there Miria Moses sister tended to see what should become of the child: when Pharaohs daughter saw that it was a goodly child, she much delighted in him, and caused an Egyptian woman to give him dug, which the child refused: his sister Miria said, Ifan Hebrew woman were there, he would suck. Thermutis willed her strait to bring one, and she brought 
Thermutis Pharaohs daughter.  the mother of Moses: to whom the King's daughter said, Take this child, and bring him up for me. and she adopted him her son.  
This child grew both goodly and godly, of whom many things are written of: while yet he was in Egypt, being but a child in Thermutis' arms, she put the King's diadem upon the child's head, and he threw it to the dirt, not esteeming 
Moses threw the diadem of Egypt to the dirt.  pomp and regal show. But after he grew to be a man, he was made a Captain over the Egyptians against the 
Moses made captain over the Egyptians against the Aethiopians.  Aethiopians, and he overthrew the Aethiopians: where the kings daughter of Aethiope, called Tharbis, beholding his magnanimity, with admiration of his great actions, fell in love with Moses, offered him marriage and to be a king's son, 
Read Fregius of Moses life.  and a king himself afterward of Aethiope: the condition he accepted, upon yielding up of the town to spare blood, which was done.  
But envy of the Egyptians against Moses, disgrasing and disdaining his fortune, and threatening him to the death, after the kill of the Egyptians, fearing it should come to light, fled unto the Madianits, where he married jethro's daughter, and continued forty years, until the Angel appearing in a flaming bush, commanded him to go to Pharaoh, to deliver Israel from captivity, with whom Aaron his brother which was the first Priest after the law given, was joined 
Moses & Aaron sent by God to Egypt.  with Moses in commission to execute the commandments of God: for to Moses was granted wisdom, counsel, and power to do miracles: to Aaron eloquence, learning, and power to speak what he would. Now by God's mercy which to the Israelites was always great, and by the which they were now delivered from the hands of Pharaoh, after many miracles done which Nazianzenus setteth forth in few Greek verses, & in Latin by Frigius Mosaicus briefly written in two lines the ten plagues of Egypt, in these words: 
The ten plagues of Egypt.  
Sanguis, Rana, Culex, Muscae, Pecus, Vlcera, Grando,  
Vermes & Tenebrae, Pestis primogenitorum.  Even than Moses carried the bones of joseph to be buried in 
joseph's bones brought by Moses out of Egypt.  Hebron, by his progenitors, as joseph had commanded, when he prophesied of an other Pharaoh which should entreat Israel evil. This singular man of God Moses, to whom the law in Mount Sinai was given, and by whom the law had full execution, with whom GOD talked so familiarly, that he alone continued with GOD forty days in Mount Sinai: the most ancient Chronographer of the world, the very light of profane Histories, and the only teacher of time, as by his 5. books appear: but for that Moses must be spoken of almost in every place, for the recourse and trial of time, I will now go forward with the history.  
Now reigned over the Assyrians Ascatades the 18. king in Ninive, and in the 8. year of this Ascatades, Cancres Pharaoh the king of Egypt, with all his great army were drowned in 
Cancres king of Egypt drowned in the red sea.  the red sea. In Moses time happened two great floods, the one called Deucalion flood, 784. years after Noah's flood, the other in Thessalia, after which followed such earthquakes in 
Deucalion flood.  Thessaly, that many thousands of beasts, men, women and children, towns and cities, were destroyed, as both Berosus and Xenophon do agree. After which earthquake fire wasted many towns and cities in Greece, called incendium Phaetontis. In Moses time the kingdom of Athens began, wherein 
The kingdom of Athens.  Cecrops was the first king of Athens 350. years before the destruction of Troy. From Abraham to Moses 450. from Moses to the first building of the Temple 480. years. Thus far Berosus writeth, even from the beginning of Noah out of the ark, 
Berosus endeth his history.  until the going of the Israelites out of Egypt, yet a little farther until the falling of Dathan, with 250. more which held with Abiran and Chore, for their murmuring against Moses. After this went Moses up from the plain of Moab to mount Nebo, where the Lord showed unto Moses all the land of Canaan, according to his promise, saying: thou shalt see the land of 
Moses death.  Canaan with thine eyes, but thou shalt not go over thither, and there Moses the servant of the Lord died, for whom Israel wept 30. days, and after whom josua succeeded. Moses was 120. years of age when he died.  
Now you must understand that when joseph was dead, and the Hebrews began to be multiplied, the Egyptians both feared and hated them, oppressed them as you heard with all toil and slavery, and not yet contented, but a law was made 
Israelites toil and slavery.  among the Egyptians, that every male child of the Hebrews should be thrown to Nilus. This law continued from Moses birth, and before, until their God delivered them by Moses. God had appointed with Moses, and after with josua, wise and grave men, as Elders, judges, Magistrates, to govern the Commonwealth of the Hebrews under Moses, (as jethro his father in law had counseled him,) the head of any tribe or of any city, Conuocavit populos Israel, & Senatum eorum, & principes eorum, & judices eorum, jos. 23. He had also the Levites, the Priest, and the high Bishop: a state of Commonwealth changed from Oligarchia, which was in Abraham's time, into Aristocratia, by the express commandments of God, in all the laws of the Hebrews Moral and judicial. And after God gave the Ceremonial Laws to Moses at mount Sinai: for the Commonwealth of the Hebrews were of all others most principally to be allowed, for that God ordained all their laws, ordered their judges, all their Kings, and their high Priests: for these three states governed the Hebrews from Moses the first judge, until the last high Priest, though by Moses other officers were appointed, as Tribunes, Centurions and Captains, some over a 1000 some over a 100 some over 50. by the Greeks' named Chiliarchi, Hecatontarchi, 
Chiliarchi. Hecatontarchi. Pentecontarchi. Decatarchi.  Pentecontarchi, Decatarchi. The offerings which were gold, silver, and brass, blue silk, purple and scarlet, fine linen, goats hair, and Rams skins coloured red, oil, spices, perfumes of sweet savour, the Tabernacle, the Ark, the stone table, and the rod of Aaron, and Manna which were testimonies of God's presence. Read of these Ceremonial laws in Exod. 25.  
About this time reigned in Egypt Ramesses: afterwards having vanquished his brother Danaus from Egypt, Egyptus 
Ramesses was surnamed Egyptus.  usurped the kingdom of Egypt, & named it Egyptus after his own name. Amongst the Argives, Stelenus their 9 King, and after him succeeded Danaus, being driven out of Egypt by the 
Cornelius Tacitus lib. 2.  foresaid Egyptus, his brother giving that name to the Country of Egypt, being before named Mizraim. Now in Crete governed Axit, and in Athens the 4. king Ericthonius in these days.  
Now Memphis in Egypt, of one Epaphus, as Eusebius doth name, was builded. Dardanus builded Dardania, in the sixth year of this king Egyptus: this afterward was called Troy-Cyrene at this time was likewise builded in Libya, and Nisa a great city in India, by Dionysius. In Ninive Amintes the 19 king of the Assyrians governed. It is written by Orosius, that 
Crosius lib. 1. cap. 11.  Danaus' king at this time of the Argives, having fifty daughters, who being married to fifty brethren, sons to his own brother Egyptus, wrought means by these his daughters, to requite the injury of his brother: they agreeing with their father, conspired the deaths of their husbands, and slew them all in one night. This history is diversly written, which I leave to every man's judgement.  
After that Moses had governed the people of God 40. years in the wilderness, he made choice of josua (as you heard) to be their Governor and judge: for there was no succession of Governors, no election of states, no Prince, no judge to claim right amongst the people of Israel, but the law of God was the judge that governed Israel. So Gedeon said: Non dominabor vestri, nec dominabitur vestri filius meus, sed Dominus, he was the only ruler, so they prospered all the time of good judges. This josua the second judge of Israel, whom God raised after Moses, was adorned with excellent gifts, as with counsel to govern Israel, and with strength to defend Israel: this bringeth them after all difficulties unto the land of Canaan: which josua divided among the people, he appointed their borders, he established laws and ordinances, 
josua divideth the land of Chanaan. josua made orders & laws.  assuring them of God's favour, if they would obey God, and contrariwise of his plague and vengeance by disobedience. To this good josua God said, my servant Moses is dead, now therefore arise, go over jordan, thou, and all this people, unto the land which I gave them: for every place where you shall tread upon, have I given you, there shall be no man able to withstand thee all the days of thy life: be thou strong, and be of good courage, I will not leave thee, nor forsake thee. This was great comfort to josua, to have God to be with him, to assist him, to strengthen him, & to defend him.  
Then josua commanded his host, with their Captains 
josua commandeth his host to pass Iorden.  and officers to pass over jordan, he exhorteth the Rubenites, the Gadites; and the half tribe of Manasses, to execute their charge, saying, the Lord your God hath given you this land, which was sometime in the possession of Sihon king of the Amorites, and in the hands of Og, king of Bashan, go you forward, God shall go before you, and cast out the Canaanites, the Hittites, the jebusites, Girgashites, Perisites, and the Amorites: so 
jordan gave place to josua and to the Ark.  they passed over jordan dry, the water stayed, and gave them place in like sort as the red sea did. The walls of jericho fell down, and gave them place, to enter unto the city without 
The walls of jericho fell.  strokes. Now jericho being burned, divers kings, countries and cities, hearing how jericho and Ai were destroyed, gathered their forces together, one to help an other, but in vain, for the Lord fought for Israel: for five kings rose against josua, which were destroyed and discomfited: and as it is written in the 12. of josua, thirty kings were vanquished, overthrown, and slain, whose names you may read in josua. 
josua cap. 12.  This godly josua was an other Moses, ruled Israel in all obedience of the Lord, conquered and possessed the land of promise, and kept God's people all his time in peace, lived 110. years, and governed Israel two and thirty years. Eusebius 
Melanthon.  saith thirty, and he died two hundred years after joseph's death.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the judges of Israel after josua's death, until Saul the first king of Israel: of their government, wars, and continuance.  
THe Hebrews had none to govern them 8. years after, (so long inter regnum continued,) whereby the Israelites ever rebelling against God, contemned the laws, despised religion, quiteforgat Moses & josua, & the benefits of God toward them: a thing almost incredible, that so soonefrom God they would fall, having tasted of his goodness and mercy so 
〈◊〉 de Hebre●…rū admin.  long: for after they had entered into the land of Canaan, and had seen the promise of God performed, (instead of thanks for the same) they rebelled and provoked God to anger: for 
The mutabilive of the Israelites.  he suffered them to be vexed and tormented by tyrants, he took their liberty away from them, and left them destitute of all comfort and help: yet God raised from time to time such as should defend them, if they would be obedient and thankful unto God: and although the Israelites fell to idolatry after josua's death, and thereby were given unto their enemy's hands, as the tribe of Benjamin 1005. in one day slain, and so the tribe of Dan, with others: yet God left them not for all their ingratitude, but stirred good and godly judges, as Othoniel, Ehud, Gedeon, and others, to deliver them in extremities.  
The Lord pitied them, and raised Othoniel of the tribe of juda, the younger brother of Caleb, which governed the Israelites 8. years, animated them again to go to war against the king of Syria, whom God delivered to the hands of Othoniel, and brought them to the favour of God, that Israel had rest 40. years, 32. under josua, and 8. under Othoniel: yet still Israel offended God, and committed wickedness before the Lord so long, until that Eglon king of Moab, was by God appointed 
Eglon king of Moab afflicteth Israel.  to be their scourge. He smote them and afflicted them, and kept them under him 18. years, until Ehud of the tribe of Benjamin, a man whom God appointed to defend and to deliver his people, even he overthrew the Moabites, slew 10000 at one time, and killed Eglon the king of Moab, 
Ehud killeth Eglon.  and caused Israel to have rest 80. years, the whole time of his government. But when this good judge died, the children of Israel again fell from the Lord. Then jabin the king 
jabin against Israel.  of Canaan had them in his power, troubled and persecuted them extremely: for God had sold them for their wickedness unto the hands of jabin and Sisera his General, yet still his mercy continued with them: for Deborah and Barach of the 
Deborah and Barac overthrew him.  tribe of Nephthali, were of God appointed to defend the Hebrews: for Israel prevailed against jabin king of Canaan, and prospered under Deborah and Barach, while Deborah and Barach governed, which was forty years. Some writers do interpose Shamgar to be the third judge of Israel, counting Othoniel to be first judge that delivered Israel after josua, Ehud 
Functius and R●…fin.  the second judge that killed Eglon, and then Shamgar, which slew of the Philistims six hundred with an Ox goad.  
Now while these things were done amongst the Israelites, reigned in Ninive Pannias, in Athens reigned Pandion the 8. king of the Athenians. About this time Bithynia was builded. Gedeon the first judge, one of the tribe of Manasses, after 
Gedeon.  that Israel committed wickedness, was sent by God to deliver them from the Madianites, who at that time oppressed Israel miserably: but they always in great extremities, at the 
josephus lib. 5. cap. 7.  last pinch, when necessity forced them, and misery oppressed them, according to their wont manner, cried unto the Lord, and he heard them, and helped them by Moses in Egypt, and in the wilderness by josua, to come to the land of Canaan, and in the land by Othoniel, in often delivering Israel from the king of Syria, by Ehud, in saving them from Eglon 
Othoniel.  the king of Moab, whom Ehud most boldly and zealously killed in his privy chamber, by Shamgar, in defending them 
Shamgar.  from the Philistims, of whom he slew six hundred with an Ox goad, by Barach and Deborah from jabin king of Canaan, 
Barac and Deborah.  and Sisera, and now by Gedeon, whom God raised to defend them, and to deliver them from the Madianites, who prevailed much against Israel: for both the Madianites, and the Amalekites, brought Israel into so great misery, that they made 
The great misery of Israel.  them dens in the mountains, and caves to hide themselves from the Madianites. After seven years oppression and affliction, than they cried unto God, when they were most afflicted and persecuted, and not before.  
But the mercy of God was with them for all their vileness and stubbornness. Gedeon was called by God to be their aid, who overthrew the Madianites, and overcame the Amalekites, 
judge 7.  not by strength or force of Israel, but by the works and wonders of God, as you may read in the judges at large: for with three hundred, Gedeon slew one hundred and twenty thousand of the Amalekites, Madianites, and Arabians. And though Ephraim murmured against Gedeon, yet he appeased them, and revenged himself on them of Succoth and Penuel. Read the 8. of the judges, you shall be satisfied. By Gedeon now again Israel was restored to the former liberty and dignity, having vanquished the Madianites, and slain Oreb and Zeeb, two of their princes, and their heads brought 
Oreb and Zeeb 2. princes of Madianites slain.  to Gedeon beyond jordan.  
Now reigned Panninas in Ninive, the five and twentieth king of the Assyrians. Pandayon of that name the second king after Cecrops, reigned in Athens. Euristheus the first king of 
Euristheus.  Mycena: this was that king, whose fame was great in Greece: he brought the Argives and their kingdom subject unto Mycena, which kingdom continued from jacobs' birth, until Gedeons' time, five hundred and fifty years, during which time reigned fourteen kings over the Argives.  
About this time reigned in Troy, Ilus the fourth king: of 
divers names of Troy. Dardania.  this king's name Troy was called Ilium, being first called Dardania by Dardanus, who first builded it, in the last year of Ascatades the eighteenth king of Assyria, at which time Moses died in the plain of Moab. Then Tros altered the name of Dardania after his own name, being the third king of Troy, and called it Troia, and now last of all by Ilus the fourth king, called 
Troiae.  Ilium. Dedalus, of whom the Poets feigned much, flourished likewise about this time, and fled with his son Icharus 
Ilium.  from Greece unto Crete, unto king Minos.  
Midas governed now in Phrygia. This was he, of whom the proverb is made, Midas ears, etc. And in Sicyonia reigned Polybus their second king in Gedeons' time. Cadmus, who for jealousy of his wife Armonia the sister of jasius, brought letters first into Greece from Phenicia, as Xenophon saith, 17. 
Zeneph. de equivecis.  letters.  
Now after Gedeon had governed Israel forty years, he likewise died, having left behind him three score and ten sons, lawfully gotten by wedlock, and one bastard by his concubine Druma, a woman of Sichem. This bastard was named Abimelek, a wicked and a cruel tyrant, full of all mischief, 
The tyranny of Abimalec.  and bend to all wickedness: he slew by his treachery, conferring with his mother's kinsfolks, all his brethren, only jotham by fleeing escaped, who a little afterwards 
jotham escapeth.  told the people of Sichem the parable of the trees, of the fig tree, and of the vine tree, and of the bramble. This Abimelek, when he had usurped the kingdom, and put all his brethren to death, using all kind of tyranny in such sort of wickedness, that after he had slain all the Sichemites, and taken the City, and burned a thousand of men in the Tower, he then destroyed the City, and sowed salt therein, that it might be unfruitful, and never serve to any use.  
Thus was Sichem destroyed for their ungratitude to Gedeons' sons. Then Theber and Abimelech besieged it, where a woman threw a piece of a millstone upon Abimelechs' head, and slew him, after he had usurped three years the government.  
Thus God taketh vengeance on tyrants, by such miserable death: for mark the calamity that fell upon the posterity of Gedeon, a man of singular favour with God, and yet three score and ten of his sons by wedlock slain, and his bastard the tyrant that slew them, to succeed him. The sin of Israel was the cause thereof, and of many more plagues.  
Miletum, a town in Miletia the Country of Thales, one 
Miletum builded.  of the seven wise men of Greece, was about this time builded, and tire an other famous town was builded in Phenicia: 
tire is builed.  this was builded 240. years before the Temple of Solomon was builded.  
Thola of the tribe of Isachar, now judged Israel three and 
Thola judge in Israel.  twenty years, during which time, the people lived in tranquility and peace in the beginning of the fourth jubilee, at which time flourished Orpheus the Thracian, and the great Musician. Sosarinus the 26. king of the Assyrians, reigned in Ninive at this time. Hercules the son of Amphitrion, 
Hercules' borne.  was likewise in this age borne.  
After Thola, succeeded not by succession (as I wrote before) but by the election of God, (for the will of the Lord should be a law to his people) jair the Gileadite, of the tribe 
jair the 8. judge of Israel.  of Manasses, the 8. judge of Israel, under whom likewise the Israelites lived quietly all the time of his government, which was 22. years: who ruled Israel in prosperity, having 30. 
jairs 30. sons.  sons that road on 30. assecoltes, men of great authority: and they had 30. cities in the land of Gilead. As soon as jair 
jairs 30. sons possessed 30. Cities.  died, Israel wrought wickedness in the sight of the Lord: they served Baalim and Astaroth, the gods of Syria and Sidon: and God was angry, and gave them to the hands of the Philistims, and the children of Ammon, who vexed and oppressed juda, 
Israel oppressed.  Benjamin, and the house of Ephraim, against whom the children of Ammon went over jordan to fight with them: so that all Israel, specially they that dwelled in the lands of the Amorites beyond jordan, were sore tormented. 
1. Reg. cap. 10.   
Then they cried, than they prayed, than they confessed their sins, and said, they had served Baalim. God most mercifully heard their cry, and appointed them jeptha a valiant 
jeptha is appointed their captain.  Captain, the son of a stranger, and therefore was chased away by his brethren, and now by God appointed their Captain: whom they rejected before as no body, now God hath chosen to do these enterprises. Men often desire help, even of those, whom before they have refused. This poor abject, exiled and banished by his brethren, slew and destroyed the Ammonites, and took twenty of their cities, for the which fact, jeptha was much envied by the men of Ephraim, in the like sort as they of Sichem did envy Gedeon: notwithstanding, he killed 42. thousand Ephramites.  
Thus jeptha ruled Israel 6. years, and ended his government 
jeptha ruled 6. years and died.  most happily. Tantanes reigned and governed the Assyrians about this time: and Theseus the 10. king of Athens overcame the monster Minotaurus. The history you 
Minotaurus.  shall read in Plutarch, in the life of Theseus: for the Athenians paid tribute to Minos king of Crete, for the death of Androgius 
Androgeus' son to Minos king of Crete slain.  his eldest son, who was by treason slain in the Country of Attica: for the which cause Minoes pursuing the revenge of his death, the Athenians by entreaty of peace, to appease Minos' wrath, sent to Minoes, which peace being granted upon condition, that the Athenians should be bound to send him yearly unto Crete 7. young boys, and as many young girls, some say, to feed Minotaurus the huge monster; others say they were shut within the Labyrinth, wandering up and down, and could get no place to come to, until such 
Theseus' sailed to Crete.  time as they died: some others say, that king Minos kept these youths of Athens as prisoners within the Labyrinth, in memory of his son Androgeus. Howsoever it was, Theseus, after he had fortified Athens with people, to whom he gave laws, and coined money, with more things, sailed from Athens unto Crete, and wan the city of Gnosus, slew Deucalion with all his Guard and Officers, and killed Minotaurus. 
Minotaurus slain.   
About this time, Hercules instituted certain games or masteries, called afterwards Olympiades', in respect of Mount Olympus, 
The games of Olympia.  the place where these exercises were appointed. This was 430. years before any olympiad began. Likewise in the time of this judge jephthe, Theseus ravished Helen Menelaus 
Theseus' ravished Helen.  wife, & was by Aedoneus king of the Molossians, taken and imprisoned: but by his companion Hercules he was rescued and delivered. Hercules took Ilium, killed Laomedon the king, and gave the kingdom to Priamus his son.  
At what time, the Amazons, a people of Scythia, moved wars against the Thebans: here is the first mention made of them in histories, of whose original you may read justine, 
justin. lib. 2.  where you shall see more. Now after jeptha had governed Israel 6. years, obeying God in all things, save in his rash vow, in sacrificing his daughter, he died, and was buried in one of the cities of Gilead.  
Abesan the Bethlemite, of the tribe of juda, governed the Israelites 
Abesan supposed to be Boaz the husband of Ruth.  7. years. Certain writers suppose this Abesan to be the Prophet David's Grandfather: for Ishai David's father, was borne in the time of jair, in the which time happened inter regnum for 18. years, whereby the Hebrews were compelled to serve the children of Ammon, and the Philistims. They were in great misery this time, until Israel repent, 
judic. 10.  which was the only repentance & acknowledging of sins we can read of Israel, described in the judges at large. This Abesan had 30. sons, and 30. daughters, and he sent his 30. daughters to bring other 30. more for his sons, and when he had governed 7. years, he died, and was buried at Bethlehem. Then Elon came in steed of jeptha: he was of the tribe 
Elon.  of Zabulon, and he judged Israel 10. years, and died, and was buried in the Country of Zabulon. After him Abdon of the 
Abdon.  tribe of Ephraim, judged Israel 8. years. Of these three last judges there is nothing left in memory worth the writing.  
During this time, in Ninive governed Tanteus, the 29. king of the Assyrians Mezentius governed the Tuscans: but being driven by the people, called Vitulones, out of his chief 
Herodot. lib. 2.  city, he fled unto an other city of his, called Carites, and from thence gathered a great army, and went in arms against Aeneas with Turnus. Protheus the Egyptian, a Priest of great janus, flourished this time. Likewise happened this season, a great deluge in Egypt, called dilwium Pharaonicum, in 
Diodo. lib. 2.  so much that the Isle of Pharaoh was drowned with water. Agamemnon reigned now in Mycena, of whom Thucydides doth make mention in the preface of his first book.  
About this time, Helen again was taken away by Paris: hereby the Grecians did gather a great army for rescuing of 
The second ravishment of Helen.  Helen: after, Messengers being sent unto Priamus, and being denied of restoring of Helen, the Greeks' prepared for wars 1210. navies, as Dares Frigius writeth. After this greatwarre, the Latins began their kingdom, over whom Aeneas after Latinus time was the first king, having married Lavinia, Latinus daughter. All these things were done in the beginning of the sixth jubilee, at which time reigned in Athens, Demophon the 12. king of the Athenians, and one Mopsus reigned in Cilicia, of whom they were named afterward Mopsecrenae.  
Then after Abdons' death, Israel had no judge for forty 
Eusebius.  years, but continued in their wickedness, and offended the Lord, whereby they were oppressed by the Philistims, until the birth of Samson, of the tribe of Dan, whom God had blessed with many virtues, as strength, courage, godliness, & zeal to revenge the people of god upon the Philistims. This was the last judge of Israel: but for that the history is written in the 13. 14. 15. and 16. of the judges, I will omit other things: for during the time of Samson, which was twenty years, Israel 
Samson 20. years.  was by the Philistims much molested, and forty years after Samson, when the Israelites were governed under Ely the 
Elie 40. years.  high Priest. Now the judges of Israel ended that government, which God delivered them even from Moses death, until the birth of Samuel, 357. years, adding thereunto 40. years of Moses government, doth make the continuance of the judges of Israel to be 380. and 17.  
About this time, Orestes the sixth king of Mycena, slew Pyrrhus 
Orestes slew Pyrrhus.  the son of Achilles, in the Temple of Apollo: for after Orestes time, there reigned no more kings in Mycena, but Orestes son, named Tisamenus, after whom succeeded Penthilus, and after him Comets, the last king of Mycena. After this Comets, descended the stock of Heraclides, which afterward 
Heraclides.  came from Peloponesus, and took Mycena.  
Thus ended the kingdom of Mycena, who began their government in the time of Gedeon, at what time the kingdom of the Argives was translated unto Mycena, where reigned 10. kings, whose names are these.  

Perseus.  
Stelenus.  
Euristheus, who was accounted a second Hercules for his worthiness.  
After him Atreus.  
Theistes.  
Agamemnon.  
Orestes.  
Tisamenus.  
Penthilus.  
And Comets the last king.   
The continuance of these kings was from the beginning of Gedeon, until the beginning of Elie the high Priest, which was 157. years: so long continued the kingdom of Mycena. 
Mycena.   
Now after Samsons days, the house of Israel began according to their use, not to thank God for his benefits, but still discontented, murmuring against God, seeking new Magistrates, new laws, weary of their government and of their 
The vileness of the jews.  judges, most desirous of change, stubborn people, and a wilful nation, idolaters, rebellious and factious, always by disobedience offending their God. God followed their humours, they had what they would, and they did what they listed: 
Their cry for a prophet and for a king.  they had Elie the high Priest for their judge 40. years, in his time the Ark was taken by the Philistims, his sons slain, and himself fell from his stool, and died. After Elie the high Priest died, they had Samuel for their Prophet, but they still cried out for a king: for neither judge, Priest, nor Prophet might please them, but a King: and therefore God commanded Samuel to anoint Saul to be their king. But first I 
Samuel anointed Saul.  will lay down the names of all the judges that judged Israel, from the first unto the last.  
After Moses and josua succeeded  

1. Othoniel of the tribe of juda.  
2. Ehud of the tribe of Ephraim.  
3. Deborah of the tribe of Ephraim.  
4. Barach of the tribe of Nephthal.  
5. Gedeon of the tribe of Manasses.  
6. Abimelech the bastard of Gedeon, the tyrant that slew his 70. brethren.  
7. Thola of the tribe of Issachar.  
8. jair of the tribe of Manasses.  
9 jephthe of the tribe of Manasses.  
10. Elon of the tribe of Zabulon.  
11. Abdon of the tribe of Ephraim.  
12. Samson the last judge of the tribe of Dan.  
After these, Ely the Priest, and Samuel the Prophet.   
Now God had commanded Samuel to anoint Saul their king, saying unto Samuel, They have not cast thee away, but they have cast me away ever since I brought them out of Egypt to this day, because they were not content with the order that God had appointed, but would be governed as the Gentiles were.   

CHAP. FOUR  
Of the third change of the common wealth of the Hebrews, first from Oligarchia under the Patriarches: secondly from Aristocratia under the judges, now to a Monarchy under Kings, which Israel cried out and never ceased until they had a king.  
NOw Saul was king of Israel in the beginning 
Saul was chosen king of Israel.  of the 7. jubilee, at what time Tineus governed the Assyrians, and Melanthus governed Athens: for though Saul & Samuel governed together 40. years, yet Saul governed as a king (as both josephus and Ruffinus affirmed) not ten years. He had good success in the beginning of his wars, for God gave him the spirit of strength and courage against the Moabites, Edomites, Ammonites, and against the Philistines, till Saul disobeyed God in sparing of Agag, for the 
Saul spared Agag, and was reproved by Samuel.  which Samuel reproved Saul, and the lord rejected Saul, and his kingdom was glven to David. For after the great victories of Saul of those afore rehearsed nations, he was commanded by Samuel to take arms against the Amalekites, & to spare neither man, woman, or child, cattle or beasts: but for saving of Agag the king, and few of the fattest beasts for sacrifice, Saul lost his kingdom: disobedience was the cause thereof.  
Some may think the cause to be small that Saul did, to be rejected from his kingdom, the sparing of a king's life: So 
50000. Bethshemites slain forlooking into the Ark of the Lord.  likewise may they judge of the men of Bethshemesh, who because they had looked into the Ark of the Lord, he slew 50. thousand, three score and ten men: for it was not lawful for any either to touch the Ark, or to look within it, save only to Aaron the high priest: and to difobey GOD, and to break God's commandment, is a thing most terrible. Now though Saul spared Agag, disobeying God, yet Samuel 
Samuel hewed Agag.  most zealously without any further delay hewed him in pieces.  
After this, Samuel returned to his house to Bethleem, where he was commanded to anoint one of the sons of Ishai king of Israel: and having all the seven sons of Ishai before him, save the youngest which was David, who kept his father's sheep in the fields, Samuel commanded David to be sent for: at whose coming the Lord said to Samuel, Arise, anoint him: for this is he. And Samuel took the horn of 
The first anointing of David king of Israel.  oil, and anointed him king in the midst of his brethren, and the spirit of the Lord came upon David from that time forward, and the spirit of the Lord departed from Saul. And now though David was anointed king by Samuel the Prophet, yet GOD would have David to be exercised in many things before he should have the use of the kingdom.  
After this Samuel went to Ramah to his house, and came no more to see Saul until Saul died. Samuel loved Saul much, and mourned much for him, and God therefore reproved Samuel. Samuel was a godly judge over Israel, who with great care and diligence served God, and governed his people, keeping his circuit once every year, from Bethel to Galgala, and from Galgala to Masphat, and from Masphat to all towns upon his ways to Ramah, where Samuel dwelled, and there he set up an altar unto the Lord and judged Israel. Even so did Deborah sit under a Palm tree between 
Deb●…ra.  Ramah and Bethel, judging and determining causes of the people.  
This Prophet governed Israel forty years. Saul being deposed and thrown from his kingdom, he fell unto great melancholy, imagining how he might compass and bring things to pass with troubled mind: for the evil spirit of the Lord came upon him, that he oftentimes was molested and vexed with troublesome thoughts. And to ease the king of these agonies, instruments of Music, with all kind of harmony were thought very necessary of his counsel. David was called and sent for by Saul 
David sent for by Saul.  to play upon the harp before Saul: for he was skilful in Music: so Saul loved David and made him his armour bearer.  
While Saul was in this melancholy mood, the Philistines were again in arms against Israel, wasted their country, destroyed their Cities, and provoked the Hebrews to war. Saul made ready his host: but while yet they were preparing for the battle, Goliath a mighty huge man, a great Giant, vaunted forward from the host of the Philistines 
Goliath.  by himself, cried and called for a combat, if any one man of the Hebrews durst, defying Israel, and blaspheming their God.  
But GOD prepared David's heart mighty and valiant, 
David slew the great Giant Goliath.  and with a sling to be able to overthrow this Giant: for David by the experience which he had in time passed by God's help, nothing doubteth the danger of Goliath, sithence he killed a Lion and a Bear before this time, being but a shepherd in the field. He was fully persuaded by God's spirit to have the victory over Goliath, being moved with a fervent zeal to be revenged upon this blasphemer.  
But true it is, Comes virtuti invidia. Here Saul began to 
saul's envy to David.  envy David, and to lay snares to kill him: for great actions are full of dangers. But there is no danger where God defendeth and saveth: the virtues of David purchased much envy, much danger, which David escaped by the providence of God. But Saul still devised his destruction, using all policies, and inventing many stratagems to overthrow David, promising David his daughter Michol to wife, seeking at David's hands nothing but valiant courage and service against the Philistines. But the more victories David wan, the more danger ensued him: the greater service he did, the more he was envied and hated: for Saul feared David seeing the Lord was with him, and jonathan the son of Saul told David the wicked purpose of his father, so that David was driven to flee from Saul, and to hide himself in a Cave.  
Samuel the Prophet about this time died, and was buried 
Samuel died at Rama in his own City.  in Ramah his own city. David being still persecuted of Saul, wandered and fled from Saul to Achis king of Gath, where he should have a charge under the king to fight against Israel, which troubled him not a little: yet such was the infirmity of David, that he durst not deny the king. Now Saul all this 
1. Sam. 2. 8.  while following his wicked purpose, consulted with a witch to know of samuel's spirit the success of his kingdom, by whom, I mean not samuel's spirit, but the spirit of Satan, he was fully certified of his ruin and of the end of his kingdom which happened to Saul and to his children: for it fell out that Saul killed himself, and his children were slain in the 
Saul killed himself in Gilboa. 1. Sam. 31. 2890 The triumph of the Philistines over Saul.  battle, a cruel life hath a desperate end.  
After, the Philistines found Saul, jonathan, Abinadab, and Malchishua his three sons lying dead in mount Gilboa after the victory, and the Philistines cut off saul's head, and stripped him out of his armour, and they laid up his armour in the house of Ashtaroth their idol, and hanged his body on the wall of Bethshan in token of victory and triumph. Saul died after the deliverance of Israel from Egypt 473. years, after the calling of joseph into dignity in Egypt 660. years, and after the flood 1234. years.  
Thus the wicked in their pomp and pleasure consider not the judgement of God. During this time reigned Dircillus over the Assyrians, the 31. king, and Aeneas silvius the 4. king of the Latins. In Athens this time reigned Codrus the last king of the Athenians, between whom and the Peloponesians grew great wars, and continued unto the last destruction of all Greece. In the time of Saul certain people were driven out of Thessalia called Boeotij: they found a land to inhabit, which at this day is called Boeotia, before named Cadmeia. The The kings of Sicyonum, called otherwise Peloponesus, ended in saul's days, even when Israel began their kingdom.  
About this time the kingdom of Lacedemonia began, where first reigned Euristhenes, of whom descended Leonidas and Cleomenes, two valiant captains, which overthrew the Persians in the great battle at Thermophila. About this time descended the stock of Heraclides into Peloponesus. Read of this further in Herodotus. Homerus surnamed Chius, a great Magician, flourished in saul's time, the kingdom of Corinth together with the Lacedæmonians began a little before the eight jubilee, in the year of the world 2865.  
But to go forward in the history, Saul being dead, and 
David the last time after saul's death anointed king over all Israel. 2. Sam. cap. 5.  David the last time anointed, the kingdom of Israel not yet came to David's hands: for some of saul's sons lived and withstood David, as heirs to Saul, and held all the tribes of Israel save the tribe of juda, over whom David was the second time anointed king, and David dwelled in Hebron 7. years: Ishboseth the son of Saul was likewise anointed king over the house of Israel: hence grew great wars between the house of Saul and the house of David: for Abner the chief captain of Saul, and the master of saul's horses, thought it not fit that any should govern Israel but saul's son, who was right heir to the kingdom, persuading the people thereunto, and gathering force together, and would by the sword make Ishboseth king of Israel, who kept then his court at Manahim, under whom all the Hebrews saving the tribe of juda were ruled.  
David this time lying in Hebron, and hearing of Abners' preparation to wars, consulted with the Lord, and solicited 
A battle between Abner the chief captain of Saul, and joab the chief captain of David.  his own cause carefully: he appointed joab to be his Lieutenant. These two great captains Abner and joab, full of indignation, and willing to try the kingdom by battle, they met by the pool of Gibeon where Abner and joab fell to the sword, and the battle was exceeding sore that same day. But Abner and the men of Israel fell before joab, so that 360. men were slain. Thus God would confirm David in his kingdom by overthrowing of his adversaries. These wars continued long, for Abner made all his power for the house of Saul.  
But God wrought otherwise to bring his purpose to pass: while Saul lived, he had a concubine named Rizpha, with whom Abner kept company, and consumed more time with Rizpha than he did in the service of Ishboseth. The king being moved with some choler, charged Abner with his fault concerning his father's concubine: this check could not be well digested of Abner, and therefore he communed with the elders of Israel, and persuaded them to take David for their king: and after that, Abner went to Hebron to David, and promised him that he would bring all Israel under his government: and all this Abner did rather for malice & hatred that he bore to Ishboseth, then for any good will he bore to David. Notwithstanding, David accepted in good part his coming to him, though joab would have had the king to slay Abner for his private grudge, which was the kill of Asahel joabs brother, which within a while after joab revenged, for he killed Abner unknowing to David, whose death David lamented much. 
joab killeth Abner.   
When these news came to saul's son that Abner was dead in Hebron, he was discouraged, and all Israel was afraid 
2. Sam. cap. 3.  with him, and so within a while after he was slain by Banah and Rechab, two men that were captains of bands: this they both did in hope of lucre and favour with David, and they were rewarded, as he that slew Saul: for in as much as neither the example of him, nor duty to their master, nor innocency of the person, nor the reverence of the place did fear them, they died for it. Now David was made king over all Israel, after he had reigned seven years over juda in Hebron: he went with all his army to jerusalem unto the jebusites the inhabitants of the land at that time, and took the fort of Zion, and dwelled there, and builded round about it. Hiram king 
The Moabites and the Philistines are overthrown by David, and are tributaries to Israel.  of Tyrus sent Cedar trees, and carpenters and masons, they builded a house for David. Again, the Philistines came up against David, and he smote them from Geba to Gazer. The ark was not yet come from the house of Abinadab in Gibeah, whither David with 3000. chosen men of Israel went, to bring 
2. Sam. cap. 8.  the ark to the city of David.  
When David had subdued the jebusites, Philistines, & other divers nations, as the Syrians, Phoenicians, Edomites, Ammonites, Moabites, and Mesopotamia, until the river of Euphrates, so that David's fame spread far, his kingdom prospered, his people grew strong, and himself in all his enterprises most happy: Then David ruled and reigned over all Israel, and executed judgement and justice to his people. And being at rest from his enemies with great quietness in jerusalem, behold, both his 
2 Sam. 11. 12.  fortune and his great fame forsook him: for he committed adultery with Bethsabe Urias' wife, and wrote his letters to joab 
joab was sister's son to David.  his lieutenant, with Urias in this sort. Put Urias in the forefront of the battle, and cause the soldiers to recoil back from Urias, that he may be smitten and die. Which being done, the king was glad, and took Urias' wife to his house, and married her: but the Lord was angry with David, and sent Nathan to 
Nathan the Prophet sent to accuse David of adultery and murder.  accuse him of adultery and murder. What grew of this? cruel dissension between David and his children. God gave over David to be afflicted and tormented on both sides, inward and outward. For Amnon defiled his sister Tamar, and Absalon killed Amnon: such was the wrath of God upon the house of David, that one wickedness fell on the neck of another: Absalon fled upon the kill of his brother, and went to Geshur, and then Absalon practised to aspire to the kingdom, and laid snares to entrap his father the king. Absalon gathered force to dispossess David, for Achitophel's council is always ready 
A●…hitophels council.  in matters of treason.  
Now David felt the anger of God for sin, he confessed that he had deserved this plague: for David was faithful and obedient to God, and showed himself contented with these afflictions. Absalon goeth forward with his army, and David fled over jordan to Mahanaim: Absalon passeth likewise over jordan and followed fast, as Achitophel had counseled him: so Israel and Absalon pitched in the land of Gilead. God raised favourers unto David in every place where he came: for certain of the Reubenites and Gadites could not bear the insolency of the son against the father, and therefore with all the power they had, they joined with David, and the battle began, so there was a great slaughter of Absalon's side, to the number of 2000 Israel fled before joab, and Absalon was caught by the hair of his head under a bough of an oak, where he hanged till joab came and killed him, and so David again was restored 
Absalon killed.  to his kingdom, being persecuted of Achitophel for his counsel, of Semei for his threatening and cursing, and of Absalon for his treason.  
Now this war being ended, new wars again began between juda and the ten tribes of Israel, more cruel than the wars of Absalon: for Sheba a man of Ephraim, he now again raised Israel against David, and made the Israelites to forsake David, and to follow Sheba: but his head was carried by joab to David. After this, David had four great battles with 
Four battles with the Philistines.  the Philistines, slew them, and subdued them unto the last.  
Thus was David delivered by God from all dangers, tyranny and treason, and saved from Saul, Absalon and many others. When David had gotten by the sword peace and quietness, and brought all nations subject unto him, he took his rest and thanked God in Psalms, Hymns, Odes & Verses, which David sang unto God in praise of victories which God gave him. But yet more troubles came on David: The Lord so suffered Satan to tempt him, that David commanded 
joab numbered all Israel by the commandment of David. 2. Sam. 24. Troubles in Israel again.  joab to number all Israel and juda, from Dan to Beersheba, which joab did: the people were in number of able fight men, 1100000. God's wrath was kindled against Israel, so that much it offended God that David should trust in men, sithence only God had oftentimes delivered him: and the Lord sent Gad, David's seer, with three things to take his choice: Pestilence, 
Gad the prophet sent to David.  Famine, or War. David chose rather to fall to God's mercy, then to trust to man. Then fell pestilence in Israel from the one side of the country to the other, and there died 70000. men.  
Now after this, David waxed old, and he caused Solomon his son to be anointed king before he died, whom he charged to walk before God uprightly, exhorting him to serve God, to use justice and judgement in Israel. David commanded 
David's counsel to Solomon.  Solomon his son to kill joab for his murdering of Abner and Amasa, and to take the like punishment of Semei which railed & cursed me, when (saith he) I was at the worst. David left to his son more wealth in Israel to build a temple to the Lord, than Alexander the great had in Babylon by the conquest of Darius: for josephus doth write, that Hircanus the high priest a 1000 & odd years after David's death, opened the grave of David, and brought 3000. talents to satisfy the rage of Antiochus Demetrius son, who laying siege to jerusalem, was contented to return with some of these talents without any harm done. And David died being 70. years of age, 
David dieth.  after he had been 40. years king of Israel: seven in Hebron, and 33. in jerusalem. David died 803. years after the death of Abraham, after the death of Adam 2000 after the birth of Christ 1070.  
During this time of David, reigned in Assyria Eupales the 32 king, in Lacedemonia Argis the second king of the Lacedæmonians. Now failed the state of kings in Athens, and there began a new form of common wealth governed by judges, which 
The kings of Athens ended.  now began by Codrus son named Medon, after whose name they were named afterward, Medontidae for a while. Latinus Sylaius reigned the 6. king over the Latins, & in Corinth reigned Ixeon the second king of Corinth. About David's time there was builded in Asia a city called Magnesia, and another in Italy called Misene, now called Cuma.  
Solomon the son of David, & the third king of Israel, of the 
Salomons reign.  tribe of juda, a man endued with singular wisdom, & in great favour with God, as soon as he had sit on his father's throne, he remembered the words of David, and with care and zeal he followed his father's steps in seeking to please the Lord Notwithstanding, the Israelites being froward and stubborn, ever revolting from their GOD, were always forgetful of God's benefits, as after the death of David fell out: for in David's time, Israel flourished, and all things prospered in juda. But scant had Solomon been anointed king, but Adoniah salomon's 
Adoniah salomon's elder brother aspired to the kingdom.  brother aspired to the kingdom secretly and subtly, seeking the good will of Bethsheba salomon's mother, and by her means to have Abishag, which David his father loved tenderly, to wife. But his craft was found out, and his pretenced treason spied by Nathan the prophet, and by Solomon himself: who perceiving that Adoniah was the elder brother, and 
Salomons sentence upon Adoniah.  had Abiathar the priest on his side, and joab who took Adoniah's part when he would have usurped the kingdom: Solomon hereby was moved to make sure ways, and remembering his father's charge before he died concerning joab and Semei, he executed justice first upon Adoniah, afterward commanded 
Adoniah slain  Benaiah to fall upon joab for the murdering of Abner saul's 
joab slain.  chief captain, and Amasah a nigh kinsman of David, who envying their favour & credit with the king, slew them, and was now justly punished for shedding of blood.  
Now Adoniah and joab two great enemies of the king, being 
Abiathar the priest banished.  dead, Solomon banished Abiathar the priest, and called to be a priest Sadock in the room of Abiathar: & so the office of the high priest was taken away from the house of Eli, and restored to the house of Phineas. After that, Solomon called Shemei, 
The office of the high Priest was taken from Elies' house.  and charged him with the breaking of his oath in passing over the river of Cedron being forbidden by the king, & charged him further with wickedness against his father David, in reviling and cursing of him, and he was likewise slain by the son of jehoida called Benaia. By this means the kingdom of Israel was established in salomon's hands, and Solomon obeyed 
Solomon married the daughter of Pharaoh.  God in all things, and then he taketh Pharaoes' king of Egypt's daughter to wife.  
josephus in his eight book and 2. chapter, saith: that the kings of Egypt were all called Pharaones from Minaeus time that builded Memphis, until the time of Solomon, which was 1300. years: for Minaeus reigned in Egypt many years before Abraham came to Egypt, & this is the cause why Herodotus doth omit the names of the kings of Egypt, even 330. kings. Solomon repaired the walls of jerusalem, and went to Gibeon, to sacrifice: for there their tabernacle was at that time, there was no temple yet builded to the Lord in jerusalem. In Gibeon the Lord appeared by dream to Solomon, and gave him wisdom more 
Solomon flourished.  than any prince of the world had, as by his sentence upon the two harlots appeared.  
Solomon flourished and prospered, and far excelled all the kings of the world: for his wisdom was so abundant, as the sand that is on the sea shore: No Philosopher, no ginger, no Chaldean magi, no Egyptian priest might apprehend salomon's judgement, for God was his schoolmaster. Solomon was famous throughout the whole world: he wrote 3000. 
Solomon wrote 3000. proverbs and parables.  proverbs, and books of Odes and Verses 1000 and made five and twenty songs which perished in jerusalem when Israel was taken captive unto Babylon, the temple then being burned, and the city destroyed. He wrote of all kind of trees, 
He wrote of trees from the highest to the lowest, joseph. lib. 8. cap. 2.  from the Cedar tree that is in Libanon, unto the Hyssop that groweth on the wall. He spoke of beasts, fowls and fishes: He wrote of incantations and of other secret arts, which josephus affirmeth at large. And there came of all countries to hear the wisdom of Solomon, and all the kings about him sent unto him and sought his favour.  
Now concerning the princes, rulers and officers which were under Solomon, the purveyance for victuals, the number of his horses, and the order of his house, they were almost uncredible, were it not written in sacred histories. Solomon reigned over all kingdoms from the river of Euphrates unto the 
1. Reg. cap. 4.  land of the Philistines, and unto the border of Egypt. And to speak of the hospitality of Solomon, and to set it down as it is in the Bible read, it exceeded: for every day he had 30. measures of fine flower, and 60. measures of meal for bread: he had ten fat oxen, and 20. oxen of the pastures, and one hundred sheep, besides Hearts, Bucks, and other divers fat fowls. Solomon had 4000 stalls of horses & chariots, in every 
40000. horses.  stall ten horses, which in all amount to 40000. and he had 12000. horsemen. This blessing had Solomon at God's 
2. Cron. 9  hand: for the which benefits he was much bound to set forth 
The hospitalitic of Solomon.  God's glory, which had given him such wisdom to govern, such rest and peace in his government, that he sent to Hiram king of Tyrus an old friend of David his father for Cedar trees and Fir trees to build a temple to the Lord his God, & Hiram 
The building of the Temple. 1. Reg. cap. 7.  satisfied Solomon to his full desire. Solomon had 7000. men that bare burdens, & 80000. masons in the mountain, and he had three thousand and sixty, whom Solomon appointed officers and under officers of the work. As for the form and frame of the Temple, the height, the breadth, the length, and the deep foundation thereof, with all things belonging thereunto, as Cherubins, cauldrons, bases, cups, pillars, candlesticks, pots, vessels, altars, tables, bowls and basons, it is in order written in the kings. The Temple being finished, the Ark was brought to the Temple, where the ten Commandments were written where Solomon made his prayers to God, to accept their sacrifice, to sanctify the temple, and to continue with Israel for ever. Solomon all this while 
The Lord appeared to Solomon the second time.  followed the Lord, and therefore God appeared unto him the second time, as he appeared unto him first at Gibeon, promised him that he would establish the throne of Israel, and defend his people for ever, if they would walk in his ways: in token whereof the glory of God filled the temple, fire came down from heaven and consumed their sacrifice, and God's presence was with Solomon. 
Saba.   
Now the renown of Solomon went far, so that Saba Queen of Aethiope came to jerusalem to hear Solomon, and to see his port: but after, Solomon fell from God, he loved many outlandish women which were idolaters, he followed the women of Moab, of Edom, and of Ammon, and of Sydon, that he had 3. hundred Queens and Princes that were 
Solomon had 300. wives, 700. concubines.  his wives, and 700. concubines: these women turned salomon's heart from GOD after the gods of the Gentiles, so that he worshipped Ashtaroth and Milcom, the gods of the Ammonites, his God forsook him therefore, and raised up 
Solomon an Idolater.  adversaries, even jeroboam a servant of Solomon, but an overseer of his work, whom Solomon sought by divers means to kill. But jeroboam fled to Egypt, where he kept himself till Solomon died. Thus Solomon, whom God with so many blessings had exalted above all the kings of the world, left to his son Rehoboam whom he loved best, the kingdom of Israel to govern: after he had reigned in Israel 40. years, he died before the nativity of Christ 1000 years, before the 
Solomon died.  birth of Romulus the first king of Rome, 231. before Alexander reigned king in Macedonia, 666. and before the last destruction of Jerusalem by Titus Vespasian, 1070.  
While Solomon governed Israel, Laostanes the 33. king of the Assyrians reigned in Niniveh, Labotes reigned in Lacedemonia, 
What kings reigned in other countries.  and Agesilaus in Corinth. This time governed the Athenians, Agastus the second judge of Athens, and Alba Silvius reigned over the Latins the 7. king. In salomon's time was Ephesus builded by Andronicus, as Eusebius affirmeth, and in Egypt governed Simendes called in the scripture Sisac, to whom jeroboam (as you heard) fled from Solomon for fear in the 21. Dinasteia of the Egyptians. The son of Hiram called Baleastartus succeeded in Tyrus, and lived but 7. years. Sadock and Ahiah 
Solomon began his kingdom in the year of the world, 2930.  were now prophets in Israel. Solomon began his kingdom in the year of the world, 2930. After the going of Israel out of Egypt 480. years, 12. years before the beginning of the 9 jubilee, Solomon began to build the temple in the 4. year of his reign, before the building of Rome, 300. years, after the calling of Abraham from Chaldea, 910. years. Solomon builded to himself in Libanon a house for his pleasure, and this was in making 13. years, and was finished 20. years after the building of the Temple, before the monarchy of Macedonia gotten by Alexander the great, 700. years, and before Augustus Caesar's empire 1000 years. Solomon died before Romulus' birth, 231. years before Christ, 1000 years, and before the last destruction of jerusalem under Titus Vespasian. 1070.   

CHAP. V.  
Of the taking away of the ten tribes from juda to Samaria, by jeroboam: of the first division of Israel, of their wars and last destructions of the kings of Israel by Salmanasser.  
NOw after Solomon, reigned Roboham his son borne of an Ammonitish woman named Noma. jeroboam now being in Egypt when Solomon died, he was sent for by some of the elders of Israel: God brought it to pass, that when jeroboam came from Egypt unto Sichem, the people followed jeroboam, and fled from Roboham: for he despised the counsel of the ancient wise men which followed 
Roboham despised counsel.  Solomon his father, and he only esteemed rash and young counsel, whereby jeroboam being strong and stout, and subtle amongst the people, perceiving the nature of the people to be drawn from the son of Solomon, God suffering 
jeroboam scent for into Egypt  these things to go forward for the sins of Israel, jeroboham builded him an house in Sichem, and not long contented 
joseph. lib. 8. cap. 3.  with that, he builded another house for his dwelling in a town called Penuel.  
Now about this time in jerusalem, approached the feast of the Tabernacle, which jeroboam considered of, and saw it was dangerous to let the people to go to jerusalem, lest the people should take pleasure with the rites and ceremonies of the Temple, with their solemn pomp and dignity in religion, with their sacrifices and feasts, and therefore he erected two altars, the one in Bethel, the other in Dan, and caused two golden calves there to be worshipped. Here the ten tribes of Israel committed idolatry, forsook their God, and they followed jeroboam in all wickedness. Thus Dan and Bethel with all the idolatry of Israel, continued till 
Idolatry in Dan and Bethel.  josias time.  
Roboham this while having but the tribe of juda and Benjamin under his government, repaired his Cities, fortified his country, and gathered an army of an hundredth and four score thousand to fight against jeroboam, and to bring Israel again to Roboham. But they were warned by the Prophet Shemaiah not to fight, saying, This is done by GOD, who of his just judgement will punish offenders: all this happened for salomon's sins. Now the kingdom was divided 
The people of Israel divided  to two names: Israel which continued two hundred sixty two years, and juda which continued three hundred ninety three years, but both juda and Israel forsook God, and followed idolatry, until GOD at length by his just judgement destroyed them utterly: for the rigour of Roboham in following of lewd counsel, made the people to rebel, the house of David against the house of Israel: he followed women, and had eighteen wives and threescore concubines, 
Roboham had 18. wives, 60. concubines.  he had eight and twenty sons, and three score daughters.  
Roboham forsook the Lord, and therefore Susack king of 
Susack came up against jerusalem.  Egypt came up against jerusalem, ransacked the City, spoiled the Temple, and took the treasures of the City, and of Robohams' house: this was the first destruction and affliction of jerusalem: for Roboham had transgressed the commandments of God: for no calamities could come to Israel, no country might annoy them, no king could hurt them. But when the Lord gave them over for sin, this Susack king of Egypt 
Susacks army.  came in the fift year of Roboham, with twelve hundred chariots, with three score thousand horsemen, and the people were innumerable that were with him, as josephus saith, four hundredth thousand footmen came from Egypt with him, Lubins, Sukimes, people of Africa, called also Troglodytes, 
The first time that jerusalem was taken by Susack.  he had Aethiopians, Egyptians, with divers other more nations, & he took the strong cities of juda, and carried their treasure to Egypt.  
After the time of Roboham, who reigned 17. years, succeeded 
Roboham died.  him in jerusalem his son Abia: against whom jeroboam strait after Robohams' death, came in arms with great expedition: they both prepared for the battle, the greatest army that ever was in Israel. Abia had four hundred 
Abia moaned wars against jeroboam.  thousand chosen men: jeroboam had eight hundred thousand men, and the battle met and fought: and for that Abia trusted in the Lord, who is the stay of all kingdoms, and the giver 
The greatest battle that ever was in field, and the greatest slaughter.  of all victories, he had such a victory over jeroboam, that Israel fled before juda, and God delivered them unto the hands of Abia being young of years, and too tender to execute such a charge, and to govern such an army, so that the slaughter was great, even five hundred thousand chosen men slain, so that judea prevailed against Israel at that time, because they depended upon the Lord of their fathers: so jeroboam was brought under at that time. He was so pursued by Abia, his strong Cities taken, his men slain, himself hardly escaped, the Lord plagued him that he could not recover 
〈◊〉. Cron. cap. 13.  strength in Israel again all the days of his life. For because God made him a king of a servant, and he neglected the service of God and forgot his benefits, therefore he was justly punished, for Dan and Bethel was the first and the greatest cause of his fall. I never read in profane histories of such a number, neither in the history of the Church four hundred thousand soldiers in one army, and eight hundred thousand in the other. jeroboam after he had reigned in Israel 22. years, died. See you the anger of God for idolatry in serving & worshipping the calves of Dan and Bethel: for God gave Israel over unto their last destruction, which was in the time of Salmanasser Senacheribs' father: for juda devoured Israel, and Israel devoured juda, that both at length were destroyed and overthrown: juda by Nabuchadonosor, & Israel by Salmanasser: both jerusalem and Samaria made even to the ground in the time of Zedechias the last king of juda, and Osea the last king of Israel.  
Then succeeded jeroboham in Israel Nadab their second 
jeroboam died. Nadab the 2. king of Israel.  king, the natural son of jerobohan, wicked, malicious, cruel, following his father's steps in idolatry & all wickedness. But God stirred up one tyrant to punish an other: for Nadab did offend in provoking the people to commit idolatry with his golden calves, and as he was most busy in besieging a town belonging to the Philistims, named Gibbethon: he was slain of Baasha, according to the Oracle of God before spoken. The sin of jeroboam was great, and therefore Baasha was appointed by God to destroy all the house of jeroboam: he slew Nadab, and reigned in his steed.  
In juda now reigned Asa, a wise, godly, and discreet man, 
Asa the sixth king of juda.  an observer of the laws of God, a walker in his ways: and in Israel, Baasha the 3. king reigned, & war grew between Baasha king of Israel, and Asa king of juda. Ramah was builded by Baasha to that purpose, that none might go in or out to Asa king of juda, who followed the example of jeroboam. But Asa assembled all juda, and took the stones of Ramah, and the timber thereof, and builded Mizpah and Geba, two great towns in juda: & the wars continued between the house 
Wars between Israel and juda. 2. Cron. cap. 15.  of Israel, and the house of juda. But still the Lord had respect to David, and to his stock: for Baasha and all his posterity had the like end, as jeroboam had, and his house. But Asa walked right before God, he destroyed idolatry, took away the altars of the strange gods, and broke down the images, and cut in pieces the groves: he deposed his mother Maacha from her regency, and threw down her idols which she had made in a grove. Asa broke it, stamped it, and buried it at the brook of Cedron, & commanded juda to seek the Lord, and to serve him: for he knew like a godly king, that in abolishing 
The praise of a good king.  of idolatry, and advancing true religion, the rest and quietness of kingdoms stood. For when Zareus king of Aethiopia came against him with an huge army of ten hundredth 
Zareus king of the Aethiopians great army.  thousand to Maresa a town of juda, Asa prayed unto God when he should go to fight, and acknowledged all victories 
Asa his victory.  to come from God, and therefore obtained the victory over the Aethiopians, slew them, and pursued them to Gerar, and there was no war in juda unto the 35. year of Asa. Yet he was reproved by the Prophet for his covenant with Benhadad king of Syria, and likewise offended God to trust in Physicians to help his disease, & not to seek help at God's hands.  
About this time, Elias and Elizeus were borne in the middle age of the world. Capetus silvius now reigned, the 9 king over the Latins: Eutropius calleth this king Epidus. In Assyria 
Eutrop. l●…b. 1.  governed Ophrateus, and in Lacedemonia the fift king Doristus, at what time Smyrna was builded in Samos, in king Asas time, Nepher Cherres reigned in Egypt king, for 4. years, and after him succeeded a king in Egypt, called Amenophis, who reigned 
Nepher king of Egypt.  9 years. In Athens governed Phorbas the 5. judge, and in Corinth ruled Basis the 5. king, after whom their kings were called Bacidae, as the Roman Emperors were named Caesares. In these days, Hiel the Bethelite did build jericho, which fell before 
jericho re-edified.  in the days of josua, at the sounding of the trumpets, and shouting of the Israelites. But the judgement of God followed jeroboams house, according to the Prophet, saying to Nadab, and to Baasha that slew Nadab, That dogs should eat 
Nadab slain by Baasha.  him that died in the city, and the fowls should eat him that should die in the field.  
After Baasha succeeded Ela his son, and reigned in Tirza 2. years, and Zimri his servant conspired against him: and 
Ela slain by Zimri.  when the people heard that Zimri had killed the king, they rose against Zimri, and made Omri their king. At that time Israel was in camp against Gibethon, and besieged Tirza, which siege continued from the time of Nadab, jeroboams son, where Zimri kept himself in hold: and perceiving the city should be taken by Omri, he burned himself, and 
Zimri burned himself.  the king's house with fire.  
After this, reigned Omri twelve years, six in Tirza, and 
joseph. li●…. 8. cap. 9  six in Samaria, a town which he builded, and was the first king that was buried there, after the building of Samaria, and 
Omri builded Samaria.  after the burning of Tirza. After this, the seat and palace of the kings of Israel were in Samaria, and they are often called the kings of Samaria, and the kingdom of Samaria, being so called of Samarus the lord of that soil, or rather of that mountain, where Samaria was builded. This was the judgement of God, to bring his purpose to pass, that one king should destroy an other king, unto the last confusion of Israel: for such is the nature of idolatry, that the elder it is, the more abominable it is, superstition doth increase, and danger doth ensue.  
After that Omri was dead and buried in Samaria his own 
Omri died. Achab his son succeeded him.  town, Achab his son succeeded, one far worse, and more wicked than the rest: for he mended no evil thing in Israel, but added evil to evil, and augmented the sins of Israel: he married that ungodly and wicked wretch jezabel, by whose means (being wicked before) he fell to all strange and horrible idolatry, and cruel persecution: he reared up 
Melancthon. Chron. 2.  groves and altars to Baal, and provoked the God of Israel more than all the kings before him. Yet the mercy of God never failed the faithful: he stirred up good and godly men in wicked and superstitious countries, as Abraham and Lot, among the Chaldeans, Tobi in Ninive, Raguel and Gabel in Media, and here amongst these idolatrous and wicked Israelites, he raised Elias and Elizeus, Amos and Osea, faithful Prophets to instruct his Church.  
Now in juda king Afa waxed old and died, in the time 
Asa king of juda died. josaphat a good king.  of this evil and cruel king Achab, after whom succeeded his son josaphat, who gave himself wholly to serve the Lord, and therefore prevailed against Israel. God gave him a pure heart to seek God's glory, that his enemies could not execute their rage against him: for josaphat trusted in the Lord, and abolished idolatry, and he prospered. josaphat builded in juda palaces and cities, and he taught the people in juda, and all juda brought presents to josaphat. The Philistims and Arabians gave him gifts, and brought him tribute.  
But let us leave josaphat a while, and return to Achab in Samaria, where Elias was warned of famine that should come to Samaria: of which famine, Menander in his Chronicles of 
Menander in his Chronicles of the kings of tire.  the kings of tire, doth make mention: for Elias was commanded to departed Eastward, and to hide himself in some place about the river of Cherith against jordan, which for want of rain became dry, & the hunger grew great in Israel.  
This famine was 800. years after the famine of Egypt, in the time of joseph: yet the Ravens every day fed Elias, and 
The Ravens fed Elias.  brought him bread and flesh every morning and every evening, and he drank of the brook Cherith; thence went Elias to Sarepta, and there met with a poor widow gathering sticks, of whom he asked a morsel of bread, and a little water, and the woman said, I have but one handful of meal in a barrel, and a little oil in a cruse, which I am about to make ready for me and for my son, that we may eat before we die: for there was no hope of any more sustenance: yet of 
The famine of Samaria.  that little she had, she gave unto the Prophet of God some part thereof, for the which afterward the barrel was full always of meal, and the cruse full of oil, until plenty of food came, as Elias said: he restored the widows son being dead, to life again.  
He was sent to Achab to show God's mercy to him, and to his people in Samaria: for the famine was great, and God pitied the wicked for the godlies sake, and strengthened Elias with his spirit, to do great miracles, by sending down fire from heaven to burn the sacrifice, which he had prepared to his God, to reprove Baal's prophets, therefore 400. of Baal's 
400. false prophets slain.  prophets were slain by Elias, at the brook Kishon, whom their god Baal could not help.  
But Elias was sought therefore of jezebel Achabs' wife: she thought to revenge the deaths of her Prophets, yet her rage and fury failed, and her purpose miss of Elias. Achab by jezebel's counsel, exercised all cruelty and tyranny: Naboth was killed for his vinyeard by jezabels' counsel: and by the 
Wicked jezebel.  wickedness of his wife, Achab became a vile Idolater, a cruel murderer, and as one that wholly gave himself to serve sin.  
Now while Achab was in committing one evil upon an other in Samaria, the peace ended which was made for three 
1. Reg. cap. 22. joseph. lib. 8. cap. 8.  years, between Achab king of Israel, and Benhadad king of Syria: for after that Achab had victory over Benhadad king of Syria, (for when Samaria was besieged by the king of Syria, and the hosts of the Aramites filled the country, yet God gave the victory to Achab. God before went about with signs and miracles to draw Achab from his impiety, and now he giveth him victories, whereby he should acknowledge the Lord to be his God) yet still trusting to his false prophets, he joined the second time with josaphat king of juda, & went to Ramoth Gilead, to fight again with the king of Syria, where Achab was slain, and he was brought to Samaria to be buried, 
Achab slain and is buried in Samaria  according to the Oracle of Elias.  
When the king was thus slain, the battle was ended: josaphat returned to jerusalem, for josaphat had made affinity with Achab: for joram josaphat's son, had married the daughter of Achab, named Athalia, a wicked woman, such as her mother jezabel was.  
Thus josaphat walked in David's ways, and sought not Baalim: he was virtuous and godly, and followed the commandments of God, and forsook the trade of Israel: he abolished idolatry from juda, and prospered in riches and honour, yet he was reproved and rebuked by the Prophet, for that he would help the wicked, and love them that hated the Lord: for the wrath and judgement of God is over all those that support the wicked. But in respect of his care and zeal 
The peace and quietness in josaphat's days.  which he had over juda, he had happy success in all his regiment.  
In the 25. year of his reign, he called all the Elders and chief officers of juda before him, commanded them severely to walk uprightly before God, and to read the laws of God to the people, and to acquaint them with the true religion: his reward was therefore peace and quietness within juda: praemium piorum pax. For the Philistims paid their ordinary tribute every year, and the Arabians (as josephus saith) paid yearly to josaphat 630. Lambs, and so many young kids. The Lord gave to josaphat victories over the Ammonits, 
Ammonites, Moabites, Idumeans, by josaphat overthrown.  Moabites, and Idumeans: for the children of Ammon and Moab rose against the inhabitants of Mount Seir, and one slew an other.  
Thus God gave unto him marvelous victories over his enemies, and juda flourished 25. years, the whole time of josaphat's government, the time of his father Asa, and the time of his Grandfather Abia, three good kings of juda, during the time of 69. years, juda prevailed against Israel.  
After josaphat's days, his son joram succeeded, who offended 
joram succeeded josaphat his father.  the Lord, and walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, and followed the steps of his father in law Achab. joram made himself strong, began in his first entering unto the kingdom, to play the tyrant: for he slew all his brethren with the sword, and therefore Edom rebelled against 
Edom rebelled against juda.  juda, because he had forsaken the God of his fathers.  
The Philistims were stirred up against joram, and the Arabians: 
The Philistines were stirred up against joram.  he was cruel, and became a tyrant even unto those, whom by nature he ought to have most chief defended. But Elias prophesied to him the reward and justice of God that would ensue thereof, as joram afterwards felt: for as he spared no blood, but made havoc of his brethren, and of his country, with the sword: so it happened to him, to his wives, and to his children, by the Arabians, and other barbarous people of the Ethiopians, who invaded his country, dispossessed him of his life and living, & such calamities which with his eyes he saw: he died most miserably, his guts gushing out, being in the displeasure of God and man.  
Thus is idolatry rewarded: one only son named Ochosias', 
Idolatry rewarded.  and that the youngest, escaped the sword, and he succeeded his father, as wicked as he, a very Idolater, for he could not be good, being the son of joram, borne of Athalia, the daughter of Achab: he followed his mother's counsel, and walked in the way of Achab, and went with joram Achabs' son, to fight against Hazael, king of Syria, and he 
joram fought against Hazael king of Syria. jehu slew Hazael.  was in that war wounded, and after taken by jehu king of Israel, who hiding himself in Samaria, jehu slew him and joram king of Israel, for so he was of God commanded, and after a while he broke the neck of jezabel Achabs' wife, and 
jehu broke jezabels' neck.  reigned himself king in Israel, who was by God appointed to execute judgement upon the house of Achab.  
This king jehu was anointed king for that purpose: Ochosias' lived 
Ochosias' lived but one year. Athalia a cruel Queen. Athalia destroyed all the king's seed only I●…as saved. 2 Cron. 23. 2. The stock of Solomon perished.  but one year: which when his mother Athalia heard of, she rose & destroyed all the king's seed, to the intent that there should be none to make title to the crown, that thereby she might usurp the government: only josias was saved by joram's daughter, who had married jehoiada the high Priest, and his own sister. This time by the tyranny of this wicked Queen, the stock of Solomon the son of David perished, & the kingdom of juda fell to the posterity of Nathan, an other son of David, of whose house it pleased God that Messiah should be borne, so that the posterity of Solomon was altogether extinguished. This Queen restored the temple of Baal, & raised up altars, & nourished false prophets and priests to 
False Prophets nouri shed & priests to maintain Idolatry in juda.  maintain idolatry in juda. This Queen reigned 7. years, than was she slain at the commandment of jehoiada the high Priest, the house of Baal destroyed, and his altars broken, and Mattan the Priest of Baal slain. joas now began to root out all idolatry, and to set in order all things in juda: he 
joas began to root out Idolatry.  pleased God, and walked in his ways, while jehoiada the high Priest lived, who was a faithful Counsellor unto him.  
But after his death, joas wanted good council: he followed 
joas wanted good counsel, and therefore followed flatterers.  flatterers, and by them he was brought to idolatry, and after to tyranny, which always join together: for joas killed Zacharie the son of jehoiada the high Priest, and a Prophet of the Lord, who had saved him from the tyranny of Athalia. 
joas killed Zachary the son of jehoiada.  This is that Zacharie of whom Christ maketh mention in Luke, saying, that from the blood of Abel the just, unto the blood of Zacharie the Prophet, etc. But what came of this? The king of Aram, he came with a small company against joas, against juda, 
The king of Aram came with a small company against joas, juda and jerusalem.  and jerusalem, and destroyed all the princes of the people, and sent all the spoil of them unto the king of Damascus, and joas himself was of his own servants slain.  
In joas time, Elizeus the Prophet died, and Homer lived, the first and most ancient learned amongst the Grecians. While 
Elizeus the Prophet died.  joram the son of Achab reigned king in Israel, and joram the son of josaphat reigned king in juda, being joined in affinity by marriage. In other countries reigned Persusennis 
Persusennis & Cheopes, kings in Egypt.  king in Egypt: from this king, and from Cheopes his predecessor in Egypt, doth Herodotus make mention, not of the number, but of the names of the kings of Egypt. In Athens governed Mezades 30. years, the 6. judge, and in Corinth likewise 
Mezades.  Agelas the 6. king. In the days of joram king of juda, reigned over the Latins the 10. king Tiberinus silvius 8. years.  
This king being drowned in the river called then Albula, 
Tiber first call. Albula.  afterward named Tiber, after his own name, Agrippa silvius succeeded him the 11. king, and he reigned 40. years over the Latins. In Lacedemonia, Archelaus the 7. king, who reigned 60. years over the Lacedæmonians. The people of Rhodes at this time were lords of the seas. Pygmalion reigned king in tire 40. years: and in the 7. year of his reign, his sister Dido (as josephus saith) builded Carthage, 143. years after the 
Carthage builded.  building of salomon's Temple, and before the building of Rome, 135. Error is in Functius, and in other, in the time of the building of Carthage.  
There was about this time of joas, a king that reigned over the Tuscans, named Felcinus: he builded the chief city of the Tuscans, and named it after his own name Felcina. The Romans long after that, called that town, and the country itself was called Gallia Aurelia.  
Now to the kings of Israel and juda. After that joas had been slain by his own servants, for the stoning to death of Zacharias: Amazias joas his son succeeded him: who in the 
Amazias king of juda.  beginning of his reign showed himself godly, and did execute things uprightly, but not with a perfect heart, in respect of his predecessors: he was called a good king: he revenged the death of joas his father, and putteth them to death that 
He revenged his father's death.  slew him: he made provision for wars, and numbered all the men, and hired a hundredth thousand valiant men out of Israel, for an hundredth talents of silver, though he was forbidden by God so to do. 
He over cometh the Edomites.   
But Amazias went forwards, and slew the Edomites, and Amalekites, even 20000. But the men of Israel requited that slaughter: they fell upon the cities of juda, from Samaria unto Bethoron, as they returned from Amazias to Samaria back: and Amazias after the victory he had over the Idumeans, 
He committeth Idolatry.  brought their gods and their idols of Seir, and set them up to be his gods, and worshipped them.  
But the gods of Edom brought Amazias to the hands of joas king of Israel, and he was afterwards slain by conspiracy, 
Amazias slain by conspiracy.  fleeing from jerusalem to Lachis. While Amazias reigned in juda, joram lived in Samaria, and governed Israel, and joram also governed juda of that name, and at that time: so two Iorams reigned together, one in juda, the other in Samaria: after whom succeeded jeroboam his son in Israel.  
In the time of Amazias king of juda, Sardanapalus reigned 
Sardanapalus.  in Assyria their last king, after whom the Assyrians lost their Monarchy: for Belochus had Babylon and Ninive, the two chief seats of the kings of Chaldea and Assyria. Arbaces held Media and Persia under his government. Hitherto neither the Assyrians nor Chaldeans molested Israel: but afterwards God stirred them up for his scourges, to punish juda and Samaria for their idolatry, and after them, the Medes and Persians were as though they were the hammers of God, to destroy offenders.  
After Amazias succeeded his son Vzias, named also Azaria: 
Vzias.  him did all the people of juda make king in steed of his father: he was but sixteen years of age when he began to reign in Israel. While he obeyed God, he prospered in 
2. Cron. cap. 26.  all his enterprises. He overthrew the Philistims, broke down the walls of Gath and Ashdod, God helped him, and prospered him against the Arabians, and the Ammonites: he builded towers in jerusalem, and towers in the wilderness: his fame spread to Egypt, and all the nations about jerusalem were under his wings: but he waxed proud, usurped the priests office, and he was punished and driven out of the Temple, and the leprosy rose in his forehead: for he transgressed 
Vzias leprosy.  against God, to presume to burn incense, which was the priests office in the Temple, being forbidden and resisted by Azaria, and four score other Priests. Therefore he lived afterwards as a leper unto the day of his death, in a 
Esai prophesied.  house by himself.  
Under this king Esai began to prophecy, and he prophesied 80. years the fall of these great kingdoms, Egypt, Syria, Assyria, Chaldea, and tire. He likewise prophesied of Kittim, and of the Macedonians. This Prophet was by Manasses 
Kittims the Romans.  king of juda martyred, & cut in his middle with a saw.  
Now during the time of this king Vzias, ruled in Israel Zachariah, the son of jeroboam, being the last king of Israel that had the kingdom by succession of jehu: for he was the fourth in descent from jehu: for so the Lord said to jehu, Thy sons shall sit on the throne of Israel, unto the fourth generation after thee.  
Shallum reigned a month king in Samaria, and Manahem slew him, and reigned in his stead. In the 39 year of Vzia, began Manahem to reign in Samaria: he likewise sought not God, but with money sought the favour of Phulasser king of 
Manahem.  Ashur, the father of Salmanassar, and grandfather of Saneherib infidels, and enemies of God, and therefore God was wroth, so that Manahem prospered not, and his son Pekahia 
Pekahiah.  succeeded him in Israel, and reigned two years and died.  
Now after Vzias days, his son joatham succeeded him in the kingdgme of juda, a man of great virtue, godly, and just, and seeking to please God. He builded many ruinous things, by reason still of wars, and he was careful to mend things amiss, so that joatham became mighty, because he directed 
joatham king of juda.  his ways before the Highest: he fought with the Ammonites and prevailed, and they paid him tribute. The Olympiads of Greece began in the second year of joatham. 
The Olympiads began.   
About which time, Romulus the first king and builder of Rome was borne: In joathams days began first the kingdom of Lydia. Ezechias also was borne this time: some suppose 
Ezechias and Romulus borne  that in Greece Lycurgus the law maker of the Lacedæmonians flourished in these days, after whom, the kings in Lacedemonia failed, and the government was altered.  
Now when joatham had reigned sixteen years, Achas succeeded in juda, wicked, ungodly, cruel, and a great Idolater, like his predecessors: he made molten Images for Baalim, he burned his son, and sacrificed him unto Idols, and devils, and therefore the Aramites smote him, and Pekah 
2. Reg. 16.  king of Israel slew in juda six score thousand in one day, and took prisoners two hundredth thousands, and brought all the spoils and treasures unto Samaria.  
Thus juda was destroyed, & utterly almost overthrown at that time. Achas after this great slaughter, did send to Salmanasser king of Ashur, gave him gold and silver, and promised him more money, but it helped him not: for Achas sacrificed to the gods of Damascus, and to the gods of Aram, or of Syria, which was the only cause of his destruction, which Esai the Prophet had warned him of.  
After he had reigned in juda sixteen years, he died, 
3215  in whose days Romulus and Remus began to build Rome. Dionysius writeth, that the walls of Rome were begun in the one and twentieth day of April, and in the first year of the seventh Olympiad.  
After this spoil and great slaughter of juda, Salmanasser king of Ashur came up against Samaria, after that Hosea had 
Hosea the last king of Israel.  reigned nine years, of the which he paid tribute for eight years, and in the ninth of his reign he was taken prisoner, and the City of Samaria given to the Babylonians, and to the 
Samaria taken 212. after it was builded by Omri.  men of Hamath, and to the men of Succoth, and to the other strangers, which the king of Ashur brought to dwell in Samaria in stead of the people of Israel: and the ten tribes of Israel were carried away captive unto the Cities of the Medes.  
Thus was Israel dispossessed from glory and liberty, and carried captive by Nabonasser, unto Assyria, after they had 
Israel carried to Babylon.  continued two hundred fifty and three years after salomon's days, and after the going of Israel out of Egypt seven 
262.  hundred seventy and nine years, in the tenth Olympiad.  
This last thraldom fell upon them for idolatry and blassphemie, which Israel against their God committed, having so often tasted of his mercy, and seen his works in defending them always, even from their going out of Egypt, where they were in slavery and bondage 430. years, until now again they are carried captives and bondmen from Samaria 
Sin the cause of God's wrath.  their native country unto Babylon, 779. years after their going out of Egypt: for they so provoked the Lord to wrath, even from jeroboams time, who builded Dan and Bethel, and erected golden calves therein to be worshipped, unto the time of Osea the last king: during which time, 19 kings reigned in Israel, of the which not one walked before God sincerely, but with horrible blasphemy & most wicked idolatry, they worshipped idols and images, wherefore God gave them over one to kill an other, and one to destroy an other, until Nabonasser, which is Salmanassers time, who carried them prisoners unto other strange countries, and set strangers to dwell in Samaria.   

CHAP. VI  
Of the continuance of the kings of juda after the kingdom of Israel was destroyed, Samaria taken, and the 10. tribes of Israel carried captive by Salmanassar into Assyria.  
THis time reigned in jerusalem Ezechias, a 
Ezechias.  godly zealous king, who destroyed idols, and broke in pieces the brazen serpent, he took away the high places, & cut down the groves, the altars, their images and idols, and walked before God uprightly, and in the 14. year of his reign came Senaherib with an huge host to juda, spoiling and destroying 
Senaherib laid siege to Jerusalem.  Libna, Lachis, and other cities, laid siege to jerusalem, threatened the king, and blasphemed God most horribly, challenging the gods of the nations, and defying the God of Israel, preferring the armies of flesh, and the strength of his host.  
But his bragging & boasting was sharply punished by the Angel of God, who slew at that time of the Assyrians an hundredth four score and five thousand, and Senacherib himself 
185. thousand slain of the Assyrians by the Angel. Sanacharib slain by his sons before his Idol in the temple.  before his idol Niseroch, whom he worshipped & preferred before the living God, was slain of his own sons Adramelech & Sarezer, the just judgement of God for blasphemy.  
After this, Ezechias fell sick, and was restored to health, in sign whereof God brought the Sun 10. degrees back in Achas dial: this good king repaired the Temple, instructed the Levites in the religion: he and all his princes of juda frequented the Temple, sacrificed daily to their God oblations of thanks giving, and he commanded all the Nobles of Israel and juda, from Dan to Bersheba, to repair to jerusalem to keep the Passeover to the Lord, which Passeover was so great, that the like was not in Israel.  
This Passeover under Ezechias, was 775. years after the 
2. Cron. cap. 30. Ezechias Passeover.  Passeover of Moses, and 775. years before the Passeover of Christ our Saviour in the New Testament. Now after that Ezechias had destroyed idolatry, and had appointed Priests and Levites according to the commandment of God, prayed for his people, and provided for the Levites livings, and ordained overseers to distribute to every Levite his portion: Israel prospered all the days of Ezechias, and all things went well with juda.  
But Ezechias being dead, Manasses his son succeeded 
Ezechias died Manasses succeeded him. Manasses Idolatry.  him, not in religion, nor in godliness: (for he followed not his father Ezechias in virtue, but his Grandfather Achas in all kind of vices:) for this most wicked king restored idolatry in Israel, used great cruelty, and he erected altars to Baal, and set up images in groves: he practised witchcraft and sorcery, and frequented the company of them that had familiar spirits, and those that were soothsayers.  
This king did much evil in the sight of God, he martyred the Prophet of God Esay, and consecrated his son in fire to his idol: he shed innocent blood, and filled jerusalem with iniquity. Behold, such a good father to have such a wicked son. But the Lord God stretched over jerusalem the line of Samaria, & the plummet of the house of Achab, and promised to destroy juda, as he had destroyed Israel: so he did with Manasses, and gave him to Assur, and to his Captains, who brought him in fetters, and bound in chains to Babylon.  
But when he was in tribulation in Babylon, he called then 
Manasses again restored to his kingdom.  upon God, and God heard him, and delivered him, and restored him to his kingdom: so merciful is God when he is called upon: for by this God instructed him to know himself, and to humble himself before God, whom he much abused. You may read in the books of the Kings, & in the Chroniches, the histories of the kings of Israel at large.  
Manasses died, and left behind him Amon his son, who 
Amon king of judah.  reigned 2. years in jerusalem: he forsook God also, & walked in the ways of Achas, and he was slain by his own servants which conspired against him in his own house, & the people made josias his son king over juda, who began to 
josias king of judah.  reign in jerusalem in the 8. year of his age, and in that age he was instructed by God to have care over the people of Israel: he sent messengers unto all the towns, cities, and countries, & territories, to call the Priests, the levites, the Nobles, and all men of what degree soever, to come to jerusalem, where he himself read the books of Moses unto the people, with oblations and sacrifices unto God for the sins of Israel: and those Priests that were not of Aaron's stock, that served idols and images, he commanded them to be slain: and whatsoever he found in Israel of the relics of jeroboam, he destroyed, and burned the bones of the false prophets upon the altars that jeroboam erected: his zeal was prophesied of by jaddo, 300. years before josias was borne. 
jaddo the Prophet.   
josias having repaired the Temple, and having found the book of the Law, he maketh a covenant with the Lord, that he and his people should walk before God uprightly and justly. After that, he killed their Priests, he brought down their idols, he slew the conjurers, sorcerers, and soothsayers, and he burned the Priests of Baal called Chemarims, whom 
Chemarims Baal's priests.  the kings of juda had founded to burn incense in high places; & every place of juda to the Sun, to the Moon, to the planets, and to all the hosts of heaven. His zeal increased more and more, he threw down the altars of Achas, and the altars of Manasses: he had put also down the horses, the charets which the idolatrous kings had dedicated to the Sun: he overthrew the abominable idolatry of Solomon 
2. Reg. 23.  in the mount of Olives, called also in the Chronicles the mount of corruption, where Solomon builded up altars and groves to Ashtaroth the idol of the Sidonians, for Chemosh the 
Ashtaroth, Chemosh and Milcom.  idol of the Moabites, & for Milchom the idol of the Ammonits.  
In josias time all judea flourished with the service of God, and the laws of the countries were put in practice: for there was in every city among the Hebrews a chief Magistrate, as a Prince or judge, to determine causes in equity & justice among the people. But in the Metropolitan City, which was jerusalem, were 70. wise & grave men, whose court or consistory was kept in Gazith. The jewish Talmudists named these Sanhedrin: these passed both in number & in dignity other Magistrates: these first governed in Silo, & after in 
Sanhe●…rin.  jerusalem elected by Moses, by the express word of God: these 
Silo.  were judges for life & death, & according to the custom & laws of the Hebrews, they were to condemn offenders 4. kind of ways: by running upon a man to death, by stoning, by burning, and by strangling. That day that these judged any offender to death, they obstained from meat. These counsellors continued until Herod's time, and kept their Court at Gazith. Beside these Sanhedrioth, which were 71. were also twelve Princes over the people, of every tribe of Israel one, which governed the whole twelve tribes of the people. Some writ, that in every City were seven of every tribe.  
But this good king was slain in Mageddo, by Necho king of Egypt, who went up at that time against the king of As●…hur, wherein josias did offend God, because he consulted not with the Lord, before he sought with Necho.  
In josias time, in the 13. year of his reign, jeremy began to 
jeremy began to prophecy the 13. of josias.  prophesy the destruction of jerusalem, & he foreshowed of the captivity of Babylon, of the misery of the jews, of the famine, and of the last ruin by Nabuchadonosor: and how afterward that king could not be quiet, but was troubled with one dream and other, seeking soothsayers, wise men of Babel, conjurers, sorcerers, to interpret his visions & dreams: his vision of the 4. beasts, of the 10. horns, of the battle between the Ram and the Goat, of the great image whose head was gold, etc.  
In josias time reigned in Media Phaortes the 6. king of the Medes, and in Lydia reigned Ardis the 6. king of the Lydians: 
Media, Lydia, and Rome, well-nigh o●… one continuance.  for (as I wrote before) Lydia, Media, and Rome, began well-nigh together. In Babylon reigned Nabuchodonosor the first of that name, and the father of Nabuchodonosor the Great: yet some take exception against the first Nabuchodonosor, saying that there was none such, as Beroaldus affirmeth. He was the 3. king 
Beroald. lib 3.  of the Chaldeans, after Merodachs' time. In Rome governed Tullius Hostilius, their 3. king, who was now in war with the Sabines, and in Macedonia, Philip the 6. king: about which time the Grecians used first the Oracle called Dodonium oraculum.  
Now in Locretia reigned Zaleuchus, a famous Law maker, and more famous for the keeping of his laws being made, even against his own son that should succeed after him king, as in an other place you may read more. Sibylla which is called Herophila, was of great fame in Samos at this time. Herodotus writeth, that Batius the first king of Cyrena builded Zoan, 
Herodot. lib. 4.  and after builded Cyrene's, and furnished the same with people of tire, and of Greece. In the beginning of josias government, flourished the great Historiographer Archilochus, whose authority for time is with the best approved: for he wrote a book entitled De temporibus, with whom at one time lived Simonides, and Aristoxenes the Musician. josias began to reign in the 30. Olympiad, and died in the 37. Olympiad, and 16. jubilee of the jews.  
After josias, joachim his son succeeded: for Necho king 
josias slain.  of Egypt, after he had killed josias in Mageddo, he gave the kingdom to this joachim, called also Eliachim, paying 100 talents of silver, and one talon of gold, for yearly tribute 
joachim brought captive to Babylon.  unto Egypt. But Necho within a while was overthrown in battle by Nabuchodonosor the great, and the tribute which the jews paid unto Necho now being slain in the field by 
Necho slain by the king of Chaldea.  the king of Chaldea, was paid to Nabuchodonosor. But I have written of this joachim & of his son that succeeded him, called also joachin, or jechonia, & of Nabuchodonosor, in the histories of the Chaldeans, how they were subdued by Nabuchodonosor, 
jere. 36. joseph. lib. 10. c. 8. 9  whom God raised to destroy the rest of Israel the tribe of juda and the tribe of Benjamin. With this jechonia was Daniel, Ananias, Azaria and Misael, carried captive to Babylon: of whom Nabuchodonosor had care to instruct them in the Chaldean tongue, whereby they might serve the king and be in favour. It was the king's will that they should be of Zedechias blood, of the best favour, and of the best complexion. Some writ that this captivity began from the 3. year of joachim, unto the 20. year of Cyrus. Some other writ that it began 
Some vary about the time of the captivity.  from the preaching of jeremy, which was the 13. year of josias, unto the first year of Cyrus: and others, in the eleventh year of Zedechias.  
They would not hear jeremy the Prophet, who did foreshow the calamity and misery that should come upon jerusalem: but they despised him, imprisoned him, and burned his books, until an huge infinite army of the Chaldeans laid siege to jerusalem 18. months, and that it was at length taken and destroyed, after much famine and plague during the time of these 18. months, after that 21. kings of David's tribe reigned in jerusalem for the space of 500 years and odd, counting 
21. Kings of Israel.  as josephus saith, beginning from saul's reign, which was of another tribe.  
The wonders which were seen, before jerusalem was destroyed, 
joseph. lib. 7. cap. 12.  besides the threatening of the Prophets, were such, as might well persuade the jews of their calamities and miseries not then believed, but afterwards felt. The first time they 
The first wonder.  saw right over the city of jerusalem a fiery burning Comet, most like a bloody naked sword flourishing to and fro over the city, which continued for the space of one whole year.  
The 2. wonder was a sudden clear shining light, as bright as day light being in the night time. This light only shined 
The 2. wonder.  about salomon's Temple, and about the sacrificing altars, the which the jews construed to be their better fortune, wherein they were deceived.  
The 3. wonder was, that an Ox being brought to the 
The 3. wonder.  Temple to be slain and sacrificed upon a festival day, according to the jewish manner, that it brought forth against the course of nature a Lamb in the midst of the temple, which was terrible and monstrous.  
The 4. wonder was, that the East brazen gate of salomon's Temple being so great and so heavy with iron bars and 
The 4. wonder.  great brazen bolts, that Vix à viginti viris clauderetur, the very words of josephus, that 20. strong men could scant shut that gate, opened of itself most willingly. The bars loosed, the bolts yielded, that some of the ignorant jews prognosticated the opening of the Temple should be some great good thing to come.  
The fift wonder was seen upon the 21. day of May, which seemed to be an host of men armed running on horseback, 
The 5. wonder.  and in charets, above the City in the skies, a little before Sun setting.  
The sixth wonder, when the priests went unto the temple in the feast of Pentecost, as they were wont to do by night, to 
The 6. wonder.  celebrate divine service, they upon a sudden felt the ground quiver under their feet, and the temple shook, and a voice speaking, Migremus hinc, let us departed hence.  
Yet a more horrible wonder there was, the daily crying 
The 7. wonder.  and exclaiming of a country man jesus the son of Ananus, who for 7. years and 5. months before the destruction, ceased not in every corner of the City, in every street, and specially in the temple upon the Sabbath day, saying, Vox ab oriente, vox ab occidente, vox à quatuor ventis, vox in jerosolymam & templum, & vox in omnem hunc populum, continuing still this cry, though he was punished by the magistrates, and brought before Albinus the Roman, which was then Caesar's deputy in jerusalem, in somuch as he was thought to be some furious fool, that he was left after whipping alone, who cried, Vae, vae civitati, vae phano, vae populo, and last of all he said, vae mihi. This josephus saw with his eyes, & heard with his ears, who wrote this history. A greater wonder than all these, The true Messiah 
The 8. wonder.  Christ, 40. years before told of this, & yet was not believed. jerusalem (as it was oftentimes) was never destroyed, but they were warned before by the prophets of God: but they would not know the time of their visitation, and therefore came these evils upon the jews: the town sacked and made even to the ground, their temple burned, & themselves slain, destroyed and scattered from the face of the whole earth.  
Now jerusalem being thus destroyed, the temple burned, the people slain, and the king Zedechia taken prisoner and brought to Babylon where he died: Nabuchodonosor like a fierce Lion proceedeth forward, invaded Syria, subdued the Ammonites and the Moabites, brought his army to Egypt, slew the king, subdued the country, and brought those jews back to Babylon that had fled from jerusalem to Egypt.  
This was the misery of the jews, and the last confusion of 
The misery of the jews.  juda. The history of this king concerning the last end of the jews, no where may be better read then with the Prophets. Nabuchodonosor had a son called Euilmerodach, who after the 
Euilmerodach.  death of his father enlarged jechonia from prison, and used him princely: for jechonia in respect of jerusalem, and the people therein being by jeremy the prophet persuaded thereto, yielded himself, his wife, his children, his nobles, and all the two tribes, unto the hands of Nabuchodonosor.  
jeremy, Ezechiel and Daniel, have laid down the full history 
The captivity of Babylon.  of Nabuchodonosor and of Euilmerodach, and of Balthasar, the three last kings of the Chaldeans, in whose time the empire of Babylon was had away from the Chaldeans unto the Persians by Cyrus. This was the stock of David, being 21. kings after David, lineally from his body descending, ended, whose names are these,  

1 Solomon.  
2 Rehoboam.  
3 Abia.  
4 Asa.  
5 josaphat.  
6 joram.  
7 Ochosias' & his mother.  
8 Athalia.  
9 joas.  
10 Amazias.  
11 Azaria.  
12 jotham.  
13 Achas.  
14 Ezechias.  
15 Manasses.  
16 Ammon.  
17 josias.  
18 joachas.  
19 Eliacim.  
20 joachim.  
21 Zedechias.   
The kingdom of juda carried cap●…ue by Nabuchodonosor into Babylon after it had continued  

After the death of Solomon 395. years.  
After the flood 1709. years.  
After the nativity of Abraham, 1416.  
After the burning of Sodom and Gomorrha, and the other three Cities, 1317.  
After the departure of the Israelites out of Egypt, 912.  
After the destruction of Troy, 577.  
From the nativity of David, 505.  
From the dedicating of salomon's temple, 412.  
And after the taking of Samaria, and the destruction of the ten tribes of Israel, 133. years.    

CHAP. VII.  
Of the return of the jews into jerusalem after the captivity, first by the decree of Cyrus, after by Darius, and last by Artaxerxes: of the second building of the Temple by Esdras, Nehemia, and Zorobabel, and of the government under the high priests.  
AFter the captivity of the jews, Daniel grew in great favour with Nabuchodonosor, being by God instructed to expound the dreams of the king, and to vanquish Bel and all his priests, and to convert Nabuchodonosor to acknowledge God after he saw a dream of four beasts which came up from the sea one differing from another. The first was a Lion which had Eagles wings, and the wings thereof were plucked off, and a man's heart was given him, meaning the Chaldeans and the Assyrians which were strong and fierce, 
The Chaldeans and the Assyrians.  and yet their power overthrown by the Persians power. The second beast like a Bear, which had three ribs in his mouth between his teeth, meaning the Persians which were barbarous 
The Medes and Persians.  and cruel. The third was like a Leopard, which had upon his back four wings of a fowl: this beast also had four heads, signifying, Alexander the great with his four captains, which after Alexander's death had the empire among them: for Cassander was king of Macedon, and Antipater after 
The Macedonians and Grecians.  him. Saleucus had Babylon and Asia the great, and Antigonus had Asia the less, and Ptolomeus had Egypt.  
The fourth beast which Daniel saw, was fearful and terrible: 
The fourth beast the Romans.  it had iron teeth, it devoured and broke in pieces, and stamped the residue under his feet. This was meant by their Roman empire, a monster exceeding all kind of beasts: for the tyranny and greediness of the Romans excelled the rest: for that which the Romans could not quietly enjoy in other countries, they would give it to other kings, upon condition to take them again when it pleased the Romans. To this Daniel was the vision of the 70. weeks opened by the angel Gabriel, 
〈◊〉. weeks.  who informed him and instructed him of the time of the Messiah coming, saying: 70. weeks are determined upon the people, and upon the holy City, to finish the wickedness, to seal up sins, to bring everlasting righteousness, and to anoint the most holy.  
Now at what time the 70. weeks began, some controversy there is: some from the first edict of Cyrus: some from Darius: and some from the time that Daniel spoke it: and others from the 7. year of Artaxerxes Longimanus, which was 80. years after the first commandment of Cyrus.  
The captivity of Babylon fell at that time when Tarqvinius Priscus reigned in Rome, after whom the Romans had no more 
The kings of juda, and the kings of Rome, ended almost about one time.  kings after but two, so that the jews and the Romans were governed by a state called Aristocratia of the jews. The 70. weeks, and the very last year of the captivity, was likewise the last year of the Assyrians & Chaldeans: for even they which saw the destruction of jerusalem, saw also the destruction of Babylon: and what spoil soever Nabuchodonosor brought from jerusalem unto Babylon, the same did Cyrus in the last year of 
The first return of the jews in Cyrus' time.  his reign restore, with a commandment given to all the princes that ruled under Cyrus, to suffer the jews again from all places where they were scattered, to return to judea, to build up jerusalem again, and to repair the temple: and if any were not able through poverty to return, king Cyrus commanded that they should be furnished with necessaries: for God raised up Cyrus to be a friend to his people, and he called Zorobabel, who was the chief governor of the jews.  
The number of them that returned from the captivity of juda, with the bountifulness of Cyrus towards them, you may in the book of Esdras read at large: For after that Cyrus was slain by Tomiris in the wars of the Massegits, his son Cambyses succeeded him: who by the Samaritans complaint, commanded the jews to stay from the building, 
joseph. lib. 7. cap. 3.  and from their repairing of jerusalem, which continued 9 years after. Cambyses returning from Egypt died at Damascus, after he had subdued Egypt: succeeded Darius the son of Histaspis. He again in the 2. year of his reign authorized the jews to do as Cyrus had commanded them: for so Darius found in a coffer of Cyrus in Ecbatana, a book wherein 
Ecbatana the chief city of the Medes.  the acts of the kings of Medes & Persians were written, and the decree of Cyrus which he also established, by the means of Zorobabel in pleasing the king for his probleame, as it is written in Esdras. 
Esdras cap. 6.   
But God still exercised his people with some crosses, because of their stubbornness: for from the time they came home under Zorobabel, they had married with the Gentiles, and offended God until the coming of Esdras from Darius with authority to build, to repair, and to inhabit jerusalem: for so doth Bucholcerus in his Chronicles write, saying, that Daniel doth comprehend in two words, jerusalem inhabitabitur & aedificabitur, the whole sum of Esdras books. Now in the time of Darius, of Cambyses before him, and of Cyrus before Cambyses, God stirred up divers excellent men to help his people, to restore his Church, and to build his city again, as Zorobabel, Esdras, Nehemias with others, whose care, delight, and zeal are extant in their own books which they 
Zorobabel.  wrote.  
For after their return from Babylon, there was peace and tranquility in judea until Ochus time, for Nehemias lived 130. years, and saw (being very old) a new broil, and a greater calamity of his country: for though the posterity of David continued until the time of the Maccabees as governors & judges of the people, not naming themselves kings, for the reverence and fear which they bore unto the kings of Persia. Salathiels' son first governor of the jews after the captivity of Babylon: Zorobabel of whom mention is made in Zacharie, ruled Israel wisely & discreetly 50. years. Resa Mesulla the 2. governor, in whose time Nehemias and Esdras came from Babylon to jerusalem. After him succeeded johanna Benresa, the third judge who governed Israel 53. years. The 4. was judas Hircanus the first of that name, and thought of Melancthon to be so 
Melancthon lib. 2. Chron.  called, for that Ochus king of Persia brought with him a number of the jews to Hyrcania, and therefore judas was surnamed Hircanus. This judged Israel when Alexander conquered Darius, & reigned 14. years. Then joseph the first, ruled the jews 7. years. The 5. ruler after joseph came Abner to govern the jews, in whose time Ptolomeus the son of Lagi the first king of Egypt after Alexander the great, under pretence to do sacrifice upon the Sabbath day, took the town, spoiled the temple, slew & imprisoned the jews, and brought to Egypt infinite treasure. Now after this Abner, the 6. judge since the time of Alexander, succeeded of David's stock, from Abner to janna Hircanus the 2. who was the last of 15. governors over the Israelites 
Hircanus' 2. the last of 15. governors.  after the captivity: for they continued even unto the time of the Maccabees. After this, Haman played his part, and thought to have all the jews slain, & commanded a gallows to be made for Mardocheus: the history hereof is found in the book of Esther: for about the time of Cyrus' death, the government was then altered in Rome: Consuls were made after the building of Rome 244. years, & in the 67. Olympiad, in the beginning of the 9 jubilee, at what time Cambyses had subdued Egypt & brought them subjects to the laws of Persia. After Cambyses Darius went against the Geteses, and overthrew 
Herodot. lib. 4.  them, and his chief captain Zopirus son Megabisus vanquished the Thracians, and subdued the Peonians and 
Cambyses went against the Geteses.  took Perinthus. During this time the Lacedæmonians had wars against Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos.  
The Philosopher Pythagoras and Hypocrates the Physician lived this time. While the jews (as you heard) were in planting themselves in jerusalem again, the Grecians were busy one with another: Tyrants ruled Greece, and governed by the bloody law of Draco: for Hipparchus and Hippias used tyranny in Athens, and were slain both by Hermodius and Aristogiton. Aristagoras a tyrant, revolted and rebelled against Darius, which moved Darius in arms against the jonians, and overthrew them, and took their chief city called Miletum. A little after Miltiades the chief captain of Athens, by the council of Callimachus the famous Grecian, overthrew Darius' king of Persias lieutenant called Hippias, in the battle of Marathon, where he slew 6300. Persians, as both Thucydides 
Herodot. 6. Thucydides 1.  and justine do report.  
This overthrow of the Persians was at that very time when Tarqvinius superbus made his last battle with the Roman Dictator 
justin. lib. 2.  Posthumius, where he was put to flight, and after died in exile. Aristides surnamed the Just, was banished this time from Greece, and Alcibiades called back to Athens from his banishment. Now Nehemia causing the law of Moses to be read, as an ordinance to serve God, and reproving them for their disobedience in joining themselves with strangers, they were in some quietness for a time: though sometime murder and slaughter were between themselves committed: for the which cause Bagoses the general of Artaxerxes 
joseph. lib. 11. cap. 7.  army, understanding that the high Priest slew his brother in the Temple, being a dear friend to Bagoses, he plagued the jews again for the space of seven years, and revenged his death with slaughter and tribute: he placed jaddus in the office of the priesthood in his father's place. This high priest had to his brother one named Manasses, which was sent to Samaria by Darius the last king of Persia.  
A little while after this, Alexander the great, after that his 
Alexander the great.  father Philip died, having brought his army over the Grecians sea called Hellespont, unto the river of Granicus, having subdued the Lydians, tire besieged and taken, Thebes wasted and spoiled all Asia, he overthrew Darius the king of Persia, carrying his soldiers through Caria, invaded Pamphilia, came over Euphrates unto Syria, took Damascus, besieged tire and Sidon, and he wrote to Jerusalem to the high Priest jaddus, that his soldiers might have passage without interruption, and also requiring the tribute that was paid to Darius to be paid 
Tribute to Alexander.  to him, and to the crown of Macedonia, for that Alexander had vanquished Darius, and had carried the Empire of Persia unto Greece: they of Jerusalem were frighted and much amazed what to do.  
But concluding among themselves, they opened the gates, and the high Priest came out with all the Priests, the Elders, 
The solemn receiving of Alexander the great unto jerusalem.  and Nobles of the City in most solemn sort to meet Alexander out of Jerusalem, unto a place named Sapha, and saluted Alexander most humbly, being in precious garments and pontifical robes, with his sacred mitre, whereupon was written the name of the God jehova.  
The solemnity and state whereof made Alexander to light 
The reverence of Alexander to the high Priest.  from his horse, and to yield to the high Priest more honour and reverence, than his countrymen the Macedonians thought well of, so great a king, so mighty a conqueror, even Alexander the great, to humble himself to a silly priest. Parmenio demanding the cause of Alexander why he honoured the priest somuch, he answered, that he reverenced God, whom the hie Priestrepresented at that time: for I dreamt of these men, even as I behold them now when I was yet in Macedonia: This Priest exhorted me then to be of good courage, and bade me go forward with my army to Persia.  
Thus with great honour and solemn sacrifice was Alexander 
The benefits and good turns of Alexander.  received unto jerusalem, where daniel's prophecies were brought unto him, and where also it was read unto him, that a king of Greece should bring the Monarchy of Persia unto Greece, which was himself. After all these things were done, Alexander showed great courtesy, enlarged their common wealth, quieted the Samaritans their enemies, and brought all the Provinces about under the jews. Again he granted them what they would ask of him, permitted them to use 
Alexander's benefits.  their religion, to observe their own laws, and also promised that those jews which were scattered amongst the Chaldeans, Assyrians, and Medes, should have such liberty to use their religion and laws, as they had in jerusalem: and this continued during the time of Alexander, which was but short. For when he died, the Empire was divided between his Nobles: 
The succession of Alexander.  Antigonus had Asia: Seleucus had Babylon: Lysimachus had Hellespont: Cassander had Macedonia, and Ptolomeus Lagi had Egypt. These successors of Alexander, having continual wars one with an other, which continued long, Ptolomeus king of Egypt came upon the Sabbath day to jerusalem, under pretence 
Ptolemy the son of Lagi.  to offer sacrifice to the God of Israel, took the town, used the Citizens hardly, handled the jews most severely and sharply, (they mistrusting him not) imprisoned them, and brought them with him in heaps to Egypt.  
Thus still was jerusalem exercised with tribulations and crosses: but God stirred up this king's son Ptolemy philadelphus to them a friend, loving and beneficial, wise, learned, 
Ptolemy Phila.  and most desirous not only to do them good, but also most willing to admit their laws, their Religion to come to Egypt, and made a decree, that all the jews wheresoever they were by his father imprisoned and captivated, should be enlarged, & be set at liberty, which were above 100000. jews, as Ptolemy in his Epistle written to the high Priest Eleazar doth testify: where lie entreateth Eleazar to send to Egypt, six of every tribe of the best, wisest, and skilfullest men, to translate the Bible then being only in the Hebrew tongue, into the Greek tongue: for that Ptolemy was most desirous to have the Bible in Greek to be in his study, where 
The Bible first translated from Hebrew to Greek.  he had a hundred & twenty thousand books in his Library.  
In the days of this Ptoleme Lagis, flourished Theophrastus the Philosopher, and Theodorus Athenaeus: he sent messengers for this purpose to jerusalem Aristaeus, and one Andrea's captain of the King's guard, with whom he sent 100 talents of silver, to honour the Temple, and to do sacrifice therein, besides viginti phialas aureas, triginta argenteas, quinque crateras, & 
joseph. lib. 12. cap. 12.  mensam auream, which in josephus all at large are described, and set forth worth the reading: which things being most grateful unto the high Priest, he received them most lovingly, and used them with all humanity and favour, and sent with them 70. wise and discreet men which should translate the Bible, as Philadelphus' request was.  
These seventy men came to Alexandria, where after much welcome, long feasting, great conference, and disputations, so much he joyed of their coming, and delighted in their company, that the king Philadelphus continued his feast 12. 
Polot. Philadel.  days: where wisdom and learning were exercised, disputations practised, arguments propounded, the questions whereof you may read in a book which Aristeus wrote only 
Aristeus.  concerning the meeting and coming together of these learned men. These seventy interpreters so named, translated 
70. interpreters.  the Bible from Hebrew into Greek, in the year of the world 3695. in the 24. jubilee, and in the 127 Olympiad, in the 12. year of Philadelphus' reign. About this time Megasthenes 
Megasthenes. Aratus.  the Persian writeth his histories, & Aratus the great ginger wrote his book entitled Pheonomenon. Now when Philadelphus had this sacred book thus in Greek translated, he rejoiced much, and thought himself happy to have such a book in his Library: and so conferring with Demetrius, mused greatly that neither Historiographers, Philosophers or Poets, had not translated this book before.  
But Demetrius told the cause to the king, saying, that the 
Demetrius.  Heathens durst not attempt it: for divers were punished for their rash enterprises to meddle therein, as Theopompus, who 
Theopompus.  for writing of some sentences of the Scriptures amongst his own profane writings, was thirty. days deprived of his memory, distracted of his mind, until by a vision in his sleep, he was warned to know his faults, and to reconcile himself for the same. Even so Theodecta the Poet, for putting 
Theodecta.  a sentence of God's book presumptuously with his own in a tragedy which he made, was mad for a time, and blind.  
This learned king Philadelphus' rewarded these 70. interpreters 
The great liberality of Philadelphus.  at their departure in this sort: every one of them had two talents of gold, 3. suits of costly and rich apparel, and a standing golden cup, which weighed a whole talon, which by Budeus computation is 600. crowns, if it be gold: and 
A talon of gold 600. crowns.  every of them had of him a precious, costly and delicate bed, wrought with all silk. Moreover, he sent by them to Eleazar the high Priest 10. rich tables with silver feet, with all things belonging thereunto, a Chalice of 30. talents, a diadem or a crown full of precious stones, two golden cups to be dedicated to the altar, 10. suits of purple, with 100 basins and censers of gold for sacrifice.  
Thus much doth josephus report of this Ptolomeus Philadelphus: but within a short time after this came Antiochus magnus, 
Antiochus Magnus.  who had all Asia & Syria under his sword: he vexed the jews, spoiled the country, slew the Citizens, taketh the kingdom of judea, subdued Egypt: he full of all wickedness, setteth up Idols, altars, groves, and Chapels of Idols: he polluted the Sanctuary, defiled the Sabbath and the feast, he offered up swine's flesh and unclean beasts. Antiochus thus played the part of a tyrant, that jerusalem was desolate, the Citizens fled, the women and their children taken captives, and Antiochus forced Israel to forsake their God, and to do sacrifice to his 
The difference between the great Alex. and Antiochus the great.  Idols, sending commissioners to all judea to see the execution of them: so great difference was between two heathen kings, Alexander the great, and Antiochus the great, the one honouring the high Priest, sacrificed in the Temple, brought all things under the jews again, used great courtesy: the other, Antiochus the great, stealed, wasted, rob the Temple, the City, & all the Cities of juda, until Mattathias a godly zealous man, borne in the city of Madis, saw how Antiochus blasphemed God, committed idolatry in all judea, somed in blood, and practised all mischief and wickedness.  
He consulted with his five sons, john, judas afterward 
The 5. sons of Mattathias.  called Machabeus, Simon, Eleazar, and jonathas, to whom he opened the calamities of his country, the defacing of Moses laws, the blasphemy and idolatry that were used by Antiochus 
Antiochus' tyranny.  in all Syria and judea: and where that their predecessors even from Abraham's time defended the Church with their own blood, so now it was as necessary to stop the rage of this tyrant, as Moses, josua, & David did to the enemies of God.   

CHAP. VIII.  
Of the Maccabees, and of the last kings of juda, and of their government under the Romans, and of the last destruction of Jerusalem by Titus the Emperor.  
THey took courage in God: they provided 
judas Machab.  to resist the violence of tyranny, and when Mattathias died after one years government, he appointed judas Machabeus whom he knew bestable in body, and most willing in mind, to be in arms with their God against this Antiochus and his idols.  
And though these brethren were not of the stock of David, nor of the tribe of juda, as you may read in the Macchabees, and in josephus: yet they joined their force and power together, and appointed judas Macchabeus chief captain and ruler over them: for in his acts he was licks a lion, for the 
Apolonius and Seron 2. princes of Syria slain.  wicked fled for fear of him, he killed Apollonius and Seron, two princes of Syria, and the most part of Antiochus army, who gathered the Gentiles, and a great host of Samaria to fight against Israel, who were slain and scattered like sheep before judas sword: and judas goeth forward against Gorgias, doth the like, he slew their soldiers, and putteth Gorgias and the rest of his army to flight. Lysias lieutenant general of Antiochus hearing of this, waxed 
Lisias lieutenant to Antiochus the great.  wroth, disdained his camp, gathered 60000. chosen footmen, and 5000. horsemen to fight against jerusalem, came to judea, & pitched his tents in Bethsura, where judas came with ten thousand soldiers against him: who with confidence in God, and prayers made, slew five thousand, and put the rest to flight, and Lysias himself escaped to Antiochus. judas having these victories over Antiochus the great, went up to jerusalem to repair the Sanctuary which lay wasted, & made a new altar (for Antiochus had erected & altar, and the Image upon it) where they sacrificed according to the law, and praised God for their good success.  
Now while judas had vanquished the Heathens that went about to destroy Israel, for they of tire and Sidon, of Ptolemais, 
Machab. lib. 1. cap. 5.  of all Galilee, of the Heathens & of the Gentiles were set in force against Israel: after that judas had fought with the Edumeans & Ammonites, & hearing of these news, judas gave to his brother Simon 3000. soldiers to go unto Galilee, and he took his brother jonathan with him to Galaad with 8000. and they had good success and victory in all their wars. Antiochus in the mean season traveling through the country of Persia, hearing of the riches and treasures of Ptolemais, besieged it, but was by the Citizens forced to flee, who died within a while after. Lysias having knowledge of the king's death, he caused Antiochus Epiphanes, the 2. son of Antiochus the great, to be crowned king after his father: who used much 
Melancthon. 2. Chron.  more extremity in jerusalem then his father did, killing, destroying the Citizens, robbing the Temple, and putting Idols and images upon the altar. Being slain in Persia, his brother's eldest son Demetrius being at Rome, came with all haste possible to Tripoli, a Town in Syria: and having possessed the most part of Syria, being their lawful king by descent, the people brought Antiochus Eupator and Lysias before Demetrius, who commanded them to be killed before they came to his sight. Now when that Demetrius was set on his father's throne, a great enemy of juda waxed hot to revenge the slaughter which judas Machabeus made of his friends and favourers, while yet Demetrius saved himself in Rome. judas perceiving the cruel meaning of Demetrius, 
judas Machabeus sendeth to conclude peace with the Romans.  and knowing well the power and force of the Romans, made them his friends through peace of mutual friendship, sending messengers unto them Eupolemus and jason, brethren's children to judas Machabeus, which of the Romans were most lovingly accepted: and they sent to jerusalem a letter written in tables of brass, wherein they had a memorial or monument of their friendship and peace. In the mean time Demetrius having heard of the death of Nichanor, sendeth his army against judas: in the which battle, after many joyful victories which judas had over his enemies, he is now slain 
judas Machabeus slain.  by his enemies: for he that was wont to pray & to overcome, and now omitted to pray, trusting to his strength, and to the Romans force, was left of God to himself.  
judas now being dead, his brother jonathan succeeded him, and had present battle with Bacchides, one of Demetrius 
Machab. lib. 1. cap. 9 10.  captains, and with Alcimus, and put them to flight. During these broils in judea, Demetrius perceiving he could gain nothing by jonathan, desireth peace with the jews: which being done, jonathan governed Israel quietly. When Alexander the son of Antiochus had heard the promises which Demetrius made to jonathan, and also hearing of the courage, virtue, and manhood of judas, jonathan, Simon, and of the two other brethren, he sought the favour of jonathan, and friendship of the jews. Then Alexander maketh wars against Demetrius, 
Alexander's army against Demetrius. Demetrius slain.  gathered a great host, and joined in battle with the army of Demetrius, and the two kings fought it out, until Demetrius was slain. Then Alexander sent his Ambassadors to Ptolomeus king of Egypt, signifying unto him how he wan his father's kingdom, and sat on his throne, requesting the king's daughter in marriage, & so to be in league of amity, & to continue perpetual friends: wherein Ptolomeus gladly consented, and married his daughter Cleopatra unto Alexander at 
Alexander married Cleopatra.  Ptolomais, and they continued friends, until dissension fell between Ptolomeus & his son in law Alexander: for Ptolomeus took his daughter Cleopatra, and gave her to Demetrius the 
Cleopatra given to Demetrius.  son of king Demetrius, which Alexander slew a little before.  
When Alexander heard how that his wife was given to his enemy Demetrius in marriage, he came with an host against Ptolomeus his father in law: for Ptolomeus had put two crowns upon his own head, the crown of Asia, and the crown of Egypt, and had driven Demetrius after the overthrowing of his army, unto Arabia, where he had his head cut off by Zabelus, and sent to Ptolomeus to Egypt, who likewise died shortly after, and Demetrius reigned after him. All these kings sought friendship at jonathans' hands: for as judas Machabeus 
judas victor●….  slew Nicanor, Apollonius and Seron, princes of Syria, overthrew Lysius Antiochus general, and his nigh cousin, and putteth Gorgias and his host to flight, as he vanquished the heathens, and overthrew the City of Ephron, and wan Bosorra, with many more victories which he had of Countries, cities & towns: so jonathan prospered against Bacchides 
jonathans' victory.  Alcimus, against the children of Ambrie, against the princes of Demetrius, so that Demetrius the king sought the favour of jonathan, & Alexander entreated for friendship with jonathan.  
Thus God blessed the sons of Mattathias, because they were zealous in the laws of God: for after king Demetrius 
jeseph. lib. 13. cap. 3.  was slain by Alexander, and Alexander slain again by Demetrius son, named Demetrius, the jews all this while were quiet, and so peace in Israel continued under jonathan and Simon, as in the Maccabees you may read, until contention grew between the Samaritans and the jews in Alexandria, 
Strife between the jews and the Samaritans.  concerning the religion and holiness of their temples: which was with great malice followed, standing one with an other in defiance, until the matter was to be judged before Ptolomeus Philometor king of Egypt, the jews having one Andronicus a learned jew to open the privilege & authority of the Temple of Jerusalem, & the Samaritans had also one Sabbeus, a wise discreet man to plead for the Temple of Samaria.  
For there dwelled amongst the jews at that time 3. sects of religion: 
3. sects of the jews.  the first were called Pharises, the 2. Saducees, the 3. Esseni. The Pharises acknowledged the judgement of God to come, with the reward of good and evil, confessing the immortality of the soul. The Saducees clean contrary, holding an opinion stout against the Pharises in all points. The Esseni supposed all things to be governed by fate, and that nothing could happen to man but by destiny. After this jonathan 
Lacedæmonians came from Abraham stock.  sent to Sparta, and to Rome, to renew the covenant between the jews and the people of Sparta: for it was found and known in their Chronicles, that the Spartians came of the generation of Abraham. In the mean time one Triphon that 
Triphon young Antiochus' tutor.  was tutor to Alexander's son named Antiochus, a very young man, expected to be king in Syria in the room of his father, considering how falsely and traitorously he was slain by the means of Ptolomeus his father in law, and Demetrius, to whom Cleopatra his wife was wrongfully given in marriage.  
This Triphon by the colour of this title to young Antiochus 
The falsehood of Triphon.  Sedetes son to Antiochus Epiphanes, became very ambitious of the kingdom himself, laid wait to kill jonathan and take him by deceit: and having also heard how Demetrius calamities increased by the Parthians, saw an easy way to obtain the kingdom by killing of the young king Antiochus, to whom he promised faith and service to restore him to his kingdom, for that his father Alexander was wrongfully deposed and slain. For as soon as Triphon had slain jonathan and his two sons, and also king Antiochus, he 
joseph. lib. 13. cap. 8. 9  strait ways maketh wars upon Simon the brother of jonathan, who succeeded in his room to defend the jews, promising to follow the steps of his father and of his brethren: for Simon was well beloved of the jews, and therefore in great authority proceeded with the like courage as his brethren did to war upon the enemies, and came in arms against Gazara, jamnia, and joppa, wasted them, and spoiled them, laid siege to jerusalem, and wan the castle, pursued Triphon (which then usurped the kingdom of Syria,) to the castle of Dora, from whence he secretly fled unto Apania, a city in Phenicia, where he was slain by Antiochus friends, within 3. years after he had falsely usurped Syria.  
After this, grew strife between Antiochus and Simon, and therefore Cendebaeus was appointed Captain by Antiochus against Simon: but Simon prevailed in all his actions, prospered 
joseph. lib. 13. cap. 14.  in all his wars, and conquered his enemies for the space of 8. years, until Ptolemy who married Simons daughter conspired against him, slew him and his 2. sons at a banquet, and sent secretly to kill john named likewise Hircanus the son of Simon. But he having intelligence that his father and 
Simon and his two sons slain.  his 2. brethren were slain, and that Ptolemy had sent to slay him also, he prevented that, and slew them, and fled to a castle called Dagon.  
Now Hircanus possessing the office of his father, not forgetting the villainy and cruel murder of this Ptolomeus, thought 
Hircanus Simons son.  to revenge it when time would serve. In the mean season, Antiochus surnamed Pius, being mindful of injuries received of Hircanus father Simon, came with a great host to judea in the 162. Olympiad, compassed the City jerusalem with his army, kept Hircanus close within the city, not daring to look out: but after that Hircanus had promised 500 talents to Antiochus 
joseph. lib. 13. cap. 16. 17. 3838  to departed in peace, he opened the grave of David, where he found 3000. talents of silver, of the which he satisfied Antiochus, which within a short time after was slain amongst the Parthians, in whose place succeeded his brother Demetrius Hircanus. When he had heard that Antiochus was dead, he came presently with an army to Syria, destroyed the temple in Samaria which Alexander the great permitted to be builded, took Samega before called Samaria, with the city Sicima and many towns beside, where the nations of the Cutheans dwelled, which Salmanassar brought with him to inhabit Samaria, in stead of the 10. tribes which he carried captive away to Babylon: for after that Samaria was destroyed, first by Salmanasser, the Samaritans were called Chutheans, a people of Babylon and of Caldea. Now it was plagued by Hircanus & besieged by Aristobulus and Antigonus, the sons of Hircanus, that 
Aristobulus & Antigonus.  after one years siege, they brought Samaria even to the ground, and caused rivers & lakes to overflow the place where Samaria 
Samaria the second time destroyed.  was, that no man knew where Samaria stood, so wicked a seat, and so ungodly a town, full of all horrible idolatry and blasphemy: For Samaria had been twice builded, first by Omri which was destroyed by Salmanasser king of Syria, after builded by Manasses the brother of jaddus the high Priest, by the means of his father in law Sanabalat chief governor under Darius, builded a Church to encounter with Jerusalem in mount Garizin at Samaria, where from Babylon and from Assyria men and women came to dwell, willing to receive the laws of Moses, but not to forsake their Idols. At what time Onias builded the 3. temples in Egypt: this was the son of that Onias which was the high Priest at Jerusalem, whom Antiochus Epiphanes king of Syria slew at his ransacking 
joseph. lib 7.  of Jerusalem, at what time he destroyed the city, spoiled the temple, and put up the Image of jupiter Olympus upon the altar of the Lord: this 3. temple continued at Heliopolis in Egypt 330. years. Read more of this in the Maccabees. Beside all 
2. Macca. cap. 1.  this (I mean the tabernacle, the high hills called excelsa, the 3. temples) they had certain other meetings and serving of God, though not in temples, yet in places that resembled the temple. Of this no mention is made, neither in the history of the judges, nor of the Kings, and therefore it seemeth that after the jews were captivated into Babylon, and their kingdom destroyed, many of them being dispersed, some to Egypt, some to Asia, and some to Europa, met together as many as were in one city or country, having no temples 
The first use of the Synagogues after the captivity.  but places by themselves, made like temples which were called after Synagogues, and so continued: for after the 70. years of captivity, the jews being permitted by Cyrus to return and to rear their temple for strangers that dwelled in other Provinces, as at Alexandria, Silicia, Asia, and in divers other places and yet Iewes borne, when they came to Jerusalem, either to the feast which was thrice a year, or upon any other business of their own, they went into the Synagogues appointed and made for them, and not into the temple which was only for the citizens of Jerusalem, for both were frequented in our saviours time, proved by himself, saying, I have taught in the temple, and in so many Synagogues in Galilee & Asia mentioned: so that one temple was in Jerusalem, and many Synagogues, and so many, that I find in an Hebrew commentary 480. Synagogues were within the city of Jerusalem, and divers other Synagogues dispersed through all judea: but God commanded that he should be but in one place worshipped, which was first in Silo in the tribe and mount of Ephraim, after in Jerusalem in mount Zion in the tribe of juda. Of the use of the Tabernacle after the temple was by Solomon builded, the Talmudists writ many fables which I omit to recite.  
Samaria being thus the second time destroyed by Aristobulus 
Samaria the second time destroyed.  and Antigonus, the Pharisees, corrupt, evil, and seditious men, much envied the prosperity of Hircanus & his sons, persuading the people to hate him: but Hircanus after that he had done great service for the jews, and brought all things in quietness, he foresaw things to come: and after he had governed Israel 31. years, leaving behind him 5. sons 
Hircanus' died.  he died. All this while there was no king in judea since the captivity of Babylon 481. years: but now after Hircanus' time Aristobulus his eldest son succeeded him in government, who by report of slanderers and backbiters, caused his brother 
Aristobulus slew his brother Antigonus, the first king of the jews after the captivity.  Antigonus whom he loved very dearly to be killed, being most falsely accused of his enemies: he left his own mother to perish for famine, and put the rest of his brethren in close prison.  
But after a while his conscience did accuse him, and tortured him in such sort, that Aristobulus commanded to be brought to the place where Antigonus his brother was slain: and being carried to the place, he vomited blood in such abundance that he cried and said, O corpus impudens quousque 
Aristobulus death.  retinebis animam, quam materni ac fraterni manes flagitant? and so with torment he died, leaving behind him his wife Solome whom the Greeks' call Alexandra: she enlarged the sons of Hircanus which Aristobulus laid in prison, one of them named jannaeus, which was also called Alexander, not 
Alexander the third brother.  well thought of by his father, but now made king after his brother's death by the means of Alexandra Aristobulus wife: he as soon as he had obtained the government, used the like trick as his brother did before him: he caused one of his two brethren to be slain, and the other he esteemed with honour.  
This being done, he went with an army against the city of Ptolomais, at what time Ptolemy surnamed Lathurus was driven by his mother Cleopatra out of Egypt, and being at Cyprus she forced him thence, so that Ptolemy the son and Cleopatra the mother, used their policy and exercised their tyranny 
The unquiet state of the jews.  one against another. When Cleopatra had gotten the city Ptolomais after a long siege, her son again being driven out of Egypt, Alexander king of the jews renewed friendship with Cleopatra, for that her son Ptolemy had plagued judea. Now being aided by Cleopatra he took Gadara, and a strong fort called Amathuta, to whom Demetrius Euserus gave battle and discomfited his army, and fled himself to the mountains: he strait gathered some strength, and having gotten 6000. soldiers again in a readiness, pursued after Demetrius, who for fear fled at that time. After this the jews being sundry times thus afflicted by their own 
The tyranny of Alexander.  cruelty and tyranny, they conspired against Alexander, and were in arms oft times, but still overthrown.  
Such was Alexander's hard hap, that six years he was molested, afflicted and persecuted of his own nations and subjects, that he slew of them from time to time about 50000. and yet still moved he them to hate him, so that being demanded by him of the people what they would have him to do, they with one consent said, Hang thyself. Alexander having taken the city Betoma, after much slaughter and blood, he brought the wealthiest and chiefest men of the city, in bands and fetters prisoners to jerusalem, where he commanded before his face where he sat in a high room of his palace, 800. of the greatest and chiefest men to be hanged: and before they were hanged, he likewise commanded that 
800 of the jews hanged.  their wives and children should be slain before their eyes.  
While this tragedy was played at jerusalem by Alexander, Antiochus Griphus was slain by the falsehood of Heracleon, after 
Antiochus Griphus slain.  whom succeeded his son Seleucus, & made wars with his uncle Antiochus surnamed Cizicenus, whom Seleucus took in 
Seleucus his son.  battle and slew. Alexander was at that time called of the jews for his tyranny for his surname Thracida: for while Alexander lived, 8000. Iewes lived out of their country banished & came not to jewry during the time of Alexander which was 27. years. The jews were miserably handled under this king: for Ptolemy Lamyrus slew 30000. Iewes at one time: he made the captives 
Ptolomeus Lamyrus slew 30000. jews.  and prisoners to eat the flesh of their own countrymen, being slain in the wars of Alexander. Himself slew 600. of his subjects being moved & alured to sedition against their king by the Pharisees a sect of the jews, that extremely hated Alexander. Now his wife Alexandra called Salomine the time of her 
Alexandra.  first husband Aristobulus, she reigned quietly after her husband 9 years. Alexander had 2. sons, Hircanus and Aristobulus: and though that Hircanus was the elder brother & heir to the crown, yet did Aristobulus gather an army and invaded judea, while yet Alexandra his mother lived. Antipater the Idumean, and Aretas king of Arabia, took part to aid the elder 
Aretas king of Arabia ay●…ed Hir●…us.  brother Hircanus. Alexander had given council to his wife before he died, to speak fair to the Pharisees, who could much persuade the people, and also to conceal his death until she had gotten the castle of jerusalem, considering his life to be offensive to the people, and to make no account of his burial, but let the people use their discretion. She using this her husband's advice, became in great favour with the people: in the mean season Aristobulus fortified himself, (being by nature very quick & industrious) made himself strong, and having corrupted the Roman Scaurus, than Pompeius the great Ambassador, to be his friend to the Senators.  
Hircanus again sent to Rome, opening his injuries, accusing and declaring the infidelity and corruption of his Ambassador, craving their aid and help being the elder brother to have his right. Upon this complaint, Pompey being then in Armenia against Tigranes, and coming to Damascus (being newly by Metellus and Lolius taken) he repaired to jerusalem with an host of soldiers, at what time Caius Antonius restored to Hircanus the government and the office of the high Priest: he carried captive with him to Rome, Aristobulus with his 2. sons Alexander and Antigonus. This fury of domestical 
A●…istobulus with his two sons carried to Rome.  sedition, this tyranny and bloodshedding of brethren brought all judea from a kingdom to a province: again by this means, strange magistrates governed them, and foreign strength feared them, that since the time that Aristobulus Hircanus son became the first king after the captivity, nothing prospered with him, as by the family & stock of Hircanus may appear, one brother killing another, as before you have read. Now Alexander and Antigonus prisoners at Rome with Aristobulus their father, their fortune was thus, that Alexander having escaped from Rome to Cilicia, came to judea, and took a part of Galilee, where he thought to have more force, he spoilt that which Pompey spared, he took not only the 2000 talents which was left of Pompeius, but also spoiled, robbed & ransacked the temple of treasures to the value of 8000. pounds. But he was taken with Gabinius, sent to Rome, and after slain of Scipio Pompeius son in law in Antiochia. This was 
Alexander taken & brought to Rome by Gabinius.  the end of Alexrnder one of Aristobulus sons. Antigonus the other son, was let lose by julius Caesar, after the civil wars between Pompey and him, he gathered an army of the Parthians & thought to recover judea, the rather that Antipater was dead, and that the jews had rather have Antigonus to be their king, than any of the sons of Antipater, he took the old man Hircanus his uncle, to whom Antipater stood a friend while he lived, stirring the jews against this Antigonus father. So likewise 
Hircanus had both his ears cut off by his brother's son Antigonus.  the king of Arabia, Areta to whom Hircanus fled for aid, Antigonus after he had taken his uncle, being high Priest, & had cut off both his ears, & had carried him prisoner to Parthia, even he was slain by Marcus Antonius within 3. years after Herod was made king, that was Antigonus end. And Herod after that called Hircanus from Parthia, and caused him to be slain being 80. years of age.  
This was the tragical end of the Maccabees, whom God 
The end of the Maccabees race.  endued with great haps and singular favour to rule his people: for the jews never prospered under kings, neither before the captivity, at what time reigned 22. kings in juda, of the which number there were but seven under whom juda flourished.  

David,  
Solomon,  
Abia,  
Asa,  
josaphat,  
Ezechias,  
and josias.   
Neither prospered they under kings after the captivity, during the time ofseven kings, as  

Aristobulus,  
Alex. jamnaeus,  
Hircanus,  
Aristobulus, 2.  
Antigonus the son of the last Aristobulus, and last of the line of the Maccabees.  
Herod the great whom the Romans created king.  
And Archelaus Herod's son.   
After the Maccabees race Antipater the Idumean and his 
Antipater the first governor under the Romans.  posterity became great in judea, by the favour of julius Caesar, who at that time was in Egypt with an army of soldiers, to whom Antipater stood in stead by good service at that time done unto Caesar: for he brought Memphis the great city, with all the country about to obey Caesar, and therefore Caesar gave him the regiment of judea, not yet as a king, but as chief governor. The jews could not well digest the government of strangers, which knew by Moses and by the Prophets, that the tribe of juda should rule Israel until the Messiah were borne: therefore they were mutinous and full ofsedition.  
Antipater perceiving the envy and malice to strangers, 
Antipater poisoned.  ruled discreetly, and behaved himself wisely, and yet he was poisoned by a jew named Malchus, whom afterward Herod the son of Antipater slew at Tirus: this Herod surnamed Astalomites, grew great in his father's days, for the jews thought after Antipater's death, to shake off his children, and not to admit any of them to govern. Now they had called Antigonus Aristobulus son, from the Parthians to jerusalem, but Herod overthrew their purpose, and forced Antigonus to flee from jerusalem. Marcus Antonius returning 
Marcus Antonius.  from the city Philippos, where he and Augustus overthrew Brutus and Cassius the murderers of julius Caesar, came to Bythinia, where Herod and Phasaelus his brother were accused 
Herod and Phasaelus accused. Hircanus' the high Priest.  by the Ambassadors of judea, that Hircanus the high Priest governed as a cipher, and they as kings: yet notwithstanding Herod's fortune and his brothers so increased, that he and his brother were named by Marcus Antonius, the tetrarchs of all judea, and within a while after Herod came to Rome in 185. Olympiad, where he was created king of all judea; and he was 
Herode made king of jury.  solemnly brought to the Capitol in the midst between Octavius and Marcus Antonius, with all the magistrates and Consuls of Rome accompanying him.  
In the 30. year of Herod's reign, was our Saviour Christ borne. Herod had three sons, Archelaus whom he left king 
Her●…ds 3. sons Archelaus, Herod Antipas, and Philip.  by will to govern judea: Herodes Antipas which he appointed Tetrarche to govern Galilee by whom john Baptist was beheaded: and Philippe which governed Ituria or Trachenitida. Herod after he had reigned 37. years, and had sent infinite treasure to Caesar and to his wife julia, died, & was with great pomp buried in a town of his own name called Herodium. 
joseph. lib. 17. cap. 9 10. 12.  But though Herod's testament was by Caesar first confirmed and pronounced, Archelaus king of judea afterward altered: he appointed to Archelaus, half judea for his regiment, and the other half between Herod Antipas & his brother Philip.  
Now while Archelaus was a governor of this people, they were much offended with him, and sent to Caesar great complaints, with letters from Sabinus, that he was seditious, cruel, and unobedient to Caesar▪ which being thoroughly weighed and 
Archelaus was banished judea.  found true by Caesar, Archelaus was banished, and his part of judea was made a province for Roman magistrates, the other two brethren Herod and Philippe governed their Tetrarchies with some care and fear of Caesar, and therefore to get the more favour at the emperors hand, either of them builded a town. Philip to flatter Caesar builded a town and named it Caesarea, and Herod Antipas builded another and named it Tiberias, for that the emperors name was Tiberius Caesar, two towns for one name.  
The Romans again brought judea in subjection of the Empire, and sent these deputies following:  
1 C. Coponius, the first lieutenant. one year. These 3. were sent by Octavius Augustus. 2 Marcus Ambinius. 1. year. 3 Annius Rufus. 1. year. 4 Valerius Gratus. 2. year. 5 Pontius Pilatus, 10. year. Under whom our redeemer and Saviour suffered his last passion upon the Cross, he was sent by Tiberius Caesar. 6 Marcellus. 3. year. Herodes was made king of the jews, by C. Claudius the Emperor which reigned 10. years. After Agrippa's time reigned over the jews Romans deputies again, as after Marcellus, Caspius Fadus was 7. deputy, and governed juda, 3. years. 8 Tiberius Alexander. 2. years. 9 Cumanus. 3. years. 10 Antonius Felix. 10. years. 11 Portius Festus. 11. years. 12 Albinus. 3. years. 13 Gersius Florus, being the last deputy over juda, at what time jerusalem was destroyed by Titus.  
When Vespasian laid siege to jerusalem, even the last overthrow and conquest of the jews, at what time Caius Antonius & Marcus Cicero were consuls at Rome, Jerusalem was three months besieged by Pompey the great, but taken at last by the Romans, Cornelius Festus, Silla's son, and Furus Centurio entered first the City, and after the whole Roman army rushed in and slew 22. thousand jews, spared the temple and the sacred treasures therein, defiled not the Sanctuary: neither touched Pompey the golden table, neither took away with him one penny of the 2000 talents which was the treasure of the temple. But Crassus in short time after going against the Parthians, in his voyage spared neither treasure nor the temple.  
jerusalem was builded in judea by Sem the son of Noah, and was by him first named Solima or Salem, a city most famous, and the soil itself most fertile, and so by God blessed and preserved from the first building in the time of Sem, unto the last overthrow of the same by Titus the Roman Emperor being 2177. years. josephus doth describe the situation 
The continuance of Jerusalem.  and building of this town, that it was builded upon two hills, the one hill higher than the other: David the first king of the tribe of juda, in whose time for that he fortified the higher hill, after his days it was called Castellum David, the lower hill was called Acra: over against this hill Acra they began afterwards to draw another hill to enlarge this city, and to join the temple within the same, for the temple was builded on a hard high rock, for that it might the better be seen, that the state and magnificence thereof might be beholden and seen above the town, and above the high towers of the walls: for Jerusalem was compassed with 
joseph. lib. 6. cap. 6. de bello judaico.  three several walls, fronted one against another, with such high strong towers, that some of them were 70. cubits higher than the walls, as the tower called Psephina, likewise the tower of Hippicos was fourscore and five cubits 
Hippicos the third tower.  high. The second tower called Phasaelis after Herod's brother's name, was fourscore and ten cubits high: the third named after his wives name Mariannes', which far excelled the rest, whose large descriptions you shall read in josephus, a jew borne and brought up in jerusalem 
I●…sephus a jew borne.  until the destruction thereof, where he was taken prisoner by Titus: there it is set forth to the full, the situation of the city, the beauty of the temple, the strength of the walls, the height and largeness of the towers, the port and state of the gates, the full description of the four hills which Jerusalem was builded on, and other things which now I omit, for the circuit of hierusalem's walls, was no more but thirty and nine furlongs.  
This town was nothing like in bigness to Babylon, or to Ninive, but far greater in fame and in victories: for Jerusalem had triumphed and saw the end and last destruction 
The long continuance of jerusalem.  of the Chaldeans, Assyrians, Egyptians, Arabians and Persians: for little judea endured the force and power of the three first Monarchies, which was the Assyrians, the Persians, and the Grecians, though it was before conquered five several times by the just judgement of God for their transgression and sin, yet by the mercy of God saved and preserved, as is before mentioned, until thirty & eight years after Christ's death. All that while that they served God and followed the steps of their forefathers, I mean Abraham, Isaac, jaacob, Daniel, josaphat, Ezechias and josias, they prevailed against all nations, they conquered all countries, and brought all the kingdoms of the world to admire their virtues to fear their force, and to seek favour and friendship at their hands, though they were sometime touched for their stiff-necked stubbornness and too much iniquities, as in Egypt, in the wilderness, and after they had possessed the land of Promise: for still they offended the Lord, for the which these several five conquests were had over them.  
The first was by Nabuchodonosor, the great king of Babylon: 
Five times jerusalem taken and destroyed.  the second by Asocheus king of Egypt: the third time by Antiochus the great king of Syria: the fourth by Pompeius the great: and the fift and last was by Titus Vespasian. In the which last subversion and overthrow of Jerusalem, we read in josephus being then a present soldier in the wars, the calamities and great miseries that then fell on the city of jerusalem, and on the inhabitants thereof. Their hunger and 
The misery of Hi●…rusalem.  famine was so great, that one did eat an others vomit: the fathers did eat their children, and the mothers fed on their own babes in the cradle, in so much that stinking carrions and dead bodies which died for hunger in the street, was meat of great daintiness in jerusalem. They were constrained to eat beasts dung, dried leather, girdles, shoes, and skins which covered their shields, yea they sought their food in jakeses, many slew and butchered one another in the city. Besides this, the plague was so hot amongst them, that lodgings, houses, temples, and all the streets in jerusalem were filled with dead bodies.  
The slaughter was such, as within 18. months siege 
joseph. lib. 7. cap. 7.  110000. were slain within the city, and most of them strangers and Gentiles which came up to the feast, according to the custom of the jews, where suddenly they were taken and besieged, you must think by famine and by the sword. During which time 97000. were taken prisoners and captives: there were found of the jews in privies and jakeses, and hiding themselves in caves, sinks, and holes of the earth, above 2000 Some sent of these to the number of 70. thousand to Egypt as bond slaves, there to moil like beasts in intolerable toil: some sold more cheap than dogs: for Egesippus witnesseth, that 30. Iewes were sold for a penny, and those were young boys under sixteen years.    

OF THE FIRST Original of the CHALDEANS, first called Arphaxades after the name of Arphaxad the third son of SEM, which was the first kingdom of the world: of their continuance, government and last destruction by Darius Medius, and Cyrus.  
NOw having ended the history of the Hebrews, the posterity of Arphaxad the third son of Sem, I will follow Assur the second son of Sem, who builded Ninive, from whom and after whose name the Assyrians are called: whose history I have now in hand.  
In the hundredth thirty and one year after the flood, when people had multiplied in the land of Shinear, old Noah taught the people to seek new seats and dwellings, instructed the new world (the first age after the flood,) in the course of the Sun, the Moon, and the stars, and in all other things wherein Noah was most perfit: he declared to his people what he knew and saw in the first age, and divided the world into three parts, Asia, Africa, and Europe, and sent his sons to seek adventures. 
I'm to Egypt. Sem to Asia. japhet to Europe.  Cham he sent to Egypt and to Africa with his company, Sem to Asia, and japhet with his people to Europe: of whom I will speak where their history is handled.  
Now I will begin the history of the Chaldeans, who after that the people were dispersed at the building of Babel, and had scattered into every parts of the world, were the first that erected up a kingdom, and was the first place that was inhabited, as both Zenophon and Berosus affirm: for the Chaldeans knew that before the flood that men lived, and that the continuance of them were before the flood, one thousand six hundredth and fifty years and more, for that then Noah and his sons taught the second age, of things done in the former age, and how for sin God had destroyed the world: for the Egyptians and the Phoenicians long after the flood, were taught by the Chaldeans of the flood, and of the former time, and after more perfectly instructed by Abraham, 
Abraham read in Egypt.  which in the time of famine travailed from Canaan into Egypt, where for a time he read Arithmetic to the Egyptians, then rude and ignorant of any great knowledge, that hearing of these things, they began very obscurely and darkly to set down many things which they then not perfectly knew, and yet are unperfect, for that they were ignorant of the Genesis. The goodness of God spared Noah for 350. years and more, to instruct the second age, & to preach unto them the wonderful works and mercies of God before the flood, and to warn the world after the flood from sin, the only cause of God's wrath towards man, and to bring them up in the true religion of God: not as profane writers affirm, that he wandered all the countries of the world by divers and sundry names, as by the name of Ogyges, 
Of Noah▪ 〈◊〉 after the flood.  janus, Coelus, Oenotrius, Geminus pater, and many such fabulous names, of his laws in every country, of his religion and ceremonies in every kingdom, of his being in Italy, in Spain, and in other countries, clean contrary to the nature and truth of the history, which came after the flood unto the place where he yet lived, with his forefathers, Lamech, Methusalem, Enoch, and so forth before the flood, the land of Shinear where by the consent and opinion of the best learned he lived until he died. I will not therefore follow chaldean fables, in the antiquities of their chaldean and Assyrian kings, for that they have no sound warrant for their history, but that which Berosus setteth down, which Manethon an Egyptian priest much commendeth, and maketh many supplies of Berosus lies, and so doth Io. Annius a priest in Whitenberge, in his Commentaries upon Berosus, and so doth Diodorus in his books of Fabulous antiquity. But leaving Berosus, Menathon, and Annius to forge their fables, I will as briefly as I can, run through this history, for that I can find nothing true of them, but that which I read in the Bible, from the time of Phul assur, until Balsaars' time, which were but 10. kings, 
Thul assur. Tiglat Phul●…ssar.  whose names I set here down.  

1 Phul assur, named in the Scripture, Tiglat Phul-assur.  
2 Salmanassar, which destroyed Samaria, and took the 10. tribes of Israel unto Ninive captive.  
3 Saneherib, who came against Ezechias to Jerusalem, with an huge army, following his father's tyranny Saneherib.  
4 Merodach, the first king of Babylon, again brought Ninive under Babylon.  
5 Berodach, his son.  
6 Nabuchodonosor, which destroyed Jerusalem, and took the tribe of juda captive into Babylon.  
7 Euilmerodach, nabuchodonosor's son, this restored jehoakim king of juda unto his liberty again, after that Nebuchodonosor his father died.  
8 The last of these Kings was Balsaar: of these many kings, in this the history of the Prophets make mention, and so much of the history is true.   
I will therefore set down the continuance, the numbers of their kings, the change and variety of this Kingdom: for after that Nimrod had drawn people together, he first laid the foundation of the Empire, made laws, began to build a great City, and named it Babylon, the first City after the flood: which City though Nimrod began it, his son Belus 
Melancthon lib. 1.  amplified it, and last of all Semiramis finished it in such form and stately show, as he that is desirous to know the length, the breadth, the compass, situation, the strength and beauty of Babylon, let him read Herodotus Solinus, where it is largely 
Herodot. lib. 1.  described. Though it is thought that Herodotus and others in this do err: for josephus lib. 1. contr App. and Beroaldus 3. Chr. affirm, that the old writers erred much about the building of Babylon, and of Ninive: for that which Nabuchodonosor claimed to be his own, saying, Nun haec est Babylon quam ego aedificavi in robore fortitudinis meae? Is not this Babylon which I have builded? the Grecians and all old writers attribute to Nimrod, to Belus, and to Semiramis. The like fable is of Ninive, which was builded first by Assur, the son of Semi, by writers is attributed to Nynus. Herein both Greek and Lataine Historians are over seen aswell in the time, as in the persons, in that they were ignorant of the Prophets' histories: howbeit Babylon was begun by Nimrod and Belus, and somewhat enlarged and beautified by Semiramis: but the dignity and chief sovereignty of Babylon must be granted to Nabuchodonosor, under whom the Chaldeans only flourished over all Kingdoms, and enjoyed aureum seculum.  
So this Country flourished first before all other Countries. 
Herodotus lib. 1.  Babylon the first town & the first seat of the Empire of the world, being the chiefest palace of the king: for so were they called kings of Babylon, and the first kings in the world after the flood, and so continued almost two hundred years, until the time of Ninus, who after he had builded Ninive, in 
josephus.  the plain of Aturia, a far greater Town than Babylon, though before it was begun by Assur, one of the sons of 
Strab. lib. 16.  Sem, yet fully by Nynus finished.  
This Nynus waxed great and strong, laid siege to Babylon, subdued it, and brought the Empire of Caldea subject unto Assyria: then both Caldea and Assyria became one Monarchy, 
Herodot. lib. 1  and then the kings of Babylon were called kings of Assyria, and then Assyria having conquered Babylon, began to be chief, and continued from Belus time the first king of Assyria, until Sardanapalus time the last king of Assyria, which as Eusebius writeth, was 12. hundred & forty years from the first reign of Nynus, until the last of Sardanapalus: so long the seed of Sem continued king's, and held the Monarchy of 
Melancth. lib. 1.  Assyria. As the kingdom of Babylon was translated then from the posterity of Cham, after the first 200. years, unto the posterity of Sem: so now again Ninive is made subject to Babylon, as it shallbe hereafter showed, when the history of the kings of Assyria is handled. Thus Assyria sometime subject to Chaldea, and Chaldea to Assyria: Ninive to Babylon, and Babylon to Ninive, until both were subdued by the Medes, and after by the Persians: so God doth appoint, and God doth disappoint states and common wealths, according to the decree of his eternal will, sin being the only cause of God's anger and wrath, his wrath the cause of all calamities, destruction, and subversion of kingdoms, as Sirach saith, Regnum à gente in gentem transferetur propter iniustitiam.  
Therefore Pompey the great, being a heathen man, and driven to flight in the the battle at Pharsalia by julius Caesar, 
Chap. 10.  desirous to know of Cratippus the Philosopher, the events of the wars between julius Caesar and himself, demanded of him, an sit providentia? whether the decree and purpose of God is unchangeable? Cratippus answered him, though a heathen 
Melancth. lib. 2.  Philosopher, yet like a true Christian, saying, Fatales esse imperiorum periodos, the providence of God is most sure and 
Chron.  certain: for then the Roman Monarchy began by julius Caesar, the first Emperor of Rome, which Pompey found true within a while after: and so Chaldea first, and Assyria after, so the Medes, so the Persians, so the Grecians; and last of all the Romans came to destruction by not confessing God, neither acknowledging his providence, as you shall read in their several histories. But now to speak of the rest of the kings of Assyria, for that they were at one time, and governed together, Belus the son of Nimrod, after he had (as you have heard) laid the foundations of Babylon by his father Nimrod before appointed, a peaceable prince, quiet, gentle, & courteous unto his subjects, until about the latter end of his reign he became to be ambitious, most cruelly given to enlarge the Empire of Babylon, and (as Berosus saith) to bring all Nations 
〈◊〉. 5. in Belo.  under the Chaldeans: he went about first to destroy a mighty great king in those days, which much hindered Belus purposes, named Sabatius king of Saga. This Sabatius perceiving that Belus laid secret snares every way for him, and seeing that he could by no means escape the hadst of Belus, he hide himself in a secret place with the Caspiis. Annius saith in the 5. book 
〈◊〉.  upon Berosus, that this Sabatius was Saturnus. Now Belus being old, having reigned 62. years, grew so great and so mighty, that all the nations about honoured him as a god: he commanded Nynus his son a little before he died, by all means possible to destroy Sabatius Saga; and by the sword to compel all nations and countries, and all people to be under the Empire of Babylon, for that it was the first kingdom after the flood. When he had reigned king 62. years, he died, to whom the 
Belus the 2. king was the first cause of idolatry.  Assyrians after his death erected his statue or image, & they made so many monuments to Belus after his death, that thereby they began to commit idolatry, to put up images, naming them Baal, & Bel, after the name of Belus. Nynus succeeded his father Belus, the third king of the Assyrians, imitating his father both by nature and by commandment, lost no time, but straight in arms, & where his father subdued the most part of Assyria and Asia, this king went further, having conquered every where until the coasts of Libya, finding the people yet not able to resist him, not acquainted with wars, but seeking means to fortify their kingdoms, being as yet weak and tender, without any great force, not so strong as to resist Nynus being at that time the greatest king in the world, which overcame Aricus king of Arabia, but some say king of Ellasar, 
2. Gene. 15.  and after conquered Barzanes king of Armenia, as Berosus affirmeth. After he returned to Media, where Pharnus king 
Berosus lib. 5 in Nyno. Pharnus king of the Medes slain. justine lib. 1.  of the Medes, and his seven sons were slain with their army, thence proceeded forward to Bactria, where Zoroastres remained as king, to whom justine ascribeth the first observations of the stars, naming him the first ginger of the world after the flood: this gave Nynus a great overthrow in the first battle, putting the enemies to flight after he had slain 100000. of the Assyrians.  
Nynus having this foil returned with greater force, joined again in battle, overcame the Bactrians, slew their king, & possessed the kingdom by the policy of Semiramis, whom 
Zoroastres king of Bactria slain by Nynus.  afterward he married: which history you shall find in Diodorus Siculus at large. This Nynus excelled his father, augmenting the Empire of Assyria, by the conquests he did of all Asia, and of all the East kingdoms unto the Indians: he amplified the City of Ninive, which Assur the son of Sem began 
Lib. 3. de Fabu. antiquo. gestis.  to build, as josephus and Philo judaeus do affirm: but Melancthon saith, that Nynus two hundred years after builded Ninive: after Assur began it that Nynus enlarged it, beautified and made it so great, that it contained four hundred furlongs of ground, which is fifty miles after our account: it had a thousand and five hundred wonderful great towers upon the walls, it had the only sovereignty of the world, and there Nynus, and all the kings of Assyria kept their Courts: this was called by Nynus after his own name Ninive: it was builded in the valley of Aturia, not far from the river Tigris: this Ninive was far greater than Babylon, as you may read in Herodotus at large, and was the chief seat 
The kingdoms of the Assyrians continued 1240.  of the kings of Assyria a thousand and two hundred years: some writ one thousand, three hundred and more.  
How true Berosus writes of the pilgrimage and journeys of Noah, I refer it to the reader: but he sayeth, that in the tenth year of Nynus the third king of Babylon, after that Noah had travailed many Countries, & had given them laws, he came to Africa, from Africa after that heehad taught the people for a time he came into Italy, in the nineteenth year of Nynus, at what time Noah was eight hundred and three score years old, and lived after in Italy and in Hetruria 92. years: for so long lived Noah, which was in all 950. Many Monuments and Towns builded by Noah in divers Countries, are set written by Berosus lib. 5. and by Annius in his commentary: Abraham was 57 when Noah died.  
After this Nynus had reigned 52. years, he died, and was buried in his own City of Nynus, where his wife Semiramis 
Nynus 3 king died.  buried him so honourably, with such a sumptuous Tomb, that it was the only pattern which Artimesia the queen of Caria made for her husband Mausolus, and counted for the rareness thereof one of the seven wonders of the world. We read in Zenophon, that Semiramis caused an Epitaph to be set upon one of the pillars of this grave with these words, Mihipater Belus jupiter, Auus Saturnus Babylonicus, 
Functius. Nynus Epitaph.  proaws Chus Saturnus Ethiopes, Abaws Saturnus Aegyptus, ataws Caelus Phoenix Ogiges, repeating the pedigree of Nynus to be the son of Belus the son of Nimrod, the son of Chus, the son of Cham, the son of Noah. Archilogus writeth, that he began to reign a king over the Assyrians 250. years after the flood.  
In this Nynus time Abraham was borne: Semiramis after her husband was dead, began to fortify the walls of Babylon, 
Semiramis.  ruled and governed most stoutly the Assyrians and the Chaldeans 42. years, adding to the Empire more Regions and Countries after her husband's days, subdued the Ethiopians, overcame the Indians and their king Staurobates, which never was done, or by any enterprised beside Semiramis, but only by Alexander the great. Of this queen, and of her doings, her wars and her great works, you shall read in Diodorus 
Diodo. lib. 2.  and Annius, how she became so great, so terrible, and so lucky in any war she took in hand, that she excelled far all the Assyrian and chaldean kings in victories and triumphs, until nabuchodonosor's time, but slain at last by her son called Nynus, or Nynias, as Melancthon, and Annius, and Ruffinus writeth the 5. king of the Assyrians, who lived with his mother, and had no government, for that he was a simple man, and who succeeded his mother, being neither like to his father 
Beros. Lib. 3.  nor to his mother, a king given to slothfulness, full of idleness, of whom we read nothing worth the writing, saving that he repaired & beautified the temples of their idols, 
Ani●…us in Beroso de Semira mide.  and made much of the Chaldean magi which were accounted wise men, observing the turn of Astrologers who began then in those days to use divination: he reigned 38. years, who a little before he died, Camesenus being forced to flee from all the parts of the world, came to Bactria, and there strengthened himself with the Bactrians, that he prepared a great army to invade the Assyrians: but he was slain, and his army overthrown even of this king Ninias, as Berosus affirmeth: 
Berosus lib. 5.  yet Diodorus, justinus, & Orosius say, that this was done by Nynus the father of Ninias. Let the reader believe whom he list: 
Many of the best writers use Berosus, though he is had in contempt.  I had rather follow Berosus, (though he is supposed not to be Berosus, yet the best writer useth him in this history) for he is best to be believed, for that he knoweth better the Chaldean histories, being a Chaldean borne, then others. This Ninias, or Ramisninias is taken to be that king, which is called Amraphel in Genesis, king of Shinar, which is Babylon: for in the days of Amraphel came Arioch king of Ellasar, who came with the king of Shinar, against the kings of Sodom & Gomorrha, together with two other kings, Chedor king of Elam, and Tidal king of the nations gathered of divers countries. These four kings made 
Genesis 14.  war with Bera king of Sodom, with Byrsha king of Gomorrha, with Shemeber king of Seboim, and with the king of Bela, in the 
Bela is Zoar.  vale of Siddim. At this very war Let the nephew of Abraham (for he dwelled then at Sodom) was taken with the king of 
Abraham rescued his nephew Lot.  Sodom & the rest, was rescued by Abraham his uncle, he & all his goods, all his substance, men & women, Abraham recovered from Amraphel king of Shinar, & his company. By this time Egypt began to flourish, and the kings of Egypt began to be strong: they were all named Pharaohs, as the Romans called their Emperors Caesar's, names of great dignity. While this conflict and these great armies of five kings against four were in the field, you must understand they were but governors 
The overthrow of the 5. kings of Sodom, Gomorrha, and Seboim. The first kind of common weal. Melchisedec blesseth Abraham.  of cities: for in these days scant the names of kingdoms were known, but a kind of government called Oligarchia, by reason it was within 350. years of the flood. At that time Abraham coming back with Lot, Melchisedec king of Shalem came to meet him, & blessed him, to whom Abraham gave tithe of all that he had. This Melchisedec is taken to be Sem the son of Noah king of Shalem, afterward called jerusalem. After this Ninias, succeeded his son Arius, the sixth king of the Assyrians, as Functius writeth: but Ruffinus the fourth, and yet they vary not, but in this that Functius beginneth from Nimrod, which Ruffinus saith began in Babylon, & not in Ninive. Again, Functius numbereth Semiramis reign, for that she reigned 40. years after her husband Nynus, which Ruffinus omitteth, coumpting Nynus reign for both: for both the government of Semiramis and Ninus, & forward still of the rest of the kings of Assyria, Ruffinus, omitting these two, Nimrod & Semiramis, maketh Functius to say six, and Ruffinus to account four, but in this I will follow Functius. This Arius after that 
Arius the sixth king of the Assyrians.  his father Ninias was dead, he gathered a great host of soldiers against the Bactrians and the Caspians, with whom his father and his forefathers were enemies always: he invaded them again, spoiled their country, slew their king, and brought Bactria and Caspia subject to the Assyrians: in 
Caspians and Bactrians made subject to the Assyrians.  this king's time died Noah, about twelve years after Abraham was called from Vr in Chaldea, and came to Haran, where he stayed four years. Thus flourished the kingdom of the Assyrians, being still augmented with more Provinces, Cities, and Countries, by Arius and his predecessors: and when he had reigned 30. years, he died, and after him succeeded Aralius the seventh king of the Assyrians a warlike prince, a man of 
Aralius the 7. king of Assyria.  great prowess, skilful in military discipline, full of martial exploits, of whom Berosus affirmeth, that it was he that first used triumphs and pomps with great honour, dignity, and rewards to soldiers that deserved praise, & began to be delicious in banquets and feasts, and invented many engines of wars that then were not known.  
In this king's father's time, there dwelled in Celtiberia a great wise man, expert in many things, whose name was Druyas: of 
Lib. 16. cap. 44.  whom (as Berosus writeth) the ancient priests and wise men were called Druyades: so doth Pliny write, and Caius julius Caesar in his book de bello Gallico.  
This Aralius ruled Assyria forty years, and died. Then began in Ninive the reign of Baleus, surnamed Xerxes, the eight king of the Assyrians: this surmounted far his predecessor 
Baleus the 8. king of Assyria.  Aralius: for he brought under the sceptre of Assyria twice as much people, Nations and Countries, as his predecessor did, and therefore he was called Xerxes, that is, the conqueror, the triumpher, which long after were names of great dignity among the Persians. This king was both fierce and fortunate, and enlarged the confines of his kingdom with many Nations: he conquered all Countries unto India, 
Functi●…s in fabula Assyrio●…ū.  he made the kings to be feared so much of all kingdoms, that he was named of the Assyrians, Xerxes victor & triumphator: this reigned (as Berosus doth write) thirty years. In this Baleus days, Inachus the first king of the Argives, and their 
The kingdom of Argos began in these days. Armatrites 9 king of the Assyrians.  first kingdom began.  
After Baleus reigned in Assyria, a king named Armatrites the ninth: of him there is no great thing to be read to his commendation: he was given much to wicked lust and slothfulness, consuming his time in feasting and banqueting, from one pleasure unto another, more conversant with women then with men, and more delicious in apparel then hardy in wars, and more given (as Berosus saith) to a lewd life then to virtuous exercise: he reigned 38. years. In these days Sem the son of Noah died, and the king of Salem being six hundred years old, for Sem was a hundred year old when the flood began, and he lived before the flood with three of his old fathers, with Noah, Methusalem, and Lamech: and after the flood he lived in the second age, until jacobs' time, and died in the fifty year of jacobs' age, seven hundred 
Sem dieth.  years just before David's birth: he lived thirty five years after Abraham's days.  
The tenth king of the Assyrians was Belochus Priscus, and he 
Belochus Priscus 10. king of Assyria.  reigned 35. years, a righteous king, of whom writers make no great mention: for most of the kings of Assyria be so ancient, & their histories by Berosus set forth so doubtful, that authorities sufficient cannot be found to write much, saving those ten kings which are mentioned in Scripture, in whose time the Assyrians and the Chaldeans flourished most: their histories and their tyrannies done in the Church, is set down in the Prophets by the Spirit of God, the touchstone of all truth, and reserved by the holy Ghost to the use of his Church and the members thereof, the keys of all knowledge, of whom all profane histories have their beginning. Baleus junior succeeded to be the eleventh king of Assyria: he reigned two and fifty years, and was amongst the Assyrians of great fame: he excelled the rest in all his wars: for his predecessors, eventhe best kings, as Baleus Xerxes, Aralius, Ninus or Belus himself entered not so far, conquered not so much as this king did, whom all writers so commended, and specially after Semiramis next in fame and greatness: for she conquered unto India, this conquered India, and brought the Indians under the government of the Assyrians, paying yearly tribute unto the kings of Assyria, committing themselves and their countries under the tuition of this king Baleus junior.  
In this Baleus juniors time, Osiris being very aged, returning 
Baleus 11. king of Assyria.  from all the Countries where he had travailed, into Egypt, erected up a triumphant pillar, with this inscription set upon it, I am King Osiris, the son of Saturnus, that taught in all parts of the world the use of those things which I Osiris first found out. This Trophy was kept a long time by the Priests of Egypt 
Diodo. lib. 1.  in memory of Osiris.  
About this time jacob and his children went to Egypt, 215. 
jacob and his children removed to Egypt.  years after Abraham's being in Egypt: and they continued so long after Abraham, 215. years, which was the whole time of the children of Israel's bondage in Egypt: for from Abraham's being first in Egypt, where he left to dwell in Egypt some 
The misery of the Israelites in Egypt 430. years.  Hebrews after his departing, until the coming of Moses, is 430. years.  
After this reigned Altad●…s the 12. king of the Assyrians: this above the rest became epicureall, applying his whole 
Altades 12. king of Assyria.  study to seek out vain men that could well instruct him to degenerate from his predecessors: for he saw so much wealth in Ninive, where the treasures of the kings of Assyria were, that he could by no means know how to spend them: he gave himself to all kind of vices, and to follow young council: and moreover he thought it a most miserable thing to toil, to travail himself with continual wars, having so much substance that he could not foresee how to consume them: but by a decree of his young councelours so it was devised, that the huge treasure & great substance which his predecessors by their conquests had obtained, should be with most ease and less danger consumed: for this was Altades opinion, he thought it most fit to live in pleasure, and to enjoy the benefits of his predecessors, noting the misery to be such of his elders, as could not spend themselves, but spare them to others: and therefore suum institutum 
Functius. Beros. lib. 5.  fuit (saith the history) to feed delicately, to use insolent attires, to follow riotous company, to frequent all kind of pleasures, and to live viciously while he lived. In this time lived Prometheus, of whom the Poets make mention much, as 
Eusebius in Chron.  Ruffinus in his commentary doth note.  
This Altades reigned 32. years: Berosus writeth, that one Hercules king of Celtiberia, in the 19 of Altades, brought his son named Thuscus unto Italy, where he was created king. After this, Hercules returned back from Italy unto Celtiberia, where he died being very old: he was honoured with statues and images after his death as a demie god: this was before Hercules Amphitrion 500 years: this reigned in the year of the world 2275. When Altades had ended his riotous life, 
Functius. Mamitus th●… 13. king of Assyria.  one succeeded him named Mamitus the 13. king of Assyria, a man of a clean contrary disposition to Altades.  
This king again, assoon as he came to his kingdom, exercised himself with care & diligence to foresee the state of his kingdom, loathing & detesting idleness, bend himself to wars, kept garrisons, had divers armies abroad, & himself ready to perform in person that, which Altades his predecessor 
Sabel. lib 4. E●…eadum. Pliny lib. 5. cap. 12. Strab. lib. 16.  had neglected. This king grew so great & so strong, that Egypt & all Syria stood in awe of him, which Syria (as Sabellicus affirmeth) was once the largest kingdom of the world, having within itself Palestina, Arabia, judea, Phoenicia, & Coelosyria: for the Syrians are people very ancient: for so Pliny saith, that they were before the Assyrians. Strabo would have Syria to be all one as Assyria is: for so the Grecians called them. This king Mamitus reigned 30. years, & was the first king of the Assyrians that began this war in Syria & Egypt: for in his days Syria & Egypt flourished. There is mention made of the Syrians in Genesis, where Moses saith, that the Syrians descended from Charmel the son of Nahor Abraham's brother, called also by the kings of Aram. Now after Mamitus succeeded Mancaleus, the 14. 
Genes. 22. Mancaleus 14. king of Assyria.  king of the Assyrians: this king did nothing worth the memory, for we read of no war in his time: for the kings of Assyria being the first nations which had kings in the world, grew from time to time so great & so mighty, that they held the Monarchy of Assyria from Nimrod to Sardanapalus 1240. years and more: during which time, few kings or none could hurt them or stand in field against them: for in the East part no king of any puissance was able to encounter with the Assyrian kings: for then the Assyrians only ruled: other countries 
Nothing worth the writing of the old kings of Assyria.  were not as yet populous, saving Egypt, who began to be likewise strong: in process of time, none could resist the strength of the Assyrians but the Egyptians. When Egypt grew strong, these two kingdoms began to war one with another, and therefore until the time of Phul, Belochus, Salmanasser, Senaherib and Nabuchodonosor, mentioned in the Ecclesiastical history, no great histories are written of the Assyrian kings, and then it was called new Assyria, therefore nothing may be read of the first kings of Assyria, for they held their kingdom all this while without any great dangers, for yet the engines of war●…es were ●…ot known: for as Berosus began to 
The beginning of Berosus history, and the end of the same.  write his histories from the going of Noah out of the ark: so he continueth his histor●… vn●… the children of Israel going out of Egypt: few could writ●…●…erteinly of this time being of such antiquity: for from Ninus the third king of the Assyrians until Spherus, the fifteenth king which now I have in hand, as Archilochus doth gather, there is 451. years. This Spherus after 20. years government died: the 16. king called of Berosus Mameius, reigned 30. years, and he likewise died without any great mention made of his name. Then followed in 
Sparetus 17. king of Assyria. Eusebius in  the kingdom of Assyria one named Sparetus, under whom the Chaldeans warred upon the Phoenicians, as Eusebius and Berosus saith, and brought the Syrians & the Phoenicians subject to Sparetus. At this time happened such a terrible earthquake (as Berosus doth write) throughout all Assyria and Chaldea, that Babylon & Ninive were much thereby frighted: this Sparetus reigned 40. years. Next followed Ascatades, the 18. king of Assyria, of whom Berosus writeth, that in the eight year of this 
Ascatades 18. king of Assyria.  king's reign, reigned Centres king of Egypt, who with all his host were drowned in the red sea. This is that Pharaoh that resisted Moses and plagued Israel, of whom I have written in the stories of the jews. In his time he and all his peers & nobles of Egypt were drowned in the red sea, at what time the Hebrews had such a triumph over their long enemies, as neither the Persians had over the Assyrians, nor the Macedonians over the Persians, neither yet the proud Romans over the Macedonians, as the Hebrews had over the Egyptians, and therefore I will set down the names of the kings of Assyria in this sort from the first king until Moses.  

Nimrod. 56. years.  
Belus. 62.  
Nynus. 52.  
Semiramis. 42.  
Zamhisninias. 38.  
Arius. 30.  
Aralius. 40.  
Baleus Xerxes. 30.  
Armatrites. 38.  
Bellochus Priscus. 35.  
Baleus junior. 52.  
Altades. 32.  
Mamitus. 30.  
Mancaleus. 30.  
Spherus. 20.  
Macaleus. 2. called of Berosus Mameius. 30. years.  
Sparetus. 40.  
Ascatades. 40.   

Of the rest of the Kings of Assyria from Ascatades the eighteenth King unto Sardanapalus the six and thirtieth, and the last King of the Assyrians, which is since the Israelites left Egypt, until the first Olympiad, at what time jotham reigned in judea.  
CHAP. II.  
IN the last year of Ascatades, began Dardanus to govern the Trojans, himself being the first king and first builder of Dardania, than Ilium, and the third time called Troy, after the flood eight hundred and thirty years: for Berosus in the last years of Ascatades the eighteenth king of the Assyrians, ended his history, and went into Athens, and read the Grecians Astronomy, instructed them in the Chaldeans knowledge, concerning the first age before the flood: secondly, the genealogy of Adam, and the rest unto the flood: thirdly, of the flood and of Noah, by the name of janus, of his long continuance, of his travail, laws, and monuments in all Countries: four, ●…ee taught the antiquity to the Athenians, of all Kingdoms & Nations, for the which the Athenians caused his statue to be made with a tongue gilded in his head, and to be put up in the open school at Athens: thus was Berosus in Athens honoured with a statue. I think it best therefore after that Berosus ended his history of the kings of Assyria, briefly to pass them over, only setting their names, the time of their government, and the continuance of the same, until their kingdom and Empire was taken away by the Chaldeans. I have already from Nimrod the first king, until Ascatades the eighteenth king, set down their names: & now from Ascatades unto Sardanapalus the last king, I will likewise pass them over briefly.  
18 Ascatades the eighteenth king of Assyria, reigned forty years: in his time Dardanus builded Dardania, afterward called Troy, whose building was after the flood eight hundred and thirty years.  
19 Amintes succeeded Ascatades, and reigned king of Assyria 45. years: in this king's time Moses died in the land of Moab on mount Nebo, after he had brought the Israelites out of Egypt 40. years.  
20 After Amintes followed Belochus junior, which reigned 25. years in Assyria: he had a daughter named Actosa, otherwise called Semiramis, who governed with her father 7. years. The first jubilee began in the fourth year of this king Bellochus after Moses: for from Moses death unto the birth of Christ are 29. jubilees.  
21 Bellopares reigned 30. years, in whose time the Israelites served Eglon king of Moab 18. years, until Ehud the son of Gera slew Eglon, by whose death Israel had rest 18. years.  
22 Lamprides the 22. king of Assyria, reigned 32. years, in whose time Shamgar ●…dged Israel, who slew 600. Philistims with an Ox goad, so God still raised either Priest, Prophet, judge, or a king to defend his people.  
About this time was the Levites wife abused at Gibeah to death: for the which cause the Levite cutteth her in 12. pieces, and sendeth her to the 12. tribes of Israel: for the which 
Lamprides 22. king of Assyria. judg. 19  villainy all the tribe of Benjamin were well nigh destroyed.  
After Lamprides had reigned 32. years, he had after him a king called Sosares, in whose time (as Cassiod. doth write) the flying horse Pegasus was invented, and so called for his swiftness. Deborah and Barac ruled Israel four years, at what 
Sosares the 23. king of Assyria. judg. 4.  time they fought with jabin. jael slew Sisera the chief captain of jabin king of Chanaan, and his whole army were overthrown by Barac and Deborah. The history of Ruth was likewise about this time: some suppose that Obed the son of Boas was borne when Sosares had reigned twenty years. Lampares succeeded him, and he continued thirty years. In the fifth year of Lampares sell the third jubilee after Moses 
Lampares 14. king of Assyria. 3. jubilee.  amongst the jews.  
Many of the Assyrian kings might have been omitted for any memory they left behind, saving that by the time of their government, we know how every kingdom and when every nation began to flourish: for truly they were more ancient than the rest, and were the first kings of the world, and were idle without any great war, therefore is little written of them until Phul Belochus time: for Herodotus, Ctesias, and Diodorus Siculus, wrote more liberally of the Assyrians, than either 
More written of the kings of Assyria then can be proved.  authority or reason warranted them therein. The greatest brag that Saneherib, called Sargon in some histories, could make of his predecessors the kings of Assyria, at what time he laid siege to jerusalem, he boasted to Ezechia king of juda, the victories and conquests of the kings of Assyria in these words, Tu audisti O Ezechia, omnia quae fecerunt reges Assyriorum? etc. Hast thou not heard (O Ezechias) what my predecessors the kings of Assyria have done? have they not 
2. Reg. cap. 19  conquered Gozan, Haran, and Reseph? have they not subdued the sons of Eden, which dwelled in Thalassar? what is become of king Emath, and of king Arphad? where be the kings Sepharuaim, Hena and juah? are not these subdued and conquered 
Beroaldus lib. 4. cap. 6.  by the kings of Assyria? all these kings dwelled in Syria. All this brag of Saneherib, who was in the most flourishing time of the Assyrians Empire, their kingdom, their victories, their glory, and all these repetitions of Saneherib, extended not yet as far as Mount Taurus: and therefore Dionysius Halicar nassaeus, is in this to be both believed and preferred before either Herodotus, or Ctesias, or Diodorus and others, who wrote more largely then truly of the Assyrian kings: for he saith, that the old Assyrian Empire possessed 
Dionys. Halic. lib. 1.  but a little part of Assyria, Modicam quandam Assyriae partem obtinuit, as Dionysius affirmeth: for during the time and government of the first kings of Assyria, even from Nynus the first king, until Sardanapalus their last king, was fabulosum tempus: the truth of their history and the glory of their Empire appeared from the time of Phul Belochus, which was father to Phul Assur, and in the sacred Scripture named Tiglat Assur.  
This Phul Assur was father to Salmanasser, and Salmanasser was father to Senaherib. At this time it was called new Assyria, whose Empire was again after the death of Saneherib by Merodach brought into Babylon: for in Babylon the first Empire began, after translated from Babylon to Ninive, and now from Ninive to Babylon again, where it ended in Balsaar, as it shall be showed when the history cometh to it.  
In this king's time the Midianites prevailed much against the children of Israel for seven years, and they were sore oppressed, until Gedeon was sent to be their deliverer, and to be their judge. Then Pannias, or otherwise Pannas, was the 25. 
judg. 6. 7. Pannias 25. king of Assyria.  king of Assyria, in whose time the kings of Argives ended their kingdom, & their Empire was translated into Mycena, after they had governed as kings 540. years. In this time reigned 
Here endeth the kingdom of Assyria.  in Athens Pandion, and Midas governed in Phrygia.  
About which time Abimelech the tyrant usurpeth the kingdom of Israel, and putteth seventy of his brethren to death: Habuit mercedem: for at Thebes as Abimelech was besieging a 
judg. 9  high strong Tower, a woman did cast a piece of a millstone upon his head, and broke his brain pan, after he had been a judge in Israel three years. In the 24. of Pannias happened the fourth jubilee after Moses. In this king's time likewise ruled 
The fourth jubilee.  in Israel Thola, a judge of the tribe of Isachar, and governed the people of Israel 23. years. After this reigned Sosarmus 19 years in Assyria. It is written that Orpheus the Thracian, the 
Sosarmus 26. king of Assyria.  most famous and most ancient physician lived at this time. jair the Gileadite governed Israel 22. years: this judge had thirty sons that road on 30. ass colts, men of great authority: for they had thirty Cities in the land of Gilead, and they kept the land in peace 22. years. Now Faunius junior governed Italy, to whom evander came from Arcadia, and had given him certain lands in Italy, which evander called afterward Palatinum. Manethon writeth, that Hercules, Amphitryon's son was borne about this time, of whom the Poets feign, that he was the son of jupiter: of this man more shallbe spoken amongst the Grecians, when I speak of their histories.  
But again to the Assyrians, who had after Sosarmus a king called Mytreus the 27. king, and reigned 27. years: in the latter end of this king's reign Hercules killed Cacus the great 
Hercules killeth Cacus.  giant, in mount Aventine, after Hercules overthrew Troy, and killed the king called Laomedon, and made Priamus his son king of the Trojans: who again repaired and builded up Troy to be one of the strongest towns of the world. This Hercules came to Italy fifty and five years before AEneas coming, and gave to the Italians laws. Read of this more in Halicarn. lib. 1.  
In Israel after judge jair died, it was 18. years interregnum, without a judge, and they wrought wickedness in the sight of 
The Lord punisheth Israel for sin.  the Lord again, and served Baalim and Ashtaroth, the gods of Syria, and the gods of Sidon, the gods of Moab, the gods of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines, and God was angry with them, and delivered them to the hands of their enemies, who vexed and oppressed them 18. years, until the time they put away the strange gods, and served the true God with great repentance. Ishai the father of the Prophet 
Ishai borne.  David was borne about this time, three hundredth year after the Israelites going out of Egypt.  
Now with the Assyrians, Tautanes the 28. king beginneth to rule, about which time Hercules appointed the games of 
Tautanes the 28. king of Assyria.  Olympia, where all the Grecians came to exercise feats of arms, running and wrestling, with all other kind of exercise, 430. years before the Olympiads began. This time happened 
Hercules gamesat Olympia.  in Egypt in the Isle of Pharaoh a great deluge called Dilwium Pharaonicum, which did overflow the whole country, which was seldom seen in Egypt, for that they have no rain but only the overflowing of Nilus which once a year happeneth unto them.  
By this time jephtah was made judge in Israel, a valiant man: but for that he was a bastard, sedition grew in Israel 
judg. 12  against jephtha by the Ephraimites, his brethren thrusted him out, and jephtha fled to the land of Tob: but he was made afterward captain over Israel, and he subdued the Ammonites from Aroer to Abel, 20. cities, and slew 42. thousand of the Ephraimites, and for the victory here of he sacrificed his daughter unto the Lord according to his vow, though it was rash & unlawful. In this Tautanes time reigned 4. judges, jephtha 6. years, Ibzan governed 7. years: some thought this to be 
Abesan the 10. judge.  Boas the husband of Ruth, the grandfather of David: this had 30. sons and 30. daughters. After him Elon of the tribe of Zabulon, judged Israel 10. years: and after Elon ruled Abdon: this judge had 40. sons, and thirty sons sons that road on 70. assecolts, and he governed Israel 10. years and died.  
About this time Theseus ravished Helen the wife of Menelaus, 
The first ravishment of Helen by Theseus.  which being by Adoneus king of the Molosseans taken, was rescued by his fellow and always his companion Hercules. In the kingdom of Assyria succeeded Tautanes, who reigned 40. years: of which we read nothing worth the writing. At this 
Tautanes the 29. king of Assyria.  time Samson the son of Manoah of the tribe of Dan, governed Israel 20. years: he plagued the Philistims who had kept Israel under hand for their sins & wickedness: for God was angry with them: for notwithstanding all his goodness, his mercy towards them, and his miracles amongst them, yet they still rebelled, and moved the Lord to wrath: this Samson was the last judge of Israel. Then the state of the Israelites government 
Sams●… the last judge of Israel.  was altered, and they were under Ely the priest.  
At this time reigned a king that governed the tuscans named Ocnus Beanor, this builded Mantua the country where Virgil was borne, which the Romans called after Hethruscanes. 
Ocn●… Bianor built Mantua.  Now that the race of the judges of Israel is ended which continued from Moses death, until Samuel 357. years, God suffered kings to govern his people, and appointed his Prophets to direct his kings: this came to pass in samuel's time, who anointed Saul king over Israel, and they both together reigned 40. years. By this time Tyneus the 30. king of the Assyrians reigned in Ninive 30. years, and in the 13. of his reign the 7. jubilee of the jews began. The kingdom of Hispane before 
The 7. jubilee. Hispane divided into provinces.  called Iberia, & before that time Celtiberia, is in this time divided into provinces, into several governments of cities and countries, having 24. kings by succession, which continued until 75. years after the destruction of Troy, & continued so until the Carthaginians began to flourish, whom the Romans afterward conquered. At this time one Pypinus governed the tuscans, and reigned, as Manethon writes, 56. years. In the last years of this king Tyneus, the Prophet David was borne, 
The birth of David.  407. years after the children of Israel's going out of Egypt, and in the 7. jubilee after Moses: then began to reign in Assyria Dercillus, 
Dercillus the 31. king of Assyria.  he reigned 40. years. In his days began the kingdom of Lacedemonia, 83. years after Troy's destruction: the first king of Lacedemonia was called Euristenes, who reigned 42. years: 
The kingdom of Lacedemonia at this time beginneth.  of him came lineally 2. noble and valiant captains, Cleomenes and Leonidas, who in their time were most famous, for they invaded the Persians, and overthrew them at Thermophila.  
About the same year the Corinthians began likewise to establish 
The beginning of the kingdom of Corinth.  a kingdom: for the Lacedæmonians and the Corinthians began at one time to reign: the first king of Corinth was Alethes, and he reigned 35. years. In the 10. year of king Dercillus the Ark of the Lord was taken by the Philistines, and carried unto Ashdod, one of their five principal cities, & they kept the 
The Ark is taken away from Israel by the Philistines.  Ark 7. months. For when the Israelites were overcome by the Philistines, and the ark taken away, Ely the priest hearing that the Israelites were overthrown, the ark taken, and his two sons slain, fell down from his stool & broke his neck: for so the Lord told Samuel before what should become upon Ely & his house. Israel still offended God, & now not contented with the government which God appointed them, but cried 
Saul the first king of Israel:  out for a king, God commanded Samuel to anoint Saul their king. About this time great wars grew between the Peloponesians and the Athenians. Codrus at that time lived, & was the last king of Athens: for after Codrus there was no king there, but governors called Metontidae. Codrus son called Medon was the first judge in Athens after the kings. Codrus according to the Oracle given, that the Athenians should have no victories 
Codrus the last king of Athens.  unless their king were slain in the battle, he disguised himself like a common soldier, rushed into the midst of the battle purposely to be slain, that his country might have victory, being the last of the 17. kings, having ruled Athens 21. years, ended his life and his kingdom.  
About this time Samuel was commanded to anoint David king over Israel, and many learned men would have Homer about 
Ruffin, in Com.  this time to be borne: some controversy is of Homer's time: Eratosthenes thought it within 100 years after the destruction of Troy, and so saith Aristarchus, and Cornelius Nepos, both affirm that Homer flourished 100 years before the first Olympiad. Budaeus saith, that Homer lived in the latter years 
Euphoreus lib. 4. de ass.  of king David, so they square about 80. years of Homer's birth. During this time reigned over the Latins, AEneas silvius their fourth king.  
After this reigned in Assyria Eupales 38. years, in whose time the Peloponesians again moved wars against the Athenians. Now about this time the promise is made to David that the continuance of his kingdom should for ever endure, but with crosses and afflictions: for Absalon killed his brother Amnon a little after, and fled unto the king of Gessur, 
2. Sam. cap. 7.  and tarried there three year. By this time Solomon was borne of Bethsaba the wife of Urias: Nathan and Gad were in those days Prophets of the Lord.  
Now reigned in Athens Medon the first judge, the son of Codrus the last king of Athens: in Lacedemonia Argis the second 
Ruff. in Com. Medon the first judge of Athens. Arcestratus the third king of Lacedemonia.  king reigned one year, Arcestratus succeeded the third king of Lacedemonia, and governed the Lacedæmonians 35. years: in Corinth likewise Ixon the second king reigned 37. years: for both these kingdoms had one beginning, and therefore their kingdom is accordingly to be handled: for in the last years of the kings of Assyrians histories, the Grecians began: for this understand, that the Chaldeans, Assyrians, Egyptians, and all the East part of the world, which were first inhabited after 
The antiquity of the Chaldeans and Assyrians.  the flood, were even consumed with sword and fire, before the Grecians or the Romans were acquainted with the world, and therefore the less to be spoken of these old ancient people for want of authorities: and had not the holy Ghost lightened profane histories with true records of the Scripture, all antiquities had almost been put to oblivion: 
Moses the first Historiographer of the world.  for all that are in truth learned in histories, take their light from Moses: he is the grand schoolmaster of all writers.  
About this time Nicius Fesulanus governed the tuscans 
Di●…lor. lib. 6.  47. years: he expelled the people called Phocenses out of Corsica, and Nicius builded a town, and named it Nicaea after his own name. By this time Solomon grew great in God's favour, 
3. King. cap. 6.  began to make the temple in jerusalem, excelled all the princes of the world in wisdom & government. Hiram king of Tyrus at that time sendeth to Solomon, and Solomon to him, purposing to build the house of God: which temple began to be builded the fourth year of salomon's reign, and the 12. of Hiram king of tire salomon's friend, who procured workmen to work in Libanon, and after the going of Israel out of Egypt 480. years.  
Some think that Carthage was builded by Charcedon at 
Carthage builded.  that time: some think of Dido: others say otherwise, both of the building of Carthage, and of the time of building, as in the building of Troy, and in the building of Rome the like controversy 
joseph. contra Appionem lib. 1.  is, that sub judice lis est. Laosthenes the 33. king of the Assyrians is the next king after Eupales, and is now in hand to 
Laosthenes the 33. king of Assyria.  be spoken of, in whose time Alba silvius governed the Latins the sixth king: for the surnames of the Latin kings were called Siluij, as the kings of Alexandria were called Ptolemy, as before 
The 9 jubilee.  I told you of the Caesars of Rome and Pharaos' of Egypt.  
About this time the kingdom of Israel for the idolatry of Solomon was divided, and the ten tribes carried from Rehoboam 
The kingdom of Israel divided.  the son of Solomon king of juda, unto jeroboam king of Israel, who invented many wicked things in Israel, idolatry, new religion, contempt of the true God, putting up for their god the golden calf: thus he and his posterities continued 
Here the kings of judae begin.  from the fourth year of Rehoboam, until the 19 year of Nabuchodonosor, which was 390. years, at what time the last destruction of jerusalem, and the captivity of juda was Archippus the third judge atthiss time ruled Athens, where he governed 19 years: under whom flourished Sextus Homerus a citizen of Athens: this man gave new laws to the Athenians. The Thracians were strong by this time, and became great on land and seas, & Smendes' king of Egypt to whom jeroboam fled, and with whom he stayed until Solomon died: this Smendes is named 
1. King. 11. 14.  in Scripture Sesac: this came up against jerusalem the fift 
Functius.  year of Rehoboam, destroyed the city, spoiled the temple; and took all the treasures of the king's house away. Thus was 
The first destruction of jerusalem.  juda punished for sin by Sesac king of Egypt a heathen man.  
At Corinth governed Pryminas the fourth king: he reigned thirty and five years at Corinth. In Assyria after Laosthenes reigned Pyrithides 30. years, in the 10. year of the tenth jubilee, 
Pyrithides the 34. king of Assyria.  which jubilee was in the year of the world, two thousand nine hundredth ninety and three. Abia the son of Rehoboam reigned three years king of juda: after whom succeeded Asa. In Tyrus reigned now a king called Ascartus, who after he had reigned 12. years in Tyrus, his brother Astarimus succeeded him, and governed Tyrus 9 years, and he was slain by his brother called Phelletes: he reigned 8. months, and was likewise slain by Ichobalus a priest of the goddess Astarthes', of whom mention is made in the third book of 
3. King. 11.  the kings and the 11. chapter. This goddess Solomon honoured much: and in Egypt ruled Pseusenses. There rose against Asa king of juda, Sera king of AEthiopia about this time, and 
Se●…a king of AEthiopia.  thought to invade jewrie: but he was not by Asa, but by God put to flight, and his army scattered and slain.  
Elias and Elizeus were borne this time, men singularly beloved 
Elias and Elizeus borne.  of God in the middle age of the world: for so it is set down (as Melancthon saith) by Elias himself, accounting 
The middle age of the world.  the age of the world, 2000 without the Law, 2000 by the Law, and 2000 by grace, which are the days of Messiah, but for sin shortened, and by that rule to be looked for before 6000. year. Nadab at this time was the second king of Israel, 
Nadab the second king of Israel. Baasha the third king of Israel.  and began to reign after jeroboam, whom Baasha slew in the third year of Asa king of juda. Baasha the third king of Israel builded Rama, that it might be a cause that they of the kingdom of juda might not come within the territory of Israel, neither they of Israel might trouble juda, for the which Asa king of juda for fear of Baasha king of Israel, maketh 
Asa the fifth king of juda.  covenant with Benhadad king of Aram, and therefore is reproved by the Prophet, for that he trusted in the king of Aram, and not in God who had given him victory before over the AEthiopians and Lubins. At this time Achia and Sameas prophesied in Israel: and Septimus silvius was king over the Latins, after whom succeeded Capis silvius the eight king of the Latins, and reigned 28. years: by this Capis was Capua 
Capua builded.  builded. In Lacedemonia governed the sixth king named Agesilaus, and over the Corinthians Bacis the fifth king, of whom 
Eutropius lib. 1. The kings of Corinth after Bacis, were called Bacidae.  the kings of Corinth were afterward named Bacidae: the names of these kings for the most part are seldom found amongst writers, for they did nothing worth the memory.  
Now in Assyria reigned Ophrateus 20. years, he was the 35. king in whose days Zambri or Zimbri the servant of Ela conspired 
Zambri killed Ela king of Israel.  against the king, killed him, and destroyed all the house of Baasha, according to the word of the Lord to jehu, & afterward Zambri went to the king's house and burned the palace of the kings, and himself with fire: then the people of Israel 
Zambri burned himself.  were divided, some followed Tobni to make him king, others followed Omri, and so Omri became the sixth king of Israel. He 
Omri the sixth king of Israel builded Samaria. Nepher king of Egypt.  builded first Samaria, 200. years before Romulus builded Rome. At this time reigned Nepher king in Egypt four years: and after him succeeded Amenophis, he reigned 9 years king in Egypt, of whom I will speak among the kings of Egypt.  
Now died Asa king of juda after he had reigned 41. years: then followed in Israel after Omri, Achab the 7. king worse than 
Achab the seventh king of Israel.  all the other kings before him, a great idolater, and a tyrant: in the fourth year of this king Achabs' reign, began josaphat to reign in juda. In Achabs' time Elias began to prophecy, whose history beginneth from the 17. of the first of the kings, until the 3. of the 2. of the kings, where he prophesied of the famine that was at hand to come, 800. years after the famine 
Famine.  in Jacob's time. In these days Hiel the Bethelite builded jericho.  
Amongst the Latins reigned a king called Tiberinus silvius of whom the river Tiber is now named after Tiberinus name, for Tiber was called before Albula. Then was in Corinth 
T●…ber before called Albula.  Agelas, and Archelaus governed the Lacedæmonians: Eusebius in his histories affirmeth, that in this time flourished Lycurgus a lawmaker, and a great wise man amongst the Lacedæmonians. 
●…iuius lib. 1.  After this reigned Ophraganeus Ascrasapes, and Sardanapalus, in whom ended the history of the Assyrians.  
And now having ended the whole time of 36. kings reigning in Assyria, from Belus time unto Sardanapalus, and after him from Bellochus unto Merodach, the reign of six kings, during 
The first kingdom of Assyria ended under Sardanapalus, which continued 1350. years.  which time it was called the new kingdom of Assyria, and from Merodach unto Balsasar, five kings government, which was translated from the Assyrians unto the Chaldeans, as you shall read more: being of two governments, and yet one Monarchy, sometime under the Chaldeans in Babylon, sometime in Ninive under the Assyrians, until both Chaldea and Assyria became subject, first unto the Medes and after to the Persians.   

Of the Kings of Babylon again called new Assyria, from Sardanapalus, which the Greeks' call Tonoscon coleroes, until Balsaar the last king of Babylon.  
CHAP. III.  
SArdanapalus being given to all filthy pleasures, feasting, banqueting, a most riotous glutton, a great drunkard, disguising himself amongst women in women's apparel, wading from one vice unto another, so much subject to beastly abuse, that his slothful life gave great opportunity to Arbaces a valiant captain of the Medes, a man of such magnanimity, being general of all Media, consulting with Belochus the lieutenant of Babylon, a man of great experience, that both Arbaces and Belochus agreed, seeing such occasions offered, to join both their forces together against Sardanapalus: which being done, after two great overthrows given to 
The last overthrow of the Assyrians by Arbaces.  them, and Arbaces almost slain, and his people scattered and fled, Sardanapalus was yet too strong for them both: but the third time he was found with his Assyrians so full of wine, and his army so sleepy after drunkenness, (according to their wont manners) that Arbaces again by night with all his force entered unto their tents, found them in their beds full of surphets, slew them in such heaps, that Sardanapalus fled to his city of Ninive, and his lieutenant was slain: he was then besieged in Ninive, his people forsook him, and went to his enemies. Then he perceiving his great danger, sent his three sons and his two daughters to Paphlagonia to his friend Cottus with great treasures, to avoid the present peril he was in: being full of all desperations, he made his own grave so gorgeous and so sumptuous, of such high 
The manner of Sardapalus death.  building, that he brought 150. beds made of pure gold, so many tables likewise of gold, and after much feasting and banqueting with his Queens and concubines, and with many of his dear friends, being in the midst of their pleasures, he commanded fire to be put to his palace (I mean that pile of wood which he made for his grave) and so ended his life and the Empire together in fire, to escape his enemies: thus ended the monarchy of Assyria, after one thousand two hundredth and forty years continuance.  
Behold the events of the kingdoms of the world▪ how God gave them always up to the enemies, when they flourished most in glory, and were most in force & power. Even so was Chaldea and Assyria the only empires of the world, which far excelled all other kingdoms, when it was overthrown by Cyrus, insomuch that the great and mighty king Nabuchodonosor the only Hercules (by Megasthenes so named) of the East 
Nabuchodonosor named Hercules.  kingdoms, who advanced himself up unto the heavens, who was compared for his great magnificence and glorious pomp of his huge empire, for the pride of his mind, and insolency of his state, to the star Lucifer, & for the brightness, beauty and glory of his Empire: his greatness was such, that he had divine honours done unto him: but his pride and pomp was laid in the pit. For in the time of Nabuchodonosor, 
Isai. 14.  the Chaldeans and Assyrians flourished: for they were kings of the Arabians, of the Egyptians, of all Syria: and for the glory and greatness of their kingdom, it passed all others far: and being the first kingdom of the world, was called the golden kingdom, aureum seculum: the other three Monarchies were called Argenteum seculum: the silver age, began in Cyrus' time in Persia: the brazen age in Macedonia in the time of Alexander: and last, the Iron age among the Romans began in julius Caesar's time, described in Daniel by the four beasts. For all Nabuchodonosors power, strength, states and kingdoms, lost all within threescore and ten years of this his great possession and power. Even so the kings of Egypt which flourished in like strength, and claimed the like majesty, lost their kingdom in the midst of their glory, and were overthrown by Cambyses.  
To be short, because God would be known unto his people, whom the wicked never confessed to be the God of victory, he delivered Pharaoh and all Egypt into the hands of Nabuchodonosor: and for his pomp and pride herein, thinking that it was his own strength, his own force and power, he delivered Nabuchodonosor and his posterities, with all the Empire of Assyria and Chaldea, into the hands of Cyrus, whose kingdom flourished much above the rest, until Darius surnamed Codomanus, whose wealth, force and kingdoms were such, that he made nothing of all the world beside, God gave him over into the hands of Alexander the great, whose greatness continued not long, for the like unthankfulness to God, for his kingdom passed to the Romans.  
Thus God appointed the weakest sometime to vanquish the strongest, and raised up the meanest to overcome the mightiest. Thus was Egypt subdued by the Chaldeans, the Chaldeans by the Persians, the Persians by the Macedonians, the Macedonians by the Romans, and the long empire of the Romans, their pomp and their glory taken away by the Germans, and the Germans rather provinces to be called then an Empire: so wickedness prevailed, that Turks, Canes, Sophies, with such infidels of long time flourished.  
Then Arbaces and Phul Belochus divided these Empires: 
Arbaces king of the Medes and Persians.  Phul Belochus held Babylon and Ninive, Arbaces possessed Media and Persia for his part. But to write of Chaldea: first this Phul Belochus though he dwelled in Babylon, and reigned ask there eight and forty years, yet the name of the Monarchy continued still in Assyria, for that the most part of the other Kings had their mansion in Ninive, and therefore after Sardanapalus time, called the new kingdom of Assyria.  
Now Belochus being settled king in Babylon, called also 
Belochus king of Babylon.  the king of Assur, he came against the land of Israel, and moved wars against Manahem then king: but being pacified with a thousand talents of silver, he returned to Babylon without any harm done, and there died, when he had reigned eight and forty years.  
After him succeeded his son Phul Assur, named in Scripture Tyglat Phul Assur: this infidel God stirred up against 
4 Reg. cap. 15.  Israel for their sins: he took all these Cities and coasts, Aron, Abel, Bethmecha, Asor, Gilead, and Galilee, and all 
4. Reg. cap. 13.  the land of Nepthali, and carried them unto Assyria: this king reigned three and twenty years, as both Functius and Melancthon write, yet Metasthenes would have him to reign twenty and five years.  
After this succeeded Salmanasser the third king of new 
Salmanasser the third king of Assyria.  Assyria: he likewise was by God appointed a scourge for the sin●…s of Israel, and the idolatry of Samaria: he came from Ninive unto Samaria, besieged it three years and took it, and carried all Israel captive unto Assyria, and put them in Halah, and in Habor, cities of the Medes: for at that time the Medes and the Persians, were subject unto the Assyrians.  
Thus were the 10. tribes carried captive away from Samaria 
4. king. cap. 17.  unto Assyria, in the ninth year of Hosea king of Israel, after the building of Samaria 210. years: the whole kingdom of Israel was destroyed, when it had continued from the first year of 
The kingdom of Israel destroyed by Salmanasser.  Roboam the son of Solomon, to the last year of king Hosea, two hundredth fifty and three years, as Functius affirmeth. Then Salmanassar filled all the cities of Samaria with men from Babylon, and from Hamath, in stead of the children of Israel: 
262. by Bucholcerus.  for the kings of Samaria envied so much the kings of juda, the state of jerusalem, the pomp of the high priest, and the magnificence of salomon's temple, that the kings of Samaria builded temples, erected two idolatrous altars in Dan and Bethel, where they sacrificed unto the golden calf, and honoured idols of Baal: yet God raised good men, as Elias and Elizeus, Amos and Osea, by whom the Church of God in this wicked kingdom was still preserved.  
This king Salmanasser brought the Medes and Persians subject unto Assyria, and destroyed the Moabites, as the Prophet Esay afore told: there is mention made of this king 
Chap. 16.  in the tenth chapter of Osea, where the Prophet sayeth, As Salmanasser destroyed Betharbell in the day of battle, the mother with the children was dashed in pieces: so shall Bethel do unto 
Osea cap. 10.  you. Under this king Salmanasser was Israel scattered like sheep, for the Lions dispersed them: first the king of Ashur that was Salmanasser, hath devoured him, and last Nabuchodonosor hath taken his bones: the one carried the ten tribes of Israel, the other carried the two tribes of juda prisoners unto Babylon. This Salmanasser is named of Ptolemy Nabonasser: 
jere. cap. 50.  he reigned in the eight Olympiad, when Romulus was king 
Melancthon lib. 2.  in Rome. Ezechias was king in juda, and Osea king in Israel, before the captivity of juda, one hundredth thirty and three years: so long was between the destruction of jerusalem and Samaria: for Salmanasser did reign seven years king in Assyria before he had besieged Samaria, which is to be noted, to avoid errors in account. From the first year of Salmanasser, until the first year of nabuchodonosor's reign, is 115. years: he reigned but ten year in the whole, and then he died.  
And after him succeeded Saneherib who dwelled in Ninive, 
Saneherib.  who following his father's steps in all tyranny, and seeking means to destroy the rest of God's people, came with 
2. King. 18.  a mighty huge army to besiege Jerusalem against king Ezechias, with most horrible blasphemies against God, preferring his own force and power (being the arm of flesh,) before the Lord of heaven: but the prayer of Ezechias the king, and of the Prophet Esay was heard of God, and God sent his Angels to defend his saints, and to destroy the enemies of his Church. All the brags of Sanneherib, and all his horrible blasphemies, the Lord at a moment with one blast blewe away: his force, his strength, and his huge armies, 
2. King. cap. 19  being one hundredth fourscore and five thousand, were slain by the Angel of the Lord, and Sanneherib fled to Ninive, where his own sons Adramelech and Sharazer, slew him in the temple worshipping his god Nisroch, even before 
Sannaherib slain by his sons.  that Idol whom he preferred before the living God: the just judgement of God for blasphemy, to be slain of his own sons before the face of his god. For this perjured king Sanneherib swore unto the Ambassadors of Ezechias, if he might have three hundredth talents of silver, and thirty talents of gold, he would peaceably departed without offering of any injury to the jews: this Ezechias by persuasions satisfied his demand, but Sanneherib performed not his promise, but contrary to his oath, returning from Egypt, where he laid siege to Pelusium in vain, fearing Tharsicos king of AEthiopia, that with great power came to aid the 
joseph. lib. 10. cap. 1.  king of Egypt, he came (as you heard) and laid siege to jerusalem: but he had his reward. Herodotus saith, that in Egypt in one of the temples, there was a statue made for Sanneherib, with this sentence written in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 
Herodot. lib. 2.  This sentence is of some referred to Sethon king of Egypt. And thus this wicked king, after much mischief and harm done to the Church of God, in the seventh year of his reign, and in the 12. Olympiad died: he and his father Salmanasser reigned in Assyria, when Romulus and Rhemus reigned in Rome: he had the end you heard of: you shall read more of him in the second book of Herodotus. 
The Chaldeans.   
All this while Chaldea had their governors, their laws, and all things free, fit for the common wealth: yet they paid tribute to the kings of Assyria. Hitherto new Assyria reigned as the chief seat of the Empire, and held Babylon as subject to their Sceptre. Now while this Sannehorib had in hand to conquer judea, and thought thence to pass unto Egypt as he did, imagining fully to subdue all those regions which his father Salmanasser thought to have done: when news came to Babylon that all his army was slain at jerusalem, 
Functius lib. 1. Comment.  and himself killed at Ninive by his sons, the Chaldeans being hereof advertised, took present occasions to set in for the Empire of Assyria, Merodach being then governor of Babylon, considering that both his two sons fled to Armenia, after the murder of their father, (as Functius saith) for fear of their elder brother Asserhaddon, but josephus saith, 
Lib. 10. cap. 2.  the younger brother.  
Now Asserhaddon one of the three sons of Sanneherib, in whose time Manasses king of juda was borne, 
Asserhaddon succeeded his father Sanneherib.  when his father was slain and his brethren fled, he entered to his father's seat, and governed the Assyrians ten years: But Merodach the son of Baladan the governor of Babylon, a discreet man, looking unto the government of Asserhaddon, being full of contention between the brethren: the other two which fled before after they killed their father, return with a great army against the king Asserhaddon their brother, and held civil wars within themselves so long, that the Monarchy of Assyria became so weak, that Merodach translated the kingdom of Assyria unto Chaldea, and brought Ninive again subject unto Babylon.  
Now when Merodach had reigned twelve years in Babylon, 
Merodach.  and after having the full dignity and supremacy over the Assyrians and Chaldeans, he was named the first king of Babylon again, and reigned forty years in Babylon. Of this Merodach there is mention made in jeremy Capta est Babel, 
jeremy cap. 50.  confusus est Bel, victus est Merodach, which shallbe more spoken of, when the kingdom of judea is in hand. Ptolomey doth call this Merodach, Mardocempadus: for in the Egyptian histories Herodotus differeth from Eusebius & others in the names of kings: men must read with great diligence & with much care, and 
Eusebius from Herodotus doth differ.  weigh the computation of time, as here between Metasthenes and Functius some controversy riseth from the time of Belochus unto Merodach. But Functius following the best authority, is best to be believed: for he reproveth by prophetical histories, the error of Metasthenes, which goeth about without warrant of Scripture to prove histories of the Bible, as these partly be for the most part, both of Assyrian and Chaldean histories: for after Sardanapalus time, they do concur with the time of the Prophets. Esay doth make mention of 
Isai 39  Merodach the son of Baladan, who sent Ambassadors with 
Merodach sendeth unto Ezech●…as Ambassadors.  letters unto Ezechias, with great presents to entreat of friendship, and to be in league one with another, where they were with all solemnity received, showing unto them all the treasures and pleasures of jerusalem, and returning to Babylon 
I●…seph. lib. 10. cap. 3.  with rewards.  
After Merodach died, when he had reigned forty years in Babylon, leaving behind him his son Bemerodach, who reigned one and twenty years, of whom little or nothing we read of: After whom succeeded Nabuchodonosor the first, father of the great Nabuchodonosor: this king took war in hand against Necho king of Egypt, and went from Ninive to 
2. Chron. 35.  the river Perath, which is likewise Euphrates, where Necho came in person to fight against a city of the Assyrians named Carchemish. josias fearing Necho, lest he passing through judea 
Melancton lib. 2.  would have taken his kingdom, he not consulting with the Lord, fight with Necho was slain in the valley of Megiddo, or Magiddo, as Herodotus and Functius affirm.  
But to come to Nabuchodonosor. To avoid tediousness, I will join him with his father, letting the reader to the second of Herodotus, where he shall read of this first Nabuchodonosor and his wars: and for that he jointly reigned two years with his son, as Functius doth write, the son being of greater fame and better known far, than the rest of the kings of Chaldea or of Assyria: In the Ecclesiastical history, I will set down his actions, his wars, his greatness, and his victories. After his father had reigned 25. years, this his son Nabuchodonosor the great, who in the eight year of his reign subdued all Syria, judea only excepted, conquered from Euphrates unto Pelusium, and brought in subjection, even from the river of Egypt unto the river Perath, and all that pertained to the king of Egypt, so that the king of Egypt came no more out of his land (as it is written) against the 
2. King. 24.  king of Babylon: he laid siege to Tyre, and wasted all the regions 
Functius.  there about: he brought under the king of Babylon, all Libya, the most part of Asia, unto the land of Armenia. This 
Ruffinus.  king grew so great, that Philostratus doth so set him in his histories, that he passed Hercules in force and power. Strabo 
Strabo lib. 15. Nabuchodonosor greater than Hercules.  saith, that the Chaldeans esteemed more of Nabuchodonosor, than the Grecians did of Hercules. Nabuchodonosor made kingdoms to shake, the earth to tremble, and the whole world a forest, and left almost no where unconquered but judea: where after all his other wars and conquests, he sendeth his deputy Nabuzaradan general of his army: he cometh with a huge army of the Chaldeans, a great band of Aramites, of Moabites, of Ammonites: for Nabuchodonosor had heard that jehoiakim had rebelled after he had paid tribute for 
The greatness of Nabuchodonosor.  three years. This was the cause of the destruction of jehoiakim, after he had reigned three years: he was deceived much, trusting to have aid by Necho king of Egypt, and so lost both the kingdom and himself.  
This was the judgement of God for the sins of Manasses, and the idolatry of juda, not weighing the crying out of jeremy, though night and day he persuaded them to yield up the City, and to followeth Lord: for jerusalem was full of innocent blood, and therefore God used these wicked tyrants to execute his commandment. After this jehoiakin the son of jehoiakim, when he had reigned three months, being 18. years of age, Nabuchodonosor fearing lest he should become false, and so revenge his father's death, came against him: he and his mother, his princes, and his servants yielded to Nabuchodonosor by the council of jeremy. And the king of Babylon made Mattaniah king in stead of his nephew jehoiakin, and changed his name to Zedechia, who likewise offended 
2. Chron. 36.  the Lord, and would not be counseled by jeremy, but he and his people mocked the messengers of God, despised his word, and misused his Prophets so long, that Nabuchodonosor came and slew their young men with the sword, killed all, and spared none. But for the rest of nabuchodonosor's tyranny, his cruelty and slaughter, specially of jews, they are read in the fourth book of Kings Chap. 24. and 25. in in Esai, in jeremy: This king is every where mentioned with 
The first coming of Nabu. unto jerusalem. jeremy 22.  the Prophets and in Ecclesiastical histories. Likewise josephus orderly setteth down his several wars against jerusalem, first in the eleventh year of jechonias, he came with great force and slew the most part in jerusalem, killed the king, and buried him in sepulchro asini, threw him dead unburied out of the City, according to the prophecy of jeremy saying, jehoiakim shallbe buried as an ass is buried, even drawn and cast forth without the gates of jerusalem like a carrion, neither shall any lament him, neither mourn for him: he took also the chief men of the City, even 3000. and carried them unto Babylon, amongst whom Ezechiel being yet a very young man was lead likewise captive. This was before told of by jeremy the Prophet, but not believed. The second time he came against jehoiakin, whom Nabuchodonosor advanced unto his father's seat: but fearing he would revolt by being mindful of his father's death, he took him, his mother, his family, his nobles, and others to the number of ten thousand 
The 2. coming of Nabuchod. unto jerusalem. joseph. lib. 10, cap. 9  eight hundred thirty and two, and carried them unto Chaldea: yet Nabuchodonosor swore to the king & to his counsel, that he would spare them upon their submission, to the which the king by the persuasions of the Prophet jeremy yielded: but the tyrant kept no promise. With this king, Daniel, 
Ios●…ph. lib. 10. cap. 9  Anania, Azaria, and Misael, being of the king's stock, were taken prisoners, and commanded by the king that they should be brought up in the Chaldean tongue, to serve the king afterward. The third and last coming of Nabuchodonosor was against Zedechia the last king of juda: he laid 
The third and last coming of Nabuchodo.  siege to jerusalem eighteen months: during which time, great famine and plague, with manifold miseries more befell them, and at last the destruction of the City: men, women, and children slain before the King, his Princes and Nobles put to the sword, the wealth and treasure of the City carried to Babylon, the Temple burned, the King himself 
joseph lib. 10. cap 10. 11.  taken, his children killed before the king's face, & then his eyes put out, and carried in chains to Babylon, where he died most miserably in prison.  
Thus God did put his sword in nabuchodonosor's hand as an instrument of his wrath, to punish sin. Of this matter more is spoken of in the history of the jews, otherways called the Hebrews. When Nabuchodonosor had reigned forty three years, (Metasthenes saith forty five years:) the Chaldean history reporteth, that he prophesied the destruction of Babylon, being by Daniel taught, and by God called to be one of his chief instruments in his Church. In a little before he died, he confessed the glory and majesty of God, saying, I give thanks unto the most High, I praise and honour him that liveth for ever, who restored unto me my kingdom, my honour, and my understanding, whose works 
Daniel 4.  are all truth, and his ways judgements: for now I confess 
Bucholcerus.  that he is able to abase those that walk in pride: he lived in Tarqvinius Priscus time, the fift king of Rome, and in the eighteen 
Ruffinus.  jubilee of the jews, and in the forty nine Olympiads. In the time of nabuchodonosor's father, Dracos laws was written in Athens. Solon, Thales Milesius flourished, & the seven Sages of Greece lived this time: the Prophet Ezechiel began to prophecy in Babylon, the fift year of the captivity.  
For as you shall read of the Medes and Persians, and of the 
jeremy 51.  Romans, that they were made by God executors, instruments and hammers: for so the Lord spoke of them, saying, Thou art my hammer and weapons of war: for with thee will I break the nations, and with thee will I destroy kingdoms, 
All creatures obey God.  by thee will I break man and woman, and by thee will I break young & old: you shall find this phrase often rehearsed by God in the mouths of the Prophets: so God calls Nabuchodonosor his servant & saith, I will put my sword in nabuchodonosor's hand: so Senaherib, so Salmanasser, and so Satan himself is God's servant to work his will, to obey his commandment, and to execute his judgements. After this 
Melancthon lib. 2. Chron.  Nabuchodonosor succeeded his son Euilmerodach, he reigned 30. years, he reigned one year together with his father: it seemeth that this Euilmerodach was instructed by Daniel to fear God: for after that Nabuchodonosor had turned to the Lord, & began to be a benefactor to the Church, & to the members thereof, this his son likewise when he became king of Babylon after his father, in the first year of his reign brought jehoiakin king of juda out of prison, he restored him to liberty, and advanced him to honour, he gave him princely apparel, 
jeremy cap. 52.  & did set his throne above the throne of the kings that were then in Babel, he had allowance in the Court for his diet, he had rest & quietness, & continued in favour with the king all the days of his life. Thus by God's great providence the seed 
2. Reg. cap. 25.  of David, which in king Zedechias was extinguished, yet in jehoiakin was reserved even unto Christ: for after 37. years imprisonment (so long was jehoiakin, his wife & his children in Babylon) by the council of the Prophet jeremy he was of king Euilmerodach so esteemed, that having a son named 
Funct. Lib. 〈◊〉. comment.  Mesezabel surnamed Salathiel, who likewise had a son borne in Babylon, his name (as Philo judaeus saith) was Mesezebel: this Salathiel had a son called afterward Barachias or Zorobabel 
Barachias. surnamed Zorababel.  a great man of authority amongst the jews, beloved of God, and by whom God brought his people again to re-edify his temple.  
This Euilmerodach is called in Herodot, Labynitus, where you 
Euilmerodach.  shall read that his wife Nitochris, being a discreet wise woman, and of such commendations for her diligence, policy and wonderful great works & buildings in Babylon, that she was counted another Semiramis, & did much advance her husband's fame for her great actions that she did in Babylon, far 
Herod●…t. lib. 〈◊〉.  otherways then Zenophon, Zonaras, or josephus writes: read the first of Herodot. There reigned after this Euilmerodach the last king of Assyria, a great Idolater named Balthasar: this contemned God, despised his commandments, disdained the instructions of Daniel, though he saw the works of God 
Daniel lived this time and saw the destruction of Babylon.  daily, and heard by Daniel, of the wonders he showed upon Nabuchodonosor: yet he feasted, he banqueted, and commanded to bring him the golden and silver vessels, which his grandfather Nabuchodonosor had brought from the Temple in jerusalem, that he, his wives and his concubines might drink therein. This Balthasar did in great contempt of God, 
Daniel 5.  commit all evil and all idolatry, which for his ingratitude and forgetfulness, Daniel told him what should become of his kingdom, repeating the great goodness of God unto Nabuchodonosor, the majesty, honour, glory, and many kingdoms which God gave him: yea all people, nations, and languages trembled and feared Nabuchodonosor, until he puffed up himself in pride, and hardened his heart against God: then his glory fell, his honour forsook him, his kingdoms lost, himself made like a beast, and his dwelling was with wild asses. All this did Balthasar know, and yet he humbled not himself to God, for the which Gods judgement 
Balthasar the last king of Babylon.  fell upon him, and upon his kingdom: for he was slain, and his kingdom had Cyrus' king of Persia, for that was the full effect of this sentence, Mene, Thekel, Phares, written upon the plaster of the wall of the king's palace by the finger of God, the last destruction of the Chaldeans, and the end of the seventy years captivity before told of Daniel, and prophesied by the rest of the Prophets: here Nabuchodonosor and his posterity ended, and the kingdom of Chaldea translated first unto the Medes, and afterward to the Persians.    

OF THE ORIGINAL beginning of the Egyptians, and of their continuance: of their Kings and governments: why Egypt was called Oceana, or Nilea.  
Now I will go from Assur the son of Sem, and follow Mizraim the son of Cham into Egypt: for from Chus and Mizraim came the Ethiopians and the Egyptians. After that Chus and Mizraim, and their children, at the building of Babel in the land of Shinear had come into Africa, Chus went to Ethiopia with his company, Mizraim possessed Egypt with all his family: this Mizraim is called in histories Oceanus, after whose name Egypt was first named Oceana, though in the Scripture and in the Hebrew histories it was named Mizreia, after the name of Mizraim the son of Cham. I read in Manethon and in others, that from the first coming of Mizraim into Egypt unto Osiris' time, which was 280. years, Egypt had three several names: first Oceana, after the name of Oceanus in Berosus, in Scripture Mizraim: the second name was Aeria, after the name of the river Nilus: the third Aeria which continued until Osiris' time, and after Osiris' time named Osiriana, according to his name, at what time Abraham was in Egypt, until Ramesses time surnamed Egyptus, about the time that the Israelites left Egypt, after Abraham's being in Egypt, four hundred and thirty years. During which time of these four 
Herodot. lib. 2.  several names, Egypt was governed by states and potentates of Dynasteia, a form of a common wealth like unto the state of the Hebrews government by the council of Sanhedrin, or like the Grecians ruled by their Amphictions. But first to speak of the fertility of the soil, the manners of the people, the antiquity of the country, the greatness of their government, & specially of many rare wonders which are in Egypt, more than in any kingdom of the world: for the description of Egypt I refer you (as you have read before of other countries) to Strabo, Pomponius Mela, and Solinus. Egypt was divided into 
Stra●…o. lib. 17. Pompo. Mel●…. lib. 1. Cap. 44.  six several kinds of people: the first three which were kings, priests, and soldiers, governed the state and common wealth of Egypt: the other three served in the country, to use things necessary for the kingdom & for the state, which were husbandmen, craftsmen, & shepherds. Concerning the antiquity 
Diod. lib. 1. 〈◊〉. 3.  of the Egyptians, they contended therein with the Scythians, and with the people of Phrygia: for this opinion the Egyptians hold of their antiquity, and that registered in ancient chronicles, that during their continuance in Egypt, the stars have four times altered their courses, and the sun twice: likewise they have recorded 330. kings to have reigned in Egypt before king Amasis' time, which was king of Egypt, when 
Pompo. Mela. lib. 1.  Cyrus was king of Persia. The vain assertion that the Egyptians held of their antiquity, was of continuance above 13 thousand years (you must understand Lunares annos) Of their superstitious 
The old Egyptians counted a month for a year, sometime 2 sometime 3. & some time four more neths.  religion to their gods, it is set forth by Herodot in all points, how two black pigeons, the one flying to Libya commanded them to build a temple unto jupiter surnamed Hamon, to receive oracles, and to be instructed thereby, aswell by ceremonies in the religion of their gods, as also in manners & living of their country: the other pigeon in Thebes a City of Egypt in like sort commanded an other temple to be builded where the like oracles also should be delivered to them of Thebes. The old priests of Egypt having these warnings 
Herod. lib. 2.  (as they supposed by some power divine) being of greater authority in the beginning then the kings of Egypt were, they began to worship as many gods as they thought good, and yet not to erect images & idols in their temples: for in the greatest & ancientest cities of Egypt, the princes & nobles of the country contended sundry times in the year to offer sacrifice, and to celebrate feasts to these gods, with such solemn rites and ceremonies, as were by the oracles commanded: these great feasts were once every year in these cities.  
The first was in the city of Bubastis in honour of Diana, with such service and ceremonies due unto her: the second in the city of Busiris in the honour of Isis: the third in the city of Sai in the honour of Minerva: the fourth in Heliopolis in the honour of the sun: the fifth in the city of Butis in the honour of Latona: the sixth in the city of Papremis in the honour of Mars. 
Herod. lib. 2.  The manner and order of their sacrifices were very strange: some wounding themselves, some beating and whipping themselves some with torches and lights all night, with processions about the cities, and some with such ceremonies, as I may not well name them, so horrible and so beastly, as they were, and yet fit sacrifices for their gods. The greatest god that the Egyptians universally worshipped, was an Ox marked with white spots, which they called Apis. This Ox is 
Pompo. Mela. lib. 1.  accompanied with a hundred priests in the city of Memphis, where he is hallowed by these priests, & stauled as a god with yearly feasts and daily sacrifice. The people of Egypt solemnize the birth day of Apis, and that day is holden most holy and festival throughout all Egypt, and that feast continueth seven days. Also in the city of Heliopolis they worship another 
Strabo. 17.  Ox, which they name Mneum, as Apis is in Memphis. In the city of Aphodito Politana, they worship a white Ox, as Strabo saith likewise.  
Concerning others of their gods, they are too many for me to write: as of Cats, to whom they attribute much honour, 
Read Diodo. lib. 1. cap. 4.  for that they are under Vulcan, their chief god to defend them from fire, and therefore Cats in Egypt are much esteemed and worshipped as gods: for when any Cat is dead in Egypt, specially in Heliopolis, they wear mourning weeds, and shave their brows, and with great solemnity they are buried. And then next to Cats, Rams, for that 
The sundry gods of Egypt.  jupiter would not be seen unto Hercules in the likeness of a god, unless Hercules would put on a Rams skin, therefore in divers parts of Egypt none might kill a Ram, but the Ram was likewise honoured as a god. So also of the Crocodile, & of the bird Ibis, & of many other beasts which the Egyptians worship as gods, the which is not lawful by the law of Egypt to hurt, much less to kill them.  
In mourning for their dead, they besmear themselves 
Their burials.  with dung and dirt, specially the kinswomen of the dead, they be all bedaubed and bedirted, ranging the streets howling and crying for the space of seventy days: and then with great care & diligence they bury the corpses with great solemnity, in stately and huge buildings, with sharp spires of wonderful great height, named Pyramids: but of the manner of their burial I have set down in my dial of days.  
The strange wonders of Egypt, of their fishes, beasts, and fowls, of their trees, fruits, and of their rivers, they are such 
The wonders of Egypt.  and so many, that if I should begin, I should not know when to end: as to write of bridges builded of stones thirty foot square a piece, of lakes called Chimmis and Meris, bearing woods & forests of 20. mile's compass about: to speak of many rivers, I should weary myself. What should I speak but of one which is Nilus, the only river of the world? of which the Egyptians have as great cause to brag, as India had of Ganges, or Mesopotamia of Euphrates. This Nilus maketh Egypt always either to laugh or to weep: for it is strange in Egypt to see rain.  
In Egypt women plead matters in Courts, and they look to foreign causes, and the men spin and card, and take charge of the house at home: the women bear burdens on their shoulders, and men upon their heads: women standing, and men sitting, do make water in Egypt: also they eat and drink openly without the doors, and do their natural needs within the house.  
These with infinite more strange things shall you 
Herod. lib. 2.  find in Herodotus, but Chronicles do contrary Herodot in many things, and therefore I pass over divers of his fables, and take as much of him as shall agree with Eusebius 
B●…roaldus lib. 4.  and others of the soundest writers: for certainly the Greek histories are far more doubtful than the Latin: for Hellanicus 
josephus lib. 〈◊〉. in Appionem.  differeth from Acusilaus, Acusilaus from Hesiodus, Hesiodus from Hephorus, and Hephorus from Herodot, and Herodot accused of all as most erroneous and fabulous: for how can Greek histories be true, when the Greeks' (saith josephus) do rather seek fables to maintain their opinions, then to travail in antiquity to verify their histories? or how is it possible for profane writers, who were borne two thousand years after the beginning of some kingdoms, to write truly of them, specially of the Chaldeans, Assyrians, Scythians, Egyptians, and others, whose kingdoms were long before scattered and destroyed, if they be not by Moses instructed, or have their light or warrant from the prophetical histories? such confusion 
Errors in all antiquities of profane writers.  is grown by their discord, that their error is great, aswell for the number and names of kings, as also for the time of their continuance and government. I said before, they that are desirous to be acquainted with fables rather than histories, let them read Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, & vain Berosus. But I will and must use them sometimes, and especially in this history of Egypt I must allege Herodot, for he confesseth that he wrote nothing but what he himself had either seen or heard in Egypt of the priests of M●…mphis, whose books were full of old fables, where it was written that 330. kings reigned in Egypt successively. Of these 330. kings, 18. were Ethiopian 
330. kings in Egypt.  kings, the rest Egyptians, and one woman named Nitocris, not Nitocris Queen of Babylon, but an other as famous for her tyranny in Egypt, as she was in Babylon.  
But when Abraham the Patriarch was in Egypt, than Egypt did not so flourish, at what time Pharaoh was punished by God for Sara Abraham's wife. This is the first king that we read of in truth with warrant of the sacred histories of the Bible, 
●…nesis cap. 12.  which is taken to be Osiris by Functius, Melancthon, & others. Of this Osiris many things are written in profane histories, as by his surnames doth appear: for Osiris is called Dionysius, Olympicus, jupiter, & justus: to follow further his genealogy it is vain. This Osiris taught in Egypt first, and after in sundry 
Osiris.  places of the world where he did travail, to blow, to sow, 
The sundry names of Osiris.  to plant vines, and to do many things, which yet the world knew not. The Egyptians honoured this Osiris so much, that they caused his statue or image to be made at large in a table or pillar of ivory, & his picture was made like a sceptre with two eyes, with all fowls, fishes, and beasts that were consecrated unto the gods of Egypt, as monuments of triumphs unto Osiris, with this sentence written: Ego sum Osiris jupiter justus, qui universo imperavi orbi: divers of these sceptres were made & put in tables of Alabaster, ivory, & Ebony, in divers countries where he travailed, leaving behind him his sister & his wife Isis to govern Egypt. This time began the 16. Dynasteia of Egypt, which were potentates & states, who governed Egypt in many places: some endured 100 some 200. years, & some 
Diod●…r. lib. 2. Isis.  300. years, some more some less: they were in Egypt as the Chiliarchi were with the Hebrews, as the Amphictions with the Grecians, and as the Senators with the Romans: but when the kings of Egypt began to be mighty & strong, the state of the potentates began to be diminished, but it still continued under 
Polimarchi chief officers with the king in wars.  the kings of Egypt as chief governors, which the Grecians called Polemarchi. I will begin of Osiris the first king of Egypt: yet Diodorus nameth Mena the first king of Egypt, which Berosus call Oceanus, which is Mizraim with the Hebrews. This Osiris was married to Isis called juno Egypt: for profane writers name the first kings & queens of every country by the name of Satur. jupiter, juno, Ceres, etc. This Isis is supposed to be called Ceres, for that she affirmeth of herself this sentence written under divers pictures of Isis in tables & pillars set up in Egypt, Ego sum Isis Egypti Regina, à Mercurio erudita, uxor Osiridis, matter regis Ori: gaude Bubastia, gaude Egypte, quae me nutristi: these words were graved in a pillar of brass called Columna Isidis: read of this more in Dio. Sic. Orus the 2. king of Egypt succeeded 
Diodo. Siculus. lib. 1. cap. 1. Orus the 2. king.  his father Osiris: this taught the Egyptians many things, read lectures of Astronomy, and the first that instructed the rude people to observe the orders & course of the stars: likewise he made many good laws amongst the Egyptians, and made them acquainted with the true God, whom Abraham being then in Egypt confessed & preached, with whom king Orus seemed to have conference, & was taught by Abraham to acknowledge 
Melancth. lib. 2. Chron.  the power of God, having had sensible trial thereof, of his father's punishment, & the plague thereby that happened by his injurious dealing with Sara: this made this king to honour Abraham much, yet in his father's days Abraham 
Of Abraham being in Egypt.  made no long stay in Egypt. It seemed that Abraham had some liking to this Orus before he was king, to whom he revealed instructions both to know God & his creatures, whereby after he was made king: and he taught in Egypt those good things which Abraham instructed him, whereby he was called in Egypt Orus the great. Melanthon saith, he had a son called Bocchoris: 
Orus surnamed the great.  after Bocchoris, Busiris, who builded Thebes in Egypt, setting forth the kings of Egypt, Herodotus doth not observe lineally their succession, nor Functius in his table, nor Manethon an Egyptian priest, & only chronographer for the kings of Egypt, wherein no true lineal success may be set down of the old kings of Egypt, until Amasis, where Herodotus omitteth many things of Egypt, & beginneth to make relation of the kings of Egypt from Chiopes the first year of Persusennes, which was in the beginning of the 11. jubilee after Moses, Menathon the history is mentioned by josephus, & the names of the Egyptian kings laid down to Ramases, which with him is Sethosis, beginneth from Ramesses surnamed Egyptus, who usurped the kingdom, having banished thence his brother Danaus.  
He setteth down that the land of Egypt was then the 
Lib. 2.  fourth time called Mizraim, at what time as Cornelius Tacitus and others say, the names of Pharaoh's first began: so Manethon affirmeth.  
But it doth appeate by josephus against Appian, a schoolmaster of Alexandria, that the history of Egypt is patched and forged by Manethon & Cheremon, two chief ancient Chronographers, 
Ios●…ph lib. 1. in A●…pion.  that for true histories generally remain but fables: he layeth down the errors of Manethon written by himself in these words: At what time Timaus reigned king in 
Manet●…n lib. 3. Egyptia●…orū.  Egypt (saith Appian) came certain people a base nation from the East, and began to inhabit & to build, & to grow strong in Egypt, so that they made them a king to govern them, the which was called Saltis: this came to Memphis, & to Sais, two great towns in Egypt, seated himself in those towns, and brought the princes about to pay to them tribute, used great cruelty, slew & made havoc of much people in Egypt. After that Saltis reigned nineteen years in Egypt he died, after 
Manethon lib. 2. Egyptian.  whom succeeded five other kings, which in all were six, whose names I set down to your view.  

1 Saltis which reigned 19 years.  
2 Baeon which reigned 44. years.  
3 Apachnas which reigned 36. years.  
4 jamas reigned 50. years.  
5 Apochis reigned 61. years.  
6 Assis reigned 49. years.   
These six kings reigned first over these base people (as Manethon writeth) which were called in Egypt Hicsos shepherds: they and their posterity after them reigned in Egypt five hundredth and eleven years, until the time of Alisfragmutosis, 
Alisfragmuto.  by whom they wererepulsed and constrained to dwell within a place called Auaris, the proportion of ten thousand acres: this compass they held, & fortified many strong walls and forts: these shepherds (as Manethon saith) stood upon their defence, until Temosine the king's son to Alisfragmutosis laid siege to their forts with four hundred & eight 
480000.  score thousand ready in arms against these Hicsos, with whom the king of Egypt concluded peace, upon condition to departed whither they would without harm or hurt, so that they would departed out of Egypt.  
These people forced in this sort to the number of two hundred & forty thousand, to pass through Egypt with all their possession with them, took their journey through the deserts of Syria, and fearing the power of the Assyrians which at that time governed all Asia, they builded a Town for them to dwell in in judea, called jerusalem: this nation was called in Manethon, Hicsos pastors reges: this squareth far from the 
Manethon call●…th the Hebrew, Hicsos.  history of Moses concerning their dwellings being of the Hebrews in Egypt. After the departure of these Hebrews out of Egypt, these many kings reigned successively, as Manethon orderly setteth them down.  

1 Alisfragumtosis.  
2 Temusi. 25. years.  
3 Chebron. 13. years.  
4 Amenophis. 20. years 7. months.  
5 Amesses the sister of Amenophis, governed Egypt after her brother 21. years.  
6 Mephres 12. years and 9 months.  
7 Mephramutosis reigned 25. years.  
8 Thmosis 9 years and 8. months.  
9 Amenophis the 2. of that name, reigned 30. years 10. months.  
10 Orus 3. years and 5. months.  
11 Acencheres Orus, daughter after her father, reigned 12. years.  
12 Rathotis reigned 9 years.  
13 Acencheres. 12. years.  
14 Acencheres the 2. reigned 12. years and 3. months.  
15 Armais reigned 4. years.  
16 Armesis reigned one year.  
17 Armesesmiamus reigned 66. years.  
18 Amenophis the 3. of that name. 19 years.  
19 Sethosis was the 19 king of Egypt after the going out of these Shepherds out of Egypt, which was 393. years from Tomusis, until Sethosis.   
This Sethofis was mighty & strong on sea, and upon land: he prepared an huge army against the Cyprians, Phoenicians, and after against the Assyrians and the Medes, committing the government of Egypt to his brother named Armais, which is also called Danaus: he delivered all Egypt under his brother, charging him to abstain from his concubines, and not in any wise to abuse himself in any thing belonging to the crown of Egypt: but as●…oone as Sethosis took his voyage, so soon Armais rebelled, took the Diadem, imprisoned the Queen Sethosis wife, and did what he pleased in Egypt. 
Maneth●…n lib. 3. Egyptian.   
The king being of this certified, returned in haste, drove his brother Armais out of his kingdom, and at that time named the Country after his own name Egypt: (for so was Sethosis surnamed Egyptus.)  
Thus far Manethon in his own book of the history of Egypt doth write, wherein he seemeth to be fabulous in the histories of the Hebrews, and in the setting down the names of the kings of Egypt, after the departure of the shepherds (as he termeth them) to vary much from others: but in truth it is hard to set down in order either the kings of Egypt or of Scythia, for the antiquity of time, beside their close government in their Dynasties, which the Egyptians had in number twenty & one, and therefore their three hundred and thirty kings are written in Herodot not named, but passed over in silence under the government of so many Dynasteias: neither doth Manethon name them.  
The like is written of Cheremon another old writer of the Egyptian histories, to whom the goddess Isis appeared in a 
Cherem●….  vision, finding fault that her temple was not rebuilded: and opening secrets and oracles to Cheremon. Concerning their kings of Egypt, of their fables and mere ignorance in their own histories, I need not much to stand upon, but refer you to josephus, where he at large unfoldeth their folly, opening 
josephus lib. 12. contra Appion●….  their own Chronicles against themselves, and therefore I will let Manethon, and Cheremon, and others, as Herodot, and Diodorus Siculus, that writ of the kings of Egypt, to stand to their fables.  
We read in Genesis of Pharaoh in Abraham's time, which 
Dynasteia p●…siorum.  is sufficient to discharge them both. The kingdom of Egypt was (as I said before) governed by a state called Dynasteia: for after Osiris which governed Egypt in the sixteen Dynasteia, which continued a hundred and ninety years, after Osiris' government the seventeenth Dynastia began, as Eusebius 
No mention of kings in their Dynast.  setteth it down, and continued a hundred and three years: during that time of government, potentates and magistrates reigned and governed in Egypt, without any mention made of kings as yet to any purpose.  
But as the priests of Egypt have written in their Chronicles as I said before from Menes time the first king of Egypt, as Herodot saith, the priests have recorded three hundred and thirty kings, of the which many of them have passed obscurely without any speech made of them in that kind of government called Dynastia: for I find in Functius table twenty one Dynastias of the names of those that governed, and of their government during that time: Eusebius and Manethon with others, omitted not to write the number of these Dynasties, and yet past with silence the names of their kings, until the eighteen Dynastia, the names of Pharaos' were not known, then began the kings of Egypt to be surnamed Pharaos'.  
About the time of the going of jacob into Egypt two hundred 
The first names of Phar●…es.  and fifteen years after that Abraham his grandfather had been there, at what time reigned Baleus the younger, the eleventh king of the Assyrians, than reigned in Egypt Amasis 
Amasis.  the first that was called Pharaoh 25. years, after him succeeded 
Chebron. Amenophis.  Chebron, and Amenophis, the one reigned 13. years, and the other 21. after these three kings reigned in Egypt Mephres 
Mephres.  12. years, in whose time joseph died after he had lived a hundred and ten years, and of that age he ruled and governed all Egypt 80. years. Then reigned in Assyria Mamitus the 13. king: after this succeeded in Egypt two other kings, the one named Mispharmutosis, who reigned 26. years, the 
Mispharmutosis. Thutemosis.  other named Thutemosis, who governed Egypt 9 years.  
About this time Kittim having driven his brother Hesperus, who reigned then king in Celtiberia into Italy, usurped his kingdom, and reigned thirteen years after him over the Celtiberians: and after that Kittim left his son Sicorus in Celtiberia, and passed into Italy, where he reigned and was surnamed Italus, whom the Greeks' named Atlas, of whom I wrote in the history of Italy more at large with sufficient warrant of the Bible: for he is in divers places of the Scripture spoken of by the name of Kittim. By this time reigned king in Egypt Amenophis the second king of that name, a cruel king and most tyrannical: for he made a decree in Egypt, that 
Amenophis.  all the male children of the Hebrews should be drowned in Nilus by a straight commandment given to the midwives, who notwithstanding in all points obeyed not the king, for they were by God directed otherways, as it is read of the birth of Moses, and of the providence of God in saving of 
Moses was borne 350 years after the calling of Abraham from Vr.  him. This Moses now borne within eighty years after, was by God appointed to deliver his countrymen from thraldom, slavery, and tyranny, and to plague Egypt with most extreme punishment worthily.  
There is a history written of this king Amenophis, called 
Functius.  of some Memnon, that his image graven in stone continued until the coming of Christ, which continually at sun rising 
Diod. lib. 1. Herod. lib. 2.  seemed to sound a voice like a man. This tyranny continued in Egypt almost one hundred years: for when this cruel king Amenophis died, succeeded him a more cruel king than he named Busiris, as Melancthon and Diodorus say, 
Busiris.  who plagued the poor Hebrews with death in like sort as Amenophis did, and kept them in slavery and misery, with toil and task to make brick to work monstrous huge Pyramids, whipping and scourging them, using them with all bondage and slavery: some say that Mercurius Trismegistus, 
Mercurius. Trismegistus.  a grave Philosopher of Egypt this time flourished, though by Suidas affirmed that this Mercurius lived before Abraham's time in Egypt.  
After Busiris reigned king in Egypt Acengeres twelve years, and after him Achorus reigned nine years, using the like tyranny 
Acengeres.  to the Hebrews as before, until the time of king Chencres, 
Achorus.  who far excelled his predecessors in tyranny and 
Chencres.  blasphemy: this was that Pharaoh that resisted God & his servant Moses, and therefore was drowned in the red sea, and all the peers of Egypt with him. Read of this king more in Exodus: the most part of Egypt was at this time with Chencres Pharo 
Exodus cap. 14.  drowned, and Egypt was left very scant of any great states, and therefore began to rise divers seditions for a time in Egypt, after the departure of the Hebrews until Rameses' time, which is surnamed Aegyptus.  
This time began Dardanus his kingdom in Dardania afterward called Troy, at what time reigned in Assyria Ascatides 
Rameses.  the eighteenth king: in Athens Cranaus the second king. And over the Argives Crotopas their eight king.  

CHAP. II.  
Of the kings of Egypt after Ramesses time surnamed Aegyptus ' at what time Oceana was called Egypt, after the name of Aegyptus, before Mizreia.  
NOw after the great overthrow of the Egyptians in the red sea, after a while began to reign in Egypt Ramesses, surnamed Aegyptus, after whose name Egypt was then called, as Manethon writeth: for at the first, Egypt was named Oceana, or Mizreia, 
The names of Egypt.  and the second time it was named Aerea, and now the third time called Egypt, as you read before. This Aegyptus after he had vanquished his brother Danaus, he usurped upon the Egyptians, and reigned king of Egypt 68 years: for Egypt had not recovered her former state as yet, since the overthrow of Chencres and all the states of Egypt, who perished in the red Sea pursuing the Israelites.  
Of this, Manethon seemeth most ignorant, saying that the 
Manethon.  shepherds were driven out of Egypt, for some natural foul filthy disease as leprosy, which the Israelites had, affirming 
Mos●… called Onarsyphus.  that Moses was an Egyptian, borne in the city of Heliopolis, and that he was named Onarsiphus, and became leprous and 
Mane●…hon lib. 3. Aegyptiorum.  then went to the Israelites, which every where Manethon nameth Hicsos, shepherds or captives, and became conversant with them, and was driven out of Egypt with them.  
In the beginning of this Aegyptus reign, Moses died, after whom succeeded josua the second judge of Israel. This time reigned in Assyria Amintes their 19 king. Also Dionysius otherwise Bacchus, whom the Greeks' call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, subdued India, and builded a town after his own name called Nisa, in remembrance of his great victories that he had over the Indians.  
Now succeeded in Egypt Myris or Moeris, as Herodotus doth 
Myris.  call him: this king restored Egypt again, and recovered strength and great power, and builded many notable and famous monuments worthy to be remembered: he brought the river Nilus, being out of hope to be repaired, in course again: he made the lake Miris of such wonderful bigness, that he far excelled the rest of the kings before him. This Myris made the Labirinths of Egypt, which after Dedalus taking an example of those Labirinths, made the like in Crete, imitating Myris in all points: he builded such monuments for Vulcan in Egypt, as Herodotus calleth them, Digna Vulcano vestibula, 
H●…rodot. lib. 2.  where you may read more.  
This king reigned forty years in Egypt, and had a son 
Melanc●…hon lib. 2.  succeeded him, of no less fame than himself, named Sesostris, of whom the priests of Egypt spoke much: he began to augment the kingdom of Egyyt with divers victories over 
S●…sostris.  the Syrians, Phoenicians, Thracians, Scythians, and the most part of Asia. This king only conquered Aethiopia, and was king proclaimed both of Egypt and Aethiopia: this king waxed strong on land and sea: he made more monuments of his victories in divers strange kingdoms, leaving behind him his statues and Images erected up in foreign countries: some of them Herodotus doth affirm to have seen in his days, 
Herod. lib. 2.  which lived about Xerxes' time: one he saw in Palestina cut in a large stone with letters written round about his picture. And about jonia he saw two statues or pictures of this king Sesostris, the one between jonia and the city of Eph●…sus, the other as men go from Sardinia into Smirna: he was cut in two great high stones of five cubits length, holding in his right hand a spear, and in the left hand a bow, being in all 
Melanc●…n lib. 2 Chron.  points of his apparel armed like an Egyptian, with this sentence written between his two shoulders in the Egyptian tongue, I have carried this Country upon my shoulders. Some take 
S●…rabo 17.  these statues to be Memnon, but the priests of Egypt affirmed that it was Sesostris in his return from his victories into Egypt, even he that carried kings captives bound to his chariot from town to town, from country to country. In Aethopia and Egypt he had many of these pictures, and many statues set upon pillars and arches, according to the manner of Egyptian triumphs.  
This king was so honoured in Egypt, and his statues after 
Sesos●…ris the only Hercules of Eg●…pt.  his death so esteemed, that when Darius Histaspis long after that time came into Egypt, being by his predecessor Cambyses conquered & brought into subjection under the Persians, yet he was not suffered by the priests of Vulcan to put his statue above the picture of Sesostris in Memphis, affirming that Sesostris had conquered as many countries, and gotten as many victories as Darius had: and beside, Sesostris had overthrown the strong and invincible Scythians, which Darius never could: which speeches Darius took in good part, and would not revenge, though well he might.  
This Sesostris is named in Functius table, Amenophis, imitating Manethon the Egyptian writer, where he is set down to be the third in that government Dynastia. Larthes is a name likewise of dignity, as were Pharaos', before the governors and potentates: for in the first government of Larthes which endured 194. years, Zetus was the first (as Manethon affirmeth) 
4. Larth●….  and reigned 55. years. After Zetus succeeded in this kind of government Ranses Larthes, which governed 66. years: after 
Dynastia Larthes 194.  whom succeeded this king Sesostris the third Larthes, which reigned 40. years.  
The fourth Larthes was named Phero, the son of this Sesostris 
Larthes were governors and principali●…ie in Egypt.  of which I spoke last. Herodotus reciteth a history of this Phero, that it happened to him to become blind, and so continued 11. years: at what time he was instructed by the oracle of Butis, to find out a temperate chaste woman which had never known carnality, but only one man, and that he should wash his eyes with this woman's urine, and he should receive again his sight. This Phero Larthes making great speech and search for such a woman, after many vain trials, he found one woman whose urine healed him, whom (after he had his sight) he married, and caused all those women whose water could not help him, to be brought into the city called Rubragleba red clay, where both they and the city were commanded by the king to be burned.  
After this Phero Larthes succeeded Thuoris, the fift and last Larthes of those Potentates: this king is named in Diodorus, Cetes, which the Greeks' (as Melancthon saith) called Proteus, 
Proteus named Cetes.  for divers illusions which he used in magic, whose temple was long seen after his death in Memphis. To this king came Paris Priamus son, at what time he ravished Helen Menelaus wife, from Sparta to Greece, and was driven of force into Egypt, of his hard welcome there, and of the kings-commandement to Alexander to departed from Egypt, with threatening of death unless he would be gone within three days with all Grecians with him, saving that the king stayed Helen in Egypt, where Menelaus came after the siege of Troy, and 
joseph. lib. 1. contra. Appio.  was honourably received by Proteus the king, and welcomed of his wife Helen. Others writ that Menelaus and Helen went both together after Troy was destroyed, by force of tempest 
Herodot. lib. 2.  into Egypt: it is not much material.  
Now while these five potentates called Larthes reigned in Egypt, which continued for the space of one hundredth ninety and four years, it began in the second jubilee, at what time Lamprides the two and twentieth king reigned in Egypt, and Tros the third king reigned in Troy, Proteus the thirteenth king reigned over the Argives, and Shamgar judged Israel.  
This government of Larthes ended when Tautanes the 28. king of the Assyrians reigned, and when Abdon the twelfth 
〈◊〉. 〈◊〉.  judge judged Israel. After this government of Larthes, Manethon writeth of another kind of potentates, which continued 177. years, whom Functius followeth, and reciteth not one king that reigned in Egypt during that time, but he rehearseth who flourished most, and who governed chief in Chaldea, Assyria, and in other kingdoms, and maketh no mention of any king in Egypt during 177. years, and therefore I will return to Herodotus, whom Melancthon doth follow in this, and write of those kings orderly as I find them: this kind of potentates began three hundredth and thirty years after Israel departed out of Egypt.  
About which time, Troy was destroyed by the Grecians, about 
Ann●… Mundi 1783.  ten years before the sixth jubilee, and in the seventh year of Thuoris king of Egypt, otherwise called Proteus. The kingdom of the Latins began this time, when that Aeneas with his son Ascanius after Troy was destroyed came to king Latinus, where reigned five kings before Aeneas came, by the name of kings of the Latins, of whom I wrote in that history.  
But now to the kings of Egypt: for after that Proteus died, 
Ram●…sinitus.  the kingdom happened to Rampsinitus a king of the greatest wealth that ever reigned in Egypt, whose treasures were such, that he invented to build some strong place for his treasure: and having cunning and subtle workmen to build this work: one of them perceiving the infinite treasure that the king should put there, made a stone of that bigness that two men might remove it, and likewise of that length & breadth, that a man might creep well through the place of that stone being thence removed. Before this fellow died, he 
Good instructions of the father to his sons.  opened to his two sons how they might have treasure enough in removing such a stone, which he for that purpose had made. When he had taught them in all points to know this stone, and how to bring their purpose to pass, he died, and they practised the father's counsel, and found as their father told them twice or thrice. In continuance of time the king also found that much of his treasure was taken away: he invented by some policy the next time to prevent them: engines and snares were laid for them, in the which one of the two brothers being taken fast, called for his other brother and willed him to cut off his head, lest he should be known thereby, and so likewise lose his life.  
This being done, the king came the next time into his treasury, and found a dead man without a head, and musing much who it should be, devised in this sort, that this body 
Herodotus lib. 2.  should be hanged upon some gibbet with men to watch and to see who would weep, and who should take him away. The mother of this dead man within a while after threatened her son, that unless he would bury his brother, she would reveal unto the king the whole matter: he also (to please his mother) devised to save himself, & invented means to make the watchmen drunken, and took his brother from the tree 
Wine must be used, and not abused.  the watchmen being asleep, & after returned to the watchmen, feigned himself drunken, and to have slept with them.  
The king perceiving that he was deceived, punished the watchmen, & mused how he might know how these things came to pass, or who should take him away: then he invented this policy, having only one daughter, he promised she should lie with any man in the king's house that could tell any likeness of this matter, or any else within Egypt, and should be his wife afterward. Every man was willing to have the king's daughter to wife, but none could advertise her how these things were done. The thief at length that rob the king of his treasure, that did cut his brother's head in the treasury, and after deceived the king's watch and stole him from the gibbet, he thought once again to try his skill for 
Rewards do try skills.  a king's daughter: he went to his brother late dead, and cut off his hand, and carried it under his cloak, and went into a dark chamber into the king's daughter as the custom was, and told her the whole matter how it was, that he did all things, robbed the king, killed his brother, made the watchmen drunken, and buried his brother. She hearing this, laid 
A pretty devise.  hand upon him in the chamber: and seeking his hand in the dark to lead him to her father, he secretly conveyed the dead man's hand into her hand, and conveyed himself away: and she thought that she had him by the hand all the way as she went to her father, until she came to the light and saw she was deceived.  
The king being deceived three times before, made a general decree throughout all Egypt, making good his promise by an oath, that he should marry his daughter whosoever he was, if he would come unto the king and confess his faults, for the king was amazed at these great enterprises: for (saith 
Theft rewarded with the marriage of a king's daughter.  the king Rampsinitus) the Egyptians in truth excel all other nations in policy and wit, but this passeth all the Egyptians: and therefore the king married his daughter unto this cunning thief, as to a man of great knowledge and wisdom.  
After this king Rampsinitus died, succeeded Cheops, a king 
Cheops.  of great wickedness: during this king's time, Egypt so mourned, that their temples were shut, their sacrifices stayed, 
Herodotus lib. 2.  and all Egypt by this king put to toil and slavery, almost in the like state as the poor Hebrews were in Moses time, carrying great huge stones, to build monstrous and vain works: he had a hundredth thousand men, to make up one Pyramids, who continued in this work twenty years: the charges thereof (as Herodotus affirmeth) for roots, garlic and onions only, beside all other meat, came to one thousand six hundredth talents of silver, so that the work being great, & the people many, Cheops thereby fell to want, and 
Cheops daughter.  having not to perform his work, forced his daughter by her body to gain as much as she could, to finish the work begun: but she for a memorial of herself, sought of every man a stone, & she had thereby so many stones, as she herself caused an other Pyramids to be made equal to the highest.  
This foolish king as it is thought to avoid idleness amongst the people, occupied them in these vain and monstrous works, as places and sepulchers for kings burials: for until the time of Rampsinitus, all things prospered in Egypt. This Cheops after he had reigned 50. years died, after whom succeeded his brother named Cephrim, a king no less hateful 
〈◊〉.  to the people of Egypt then his brother was, who in like sort used them with toil, and with all kind of bondage as Cheops did, and therefore the like praise they had. For after they had reigned both an hundred six years, during which time Egypt suffered great calamity, they disdained after their death to call them by the names of kings, but suffered shepherds to lodge in their stately Pyramids, loathing once to think upon these two kings.  
By this time ended the government of 177. under the potentates, during which time many things happened in other kingdoms, as erection of the kingdom of Israel after Samsons time their last judge, by appointing Saul their first king, 
Saul.  about the 60. years of these last potentates of Egypt. At what time the kings of Peloponesus in Greece, and their government of Monarchia ended, & priests which were called Carni were appointed magistrates. After 26. kings had reigned in Scicionum, about the 80. of this government, the kingdom of Lacedemonia 
Egypt often governed by Potentates and p●…incipalitie called Dynasteia.  and the kingdom of Corinth began both at one time: at what time reigned in Athens Codrus their last king: after whom the state altered into the government of judges, in the 114. year of this Dynastia, during which time reigned in Assyria four kings, and over the Albans, otherwise called 
Herodlot. lib. 2.  the Latins reigned six kings: this was the twenty dynasty of the Egyptians: this began ten years before the sixth jubilee, and ended 19 years after the beginning of the ninth jubilee.  
In Egypt governed by this time Mycerinus or Cerinus (in 
Mycerinus.  Diodorus) the son of Cheops, a just king and gentle, using the people with much more clemency then either his father or his uncle did before him: he opened the temples, which of an hundredth and six years were shut up, he restored all Egypt into her former liberty, which had been long in calamity and misery under his father: he commanded the people to be free from their taxes and toils, and used them with greatlenitie: he judged justly, and showed himself such a king, that all the Egyptians thought themselves happy of his government: for he loathed tyranny and cruelty, and was much ashamed of his father's reproach amongst the people.  
This Mycerinus in the midst of his good government 
Mycerinus.  had only one daughter, that died, of whom her father (to show the great love which he bore unto her) made such a monument for her burial, that it past all the burials of the kings of Egypt: he caused a coffin of the likeness of an ox to be made, set over all with gold, wherein he laid his daughter, and hanged the same up from the ground in his palace at the city of Sai, where every day the priests came with frankincense and other sweet odours, to do sacrifice: the ox of Apis, which was the God of Memphis, and the 
Apis.  ox Mneum which was the God of Heliopolis, were not so set forth as this ox of Sai, where Mycerinus daughter 
Mneum.  was buried.  
another misfortune was denounced by an Oracle unto Mycerinus, that he likewise should be buried within six years after his daughter, for that he altered the state of Egypt, 
Egypt ruled by Oracles.  and eased the Egyptians from such bondage as they were to abide for an hundredth and fifty years, of the which Cheops and Cephrim two brethren performed an hundredth and six, remaining yet behind forty and four years of the calamity, which by an Oracle was appointed for Egypt: and to seek to please the Oracle, Mycerinus became a little better than his father Cheops, or his uncle Cephrim, two tyrants that plagued Egypt.  
After this king, the priests of Egypt do set down a king named Asichis, of whom I find in Herodotus, that he passed the 
Asichis.  rest of the kings of Egypt in building and vexing of his subjects, in so much that he made one Pyramids to excel the rest, with this inscription, This Pyramids doth pass the rest as far as jupiter doth excel the rest of the gods. This king is named also Anisis in Melancthon and in Functius, but in Herodotus, Anisis, 
Anisis.  or Asichis, a king who came not to be king of Egypt by succession of blood, but by election of the priests, who after he had reigned six years, was driven out of Egypt by Sabacus an Aethiopian, which reigned after Anisis 50. years 
Sabacus.  king of Egypt: this king is called Sesac in the book of the Kings, of whom you may read more: for in the fift year of Roboam 
3. Reg. cap. 14.  king of juda this Sesac king of Egypt is spoken of.  
After Sabacus, succeeded Sethon a priest of Vulcan: this king 
Sethon.  after many overthrows, being left and forsaken of his own people, made his complaint to Vulcan, of whom he was certified in a dream, that he should have aid and help, if he would meet the king of Arabia and his army, and give him battle. Being thus encouraged, with a small company of Egyptians 
Melancthon lib. 2. Chron.  that followed him, he camped before the city of Pelusium, where the army of the Arabians pitched their tents: while the first night they lay in their tents, rats, vermin, and myse, of all the country about, devoured their arrows, their bowstrings, their quivers, their targets, & their instruments which they prepared for the wars, so that the Arabians in the next morning fled. In memory of this victory, Sethon when he died, caused 
Herod. lib. 2.  himself to be buried in the temple of Vulcan, and commanded that his statue should be made in a stone, with a rat in his hand, with this sentence written about it, In me quis intuens pius 
Herodotus fabulous.  esto. In that place where Herodotus doth entreat of this Sethon, he seemed very fabulous, & saith, that the Isle of Foemis swimmeth on a lake, and that the priests of Egypt affirm, that from the first king of Egypt until this king's time, 341. kings are past, which are 11. more kings than Manethon before affirmed: during which time the sun four times altered his course; rising in the West, and going down in the East, with such other vain and frivolous fables concerning their antiquities.  
This Sethon is named of Eusebius, Spethon, with whom Manethon 
josephus lib. 10. cap. 1.  supposeth in his chronicles, that it was he that Sannaherib had wars with, and after overthrew him: for I read in Eusebius and josephus, who make mention of one Tarachus king of Aethiopia, which came to aid Sethon king of Egypt against Sanneherib, at what time God had raised many enemies to plague Israel and juda for their transgressions against their God, which so mercifully had saved them oftentimes, as Assar, Salmanasser, which in the histories of the Prophets is called Tiglat Assar, to whose hands God gave over Samaria, and ten tribes of Israel, and afterward jerusalem to the hands of Nabuchodonosor, with the other two tribes of juda & Benjamin: for both the kings, of Assyria and of Egypt, made a prey of juda, as in the history of the Assyrians is more at large declared.  
In Egypt after Sethon the priest of Vulcan died, the government 
Diodorus lib. 1.  changed between 12. Princes which should equally govern the whole kingdom of Egypt, & so did for 15. years, as Diodorus affirmeth. After this, one of the 12. princes obtained into his own hand the whole kingdom, and governed 54. years after, augmenting the confines of Egypt by the aid of certain Grecians, which against their wills were driven into Egypt by a tempest, with whom Psammiticus entered into friendship, and came thereby to be king of Egypt.  
To these Grecians did the king give a country to dwell in, far from Nilus: with these Greeks' Psammiticus commanded 
Psammiticus.  that certain young gentlemen of Egypt should be brought up in the Greek tongue, which afterward made Egypt acquainted therewith. While yet Psammiticus was one of the 12. magistrates, before he became king, these 12. consented to make some monument in memory of their government, & therefore they erected many huge & strange works, as pillars, porches, labyrinths, Pyramids, temples, & other sumptuous buildings: they also studying how to pass these monuments, invented to make a Labyrinth upon the lake of Meris, not far from 
A Labyrinth.  the city of Crocodiles: for so the Egyptians had cities according to the names of those fowls, fishes, and beasts, which they had honoured for their gods, and had erected temples for sacrifices in these cities: and though the temple of Diana in Ephesus, & the temple of juno in Samos were huge & monstrous 
P●…ramides and Labirinthes were made for king's burials.  for their bigness, yet the Pyramids of Egypt were far more greater. But the Labyrinth far excelled this greatest Pyramids: for within this Labyrinth were chambers, parlours, halls and 
A Labyrinth described.  other rooms, to the number of three thousand, whereof an hundredth and fifty were made under the ground, and the other above ground, with such artificial work, with the pictures and likeness of all kind of creatures, that it far excelled all the monuments of Egypt: and the place whereupon it was made and builded, was a lake of three thousand six hundredth furlongs, which are three hundredth seventy and five miles, which is more wonderful than the Labyrinth itself. Herodoti fabula. 
Herodotus lib. 2.   
But now to the king Psammiticus again, who having long laid siege to Azotum a city of Syria, and after many years overthrown (for it was the longest siege that ever endured which may be read of;) Psammiticus died: after whom succeeded his son Necho, of whom the Prophets make true mention, and therefore Herodotus, Diodorus, and others, may be the better spared being profane writers, because he and his doings is mentioned in the sacred histories: of whom the Prophets write, that the wrath of God was ripe to give judgement against Egypt at this time: for Egypt had so long offended the Lord with their vain superstition and idolatry.  
Now Necho was cried out upon by the Prophet Ezechiel, 
Ezechiel 30.  which was by the river Perath, and gave sentence against all Egypt in this sort: howl and cry, woe be unto Egypt, the sword shall come upon Egypt, and fear shall come upon Aethiopia. Pathros shall be desolate, and fire shall be in Zoan, (which is Taphnis.) Thus the Prophet cried out again, I will power out my wrath upon Shin, (which is named in histories, Pelusium) and I will destroy the multitude of No, the young men of Auen, (which 
The city of No, is now called Alexandria.  is otherwise called Heliopolis) and of Phibeseth (which is also named of old, Pubastum) shall fall by the sword.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the last kings of Egypt by the name of Pharaos', which continued a thousand two hundredth years: and of the first conquering of Egypt by Cambyses the second king of Persia.  
THis time great wars grew between the Assyrians and the Egyptians: the greatness of both these kingdoms, which then were the only kingdoms of the world, were destroyed by the sword: for so the Prophet said, that Egypt should be the reward of the king of Babylon, for his labour which he took against Tyrus, and so it was performed in Necho: after much mischief that 
Necho.  he had done to Israel, he was delivered into the hands of Nabuchodonosor, for so the Lord said, I will strengthen the arms of Nabuchodonosor, and the arms of Pharaoh shallbe weakened. Of this, Necho and Aprie the last Pharaos' mentioned in Scripture had full trial: for Necho reigned seventeen years, and left behind him a son named Psammis which reigned 6. years, 
Psammis.  and making war with the Aethiopians died. About this time Phaortes king of the Medes with all his army was overthrown by the Assyrians, at what time the Scythians entered into Asia, spoiled and wasted almost to the country of Palestina. Tullus Hostilius the third king of Rome died in the beginning of the reign of Necho. Herodotus doth place Apries the son of this 
Apries.  Psammis. This king for a time prospered like his grandfather Psammiticus: but I will admit Herodotus to speak of this king Apries for the like cause as before: for I find that he is called in jeremy, Hophra. To this king many of jerusalem fled 
jeremy 44. cap.  from the hand of Nabuchodonosor, where they were as well entertained as with Nabuchodonosor, for so the Prophet said, that the sword should follow them into Egypt, and Pharaoh should destroy all that fled from Nabuchodonosor, who at that very time took the city, and brought all juda captive into Babylon, though jeremy persuaded the contrary: yet they of juda vowed to burn incense unto the Queen of heaven, and unto the gods of Egypt: but the God of Abraham and Isaac gave them over to the sword, and destroyed them with famine. And after that Apries had fed his tyranny against the jews, and had slain the Prophet jeremy: afterward he overthrew Sidon, besieged tire, and had done great harm in judea, and 
Melancthon lib. 2. Chron.  the word of the Lord came unto him, saying, I will give Pharaoh Hophra king of Egypt into the hands of his enemies, and into the hands of them that seek his life, even into the hands of Nabuchodonosor. Though Herodotus affirmeth (as other profane 
Herodotus lib. 2.  histories do,) that Apries was after the overthrow of Sydon, forsaken of his people, and vanquished by Amasis at Memphis, and carried captive from Memphis into Sais, into his own palace before.  
But now Amasis reigned king in Egypt, and ruler of Apries throne: thus Apries after he had reigned thirty five years, died by the hands of his enemies. During the reigns of these two last kings Necho and Apries, which was fifty three years, many destructions of countries and cities happened, as the destruction of Ninive, and also Assyria by Ciaxeres' king of the Medes, the destruction of Jerusalem, and all judea by Nabuchodonosor king of Babylon, and the wars between the Chaldeans and the Egyptians, which continued seven and twenty years, the victory whereof fell to the king of Babylon, as the Prophet before had said, I will give the land 
Ezechiel cap. 29.  of Egypt into the hand of Nabuchodonosor, for wages to his Army.  
This time reigned in Rome, Ancus Martius the fourth king, 
Ancus Martius.  and Tarqvinius Priscus the fifth king. Europus reigned now the seventh king of Macedonia, and in Lydia Haliates their eight king. Hitherunto the lives of Pharaos' kings of Egypt, which continued from the first Amasis in the beginning of the eighteenth Dynastia, which was about the time of the going of the Patriarch jacob into Egypt unto his son joseph, until the time of this Amasis the last king of that name, about twelve 
Amasis.  hundredth years, so long continued the names of Pharaos'.  
This Amasias, as the rest of the kings before him, was so idolatrous, and so addicted to obey Oracles, that he also imitated his predecessors in such fond buildings, to carry huge stones from Memphis and from Elephantina to build a temple up unto Minerva in the city of Sai, that he much mused how he might pass the rest with the monstruousness of the great huge stones to build temples, images, colossus: wherein he in one monument excelled the rest.  
He caused a house to be made of one stone to be brought 
The kings of Egypt contented one to excel another in building.  from the city of Elephantina to the city of Sais, which is (as Herodotus writeth) twenty days sailing: two thousand chosen men were three years in bringing this house to Sai, of all other works most to be wondered: for this stone was one and twenty cubits in length, and fourteen in breadth: and also he made a colossus or an image in Memphis, before the temple of Vulcan, of seventy and five foot long: he builded likewise a large temple for Isis in Memphis. Thus the kings of Egypt strove one after another, to excel in their works and vain monuments.  
In the time of this king, a law was made in Egypt, that in every Province of Egypt the Precedent thereof should take 
Idleness in Egypt punished.  account, and examine the youths of their provinces, how and after what sort they lived: for to see an idle man in Egypt that could not answer for himself how he lived, it was death: and therefore to avoid idleness, they were thus compelled by the Kings of Egypt, to carry stones to the building of Pyramids, temples, Colossus, Labirinthes, and such like.  
This law afterward was by Solon brought to Greece, for Solon was in Egypt in the time of the last Amasis. Pomponius Mela saith, that in the reign of Amasis were twenty thousand cities, Herodotus saith, one thousand and twenty cities: for old 
20000. Cities in Egypt.  Egypt in times past was very great and large, for hard by the marches of Africa in the shore standeth Alexandria: on the borders of Arabia is the city of Pelusium: other fair cities are far from the sea, as Memphis, Sai, Bubastis, Elephantina and and Thebes, which is reported to have an 100 brazen gates, and so many prince's palaces. Many good laws are written among the Egyptians by Sasiches' and by Sesostris, but specially by Bocchoris, of whose laws I will set doom some few as Diodorus wrote them, to the number of 17.  
1. The first law was, that none might violate their gods with oaths: the offenders herein were punished as false to God and man.  
2. If any aided not a man injuried or beaten, or rob by any man, either upon the way as he travailed, or in the place where he dwelled, he was to die for it, if he might have helped it: else to publish, and to call for help.  
3. False witness was so punished, by a decree made for that purpose: the punishment that he that was accused should have, being proved, should be for the false accuser not being proved.  
4. Against idleness, all the names of the city, parish, or country, are brought and recorded with the magistrates of the provinces, & are examined, how they are occupied, how they live, of what trade or traffic he or they be of: if he be found idle, he shall die by the law in Egypt: this law Solon carried with him from Egypt to Athens.  
5. If any man killed a freeman, or a servant, death was his punishment.  
6. If the father killed the son, he was free from death, but he should for three days be punished as the decree was made in that behalf: for the Egyptians thought not the father worthy of death for killing of his son, quia auctor fuit.  
7. For the son that killed his father, the greatest torments that might be devised was by law appointed for him, for to take the life of him away, which gave him life.  
8. If a woman with child, by law be condemned to die, she is reserved until the child be borne: for the Egyptians think it not fit that two should be punished, when one had offended, and that the guiltless with the guilty should be condemned: Iniquum enim justum cum iniusto poenam pati. This law was carried from Egypt into Greece, & from Greece into other countries.  
9 The soldier that offended his captain in the field, or had transgressed the commandment of the officers, he should not die, but with all infamy and shame he should have two letters printed in his forehead, as common marks of infamy: but if he had revealed any secrets to the enemies, the law had commanded his tongue to be plucked out of his head.  
10 If any had clipped any lawful coin, or counterfeited the like, or diminished the weight, by law he should die.  
11 If any man had counterfeited the hand of any man, or had taken away any letters, or had put in any letters in any writings, or found faulty in forging any deed or letters, he should have both his hands cut off.  
12 If any had violated by force any maid or free woman, he should have that member punished that had offended, his privy members cut off: if by consent the man and woman sinned, it was by law appointed that the man should be beaten with rods to the number of a thousand stripes, and the woman should have her nose cut off, for a mark of a whore.  
13 For satisfying of creditors in borrowing of money, it was by an oath confirmed, & not with obligations made, that the money should be paid upon the day appointed: for a sacred oath sincerely inviolated, was more esteemed in Egypt, than any writing or bond made: for it was a wonder to see in Egypt a man forsworn.  
14 For it was not lawful to arrest any man in Egypt for debts by the law of Bochoris, but to seize upon the goods or substance: for whatsoever passed in secret writings between the party and creditor, no arrest was admitted: for all the people of Egypt were divided into four 
Bochoris laws.  parts, which were husbandmen, craftsmen, shepherds, and soldiers: payment was made to the creditors by the goods of the debtors, and not by arrest: for they thought that a man free borne, should for no money be imprisoned, specially the soldiers, which with danger of life defendeth his country.  
15 The like law was in Egypt for usury by Bochoris, which 
A law for usury.  was brought to Athens by Solon, which law was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: by this law Solon commanded that no Citizen in Athens should be put in prison for usury: for the Egyptians condemned much the Grecians that had by the law forbidden to arrest any plough, harness, and such necessaries for the use of man, and yet a man that used these, and could make these, suffered to be arrested and to be imprisoned.  
16 The law against theft in Egypt was, that he that would 
A law against theft.  steal, should write his name, and record it in a book which the chief captain, or the great prince appointed: for those should receive the theft, and the party that had lost his goods, should come to his captain, and should set down the day and the hour wherein his goods were lost, and the captain should record it in his book, and appoint him a day to come again: against the which day the theft being found out, he should have all his loss saving the fourth part, which by law the thief had: for they so judged it better, sithence it were unpossible to forbid theft, or to hang as many as would steal.  
17 As for the law for marriage, it was thus: that the priests of Egypt might marry but one wife a piece: others as many 
A law for marriage.  as pleased them: for that they would have their country populous, & their cities strong with people: no bastards might be named in Egypt, though divers were borne of bondwomen, esteeming only their fathers for credit, and the mothers for their nurses. Now for their judges and Magistrates that executed these laws in Egypt, they were elected by 30. of the best and wisest men in every great city, as Memphis, Heliopolis, Thebes, and the rest, in every city one chief judge with his sociates with him, as were the Areopagites in Athens, or the Ephories in Sparta. Of other laws concerning the religions of their gods, & their burials, and of their discipline and order in wars, I have written of it in the Dial of days.  
There was also a law in Egypt before these laws, that the 
Diodo. lib. 2. cap. 3.  pictures and images of their gods painted in tables and set in brass in their Temples, should be carried in their ensigns to the field in the time of wars.  
But as Egypt flourished in the time of king Amasis, so Egypt was brought subject unto the Persians within six days after 
Amasis' the last name of Pharaoes'.  Amasis' days: for after that Amasis had reigned forty four years, his son succeeded him called Psammenitus, who after he had reigned six years, was overthrown by Cambyses 
Psammenitus.  king of Persia, which came from Persia into Egypt, to revenge the wrong which he received at Amasis' hand, who refused to give his own daughter in marriage to the king of of Persia, but deceived him with a daughter of Apries called Nytetis, which was only left alive of all the stock of Apries: whom Cambyses married, supposing her to be king Amasis' 
Herodot. lib. 3.  daughter, until Apries daughter opened the whole matter, affirming unto the king, how Amasis had betrayed her father the king being his master, and by that reason had obtained the kingdom of Egypt: and also she revealed, how he disdained to give his own daughter, but took me up being left desolate and comfortless, and willed me to 
Cambyses.  feign myself to be his daughter. These flouts and scoffs of Amasis, kindled wrath in Cambyses to come in arms into Egypt, but before he came, Amasis died.  
Notwithstanding after he had conquered his son Psammenitus, and had possessed the kingdom of Egypt, he went from Memphis unto Sai, to satisfy his wrath upon Amasis: and though he was before buried, yet he caused his carcase to be brought before him, and commanded it first to be whipped and 
The cruelty of Cambyses.  scourged, then thrust him through with daggers & bodkins, after this he haled & lugged it through the City of Sai, with all contempts that might be invented, and last he caused it to be burned, which was against the manner of the Egyptians: for they suppose the fire to be a living creature, because the fire devoureth all things, and at last devoureth itself.  
Thus the old ancient kings of Egypt continued a thousand 
Melancth. li●…. 2. Chron.  two hundred years, before they were conquered by any nation: and though they were by the kings of Assyria and of Chaldea, which then flourished chiefly, often assaulted, yet they never lost the proper names of their kings which were called Pharaos', until Cambyses time, which continued under the Persians a hundred thirty five years, and after they revolted 
Diodo. lib. 2.  under Darius Nothus, and kept of, until by many sharp battles they were again by Ochus vanquished, who used in Egypt great cruelty.  
About this time Tomiris Queen of the Massegets, and Tarqvinius superbus, the last king of the Romans reigned in Rome: for the Romans lost their kings, and the Egyptians lost their kingdom about one time. Cambyses this time hindered the building of the Temple by the means of the Samaritans, who ever envied jerusalem.  
Thus briefly I have written of the state and government of the old kings of Egypt, Pharaos' by name, until the time of Alexander the great: and now something after Alexander's days. Egypt and their kings afterward altered and changed 
The names of Pharaos' changed to Ptilomeis'.  from the names of Pharaos' to the names of Ptolomeys, as you shall read hereafter, from Alexander the great, until the time of julius Caesar, during which time the kings of Egypt were called Ptolemy.  
Therefore I have gathered together all the names of these ancient kings of Egypt, from Osiris' time the first potentate in Egypt, which was in the time of Abraham, until Amasis' time, the last Pharaoh which was in Cambyses time the second king of Persia: that is, from the going of Abraham into Egypt, until the Prophet daniel's time, which was a thousand four hundred 
1425.  twenty five years: for before Osiris' time, and long after, we read of no certain king by the name of Pharaoh, but of some government called Dynastia, at what time in every province of Egypt, before Egypt had the name of Egypt, certain potentates governed for the space of fifteen Dynasties. Hence grew that vain opinion of the priests of Egypt, that they were the ancientest nation in the world, & that the stars altered their 
The Egyptians then counted their years sometime by 2. months, sometime by 3. and sometime by 4. months. Diodo. lib. 1. cap. 1.  courses four times, and the sun twice since they first inhabited Egypt, recording in their chronicles the names of three hundred & thirty kings, and before their kings the government of those whom they called Heroas, or Deos, which reigned eighteen thousand years.  
But leaving them to their fabulous antiquity, I have set down all the names of Pharaos' that I could read in Manethon, Eusebius, Diodorus, Herodot, and Melancthon, beginning at Osiris, which was that Pharaoh to whom Abraham came unto, in the sixteen Dynastia of Egypt, from the first Pharaoh called Amasis, unto the last Pharaoh called likewise Amasis, as they are set down in Functius table, who followed Herodot from Cheopes, unto the last Pharaoh of Egypt called Amasis. For the placing orderly of the kings of Egypt, Manethon differeth from Eusebius, Eusebius from Diodorus, Diodorus from Functius: and therefore as I wrote the names of the old kings of Egypt as Manethon laid them down, so will I now also write them as I found them in Functius table from Osiris, which was that first Pharaoh, unto the last Pharaoh named Amasis.  

1 The first king of Egypt, Amasis, named Pharaoh 25. years.  
2 The second king was Chebron, which reigned 13. years.  
3 After whom reigned Amenophis 21. years.  
4 Then Mephres reigned 12. years.  
5 Mispharmutosis 26. years.  
6 Thutemosis reigned 9 years.  
7 Amenophis the 2. of that name reigned 31. this king made a law, that assoon as any Hebrew should be borne, he should be drowned in the river of Nilus.  
8 Orus surnamed the great, reigned 38.  
9 Acengeres reigned 12. years. in this king's time the kingdom of Athens began by Cecrops.  
10 Achorus reigned 9 years.  
11 Cenchres reigned 16. years. this was that Pharaoh that resisted God, and contraried Moses sent from God for the deliverance of his people, at what time the ten great plagues happened in Egypt, and after, the overthrow of the king and the whole kingdom in the red Sea.   
After that Israel had left Egypt, and the King, and all his Nobles, and peers, and forces, were drowned in the red sea, these many kings reigned that held still the names of Pharaoh's, as  

12 Acheres reigned king 8. 
The first king after Israel left Egypt.  years.  
13 Cheres reigned fifteen years.  
14 Armeus which is also Danaus 5. years.  
15 Ramesses surnamed Egyptus reigned 68 years, after whose name the land before called Oceana Mizreia, or Oseriana, was called Egypt.  
16 Menophis, of some named Miris, reigned 40. years. this made the first Labyrinth for his burial in Egypt, whose pattern was by Dedalus carried into Crete.  
17 Zetus reigned fifty five years.  
18 Ranses reigned sixty six years.  
19 Amenophis the third of that name reigned forty years.  
20 Amenophis the fourth of that name reigned twenty years.  
21 Thuoris reigned seven years. the five last kings governed by the names of five Larthes, during whose time endured that kind of government called Dynasteia Larthum for a hundred ninety four years.   
After succeeded another dynasty, which endured a hundred seventy seven years, during which time Functius named no king in his table, but were ruled with Governors in every principality of Egypt, as Sanhedrin with the jews, or Amphictions with the Grecians.  

22 Then succeeded Smendes, to whom jeroboam fled, which in the Scripture is called Sesach, he reigned 26. years.  
23 Pseusenses reigned forty one years.  
24 Nepher Cheres 4 years.  
25 Amenophis the 5. reigned 9 years.  
26 Osochorus reigned 6. years.  
27 Spinaces 9 years.  
28 Pseusennes. 35. years.  
29 Cheopes reigned 50. years.  
30 Cephenes reigned 56. Eusebius saith, that after Cephenes, Seustoris reigned. in this Cephenes time began the kingdom of Macedonia.  
31 Micerinus Chcopes son reigned six years.  
32 Asichis reigned 6. years.  
33 Sabachus reigned 50.  
34 Spethon reigned 33.   
After these thirty four kings, the kingdom of Egypt was governed by twelve Magistrates of equal authority, which ruled the realm of Egypt for fifteen years.  
After these twelve Magistrates had ended their time of fifteen years, one of the twelve named Psameticus, reigned fifty four years. Then Necho reigned seventeen years: 
Necho.  this king slew josias in Mageddo, & was himself slain by Nabuchodonosor. After Necho, reigned Spamnus six years. After Spamnus Apries, and after Apries reigned Amasis the last of the name of the Pharaos'. Eusebius setteth these kings down in another sort, and addeth some other names, which I omit to avoid tediousness.  
Many things I omit willingly, which the old Egyptians used: for as we hang at our doors signs of beasts, fowls, and fishes, that strangers might know our houses: the Egyptians used those signs at their ears, that by the marks and figures of such beasts, fowls, & fish, as they had at their ears, 
The manners of Egypt.  they might know of what quality or condition they were.  
For if an Egyptian did excel in running, he should have the figure of an hare hanged at his ear: if he were slothful and 
The manners in Egypt.  heavy, he should be marked with a Crocodile: if he were liberal and frank, he should have the picture of an open hand at his ear: if he were covetous, he had hanged at his ear a close hand & shut: if he were quick of hearing, the picture of a Serpent: if he were just & honest, he had the likeness of an eye at his ear: if he were crafty and subtle, the figure of a fox: if envious, of an eel, and so of the rest.  
The chief Cities and great Towns of old Egypt were thus named.  

1 Memphis.  
2 Sais.  
3 Bubastis.  
4 Thebes.  
5 Papremos.  
6 Butis.  
7 Leontina.  
8 Elephantina.  
9 Alexandria.  
10 Heliopolis with many others.   
These are the names of all the ancient kings of Egypt that I could find: and for that I neither found them in Manethon, Eusebius, Diodorus, nor in Herodot orderly set down, I have conferred the state & government of the potentates called Dynastia Egyptiorum, & have as nigh as I could placed them: for it cannot be in such antiquities but many errors happen, as I have sundry times said of the Chaldeans Assyrians, Scythians, Egyptians, and other ancient nations, whereof no mention is made in the sacred histories, neither can be made truly in profane histories, for that nothing was known to profane writers before Cirus time, or rather after Alexander the great, at what time profane Historiographers began to 
Diodo. lib. 2.  record antiquities: and thus much until Cambyses, who was the first conqueror of Egypt, by whom the Persians had government 
The whole time of the kings of Persia was but 130. Diodo. erred.  over Egypt a hundred thirty five years, until the reign of Darius Ochus: for in the sixth year of this king, the Egyptians revolted, and these many king's afrer reigned in Egypt.  

1 Amirtes Saites reigned 6. years.  
2 Nepherites reigned six years.  
3 Achoris reigned twelve years.  
4 Nectanabus reigned 18.  
5 Nepherites one year.  
6 Mectanabus again reigned 18. years. this was the last before the coming of Alexander the great.    

CHAP. FOUR  
Of the second conquest of Egypt by Alexander the great: of their kings afterward called Ptolemies, until the time of Caesar Augustus, by whom all Egypt was last conquered, and made a Province subject to the Roman Empire.  
THe Egyptians (as you heard) having great wars, first with the Assyrians, and after by the Persians, until Cambyses time, 
Cambyses.  by whom they were made to pay tribute unto the Kings of Persia, until they waxed strong again that they revolted from the Persians in the time of Darius Nothus, until by many sharp battles they were again by Ochus the eight king of Persia vanquished, who used in Egypt great cruelty, so that the later kings of Egypt 
Melancth. lib. 4  were for eight and thirty years under the Persians: but after that the Persians were vanquished, and their Monarchy taken from Persia into Macedonia, by Alexander the great, the Egyptians willingly yielded themselves to Alexander, as to a second conqueror: he used them with great clemency, permitting them to have their former liberties and laws, appointed over them certain Magistrates of the Grecians called Nomarchas, and over them two supervisors called Episcopi, to see that none of the aforesaid Magistrates should claim more dignity than was set down by Alexander in a table: which the Romans afterward kept, using the same order for a time as Alexander did.  
It is written that the great Alexander had yearly tribute paid unto him during his life, the sum of six thousand 
Melancth. lib. 2. Chron.  talents: for Plutarch in the life of Agesilaus speaketh of a king named Tachus in Egypt, to whom Agesilaus came from Sparta: for Nectanabus was a nephew of king Tachus, and one of his chief captains, who rebelled against the king: and being chosen by the Egyptians their king, he desired the aid of Agesilaus, who joined with him being an old soldier, having had in hand greater battles in Greece against Pelopidas and Epaminondas, then at that time with Nectanabus against Tachus.  
Therefore Nectanabus committed all into the hands of 
Nectanabus.  Agesilaus, by whom the victory fell to Nectanabus, & Tachus the king forced to flee. After this the affairs of this Nectanabus had good success, and he was quietly established in his kingdom by the means of Agesilaus king of Sparta, to whom 
Agesilaus.  Nectanabus gave two hundred thirty talents of silver in ready money, to defray the charges of his soldiers.  
Thus Nectanabus reigned quietly in Egypt, though under Darius the last king of Persia Mezabes governed Egypt, who yielded into the hands of Alexander the kingdom of Egypt, assoon as he had heard that his master king Darius was slain, and all Persia subdued by Alexander, who (as you heard before) possessed Egypt without wars, being yielded of the state of Egypt. From the time of Alexander the great, unto julius 
Diodo. lib. 18.  Caesar, that is, from the Monarchy of the Grecians unto the Romans, is two hundred eighty two years.  
After the death of Alexander, his kingdoms were divided chiefly between four of his grand captains, specially 
The kingdoms of Alexander divided.  those kingdoms which were of the greatest fame and renown, as Macedonia to Cassander: Asia the lesser, to Antigonus: Babylon and all Asia the great, to Saleuchus furnamed Nicanor: Egypt with the most part of Syria, to Ptolemy the son of Lagi. This was the first king of Egypt after Alexander's death, after whose names all the kings of Egypt, until julius Caesar's time were called Ptolemy.  
This king grew great and mighty in Egypt, and began strongly upon the next nations unto him to make war, and brought divers subjects under the Empire of Egypt, whose good success in the beginning Perdiccas began to envy. This 
Functius lib. 3.  Perdiccas was the chief governor of Macedonia, and as it were left a tutor over Arideus the base brother of Alexander the great, to whom by common consent the kingdom of Macedonia was appointed. Perdiccas' supposing to keep Egypt subject 
Diodo. lib. 18.  to Macedonia, and to bridle the insolency which he saw in Ptolemy, he levied a great army of soldiers, made a voyage into Egypt: against whose coming, Ptolemy with all celerity gathered his army, and gave him battle, wherein Perdiccas was slain, and his whole company overthrown.  
Upon this overthrow of Perdiccas, Ptolemy king of Egypt 
josephus lib. 12. cap. 1.  waxed insolent of the victory, entered into Syria, & by strong hand brought Syria under Egypt: after he went to jerusalem, he plagued the citizens, wasted, spoiled, & brought divers out of judea captives into Egypt. Of this king the Prophet Daniel spoke in this sort, The king of the South shallbe mighty, and his dominion 
Daniel cap. 11.  shallbe great: read more in Daniel of this. Antigonus being 
Ptolemy's victories over Demetrius.  advertised of Ptolemies great victories, how he had vanquished Perdiccas & subdued Syria, sent his son Demetrius, a young man of 22. years, and the first time that he took the charge of a General in hand, and that against an old soldier of the great Alexander, trained up in discipline of wars always. Demetrius was put to flight, 5000. of his men slain, and almost eight thousand taken by the City of Gaza.  
Antigonus hearing how his son was overthrown said, that this Ptolemy overthrew beardless men, & said further, he should fight with bearded men. And it came to pass that Demetrius being before put to flight, was not quiet before he requited the last foil by the king of Egypt received, with the 
Ptolemy overthrown by Demetrius.  like overthrow: wherein Demetrius had the victory of Ptolemy and of his army, which victory did put Ptolemy out of all Syria, and brought Antigonus in again. By this time, Seleucus whom Antigonus had driven out of Babylon before, came again and entered into Babylon.  
Cassander likewise fearing that young Hercules the son 
justine lib. 15.  of Alexander the great, being now of fourteen years of age, should be by the Macedonians so favoured for his father's sake, that he should be king in Macedonia: therefore he secretly commanded, that both Hercules, and his mother Arsine should be murdered: yet Cassander was not 
The tyranny of Cassander.  quiet, until he practised the like murder against Olympias Alexander's mother, and against Roxana Alexander's wife.  
Antigonus and his son Demetrius, were much envied for their victories this time, in so much that all these kings after Alexander's death destroyed one another with continual wars, Lysimacus was slain by Seleucus, Seleucus was slain by Ptolemy, whose sister was married to Lysimachus. Polibeus writeth, that in the hundred twenty fourth Olympiad, 
Polibeus lib. 2.  Ptolemy Lagi king of Egypt, Seleuchus Nicanor king of Syria, Lysimachus king of Thracia, and Ptolemy Cerannon brother to Philadelphus, chief soldiers under Alexander the great, were slain one of another.  
Thus Ptolemy the son of Lagi, after he had conquered Perdiccas, overthrew Demetrius, subdued Syria, and the most part of judea, when he reigned fourttie years, died: during which time Demetrius Phalerius ruled Athens under Cassander: and Demetrius surnamed Poliorcetes, destroyed a City in Samaria, which Perdiccas builded.  
This time the people of Alexandria sent to entreat for the Romans friendship to aid them, if need required: This was the first request made to the Romans, by 
The Romans were of all nations feared.  the Citizens of Alexandria in Egypt: for the Romans began to be strong, and they of Alexandria perceiving the great wars and tyranny that was in all parts of the world at that time: And also having seen within Egypt more blood in the time of one Ptolemy, then in twenty Pharaos': for then Egypt had nothing to do but to build Pyramids, and to make Labirinths, monstrous and needless monuments, but now sword and fire came into Egypt.  
In the time of this king flourished Theophrastus, a famous Philosopher, one of Aristotle's scholars, and Menedemus another Philosopher: in the same time lived Menander the Tragedian, Atheneus the Historian, and Demetrius Phalerius. In Egypt succeeded after Ptolemy Lagi his son Philadelphus, a learned prince, and a great favourer of learned men: this 
The praise of Ptolemy Philadel.  king was just, discreet, and gentle, bent more to maintain peace, then to procure wars, and therefore so beloved of his people, and he to them again so loving, that during his whole government, which was thirty eight years, the Egyptians lived quietly without trouble or wars, where before, 
Functius lib. 3. Coment.  Egypt for a thousand four hundred years was brought up under blind priests, idolatrous superstition, given to all errors, only acquainted with the Egyptian tongue.  
Now Philadelphus with greater care and zeal of his country, than any of his predecessors had before, kept with him divers and sundry learned men, as Aratus, Callimachus, Apollonius, 
Melancth. lib. 2.  Theocritus, Hipparchus the Mathematician, and Demetrius Phalerius the Philosopher, which at that time was banished from Athens, and received in Egypt. Philadelphus' a prudent 
Diodo. lib. 1.  and a learned prince, and conversant with learned men, 
Philadelphus' the only king of all the Ptolemies.  knew well that the jews religion, their laws, their manners, and their service of God, did far excel all the nations of the world: he sent great presents and gifts to Eleazr the high Priest then being at jerusalem, entreating him to send learned men of the Hebrews that could translate the books of Moses and the Prophets into the Greek tongue, that Egypt might be acquainted with the word of God aswell as juda: to whom Eleazar sent seventy two learned men to interpret, and to translate the Bible.  
After this, he provided in Alexandria such a famous 
josephus lib. 12. Cap. 2.  Library to the common use of learned men, as far excelled all other Libraries: And (as Melancthon saith) he caused many other things to be translated into the Greek tongue: he restored the poor jews that dwelled captives in Egypt into liberty: he sent for learned men into all Regions, he honourably maintained them and lovingly used them, that Egypt flourished with sound doctrine and virtuous men: for even then jesus the son of Sirach, gathered in Egypt 
Sirach and his son.  together many wise sentences and godly speeches, many learned and virtuous lessons, which his grandfather before had written in jerusalem, which he now augmented with care and diligence; and compiled in a book which is reserved in the Church to great use.  
This king excelled all the Pharaos' before him, and all the Ptolemies after him, and during his reign he studied to maintain peace, and to avoid war, and therefore bestowed his daughter Berenice's to Antiochus surnamed Theos, who offered divers injuries to move wars against Egypt: but while Philadelphus lived, Egypt prospered & flourished with all good success, but after that Philadelphus died, his son Ptolemy 
Ptolemy Euergetes 3. king of Egypt.  Euergetes reigned twenty six years, of whom Daniel said, that the king's daughter of the South which was Berenice's, Philadelphus' daughter, and this king Euergetes sister should come to the king of the North to make agreement: but Daniel said it should not continue, for she should be 
Daniel cap. 11.  delivered to death, and out of the bud of her roots shall one stand up named Euergetes, and shall enter with an army into the fortress of the king of the North, which is called Antiochus Theos, and do what he list, and shall prevail.  
He plagued the Syrians and revenged Berenice's his sister with divers victories: for he carried captives into Egypt their gods, with their molten images, and their precious vessels of silver and gold: for after Seleucus had lost his Navies by a tempest on the sea, he gathered an army by land, and gave battle to Ptolemy, but the like misfortune fell then unto him, and the victory happened to Ptolemy: for he was driven to flee to Antiochia, and from thence to crave his brother Antiochus help, which then governed Cicilia. Ptolemy hearing of these news, concluded a peace with Seleucus, and returned into Egypt, after he had fully requited his sister's death upon the Syrians.  
During Euergetes reign, the Parthians began their kingdom, who were all named Arsaces, as now the kings of Egypt were called Ptolemy: this time the wars of Africa began between the carthaginians and the Numidians: at that time Amilcar was sent captain general into Spain for Carthage: in this Euergetes time certain interludes were appointed by the oracle of Sibilla, in Rome named Floralia the 
Floralia. Rubigalia. These feasts are set forth in my dial of days.  fourth kalends of May, in the honour of the goddess Flora for fair weather, and fruits of the earth, like unto the feast named Rubigalia, which Numa Pompilius instituted the seventh kalends of May in Rome,  
After this Ptolemy Euergetes had reigned twenty six years 
Plini lib. 18. cap. 29. Plutarch 〈◊〉 Numa. Ptolemy Thilopator 4. king of Egypt.  he died, whom succeeded his son Ptolemy surnamed Philopater a cruel beast and not a king, but a monstrous tyrant, a murderer, both of his wife and his sister Euridices, whose filthy and lewd life is better to pass with silence, then to express in writing, of whom justine said, Noctes in stupris, dies in convivijs consumsit, letting his strumpet Agathocles and her mother Euanthea to rule and govern Egypt as pleased them: for none might less command in Egypt then 
justine lib. 29.  the king, nor none might do more in Egypt then women: for nothing delighted Philopator, but women and dancing, and whatsoever Agathocles would, that also Philopator would.  
Against this king, Antiochus the great king of Asia and Syria, came toward Egypt, and began to take and spoil those Cities of Syria, which held with Philopator the king 
Functius lib. 3.  of Egypt. Antiochus coming forward toward Egypt, Ptolemy Philopator met him, and gave him battle at Raphia, a Town in the Confines of Palestina, where Antiochus the great was overthrown and put to flight, and 
Antiochus the great.  forced to entreat for peace at Philopators hand, and so Philopator king of Egypt got the victory over Antiochus, and recovered those Towns of Syria which Antiochus had won before.  
This victory was well gotten, but not well used, for Philopator was so puffed up with pride and insolency, that 
justine lib. 3.  he thought having overthrown Antiochus the great, he might well also overthrow JEHOVAH the great, entered jerusalem, spoiled the Temple, slew the Citizens, and made havoc of God's people, some to be devoured of beasts, and some to be quartered by men. Read the Maccabees further of this, but specially read the eleventh 
Maccabees. Daniel cap. 4.  of Daniel, where the whole history of the kings of Syria and Asia, of Egypt, of Persia, of Greece, and of the Romans are before spoken by the Prophet.  
There it said was by Daniel, that Antiochus and all his army should be delivered into the hands of Philopator, and after that victory, it was by the Prophet said, that 
Tyrants were ever warned.  Philopator should wax arrogant and proud, and that he should contemn and blaspheme the Lord of Israel, and the God of jacob, that he should profane the Temple, destroy the people, and in his fury excel in tyranny, but at length he should not prevail: for he was poisoned, and so died after his most wicked and incestuous life, leaving behind him a son by his sister Euridices, of five years old, when he had reigned seventeen years.  
I pass briefly these Histories of Egypt, for that in the 
Polibeus lib. 5.  history of the kings of Syria and Asia, the kings of Egypt are likewise spoken of, and in the Maccabees also you may read further of this Antiochus: for since the death of Alexander the great, the kings of Syria and Asia could not agree with the kings of Egypt, until the last destruction of both the kingdoms by the Romans, and therefore assoon as ever Philopator died, Antiochus straight again sought to invade Egypt, understanding this Ptolemy Epiphanes, the son and heir of Philopator was young, and not able to resist 
Ptolo. Epiphanes 5. king of Egypt.  so great a King, he entered into Phoenicia, and into other parts of Syria, which yet lived subject under the king of Egypt.  
They of Alexandria sent to Rome to the Senators for aid against Antiochus, and against Philippe king of Macedonia: for both these two kings affected the kingdom. Ambassadors were sent from the Senators unto Antiochus, willing him to avoid out of Egypt, and not to do injury to the young king. This messenger was little esteemed of Antiochus, and therefore 
Functius lib. 3. Comment.  the Senators pronounced him an enemy of the Romans. Antiochus being advertised of this, agreed with Ptolomey Epiphanes, and gave him Cleopatra his daughter in marriage, supposing thereby the easier to get the kingdom of Egypt: he gave Coelosyria, judea, Samaria, and Phoenicia with his 
Melancthon lib. 2. Chron.  daughter to Epiphanes, but he was deceived and missed his purpose. For he was prevented by the Romans, and kept off from Egypt: he was overthrown and vanquished at Thermopila by Attilius and Glabrio, Roman Consuls, and the next year after, he was quite driven out of Syria and Asia, by Lucius Cornelius Scipio, at the city of Magnesia.  
Of this Antiochus the great, and of his son Antiochus Epiphanes another monster, Daniel before showed their tyranny: for during the time of these two kings, Antiochus Epiphanes 
I●…sephus lib. 12. cap. 13.  king of Syria, and Ptolomey Epiphanes king of Egypt, the jews were most miserably afflicted. Read josephus, how also the Samaritans molested them, and sore vexed them. And for that I spoke of these kings before in the history of Assyria, I will briefly run over the rest of these kings. Now after that Ptolomey Epiphanes had reigned 24. years, he died, leaving two sons behind him, the elder called Philometor, 
Philometor the sixth king of Egypt.  the younger called Phiscon: the elder brother reigned king in Egypt 35. years, of whom his uncle Antiochus Epiphanes, a subtle king, under the pretence of love and care of his nephew, became his overseer and tutor, rather aspiring the kingdom then respecting the king, for he furnished Egypt with men of arms, having the strongest towns of Egypt in his own hand, as Pelusium and others.  
The king being yet young, idle, slow, and of no courage, addicted to all filthy vices, without respect of himself or of his kingdom, fled to his brother Phiscon to Alexandria, where both were besieged by Antiochus, until Popilius the Roman was sent from the Senators of Rome to command Antiochus out of Egypt, without further delay, which he was constrained to obey, though he did much harm before his departure out of Egypt.  
Philometor having recovered his kingdom into his hand, and the Romans to be his friends, to avoid further brawls, and to 'stablish himself strong in Egypt, he married his daughter Cleopatra to Alexander, who had then obtained the kingdom of Syria: but this friendship continued not long: for Demetrius Nicanor, the son of that Demetrius vanquished by Alexander, came to Syria, got certain towns into his hands, appointed Apollonius captain of Coelosyria, who trusting 
Functius lib. 3. Comment.  too much to himself, was quickly vanquished by jonathas. Philometor understanding of these wars in Syria, between his son in law Alexander and Demetrius, he also hasted with an army to Syria, thought to prevent both, and to have Syria with Egypt: he took his daughter Cleopatra away from Alexander, and gave her to Demetrius, and both wickedly and falsely dealt with his son in law.  
But Demetrius had Syria, and Alexander was slain by Zabdiel the king of Arabia, and his head sent to Ptolomey Philometor to Egypt, who then was king both of Egypt and Syria but for three days: for within three days after Alexander was 
Melancton lib. 2.  slain in Arabia, Philometor died in Egypt, and Demetrius Nicanor was received king into Syria. This time governed in jerusalem prince jannaeus the last governor of judea of the house of David: he with many battles discomfited the Arabians.  
In Parthia reigned now Mithridates the fift king, and in Macedonia reigned Perseus the last king. In philometor's days, Ariarathes king of Thracia sought the Romans favour, and made a league of peace with them. Aristobulus a jew borne a great 
Aristobulus a Philosopher.  Philosopher of the sect of the Peripatetics, expounded the books of Moses to Ptolomey Philopator. In the beginning of this king's reign, died two of the most famous warriors of the world, Scipio Affricanus the Roman, and Hannibal the Carthaginian. It is supposed that they both died in one year, and both banished from their countries.  
But to Egypt again. After Philometor, reigned Ptolomey Euergetes 
Ptolomey Euergetes the 7. king.  the second of that name, and (as Functius saith) surnamed Phiscon, for the deformity of his body: but others, as Manethon and justine, say, that this Euergetes was the seventh king of Egypt, and that Phiscon was the eight king. It is not 
Ptolomey Phiscon the 8. king.  much material, and therefore I will follow Functius, who setteth down in his table this Phiscon by the name of Euergetes; whom Epiphanius called Philologon: he reigned 29 years king of Egypt, a monstrous and incestuous beast, far passing all other his predecessors in filthy wickedness: he was not so foul in the shape of his body, as he was filthy in his mind: for he kept his own sister, of whom he got a daughter, and 
Functius lib. 3. Comment.  after with that daughter borne of his sister, committed abominable incest. He murdered his own children, and cut 
justine lib. 38.  them in small pieces, and made his wife their own natural mother to eat them: but he had the reward due for such offences: he was thrust out of his kingdom, and died a banished slave, hated and abhorred of all men.  
After Phiscon was banished, reigned his brother Ptolomey surnamed Alexander, as Melancthon saith: but Alexander reigned not long, but was likewise banished as his brother was. Then succeeded in Egypt Ptolomey Lathurus, who in the 3. year of Alexander king of juda, was expelled out of his own kingdom by his mother Cleopatra, who favouring more her younger 
Cleopatra Queen of Egypt.  son named Alexander, intended to make him king of Egypt: she taking Lathurus wife, married her unto Alexander, yet he mistrusting the great cruelty which he saw in his mother, fled secretly, letting the government to his mother and to his wife. This Cleopatra after that both her sons were thus banished, reigned 10. years. Ptolomey Lathurus being now in Cyprus and sent for by the citizens of Ptolomais to defend them from Alexander king of juda, which hearing of Lathurus coming, left his purpose, raised his siege, & returned to jerusalem, fearing the great army of Ptolomey, who had thirty thousand in the field. The citizens of Ptolomais when Alexander departed, changed their purpose, and kept Lathurus out of the 
josephus lib. 13.  town, whereby he was thus moved to send some of his army to oppress judea, some to lay new siege again to Ptolomais. Alexander being advertised that Lathurus with all his army spoiled and wasted his kingdom, he returned and met at the flood of jordan, where Lathurus gave a very great overthrow to the king of juda, and (as josephus writeth) thirty 
30000. Iewes slain by Lathurus.  thousand jews were slain.  
The calamities of the jews were such, that they were compelled by the king of Egypt to feed upon the dead carcases, and bodies of their friends and countrymen, at what time many godly men of the jews were present, beholding this misery, as Simeon, Zacarias and others. Beside this calamity, 
Simeon. Zacharias.  at what time the contention grew hot in juda between Aristobulus, Antigonus, and Alexander janneus: the jews at that time were so plagued, that Alexander sent for aid unto Egypt to Cleopatra: for justine writeth, that Cleopatra used Alexander her son too familiarly, and that her great abomination was known in Egypt.  
And therefore Ptolomey Lathurus was sent for by his own subjects to come into Egypt, for that the Queen Cleopatra 
Ptolomey Lathurus the 10. king.  his mother who had banished him from Egypt, practised tyranny and all kind of cruelty in Egypt, where he reigned 8. years. After Lathurus, reigned in Egypt Ptolomey Auletes, father to the last Cleopatra, some say her brother, which was 
Ptolomey Auletes the 11. king.  Marcus Antonius' friend: this king lived at Rome until such time as he was restored by Gabinius into his kingdom of Egypt, at the commandment of the Senators. This Auletes is named by Eusebius and Epiphanius, Dionysius.  
This king for some certain offences and discords done to his subjects, departed from Alexandria, and sailed towards Rome, hoping that Caesar or Pompey would restore him to his kingdom: and being desirous to see Cato, travailed unto him where he was occupied: and opening the cause of his coming to Rome, sought therein Cato's counsel, who told 
Cato's saying of Rome.  him how he should find Rome unsatiable, and that if Egypt were converted into silver, it would not suffice the Magistrates of Rome: which saying of Cato Ptolomey found to be true: for after long being at Rome, having fully satisfied the Senators and other magistrates, he was sent by the Senators, and specially by Pompey, with one Gabinius to be restored to his kingdom again, where he reigned thirty years. After 
Ptolomey Dionysius the 12. king of Egypt.  whom succeeded his son Ptolomey Dionysius, unto whom Pompey the great fled from the battle at Pharsalia, hoping to have some help for the friendship showed to his father, as you heard before.  
But there Pompey was slain by the king's commandment, 
Strabo lib. 17.  and his head sent to Caesar, and also when julius Caesar came after, the like sauce was prepared for him: but Caesar prevented it, overthrew him, and put him to flight, in the which flight the king thinking to escape Caesar's hand, entered 
Melancthon lib. 2.  into a cock boat, and was drowned amongst the rest for company. The kingdom of Egypt was given by Caesar unto Cleopatra, Dionysius sister, who reigned until the twelfth year of Augustus Caesar, at what time she willingly died to accompany her loving friend Marcus Antonius: she was the last of the line of Ptolemies, and the last Queen of Egypt: for after 
Cleopatra.  Cleopatra, Egypt was made a province under the Romans by Augustus Caesar, at what time Augustus Caesar commanded his laws and decrees, which himself caused to be engraved on a pillar of brass, and to be set up in Alexandria for the Egyptians 
Augustus' laws in Alexandria.  now made subject to the Romans, to be governed by, in like sort, as Alexander the great, the second conqueror before Caesar had done the like, appointing officers and magistrates, chief rulers, named Nomarchas, and two overseers Episcopi.  
Of this Manethon took no notice, and therefore josephus taunted him in his second book Contra Appionem, that he had the heart of an ass, and the impudency of a dog, to make Egypt, which was three several times conquered, first by Cambyses, secondly by the great Alexander, and last by Caesar, equal to the Hebrews which endured the force, and saw the last destruction of Assur, and Pharaoh. Thus Egypt was the third time conquered by julius Caesar, and by his nephew Augustus Caesar, and these many kings of the names of Ptolemies reigned in Egypt from Alexander the great until the 12. year of Augustus Caesar.  
1 Ptolomey Lagi reigned 40. years. 2 Ptolomey Philadelphus, reigned 38. 3 Ptolomey Euergetes, reigned 26. 4 Ptolomey Philopator, reigned 17. 5 Ptolomey Epiphanes, reigned 24. 6 Ptolomey Philometor, reigned 35. 7 Ptolomey Euergetes, the second of that name, reigned  8 Ptolomey Phiscon, reigned 29. 9 Ptolomey Lathurus reigned 17. 10 Ptolomey Alexander, cum Matre Cleopatra, reigned 10. 11 Ptolomey Auletes, reigned 30. 12 Ptolomey Dionysius reigned  13 Cleopatra Auletes daughter, some say his sister, reigned 14.    

OF THE antiquity of the Scythians: of their laws, governments and life: of their hardiness in wars, and of their victories over the Persians and Egyptians, and their often invasions into Asia.  
SCythia is a country large and wide, containing within itself divers and sundry nations, as Sages, Nomades, Massagetes, Amazons, Caspians & Hyrcanians, with 
Solinus cap. 60. 61.  many other nations bordering upon Scythia, & dwelling within Scythia: of the which particularly to write, I think it needless, the rather, for that Pomponius 
Pomponius Mela lib. 3.  Mela, Solinus & also Strabo in his 11. book doth describe Scythia and other nations which dwelled in Scythia, exquisite and painful men in describing countries, their towns, their rivers, their hills, their manners, and natures.  
And therefore lest I should seem fabulous (as divers writers herein offend, the Grecians specially, who never thought their histories worth the reading, unless they were mingled with vain fables) I will write of their wars, and of their antiquity, & therein I shall hardly escape fables of some Talmudist or other, so difficult a thing it is to find out a true beginning of antiquities in profane histories, as Livy saith, ut rerum vetustas sine errore esse nequit.  
The Scythians are thought to be one of the ancientest nations in the world, from whom divers great kingdoms took 
Beroaldus lib. 4. cap. 5.  their first original, as Celte or the old Gauls, which now are called Frenchmen. Berosus affirmeth, that Noah by the name 
Berosus lib. 2.  of janus, and all his family dwelled first in Scythia Saga, & thence came to Chaldea, and dwelled in Senar: for during the time of janus, Cameses, and Saturnus, and all the time from janus until Ninus, the profane writers called the golden world: for then men lived without laws, and had all things in common. This Pliny in his natural histories affirmeth, that the Persians called the Scythians, Sagas. There is great contention between 
Pliny cap. 17.  the Scythians and the Egyptians, concerning their antiquities, 
justine lib. 2.  the history whereof is written in Trogus Pompeius: there, after much disputation it is concluded, Scitharum gens semper antiquissima, that the Scythians had the sovereignty over the egyptians in antiquity.  
As the Egyptians excelled in great & monstrous buildings, so these Scythians exceeded for sweet and famous rivers, as  

1 Ister. 
Herodotus lib. 2.   
2 Tires.  
3 Hypanis.  
4 Borysthenes.  
5 Panticapes.  
6 Hypacaris.  
7 Gerrhus.  
8 Tanais.  
9 Moetin.   
These Scythians who were rude and slavish people, without manners or nurture, excelled far the Greeks' which with great care and diligence, studied to attain knowledge and virtue: for by how much the more the Scythians were more ignorant than the Greeks', so much the more the Scythians 
Scythians.  excelled the Greeks' in virtue: their hardiness and courage in wars was such, that they were accounted amongst all other nations the most invincible people of the world, that it is doubtful (as justine saith) whether the men or the women of Scythia be more famous: they attempted no less Signiories than the whole Empire of Asia, which Empire they so tamed with often invasions, that the Scythians were lords of Asia eight and twenty years.  
For at what time Ciaxares, otherwise called by the Prophet Daniel, Darius Medus, laid siege to Ninive the chiefest 
Ruffi●…us de 〈◊〉 origine.  city of Assyria, and being even then ready to take Ninive, the king of Scythia whose name was Madies, came with a great army of Scythians & set upon the Medes, overthrew them, spoiled and wasted at that time in their return to Scythia, all Asia, and kept Asia under the kingdom of Scythia for the space of eight and twenty years.  
And again before this time, the Scythians brought Asia to 
Functius.  pay them tribute, at what time Tanais king of the Goths was their general: and again before that time, the Egyptians who with an army set forward toward Scythia, at what time Vexores reigned king in Egypt, the Scythians having intelligence of their ambassadors coming, answered in this sort, that they marveled much that so famous a prince as the king of Egypt, should come to fish with golden hooks to Scythia so barren a country: saying further, that the Scythians had rather come to offer wars into Egypt, then to welcome them into Scythia, but such rude welcome as rude people can yield, the king of Egypt shall have: and therewithal gave to Vexores such 
Vexores. justine lib. 2.  a battle, that he was overthrown, and constrained to take his flight to Egypt again, and was so followed at the hard heels, that if bogs and marish ground had not stayed the Scythians, they would have given him battle in Egypt, as they did coming home through Asia, spoiling, wasting, and destroying it the third time. justine writeth this history at large.  
That time the Scythians absented themselves from their country in Asia so long, until their wives sent unto them, threatening them, that unless they would out of hand return home, they would take their next neighbours for their husbands, and further they should not come when they would: for after they did marry their servants that were 
The women of Scythia married their servants.  left, as shepherds and swineheards at home, which resisted their own masters, to have their wives, their houses and their own countries. The like history is written of the Amazons, women of Scythia, who govern and rule their country without men with such fame, as Hercules, Cyrus, and Alexander the great can witness of them.  
The custom of these Amazons, lest their stock should perish, was once a year to accompany with people of their next 
justinus lib. 2.  confines for multiplication sake. And thereby being with child, if it should be a male child, they presently kill him or send him to his father: if it should be female, she was exercised from her cradle in all martial exploits, both on horseback and on foot, & she had the right dug or breast cut off, whereby they might exercise their bows. Two Queens reigned of the Amazons of passing great reports, named Marpesia & Lampedo, of whom both Asia & Europe have tasted of their darts: these two Queens, after they had won divers towns in Asia, and also had builded other towns in Asia, they died unconquered in their country. After them succeeded Otrera the daughter of Marpesia, who reigned together with her sister Antiopa. 
Otrera the third Queen of Scythia.  Otrera or Oreithia having an army out of Scythia, leaving her sister Antiopa to defend Scythia, the fame and renown of these 
Antiop the Queen's sister.  two Ladies kindled Hercules and his fellow Theseus with divers young gallants of Greece to sail to Hyrcania, a part of Scythia, who upon the sudden, unlooked for of Antiopa, with some slaughter of the Amazons, Hercules took Menalippe, and Theseus took Hippolyta, both the Queen's sisters. Otrera hearing of these news, returned home with all haste, asked aid of Sagillus king of Scythia, to revenge the wrong done by Hercules and Theseus against both her sisters, saying also that the Amazons were Scythians aswell as he, & therefore not to deny aid, promising the king that women should be as well in the forward of the battle as men: but Hercules restored Menalippe to the Queen her sister again, and Theseus married the other, 
justinus lib. 2.  by whom he got Hippolytus.  
After Otrera succeeded Penthesileia, whose valiant acts and deeds in the Trojans wars against the Greeks', who knew 
Penthesileia the 4. Queen of Scythia.  them not? After Penthesileia they succeeded orderly until the time of Alexander the great, at what time Thalestris reigned 
Thalestris.  Queen of the Amazons.  
I will leave this part of Scythia thus much commended by the Amazons, and will briefly speak of other nations in Scythia, as the Massegits, a people of wondered courage, as by their wars against Cyrus might appear: for after that Cyrus had brought the Medes, Chaldeans, Assyrians, Lydians, and all Asia under the Empire of Persia, hearing of the great harm and the invasions that the Scythians had often done in Asia and Europe, he levied a huge army, and passed towards Scythia, at what time Tomiris reigned Queen over the Massegites: who hearing of Cyrus coming, though he was then the only monarch and conqueror that brought all the East kings under Persia, yet she permitted him with all his army to pass the river of Oraxis, and to come and to make choice to set his camp as pleased him best. Cyrus' at that time used a stratagem, 
Cyrus.  left his tents full of all delicate and dainty banquets, with all manner of wine, and feigned to take his flight for fear of the enemies.  
The Queen hearing of Cyrus' flight, commanded her son 
Spargapises Tomyris son.  named Spargapises out of hand to follow Cyrus with an army of Massegetes. The young Scythian being not acquainted with such gallant banquets in Scythia, began to assail Cyrus' wine, but he and all his army were overthrown without any sword drawn, or a blow given.  
When Cyrus had returned, and found the Scythians some drinking, some sleeping, some dancing, and all drunken, he slew them with the sword, and thought thereby that God favoured much his cause to have such a victory over the Scythians 
Strabo lib. 11.  without blood of the Persians, and therefore he erected a temple to the goddess of that country, & appointed that day a solemn feast called Sacaea, which Cyrus consecrated in 
Sacaea.  remembrance of his happy victory.  
When Queen Tomyris heard that her son Spargapises was slain by Cyrus, and all his army, she levied a great number 
Herodot. lib. 1,  of the Massegetes together, and went in person herself to the battle, & that to the only battle that ever was in Scythia, the greatest and the terriblest: for two hundredth thousand 
justinus lib. 1.  Persians were slain, and Cyrus himself killed in that battle. Of Cyrus' burial, his grave and his epitaph, and also the cruelty of Thomiris to Cyrus being dead, I will write in the history of Persia. After this great victory of Tomyris, the Scythians had 
L●…thinus king of Scythia.  peace until Lanthinus time king of Scythia.  
After Cyrus' time, Darius Histaspis came to Scythia, who being 
Darius' Hist●…spis overthrown.  denied of king Lanthinus daughter in marriage, he returned his love to hatred: he waged battle against Lathinus, and brought to Scythia seven hundred thousand Persians, of whom he left behind him slain in Scythia, fourscore & ten thousand, and Darius himself constrained to take his flight, with no less fear than danger into Persia again.  
In like sort the Scythians used Zopirona a general of Alexander's 
Zopirona overthrown.  the great, in a battle given by the Macedonians to the Scythians, with such slaughter, that the whole army of Zopirona was overthrown, and himself hardly by flight escaped, as Vexores king of Egypt, & Darius' king of Persia had done before: of such invincible courage the Scythians were, being from their birth acquainted & brought up in hardiness, that life and death were esteemed alike: they made no account of victory for wealth and treasure, but for honour. Alexander the great, who had better success in Scythia then any of his predecessors, liked the people so well for their hardy and valiant enterprises, that he builded a city and named it Alexandria, which was the first city that he builded in Scythia, which name was after razed by the Barbarians, and repaired again by Antiochus the son of Seleucus, who according to his progenitors name, called it Seleucia. Into this city (saith Solinus) Orodes king of Parthia conveyed the Romans that were taken at the slaughter of Crassus. Strabo writeth, that Alexander the great builded 8. great 
Eight towns builded by Alexander.  towns amongst the Bactrians, and amongst the Sogdians, two large countries of Scythia: also he saith, that Alexander destroyed certain cities in Bactria, a city called Cariata, where calisthenes the Philosopher was imprisoned by Alexander: in Sogdiana he destroyed a city which Cyrus builded after his own name called Cira, hard by the river jaxartes.  
I read of none saving of Alexader, which ventured so much in Scythia, as the Scythians have done in other countries: you shall read that the Scythians have thrice invaded Asia, have driven the Cimmerians out of Europe, have given to the Medes divers overthrows, specially in a great battle at Mount Caucasus, 
divers countries overthrown by the Scythians.  and after came into Media their own country, wasted it, spoiled it, and did possess it, as lords and rulers thereof, until by a stratagem of the Medes, the Scythians were slain being drunken. After the Medes, the Egyptians were overthrown with their king Vexores, and put to flight. After the Egyptians, Phrahartes king of Parthia with all his Parthian army, and almost all the country of Parthia, were at that time wellnigh conquered by the Scythians.  
The Persians were twice by the Scythians overcome, under 
The praise of Scythia.  Darius Histaspis, who was discomfited with all his army, and himself glad to take his heels: and under Cyrus the great king, who also after two or three battles, was slain amongst the Scythians. It was thought a thing most renowned to make an army, and to enter Scythia. Liber Pater was the first that travailed into Scythia, as far as Panda a city of the Sogdians, where the first altar was erected in testimony of so famous an enterprise. The second altar was made even in that 
Trophies set up in Scythia.  place by Hercules. The third by Semiramis Queen of Assyria. The fourth and last altar was erected by Cyrus, and therefore it was counted one of the greatest commendations of Alexander the great to make his voyage so far, whereby he had the name of the fift that also erected his monument: so invincible were the nations of the Scythians, that they would take no injury at home, neither offer justice abroad.  
The antiquity of the Scythians is such, that there is no great certainty of their time, nor no sound histories have declared any thing formally, neither of their kings, nor of themselves, and therefore I will briefly end their history in this place, only setting down the names of such kings as I found scattered in divers histories of other kingdoms.  

1 Scytha the first king of Scythia, of whose birth and beginning the Scythians do much brag. Read Diodorus. 
Diodorus lib. 2. cap. 11.   
2 Napis.  
3 Pluto.  
4 Sagillus.  
5 Targitaus.  
6 Plinos.  
7 Scolopithus.  
8 Penaxagora filius Sagilli.  
9 Tanais.  
10 Indathirsus.  
11 Saulius. This king killed the Philosopher Anacharsis, for that he found him in Grecian robes executing the rites and ceremonies of the Greeks, in a sacrifice to Berecynthia, against the customs and laws of Scythia.  
12 Spargapithus.  
13 Aripethes.  
14 Sciles. This king was in like manner driven out of his kingdom for imitating the Grecians in their sacrifice to Bacchus: for the Scythians did mock and flout the Greeks' to alter themselves like fauns or Satyrs, some like men, some like women, and some like beasts with darts in their hands, and Ivy crowns on their heads, after the manner of the Grecians, which the Scythians could not abide.  
15 Octomasades.  
16 Lanthinus, which reigned in Scythia when Darius king of Persia came with an army of seven hundredth thousand, and was overthrown of the Amazons, Sogdians, Hyrcanians, and of divers other nations, which dwell in Scythia: which to write itwere but labour in vain. But a few of the Amazons Queens I will set down, as 

Penthisileia which came to the Trojan wars against the Grecians.  
Menalippe that gave battle to Hercules.  
Hippolyta that gave battle to Theseus.  
Tomiris that gave battle to Cyrus and overthrew him.  
Antiopia: and Marpesia.  
Otrera and other warlike Queens.  
But of tamberlane's greatness of his army, and victories against the Turk, how he take him, carried him in a cage with him to all his wars, and how he used to tread upon his neck as a block to mount on horseback, lute histories every where are written.      

OF THE ORIGINAL OF the Parthians, and of the beginning of their kingdom, and how long it continued: of their kings, government, and last destruction by the Romans, in the time of Augustus Caesar.  
THe Parthians were (sometime) people of Scythia, and driven from thence as banished men, wearied and overthrown: and after, by long wars they came to the deserts of Hyrcania, and possessed the confines of those nations called Daces, and Maiani: for in the Scythian tongue, the Parthians doth signify banished men, so that the Parthians were first obscure 
Pa●…thia.  and base people, banished out of their country of Scythia in the time that the Asyrians & the Medes flourished, and long after that the Persians had gotten the monarchy from the Medes. The Parthians were very rude, without lords or laws to rule them, until the empire of Macedonia had gotten the mastery over the Persians: for at what time Alexander the great died, no Maccdonian would vouch safe to be king in Parthia, the successors of Alexander made no account of the Parthians, 
Parthians not esteemed.  but as rude people, and mercenary soldiers, neither esteeming them nor their country: so simple a beginning the Parthians had, until they scattered themselves to serve as mercenary soldiers: then began the Parthians to have some fame by their service, which were (as I said before) scant known.  
It is written by Solinus, that Parthia grew into so large an 
Solinus cap. 68  Empire, that it contained 18. kingdoms: these kingdoms are divided into two parts, eleven of the eighteen called the upper kingdoms, beginning from the borders of Armenia, passing along the Caspian sea coast to Scythia: the other seven kingdoms have on the West the Medes, on the South Carmania, & on the North Hyrcania the language of the Parthians 
justinus lib. 41.  is mingled partly with the Medes, and partly with the Scythians: their apparel after the custom of Scythia, their soldiers in fight were their servants, of whom the Parthians had as great care, as of their children, teaching them in their youth to ride, to shoot, and to do all other martial exploits: for of fifty thousand soldiers which they had against M. Antonius, were none free men but 450. all the rest were servants. The Parthians began to erect a kingdom, at what time reigned in Egypt Euergetes the third king, and in Macedonia reigned king Demetrius, likewise in Asia and Syria reigned Seleucus Gabinius the forth king. About this time the carthaginians had great wars with the Numidians, which 
Polibeus lib. 2.  endured four years: of these wars Polibeus writeth. In the time of the first king of Parthia which was named Arsaces, Eumenes 
Arsaces' the first king of P●…rthia.  king of Bythinia invaded Asia.  
This king Arsaces deserved no less fame by his great prowess and valiant deeds, by his fortune at wars and good success amongst the Parthians, than Cyrus did amongst the Persians, or Alexander the great amongst the Macedonians. The Parthians so loved this Arsaces' alive, and so honoured him dead, that all the kings of Parthia after him were called Arsaces, with no less dignity than the Caesars of Rome, or Pharao●…s of Egypt, and yet a mean man in the beginning, who might more brag of virtue, & knowledge, then of dignity or parentage: for before these Parthians, followed Eumenes in the wars of Asia, after Eumenes they followed Antigonus, after Antigonus they followed Seleucus' Nicanor, after him Antiochus. At what time the Parthians revolted and made a choice of this king named Arsaces, who brought such 
Parthia by Arsices renowned.  renown to the Parthians, such credit to the country, as enlarged their confines, and augmented their Empire.  
This time one Theodotus being but then Precedent over 1000 Towns and Cities in Bactriana, proclaimed himself king of the Bactrians: with this king Theodotus, Arsaces' entered 
justine lib. 41.  in society, and with his son after him: now when Arsaces had settled himself quietly in Parthia, he gave them laws to live by, he did set and frame all things in order, he builded Towns and Cities, and one chief Metropolitan City, and named it Daram.  
This king had a son named Mithridates, who after his 
Mithridates' 2. king of Parthia.  father reigned in Parthia with no less fame than his father, he levied an army of a hundred thousand footmen, and twenty thousand horsemen, fought with Antiochus the son of Seleucus king of Syria, with such invincible courage, that Antiochus thought it his best way to have peace with him.  
When this king died, succeeded him Pampatius the third 
Pampatius 3. king of Parthia. Pharnaces 4. king of Parthia.  king in Parthia, who when he had reigned twelve years, left behind him two sons, the one named Pharnaces, the other Mithridates: the elder brother after the Parthian manner enjoyed his father's seat, and his father surnamed Arsaces as the other kings were: This king overthrew a very stout Nation called Mardi, and did as his predecessors had done, add some people, or wan some country to Parthia, who having many children when he died, and having more care of his country then of his children, appointed his brother 
Mithridates' 5. king of Parthia.  Mithridates to be king of Parthia, a man of great courage and singular virtues.  
The same very time when Mithridates entered into Parthia as king, did Encratides likewise enter to the kingdom of the Bactrians, but these two kings prospered not alike: for Encratides after divers and sundry battles given to him by the Sogdians, Dranganites, and Indians, wherein he gave divers repulses 
justine lib. 4.  unto his enemies, but at length so wearied with continual wars, he was overthrown and vanquished. In Parthia with better success fought Mithridates with the Medes, whom after many doubtful battles, Mithridates subdued the Medes, and brought them subject under the Parthians, and appointed in Medea Bachasus to be lieutenant, and went himself into Hyrcania, and then waged wars with the king of Elymees, which he vanquished and all his country, and joined them to the Parthians: so that Parthia was so strengthened by the Medes, the Elimees, & other nations, that they governed from mount Caveasus, to the river Euphrates: so that poor Parthia before a base people, and a rude country, are now become lords over the stout Medes, so by God's appointment kingdoms and Empires do both flow and ebb: during this time Masinissa was by sundry battles driven out of his kingdom 
Masinissa.  by Syphax king of Numidia.  
At that time reigned in Syria, Seleucus Philopator their seventh king, and in Egypt reigned Ptolemy Philometor the sixth king, Cornelius Scipio about this time triumphed over Asia. After this Mithridates death succeeded his son Phrahartes: 
Phrahartes 6. king of Parthia.  who had not the fortune which his father had, for Phrahartes was sore vexed by the Scythians, who at the first came to aid the king of Parthia against Antiochus king of Syria▪ the soldiers fell to mutiny for want of pay, and therefore wasted and spoiled the Confines of Parthia, burned towns, and rob 
I●…stine lib. 42.  countries, that Phrahartes was constrained to levy an army, and to make wars upon the Scythians, whose luck had been better if he had tarried in Parthia, where he left behind him Himerus, too young a man to govern a kingdom, who lost at home in Parthia, as much as Phrahartes lost in Scythia.  
After Phrahartes was overthrown by the Scythians, Artabanus 
Artabanus 7. king of Parthia.  succeeded, who likewise shortly was slain in the wars at Colchata, after whom succeeded his son Mithridates the second of that name, who for his noble deeds and 
Mithridates' 8. king of Pathia.  valiant acts, was named Mithridates the great, and yet not so great as infortunate: for when he had revenged the death of his father upon the Scythians, plagued the Armenians, and had gotten divers Nations subject unto Parthia, yet he was banished from Parthia, and his kingdom given to Horodes his brother. Horodes having the kingdom of Parthia in his hand, hearing that his brother Mithridates had fled into Babylon to avoid further fear, he besieged Babylon, until by famine they were compelled to yield the City: Mithridates hoping for pardon, yielded himself to his brother: 
H●…rodes 9 king of Parthia.  but Horodes▪ supposing that he would prove rather an enemy than a brother, commanded him to be slain before his face.  
By this time the Parthians grew so great, and waxed so strong, that their fame extended into Rome, a City that could never abide no kingdom nor no country to flourish 
Crassus' sent to Parthia.  beside themselves: and therefore the Romans sent Marcus Crassus, one of the greatest men of Rome to Parthia, who had such conceits in his head, that the victory of Lucullus against Tigranes' king of Armenia, and all that Pompey did against Mithridates' king of Pontus, were but trifles to that which he intended: for he thought to conquer the Bactrians, the Indians, and the great Ocean sea.  
For in his decree and commission to him given by the Senate, there was no mention made of the Parthians, which the Parthians knew, and therefore sent Ambassadors unto Crassus, opening unto him that he offered wars unto the Parthians, against his decree by the Senate: but Crassus more bold than wise said, that Horodes king of Parthia should answer 
The answer of a Parthian unto Crassus.  him in Seleucia. One of the Parthian Ambassadors fell a laughing, showing to Crassus the palm of his hand, saying, Hairs shall sooner grow in the palm of my hand, before you come to Seleucia: and so with defiance of Crassus; the Ambassadors returned to their king, telling him that he was to prepare for wars.  
By this time Artabazes king of Armenia came to the camp of Crassus with six thousand horsemen, promising Crassus ten thousand more horsemen, and thirty thousand footmen, but that promise was not kept, for he was assaulted by the Parthians in his country: beside, Crassus had in his army fifty thousand. Horodes king of Parthia made ready for Crassus, 
Surena captain general of the Parthians.  and appointed one named Surena his lieutenant, the second man in all Parthia next to the king, in experience, value, reputation, and riches: for Plutarch saith, that when Surena removed with his own household only, he had a thousand Camels to carry his sumpters, and two hundred Coaches of Courtesans, & a thousand men of arms armed from top to toe, beside another thousand more lightly armed: his whole train & Court made above ten thousand horse.  
Crassus' thought long to give battle unto the Parthians, but the miserable sight of the overthrown Romans which were so martyred with such torments, showing unto their captains their hands fast nailed to their targets with arrows, and their feet likewise shot through and nailed to the ground, the forked arrows fast in their bodies, and so wounded with spears and pikes, that the most part of the Roman gentlemen slew themselves, for so did Censorinus, and Publius Crassus himself commanded one of his gentlemen to kill him, whose head was cut off after by the enemy, 
Crassus' slain, and his head sent to the king of Parthia.  and brought to his father for a present, whose sight killed the Romans hearts.  
Yet the old Crassus showed greater courage at that time then ever he had done before: he made an oration to his soldiers, when his heart was full of sorrow, brought them examples how Lucullus overcame not Tigranes, neither Scipio, Antiochus the great without blood. Thus he comforted his people, and persuaded them to turn their sorrows into fury, and to show themselves worthy Romans for the revenge of his sons death: but the inconstancy of Crassus' fortune was no better than his son, after many vnlucki●… battles to be slain, and his head to be cut off as his sons was, and twenty thousand Romans slain: beside Surena did send Crassus unto Herodes the king his master into Armenia. After Crassus and his son were thus shamefully 
Envy at Rome.  slain in Parthia, the Parthians so triumphed of this in feasts and plays, making rhymes and jests (as Plutarch saith) of both Crassus' heads.  
About this envy began a quarrel in Rome, first between 
Plutarch in the life of Crassus.  Lucullus, and Pompey, and after between Pompey and Caesar: now the Romans having sustained such foil in Parthia, and the Parthians such victory over the Romans, that Horodes king of Parthia, and his son Pacorus conceived great pride therein, but pride will have a fall, and so it fell to the Parthians.  
After divers great victories of many Countries, Ventidius 
Ventidius victory over the Parthians.  a Roman lieutenant of Marcus Antonius, who fully revenged the death of Crassus, with such a slaughter of the Parthians, that in the first battle that he had with Horodes, he slew Pharnabates, & Labienus, which two increased much the Parthians fame, while Labienus was in Syria, two of the chief captains he had: in the second battle he far excelled the first, and slew many more of the Parthians: in this battle Pacorus 
Pacorus slain.  the kings own son was slain.  
This made the victory of Ventidius more notable: this exploit was a full requital of Crassus' death, so that Ventidius a mean man borne, was the only man that ever triumphed 
Ventidius victory over the Parthians.  over the Parthians unto the very last day of them: when news of these victories came to Horodes, that his son Pacorus was slain with all his army, of whom he heard before so well of in vanquishing and overthrowing divers armies both in Asia and Syria, he suddenly fell to such a fury, that he became beside himself, that for many days he was dumb 
Horodes dumb.  without speech: and when he spoke any word, he spoke nothing but Pacorus, he thought that he saw him, that he heard him, and that he spoke with him.  
But in time after he had recovered his former state, he imagined of thirty sons he had, who should be king after him: at length he bequeathed his kingdom unto his son Phrahartes: this was the last king of Parthia. About this time 
Phrahartes the 10. king of Parthia.  much trouble was in Rome between Caesar and Pompey the great, the civil wars whereof had almost overthrown the state of the Romans, the which I will write of in the Roman history: now when Phrahartes had slain his father Horodes, and had possessed the kingdom of Parthia, he doubting lest the like murder might happen to him, he made sure work.  
After he had slain the king his father, he also slew his thirty brethren: this tyranny in the beginning of his government, 
Many revolted from Phrahartes.  made divers gentlemen of Parthia to forsake him, & to flee unto Antonius, to whom (as Plutarch saith) Antonius gave divers cities, as Larissa, Arethusa, & others. After this he took a general muster of all his army, and of his confederates that were come by commandment to aid him from Armenia, and other places, so that Antonius had threescore thousand footmen, and ten thousand horsemen, beside 
The great army of Antonius.  thirty thousand of other Nations. This puissant army made all Asia to tremble, and yet no worthy exploit done, but besieging the City of Phrata in Media: the love he bore to Cleopatra was thought to be the cause of his ill luck. 
Cleopatra.   
In the mean time Phrahartes king of Parthia being advertised where Antonius left his engines of battle, he sent a number of horsemen to fight with Tatianus, who was in that conflict slain with ten thousand more at that time: this troubled all Antonius army: notwithstanding Antonius hasted to battle with them, at what time he put the Parthians to flight, without any great slaughter of the Parthians.  
Antonius linger still, and doing no great act in Parthia, determined to give over such crafty people: and though Antonius had overcome the Parthians in eighteen several battles, yet they gave him divers repulses and such 
Antonius' depa●…ture from Parthia.  overthrows, as Antonius was most willing to let them alone and to departed from them, whom they followed in his return at the hard heels to his great loss and shame.  
This made Phrahartes king of Parthia so proud, that Antonius the great Roman took his flight from Parthia, that he used such murder and tyranny in his Country, that his own subjects threw him out of his country and kingdom, and placed in his seat Tiridates to be king, until Phrahartes after he had been thus banished was aided by the king of Scythia to be restored unto his kingdom again.  
Then Tiridates hearing that the Scythians came with a great 
Tiridates.  army to restore Phrahartes, he fled into Spain unto Octavius Caesar: thither likewise did Phrahartes send Ambassadors: 
Caesar's clemency andiustice  when Caesar had heard both the parties, the complaints of the banished king Phrahartes, and the request of Tiridates saying, that Parthia was fit to be subject to the Roman Empire, affirming also that if it should please Caesar to substitute him lieutenant under the Romans in Parthia, that he would with all Parthia hold with Rome.  
Notwithstanding Caesar used in this great clemency both wisdom and justice, he commanded that Phrahartes son should be king in Parthia, and that Tiridates (if it pleased him) should continue in Rome upon Caesar's charges, until his return from Spain, at which time Caesar having occasion after he came home to Rome from Spain, to go to Syria, and to dispose of those kingdoms which his predecessors had conquered in the East countries, and to set all things in order, he charged then that Phrahartes should make no wars 
Diodo. lib. 42.  against the Parthians, promising that he and his posterity should govern Parthia under the Romans, willing and commanding him and the king his son to send those ensigns to Rome, which Marcus Crassus lost at Parthia, and commanded them to be true friends to the Romans. The fortune of this Caesar was such, that he could then command with a word, more than Antonius▪ who sought it with blows, or Crassus that sought it with his death. This Caesar afterward called Augustus, brought parthia to be a province unto the Romans, and ended without wars, which other could not do with wars.  
Thus the kingdom of Parthia which began in the hundred thirty three Olympiad, and ended in the beginning of the Monarchy of Augustus Caesar, in the hundred eighty eight Olympiad, after he had conquered his friend Marcus Antonius: There reigned in Parthia eleven kings, whose names are here under written.  

1 Arsaces the first king, by whom the kings of Parthia were all called Arsaces.  
2 Mithridates the second king of Parthia.  
3 Pampatius the third king of Parthia.  
4 Pharnaces the fourth king of Parthia.  
5 Mithridates the fift king of Parthia.  
6 Phrahartes the sixth king of Parthia.  
7 Artabanus the seventh king of Parthia.  
8 Mithridates the great, the eight king of Parthia, and son to Artabanus.  
9 Horodes the ninth king of Parthia.  
10 Phrahartes the tenth king of Parthia.  
11 The eleventh and last king of Parthia, son to Phrahartes, and supposed to be called Phrahartes, after his father's name.    

OF THE antiquity OF Media: of the original of their Kings, and of their common wealth, government, and continuance.  
THough the Assyrians, the Chaldeans, and the Egyptians were conquered by the Persians: yet I will touch the history of Media, before I handle Persia, for that the Medes likewise were made subject unto the Persians': for all these kingdoms came at length to Cyrus' hand. For as the kingdom of Media began atone time with the new kingdom of Assyria, after Sardanapalus time: so they ended about one time, and both these kingdoms by Cyrus taken unto Persia: and even so of Lydia the next history to this, was also by the Persians subdued: of the which also I mean briefly to speak, before I handle Persia: for so the course of time, and the order of the histories do require: but now of the Medes.  
For Strabo in the description of the kingdom of Media 
Strabo. lib. 11.  saith, that Parthia is bordered upon the East side of Media, and on the South it is inhabited with people called Cadusij: and (as Strabo writeth) it hath other nations dwelling about the Sea of Hyrcania: the river Halis (as Herodote doth write) is the Confines of both Media and Lydia. And he saith further, that the Medes were called Arij before, and then long after that Medea came from Cholchos unto Athens, & from Athens unto this people then called Arij, & changed the name of the country after her own name Media, whom the Greeks' called after that Medi, by the name of Medea: but otherways confirmed by josephus, and by Zonaras in his first book, who 
josephus lib. 1. cap. 6.  say that Medi had their original from Madai, the son of japhet, and of him (as Melancthon saith) named Madei first, and after of the Greeks' called Medi.  
There were many Towns in Media first builded by the Macedonians, inhabited by the Grccians, as Laodicea, Apannia, Rhaga, which Nicanor builded. The Medes in times past flourished 
The Medes first by Cyrus vanquished.  (a kingdom that governed many Countries, and had under their Empire the most part of Asia, until the Persians vanquished the Assyrians by king Cyrus, which Cyrus afterward subdued the Medes, and brought both Assyria and Media unto the Empire of Persia.  
The chief Palace of the kings of Media is called Eobatana, where the kings of Media kept their Court every winter. Herodote, which wrote his history in the time of Xerxes saith, that after the Medes had conquered the Assyrians, the Medes had no kings of long time after, but every City by popular state was then governed, until Deiocis' time, 
Deiocis the 〈◊〉. king of the Medes.  who being wise, and withal very ambitious, plausible in his speech, and gentle in his dealings, wan the people's hearts to affect him much: who by secret means aspiring to the kingdom, having many great friends by council to further him, and with power to aid him, until by common consent of the whole Estate he was chosen King, in the forty five year after the building of Rome, and in the seventh year of Numa Pompilius reign, the second king of Rome, in the eighteen Olympiad. 
Arbase▪ subdued the Assyrians, and made them subject to the Medes.   
For after that Arbaces then chief Governor of the Medes had joined in friendship with Bellochus lieutenant of Babylon, and both conspired (as you heard before in the history of the Assyrians) against Sardanapalus, whom after they had with three or four battles conquered, the Assyrians with their Empire was translated unto the Medes by Arbaces: 
Arbaces  which Medes yet had no king created, but were ruled and governed by Arbaces, as Babylon was by Bellochus. 
Bellochus.   
Now after that Arbaces had governed the Medes twenty eight years, at what time Procas silvius reigned king over the Latins, and at Athens Thespeius lived their tenth judge after their kings: It is written that one Phidon of Argive, found about this time the use of measures and weights.  
This Arbaces began to reign over the Medes forty two years before the Olympiads, at the which time the kingdom of Macedonia began: so that the Medes & Macedonians began forty two years before the Lydians, and the Lydians twenty four years before the Romans. Ctesias a great antiquary of the Persians, who wrote in Artaxerxes time presently after Herodot, saith, that after Arbaces time, a son of his succeeded him named Madanes, who reigned 50. years: and then followed Sosarmus, which reigned 30. years: after him succeeded 
Sosarmus 3. king of the Medes.  Aristeus, who held long wars with the Cadusians, by whom he was at length slain: but before he died, he commanded by 
Aristeus 4. king.  will that the Medes should never be in league with the Cadusians, but with sword and fire to persecute them, until they were brought subject unto the Medes.  
After the death of this Aristeus, reigned in Media Artines', 22. years: after him Artelanus governed the Medes, forty years, in whose time the Parthians were subdued and 
The Parthians were vanquished by the Medes.  brought under the Empire of the Medes, after they had yielded themselves and the Country unto the king of Saca, which king, both he and his Country after two years great wars had between them and the Medes, were vanquished both they and the Parthians, when the Medes had brought the king of Parthia and the king of Saca under the yoke of Media, at what time Artabanus reigned king over the Medes, after whom succeeded Astyages, which with some writers is named 
Astyages the last king of Media.  Apanda. This was the last king of Media, which was conquered both he & his country by Cyrus' king of Persia, whose history is at large set forth in the Empire of Persia: Diodorus with others which writ of these kings, as Herodot and Ctesias. Great controversy there is between writers about the kings of Media, of their succession, of their reign, and of their governments: though Strabo and Pomponius Mela do fully describe the situation of Media, yet the best Chronographers vary much of their government. justinus affirmeth, that the 
justinus lib. 1.  Medes reigned 350. years: others say 304. making their computations from Sardanapalus time, whom the Medes conquered, until the time of Cyrus, by whom the Medes were vanquished: 
Diodor. lib. 2. cap. 7.  so long the Empire stood.  
Again they vary much in the names of their kings: for as I named from Arbase the first king, until Astyages the last king 
Arbase the first governor of Media. Controversy of the government of the Medes. Sosaramus 2. king of Media.  and the ninth king of the Medes, so some again after this sort do set down the lines of the kings of Media. After Arbase reigned Sosarmus the second king of Media: he reigned thirty years, at what time reigned in Egypt a king of singular wisdom, very courteous and gentle, much commended of Herodot for many rare virtues, named of Functius, Osorus, and of Eusebius Nicerinus.  
About this time was Achas king of juda borne, and Coenus the second king of Macedonia began with Sosarmus the second king of Media to reign. Mark the order of time: for both the Macedonians and the Medes at one time began their kingdoms, & even then the Lacedæmonians ended their kingdoms: for so God worketh by order of nature and time. The Peloponesians & the Athenians were so plagued one of another 
Orosius lib. 1. cap. 24.  by continual civil wars, the slaughter so great on both sides, & the wars so long, as men conquered on neither parties yielded at last unto necessity, and were forced to forsake the fields, & to withdraw themseles from destroying of both their countries: for the wars that was between the Athenians 
Great wars between the Pelopon, and the Athenians.  & the Lacedæmonians from time to time was the overthrow of all Greece: the cause arising from so little a quarrel, as hereafter shallbe mentioned in the history of Greece.  
While these wars endured in Greece, Romulus and Rhemus were borne, and the third king of Media began to govern 
Romulus' born  the Medes: his name was Medidus, in the first Olympiad, at which time the king of tire which was named Elulaeus (as 
King of tire,  Menander testifieth a writer of their own Chronicles) was besieged by Salmanassar king of Assyria, who after he he had spoiled Phoenicia, & Samaria, he turned his force against tire. After great slaughter he took Sidon, Arce, and Paletire, with many other Cities from the king of tire, and brought the spoil thereof unto Ninive: And yet saith Menander, for all 
Menander de bello Salmanasser.  his victory, he was the second time discomfited, his Navies so scattered, that five hundred of his best soldiers were taken by the Canaanites, and by the king of tire: whereat Salmanassar waxed full of wrath, and commanded his soldiers to stop all conduits, and all passages of waters, that for five years they were forced to dig out water, and to make wells and springs to sustain themselves withal: and this history is written in the Chronicles of tire.  
About this time lived that good and learned Poet Archimus, that wrote of the wars of Troy. Coelius king of the Tuscans aided Romulus the first king of Rome with men and money against the people called Cennienses, and the Antenates: 
Dyonisius Hal. lib. 1.  of this king's name mount Coelius, one of the seven hills of Rome was called. Plutarch saith, that Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome was borne about this time: and in the twenty eight year of the third king of the Medes, was that wicked king Sancherib, with his horrible blasphemies, with a 
Sancherib over thrown.  hundred four score & five thousand of his soldiers slain by the Angel of the Lord.  
After this Medidus the third king of Media had reigned forty years, succeeded him Cardiceas the fourth king, who 
Cardiceas 4.  reigned thirteen years. During this king's government, 
King of Media.  the Empire of Assyria was brought by Merodach the son of Baladan unto Babylon, where Merodach reigned forty years 
Merodach 4. king.  the first king of Babylon. Now in judea governed a wicked king, a great idolater, a murderer of the Prophets, and a most contemptuous despiser of God. This Manasses filled all 
Manasses a tyrant.  jerusalem with blood, he martyred Esai the Prophet, commanding him to be cut in two pieces with a saw: for the which tyranny God gave him over to the hands of the Babylonians.  
In Ethiop reigned about this time a king named Tarachus, of whom josephus maketh mention, that he came 
Lib. 10. ap. 1.  to aid Spethon king of Egypt, against Senaherib, in the sixteenth Olympiad. About this time Nicomedia was builded: 
Dionis. lib. 2.  Gela a Town of Sicilia, and Phaselis a Town in Pamphilia were likewise builded. All this while the Medes had no king crowned nor allowed, but as a supreme Governor of all Media, but were (as you heard) from Arbaces time until 
Sosarmus.  this time, governed by a Magistrate or chief Government, even until Deiocis, which was the chief governor 
Deiocis the 1. king of the Medes.  and the first king: for Arbaces, Sosarmus, Medidus, Cardiceas, these four were but governors, though for order sake they were named kings.  

CHAP. II.  
Of the first King of Media: of their government, laws, and continuance from Deiocis, until Astyages the last King of the Medes.  
But Deiocis now after he had governed wisely and discreetly the Medes, he through his own policy and his friend's council became the first King by consent and by election. When he was sure of the kingdom, and had settled himself as a King, he strait commanded Towns and Cities to be builded, and erected many strong Forts, made good laws, and governed the Medes with equity and justice for the space of fifty three years, as both Herodot and Diodorus Siculus affirm. 
Diodorus Siculus lib. 3.   
This Deiocis likewise appointed a certain guard for his person, for change of state is dangerous: for now Deiocis from a Magistrate was made a king, and therefore with greater care and fear he foresaw things belonging to his person: he had his garrison and his guard to attend his person, and provided that the Medes, who both loved him and honoured him so much, should be in all service at his beck: he commanded then to build one great Town, a chief 
Strab. lib. 11.  City, and to be the only seat of the king, as in all kingdoms the Palace of the king is the chiefest.  
Now the Medes having this commandment, began with one consent to build one great Town above the rest fortified with walls, and strengthened with garrisons. This 
Russ●… de Medor. origine.  city was great and large, and was called Ecbatana, where this king Deiocis lived, using such justice and severity, as hereby no man might have access unto him but by means: he grew so severe, that no man might have sight of him, no man might laugh, cough, or spit before him. This was the only 
Deioces praised  king that bridled the Medes, and as much commended for his severe punishment of injuries, as for his sound judgement of justice and equity praised.  
There were many nations subject unto the Medes, as Buse, Paretaceni, Arezantij, Budi, and others. In his time reigned in Macedonia, Perdiccas: in judea Ezechias and his son Manasses: in Rome reigned Romulus in the later end of his reign, and in Lydia Candaules the fourth king of Lydia.  
This time reigned in Egypt 12. governors of equal authority: 
Diodo. lib. 1.  these ruled Egypt as supreme magistrates 15. years, until Psammeticus: one of these 12. judges had gotten the kingdom unto his own hands, who reigned 54. years king in Egypt. You shall read in Herodot, and in Diodorus Siculus, the 
Herodot. lib. 2.  whole history, even from this king Psammeticus, until the time of Cambyses.  
As Kingdoms and Countries flourished and became mighty & strong in arms, so they invented military discipline to defend themselves & their Countries: every Kingdom had their proper and several order of fight, with variety and change of their marching into battle, with sundry and divers kinds of Trumpets and ensigns. The Egyptians had Crocodiles and cats in their ensigns: for those 
The Egyptians.  which they honoured as gods in the City, they used them in their wars in their ensigns, and a Trumpet made of a horn. The Indians had in their ensigns the picture of Hercules 
The Indians.  carried before them into battle, with many little Bells and Timbrels for their Trumpets. The Persians preferred in their ensigns the image of the sun, and burning lamps, which should be carried in the midst of the army. The old 
The Persian.  Athenians caused an owl to be set in their ensigns: and the Thebans the image of Sphinx with shaulmes & flates for trumpets. The Macedonians had a wolf carried in their ensigns. 
The Macedonians.  The ancient Romans before they grew to their greatness, used a handful of hay tied to the end of their spears, which should be carried before them as ensigns, and thereby called manipulares miliets: they had not yet used in their ensigns the picture of a horse, which they used after the hay, or of a 
The Romans.  boar or of Minotaurus, or of the eagle which now they use for their ensigns. The Cimbrians had in their ensigns a brazen bull. The old ancient Germans used to paint in 
The old Germans.  their ensigns the likeness of shining light. The Parthians tied little brazen bells to their spears, and infinite number of horns, having before them carried in their ensign a flag of red leather painted over full of keys. And so I might speak of more that used their country orders and manners in wars: but mighty Emperors and Kings had in their several ensigns what pleased them, as  

Hannibal had a red flag with 
The several ensigns of kings and great captains.  a naked sword for his ensign.  
Old Osiris had the dog Anubis in his ensign.  
Great Porus king of India had the image of Hercules carried before him in his ensign.  
Cyrus' king of Persia, a cock.  
julius Caesar an Elephant.  
Eumenes' king of Asia had in his ensign the image of Ceres, and the statue of Alexander the great.  
Neoptolemus the image of Minerva.  
Ca Marius in the Cymbrian wars used to carry in his ensign a silver eagle, and so upon their tents they used the like.   
And so of their secret watchword which the Emperors, and great kings used in their wars, I thought good to set down some brief examples of mighty great conquerors and captains, which they used in the field in the time of war to their officers and soldiers.  

Cyrus' king of Persia would use this for his watchword: jupiter belli Dux.  
Antiochus, surnamed Soter, used this watchword: Bene valere.  
Augustus Caesar Emperor of Rome used this word: Faelicitas, sometime, Victoria.  
M. Antonius in his wars used this word: Lar Deus.  
Pompey the great used, Invictus Hercules.  
Caius Caligula the Emperor used, Priapus and Venus for his watcheword. 
Watchwords at se●…raln 〈◊〉 or ●…eat 〈◊〉.   
Demetrius' king of Macedonia, had for his watchword, jupiter & Victoria.  
The Emperor Septimus Severus used this word, Laboremus. As Pertinx the emperor used Militemus for their watchwords in their camp.  
Claudius' Caesar never miss this watchword, Virum ulcisci decet.  
The watchword of Silla was but Apollo.   
The sixth king of the Medes was named Phaortes, a man of great promise and of great fortune, who much increased the state of Media with winning of many countries, and adding of many nations to the kingdom of Media: he moved wars first against the Persians, and brought them at length under his hand, and vanquished them, who became subjects under Phaortes to the Empire of Media. After that, he passed further unto Asia, destroying and vanquishing many stout nations, in so much that he brought all Asia under the Medes. Again he went with great force against the Assyrians, laid siege to Ninive, where he was slain and all his army vanquished: 
Phaortes slain at Ninive.  he reigned in Media 22. years, about the 33. Olympiad, 105. years after the building of Rome.  
At this time reigned in judea, the good king josias, who destroyed idolatry, & restored religion, commanding the groves, the altars, and other superstitious places, to be had in pieces: he caused all the wickedness which reigned among the jews in his father's days king Amon, to be quite taken away. Now in Lydia governed Ardeis the 6. king of the Lydians. In Rome governed Tullus Hostilius the 3. king of the Romans, & in Agrigentum at this time the great tyrant Phalaris exercised his tyranny. 
Phaortes.   
After Phaortes had brought all Asia under the Empire, and had vanquished the Persians, and now the monarchy was in 
Strabo lib. 11.  Media, the Medes grew so strong that they subdued all countries, and became the only kingdom of force & power, whose fame and renown was spread over the whole world. After him succeeded Ciaxares the 7. king of the Medes: this passed 
Ciaxares the son of Phaortes, and the 7. king of Media.  all the kings of Media before him, and obscured the fame of his predecessors: this king is named in Daniel Darius Medus, as Melancthon doth note. This was he that subdued Asia, and divided Asia into nations, countries, provinces, and kingdoms, and the first among the Medes that devised spearmen, bowmen, and horsemen, and taught the Medes many warlike feats: he vanquished all the regions about Media, and gathered all the force he could against the Lydians, and after brought all his armies over the river Halis, and went to revenge his father's death Phaortes upon the Assyrians, besieged Ninive, and (as Eusebius testifieth) he took the city of Ninive, and conquered the most part of Assyria, except Babylon and few provinces about Babylon. It is written in Ruffinus, that while Ciaxares laid siege to Ninive, Madies king of Scythia came with great power against this Ciaxares, with 
Ruffinus de Medorum origine.  whom he encountered and put him to the worst, scattered his army, and won the field, and removed their siege from Ninive, in so much that the Scythians ruled & governed all Asia for 28. years, but afterward slain and overthrown by the Medes.  
About this time Nabuchodonosor king of Babylon laid siege to jerusalem, took Zedekias the king, burned the city, and destroyed 
The besieging of jerusalem by Nabuchodonosor.  the temple, and the most part of the best jews were carried captive into Babylon, where Ezechiel began to prophecy both against Egypt and Babylon, where likewise he prophesied the rebuilding of jerusalem, and the restoring of the jews after 70. years captivity. There followed in Media Astyages 
Astyages the 8. and last king of Media.  the 8. and last king of the Medes, who reigned over the Medes 35. years, having only one daughter named Mandanes: of this her father thought so well, that he judged no man among the Medes worthy of his daughter, but gave her in marriage to Cambyses king of Persia, which then paid tribute unto the Medes, and were brought under their monarchy by conquest.  
Now Astyages the king being in his town Ecbatana, dreamt of his daughter Mandanes in this sort: he thought in his dream that his daughter made so much water at one time as filled all the streets of the city Ecbatana, & that it did overflow all Asia: who when he awaked, mused much at this dream, & fearing 
Astyages dream of his daughter.  the success thereof, took order with one Harpagus a friend of his, that when his daughter Mandanes should be brought to bed, the child should presently be killed. This commandment of the king troubled Harpagus, insomuch that he himself detested 
Harpagus.  so foul an act, caused one named Mitridates a herdman of Astyages to come to his house, to whom he imparted the king's 
Mitridates.  commandment, charging him to take the child, and to bring him to some place where the child might die, to avoid the displeasure of the king. This poor man obeying Harpagus, took the child, delighted much in his favour, thinking in his heart that he was of some great parentage, took it with him, and having that time by his wife a child borne dead, he took it, and made as though it were Cambyses son, & buried 
Cyrus' brought up with a poor herdman as his own child.  him in a desert place, and commanded his wife to bring up Cyrus as her own child. Now when Harpagus was thoroughly certified that Cyrus was killed & buried by this his trusty friend, who saw the place where the dead child was buried, supposing it to be Cyrus, Harpagus thereof was very glad, told the king that in all things his commandment was executed. The king was merry, & all things very quiet, and he doubted nothing.  
While this Astyages was lusty and frolic, Cyrus grew in the mean while to some stature, being about ten years of age, having some cause to be brought before Astyages, he had some impression in his head, and conceived by imagination, considering the time that Cyrus should have been killed, and 
astyages hath knowledge that Cyrus was not slain by Harpagus.  the age of Cyrus then present: he began to examine the matter with Harpagus, and Harpagus with Midridates, until the truth was found. Astyages being much disquieted with this Harpagus, was troubled in mind, fearing some mischance should happen unto him by the means of this Cyrus, of whom he dreamt (as you heard) commanded him 
Cyrus is banished from Media unto Persia.  out of his sight, and to go unto Persia to his father Cambyses, and to his mother Mandanes, and there, upon his allegiance to stay. 
Cyrus is father to Cambyses, and not his soane, in all writers but in Herodotus.   
Cyrus began to feel his stomach being very young, to be very great: yet for that time he obeyed the king, and went to Persia, where he consulted with Harpagus about the recovery of the kingdom of Media. For when Cyrus had heard how that Astyages had commanded Harpagus to kill him, and to 
Cyrus maketh this force in a readiness.  have him out of the way, he thought now being in years, fully to revenge the said wrong: he gathered his power together, and had his soldiers in arms, and was ready with his force to march against Astyages.  
The bruit and great report of Cyrus' preparation came to 
Messengers sent unto Cyrus.  the ears of king Astyages, who not being therewith a little frighted, sent messengers unto Cyrus, commanding him upon his allegiance to repair to king Astyages. To whom answer was made by Cyrus, that Astyages should see Cyrus before he 
Cyrus' answer.  wished to see him, and that Cyrus would come before Astyages would have him to come. This answer of Cyrus being given to the king, he strait commanded all Media to be in arms, and with great haste & with no less fear made his soldiers ready. Now Harpagus having determined to flee from his charge, being general of the Medes, unto Cyrus: When both the armies came to join in battle, Harpagus performed promise with Cyrus, forsook the Medes, and came to the 
The first battle of Astyages with Cyrus.  Persians. This first battle by reason of Harpagus and divers noble men more of Media which revolted, was overthrown by Cyrus.  
Astyages again gathered his force, renewed his army, and came in field himself being general in person against Cyrus, 
The second overthrow of Astyages, and the last.  where he was with all his soldiers overthrown, and his kingdom taken from him, and the Empire of Media which before governed Persia, is now again brought by Cyrus unto Persia.  
This was the uncertain state of the world then, sometime conquerors, and sometime strait conquered, as before you have read of Assyria and Chaldea sometimes the Assyrians mastered the Chaldeans, and again the Chaldeans overcame the Assyrians, and so of the Medes and of the Persians: 
The last end of the Medes.  for now the Persians are become lords of Media, Lydia, Chaldea, Assyria, all Asia, and the most part of the East, which the Medes hitherto for the space of an hundredth and thirty years governed Asia about the river Halis. Thus Media after it had 
The river Halis.  in all continued three hundredth and fifty years, from Sardanapalus until Cyrus' time, by Cyrus was overthrown, in the 
The 56. Olympiad.  thirty and fift year of the reign of Astyages, two hundredth years after the building of Rome, at what time Tarqvinius Priscus was the first king of Rome.  
This time ruled in Lydia, Croesus, which within fourteen year after was likewise vanquished by Cyrus, and his kingdom translated unto Persia. It is in Zonaras and in josephus 
Zonar. lib. 1. cap. 19  otherwise written about Cyrus and Astyages: they affirm that Cyaxeres was the son of Astyages: this was of Daniel called Darius Medus, & of josephus, Zonaras, Zenophon, and others. This 
josephus lib. 10. cap. 13.  was uncle unto Cyrus, and heir unto Astyages: he together with Cyrus governed for a time, afterward having but one daughter, he bequeathed his daughter and the kingdom unto Cyrus his nephew his sister's son, who was married unto Cambyses.  
While this Cyaxeres lived, he honoured much Daniel, and had him in great reverence. Herodotus writeth in the history 
Herod. lib. 3.  of Cyrus, and sayeth, that Cyrus married Cassandanes the daughter of Pharnaspis: so doth Zenophon, and so doth Zonaras 
zenophon lib. 8. Padago.  write.  
The Egyptians affirm, that Cyrus married a wife in Egypt, and by her got Cambyses ●…but how soever Chronographers agree, it is certain that he began a monarchy upon the conquering of Lydia and Media, as shall be more at large written in the history of Persia.  
The Medes fed on fruits, Ex amigdalis tostis panes, ex malis 
How the Medes fed. Strabo lib. 11.  siccis ac tritis massas conficiunt, They make their drink of certain roots, and they use wild beasts, and wild fowls for their food: for they nourish no tame beast. And this is the property of the Medes and of their king, to have as many wives as they would, they might not have under 
Of their husbands.  seven. And so their women thought it a great praise and fame to have many husbands, but they might not live without five husbands, as Strabo doth write in his eleventh Book.    

OF THE antiquity OF Lydia: of the original of their Kings, and of their common wealth, and government.  
THE kingdom of Lydia, being before called (as Herodotus writeth 
Herodot. lib. 1. cap. 7. ) Maeonia, began to take name of one Lydus the son of Artis: but that seemeth to be fabulous, as Herodotus is in many of his histories. Lydia is named of Lud the fourth son of Sem, as josephus, Zonaras, and Philo judaeus 
josephus. lib. 1. 14. antiq. Zonara's lib. 7.  affirm. This country is situate in this sort: it hath Eastward Phrigia: on the Southside Caria, and on the Northside Misia, as both Strabo and Pliny affirm. The river Meander runneth through Lydia, and compasseth the most part of Lydia. 
Strabo lib. 13. Plini lib. 5. na●…. histor.  Eusebius in his histories faith, that the kingdom of Lydia began in the first Olympiad, and in the beginning of the 14. 
Dionysius lib 2. Pl●…t, in Romule.  jubilee, about which time Romulus the first king and builder of Rome was borne: of whose birth as Dionysius and Plutarch write, many strange things are read.  
Lydia was before Rome 24. years, and after the destruction of Troy 405 years. When I speak of the Romans and of their kingdom, you shall have it fully▪ set down. The kings of Lydia, the kings of Rome, and the kings of Media, are almost of 
The Lydians, the Romans, and the Medes began to reign together.  one time: for assoon as the Medes began to set up their kingdom, the Assyrians which governed so long all the East part of the world decayed. Likewise the Lacedæmonians ended their government, and their kings failed in alcane's time the ninth king of the Lacedæmonians: at which time the Macedemonians 
The Lacedæmonians ended their kingdom now.  elected their first king called Cranaus: so some countries, nations, and kingdoms begin, others end: some rise, and some fall, as time giveth them licence by God's appointment.  
But now of the kings of Lydia: where I find in Eusebius 
Arsidius the first king of Lydia.  their first king to be named Arsidius: this Functius doth call Ardisus, at what time judged the Athenians Aeschylus the twelft judge of Athens, after the kings who had governed from Cecrops their first king, which began in Moses time, until Codrus the last king of Athens, which ended his kingdom in the time of David, where reigned that while 17. kings. When Arsidius reigned in Lydia, joathan was king in judea, and in Samaria Pecah the 17. king of Israel.  
These people of Lydia were first very warlike, stout, and a courageous nation, but Cyrus broke their backs, and compelled 
Lydians became idle and slothful.  them to be caupones & institores (as justine saith) & to leave off arms (for that oftentimes they rebelled against Cyrus) and to use such trafiques as were of the meanest credit: hereby, these stout and strong nations before, came now by Cyrus' policy to be very idle and slothful, whereby they invented many unthrifty games, divers plays at dice, tennis, and such like, and having nothing to do, neither durst they do any thing for fear of Cyrus: they fell (as Pliny saith) to exercise Artes ludicras & lenocinia, and so became from a strong and stout people, the most slothful and idle people of the world.  
Budaeus thinketh, that this region Lydia is now called Anatolia: 
Budaeus de ass. lib. 3.  after Arsidius had reigned in Lydia 36. years, succeeded him Aliagtes the second king of the Lydians, at the which time 
Aliagtes the second king of lydia.  grew great wars of twenty years continuance between the Lacedæmonians and the Messanians: the cause thereof you 
Wars between the Lacedæmonians and the Messanians.  shall read in Orosius. Catina a city in Sicilia at this time was builded, and Messana one of the chiefest cities of the Messanians was taken then by the Lacedæmonians. Now reigned in Rome Romulus the first king, in Phrygia Midas, in Egypt Sacalion, 
Orosius lib. 1. cap. 21. Herodot. lib. 8. in fine.  and in Macedonia Perdiccas the fourth king of that country, of whom Herodotus doth set forth how he from a mean state became king of the Macedonians.  
Titus Livius writeth, and so doth Dionysius, that Romulus about 
Livius lib. 1. Dionysius 2.  this time did triumph over the Sabines, whose wars continued two years, with whom after he had furnished Rome with the spoils of the Sabines, and had taken their 
The first triumph of Romulus.  daughters and virgins by force to the number of 683. he suffered Tacius Sabinus at that time king of the Sabines, to govern with him in Rome five years, at which time the city of Rome 
Dionysius lib. 1.  was much increased, and more amplified by adding thereunto Mount Coelius, and Mount Quirinal. Now ruled in judea Ezechias about the 12. Olympiad and the 15. jubilee.  
There fell about this time in Athens a third alteration of 
The third alteration in the government of Athens.  their government after this sort: After their 17. kings government, then governed in Athens judges, to the number of 13. After the judges there was another state agreed upon, that every 10. years there should be a new magistrate in Athens, and they were called Decennales principes: and this government 
Decennales principes.  endured 70. years, which was the whole time of 7. princes, and then again changed unto a popular state. But let us return to the kings of Lydia, the history that I have in hand.  
After that this Aliagtes had reigned 14. years he died, and 
Meles the third king of Lydia.  Meles succeeded him the third king of the Lydians: of whom Herodotus doth make mention, that he was the first that triumphed over the people called Sardei. This Meles had a bastard borne unto him, a stout man, a great soldier, and so great, that he with his posterity ruled the Sardeans until Cyrus' time. In this Meles time were the Camerines subdued, having once or twice before revolted against the Romans, over whom Romulus the second time triumphed, their cities taken, 
The second triumph of Romulus.  and their country made a province to the Romans.  
By this time the people of Vienna moved wars against Romulus: but being overthrown, Romulus made his third and last triumph of these three triumphs: read Dionysius. Romulus 
The third tri umph of Romulus. Dionysius lib. 2.  died, to whom many towns, cities and provinces, yielded themselves unto Romulus, for the fame and report they heard of him: for he was both religious and virtuous. Hippomenes the fourth prince or magistrate then governed Athens. After that Meles had governed the Lydians 12. years, there followed the fourth king named Candaules, a foolish and a vain king, of whom this history is of Herodotus written. This Candaules, 
Candaules the fourth king of Lydia.  whom the Grecians called Mirsilus, had a passing fair woman to his wife, of whom he joyed much, esteeming her to be the only woman of the world for beauty: and having a dear friend, and one of his own servants named Gyges' from whom he could conceal nothing, he persuaded this Gyges' to be an eye witness of his wife, whose perfection in all points he could not with tongue express unto Gyges': but willed him to be in some secret place, where and when he had appointed 
To brag of beauty is dangerous.  him to behold the rareness of her beauty.  
Gyges' after three or four denials, being urged thereunto by the king his master, consented to the king's request, & secretly came to the place where the king had appointed him, where he saw the queen naked as shewent to bed, to whom Candaules when he knew that Gyges' suffficiently had viewed his wife, he said, Esto fidelis Gyges': at the which words the Queen 
The foolishness of Candaules.  looked back being amazed of his speech, and saw the back of Gyges' by chance as he went away, & requesting the king to tell who he was, after much entreaty he said it was his servant Gyges'.  
The Queen dissembling the matter that night, said nothing, but in the morning she did send for certain of her chief friends, and told the cause, and willed them to be in a place appointed ready against Gyges' came, whom she sent 
Two offers unto Gyges'.  for, to whom she said these words: Gyges' thou hast to choose of two offers, either to kill the king my husband and to marry me and become king thyself in Lydia, or else to be killed and lose thy life presently: for in that place where he showed me naked, thou shalt destroy him, there shalt thou have a dagger ready: which being performed by Gyges', he married the Queen, and became the fift king of the Lydians, according to the oracle of Delphos, who had afore told that Candaules should be the last king of the stock of Heraclides, and Gyges' the son of Dascilus of the house of Memnades, the fift king of Lydia, 
Gyges' the fift king of Lydia.  which governed not long without due revenge, which fell in the time of Cyrus. Thus the ancient stock and the long succession of Heraclides, even from Hercules until Candaules 
Heraclides stock ended in Candaules the 4. king, and continued 502. years. he●…odot. lib. 1. justinus lib. 3.  the son of Mirsus was of five hundredth and two years continuance: during which time reigned 22. kings one after another of the line of Hercules: read Herodotus. Taurentum was builded by Phylautus in the time of this Candaules by the Parthians: read justinus the third book.  
After that Gyges' had by wicked means obtained the kingdom of Lydia, and had sent to Delphos great presents, and rich rewards to Apollo for the oracles given: he went in arms against Miletum and Smyrna two cities in Greece, besieged Colophonem, and subdued it. No other action of any importance hath been written of him: he died when he had reigned 36. years. In Gyges' time, Byzantium otherwise called Constantinople 
Constantinople builded.  was builded. About this time the tyrant Phalaris governed the Agrigentines. Tullus Hostilius reigned third king of Rome, in the last years of Gyges'. In juda reigned Amon. And amongst the Egyptians Psammeticus: this Psammeticus when he had obtained Egypt into his own hands, being before but 
Herodot. lib. 2.  one of the twelve that governed Egypt, he joined with the people of Caria and jonia, and thereby he much augmented the state of Egypt. From this king unto Cambyses time, the history is set forth very plain in Herodotus.  
The Grecians about this time first frequented the oracle of 
Dodoneum oraculum at this time.  jupiter called Dodonaeun oraculum. Archilocus the historian, Aristoxenes the musician, & Simonides flourished in these days. In the seventh year of Gyges', the state of Decennales principes ended, 
The state of Athens again.  and the common wealth of Athens was governed after-terward by a popular state called Democratia. Now Ardis the 
Ardis the sixth king of Lydia.  sixth king of Lydia and son to Gyges' succeeded in the kingdom, of whom there is little or nothing mentioned.  
In the beginning of this king's reign, in the 29. Olympiad, and in the 16. jubilee, Zaleucus king of the Locresians decreed a 
Zaleucus law for adultery.  law to his subjects concerning adultery, that whosoever should be found faulty in this offence, should lose both his eyes. His son violating this law, was of his own father the king judged to lose both his eyes: his nobles and his great men entreated for the young man's fault, but the king not neglecting to do justice according to the law by him made, and according to his sentence given upon his son by the law, he caused his son to be brought before him, where in presence 
A just king.  of his subjects the king showed both mercy and justice: for he commanded first that one of his own eyes should be put out, and the other eye to be taken from his 
A rare example of justice.  son. A rare example of justice and mercy, and the like not to be found in our days.  
At this time in Rome triumphed Tullus Hostilius over the Fidenans 
Tullus Hostilius triumphed over the Fidenans and the vients.  & the Vients, and entered Rome triumphantly the ninth year of his reign. Now reigned in judea josias a godly king, who purged jerusalem and all jewrie from abominations and idolatry, and brought them to know the Lord again: in whose time the Prophet jeremy began to prophecy the destruction of jerusalem and other kingdoms. In Corinth reigned at this time Cipselus, and amongst the Medes governed Phaortes their sixth king, whom the Assyrians overthrew, as Herodotus doth affirm. In the realm of Pontus there was this 
Herodotus lib. 1.  time builded a town called Hystris, and in Asia two other 
Terpander a famous musician. Thales a great Philosopher lived long.  towns called Chautus and Stagera. Terpander an excellent mufition at this time lived, and Thales Milesius a great Philosopher, whom Eusebius affirmeth to have lived from the 30. Olympiad, until the 58. Olympiad.  
About this time the Sabines after much slaughter were again vanquished by Tullus Hostilius: then the Latins made war against the Romans, which continued five years: about which 
Dionysus Halica. lib. 3.  time Tullus Hostilius the third king of the Romans, with all his family was burned in his own house. Solinus saith, that 
Solinus cap. 2.  he died in the 35, Olympiad. Numa Pompilius a Sabine borne in the city of Cures the second king of Rome, was consecrated by the soothsayers called Augurs: in his time bishops, called Pontifices, were created in Rome, holy fire, vestal virgins, and religious men, and priests of divers orders, as Salijs, Faeciales, and Flamines, which he instituted to serve his gods, for he was virtuous and good: for when Rome was builded by Romulus, Numa was borne.  
The Cimmerians were now at this time overthrown by the 
The Cimmerians subdued by the Scythians.  Scythians, the Scythians entered unto Asia and took Sardis the chiefest city of the Medes, and came conquering countries and regions as far as Palestina. About this time Necho king of Egypt, who a little before overthrew the good and godly king josias, is now by Nabuchodonosor king of the Assyrians, vanquished by the river of Euphrates.  

CHAP. II.  
Of the rest of the kings of Lydia, from Ardis the sixth king, until Croesus the last king of Lydia, and of their destruction by Cyrus, and the kingdom brought subject to Persia.  
NOw succeeded Ardis his son named 
Sadaites the 7. king of Lydia.  Sadaites, the 7. king of the Lydians, who (as Herodot. saith) reigned 12. years: but Functius saith, 15. years. Of this king nothing is mentioned with Historiographers, 
Herodotus lib. 1.  but that in his time Ancus Martius 
Ancus Martius the 4. king of Rome.  the fourth king of Rome brought a huge army against the Veientines, which being by Martius overthrown, had his triumph granted unto him by the Senators. This Martius made upon Tiber a haven called Hostia, four or five leagues from Rome, and a passage from thence to the sea. The Sabines were overthrown by this king, as before oftentimes by his predecessors.  
This time was Dirachium builded, and Perosina. Aulus Gelius 
Dirachium built.  an ancient writer, reporteth an history of one Arion a Lesbian borne, a man of great skill in music, a dear friend of Periander 
The history of Arion the musician.  king of Corinth, travailing Sicilia and Italy: he grew in great favour with all men in all countries, and having in time heaped great wealth by his art, longed again to be with Periander 
Aulus Gell●…us lib. 16. cap. 19  in Corinth. Now being shipped and well forward toward Greece, the mariners understanding that he had much money, spoiled and rob him of his money, and after being ready to kill him, he besought them with tears to spare him so much time, until he had attired himself in his best apparel, and to licence him to play upon his lute, and to sing 
Orthium carme●… 〈◊〉 Arion.  two or three songs before he died to the Muses: which being granted, he prepared to play and sing very loud, and in the midst of his song he leapt as far as he could into the sea, where the great Dolphin, a fish (as histories record) very 
Herod. lib. 1.  much enticed with music, & greatly delighted with man's voice, carried him clean upon his back from the water, and 
Arion carried by a Dolphin in the sea.  brought him unto an haven of Lacedemonia called Tenarum, from whence he travailed to Corinth, and opened to Periander the king, the whole course of his fortune.  
About this time Tarqvinius Priscus the fift king of Rome began his government in the 41. Olympiad, as Dionysius writeth: 
Cleonidas Theb●…s in Olympi●… rict●…s.  in the which Olympiad, Cleonides a captain of Thebes got the victory in the games of Olympia. After Sadaites followed Haliates the 8: king of Lydia: he reigned 49. years, in whose time though he himself did nothing worth the writing, yet the most part of the kings of the world were busy: the king of Assyria was in wary with the king of Egypt.  
This time reigned in Babylon Nabuchodonosor, to whose government not only Assyria, but all the East kings were brought under his beck. Likewise about this time a great band of the Scythians were driven to flee to the Medes, where they 
The Scythians caused war between the Medes and the Lydians.  were kindly harboured, much made of, and well entertained, until such time as by some conspiracy they were found rebellious unto the king of the Medes: then they fled from thence unto Lydia to this king Haliates, and being by him there succoured, great wars grew thereof between the king of Media and the king of Lydia, and continued until Astyages married 
Astyages married Haliates daughter.  the daughter of Haliates, upon the which, peace and great affinity began to be between the Medes and the Lydians. Herodotus who writeth this history, is thought of Functius and others to err in the time.  
In Egypt there reigned Apries, whom jeremy calleth Hophra, 
Heredot. lib. 1.  whose name he ought to know for by this king jeremy was put to death in Egypt. In the 7. year of this king Haliates, this Apries king of Egypt in the midst of his tyranny, God gave him into the hands of his enemies: so the Lord said, I will give 
jeremy cap. 44.  Pharaoh Hophra king of Egypt into the hands of his enemies, as I gave Zedechias king of juda. And in another place the Lord saith, I will give the land of Egypt unto Nabuchodonosort king of Babylon, and Egypt shallbe the wages for his army to spoil her spoil, and 
Ez●…chiel cap. 19  to take her pray. For to Egypt flayed juda for succour, where they were put to the sword, and not one escaped.  
Now again in Rome began Tarqvinius Priscus the fift king of the Romans: he on the other side began to lay on about him with the Latins, and with the Sabines, that after he had brought the Latins with long war to seek favour at 
The Latins vanquished by the Romans.  his hand, and being driven out of the country by Tarqvinius, were forced to entreat for peace, and to crave the Romans friendship, who by this time waxed so strong, that all the West part of the world began to hear of the Romans.  
Now after that the Latins were vanquished, the Sabines again, being old ancient enemies of Rome, a very warlike 
The Sabines overthrown.  nation, with all force came against Tarqvinius: at what time their bridge was burned, their tents taken, and themselves slain, and forced to entreat for truce for six years. After the Sabines, the tuscans armed them against Tarqvinius, whose 
Hetruscans.  war continued 9 years. About this time the seven sages of Greece flourished, whose names I thought good to put down 
The 7. Sages.  together, for that they lived at one time: Solon of Athens, Thales of Milesia, Pitacus of Mitilena, Periander of Corinth, Bias of Prienna, Chilo of Sparta, and Cleobulus of Lindia. These singular wise men were in those days esteemed the rarest men of the world. In this time the kingdom of Corinth failed in Periander 
Alteration in the government of Corinth.  the last king, or rather the last tyrant, and the government was altered to a popular estate.  
About that time Polymnestor a very young man, and (as the history hath termed him) a boy, being a feeding his father's 
Polimnestor Millesimus as swift as a hare.  goats, a hare by chance running by, the boy followed, & ran so swiftly, that he overtook the hare, and brought her home to his father, declaring the race & the running between him and the hare to his father. The matter being spread abroad, the young man was brought to the games Olympical, where he 
Solinus cap. 6.  wan the victory in running, and had a garland on his head, 
Zenophon lib. 8. pediae. joseph. lib. 10. cap. 12.  as Solinus doth write. Ciaxeres' son unto Astyages, some say his father as Zonoras' in his first book, but Zenophon likewise affirmeth with josephus, that this Ciaxeres, was Astyages son called by the name of Darius Medus of Daniel, and of josephus: but the 
Some controversy of Ciaxeres.  Grecians named him Ciaxares Cyrus' uncle: for when Astyages died, he left behind him as his heir Ciaxares, and a daughter named Mandanes which was married to Cambyses. I will not molest 
An error in Herodotus.  the reader with variety of authorities, sometime disagreeing in computation of time, or varying of the place, or of the person: but howsoever it is, this Ciaxares became a great and a strong king: for after he had conquered many countries, he went in arms against the Assyrians, besieged Ninive, & took the spoil thereof by aid of Cyrus, who afterward shortly 
Ninive taken by Ciaxares.  subdued it, and became conqueror of all Assyria, and brought them subject to the Medes.  
About this time Solon made laws to the Athenians, and Milo Crotoniensis a Roman of a wondered strength, is reported by Solinus, that he could carry upon his back an ox, & that with 
Solinus t p. 4.  a stroke of his bare hand he killed that ox. This Ciaxares, at what time Harpagus laid siege to a town in Phocea called jonia, the extremity of his war being such that they were forced to flee forsaking their town and country toward the West part, where they builded a town which they named Massilia, of whom Eusebius in his chronicles maketh mention, 
Massilia built. justine lib 43. Budae, de ass. lib. 1. Strabo de mo●…ibus Gallorum.  and in justine you shall read the whole history. divers writ of this Town, as Melancthon, Strabo, and Budeus, that in Massilia Frenchmen, in whose border this Town was builded, by frequenting the Town, and by exercising of the Grecians society in the Town, grew in time to understand the Greek tongue, the traffic, their order, their laws and government, which in these days excelled in virtue and manners, where of a long time the Greeks' tongue flourished, the ancient customs and manners of jonia were kept.  
Now Tarqvinius Priscus after he had triumphed over the 
Tarqvinius Priscus slain.  Latins or Albans, over the Sabins, & over the Hetruscans, three several triumphs, he was conspired and laid in wait for by Ancus Martius children his predecessors in Rome three years before he was slain, after he had reigned thirty eight years, and in the forty one Olympiad he died. Then followed by succession after Aliactes Croesus, the ninth and 
Croesus' the 9 king of Lydia.  last king of Lydia, being thirty five years of age, and being before hand grown unto great force & power, and having heaped a great abundance of treasure, began to war upon these Grecians which dwelled in Asia, upon the jonians & Aeolians, and the people called Doreans: he receiveth the Lacedæmonians, because they were stout and a warlike nation, into his society.  
Croesus thus following in pomp and pride of fortune, hearing 
Babylon besieged by Cyrus.  that Cyrus' king of Persia had laid siege to Babylon, and that Balthasar then king of Babylon had endured two or three overthrows, and most like to lose his kingdom, unless with some speed he were aided: Croesus hasted to Babylon with more haste then good speed. After his best done, Balthasar 
Babylon taken by Cyrus. Balthasar slain.  was slain, Babylon taken, and the Monarchy thereof carried unto Persia by Cyrus. Croesus' being overthrown and narrowly escaping, fled from whence he came to Lydia again, where after that Cyrus had laid all things in order, and had disposed the victory to his mind, he returned after Croesus unto 
Croesus' fled.  Lydia, laid siege unto Sardis the chief City and palace of the king, where Croesus after his flight hearing of Cyrus coming, 
Heredot. lib. 1. Sardis taken, and Cr. the second time conu●…cted.  and having felt his force before at Babylon, he was not a little troubled, but abiding the brunt thereof, until Cyrus took the town, vanquished his power, and brought the kingdom of Lydia subject unto the Persians: thus was Croesus twice overcome by Cyrus.  
When Cyrus had brought these great kingdoms under the sceptre of Persia, he took an order with Croesus, that he being deprived of his crown, and spoiled of his substance, should yet have a town in his possession, where he might live not 
Errors in the Olympiads.  (as before) a rich king, but as a poor man. In Croesus' time reigned in Rome Servius Tullus, the sixth king of Rome, in the 51. Olympiad, and four years before the 18. jubilee. This king did adorn Rome and the common wealth thereof much, and (as Dyonisius Halicar reporteth of him) he brought within 20. 
Dyonis. lib. 4.  years space the Hetruscans to his beck, he tamed all the countries about Rome, and excelled in government.  
By this time Cyrus had subdued the Medes, after Astyages 
Media at this time was made subject to Persia by Cyrus.  was convicted, and the Medes made subject to the Persians: Ciaxerxes, whose son (as you heard before) was called of some Darius Medus, who reigned jointly with Cyrus 2. years as Astyages here for a time. The temple of Apollo at Delphus, was now the second time set on fire: the Lacedæmonians with 
Lacedæmonians and the Argives.  the Argives were in arms about this time, who were settled on either side, with all the power they could make, to make of one party a conquest: but before they joined in battle, being better advised by some council, they agreed to avoid the destruction of so many men, that 300. chosen men of the Lacedæmonians, and likewise 300. chosen men of the Argives, should make an end of the battle, and they which should 
A brave combat.  have the victory of these chosen men, should be conquerors, and the others to yield where the victory happened: which being fought out, the victory fell to the Lacedæmonians, having but three of their 300. left alive, all the rest on both sides stood to it unto the last man, as Herodot doth write.  
In Croesus' time happened in Athens a great sedition between 
Herodot. lib. 1.  the Citizens about usury, the cruelty whereof grew to be such, as the usurers claimed free men's sons & daughters to be sold, or otherwise as captives or slaves to serve them, until payment were made. This was one of Dracos 
Dracos laws mitigated by Solon.  laws, which (as Demades saith) was written with blood. To mitigate this cruelty, Solon by consent of the whole City was chosen an umpire, whose Edict was, that free men's children should not be sold or brought unto any bondage for usury: and further he decreed, that all creditors should forgive 
Solon's laws of usury.  their debt until that time. And Solon himself which made the law, first performed the law therein: for he forgave five talents himself, which amounted to 2400. crowns: for every talon is six hundred crowns. He added to the twelfth month called Lunaris annus, the Epact, 
Melancthon 2. Chron.  which is eleven days, to make an equal number of days with the year of the sun. He gathered all the writings of Homer being 300. years before unto one volume: he made many good laws in Athens. So likewise at that time did Thales in Miletum, a great Philosopher, who did to many Cities 
Thales in Miletum.  in Greece, as Solon did in Athens: for they were in Croesus' time.  
In this time flourished Pythagoras, borne in Samos, brought up in Egypt, and taught philosophy in Tarentum: he was the first among the Italians that read philosophy, whose sect after him were called Pythagoreans, who far differed from others 
Pythagoras taught in Italy.  in his doctrine. It is written that Croesus bragging much of his substance, and so preferring thereby himself to be the most fortunate & happy king of the world, sitting on his regal throne in his princely attire, beset with precious stones of several names & colours in most gorgeous & sumptuous sight, seemed to himself to be the goodliest creature of the world: he asked of Solon whether he had ever seen so fair a 
Croesus to Solon.  sight, or so goodly colours in a creature: Solon answered, the Peacock, & the Popiniay do far excel Croesus in natural colours & beauty: whereat Croesus being angry said, Solon was a fool: but afterward Croesus being vanquished by Cyrus, remembered 
Lydia did rebel against Cyrus.  Solon's words: but now again to Lydia, which had revolted against Cyrus & fell to rebellion.  
By this time Cyrus was busy in other wars, and hearing of these news, returned and made of them the last conquest, in the thirty four year of Servius Tullus reign the sixth king of Rome, and in the two hundred and ninth year after the building of Rome. Thus Lydia being brought by Cyrus a servile Province to Persia, afterward the relics of the Lydians 
The first conquest of Lydia.  became from stout soldiers to slothful slaves, and from men became women, accompanying themselves with an idle life, given to invent many unthrifty exercises, as before is written. And the maids of Lydia went a whoring for their dowry, offering themselves a prey for money, and the wicked gains of their bodily use was the dowry of their marriage, who before Cyrus' time, during the time of nine kings, esteemed neither Chaldeans, nor Assyrians: their fortune so flowed, that it became a common proverb, As rich as Croesus. 
Croesus' favour with Cyrus.   
But now Croesus having experience of Solon's speech, became now as wise as he was before rich: for the which cause 
The good opinion of Cyrus toward Croesus.  Cyrus esteemed him so, that he would take nothing in hand without Croesus' council: for Cyrus in all his wars, which at that time Cyrus had with so many Nations, having already conquered the Assyrians, the Chaldeans, the Lydians, and other kingdoms, having like mind to conquer all the world as Alexander the great had, insomuch that Croesus wondered at his fortunate success in all his actions, his singular wisdom, his great policy, and his princely liberality to be such, as Croesus did often say, It was no shame for Croesus to be conquered by Cyrus.  
After that Croesus was long entertained with Cyrus, having good experience of his fidelity and service, he commended Croesus unto his son Cambyses, charging him so to esteem of Croesus, as he would be directed in all great causes by him.  
Now Cambyses far unlike unto his father, both in nature and in fortune much inferior, a cruel king, yea a tyrant: for in his voyage to Egypt, with whom Croesus was in company according to his father's commandment, Cambyses killing 
Cambyses tyrant nigh to his soldiers.  and murdering his own soldiers being Persians, like a hungry lion foaming in blood without any respect of person, Croesus began reverently to warn Cambyses of his father's council, & of the trust that his father Cyrus had in him to admonish Cambyses to lenity, persuading him to use more clemency, 
Croesus' council to Cambyses.  & to show good countenance to his soldiers, saying, that the strength of a king was his people, and that mercy in a king was the anchor of his sceptre. Cambyses moved with these words, thought to stab him: but Croesus by flight escaped, and Cambyses for anger that he had so escaped, commansded them to the sword that aided Croesus to flee from Cambyes' sight at that time: of this at large doth Herodot write. 
Herodo. lib. 3.   
Thus endeth the kingdom of Lydia in the 14. year of Croesus, which continued from the beginning, until the last overthrow of Croesus 230. years: but Functius saith, 205: others say not 200. and some 130. years, beginning in the first Olympiad, & ending in the 51. Olympiad: for as the kings of Lydia 
Lydia is made a province of Persia by conquest.  began but 24. years before Rome, so it ended in the eight year of Tarqvinius Superbus the last king of Rome, & after the first building of Rome 180. years, and was translated to be a province of the Persians.  

Ardisus the 1. king of Lydia, reigned 36. years.  
Aliagtes the 2. king of Lydia, reigned 14. years.  
Meles the 3. king of Lydia, reigned 14. years.  
Candaules 4. king of Lydia, reigned 17. years.  
Gyges' the 5. king of Lydia, reigned 36. years.  
Ardis the 6. king of Lydia, reigned 37. years.  
Sadaites the 7. king of Lydia, reigned 15. years.  
Haliactes the 8. king of Lydia, reigned 49. years.  
Croesus' the 9, and last king, reigned 14. years.     

OF THE FIRST ORIGINAL of the Persians: of the antiquity of their Kings, of their common wealth and government, and of their continuance, and how they have been called the great Kings, by the means and dignity of Cyrus.  
NOw having left Assur the second son of Sem in Assyria, and Arphaxad the third son of Sem in Chaldea, & Lud the fourth son of Sem, in Lydia: I am come with Elam the eldest son of Sem unto Persia. Of these four sons of Sem, the Assyrians, Chaldeans, Hebrews, & Lydians proceed. Having also left Chus in Ethiopia, & Mizraim in Egypt, I come (as I said before) to Persia, then called Elam: so Daniel nameth it, when he saw the vision in the Palace in Susa in the province of Elam, by the river of Vlai: in this place Elam dwelled: and the nation were long named Elamites, whose history I have now in hand. Persia therefore is large and wide, reaching unto the North as far as Caspia 8000. 
Strabo lib. 15.  furlongs, as Erastones setteth it down, which is in account yielding eight furlongs unto a mile, a thousand miles: and from the City of Susa unto Persipolis, 4200. furlongs, which is 530. miles, and from thence unto the confines of Carmenia, 
Pomponius. Mela lib. 3. The description of Persia.  are 1600. furlongs. The Region of Persia is confined with Media on the North: Persia hath eastward Carmenia, & hath westward Susia: for Susia is (as Strabo writeth) a part of Persia, & lieth between Babylon & Persia, & hath Susa that famous city, where most often the kings of Persia used to be, with it. The nations of the inhabitants of this Country are called Palischores, another nation called Achemenides: from these the old kings of Persia were called Achemenides: for among the old Persians they had a law, that none should be king in Persia, but he should be of the stock of Acheminides, which of long time continued before Cyrus, while yet the Persians were called Elamites, among the Hebrews, & of the ancient Greeks' called Cephenes, all kings of Persia were called Achemenides: the like law was in Sparta, Corinth, Egypt, & with other nations for their kings, for that divers kingdoms had by law confirmed, that no election of kings should be, but of those families which by law in records were allowed, as  

The kings of the Parthians were all called Arsaces, out of Arsaces' stock.  
The kings of Alba called Siluij from silvius Posthumus, the third king of the Albans.  
The first kings of Egypt were all called Pharaones.  
The kings of Corinth Bacidae, of the house of Bacis.  
The latter kings of Egypt called Ptolemy, after the death of Alexander.  
The kings of Sparta. Heraclides.   
And so the Emperors of Rome named first Caesares, then were 
Alex. lib. 3. cap. 16.  they called Augusti, and the third time they were named Antonini. Thus in these countries none might be king elected, but of these houses & families, yet in other kingdoms they were otherways elected, as  

The Ethiopians made choice of the most likeliest man in sight.  
The Medes in like manner used to make choice of no king, but such as excelled in tallness of person, and strength of body.  
In Libya none should be king, but he that could win it with running: for he that was most swift, should be king in Libya: and so according to custom, and to the manners of every Country or kingdom, any prince or king was elected and chosen.   
Again there be in Persia two other nations called Cirtij, and Marai, beside a sect of people named Magi. The chief Cities of Persia, before Babylon was by Cyrus won to be a Persian City, were Susa, Parsagardia, Persepolis, and Gaza: for 
The kings of Persia all called Acheminides. The Persians called first Cephenes.  there the Persian kings had their monuments: in Gaza, there lay there treasure and wealth. Beroaldus in his Chronicles, Suetonius, and Tranquillus in August say, that the Persians were called of the Greeks' in ancient time Cephenes, but they bragged and boasted of a more ancient name, and called themselves Artaei. 
Artaei.   
But after that, Perseus the son of jupiter and Danae's had married Andromada the daughter and heir of Cepheus, and had by his wife a son named Perses, after whose name then 
Perse.  they being called Cephenes, are now called Persis, after the name of their king Persis.  
This region of Persia was divided unto a hundredth twenty Provinces, in the time of Darius Hystaspis, the third king of 
The Persians before called Elamites.  Persia, appointing to every Province a governor, that should pay certain tribute unto the king. josephus saith, Elam the eldest son of Sem, was the first original of the Elamites, now called Persians, a country most fertile and most flourishing, which had sovereignty overall Asia. After that, Cyrus from 
Diodo. lib. 13.  a private man brought up by a herdman in an obscure place in Media, became lord of all Asia, king of the greatest part of the Eastkingdomes, and the conqueror of Astyages, king of the Medes, and of Croesus, king of the Lydians, and last of Balthasar the last king of Babylon, and the last successor of Nabuchodonosor the great: he fortified himself with strength of munitions, commanded garrisons ready in every great city of Persia, appointed races of horses to be had in all the 
josephus lib. 11. cap. 6.  Empire of Persia, and every governor of every Province to furnish the king with horses and men necessary to defend the country: for the Medes, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Lydians and Egyptians, were by this time brought subjects under the Persians'.  
And therefore their wealth must be infinite: for in Artaxerxes time there was an hundredth and twenty Provinces under the Monarchy of Persia, as josephus writeth. Ctesias and Dionysius, two great writers of Persian histories affirmed, that the king of Persia was wont to have in his Palace, fifteen thousand every day to dinner and supper: for they received out of Asia every year forty thousand and fifty talents.  
For when Alexander the great had conquered Persia, and 
Curtius' lib. 5.  had taken Babylon, he found a hundred fifty and seven thousand talents, and yet not so much as Cyrus left behind him (as 
The wealth of Persia in the time of Cyrus.  Strabo saith) and no marvel: for Cyrus had all the wealth of judea, and the treasure had in the Temple at jerusalem which was infinite, of Assyria, Chaldea, Lydia, and Media, and therefore Herodot called him Cyrus the great king, and after Cyrus' time all the kings of Persia would be called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the great kings.  
For in all the histories you shall not read, that the Romans who afterward likewise mastered the whole world, had so much treasure at one time, as either Cyrus had left in Persia, or as Alexander had found in Persia: yet Persia before Cyrus' time was obscure and of no fame, subject unto the Medes: for Cyrus had long wars & many battles with Euilmerodach in Assyria, with Croesus in Lydia, with Astyages in Media, & with 
Zenophon. Paeda lib. 8.  many kings before he had rest, and before he had brought the Monarchy unto Persia, and to be called the great king.  
Cyrus began his Empire at Babylon, at what time Servius 
Cyrus began his Empire.  Tullius, the sixth king of the Romans reigned in Rome, and Amasis governed Egypt: In Cyrus' time the temple of Apollo was burned in Delphos the second time. Cyrus' obtained the kingdom of Persia in the beginning of the eighteen jubilee, and in the third year of the eighty Olympiad, which much differ from Diod. Siculus, who affirmeth that Xerxes the fourth king after Cyrus, took his voyage into Greece, in the seventy five Olympiad, from Polybius, that affirmeth Xerxes went into Greece in the 74. Olympiad: in the like error is Halicarnasseus, Herodot, and others: some affirming Cyrus to begin his Empire in the 50. Olympiad, some in the 54. some in the 57 some in the 60. Olympiad, & thus they err some 30. Olympiads, some 20. some more, and some less of the true time of Cyrus: for in the sacred history by sound testimony it was laid down by Daniel and in Nehemias, the very time of Cyrus.  
Now after that Cyrus had brought all these kingdoms under the monarchy of Persia, he took Armenia in hand, & having conquered the king & the country of Armenia, Tigranes the king's son of Armenia, a familiar old friend of Cyrus, hearing of Cyrus' victory over his father, he then being far from Armenia, returned home with all haste, and besought Cyrus not to think of the wars between his father and him, but to remember the amity & familiarity which was between them both: and therefore Tigranes entreated Cyrus to have the crown after his father, paying unto Cyrus such tribute as he would appoint: to which request Cyrus consented, appointing 
Fifty talents are three thou sand crowns.  fifty talents yearly to be paid to the kings of Persia, which is three thousand crowns. After the conquest of Armenia, 
Xenophon lib. 2. & 3. Paedag.  Cyrus passed with his army unto Phrygia, Cappadocia, and Arabia, who could not long hold out, but partly yielded, and partly conquered, were brought subject and to pay tribute unto Cyrus. Cyrus was wont before he entered into battle, to sing a song to Castor and Pollux, and to march as the old Spartans, with hymns and odes to the muses to solace their hearts, and to avoid fear that might occupy their heads otherways. Cyrus' his guard or chief soldiers about him were called Homotimi, as the best soldiers under Alexander 
Homotimi. Argyraspides.  the great were call Argyraspides, under Achilles named Myrmidones, under Pyrrhus called Dolopes, and so of other 
Myrmidones. Dolopes.  great conquerors which had a peculiar name of their chief soldiers. Now the last and the greatest victory was over the Babylonians, which he attempted not before he grew great and strong by other victories: for truly before Babylon was won, the monarchy was in Assyria.  
We read of no king that conquered so many kingdoms as Cyrus did, neither of such favour with God: for no doubt he was instructed of Daniel to know and to confess the God of 
Cyrus' by David instructed.  Israel, as appeared by his care and diligence in aiding the jews after the captivity unto jerusalem, in suffering them quietly to return with wealth & treasure, in commanding all his princes of Syria and subjects, to favour & to help them, with a decree made for the building up of their temple unto God, which had raised Cyrus to punish the blasphemy of that Chaldean king Balthasar, and to make an end of his kingdom, and by Cyrus to restore the kingdom again of Israel, which 
Cyrus.  was overthrown by the Chaldeans. Cyrus' being then the only conqueror of the world, & having under the Persian sceptre all the East kingdoms, he had in mind the wonted manners of the Scythians, how they came often times from Scythia, and rushed in arms unto Asia, spoiled, wasted, and destroyed the regions and countries about Asia. Cyrus' made war upon the Massagites, which were of the stock of the Goths: of these Messagites came the Geteses and the Suevians. While Cyrus was occupied in these wars, Cambyses reigned in Persia six years, so that the government of Cyrus and of his son Cambyses were counted all one for two years, because Cyrus took his wars in hand needless to Scythia.  
And beside, he was warned by Soothsayers, by the divination of swallows which were seen in the tents of Cyrus, being unlucky birds, not to go to Scythia: for swallows 
Swallowesunlucky birds.  flying about the tents of Pyrrhus, in the wars of Italy, and also lighting upon the sails of Mar. Antonius' navies in his wars against Augustus, prognosticated to them both calamity & destruction: nay God, with whom Cyrus should have consulted, who brought him from Harpagus claws, saved him from Astyages sword, defended him from Croesus' snares, and gave him so many victories.  
God used the like example upon josias, Solomon, Osias, and David, as he did now upon Cyrus, for that God's servants 
Melancthon lib. Chron 2.  should know their infirmities, and confess that God giveth victory: for as josias was slain in Mageddo, by Necho king of Egypt, so Cyrus trusting in his own strength, was overthrown with all his army of the Massagites. Cyrus' head was cut off by Tomyris Queen of Scythia a woman, and thrown into a great vessel full of blood, with spiteful words saying, 
Diodor. lib. 2. cap. 11.  Satia te sanguine quem sitijsti: yet Dyodorus saith, his body was hanged upon a gibbet, & his head thrown into a barrel full of blood: for Cyrus before that time had taken Spargapises, general 
Herodot lib. 1.  of the Massegites, overthrown the whole host of the Massegites, and had slain Queen Tomiris son Spargapises. Of the histories of Cyrus, read Zenophon and Herodot, where you may be satisfied of the whole life of Cyrus, and also of his death. In Cyrus' time when the Hebrew prophets in Israel ended, 
The first infancy of Greece.  than the Philosophers in Greece began: Thales with his successors after him in jonia, a man of great antiquity amongst the Grecians, who taught them first the observations of the stars, the eclipses of the Sun and Moon, the divisions of the year, and the number of the days. The other taught in the Confines of Italy: they were called Pythagorici, the one in Miletum, the other in Tarentum. There were in Greece before this time certain wise and learned Poets, as Homer, Hesiodus, and Orpheus, and Linus, that were had in great honour in Greece.  
It is written by Aristobulus, that Cyrus had upon his tomb divers Epitaphs, as this, O homo, ego Cyrus Asiae Rex, ne mihi sepulturam invideas. O man, I am Cyrus king of Asia, suffer Cyrus without envy, this seven foot ofground to cover his bones. Onesicritus rehearseth in Strabo many Epigrams upon Cyrus' tomb, and Cyrus himself in these words crieth out in Zenophon: Non auro non argento condi, sed corpus terraereddi: though Zenophon reporteth other ways of Cyrus' death, reciting an 
The death of Cyrus. Zenophon. lib. 8. Paedago. Zonar. lib 1. cap. 29.  oration that Cyrus before he died, called before him all his Nobles, to whom he made long speech concerning the immortality of the soul, exhorting his two sons Cambyses the elder, & Smerdis the younger, whom Zonaras named Tamaraxes, to use justice in their government, bequeathing to Cambyses the Empire of Persia, withal the kingdoms thereunto belonging, Assyria, Chaldea, Lydia, with all the rest of his kingdoms, Provinces, & Territories, saving Media, Armenia, & Cadusia, which Cyrus bequeathed to his youngest son Smerdis.  
Of this Cyrus read Zenophon, and see how Ulysses is set forth by Homer, Aeneas by Maro: so is Cyrus magnified by Zenophon. 
Cambyses the 2. king of Persia.  Cambyses succeeded Cyrus his father, not in virtue and justice, not toperforme his father's will, but to break the decree which Cyrus made after the captivity to the jews for their return to further the temple: the tyranny of whom if you list to be acquainted withal, read Herodot the 3. book, & you shall know the whole life of Cambyses, who after Cyrus' death used all kind of murders, foamed in blood, raged in tyranny, gathered an army of Persia, and of Greece, moved wars against Amasis' king of Egypt.  
The cause of this war doth Herodot in this sort set down: 
Herod. lib. 3.  Cambyses had council to ask Amasis' daughter in marriage of some back friend of his: Amasis saw the full intention of Cambyses, could not tell well how to answer Cambyses: he thought this way to deceive him: there was one only daughter of Aprie king of Egypt left alive of that stock, a wise and a 
Nitetis scent to Cambyses.  very fair woman named Nitetis: this Amasis the king with all sumptuous tire, with gold & substance plentifully, did send to Persia to king Cambyses, with whom she was in great favour & love by the name of Amasis' daughter, saluting her daily by that name, until Nitetis spoke these words.  
O Cambyses, thou art much deceived to take me for Amasis' daughter: I am king Apries daughter & the last of that house, whom Amasis the king sent unto you: he killed my father, and he now thus used you. Upon this, Cambyses sent unto the king of Arabia, to licence him with his army to have passage to Egypt: which being then granted, Cambyses spoiled, wasted, and burned, until he came to Memphis, where he thought to find Amasis' alive, but he found his son Psammeticus. Memphis being taken by Cambyses, another battle was 
Memphis taken by Cambyses.  fought by Nilus, where likewise Cambyses got the victory after a great slaughter: of this Herodot doth write, that when trial was made of the dead soldiers, whether the Persians or the Egyptians had the harder skull, it was found that the Persians heads were so soft, as any small thing would break it, and the Egyptians head so hard, that nothing scant might break 
Difference between the Persians and the Egyptians.  it: the reason was, that the Egyptians were wont even from their youth to shave their heads, & so hardened them by the heat of the sun, that it is a wonder in Egypt to see a bald man. And the Persians were wont to bear upon their heads such great mighty hats called Tiaras, rolled in such sort, that 
Strabo. lib. 15.  their heads were mighty & monstrous, that by the warmness thereof they were so soft as wool.  
Now Cambyses waxed so cruel by this victory, wasted where he came, committing sacrilege, adding one evil to another, fearing his own conscience, suspecting his brother Smerdis, sent his trusty and secret friend Phraxaspes to kill him, married his own sister, who hearing of her brother's death, mourned and wept, wherefore Cambyses slew her. After this, when his dear friend Praxaspes had entreated him secretly to spare wine, the cause of his disquietness, certifying him what hard opinions the Persians had of him, & how they would be glad to have Cambyses to be Cyrus' son, sober, & temperate: Cambyses answered in this sort: thou shalt see whether I be sober 
The tyranny of Cambyses.  or no: go thy ways, bring thy son unto me, & set him to stand against the door. This being done, Cambyses commanded the young man to put his left hand upon his head: he took his bow, & shot him into his hart, & smiling upon Praxaspes he said, behold how sober I am, & what a steady hand I have amongst the cups: yet as not contented to rage, to murder, and to use tyranny against those that were alive, but he would satisfy himself upon dead men, he caused Amasis' king of Egypt his body being dead & buried in his grave to be taken 
The Persians worship the fire.  up, to be beaten, whipped, & to be wounded with sword and daggers, and last to be burned to ashes against the laws of Persia: for that the Persians' honour the fire as a god, & therefore not lawful to feed upon dead bodies: against the laws of Egypt, for the Egyptians take their fire to be a living creature, & to devour any thing that is put into it, and therefore the Egyptians were wont to salt their dead bodies, lest they should be devoured of vermins. Neither were the old Romans▪ wont 
Herodot. lib. 3.  to bury the bodies of the dead for a long time: for I read of none buried with the Romans before Silla's time the Dictator: 
Silla.  for this was the custom of those days, that wheresoever any Roman should die, he should be brought dead to his own house, and there be kept seven days, the eight day he should be buried, and the ninth day the ashes buried, & that in his own house, at what time they sacrificed to Proserpina novendiale sacrificium: for so also it was among the Grecians, as 
Noven. liales pulu●…res.  you may read in Plutarch, after the funeral of Philopoemen: his ashes were covered with garlands, & flowers, and nosegays, all the soldiers crowned with garlands of laurel in token of divers victories: but this funeral was appointed for a captain or a Prince that died as a conqueror in the field: yet the funeral pot, where the ashes of the dead were laid, should be carried with great solemnity, and be kept as a monument among his friends and kinsmen in great honour, before their gods Penates or Lares.  
And here a little to speak of burial, we read in Genesis, 
Genesis 2. 3.  that Abraham bought a field of Ephron the Hittite, to bury his wife Sara, and to bury the rest of Abraham's stock: this was a possession of burial unto Abraham, & he paid 400. shekels. jacob dying in Egypt with wis son joseph, commanded his bones to be brought to Hebron. joseph after that charged also his brethren 
Abraham's field for burial.  that his bones should be carried to his father's grave in Hebron: but of the manners & orders of funerals in every kingdom it is set down in my other book. But let us return to Cambyses, where having subdued Egypt, and ready further to war upon the Ethiopians, which was a kingdom joined to Egypt, at what iime news came from Persia by a messenger, that his brother Smerdis had usurped the kingdom, letters were sent from the two Magis, which Cambyses left over seers of Persia in his absence, to all parts of Egypt, to signify the same.  
For Patizitis (so one of the Magis was named) had found a kinsman of Smerdis most like in all points unto him: this being instructed, was crowned king in Persia by the name of 
A counterfeit Smerdis.  Smerdis Cyrus son, and being proclaimed king by heralds, and by post letters sent to signify the same to all Countries, that all countries should obey Smerdis and not Cambyses: and so that herald certified Cambyses.  
By this terror and fear Cambyses called Praxaspes, consulted with him, and demanded whether he had performed his charge concerning Smerdis: to whom he said, I have buried Smerdis with my own hand. Cambyses being thereby enbouldened, demanded the truth of the herald: he charged him to speak truth, whether Smerdis my brother gave thee this charge, or any else in Smerdis name: to whom he answered, In truth I never saw Smerdis Cyrus' son, sithence the time that Cambyses took his journey from Persia unto Egypt: but even he whom Cambyses made his deputy in Persia, gave me this in commandment to do.  
Cambyses making him ready with all haste possible to go 
Cambyses by his own sword slain.  with his army to Susa, and leaping on horse back, his sword fell out of his sheath, and pierced him through his thighs, of the which wound within twenty days after Cambyses died, when he had reigned seven years and five months.  
Cambyses before his death, saw the like dream as Iu. Caesar did the night before he was slain in the Senate, who seemed in his sleep to flee above the clouds, and to sit upon the 
Alex. lib. 3. cap. 26.  throne of jupiter, and that upon the sudden he was thrown down to the earth. The like Cambyses dreamt of his brother 
Oracles are doubtful.  Smerdis, when he thought that sitting upon Cambyses seat, his head reached up to the heavens, so that almost the like effect happened to them both: for Cambyses had knowledge by the oracle at Butis, that he should die in Ecbatana, but he knew not that another Ecbatana was in Syria, beside that in Media, 
Herodot. lib. 3.  and therefore was deceived. Yet Cambyses left this example of justice behind him: he used one of the judges named Sisamnis in this sort, that being corrupted with money to give sentence against justice, he caused him to be slain, & to flay him, 
Sisamnis' skin.  & to lay his skin for a cover upon the seat of judgement for the next judge that came afterto lean upon. And he appointed Otanes Sisamnis' son tosucceed his father, brought him to the 
Melancthon. 2. Chron. His son Otanes.  judgement seat, and showed him his father's skin, commanding him to behold the same, before he would give sentence in any thing.  

CHAP. II.  
Of the two Magis that usurped Persia after Cambyses time: of Darius Histaspis and his good government, of Xerxes the great, and his wars in Greece: of his ignominious flight from Greece, and of his death in Persia after his flight.  
NOw while Cambyses was thus in Egypt, these two Magis governed Persia seven 
Two Magis governed Persia 7. months.  months in bountiful sort, forgiving tributes and taxes, and granting liberties and freedom for the Persians to live as they listed. Writers do vary about the name of these two. justine called these two Magis, Comaris and Oropastis: Herodotus doth call the one Patizites, and the other Smerdis. Zonara's 
Herodot. lib. 3.  nameth the elder Tanoaxeres, but it is not material: for Eusebius doth not number these two amongst the kings of Persia.  
But in the eight month one of the seven princes or governors of Persia overthrew these Magis: then these seven princes being virtuous and well-beloved of the people, agreed in love and faith one with another, one preferring another to 
What state should govern Persia.  the kingdom, that it was hard for the people to make choice of any of them: yet to them the election was referred. Otanes one of the seven princes, thought that it was not necessary to have a king, to make a free common wealth bound to a Monarchia: he persuaded the country to live under the law of popular state called Democratia, every city to have their magistrate, 
Otanes for Democratia.  and every province to have such governors as might defend the country with laws and arms: affirming the greatness of a king to approach the nature of a tyrant, and therefore most dangerous: for when they give over to be kings in doing justice, than they begin to be tyrants in committing rage and fury. Megabisus held a contrary opinion, allowing 
Megabisus the second for Oligarchia.  not a popular state, who are never quiet, never constant, drawn one day of this side, to morrow of another, affirming the fury and rage of the people to be intolerable, and like the stream of a violent flood, without wisdom in government, without reason in judgement, and even like Hydra that monstrous beast of Lerna, never satisfied, never contented, never quiet: and compared it to the saying of Demosthenes, that populus was one of the three monsters at Athens, which reigned at one time, Noctua, draco, & populus, the owl, the dragon, 
The three monsters of Athens.  and the people.  
Megabisus therefore disliked a democratical common wealth, persuaded that some of the wisest and best learned should be chosen for a state: for to good men belong good counsel (said he) and they will in conscience and truth reform things amiss: his reason tended to have a common wealth called Oligarchia, or Aristocratia, and not a popular state. The third Darius spoke, disannulling both Otanes and Megabisus opinion, declaring by examples of divers kingdoms, the 
Darius' persuasion for a Monarchy. Lib. Paedag.  defect of kings, as Zenophon and Herodotus most largely discourse, and amongst Philosophers approved the best state of a common wealth to be a Monarchy: alleging also by Cyrus 
Herodotus 3.  last will and Cambyses, that while any of Cyrus' stock lived, 
Cyrus' last will.  that they by succession should enjoy the Sceptre of Persia, and if the house of Cyrus should fail, then to make an election of a king by the seven princes of Persia and the people. And therefore both in reason a king is to be elected, and by them commanded of Cyrus to be confirmed.  
The other four, which yet had spoken nothing, but diligently hearing these three before, they all consented with Darius, and supposed that common wealth to be best, where a Monarchy is, the sovereignty whereof is in a king: and therefore they agreed all to elect a king: and to avoid contentions and quarrels, they committed to Fortune their election in this sort, That all the seven princes should be a 
A devise for the ection of a king in Persia.  horseback the next morning in the suburbs of the city to talk of this matter, and that whose horse should neigh first after Sun rising he should be king in Persia. They all to this consented, and every prince road sumptuously to the place. These were the names of the seven princes.  

Otanes.  
Intaphernes.  
Gobrias.  
Megabisus.  
Astphatines'.  
Hidarnes, 
The names of the 7. princes of Persia.   
And Darius.   
The night before they should ride to the place, in the morning Darius consulted with the master of his horse, opened the whole cause, and asked his devise by art. Oebarus 
Oebarus' policy.  (so his name was) assured Darius of some secret help: he brought Darius' horse that night to a mare, to that place where they should meet in the morning. Darius' riding upon that horse by the counsel of Oebarus, the next morning met according to their agreement altogether. Darius' horse having been with the mare in that place, began lustily to prance, and to neigh loudly: whereat the other six princes lighted immediately from their horses, and saluted him as their king.  
This Darius now king of Persia had married a daughter of Cyrus named Atossa, of whom he had Xerxes. Within some 
Darius' king of Persia.  space after Darius came to the kingdom, the Assyrians began to revolt from him: he laid siege to Babylon twenty 
Babylon besieged.  months, and could not prevail, until one Zopirus a subtle Persian, who yielded Babylon to Darius' hand, by this policy: he himself did cut off his own ears, his nostrils, and 
Zopirus subtlety.  came all bloody to Babylon, accusing Darius' cruelty, who for persuading him to raise his siege and to spare blood, he used me as you see.  
The Babylonians light of belief, thought it truth, made him captain over a band of soldiers, who for his more credit with the Babylonians, gave two or three light overthrows to Darius' men, and by this means brought Babylon to Darius' hand. Of this Zopirus was Darius wont to say when he held a pomegranate in his hand, that he wished nothing more in 
Darius' saying of Zopirus.  the world, then to have so many Zopirus as the pomegranate had kernels. Now is Babylon the second time taken by the Persians. When Darius was quietly settled in Babylon, he made wars upon the barbarous Scythians: for even as Cyrus was wont to drive the barbarous nations from Asia which came from the region of Arctoa: so Darius took that course by his chief captain Megabisus, to cleanse Persia from strangers: the Geteses, the Cimmerians, 
Cimmerians.  and the Sauromats inhabited in Asia and about Thracia. 
Geteses.  For of the Cimmerians came those Germans called Cimbri, and from the Geteses came likewise the Goths. These Geteses yielded to Megabisus: the Scythians he could not vanquish. 
Scythians.   
But after some war he returned unto Greece, sent ambassadors unto Amintas king of Macedonia to have free passage 
Persian ambassadors sent to Macedonia.  through his country: which being granted more for fear then for love, Amintas entertained the ambassadors of Persia very liberally, brought them to a banquet, where after much rioting of wine, they handled rudely the Macedonians ladies that bear them company.  
Alexander the son of Amintas, and the great grandfather of Alexander the great, being discontented with their beastliness, desired the king his father to take his rest that night, taking upon him the entertainment of these Persians: who after his father was gone, he consulted with certain noble men of Macedonia, that they should come in most gorgeous and sumptuous attire like women in the apparel of women, with 
A worthy history of Alexander Amintas son.  their naked weapons close under their garments, commanding them when they should so beastly handle them next, to stab them unto the heart.  
In the mean season Alexander desired them that the ladies might withdraw themselves for a time, promising them they 
justinus lib. 7. & Herodot. 5.  should presently return to bear them company: in the mean time while these ladies were absent, came the Macedonian lords in form and show of ladies, and performed the will of Alexander in all points, when they saw occasion offered.  
At this time Pisistratus that governed Athens, had a son 
Pisistratus.  named Hippias, which was banished his country for his cruelty toward the citizens, and was with Darius, who hearing that his brother Hipparchus was slain, made means to Darius that he would vouchsafe to aid him to his country: which was the rather granted, for that Darius was offended with the Athenians, for that they aided the jonians against him in that war called bellum jonicum, when they took Sardis and burned it.  
He caused presently a hundredth thousand footmen, and 
Hippias by Darius aided.  ten thousand horsemen to accompany Hippias to Athens, who when they came within two mile of Athens, the Athenians with these news were sore affrighted, & stood in great doubt whether to yield or to resist them, until Miltiades a famous captain comforted them by the counsel of Callimachus took in hand to fight with the Persians. He had ten thousand of Athens, and ten thousand Platenses, here was his whole force: but in that battle that noble fellow Miltiades, and Callimachus 
Melanct. lib. 2 Chron.  with his Greeks, gave the overthrow to the Persians in the fields called Marathon, to the number of six thousand three hundredth, by the counsel of Callimachus. Thus much Melancthon affirmeth: but justinus saith, that there were six hundredth thousand Persians, of the which (saith he) two hundredth 
Herodotus 7.  thousand were slain, and the rest put to flight: but this warrewas after that which was at Marathon, when Darius upon the hearing of these news, was three years in preparing for it.  
With this Miltiades flourished in this war Themistocles, a gallant young gentleman of Athens: this Themistocles was wont to say (after that field fought in Marathon, and the Persians vanquished) that the victories and triumphs of Miltiades could not suffer him to sleep: but his son Xerxes performed 
justine erred.  it, as it shallbe spoken hereafter. In Esdras it is referred to Artaxerxes surnamed Mnemon, whom the Hebrews took to be Asuerus. Hitherunto Eusebius doth agree.  
In this war Pisistratus two sons died, Hipparchus and Hippias: Hipparchus Plato so commended him, that he was conversant 
Hipparchus a wise man.  with learned men, he loved Simonides, he brought Homer's Iliads first to Athens, & caused the Grecians in any solemn meeting to sing Homer's verses: his delight was to prefer learned men, and to reverence wise men, and for that only 
A●…an lib. 8. Lib. 1. cap. 16.  cause he was esteemed the wisest man of Athens. But to Darius again, whom Zonaras said that he was the husband of Esther, which in the Scripture is called Asuerus. Melancthon writeth, that Darius Histaspis was that Assuerus that married Esther: and here the history of Esther might be well brought in, saving it is in the Bible: for Herodotus saith, that Darius married 
Herodot. lib. 7.  two women, the one named Aristona which may be the name of Esther, as well as the name of Vasthi to be Atossa which was Cyrus' daughter, on whom he got Xerxes who succeeded after him, though Artabazanes the eldest son by Aristona or 
Melancton lib. 2. chron.  Esther made claim to the kingdom, and opposed himself against Xerxes: yet when Darius made wars with the Grecians, and afterward with the Egyptians, in the which journey Darius died, he appointed Xerxes to govern Persia in his absence, and to be king after him if he should die in wars, for that his 
Herodot. lib. 7.  mother was Cyrus' daughter, and for that Cyrus was called by the Persians Pater patriae.  
The goodness of this king was fully proved, at what time the Church was miserably afflicted by that wicked Haman and hindered by that cruel Cambyses against the decree of Cyrus: he confirmed the decree, and gave licence and full liberty for the jews to build their temple according to Cyrus' decree: for God raised Cyrus, Darius, Artaxerxes, Nabuchodonosor, Euilmerodach 
Good kings by God raised.  to be pillars and defenders of his Church. When Darius had reigned 36. years, he died, in whose days the kings of Rome ended their kingdom, and their monarchy fell to a new form of state called Aristocratia. In the time of Darius reigned Aristodemus in Cuma a town of Italy, not as king, but as a 
Dionysius lib. 7.  tyrant, with whom the barbarous nations had open wars. This contention between Artabazanes & Xerxes was ended by Instaphernes: but Herodianus saith, by Demaratus Ariston, to both their liking, judging the crown to be Xerxes according to Darius will and the request of Persia, and Artabazenes so satisfied that one loved another. In Darius Histaspis time reigned in Madonia Alexander Amintas son their 10. king. Herodotus also this age wrote his history, which after it was read in Athens he was of more credit amongst the Grecians, though Strabo called 
Lib. de esse.  his book Mythistoriam, fabulous histories, as Budeus writeth. Sophocles and Euripides lived in Darius' time, and Socrates was borne.  
Darius Histaspis a little before he died, after he had heard the news of the Grecians victory at Marathon, being before offended with the Athenians for that they invaded Sardis, now ten times more kindled to revenge these injuries, posting all Asia, and sending to all his provinces, prepared such force, that he was three years in providing men and munitions against the Grecians, at which the Egyptians revolted from Darius, which were by Cambyses before subdued, he then 
Melancton lib. 2.  had thought to make his voyage to Egypt, and appointed Xerxes his son by Cyrus' daughter Atossa, to govern in his absence Persia: between whom and his brother Artabazanes, some strife (as you heard before) grew about the government.  
But Xerxes after his father's death, was the fourth king of Persia, who taking that war in hand against the Egyptians, 
Xerxes' a king of Persia.  which his father Darius thought to have taken, had he not been by death prevented, not yet thinking to revenge the Greeks', until Mardonius his aunts son had persuaded him. He gathered such an army, as the like is not read, saving of Tamberlane the Scythian king, of whom the history is public: this great preparation of Xerxes was consulted and thoroughly weighed before it was taken in hand, for Artabanus Xerxes own brother thought it not a necessary war. Mardonius his near kinsman persuaded the contrary saying, that Xerxes with that force might bring all Europe subject to the Empire of Asia. Mardonius sentence prevailed. 
Mardonius.   
Xerxes' made ready his armies: the number were so many, as scant could be accounted, for he had twelve hundredth and seven Navies: the Scythians, and the Persians, the Phaenicians; which dwelled in the land of Palestine, brought three hundredth navies, the Egyptians two hundredth, the Cyprians 
The huge army of Xerxes.  one hundrerh, the Silicians one hundredth, and the Licians brought fifty navies, Doors which dwell in Asia brought thirty, they of Caria brought seventy, the jonians an hundredth navies, the Aeolians threescore, and the inhabitants of Hellespont, brought an hundredth navies, so that Herodotus 
Herodotus 7.  accounts the whole number of the navies to be three thousand: but justine writeth, that Xerxes had in his company towards 
justinus lib. 2.  Greece, ten hundredth thousand navies, insomuch that the Persians bragged, that the Ocean seas had scant sufficient 
The vain brags of Xerxes.  room for their navies, that all Greece was not able to give them ground enough, and scant place for their shotts in the air: with this insolency the Persian army marched. 
Diodor. lib. 11.   
While Xerxes this time was in preparing such a huge host, the Grecians bestirred themselves with all care and diligence to call their force together, and to gather their strength together from all parts of Greece. The Athenians made forty navies: the Magarenses made twenty navies: the Chalsidenses 
The Grecians preparation for Xerxes.  so many, as they of Athens made, which was forty: the Peloponesians twelve navies: the Lacedæmonians ten: the Epidaureans eight, and the inhabitants of Agineta two and twenty: the Traezeneans made five navies: so that the whole number of the Grecians navy was but two hundredth seventy and on's.  
The Athenians appointed to be their general, Themistocles: and the Lacedæmonians made Euribiades: but the Persians could not find a fit general for so great an army: for (as Herodotus doth record it) there was in the camp of Xerxes an hundredth 
Myriad is 10000  and seventy Myriads of soldiers. You must understand, that every Myriad is counted for ten thousand, so that a hundredth and seventy Myriads are to be taken for seventy hundred thousand men, which Xerxes had in his voyage to Greece, 
Seven hundredth thousand men.  which was in the seventh year of his reign, when he sailed on the sea of Hellespont, and marched with more boldness than wisdom, drinking a bowl of wine to the Sun, and throwing the cup after his draft into the sea, making a vow that he would not return from this journey, before he had brought all Greece and Europe joined with Asia, subject to Persia. But he was soon deceived: for the Persians fought for money to augment their treasure, & the Grecians fought for virtue to defend the liberty of their Country: for this war of Xerxes was more taken in hand for 
Xerxes' need●…lesse war.  ostentation then for necessity, to do injury and not to defend justice.  
The authors whereof God hath from time to time punished: as josias that good king, yet for such a fault he was given to the hand of Necho king of Egypt an infidel. Cyrus, this Xerxes' grandfather, for taking unnecessary wars in hand against the Scythians, was slain by Tomyris a woman: and now this king needless without cause offered, thought to have eaten up all Greece, he was made a runagate, and to flee from Greece, his soldiers slain, his captains drowned, and himself hardly escaping: for within two years the Persians had four overthrows.  
The first overthrow was at Thermopila, where he lost 
Xerxes lost four great battles. First at Thermopila. 2. At Artimesium. 3. At Salamines.  twenty thousand Persians by three thousand Grecians. After, they were vanquished in two sundry great battles upon the sea, the one hard by Artimesium in Thessalia, the other by the Isle Salamines, from whence Xerxes himself was secretly forced to flee in a little boat, after he had lost the last battle, to his great ignominy and shame, which he never recovered during his life.  
Afterward, leaving Mardonius behind him with three hundredth thousand Persians, the fourth battle was given him at Platea, where the Persians likewise were overthrown, 
4. At Platea.  Mardonius slain by a soldier of Sparta, and all Greece triumphed of that victory.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the successors of Xerxes in Persia: of their wars, victories, and government: of the state of Greece, and of the prosperities, victories, and fame they had in Xerxes' time.  
THis time flourished Greece, for it had many Themistocles, which was wont to say, I overcome my friends with patience, & my foes with celerity: after this victory it began to be strong, and to flourish in same before all nations, until civil wars: for Caesar was demanded by a Roman a friend of his, how he conquered so many nations in so short a time? he answered by celerity: for (said Caesar) it was a fault found in Hannibal, that 
Caesar's saying of Hannibal.  after he had taken Capua, that he had not laid siege to Rome.  
This great and mighty voyage of Xerxes being thus with loss and shame finished, even he who was a terror to the whole world, and so called terror gentium before this time, was 
Read Herod. his sixth book to the end of this Xerxes.  now had in contempt, & despised of all Persia. Artabanus who then persuaded this journey, had 7. sons well esteemed of the Persians: and perceiving the contempt of Xerxes with the people, and how he slew his brother, after this great infamy of the war, when he returned home, he took his brother's wife, and his brother's daughter, and committed incest with them both, but his own uncle Artabanus his father's brother slew him, after that Xerxes had reigned in Persia 21. years. 
Herodot. lib. 7.   
But Mardonius could not persuade Xerxes before his going to Egypt: for he went to Egypt in the second year after Darius' death: and after he had subdued them, & brought them into a straighter servitude than they were under Darius, he made his return towards Greece, leaving behind him in Egypt his brother Archemenes to govern the country. After he had been four years in subduing Egypt, the fift year he took this voyage with great expedition to Greece. Greece then flourished: 
Functius lib. 2.  for even at that time, and specially after Xerxes' time, their fame grew greater by their great victories had over Xerxes: for in Greece every city seemed a kingdom, and so continued until the Peloponesian wars: such magistrates, such captains, as Themistocles, who by Thucydides was thus commended 
Themistocles.  that he excelled for his wit, that he wanted neither foresight of things to come, neither memory of things past, neither unprovided of things present, and what he knew not, he would learn: and what he was taught he could perform: ready of wit, quick of actions, and circumspect in all his doings, the honour and glory of all Greece. After whom Pericles was had in great estimation in Athens. So of Agesilaus and Cleomenes in Sparta: of Epaminondas & Pelopidas in Thebes: and so the rest at that time in Greece, of whom I have written in the history of Greece.  
After him succeeded his son Artaxerxes the long handed, 
Artaxerxes the fift king of Persia.  for that the right hand was longer than the left, a noble and a courteous prince, and the first of this name of all the kings of Persia: he began to govern Persia after Xerxes his father, at what time Perdiccas the second of that name, & the 11. king of Macedonia reigned. To this Artaxerxes fled that worthy man 
Thucyd. lib. 1.  Themistocles, being banished from Athens, whom often from destruction he saved, and by whom the great overthrow was given to Xerxes and to his navy, to the glory of Greece, and shame of Xerxes. In this Artaxerxes time flourished two great Philosophers, Empedocles and Parmenides. Many learned men of great fame lived in Artaxerxes time, as Democritus and Heraclitus, two philosophers, the one laughing always at the folly of the world, the other always weeping at the misery of the world. Hipocrates that famous physician served this Artaxerxes 
Many learned men flourish.  in Court, Gorgias and Pherecides, Policlitus and Herodotus. Greece began to flourish in philosophy, and in all knowledge about this time. In this king's time the Romans sent to Athens for the laws of the twelve tables, at what time the Romans created ten men named Decemuiri, to interpret the 
Leges duodecim tabularum.  laws. About this time Titus Livius writeth that the Frenchmen came out of Scythia, first with one Marcomirus, to the number of 489. thousand to the confines of Germany, where they were called first Nemmagi by the Saxons: the second name they had of Cambra the Queen, and were called Sicambri, and the third name of Francus a king, they were named Franci, as you may read more in the history of France.  
But to return to Artaxerxes, whose zeal to the Church was such, that he commanded the Edict of Cyrus to be performed, which was hindered by Cambyses, and by Darius Histaspis his own grandfather, who after once he had permitted the jews to have Cyrus' decree performed, a good king, yet he was letted to do that which now his son doth, by reason of the wars which he had in Egypt and Greece: for then wars were put to silence in Asia and in the East part.  
At this time Artaxerxes did send Esdras with great treasures 
Artaxerxes good benefits to the jews.  and substance to jerusalem, in the seventh year of his reign, to build up again jerusalem, to repair the temple, & to restore to the jews their common wealth. This Artaxerxes is named in Esdras to be Darius by the prophet Aggeus and Zacharie, at what time a great multitude of the jews came from Babylon 
Esdras cometh from Babylon.  with Esdras to jerusalem, though Sisines the governor of Syria and Phoenicia would had hindered them, had not Artaxerxes commanded to help them.  
All this time Artabanus mused how he might destroy Artaxerxes to have the kingdom: for to that end before he slew Xerxes this king's father, & that imagination was strong with Artabanus, laying the like snares to murder Artaxerxes: but 
Artabanus snares.  Artaxerxes having intelligence of the same, and fearing Artabanus sons, seven stout and gallant gentlemen, he gathered an army of soldiers, as though he had some secret voyage in hand, amongst whom Artabanus was soon and readiest armed: and as Artaxerxes viewed his army, he spied Artabanus 
Melancthon lib. 2. Chr●…n.  in arms, of whom still he stood in fear, until he prevented the danger with Artabanus death to save his own life. The jews took this Artaxerxes to be Darius Histaspis son, whom they called Assuerus by queen Esther. By this good king Nehemias was sent after Esdras to jerusalem, with the like rewards as before. From the seventh year of this Artaxerxes, surnamed the long hand, some do begin the seventy weeks of Daniel, concerning the coming of Messiah. About this time Pericles died, a noble Captain of Athens that succeeded 
Pericles.  Themistocles: and Plato was borne, whose master Socrates flourished at that time. Thucydides which lived in the time of Artaxerxes saith, Themistocles was driven from Athens, and banished unto Persia, yea & to come to serve this king, whose father he annoyed so much, and whose people he vanquished in four great battles: so ungrateful Athens was towards Themistocles, Aristides, Alcibiades and others, of whom I do speak in the history of Greece.  
The jews had some quietness from Artaxerxes time the fift king of Persia, until the time of Ochus the eight king of Persia. Likewise the Grecians were in rest, and had the cities & countries to use with free liberty by means of this king Artaxerxes: for the Athenians and the Peloponesians were made friends for fourteen years, of whose war afterward Thucydides continueth his history, and writeth the calamity of Greece, which ensued the civil wars of the Grecians. After followed the Peloponesian wars, which continued 27. years, to the 
Artaxerxes Mnemon lived about 400. years before Augustus Caesar.  overthrow of all Greece. In the seventh year of this war died Artaxerxes, after he had reigned forty and four years: this war began before Augustus Caesar four hundredth years.  
About this time Capua was taken of the Samnites, and Macedonia was in many places wasted and burned by a Thracian 
Thucidid lib. 2.  captain called Sitalices. Agis was king in Lacedemonia this time, and Archidamus reigned in Sparta. There lived more learned men in Artaxerxes time then in any one kings time, and that in every part and coast of the world, and therefore it is not amiss to put them in one place, for that they were at one time, I mean one age: especially of Romans & Grecians.  

Esdras and Nehemias, two noble jews.  
Aggeus and Zacharias, two godly Prophets.  
Empedocles and Parmenides, two great Philosophers.  
Phericides, an Historiographer of Syria.  
Cratinus, a great writer of Tragedies and Comedies.  
Sophocles and Euripides the Tragedians. And  
Proclitus a Philosopher.  
Democritus and Heraclitus, two Philosophers.  
Hypocrates, a famous Physician, attendant upon king Artaxarexes.  
Ctesias, a Persian Chronographer, and one of Artaxerxes household.  
Socrates flourished this time, and Plato his scholar was yet but young.  
Herodotus and Thucydides, two great writers.  
Aristophanes and Protagoras, whose books were burned in Athens by a public Edict.  
And a little after, Pindarus and Diogoras the Philosopher.  
Zeuxes and Phidias, two renowned cunning men in cutting or graving Images, statues, in painting most excellent, which skill amongst the Grecians was much esteemed.  
In Artaxerxes time lived Miltiades, Themistocles, Cimon, and Pericles, four famous Athenians.  
In Rome Lucius Sicinius dentatus, a very strong man, Tribune of the people: of whose strength Pliny in his seventh book, Cap. 28. and Solinus, Cap. 6.  
In Artaxerxes time the Romans sent to Athens for the twelve Tables which Solon had made, to be had in great reverence amongst the Grecians.   
In Persia after Artaxerxes succeeded Darius Nothus: this married 
Darius' Nothus.  Artaxerxes sister. Bibliander thought him to be Xerxes' son: others named him Xerxes the second: others affirming him to be Artaxerxes son: but it is not much material, for Chronographers omit to put him amongst the kings of Persia: so Ctesias himself a Persian writer, who lived in his days, and served his predecessor Artaxerxes. While this Darius reigned in Persia, the Egyptians again began to revolt: at what time Amartheus governed Egypt, and Orestes reigned king in Macedonia.  
The Athenians made this time a league with the Lacedæmonians: likewise they concluded a peace with the Argives, and with the people of Mantinaea, by the counsel of Alcibiades. This time gave the Lacedæmonians a great overthrow to the 
Thucydides lib. 5.  Argives, whereupon peace was concluded, Agis being then king in Lacedemonia, and himself general in the field at Tegaea. The state of Greece was to be lamented from time to time: for as they did think all the world to be barbarous beside themselves: so of themselves they could not agree, until all Greece was through civil wars destroyed and wasted, one country bickering at another, and one city envying an other, that they who triumphed oft over the strong Persians, are now trodden under foot of their next neighbours.  
For in this Darius Nothus time, when the Athenians had given an overthrow to the Syracusans, the Lacedæmonians envied 
The Syracusans.  so much Athens, that they sent a great company of soldiers with Gilippus their captain, to bring down the victories of the Athenians, at what time the Athenians were overthrown, and the Syracusans triumphed. In this war died that noble fellow Nicias the general of the Athenian army, with many more famous Athenians, which shallbe more at large in another place, when we speak of Greece, be declared. The Rhodians this time did revolt from the Lacedæmonians, whereupon the Lacedæmonians sent ambassadors to Persia to this Darius to have his friendship, and to join with the Lacedæmonians in a league of peace: for the Medes likewise (as the Egyptians did before them) revolted from Darius: for at that time Egypt and Media began to rebel against Darius.  
About this time Alcibiades, who succeeded Nicias in Athens, 
Alcibiades victory at Chalcedon.  had gotten a great victory at Chalcedon, overthrew the captain Pharnabazus taken by Zantium, and was thereby made chief captain of the Athenians, being absent from Athens.  
Now when Darius had reigned nineteen years in Persia, 
Darius' Nothus died. Artaxerxes Mnemon.  he left behind him two sons, Artaxerxes surnamed Mnemon, to whom he bequeathed the kingdom of Persia being his eldest son, and Cyrus his second son, to whom likewise he gave certain cities and provinces under his government. Cyrus not well contented with his father's will, he secretly rose in arms against his brother his father yet living: who commanding Cyrus to be brought unto him, laid him for a time in prison, and kept him in fetters of gold.  
But after Darius' time, it grew to further malice and to open wars: for Cyrus bearing the name of the former ancient 
The name of Cyrus.  Cyrus, (which was a dear name among the Persians) was the bolder to fall out with his brother, supposing that the Persians would the more favour him for the names sake, which in truth among the Persians was much honoured. Cyrus was from his cradle of a hot stirring mind, Artaxerxes mild and gentle in all his actions: he was named first Arsicas, and is with many writers so called.  
Now when Artaxerxes was consecrated king at Pasargardes in the temple of Minerva by the priests of Persia, reports were made unto him, that Cyrus his brother had conspired his death, and had laid wait to kill him: of the which Artaxerxes 
Plutarch. in Artax.  was by his counsel persuaded to try out the treason of Cyrus: which being found out, yet by the means of his mother Parysatis who loved Cyrus dearly, he was of that fault pardoned.  
Notwithstanding the great courtesy of Artaxerxes towards Cyrus, he after this thirsted more for the kingdom of 
Cyrus' wars against Artaxerxes.  Persia then before: for this king Artaxerxes Mnemon, following his grandfathers steps Artaxerxes the long handed in all goodness and virtue, he was much beloved of his subjects, honoured of his country, and of all countries much esteemed: he gave himself to hear suitors causes, and to let his poor subjects to have access unto him to open their causes. Now such as desired innovations and change, gave out 
Diodorus lib. 14.  that the greatness of the Empire of Persia stood in need of a king that should be always in arms, such a prince as Cyrus was: these people stirred up Cyrus to open war against his brother, who leaving the government of Lydia, being also general lieutenant of all Asia given unto him by his father Darius, sent messengers unto Lacedemonia for help, gathered of Greece and of barbarous nations, to the number of thirteen thousand, beside his own force, and marched 
Cyrus' army ●…3. thousand.  boldly forward, until he heard that Artaxerxes had an 
Artaxerxes  army of nine hundred thousand fight men: yet Cyrus went forward, and gave him battle and divers sore assaults, 
9 hundred thousand.  but prevailed not: this war is of Xenophon excellently described and set forth in all points. In this battle was Artaxerxes hurt, by Cyrus his own hand, but afterward the misery and the extremity of Cyrus was such, as by Plutarch is set in the life of Mnemon. The cause of this war was ambition, and the desire of Cyrus to the kingdom: but (as Melancthon saith) the rather moved hereunto by his mother Parysatis, 
Mela●…cthon 2. Chron. Pary s●…is Artax. mother  who hated Statira Artaxeres' wife, to the death.  
The great magnanimity, justice, modesty, liberality, and other singular virtues which shined in this Cyrus, is of Xenophon not forgotten in his book de Cyriminoris expeditione: for 
Lib. 8.  after Cyrus' death, all those that boasted to have slain him, were by Parysatis means Cyrus' mother so persecuted, that they died most miserably, as Artasyras and Mithridates. To be short, this Parysatis the king's mother found no rest, until she 
S●…atyra Artaxerxes wife. Agesilaus.  had poisoned the Queen Statyra her daughter in law. In the mean season, Agesilaus king of Lacedaemon maketh wars with the Persians: Artaxerxes wisely looking to the war, sendeth Hermocrates to the most part of the cities of Greece, with great treasures of gold and silver, to raise the rest of the Grecians against the Lacedæmonians. During this garboil between Artaxerxes and Agesilaus, Parysatis was sent to Babylon to 
Parysatis sent for to Babylon.  come to the Court: for the king kept not his anger long against his mother. After this, Artaxerxes took a journey against the Caduceans, sent an army to Egypt, who had revolted from his father, and thought to recover both Media and 
Diodor. lib. 15.  Egypt.  
Now the King entering into some years, hearing of some stir and contention between his two sons, Darius and Ochus, either of them aspiring into the kingdom, the younger being Ochus a valiant man, but of a hot nature, & had some in the Court that wrought both with the king, & with his sister Atossa, who loved him dearly, & (as Plutarch saith) too dearly, by a crime between them both suspected.  
Notwithstanding Artaxerxes proclaimed Darius his eldest son to be king, to see whether the like contention and rebellion would grow between his children, as fell between him and his brother Cyrus, & to put Ochus his younger son 
Ochus.  out of all hope to succeed in Persia a king after his father: he commanded according to the law of Persia, that his son Darius should wear the point of his hat right up in token of his succession: for it was not lawful to any, saving to the king or to his successor, to wear his hat with the point upward.  
There was likewise a custom in Persia, that when any 
A custom among the Persians.  should be proclaimed successor or heir apparent to the crown, he should request any one thing at the king's hand, and have it: there was a very fair gentlewoman taken after 
Melancthon 2. Chron.  Cyrus' death in the camp by Artaxerxes, who had been in great favour with Cyrus a Grecian, borne in jonia named Aspasia, called for wit and beauty 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  
This woman did Artaxerxes so esteem, as when his son Darius craved this woman for his gift, he was much offended thereby, and yet must of force departed from her, according to the law of Persia, but it cost Darius his life: for after Aspasia was taken again from Darius by his father, he began to be 
Plutarch in Artax.  moved herein, and to conspire the king's death, being well set forward by Tiribazus: for ill council easily takes place, as Sophocles saith. But Artaxerxes had intelligence of this treason, and laid wait to take them in that place where they had appointed to murder the king: and thus they being prevented, were adjudged to die according to the law, both Darius and Tiribazus.  
Now Darius being dead, Ochus Darius brother stood in good hope to be next heir to the crown, and the rather, by the means of his sister Atossa, of whom some suspicion was 
Atossa married to her father Artaxerxes.  spread abroad of incontinency between Artaxerxes her own father, and Atossa whom he married afterward, yet he feared the succession of his brother Ariaspes, for the Persians honoured him mst.  
Artaxerxes had another son named Arsames, a very wise and a valiant man, whom his father loved dearly, which Ochus well understood, and therefore he determined to entrap them both: his malice and cruelty was such, for that he knew his brother Ariaspes to be simple and plain, he sent 
Ariaspes.  some secret messengers with threatening words from the king, forging terrible news to terrify his brother, telling him how the king was determined to execute extreme justice upon him for divers pretended treasons proved against him: poor Ariaspes was put in such despair of his life, that he ended all with a cup of drink.  
King Artaxerxes understanding of his sons death in such 
Artaxerxes M●…n had 60. children by concubines.  sort, took it very heavily, and began to suspect Ochus the more: he than laid his love altogether upon Arsames one of his bastard sons (for he had six score children by concubines, and he had but three only legitimate) Ochus having brought to pass all his purpose, saving Arsames, who being in the greatest favour with the king, could no longer abide to defer his intent, enticed Harpaces, Tiribazus son, to make an end of this tragedy to kill his brother, which he performed: which 
Arsames killed by Tiribazus son.  whenit was told the king, being very weak & almost gone for age, he took it to his hart, & consumed the few days which were behind of his life, in great anguish & sorrow, after he had lived four score & fourteen years, & had reigned in Persia 62. years: Thus the house & stock of noble Cyrus ended. 
Artax. reigned 62. years.    

CHAP. FOUR  
Of the tyranny of Darius Ochus: of his son Arsames, and of the utter confusion and last ruin of the Persians, in the time of the last king Darius surnamed Codomanus, by Alexander the great.  
IT was found that this Artaxerxes Mnemon, surnamed with the Grecians the great, was a noble, wise, & discreet prince, in respect of the succession that reigned after him. Eusebius took this to be Assuerus, which married Esher, as the Hebrues did: but Zonaras, Bibliander, Melancthon, with others affirm Darius Hystaspis, as before is spoken.  
During the long reign of this king, reigned in Macedonia four kings one after another, Pausanias, Amintas, Argeus, and the fourth Amintas again: in Egypt governed Nectanebus, and in Sparta, after the death of Agis governed Agesilaus, a wise valiant prince, who invaded Phrygia, scattered the army of Tisaphernes the Persian, and put him to flight at the river Pactolus.  
In this king's time was Lysander, that so much plagued the Athenians, slain by the Thebans, a man of great fame amongst the Lacedæmonians: divers are of opinion, that he reigned not so long as Plutarch saith: some attributing forty, as Ruffinus: 
Ruffinus de origine Persar.  others 36. as Functius doth: but it is not material: he was a just, modest, and a wise king: Persia, Asia, and all Greece, and specially judea might so say, when they saw the tyranny of Ochus, who succeeded him.  
About this time in Rome Camillus triumphed over the people 
Camillus' triumphed.  called Veyans, when M. Manlius and Lu. Valerius were Consuls. In this Artaxerxes time lived Mausolus' king in Caria, 
Mausolus' tomb.  of whose wife named Artimesia it is thus reported, that when the king her husband died, she made him such a sumptuous tomb, so worthy a monument, so brave a building, that it was counted for the rareness thereof, one of the seven wonders of the world: for Artemesia had the most skilfullest cunning men of that age, as Timotheus, Scopas, Brixias, and Leocharas. Likewise reigned in this time in Thessalia a great 
P●…nij. lib. 36. Alex. Pheraeus a tyrant.  tyrant Alexander Pheraeus, who was wont to bury men alive, and to put others in the skins of bears and wild bores, and then to set hounds upon them to tear them in pieces: others he would bind to a post naked, and would himself both shoot and throw darts to kill them. In a battle against this tyrant Pelopidas that valiant Theban captain was slain, and afterward the tyrant was killed by his own wife.  
In this Artaxerxes time Rome was laid siege unto, and taken 
Eutropius lib. 2. T. Lini. lib. 6.  by the Frenchmen: but by Camillus the Roman dictator manfully rescued, to the overthrowing of the Volcos, and the Hetruscans: he subdued their people, wasted their towns, and afterward builded up Rome again, repaired the Capitol after that he had repulsed the Frenchmen, and made them 
Eutrop. lib. 1.  most willing to flee from Rome. About this time two great Towns in the Country of Poloponesus in Greece, were swallowed up by an earthquake, called Helice and Burae.  

Plato the Philosopher, about this time flourished.  
Aristotle was yet a young man, Plato's scholar, forty and four years younger than his master.  
Diogenes lived this time: so far doth Xenophons' history of the Grecians reach: for he began where Thucydides left.  
Socrates Plato's master, was now in Athens poisoned.  
Demosthenes' borne in the one year with Aristotle, a famous Orator afterward.  
Ctesias a Persian Historiographer, served this king Artaxerxes in his house.   
Artaxerxes Ochus after he had killed his two brethren Ariaspes 
Ochus 8. king of Persia.  and Arsames, succeeded his father, not in justice, but in tyranny: not in governing of his subjects, but in murdering of princes: of all the kings of Persia most cruel: yea Cambyses could not match him: for after he had played the bear at home with his own people, he played like the lion abroad amongst other nations, specially with the jews, who lived all this time in tranquility, enjoying Halciones days in building 
Darius Ochus compared to Cambyses.  up jerusalem, in repairing the Temple, in rearing up the walls, in planting again religion, and inhabiting judea, and so possessing the liberty of the Country granted first by Cyrus, confirmed by Darius, but fully permitted by Artaxerxes, surnamed Longhanded, Esdras, Nehemias, Zorobabel, being instruments thereunto appointed, & authorised by these good kings. But this cruel Ochus after he had destroyed the stock of Cyrus in the beginning of his government, he laid siege to Sidon, kept them most miserably without any hearing of peace or offering of mercy, though it was by the best and gravest citizens humbly entreated for, whom he most cruelly slew without respect to the law of arms: whereat the citizens being desperate to see his tyranny, they burned the town 
Read this miserable historic in Diod.  and themselves, to the number of forty thousand.  
After this, Ochus took his voyage to Cyprus, where reigned at that time a familiar friend of his named Euagoras, whom he, after he had taken Cyprus, and made slaughter most cruelly of the citizens, killed without respect of old amity and acquaintance. Of this Euagoras there is extant an eloquent oration 
Oros. lib. 3. cap. 7  of Isocrates: he proceeded forward in arms to Egypt, where he exercised the like tyranny with sword & fire without mercy, until he had subdued Egypt: thence he went, foamed in blood unto Phoenicia, with all tyranny he could devise. Now after he had subdued Sidon, Cyprus, Egypt, Phoenicia, he would not spare judea the next province unto Phoenicia, which had been in great rest from Artaxerxes the long handed until this time: at what time contention grew between two brethren about the office of the high Priest at jerusalem, johanna who was then the high Priest, and jesus who sought aid at Vagoses hand the Persian: to avoid this help johanna slew his brother in the temple of Solomon.  
Thus they did provoke God to anger, and God raised Vagoses, Ochus lieutenant to be their enemy, brought him to jerusalem, went to the temple which was profaned and polluted 
Melancthon 2. Chron.  with blood. Vagoses spoiled it, carried the treasures with him: to whom the high Priest had told him that he did most wickedly so to defile the temple: he answered, Not so wickedly as thou in killing thy brother. When he had both spoiled jerusalem and the temple, and brought the jews under Ochus foot to pay tribute unto the Persians for the space of seven 
Vagoses Ochus lieutenant.  years: after this he brought diverse families of the jews captives with him unto Hyrcania: this great calamity endured 
The jews plagued by Ochus.  unto Alexander the great, which when he came to jerusalem, made all things well again. Of this Ochus there is no good thing to be written, though Herodot doth not altogether omit him. Ctesias doth make likewise mention of him, 
Ochus a cruel king.  and doth write of his birth, of his life, and of his government, and doth much vary from others: for Ctesias ever flattered the Persia kings, forwhich Plutarch in many places reproveth him. In this time reigned king in Macedonia Perdiccas, who was taken by the Illyrians in battle: after him succeeded Philippus Amintas son, and father to Alexander the great, who began to move war against the Athenians, and continued after against other cities of Greece for three years.  
In the eleventh year of Ochus was Alexander the great borne: the same self day was the temple of Diana in Ephesus burned, at the which time Philomelus a captain of Phocea in 
justinus lib. 8.  Greece, spoiled the temple of Apollo at Delphos: thereby grew great wars called sacrum bellum, which continued ten years in Greece. About this time Clearchus the tyrant reigned 
Functius lib. 3.  in Heraclia, and Spartacus the son of Leuconis reigned as king in Pontus.  
In the eleventh year that Philip reigned king in Macedonia, 
Philip of Macedon.  Greece was sore troubled and vexed: for Philip with an army of Macedonia took Myciberna, Tiro, and Olynthus, three great towns of Hellespont: he pursued the Phoceans unto the temple of Apollo at Delphos, who thinking to have sanctuary, were burned: the rest of Phocea yielded to Philip. Timoleon a noble captain of Corinth sailed to Sicilia, overthrew the castle of Syracuse, and made a popular state of Syracuse: he delivered the Greeks' that were in bondage in Sicilia under the carthaginians, unto their country, & banished the thousand traitorous soldiers that had forsaken Timoleon in Sicilia. This 
Plutarch in Timoleon.  time Philip subdued the Illyrians, vanquished the Thracians, and delivered Thessaly from tyrants, that long governed in Thessalia: he made free all the cities of Greece from all the incursions of barbarous nations, & concluded a peace with the Greeks'.  
The old Persians had this custom when they went to wars, to go in red cassocks according to the Persians manners: so did Artaxerxes enter to battle with his brother Cyrus, 
If you will know of Cyrus fully, read Xen●…phon de 〈◊〉 l. and also de exp●…dt. Cyri.  at what time every soldier should put an arrow with his name written on it, into a large great coffer that stood in the king's Court: which arrow if he returned alive from the wars, he should at his coming to Persia take his arrow out of the coffer: for by arrows left in the coffer, they knew who they were, and how many that died in their wars.  

This time died Plato, and Speusippus succeeded him in his school, after whom succeeded Xenocrates.  
Aristotle the Philosopher flourished in this time.  
Demosthenes and Aeschines, two famous Orators, bore most swaynowe in Athens.   
After Ochus had reigned in tyranny twenty six years, he was used even as he had used others, slain of Bagoas, and 
Ochus slain of Bagoas.  his son called Arsames being very young succeeded him: who when he had been four years king, and had grown into some stature of body, Bagoas feeling a gilitie conscience, for that he had killed Ochus the king's father, fearfullest some revenge would fall unto him, he to prevent the danger thereof, practised the like conspiracy against the son, as he did before against his father, & slew the young king: this was the end of Ochus, and his son Arsames: no marvel to see tyrants 
Arsames, Ochus son slain by Bagoas.  die by tyranny.  
This Bagoas would have had translated the kingdom of Persia, after this murder of the father and the son, and his great tyranny unto one Darius, governor at that time of Armenia: for he had murdered all them that issued out of Cyrus: for when Artaxerxes Mnemon had made wars with the Caduceans, one of those nations challenged Monomachian, which is 
Darius' the last king of Persia.  a combat, with any one Persian that durst take him in hand: Darius one of Artaxerxes captains fought with this Caducean and slew him, to whom the government of Armenia was given for that service by Artaxerxes.  
Now Bagoas when he had brought Darius to be king in Persia, still his conscience tormented him, and doubted much Darius, & fearing lest he should have the reward of a traitor, he devised to poison Darius: but of the conspiracy Darius had such intelligence, as Bagoas was forced to drink that 
Bagoas drank of his own poison.  draft which he had prepared for Darius, and so Bagoas drank his own poison, and died.  
Now the great kings of Persia (for so were they called in 
Diodod. 17.  respect of their force and power) continued no longer, their race ended, their kingdom came to an Aliens hand, a foreign prince, who in short time waxed strong and stout withal, not inferior to any of his predecessors: who having intelligence of a great army of Macedonians and Grecians by Philip king of Macedon sent to Asia, he gathered his force, and having 
Alex. the great  already a huge host of Persians, he appointed a general over them called Memnon, a Rhodian, a singular skilful soldier. In the mean season Philip died, and his son Alexander the great succeeded him, a young gallant king, of twenty years of age: this stepped in into his father's room, he entertained his father's soldiers, and took the wars of Asia in hand. Darius' hearing of Alexander's setting forward, made him ready, stirred the cities of Greece against him, so that divers of Greece understanding the force, power, and flourishing state of Persia, dehorted their country men from Alexander, 
Melancthon 2. Chron.  and to stick and to stay with Darius.  
The Thebans began to forsake the Macedonians, saying they would fight with the Persians, which had often defended the liberty of Greece. Demosthenes' travailed as much as lay in him, to bring the Athenians to join with the Thebans, and so to stand with the Persians: for Demosthenes so hated Alexander, 
Thebes destroyed.  that he called him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as Aeschines saith. This moved Alexander to some anger: he returned to Greece, began with the Thebans, destroyed and brought the city of Thebes even to the ground, after he had slain six thousand Thebans, and taken captives thirty thousand.  
Then Alexander sent to Athens, required those men which persuaded this war, to be sent unto him, which was Demosthenes, Lycurgus, and others. Here Demosthenes persuaded the Athenians with a fable of the wolf, who offered peace to the shepherds upon condition to banish their dogs, opened the meaning of Alexander, and the danger ensuing: 
Demades sent to Alex.  and therefore Demades an eloquent Orator, & one that loved peace was sent unto Alexander to entreat for peace: which was granted by Alexander in such gentle sort, that he won great favour in all Greece: such was the clemency and liberality of this prince, that all Greece with one consent made him the general & defender of their liberties.  
Now having laid all things quiet in Greece, he came in the second year of his reign toward Asia. In the mean season Darius' king of Persia having levied a great army, sent his captains 
The first battle between Alex. and Dari. at the river of Granicus.  & lieutenants to tarry Alexander at the river Granicus, and there to give battle, where Alexander must fight of necessity, that river being the only bar to stop his entry unto Asia. Darius had two captains, named Rosases', & Spithridates, who being valiant men, began the battle, & did set upon Alexander both together. Alexander was in great danger, had not Clitus his foster brother saved him at that time: for many 
Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.  came at once upon him: yet Darius in the endhad the worst: for the Persians stood not to it, but turned their backs and fled, and Darius' army was put to flight. This was the first battle fought between Darius & Alexander, at the river of Granicus. In the second battle Darius himself comes in person against 
600. thousand n the 2. battle of Darius in Cicilia.  the great Alexander, having levied in Susa a great power of six hundred thousand fight men, trusting much in the multitude of his soldiers, the rather further emboldened by a dream which Darius saw. Beside all this, he waxed more bold, for that Alexander stayed so long in Cicilia, supposing him to be afraid: so partly by his great army, & partly by his dream (which was, that he saw all the Macedonian army on a fire) & partly for that he thought Alexander durst not come, he waxed proud, & used contemptuous words against Alexander, 
Darius' contemptuous words of Alex.  saying he feared nothing so much, as that Alexander would flee, before he would come at him: but he was satisfied by one Amintas a banished man of Macedonia, who knew well the disposition of Alexander. This second battle happened in Cicilia, where Darius was put to flight: howbeit, Alexander was hurt in one of his thighs with a blow of a sword. 
Alexand. hurt.  Chares writeth, that Darius himself hurt him, & saith also, that Darius & Alexander fought hand to hand in this battle. Darius' lost a hundred ten thousand of his men, yet scaped Darius and fled, but his wife Statira, and his mother Sisigambis, and 
Darius, his wife his mother, & his daughter taken.  two of his daughters were taken by Alexander.  
Darius' having two overthrows already, & seeing the greatness of Alexander's invincible courage, having but 30000. Grecians in his army, with which small number he conquered all Asia, & all the East countries, Darius sent Ambassadors to Alexander 
Darius' sent Ambassadors.  with letters to divers of his friends about him, to entreat of peace, offering Alexander 10000 talents, with Mesopotamia, & all the countries, signories, and lands on the one side of Euphrates, with one of his two daughters in marriage, that they might be kinsmen & friends: but it would take no 
Read Curtius of Alexander.  place with Alexand. except Darius submitted himself in person unto the courtesy of Alexand. Now Statira Darius wife died in travel of child being captive with Alexander after the second battle, which increased much the misfortune of Darius. When Darius Ambassadors took no effect for peace, than he gathered a greater army than the second, & had gottenne 
another army of Darius of 10. hundred thousand.  hundred thousand fight men against Alexander at the river of Euphrates, making his prayer unto his gods, that if the kingdom of Persia must needs have an end either through divine revenge, or by natural change, that none but Alexander might sit in Cyrus' throne after him. Alexander with his army went to meet with Darius: the battle was fought at Arbelles by report of most writers, though Plutarch & others named it Gausameles: the victory happened unto Alexander, unto the overthrow of Darius, and last destruction of Persia. 
Diod. lib. 17.   
Thus the great Empire of Persia, the glory and renown whereof all the world spoke of, is brought to an end by Alexander in three battles, with 30. thousand men. The treasure which Alexander carried away from Persia unto Macedonia, loaded ten thousand Moils, and five thousand Camels.  
The kingdom of Persia continued from Cyrus unto Alexander the great: for as Cyrus' gate Chaldea and Assyria unto Persia from Balthasar the last successor of Nabuchodonosor: so Alexander got Persia from this Darius, which was none of Cyrus' posterity unto Macedonia, though in truth Arsames the son of Ochus Darius predecessor was the last of Cyrus' house: and yet Melancthon saith, that Darius was Arsames son, and so doth Eusebius. Thus ended the great kingdom of Persia: in like sort as they had by Cyrus won it, so now by Darius they lost it: therefore I thought it necessary to set down the names of the kings of Persia, how many they were, and how long they reigned, from Cyrus the first, until Darius the last king of Persia.  

1 Cyrus the first king of Persia reigned twenty and nine years.  
2 Cambyses his son the second king of Persia, reigned seven years and more.  
3 Darius the son of Hystaspis the third king of Persia, reigned 36. years, married to Atossa Cyrus' daughter.  
4 Xerxes Darius' son reigned twenty one years.  
5 Artaxerxes long handed reigned 44. years.  
6 Darius Nothus reigned nineteen years.  
7 Artaxerxes Mnemon reigned forty years. Functius saith thirty six years. Plutarch doth write that he reigned sixty two years.  
8 Ochus his son after he had killed both his brethren, Ariaspes and Arsames, reigned twenty six years.  
9 Arsames the son slain by Bagoas, reigned 4. years.  
10 Darius the last king of Persia, overthrown by Alexander the great, reigned six years.   
Thus the Greeks' lay them down in their catalogue, though Eusebius otherwaise sets them down. Darius Medus, 
Functius.  of whom mention is made in Daniel, is here of the Grecians omitted. josephus thinks him to be Ciaxeres Astyages son: and so Xenophon agreeing with josephus, placeth Darius Medus before Cyrus. Metasthenes doth not much dissent from the Greeks' in his catalogue, saving that he speaketh not of Cambyses, because he reigned in his father's time: for he was appointed to be king in Persia in the absence of Cyrus, who in his own person went against the Scythians at that time.  
Likewise Metasthenes omitteth to speak of Xerxes, who 
Xerxes' omitted by Metasthenes.  for the like reason being in great wars at that time from home in Greece, leaving behind him to govern Persia his son Artaxerxes: so that Metasthenes writeth, that Darius Medus and Cyrus, reigned together two years, and then passeth to Darius Hystaspis, which is also called Assuerus, making no mention of Cambyses name: and then he goeth to Artaxerxes 
Melancthon 2. Chron.  the long handed, passing over the name of Xerxes his father: the cause is laid down by Melancthon: in the rest Metasthenes doth agree with the Greeks'.  
After that the Persians the strongest and the greatest nations of the world had gotten the Monarchy of the Assyrians & Chaldeans, not by the sword of Cyrus, but by the idolatry of Balthasar, whom God gave over unto Cyrus' hand, making an end of one, and beginning with the other: for the finger of God doth appoint Monarchies according to Sirach, saying: No kingdom shallbe translated, if wickedness of the king and kingdom be not the cause thereof. Nabuchodonosor was converted and confessed God's power: Euilmerodach his son acknowledged the Highest: but Balthasar through blasphemy and idolatry lost the Empire of Assyria: Even so in Persia, while Cyrus, Darius Medus, Darius Hystaspis, Artaxerxes governed Persia, the Persians flourished, they were lords of the whole world. Now when Alexander had abated their pride and diminished 
11●…. Olympiad.  their force, & had taken their Empire from them unto Macedonia, and had substituted lieutenants and governors under him in all kingdoms and countries, where the Persians had before sovereignty: for as the Persians were obscure and of no fame before Cyrus' time, so after Alexander the great, their renown was lost, their pomp and their pride decayed, & their kings afterward of small account: for now Macedonia and the Grecians triumphed, and the Persians being destroyed and scattered without any king or any prince of 
Alex. Severus anno Christ. 225.  fame to govern them, until the time of Alexander Severus Emperor of Rome, five hundred & fifty years after Alexander the great, at what time lived in Rome Vrbanus Bishop there at that time: this Emperor had a mother named Mammea, a wise and a discreet woman, who having knowledge that Origen, a great man in the Church of God was then at Antioch, 
Euseb. lib. 6. cap. 18.  sent for him, and so entertained him as a rare jewel in those days. At that time reigned in Persia one Artaxerxes, who being of the name of the ancient kings of Persia, was 
Olymp. 251.  likewise wise and valiant, and in process of time grew so strong, that he overthrew Artabanus king of the Parthians, and thereby restored to the Persians a beginning of a new kingdom.   

CHAP. V.  
Of the estate of the Persians under the Romans after the time that they were conquered by Alexander the great, until the time of Alexander Severus Emperor of Rome 550. years after, at what time began the new kingdom of Persia by one Artaxerxes, and of his successors, until the Persians the fourth time were utterly destroyed by the Saracens.  
THe Persians again began to take strength, and to draw together in the fourth year 
Agath. lib. 2. & 4. de bello Gothorun.  of Alexander Severus reign, in the which time flourished many great and famous learned men, which were for their singularity elected Counsellors to the Emperor, as 

Fabius Sabinus.  
Domitius Vlpianus.  
Aelius Gordianus.  
julius Paulus.  
Pomponius Alphenus.  
Florentius and Martianus.  
Calistratus and Hermogenes.  
Venulcius and Triphonius.  
Metianus and Celsus.  
Porculus & Modestius,   professors of all the civil law, and to Papinianus a singular rare man in those days: but of this matter Lampridius doth write at large. But let us now return to Persia, and to the new 
The Persians without king from the 112. Olymp. to 251. Olymp.  kingdom which had been so long without king or kingdom, but kept under of every nation not daring to name a king from Darius until this Artaxerxes.  
This first king of the new kingdom of Persia, after he had slain Artabanus king of Parthia, and had reigned fifteen years: he was overthrown and subdued by the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus, of whom he triumphed 
Herodimus.  in the ninth year of his Empire, though some hold the contrary, that Alexander in that battle was discomfited by Artabanus.  
In this time the Romans had gotten three great victories, one in Mauritania by Furius Celsus: the second in Illirico by Varus Macrinus: and the third in Armenia by junius Palinatus, three famous Romans: of these victories Lampridius maketh mention: Herodianus sayeth, that in France reigned Hildegastus, a king much honoured of the Frenchmen, by whose 
Hildegastus.  diligence and policy France, which was then rude and barbarous both in living and in manners, became civil and politic: for unto this time their building was very base and simple in France. About this time Origene was called from 
Herodian lib. 6. Orig●…ne.  Alexandria unto Caesarea, where he made his book entitled De Martyrio.  
And now was julius Affricanus of great estimation after 
Iu. African.  Artaxerxes succeeded Sapores, the second king of Persia: this reigned thirty one years, he had sore wars with Gordianus 
Gordianus.  king of Africa: this Gordianus pronounced open wars, and commanded their temple of janus to be opened as the Romans did use when war was proclaimed: he destroyed many Cities and Towns, and continued his wars against 
Eutrop. lib. 8.  the Persians, made great havoc in all places, and gave the repulse to Sapores: how be it Gordianus was by conspirators deceived, and of him whom he deserved well of, by treachery slain of one Philip, surnamed Arabs.  
This Philip governed the Romans five years, and builded a town of his own named Thracia, called Philippus Caesar, at what time the plays Ludi saeculares, were set forth with such 
257. Olymp.  pomp in Rome, as the like to that time were not seen. The Parthians invaded Armenia, drove the king called Tyridas 
Eusebius.  out of the country, took his children, & possessed his country: certain sects of heresy began in Arabia, which Origen did overthrow: in Africa likewise questions grew, whether 
Hist. eccle. lib. 6. cap. 2.  heretics being converted from their errors might be rebaptized: of this Cyprian, and the ecclesiastical histories write, 
Cyprian lib. 1. epist. 2.  and of a council called concerning the same: for Berilhis about this time bishop of Bostherna, fell to a monstrous error, denying the eternity of Christ. In the twelfth year of Sapores reign happened such a sickness in the most part of the world, specially in Egypt and Alexandria, that Cyprian thereby took an occasion to write a book entitled De mortalitate. 
Trebellius.   
About this very time the Goths rushed into Asia, spoiled towns and cities, wasted many countries, burned the great temple of Diana at Ephesus, and did great harm: the Germans 
Oros. 〈◊〉, cap. 22.  joined with the Frenchmen, gathered a huge army very strong against the Romans, ented into Italy, made havoc in all places, until they came to Ravenna. Trebellius setteth down the spoil that the Goths have done in Greece, in Pontus, and in Macedonia. But to return to Sapores king of Persia, who in the seventeenth year of his reign got a great army of soldiers, entered into Syria, Cilicia, & Capadocia, committed great cruelty and slaughter, until Valerian the Emperor met him in Mesopotamia, and gave him battle, where the king of Persia was overthrown and taken by the Emperor, by 
Sapores taken.  whom he was kept captive in miserable servitude all his life afterward in Persis. Odenatus held then the whole Empire of the East in his hand at this time, which being slain by his cousin Maeonis, Zenobia Odenatus wife, a famous woman revenged her husband's death, after the king her husband had 
Zenobia Odenatus wife.  vanquished the Persians, and had put the king Sapores to flight, and pursued him unto the city of Ctesiphon, where he besieged him, and brought him to great extremity. This Zenobia ruled the Palmyrians with her two young sons Herreminianus and Timolaus, and as Trebellius writeth of her, she sent an army of soldiers against Egypt, under two valiant captains Sarba and Timogenes: she was wise, learned and stout, and counted for her courage and magnanimity a second Semiramis. In the last years of Sapores king of Persia, was Paulus Samosatenus in the last council had at Antioch, condemned 
Paulus Samosatenus.  as heretic, and put from his bishopric, by Aurelian the Emperor. The third king of Persia was called Ormisdates: this 
Ormisdates' the third king of Persia.  reigned but one year, and did nothing worth the writing. But Aurelianus having assuaged the fury and sedition which then was at Rome, sent his army to Thracia and to Illyria, where 
Aurelianus great victories.  he vanquished the Barbarous nations, slew the grand captaives of the Goths by the river Danubius, overthrew the Sue●…ians, Sarmates and Germans, and slew of the Almains fifteen thousand: thence he returned his force unto the East, vanquished the Palmireans, and their famous Queen zenobia, and after he invaded Egypt, and triumphed over these nations in Rome.  
After this, he began to persecute the Christians, and to send 
His persecutions against the Christians.  his commissions abroad unto all places, with great cruelty to vex and to molest the Church: but in the midst of his tyranny he was slain by conspiracy of his own servant, 
Ecclesiast. 7. cap. 26. Orosius lib. 7. cap. 23.  between Byzantium and Heraclea: the heresies of Manichees began in Aurelianus time.  
Now in Persia began Vararanes their fourth king, and another 
Vararanes the fourth king of Persia.  of that name succeeded him the fift king of Persia, of whom there was nothing done during nine years which they reigned, worth the reciting. After these succeeded in Persia Narses the sixth king of the Persians: this began to flourish 
Narses the sixth king of Persia.  and to wax strong, gathered force about him, and began to war in Mesopotamia, and in Armenia, wasted, subdued and vanquished all the provinces thereabout, took Galerius. in hand, and gave him in battle the overthrow. This Maximinus 
Constantius Maximinus.  Galerius being elected together with Constantius Chlorus, both Emperors for two years, the Romans had then their handful to do: divers nations revolted from them, and many countries were in arms against them, and they much weakened from the force and power of the old Romans, by reason of the treason and murder, one Emperor finding means to kill another: therefore Constantius was made a governor of a great army of Romans to resist the force of France, Hispaine, Africa and Italy. Galerius appointed general against Greece, Illyrica, Persia, and the East countries: either of these two had the name of Caesar given them, and well worthy.  
For Constantius discomfited the Germans, made free the Frenchmen, subdued and slew threescore thousand of the 
Eutrop. lib. 10.  Almains: Maximinus he on the other side vanquished the whole army of the Assyrians, gave the overthrow to Narses king of Persia after the first battle, and at that time brought under the Roman Empire five provinces.  
Misdates' the eight king of the Persians reigned seven years 
Misdates' the eight king of Persia.  and nine months, in whose reign happened in tire and Sydon such an earthquake, that innumerable people were slain thereby: that houses and whose streets fell down to the ground, in the year of CHRIST, three hundredth and six.  
In the which time Dioclesian the Emperor, in the nineteenth year of his reign, began extremely to persecute the 
Dioclesian's persecution.  Christians, which continued most cruelly for thirteen years. Of such persecution shall you scant read in all the Ecclesiastical histories: this Emperor was so proud, that after he had done his triumph in Rome with such pomp and magnificence, 
Pomponius Laetus.  he commanded his subjects to adore him, and to worship him with some divine service, Fratrem solis & lune se nuncupans, putting golden shoes on his feet, wrought with pearls and precious stones, with an edict given, that his nobles and great men should kiss his feet. By this time Sapor the ninth king of the Persians had reigned seventy years: he was crowned (as Functius saith) in his mother's womb, 
Ruffinus de orig. Perfi.  he plagued those Christians that dwelled then in his territories, with taxes, tribute, and with all cruelty, at length persecuted them with open murder and slaughter: for he slew Simeon Archbishop of Seleucia, with a hundredth more in one day of Christians: he laid siege to Nisibis, and got Singara, Bizabda, and Amyda, three great towns from Constantius 
Eutrop. lib. 10.  that were under the Romans, took them, scattered and destroyed the Roman army, that peace was offered to Sapor at that time by the Romans.  
Of this king Sapor, and of his great wars called Persicum 
Ammia. lib. 19 & 20.  bellum, of his long government, and of his often persecution against the Christians, read Eutropius and Pomponius Laetus. During his reign Constantine the great, was 
Const●…ntine the great.  made Emperor of the Romans, the son of Constantius the last before him surnamed Chlorus, a good Emperor, he sought peace, and restored peace, specially to the Christians, which were before so persecuted by Dioclesian, by Valerian, by Sapor, and by the Emperor Licinius, which presently succeeded his uncle Constantine.  
Eusebius sayeth, that Helena the wife of Constantius Chlorus, 
Helena.  and mother to Constantine the great, found the Cross upon the which our Saviour CHRIST died, in jerusalem. Of 
Eusebius trip. lib. 2. cap. 18.  this the Roman Papists make much more ado then of the Son of GOD who died thereon: for the Messiah our Saviour they rob of his glory and honour, and the Cross of wood they worship and adore.  
This Constantine builded two famous great cities, the one 
Helenopolis and Constantinopolis builded by Constantine the great.  named Helenopolis after his mother's name, being before called Drepana an ancient city in Bythinia, the other he builded, and named it after his own name Constantinopolis, before called Byzantium, a very ancient city in Thracia. At this time died in Syria and Cilicia, a great multitude of people of famine and hunger.  
This time was Athanasius called from exilement by the Emperor Constantine, and was sent unto Alexandria, where he was sore vexed by the Arrians, a sect of heresies sprung up in those days by one Arrius of whom the rest were named Arrians. Donatius, an arch heretic, a beginner of other heresies, of whom many heretics flowed in Africa. 
divers sects of heresies.  Constantine though he could keep the Church from tyrannical persecution by restoring of peace, yet he could not stop the rage of heretics which in his days were many: as the Sabellies, the Manichees, the Donatists, the Arrians, and the Novatians: yet God raised singular learned men to defend his Church, as Origene, who suppressed them, & disputed against them, in Arabia, and in Africa. After him Cyprian bishop of Carthage, Lactantius a very eloquent man, and Ambrose bishop of Milan: but of this you shall read more; where I entreat of Councils and Synods in the March of Martyrs.  
But now to the kings of Persia. Artaxerxes succeeded Sapores, 
Artaxerxes the tenth king of Persia.  in Persia the tenth king, and reigned 11. years: of whom as of the rest, little or nothing is to be written: for then the kings of Persia were not of such fame, or of such force, as before while they ruled as lords over the world, for two hundredth and thirty years. Now they had much to do to defend themselves from invasions, the monarchy had passed away to Macedonia, their wealth, power and country were brought to nothing by Alexander the great: the kingdom of the Goths and the Vandals began first their government together 
The kingdom of the Goths, the Vandals, and of Lombard's at this time began.  with this Artaxerxes: the first kingdom of Hunni and of Lombardie, began also now to take footing in the year of our Lord three hundredth seventy and five.  
This time a number of Christians were again restored to their country, which had been banished before: likewise more than fourscore thousand of Burgundines, which inhabited about the river Rhine, became Christians at once, at what time Theodosius the Emperor gave two or three battles to the Goths, overthrew them, and constrained them to go out of Thracia, with their king Athanaricus.  
This time lived Ambrose bishop of Milan, and Gregory 
Ambrose bishop of Milan.  Nazianzenus died, two famous learned men, in whose time two Councils were called, the one in Rome, and the other in Constantinople. Theodosius the Emperor hearing that Maximus was proclaimed Emperor by his own soldiers in Armorica, which is called now little Britain, made an army against Maximus, who now had taken Gratianus, and slew him at Lugdunum, and had driven Valentianus from his government in 
Lugdunum is Lions in France.  the West part to flee to Theodosius.  
By this time stepped to be king in Persia Sapores the second of that name, and the eleventh king of the Persians: he reigned 
Sapores the 11. king of Persia.  five years, who without any wars lived his time in rest. In his days were signs seen in heaven in the likeness of a dove, which burned and appeared for thirty days, as Eusebius reporteth, which I omit. Little is to be mentioned of the last kings of Persia, for that the Romans kept them still down.  
About this time Theodosius went with his son Honorius to Constantinople, leaving behind him in Rome Valentianus to govern, who within a short time by false conspiracy of Eugenius was destroyed, whereby Eugenius usurped the Empire: of this you shall read more in the Roman Empire. Augustine 
Augustinus.  a great clerk and one of Ambrose disciples, was now bishop of Hippo in Africa.  
I thought good once for that I find little or nothing worth the writing of the kings in Persia in those days (for that the Macedonians, and after them the Romans, had brought Persia and all other kingdoms to subjection for a long time) to set the sects and sundry sorts of heretics that began like monsters to trouble the Church, to write of councils had 
Of heresies, and of Councils.  herein by general consent, of the opinions sprung of that time, and of their consultation: yet for that we hasten to end the history of these later kings of Persia, of whom (as I have said) little is to be written, saving of some few kings, as Artaxerxes the first that restored to the Persians their kingdom, after he had slain Artabanus king of the Parthians. Again Sapores the second king of Persia, Narses the seventh king, and Sapor the ninth king of Persia: these kept tack with the Romans, vexed Mesopotamia, Armenia, and other countries, (as you heard before) persecuted the Christians, and did some actions that they seemed to show a shadow of the old PerPersiaus, but to small effect: for the Saracens (as before you 
The Persians four times subdued.  heard) have fully mastered them, and quite destroyed them, and so they came to their decay, first by Cyrus, then by Alexander and by the Macedonians, and the third time by the Romans, and last by the Saracens.  
After Sapores the eleventh king of Persia, entered Varanes the twelft king, who reigned twelve years: in whose days were many signs in heaven, much earthquake in sundry places of the world, heresies, contentions, and many strange questions demanded, as An Deus habeat corpus, & membra, and such other absurd and blasphemous quarrels grew. Even this time Auricular confession was abrogated by Nectarius then bishop 
Auricular confession abrogated. Tripar. 9 cap. 35.  of Constantinople, for filthy and many fornications committed in those days by priests and deacons. The Frenchmen denied tribute unto the Romans also this very time: upon which occasion, war grew again new between the Romans and the Frenchmen in the time of Valentianus the Emperor. Hunni were most busy in divers parts of the East, spoiling Armenia, and Pannonia, & passing over the river Ister, entered Thracia, wasting and destroying all places that they came unto.  
About this time Nectarius (of whom you read a little before) 
Trip. 10. cap. 24.  being bishop of Constantinople died, in whose place succeeded Chrysostom a famous learned man, of no less learning than virtue, who in the Council gathered at Cyprus, where Origens' books were condemned by the authority of Epiphanius and Theophilus two great learned men, and for that Chrysostome would not subscribe thereunto, he was put out of Council, 
joan. Chrysostome.  and banished from his bishopric: howbeit, he was with great honour received again unto Constantinople within a short space after.  
But to hasten out of the history of Persia. Isdigertes the thirteenth 
Isdigertes the 13. king of Persia.  king reigned 21. years in Persia, of whom we read nothing, but that he vexed and molested the Christians, and especially those he persecuted whom he found in any territory of his, and yet within a while the Christians had good success in Persia, and the king much contented with them, 
Trip. 8.  pleasured and advanced them, using them courteously and gently. Honorius now Emperor of the Romans, associating 
Honorius.  himself with Constantius whom he sent to France, and by whom Constantine then was slain, who governed at that time in Britanny, to whom Placidia Theodotius daughter was committed, and again from Honorius given to his friend 
Constantine died in Britain.  Constantius in marriage, by whom Constantius got Valentinus the third of that name: Constantius grew in such favour with Honorius the Emperor by his great service in France and in Hispaine, that he was taken and chosen by Honorius himself to be his associate in the Empire.  
About this time all the jews that were commorant in Alexandria, 
Tripar. cap. 12.  were thence expulsed with much blood and great slaughter, and this was done by Cyrillus then bishop of Alexandria. This time also was there a Council at Carthage, where the heresies of the Pelagians were quite overthrown: then died that great learned man S. Hierome. 
S. Hierom died.   
Now in Constantinople the Arrians fell in great discord between themselves, which continued twenty and five years, and after that again united and were made friends. In these days Paulus Orosius wrote his history, and Nestorius was removed 
Paulus Orosius.  from Antioch to be bishop at Constantinople. The jews again as they were by the justice of God scattered unto all places of the world, so had they no rest in any place of the world, as you heard erst of the jews in Alexandria: so now likewise in Crete they had a false Moses' feigned, whom then they so honoured, and whose laws they observed: and yet Eusebius saith, that a number of them at that time were converted 
Tripar. cap. 9  and became Christians.  
At this time in France, Faramundus was by common 
Faramundus.  consent of the people elected and named king of France, who died seven years after he came to the kingdom. Marcomirus succeeded him being his own brother, and he reigned eighteen years: of whose actions and lives, you shall in the histories of France read more. The Frenchmen began here to record and to number the kings of the whole country of Gallia, which until that time were called Reges 
The Frenchmen began to be kings of all Gallia.  Francorum, kings of France, being a parcel of Gallia. This happened in the year of the world four thousand three hundredth eighty and seven, and in the 300. Olympiad. By this time reigned in Persia Varanes the fourth of that name, and after him reigned his son Varanes the fift of that name, and they 
When the Olympiads ended, the Indictions of Constantine began.  both reigned 37. years, and they had wars with the Romans also. In the time of this last king Varanes, began the Indictions of Constantine the great.  
Now again the third time the Persians begin to quail: for in the time of Corsoes and his son Hormisda the last king of Persia, the Saracens became lords and governors over the Persians, in the year of Christ our Saviour 634. These are the names of these latter kings that reigned in new Persia.  

1 Artaxerxes the first king that restored the new kingdom of Persia, reigned 15. years.  
2 Sapores reigned after him being the 2. king. 31. years.  
3 Ormisdates. 1. year.  
4 Varanes. 3. years.  
5 Varanes the second of that name. 16. years.  
6 Varanes the third of that name. 4. months.  
7 After him Narses. 7. years  
8 Misdates. 7. years.  
9 Sapor reigned 70. years: this king was crowned in his mother's womb.  
10 Artaxerxes the second of that name. 11. years.  
11 Sapores the second of that name. 5. years.  
12 Varares the 4. 12. years.  
13 Varanes the 5. of that name. 12. years.  
14 Isdigertes. 21. years.  
15 Varanes the fift of that name. 20. years.  
16 Varanes the sixth of that name. 17. years.  
17 Perozes. 20. years.  
18 Canades. 12. years. Lambases Procopius doth call this Blazons, reigned 4. years.  
19 Cosroes. 48. years.  
20 Hormisda Cosroes his son, and last king of the Persians, reigned 8. years.     

OF THE ORIGINAL OF Mahomet in Arabia: of his greatness and credit, not only among the Saracens and Arabians, but also in the East kingdoms: of the invasions of the Saracens: of their scattering wars in Asia, Europe, and in Africa: and of their continuance.  
THus the kingdom of Persia, the only monarchy of the world for 130. years (I mean from Cyrus unto Darius) is utterly now destroyed by the Saracens the fourth time, a sort of infidels, which had their first original from Agar the bond woman of Abraham, by whom Abraham begat a base son called Ishmael, whose progenies were called Ismaelites after the name of Ishmael among the Hebrews: so were they in other places called Agareni after agar's name: and in continuance 
Agareni then, are called now Saraceni.  of time from Agareni called Saraceni, which name they hold to this day. For even as from Ammon and Moab, two incestuous sons of Lot gotten by his two daughters in his drunkenness, an infinite stock of wicked and idolatrous people grew, which were named after their father's name, Ammonites and Moabits, enemies to God and to his people: so of this bond woman Agar and her son Ishmael, all the Ismaelites, 
Ismaelites and Saracens alone  and all the Saracens do spring: which people as they were in the beginning most in number, and most able of force and power to persecute then that little flock of jacob at that time: so now are they in the latter days of the world most in number by the names of Saracens, Turks, Canes, infidels, and such like other names.  
I will therefore but touch the history of Saracens, for that they were always people scattered into all Asia, and from thence to all parts of the world, much like to the Scythians, who in like manner rushed into all parts, and invaded all countries, being rude and barbarous nations, praying upon every place they came into. I refer them that will read of the Saracens, to Augustinus Caelius, who at large wrote their histories. I will briefly pass the names of some few of those which began to reign from Mahomet, where he is named Muhamet which began his kingdom after Christ, six hundredth twenty and four, at what time Bonifacius the fift was the fourth Pope of Rome: for the great prophet Mahomet in 
The first Pope of Rome began in the time of Mahomet.  Arabia, and the great Pope of Rome began at one times as two tyrants to persecute the Christians. These two grew so great, that they ruled all Christian Emperors, kings, princes and states: one, making them to hold his stirope, and to kiss his foot, the other with sword and fire, tyrannised over kingdoms and nations, increased his fame by blood and tyranny. When Bonifacius the third, and the first Pope of Rome altered the title of a bishop to the dignity of a Pope, Phocas then was Emperor of Constantinople: for while the Emperors flourished at Rome, no Pope was heard of.  
I will return to speak of the Saracens, who at that very time that they overcame the Persians, entered into Syria, slew Bahanes with all his army, took Damascus, brought Egypt to pay tribute, laid siege to Jerusalem, brought Antioch subject to the Saracens, wasted and spoiled all Syria, and brought 
Jerusalem.  the kingdom of Persia (which so long flourished) under Mahomet, who governed the Persians 800. years and odd.  
This poisoned scorpion and the only plague of Christians (I mean Mahomet) was borne in Arabia, a large country and wide every way: here they live after divers manners, and with divers kinds of religion: some with pulled heads and hoods like mitres, some with beards shaven to their skin: they abstain from swine's flesh: for Solinus saith, that no swine can live in that Arabia, which the Greeks' call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Of the division of Arabia into Harmenios' and Erembos', and the third into Scenetem, which is that country called the region of the Saracens, 
S●…nets people in Arabia dwelling in tents.  people that have no houses, but dwell in tents covered over with things made and woven with goats hair like the manner of the Scythians, who likewise had no houses but their wagons, in the which they carry their wives, their children, and themselves into any country where they take war in hand.  
Now of the Arabians traffic and merchandise, and of their frankincense, myrrh, and many other kind of spices, of their birds, Phoenix and Cynomolgies, of their precious 
Solinus 45.  stones, of their hills, sweet rivers, and other rare things in Arabia, I refer you to Strabo: he leaveth nothing untouched 
Strabo lib. 16.  within Arabia.  
But I will return to Mahomet, a poor man of a base and mean parentage, brought up a servant to feed and to attend 
Mahomet's education.  camels, a young man of a wonderful crafty subtle wit: having married his mistress, and thereby grown wealthy, he used the company of one Sergius a Monk, with whom he was taught to accuse the jews as wicked cruel tyrants, to kill 
Sergius a Monk.  a great Prophet, and to accuse the Christians of ignorancy, and of much simplicity, scoffing them for their superstitious ceremonies and mere fantasies in their religion (as he said) of their God Christ.  
This Mahomet vomited his malice in such sort, that not only Asia, but Africa and Europe were by him infected: he settled himself in the richest regions of all Arabia named Scenites, where in short time through the craft and subtlety of his feigned religion, and by the daily access of a white pigeon in the ear to eat grains of wheat, which he used to deceive the simple, supposing the pigeon to be some spirit from God that instructed Mahomet in all good discipline and religion, that whatsoever Mahomet did, it was taken as done by a prophet. He grew of such credit within Arabia, that he made laws and decrees, he altered the whole course of the Arabians government, and brought the Saracens to begin their years and their account, from the beginning of Mahomet's reign.  
For as the Grecians were wont to number years by their Olympiads, the Romans by their Lustrum: so the Arabians and the Saracens used their account by Hegira, begun in the 
Hegira.  time of Mahomet, at what time he escaped hardly the hands of the chief men in Arabia called Philarchi: who thought to kill Mahomet for his new doctrine against the religion of the Arabians. But after he had escaped, he gathered a great army, by means of many that took him and honoured him as a divine prophet, and entered with force and main strength again upon his enemies, and had the victory over them. From the which time the Arabians began to account their years in memory of the escape of Mahomet by flight, which the Arabians call Hegira, and after by Mahomet 
Beroaldus lib. 4. cap. 5.  commanded in the time of Heraclius the Emperor and Pope Honorius, in the year of our Saviour six hundredth twenty and one, to be kept of the Saracens and of the Arabians in great honour and account, and to begin all their accounts, trafiques and merchandise, by Hegira. And as we use the year of our Lord at the very day that he was conceived in the womb of the Virgin by the holy Ghost: so the Arabians from the time of this Hegira by Mahomet commanded, used their years.  
MAhomet the great prophet, and the only Prince of Arabia 
1 Mahomet.  began his government in the year of our salvation 624. At what time Heraclius governed as Emperor in Constantinople: he reigned nine years, died, and was honoured as a God to this day among the Saracens.  
After this Mahomet, reigned in Arabia Ebubezer three 
2 Ebuzer.  years: during which time, he subdued the city of Gaza, and brought that province altogether under the Arabians, who at this began to be surnamed Amiras, a name of dignity, as Caesar's among the Romans, or Pharaos' among the Egyptians: this reigned the first Amiras.  
The second Amiras was called Haumar, which reigned 12. 
3 Haumar.  years: this enlarged the country of Arabia, from Egypt unto the river Euphrates: this brought Persia subject to Arabia, and forced Hormisda their last king to take his flight, and to leave behind him all his treasures, and all the wealth of Persia. This Amiras took Caesarea a city in Palestina, after he had besieged it seven years by his lieutenant Muhanias, who was his General from the confines of Egypt unto Euphrates. This Haumar after he had destroyed the temple of Jerusalem, caused the Cross which he found in the temple, to be set up in Mount Olivet to scoff there the Christians, who began at that very time to worship every where the Cross: that was the first Cross, and the first time that the use of Crosses began, from that in Mount Olivet. But after much harm done by this Haumar, he was slain by a Persian woman named Margaret, as he was praying, kneeling before the new erected idol of Mahomet.  
After this Haumar succeeded Hotaman the fourth Amiras: 
4 Hotaman.  this invaded Africa, possessed divers places, and filled many towns with Saracens: at what time Muhanias the chief General of all the Arabians territories, sailed with a great navy into Cyprus, invaded the whole Isle, and took the city Constantia, and the city Aradus, and at his return came to Rhodes, destroyed the huge and monstrous image of Phoebus called Colossus Solis, accounted one of the seven wonders of the world.  
While Muhanias was in wars with the Cyprians and the Rhodians, the very same time another Prince of Arabia named in the Chronicles Busor, invaded Isauria, destroyed 
Busor.  the country, made a great slaughter of the people, and brought five thousand captives prisoners into Arabia: but within few days Hoaman was slain through the treasonof his own households and chief friends. This time reigned king in France Clodoveus the second of that name, which Clodoveus was called Lewes the first: and in Constantinople reigned Emperor Constans which was son to Constantius the third, who had a great overthrow in battle by sea by Muhamias with his army of Saracens. Eugenius then was elected the tenth Pope of Rome.  
Hali who governed the Saracens after Hoaman with Muhamias 
Muhamias the fift Amiras.  for 3. years, at what time he was slain by a conspiracy of soldiers: after whose death Muhanias became the fift Amiras over the Arabians, who governed four and twenty years, and kept his court all that time at Damascus. This Muhanias grew mighty and strong, invaded Africa, slew fourscore thousand Africanes, spoiled the territories of the Romans, entered into their confines: but the Romans forced him to flee, pursued him, and compelled him to seek the Romans favour, paying three thousand pound in gold, and fifty Saracens for yearly tribute. Constantine the fift surnamed Pogonatus, held then the Empire at Constantinople.  
Gizid the son of Muhanias succeeded his father, and reigned 
6  after him 3. years: this had not such success as Muhamias his father had: but after Gizid succeeded Habdella the 
7  seventh Amiras, against whom Marnan was elected the eight Amiras, who died within nine months after, and left his 
8  son Habdimelech to be the ninth Amiras: this reigned two and twenty years. 
Habdimelech the ninth Amiras.   
The Saracens about this time invaded so many countries out of Asia, as in Spain with such armies by long wars with the Goths, who at that time mastered all Spain. After the Romans time, and now after the Goths, the Saracens possessed the West part of Spain, and from Spain such an infinite number entered into France in the time of Martellus and Charles the great, that made all Europe to be in fear of these monstrous infidels: these spoiled and destroyed countrels & kingdoms, and used great tyranny in every place of Europe, in like sort as they did before to the Hebrews and to the Church of God, at what time they were Agareni or Ismaelites after the name of Ishmael and his mother Agar, and now from Agareni are called Saraceni, continuing their tyranny (even from Abraham's 
The Saracens called Agareni, and before Ismaelites.  time unto this day) the name of Turks, which in the year of our Saviour 1299. took the Empire of Constantinople, and began to set his Empire there. And for that the Saracens, and the Turks after them, have their histories in the chronicles at large set forth in Aug. Caelius, Egnatius, Blondus and others, I will set down as in a table some few of these Saracens Amiras, for that they followed the Persian history, whom they the fourth time have conquered, as before is written, first by Cyrus, the second time by Alexander the great, the third by Alexander Severus being long before by the Romans kept under, and now the fourth time by Haumar the third Amiras of the Saracens: and so the Persians endured the bondage, until the time of Sophi came, who gave divers repulses to the Turks, and to the late Egyptians called Soldani, recovered Persia, that now again Persia is very populous, and inhabited, and strongly defended by the Sophy, which is now the general name of all their kings.  
But to return to Habdimelech the ninth Amiras, who had 
Habdimelech the 9 Amiras.  now concluded a league with justinian the Emperor, and had also subdued Armenia and Mesopotamia, and ended the civil wars which this time grew between the Princes of Arabia: this having done great exploits, ended his life after he had reigned two and twenty years. This time reigned in France Clodoveus the third, four years, and after him 
Clodoveus the third, and Hildebertus 78.  his brother Hildebertus reigned king in France 18. years. During the reign of Habdimelech, a huge number of Egyptians invaded Africa, and destroyed Carthage.  
After this succeeded the tenth Amiras of the Saracens: this 
10. Amiras.  turned many of the Christians Churches to be temples for Mahomet, as the Church of Damascus and others: this time Masalmas a Barbarian captain, gave a great overthrow to the Romans at the assaulting of Tyrannia, and after spoilt the country of Galici in his return, and died in the ninth year of his reign.  
Zulzimin the eleventh Amiras followed: he reigned three years: during which time Haumar the second of that name, 
11 Zulzimin.  and the 12. Amiras that succeeded after Zulzimin, subdued Cilicia, and Masalmas another prince of the Saracens, invaded Asia, took the city of Pergamum, laid siege to Constantinople, which siege endured three years, at what time Zulzimin died, & Haumar the second that succeeded him, reigned two 
12  years after him, who was glad to have escaped the great famine, cold and plague, which then reigned among his army during the siege of Constantinople: beside his whole navy upon the sea were burnt up with wild fire, and monstrous great hailstones: this Haumar persecuted the Christian's most extremely.  
Gizid the second of that name & the 13. Amiras, succeeded Haumar and reigned 4. years: this was by a jew persuaded to 
13 Gizid.  destroy images. About this time Muza a Saracen captain invaded Spain, and conquered divers provinces and cities, settled himself, and inhabited as a king over the Saracens in Spain: after whom succeeded 15. kings of the Saracens within 
Vincentius lib. 24.  20. years after Muza, at what time Rodericus the last king of the Vestgothes which reigned in Spain, & the Christians, were forced to flee, and to keep Asturum and Legio for their principal strength: after which time they were called the kings of Legion. This time the cities of Italy began to elect in every city a chief Magistrate, which they now call by the names of the Duke, as the Duke of Milan, the Duke of Florence, and so of the rest, all Italy being before governed by Hexarchies, from the which the cities revolted into this new order and election of Dukes in every city, after the time of fourteen Hexarchies, which governed Italy before it was divided into dukedoms.  
Euelid the 10. Amiras, and the son of Gizid, reigned after 
14 Euelid.  his father 18. years: during which time, Masalmas a prince of the Saracens took Caesarea a city in Cappadocia. This time the Saracens strength & force were great: for they inhabited every coast of the world: they were strong in many and in divers 
The Saracens.  parts of Asia: they ruled as kings in Africa and in Spain: they possessed many places in France, and of the Roman territories: 
14  for now the glory of the Romans and their power decayed, after whom the Saracens and the Turks began to be mighty. After this, Euelid died, in the 18. year of his reign.  
After him succeeded Gizid the 3. of that name, and the fifteenth 
Gizid.  Amiras: this was slain by his own people the same year that he became Amiras: after whom, Eyces his son 
15  reigned one year after his father, the 16. Amiras: this time 
16  reigned in France Carolus Martellus, with his brother Pipinus: this Martellus made a great slaughter of the Saracens, at what time Eudo their general brought to the number of four hundred thousand Saracens of men women and children from Spain to France, and was subdued by Martellus, with the most of his people overthrown, and their king Abdimarus slain.  
In the time of this valiant Martellus, the Saracens invaded France sundry times, and took Narbon and Anemon, two of the chiefest cities of that part of France: but they were assaulted by Martellus, so that they fled from place to place, & were vanquished and slain in heaps: for Martellus slew three Saracen kings, Abdimarus, Athinus, and Armoreus: but they wanted no kings, the best captains took upon them the names 
Three kings of the Saracens slain.  of kings, when any king died or was slain in the field: for in Spain fifteen kings of the Saracens were slain within twenty years, and yet the Saracens continued and prevailed from 200. years before Martellus time, until the time of Ferdinandus the great, 800. years well nigh after: During which time the Saracens (as I writ in the history of Spain) much prevailed.  
This time Maruan the second of that name, and the seventeenth 
Maruan the 17 Amiras.  Amiras, invaded Cyprus with an army of Saracens: but such civil wars began between the princes of Arabia, that Maruan was constrained to forsake Arabia, and to flee to Egypt, after he had reigned Amiras 4. years, and from thence forced to take the like flight towards Spain, to rest among his Countrymen, but he was prevented and slain by Salim 
The Hunes now in Germany.  prince of Chorasimia.  
About this time the Huns, people from Scythia, made seven several journeys from Scythia to Pannonia, and at last seated themselves, whose chief captain was named Arpat: of this read more in Ritius, and in Bonfinus. Now in Arabia reigned Muhamat the 18. Amiras, at what time governed in 
Muhamat 18. Amiras.  Constantinople, Constantine surnamed Copronimos as Emperor, and Aistulphus reigned king of Lombardy, & was at that time the thirty one king in number, the which had reigned kings in Lombardy.  
This Lombardy is a pleasant fertile country, called of some the Paradise of all Eorope, which reacheth from the Alps to the river of Rubicon. But to Arabia again, where now reigned Habdallias the nineteenth Amiras of the Saracens: this reigned twenty one years, and gathered an army of eighty 
Habdallias 19 Amiras.  thousand, invaded Cappadocia, under captain Salimie, who was appointed General over the Saracens.  
This Amiras vexed the Christians sore: the Arabians waxed so mighty at home and abroad, that almost no place was free from the Arabians▪ they had wars this time with the Armenians, and with the Turks, who yet had not erected their Empire up, but were such scattering infidels, and like in all manner of life and living to these Saracens, and to the Scythians, which dispersed themselves over all the whole world, as Caterpillars, to destroy and spoil all Nations and Countries, one succeeding the other. 
The Saracens & the Turks alike.   
Mady succeeded Habdallias: this was the twenty Amiras, who reigned nine years, in the which time he prepared an army for wars against Asia: but he was then intercepted and returned into Arabia without any thing done: how be it Aaron his son invaded Armenia, and Ithuma entered Asia, and was slain with all his army by the Romans.  
Again, Aaron the son of Mady entered into Asia, and goat divers victories, and constrained Eirene with her son Constantine the Emperor to seek peace, and to pay tribute 
The Romans paid tribute to the Arabians.  unto the Arabians.  
After Mady succeeded his son Moses, and reigned Amiras one year, after whom followed Aaron the brother of Moses, he reigned twenty three years: during which time the Arabians invaded Cyprus, subdued Cappadocia, took two notable Forts and strong Castles, Amachan in Armenia, and Sebasan: this time flourished in France Charles the great, to whom this Amiras sent many rich presents, & withal a mighty huge 
Amy. lib. 3.  Elephant. This Arabian prince had such great victories, that Nicephorus the Emperor had much ado to escape from his hand in Crason, which is a Town in Phrygia: besides the Arabians had spoiled Sardinia, and destroyed Corsica, and also the Saracens that were now dispersed into all Countries specially into Spain, where they governed as kings, and in France, where likewise they bore such great sway and sovereignty, that Charles the great was well contented for the time to conclude a peace with Abumalach king of the Saracens. Well, to finish shortly his great exploits of long histories, I pass to the 23. Amiras.  
Muhamad the son of this Aaron the twenty three Amiras 
Muhamad 23. Amiras.  of the Arabians, in whose time great civil wars began in many Countries, that he had much a do to keep his own Country from civil invasion for five years.  
After him succeeded in Arabia Habdallias the third of that name, and the twenty four Amiras: this reigned 17. years. 
Habdallias 24. Amiras.  During this time, the Saracens gave two great overthrows to the Grecians, at what time they took the Isle of Crete, spoiled 
Blondus lib. 12.  Palestina, & possessed many Regions & divers countries, wasted much the country between Utica and Carthage, so that the Arabians waxed the only nation in strength & force, in all the East kingdoms: for by this time Africa which was full of the Saracens, was forced to yield to them aswell as Spain: for still came from Arabia supplies to every Country and place where the Saracens had planted themselves, aswell in Europe and Africa, as they did in Asia: for now Abderana king over the Saracens in Africa, was not contented to live quietly over his people in Africa, neither Abumalach, nor yet 
Abumalach.  Aigolandus, with whom Charles the great had long and terrible 
Aigolandus.  wars, could be satisfied with any one kingdom of the world, until at length God so strengthened the Christians, that they were sore affrighted and amazed by the means of these infidels, that they joined together their power and force, and were by God's providence after 800. years delivered from the tyranny of these cruel Saracens.  
Now reigned king in France Lewes, surnamed, The holy, son to Charles the great, who succeeded his father both in the kingdom of France, & in the Empire of Rome, which was taken away into Constantinople, until the time of Charles the great, at what time Leo the 3. of that name, and the 30. Pope of Rome renewed the Empire, and was called Imperium Romanorum nowm. Now in Arabia reigned Muhamat the twenty 
Muhamat 25. Amiras.  five Amiras for forty years: during which time the Saracens rushed into Italy, spoiled and destroyed the country with sword and fire, at what time they came to the suburbs of Rome and did great harm, spared no place, but as Blondus 
Blond lib. 12.  affirmeth, Ferro & flamma totam devastarunt Italiam: this time the Danes invaded England in the time of Edelbertus, who valiantly resisted the Danes, and constrained them with great loss and slaughter to retire: read more in Polidore of this. 
Polid. lib. 5.   
After this time the Saracens began in many places to be slack, and specially in the most part of Europe, though in Spain they continued until the great Ferdinandus time: but for that the Saracens are sufficiently spoken of in the history of Spain, I will therefore here no further proceed therein, only laying down so many as reigned kings in Arabia, called by the name of Amiras, from Mahumet the first prophet and prince, until Muhamat the twenty five Amiras, which continued 253. years: these names follow in this sort as you see set here down.  

Mahomet reigned nine years, the first Amiras of the Saracens.  
Ebubezer 2. Amiras, three years.  
Haumar 3. Amiras, twelve years.  
Hoaman 4. Amiras ten years.  
Muhamias' 5. Amiras 24. years.  
Gizud 6. Amiras, three years.  
Habdalla 7. Amiras, one year.  
Maruan 8. Amiras, one year.  
Habemelech his son, twentietwo years.  
Vliud nine years.  
Zulzimim three years.  
Haumar the 2. of that name, two years.  
Gizud the 2. four years.  
Euelid his son, eighteen years.  
Gizud the 3. one year.  
And his son Eices after him, reigned one year.  
Maruan the second, six years.  
Abubalas five years.  
Haldalla twenty one years.  
Mady nine years.  
Moses the son of Mady, reigned after his father one year.  
Aaron the younger son of Mady, reigned after his brother Moses twenty three years.  
Muhamad the son of Aaron, reigned five years.  
Habdalla the 3. reigned 17. years. Muhamat the 25. Amiras, reigned forty years.   
Thus far I thought good to write the beginning of Mahomet's kingdom, and his successors in Arabia, and of the Saracens spread from Arabia unto Africa, and unto Europe, and now a little of the Turks history, and that briefly.   

OF THE GREAT turk, and of his kingdom from Ottoman the first, until Selimus the eleventh: of the two Empires of Constantinople and Trapezumtium, which now the Turckes do govern: of their beginning, and of their first service under Basilius Macedo Emperor of Constantinople.  
THe Turckes history is like the Saracens, or like the Scythians, people without guide or governors, until of late time they inhabited first about mount Caucasus, & from thence to the Caspia sea: a nation mingled of the Scythians & of the Huns, which now are called Hungarians, obscure and base people, without any mention made of them any where, but of their bare names in Pliny: a people scattered in Scythia, and after into other Countries, rather called Latrocinantes quàm belligerantes, as Egnatius nameth them: of whom (as I said) Pomponius Mela maketh but little more mention then Pliny did.  
The first service which they did, was under Basilius surnanamed 
Egnat. lib. 2.  Macedo then Emperor at Constantinople, in the year of our Saviour eight hundred forty, at what time they invaded 
The first service of the Turks.  Armenia, and within a while after, gave a battle to the Arabians under their first captain called Mucaletius.  
After twice or thrice good success had against the Arabians and the Saracens, they gathered together under a head at Tangrolipix, where divers more heaped and flocked to them from the straight of Caspia, and from Caucasus: there they waxed strong, and began to invade Asia, until the time of Ottoman the first, a man base and obscure borne, cuius parents 
Ottoman the first of the Turks.  agrarij, but very valiant, wise, and fortunate: he first began to advance the name of the Turckes, and to set forth his force and power being much inflamed with desire of sovereignty, and very ambitious of honour and dignity.  
After he had subdued a part of the kingdom of Bythinia, and had taken certain Cities and strong Towns towards 
Egnat. lib. 2.  the Sea Euxinus, at what time reigned in Constantinople Michael, surnamed Paleologus Emperor, in the year of our Saviour Christ a thousand three hundred: this Ottomanus within twenty eight years which he reigned, had strengthened his Cities & Towns, and had builded many strong Forts, and specially one invincible Castle, which he named after his own name Ottomanni Castrum.  
This Ottoman left behind him a son named Orcanes, 
Orchanes 2.  in whose time contention grew between Paleologus, and Cantachuzenus, about the Empire of Greece, whereby Orchanes' power and force so increased, that while these two contended about the Empire, he took Prusia out of their 
Prusia taken by Orcanes.  hands, a large strong City: and finding his father in law Caramanus false and deceitful, he overthrew him, and killed his son, a young gallant youth: but after that Orcanes had reigned twenty two years, he was slain in Bythinia.  
After him succeeded his son Amurathes, a man of 
Amurathes 3.  singular courage and fortune, who forgetting not his father nor grandfather Ottoman, imitated them in all manly exploits, and presently armed himself against his own grandfather Caramanus, whose daughter was his natural mother. This Amurathes was solicited by the Emperor 
Palealogus.  Paleologus, being now a very old man, to aid him against the Bulgarians, hard old soldiers, brought up always in wars: to this he quickly consented, and prepared an army of twelve thousand Turks, and brought them into Europe, and did great service to the Emperor, overthrew the Bulgarians, and revenged the Emperor upon the enemy: but being after these victories tickled with the wealth and pleasures of Europe, having given the repulse to Cantachuzenus which affected the Empire, while he feigned this service, he passed over the sea Hellespont, took Callipolis with other cities, as Adrianopolis, Bydus, and Philippolis, overthrew 
Egnat. lib. 2.  and conquered every province as he travailed: he entered Bulgaria, invaded Servia, and slew the princes of the country named Lazarus, with a great slaughter of his people: but Amurathes escaped not long, for he was slain by a servant of Lazarus prince of Servia, who revenged his master's death stoutly.  
Thus Amurathes died, after he had reigned twenty three years: after whom lived two sons of his, the one named Paizates, the other Soliman. These two brethren could not agree: they fell at such variance, that Paizates slew his brother 
Pazaites 4.  Soliman, and presently after took in hand to revenge his father's death upon Marcus Craienicius prince of the Bulgarians, 
Soliman.  whom he subdued, and after slew him in the field: by which conquest he obtained the most part of Bulgaria. And yet not therewith contented, he invaded Bossina, Croatia, and other parts of Illyria, wasted and spoiled all places into Thracia: yet he could not quiet himself, but laid siege to Constantinople, and continued the same for eight years, and had at that time taken the City, if he had not been prevented by two great armies of Frenchmen and Vngarians, to whom this Pazaites gave such a terrible battle, that he overthrew both 
Pazaites victory over the Frenchmen and the Hungarian.  the armies, and took the most part of the French captains with their General the Duke of Burgundy, with an infinite slaughter of the soldiers, and had also at that time taken Sigismundus king of Hungaria, unless he had been saved by the Venetian navy.  
From this great victory he again returned to Constantinople, endured his siege, and laid hard at it. When news came, that Tamberlane the Scythian invaded his Country, he removed his siege at these news, and made more haste then good speed: for in that battle between Tamberlane and Pazaites, two hundred thousand Turks were slain 
Pazaites the Turk kept in a cage by Tamberlane.  at mount Stellum, in the confines of Bythinia, the Turk taken and set in fetters of gold, and bound in chains of gold, and so kept all the days of his life in a Cage, which Tamberlane carried into every foreign war out of his Country, and used (as some writ) as a block to mount on horseback.  
This time reigned in Constantinople Andronicus, as Blondus 
Functius.  affirmeth: this great victory of Tamberlane fell in the year of our Saviour Christ 1397. at what time Charles the sixth, surnamed Beneamatus was king in France, and Vladislaus had taken the Empire of Germany into his hand. In Rome Pope Bonifacius the ninth of that name reigned.  
This Pazaites had two sons, the elder named Orcanes, of some called Calepinus: the younger named Mahomet, which 
Mahomet 5.  was also named Moses: this by conspiracy and treachery slew his brother Orcanes within two years after his father's 
Egnatius lib. 2.  death, and reigned alone, recovered, and possessed all that Tamberlane had gotten of his father.  
This Mahomet had spite to the Bulgarians, and to the Valaches, and began with no less good success to advance the name of the Turks, than his father did: he waxed mighty, and after he had brought all these Provinces and Regions about to be vassals of the Turks, and had quieted himself, after many victories, he made Adrianopolis to be his chief 
Adrianopolis.  City, where he all his life kept his Court: where after he had reigned seventeen years, he died: at what time Emanuel governed as Emperor in Constantinople, and Sigismundus king of Hungaria reigned Emperor of Germany: in England Henry the fourth flourished.  
This Mahomet left to succeed him a son named Amurates, the second of that name, and the sixth king over the Turks: this Amurates far excelled all his predecessors in 
Amurates 6.  his wars: he began to war with the people called Mysores, and their prince, which now are named Seruij: he took their Cities Scopia and Novemontum, and took the 
Scopia & now Novemontum.  Kings two sons, and his daughter: he caused the King's sons eyes to be plucked out, and yet married their sister, and thereby restored the City Novemontum to the king again. 
Egnat. lib. 〈◊〉.   
After this, he commenced wars against the Germans, Hungarians, and Valaches, spoiled their territories, and wasted their Countries, and used great extremity: he passed thence to Epire, laid siege to Croia, took it, and possessed it.  
After truce made, and peace concluded between the Turk and the Hungarians, Amurates against his promise and oath, by persuasion of Pope Eugenius the fourth, entered in arms, and gave two terrible battles to the Christians, in the which many Nobles died and were taken. In these two 
A great overthrow by the Turk to Polonians, Huns, Hunger, etc.  great victories, the one at Varna, the other at Basila, he slew an infinite company of Hungarians, Polonians, Huns, and others of Germany: for in this war at Varna, Ladislaus, king of Polonia was slain, and Cardinal julian, with all their captains and men of arms: in the other at Basila, all the Princes of Hungary, and many of the Nobles and Peers of Germany.  
Thence he returned into Asia, after he had subdued and conquered all places as he travailed: and having had sufficient trial of his good fortune, with some diffidence of further success by some change of fortune, he committed the kingdom unto his sons charge, while yet he lived, being willing to take his rest, and to see the events of the succession in the kingdom by his son, over whom he appointed Tutor and Governor (for that Mahomet his 
Calibassa.  son was yet young) a Turk named Calibassa: but this during the time of thirty four years did no great exploit, but made one voyage to Epirus, and besieged the City of Croia, but in vain: for that valiant and noble captain Scanderbag drove him quickly with loss and shame from Epyrus, and for very grief he died after his return. Of this Scanderbag 
This Scanderbag is called Castriotus.  Prince of Epirus, the history is set forth according to his deserts, in Barletius. In the time of this Mahomet, Constantine the last of that name, and the last Emperor of 
Barletius lib. 13.  Constantinople reigned. Sultan Zeledim, Emperor of the 
Functius.  Tartarians died in this time.  
Now reigned Emperor of Germany Albertus the second of that name, which was both king of Hungaria and Bohemia: he reigned Emperor but two years, after whom succeeded Frederick the third, Archduke of Austria to be Emperor of Germany, which reigned Emperor fifty four years.  
But to come to Mahomet, the second of that name, and the seventh king of the Turks. This, for his greatness and good success in his wars, was named Nows Othomanus, an other new Ottoman: for as in the first Ottoman, the kingdom of the Turks began: so now by this Mahomet, the Empire of 
Mahomet 2.  the Turks began, and therefore he was called Ottoman the great. He subdued two Empires, twelve kingdoms, two hundred Cities and great Towns: he took from the Venetians the Isles of Chalcidis and Scodra: he took divers Cities in 
The great victory of the Turks.  Greece, as Corinthus and Mitilena. The Turks invaded Syria, wasted and destroyed Hungaria, and took all Euboca: he took Capha a City in Pontus, and Hydrantes in Italy: he took in battle by treachery (saith Functius) Stephanus king of Mysia, whom he used as Cambyses used Sisamnis: he flayed him, and banished him from his kingdom: he destroyed all the province of Carinthia. Quae & quantae huius victoriae, totus vix dies explicet: the very words of Egnatius.  
This Turk so plagued the Christians, that yet to this day they could not recover the loss: how be it he was overthrown 
Egnat. lib. 2.  by Scanderbag in a great battle, where he lost an infinite number of his Turks: by Hussa Cassanus king both of Armenia and of Persia, who also gave a great overthrow to Mahomet: by Stephanus Prince of Valachia, who goat over the Turks a great victory: by Pope Sixtus the fourth 
The Turks overthrow.  who gave battle by sea under the Cardinal of Aquileia: by the Rhodians, and by the Christians at a place called Alba Graeca, he was discomfited, and divers times overthrown: but still he prevailed with more gain than loss, and with fame & renown, that he is now Emperor of Constantinople, and of Trapezuntium, and king of many kingdoms, lord and governor of so many Provinces and Regions, that he thereby is now named the great Turk.  
Now after this Turk had reigned thirty one years, he 
Pazaites 8.  died in the year of our Lord God 1481. on the fift nonce of May. After whose death, great civil wars grew among the Turks, and continued for a time: which being done, Pazaites the second of that name, and the eldest son of the last Mahomet, having vanquished his younger brother, obtained 
Egnatius lib. 2.  the Empire, armed his men and himself out of hand, assaulted the Castle of Valachia, and took it: after he marched 
The Sultan of Egypt.  against the Sultan of Egypt, by whom he had sundry overthrows, that the Turk and the Sultan entered into a league, and concluded a peace.  
After, he returned and went against the Germans, whom he by continual wars brought under the Turks servitude, and at that very time he so plagued the Venetians, that he subdued Methon, Dyrrhachium, and Naupactum, three strong great cities. The Turks under this Pazaites conquered and subdued many places: for this Emperor vanquished the Polonians, which people were called before, Gelas, and subdued 
Chrom. Polo. lib. 3. cap. 31.  many people inhabiting about Meotida: he destroyed the City of Craocia, but constrained by the army of Maximilian 
Croacia.  the Emperor to forsake their Forts, he was also put to flight. Read Chromerus Chronicle of this Pazaites wars against the Venetians: at what time he returning from the overthrow and subduing of Modon, the Sophi king of Persia, (for so now all the kings of Persia are called Sophi) gave the Turks a great overthrow.  
Thus far doth Egnatius prosecute the Turks history, until Selimus time the ninth Emperor of the Turks: 
Egnat. lib. 2.  at what time reigned Emperor in Germany Maximilian, son to Fredrick the third, and in France Lewes the twelfth of that name.  
This Pazaites, after he had reigned thirty one years, died: after whom succeeded Selimus, the ninth Emperor of the 
Selimus the 9 Emperor of the Turks.  Turks, who lived seven years in the Empire: this had a great overthrow in Armenia the great, by the Sophy of Persia: how be it, afterward he recovered his strength, and gathered an army, passed into Egypt, gave battle to the Sultan, whom he took as prisoner, and at that time subdued all Egypt and Syria: for now the kings of Egypt are called Soldani, as the kings of Persia are Sophy.  
But to come to Soliman the tenth Emperor of the Turks, 
Soliman 10. Emperor.  who reigned forty eight years, and had divers times many victories, and as many overthrows: for first he laid siege to Rhodes, took Alba Graeca by treachery and deceit: but Virtus an Dolus quis in host requirit? he subdued Corsica, and overthrew a great army of the Germans, by the City 
Functius.  of Buda in Vngarie, being betrayed and sold into the Turks by Catzianerus: and by the like treachery of a Spaniard, the Turks goat a very strong fort in Vngarie called Granensis Arx.  
After this, Soliman laid siege to Vienna in Ostrich, and to divers Towns in Sicilia, but they were manfully resisted and repulsed from both Ostrich and Sicilia. His armies in the East Countries were so slain and scattered by the Sophy of Persia, that Soliman lost in two battles an infinite number of 
Egnat. lib. 2.  hia Turks.  
After these two great victories had over the Turks by the Persians, he was by the Germans resisted at the haven of Hercules: he was by the Rhodians driven out of the Isle of Militea: he entered into a league with the Persians, & concluded peace with divers princes of Asia, & came into Vngaria, laid siege to Segethum, where he died in his tents before he could win Segethum. After his death, his sons fought for the Empire. Baiazetes was compelled to flee into Persia, being by this civil war overthrown by his brother Selimus, who of all the sons of Soliman was left alive, and succeeded his father in the Empire. Under this Selimus the Turks took wars in hand against the Saracens, and prepared a navy into Cyprus, which had revolted from the Turks. After he made a voyage against the Moscovians at the river of Tanais, where Selimus lost more than he wan: then he laid siege to Nicosia, and to Famagusta, two noble cities in Cyprus: for Famagusta is 
Nicosia.  the chief City of Cyprus. Two years after this, the Persians 
Famagusta.  gave two great overthrows to the Turks in Mesopotamia: at what time the Tartarians (which in old time were called Scythians) wasted and spoiled Russia and Moscovia: but I leave the Soldan of Egypt, the Sophi of Persia, the Saracens, the Turks, and those infidels, and end their history in this Selimus, laying their names down as they reigned, from Ottoman the first, unto Selimus the eleventh.  

1 Ottoman reigned 28. years.  
2 Orcanes 22.  
3 Amurathes 23.  
4 Pazaites having slain his brother Solimanus. 26.  
5 Mahomet 17.  
6 Amurates the 2. of that name, Mahomet's son 34.  
7 Mahomet the 2. which took the Empire from the Greeks' 32. years.  
8 Pazaites the 2. 31.  
9 Selimus 7.  
10 Soliman 48.  
11 And after Soliman, his son Selimus.    

OF THE antiquity OF Greece: of the beginning of their Cities and Common wealth: of their laws and governments by degrees, during yet the infancy of Greece.  
Now I leave Asia, and come to Europe, to that noble and famous Country of Greece, though by order of history I should pass from Persia, with Alexander the great into Macedonia, whither the Empire 
Greece.  from Persia was brought now by Alexander: yet for that Greece is upon the way, and that Alexander 
Alexander.  the great subdued all the Provinces of Greece, and was by consent of all the Country made Emperor of Greece, where his father Philip was made but a Duke or a Governor of Greece: I will therefore first speak of Greece, for that Macedonia and Greece were but one Empire, and under the great Alexander: for so he was called in the sacred history, the King of Greece, and so after Alexander's death they counted their years after the reigns of the Kings of Greece: and therefore I will pass first over Greece, before I come to Macedonia.  
To this Country came the third son of japhet, named javan, or Iaon, of whom this Country now called Greece, was then named jonia: for all countries had their names by the first inhabitants therein, as in the 10. of Genesis is mentioned, the first ground and original, from whence the nations 
Genesis 10.  of the world had their beginning, by the description of the sons of Sem, the sons of Cham, and the sons of japhet. After that Iaon the third son of japhet, possessed Greece, a Country for the situation thereof most delectable and fertile, wherein many things of great account are most worthy to be remembered.  
This Country of Greece is divided unto twelve regions:  

The first and principal part of Greece is the region of Morea.  
The 2. the Country of Athens.  
The 3. of Corinth.  
The 4. of Lacedaemon.  
The 5. of Messenia.  
The 6. of Achaia.  
The 7. of Boetia.  
The 8. of Thessalia.  
The 9 of Arcadia.  
The 10. of jonia.  
The 11. and 12. of Dorica, and Aeolica.   
Although Strabo saith, that these two last are Countries within Peloponesus, which is now called Morea, which was the greatest and chiefest Country of Greece, inhabited first by the Barbarous: for so all Greece was inhabited first, the Country of Athens only excepted.  
The plat form of Peloponesus is like the leaf of a Plane tree, with creeks and nooks, and containeth in length from the West unto the East, a thousand four hundred furlongs, and almost so much in breadth. The coast of Peloponesus is on the north side, with the Ionian sea: on the West 
Solinus cap. 11.  with the Sicilian sea: on the South with the Candian sea: 
Strabo. lib. 8.  all these Shires or Countries are situated within Morea, Achaia, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, which is also named Lacedemonia and Arcadia, which is environed round about with Peloponesus.  
In every country of these are very famous towns and cities, named at large in Pomponius Mela, and in Strabo. Next Peloponesus beginneth the country of helas, which is called and taken for true Greece. In this helas is the region of Phocis, where the temple and Oracle of Apollo in Delphos, and the 
helas.  famous mount Parnassus: here is also in that part of Greece Boetia where Thebes a most famous city is, and mount Cithaeron much spoken of in Poetry: then is the country of Locris, Megaris, and of Athens, more famous of itself than it need 
The praise of Athens.  to be commended, as well for chivalry and magnanimity, as also for learning and knowledge, being the fountain and nurse of Philosophy.  
This country of Athens doth Strabo describe in his ninth book, that he bestoweth all that book in the setting forth only of Athens, with commendations of Boetia and Thessalia, as the chiefest and rarest countries of Greece: for Thessalia containing within it the renowned mount Olympus, which by 
The praise of Thessalia.  means of the woody bottoms of the hill, with a very pleasant river running through the same, maketh a most delectable and pleasant soil, called Tempe Thessalica: unto Thessalia belong the plains of Pharsalia, where Pompey was overthrown 
Solinus cap. 11.  in the last battle between Caesar and him.  
In Thessalia are many notable rivers and cities, many Isles lie over against the main land of Athens, as Salamis, Sunim, Cos and Ceos: not far from Athens is the plain Marathon, where was a bloody battle between the Persians and the Athenians. Greece was so full of renowned cities, famous rivers, notable mountains, a country of singular rareness in allthings, that it were to much labour to write the due praise of Greece. But I refer him that would read the setting forth of Greece to the eight & ninth book of Strabo, to the second 
Strabo lib. 8. 9  book of Pomponius Mela, where all Greece is particularly described at large: and I will proceed to the several government of Greece in several countries, and will set down the continuance of every Region, with the names of the kings where and how long they reigned: and for that the country of Morea is the first inhabited country of Greece, and the largest region of the same, called in Strabo, Arxtotius Greciae, I wi●… begin with their common wealth.  
This region was first named Aegialia by the name of Aegialeus their first king, and continued so until the time of Apis 
Five several names of Peloponesus.  the 4. king: after whom this region was named Apia, which name continued unto the time of Sicyon the 19 king of Morea. After this king Sicyon's time, the country was called Sicyonium, and continued until Pelops time, by whom again the country was called Peloponesus, and now at this time is called Morea: so that Peloponesus had five several change of names from the first government under Aegialeus the first king, until Xeuxippus reign, the last king of the Peloponesians.  
And although the kings of that region did nothing worth the memory, having been twenty and six kings successively: yet they are the very way to come further unto Greece: for all this while the whole country of Greece was inhabited with barbarous people, and was far from the fame which they gained afterward: therefore I will briefly pass over the history of their kings and their reign, because I might speak of other countries in Greece, which flourished together with Morea. For the first king of this region was named Aegialeus, he governed that part of Greece, at what time Ninus 
Marianus Scotus.  reigned in Assyria, and (as Eusebius writeth) Thebaei ruled Egypt, in the year of the world two thousand one hundredth and seven, yet Bibliander would not allow so many years by two hundredth and odd, which is rather to be followed, for that it doth with the Genesis agree. For in the five and twentieth year of this king Ninus was Abraham borne, which was within two hundredth and ninety years after the flood, and therefore better agreeth with Ninus time.  
The second king after Aegialeus, was named Europs: he reigned five and forty years: this time flourished Zoroaster the great king of the Bactrians: he was thought to be the 
Zoroaster.  first that read Astrology, and taught to others Astronomy: in whose time Tribeta the son of Ninus by Semiramis was expulsed out of the kingdom of Assyria, and he builded a town in the coast of Gallia, and called it Treueris.  
The third king of Sicyonium was named Stelchium: he reigned twenty years: at what time the kingdom of Crete 
Marianus Scotus.  began, and had for the first king one named Cres: after whose name the country of Crete was called. This Cres builded a city in Crete and named it Nosus: in the which he also builded a temple to the goddess Cybele's. After him succeeded Apis the fourth king of that region, after whom (as 
Apis a king of Apia.  I have written before) it was called Apia: he reigned then, when Ninus the son of Ninus and Semiramis governed the Assyrians.  
After him followed the fift king named Telasion, in whose 
Telasion the 5. king.  time died Noah the righteous preacher and patriarch, and at which time Abraham begat Ishmael upon Agar the bond woman: of this Ishmael came all the Ismaelites, a wicked nation that offended the Lord: In time afterward they were called Agareni, after the name of Agar, and now are called Saraceni, which are infidels and heathens.  
Now succeeded Telasion the sixth king of Peloponesus named Aegidius: at what time reigned in Assyria, Analius. About 
Aegidius the sixth king.  this season Isaac the son of Abraham begat two twins upon Rebecca his wife: Esau which was also called Edom, of whom the Idumeans came: and jacob afterward called Israel, of whom issued the twelve tribes of Israel. In this king's time Sodom, Gomorrha, Zeboim, Adama and Zoar, five principal great 
Pentapolis burnt.  cities in the land of Palestine, were destroyed and burned with fire and brimstone from heaven: the just judgement of God for sin.  
Thurimachus the eight king reigned 45. years: in this king's government Eusebius noteth the seventeenth Dynastia of the Egyptians to begin, where Shepherds governed as chief rulers for the space of 103. years sovereignty. About which time the kingdom of the Argives first sprang up, where Inachus 
Argive begun.  reigned the first king within the kingdom of Argive, and afterward continued from Inachus unto the time of Tenelanthus the last king of the Argives, as Marianus Scotus writeth, four hundredth years.  
After this Leucippus succeeded Messapius in Peloponesus: at what time Bellochus reigned King in Assyria, and Thelassus governed the country of Thessalia. Among the Argives 
Ruffi. de orig. Graeco.  reigned now Phoroneus the son of Inachus and Niobes the second king after his father: this made laws first to the Argives, and instituted orders in government, and wrote decrees for his subjects, and ruled the Argives to his great fame, as Eusebius in his histories setteth forth.  
In Licippus time Sem the son of Noah died, after he had lived six hundredth years, and had seen much misery and great calamity, but not so much as his father before him had seen: he lived after Abraham's days thirty and five years. Osiris, whom the Egyptians call Apis, and sometime Serapis, for that they adored this as their God, lived about this time, and destroyed that monster in Thracia called Lycurgus. Read more of this in Herodotus. Ishmael Abraham's base son by Agar 
Herodot. 2. 3.  the bondwoman died now, and left behind him twelve sons, great princes over many tribes and nations, which began in time to grow enemies to the Church of God, and to persecute the people of God, and were named Ismaelites.  
In this time reigned in Assyria Bellochus surnamed Priscus 
Diodor. de sub. au●…. lib. 2.  their twelft king, and in Egypt governed Menam the first king that taught the Egyptians many ceremonies, as new sacrifices to their gods, religions and service, and instructed them in many things: for this time Egypt was raw and rude in skill and knowledge. This Menam was thought (of Functius) to be that which is read in Scripture to be Mizraim, and of Berosus called Oceanus. There is nothing to be written of these king's worth the memory of man: for all this while Greece was inhabited with barbarous people, nay the most of Greece was not yet inhabited. Athens was not builded, neither Sparta, nor Corinth: for the kingdom of Lacedemonia and the kingdom 
Corinth.  of Corinth began about David's birth. 
Lacedemonia.   
The Argives were the most ancient people in Greece, next after the Peloponesians: for they began to reign in Argos in the time of jacob the Patriarch, at what time Baleus surnamed Xerxes governed in Assyria being the eight king of the Assyrians, 
Functius.  before the Athenians, as long as jacob was before Moses: for in Athens reigned Cecrops the first king, which king was of one time with Moses.  
But let us proceed. The ninth king in Peloponesus was named Mesapius, who reigned forty and seven years. Philo judeus affirmeth, that job about this time lived, and that after his punishment and afflictions, he married Dina the daughter of jacob: but this is thought to be false, and found otherwise, that job and Dina were not of one time not by four descents: for that jobab which is written in Genesis, was of jacobs' time: this jobab was the second king that reigned in the land of 
Genes. 36.  Edom, as one of the stock of Esau, and therefore some writers erred herein.  
Now followeth in Peloponesus Heratus the 10. king, in whose 
Heratus the tenth king of Poloponesus.  time one Hispalus the son of Heroules surnamed Libius, reigned in Celtiberia, who at that time builded a city after his own name, and called it Hispalis. You must understand, where you read Celtiberia or Iberia, that then that country was so called 
Celtiberia  which is now named Spain, as it is in the treatise of Spain more at large written, when and how long Celtiberia or Iberia continued by that name, and when the name of Spain began.  
The kings of Egypt began now to be called Pharaones, a general name of dignity always unto their kings afterward: 
Pharaones.  for their proper names were not so. The eighteenth Dynasteia of the Egyptians likewise began this time, which continued three hundredth forty and eight years: in the which government Amasis was the first king. Sparta a very famous city amongst 
Sparta builded.  the Lacedæmonians was now builded by one Spartus the son of Phoroneus, the second king of the Argives, whom a little before you read of. Mar. Scot sayeth, that Greece was not tilled before this time, & that corn being brought then from 
Corn first sown in Gree●…  Phoenicia to Greece, was first at that time sown: but I will be brief in passing over the names of the kings of Poloponesus; because I might come to the ripeness of Greece, which was many hundredth years after this time.  
The eleventh king was named Plemneus, and their twelft king named Orthopolis: of these two we have nothing to write more than of the rest, but in respect of the time and of the government to open the naked state and weak Empires 
The naked Empires of the world.  of the world, at that time wherein there was no action done worthy of writing for scant arms were then known: this only we find, what kings reigned then, and in what parts of the world they governed, having their those names which they have not now: for then the Frenchmen were called Celtae, the Spaniards Celtiberi or Iberi, and so of other nations. But now reigned in Assyria Mammitus the thirteenth king, and Crassus reigned over the Argives the fift king.  
This time Cath begat Amram Moses father, and about this time joseph. died in Egypt. after which time the children of Israel were sore afflicted by the Egyptians under another Pharaoh, 
Ruffin. de orig. Grecor.  surnamed Amenophis, a cruel tyrant over the Hebrews then being under his subjection in Egypt. This king made an Edict, and charged the midwives that all children of the Hebrews should be slain, or else cast into Nilus as soon as they were borne. Of some this king is called Memnon. 
Tacitus lib. 3.   
About this time governed in certain parts of Celtes one Lugdus, after whom the place and the people were called Lugdunenses: and likewise one named Narbon, by whose name the country is to this day called Narbonensis, which are two provinces within Gallia now called France. About this time flourished the great ginger Atlas, which is of Poets 
Atlas.  feigned to sustain the skies upon his shoulders, for his skill and knowledge therein.  
In the two and twentieth year of this king Orthopolis, Amram married Iochabed, and begat Aaron, and three years after begat Moses. In Moses time began the kingdom of 
2373.  Thessalia, where Emon the first king reigned: and together 
Thessalia.  with Thessalia sprang up the kingdom of Athens, three hundredth 
Athens.  seventy and five years before the destruction of Troy, and about seventy years before Israel was delivered from the bondage of Pharaoh: for from Cecrops the first king of Athens unto the first Olympiad, reigned in Athens seventeen kings, and twenty princes or judges, first called Metondidae, after called Decennales principes after the kings. Of this king it 
Metondidae.  is written that he first named jupiter a god, and honoured 
Decennales  him: he erected the first altar in Greece, found images, and offered 
principes.  up sacrifices which were not before Cecrops time seen in Greece: for Castor and Pollux, Liber and Mercurius, with divers ancient gods of the Gentiles, were after the time of Cecrops. 
justinus lib. 2.  But I will leave Athens for a while, and I will speak of the Sicyonians and Argives: for these two regions of Greece were the first regions that were governed by kings, but such kings as then that time yielded called Reguli: but the state and regiment of the Argives after the succession of fourteen kings, was carried by Perseus into Mycena, which kingdom of Mycena was established in Euristheus, after whom reigned six kings, and ended together at one time, with the kingdom of Sicyonum, as you shall read after in the next chapter. But now I will set down the names of the kings of the Sicyonians in order, as I find them in Ruffinus, and in Functius tables.  

1 Egialeus, after whose name the country was called Egialea, reigned. 52 years.  
2 Europs. 45.  
3 Stelchin. 20.  
4 Apis, after whose name the country was named Apia. 25.  
5 Thelassion. 52.  
6 Aegidius. 34.  
7 Thurimachus 14. In this king's time began the kingdom of the Argives.  
8 Leucippus. 53.  
9 Messapius. 47.  
10 Heratus. 46.  
11 Plemneus. 12.  
12 Orthopolis. 63.  
13 Merathius 30. In whose time the kingdom of Athens began.  
14 Maretus. 20.   

CHAP. II.  
Of the building of Athens▪ of their beginning, and of their first laws under 17 kings, being the third kingdom of Greece in antiquity after the Sicionians and the Argives.  
CEcrops of whom mention is made before, builded Athens in Achaia, and hereof it was named first Cecropia: after that it was called of one Ati, Attica: and last of all it was named of Minerva, Athens: for in the Greek tongue Athenae is called Minerva, though in ancient time it had other names, as Mopsopia, or 
Strabo lib. 8.  jonia, Diadas, and Orchomenon, and now at this time of no great 
Ruffinus de origine Grecorum.  fame, but a poor fisher town, which Mahomet the eight Emperor of the Turks hath brought under.  
In the days of Cecrops, reigned that Pharaoh which was with 
Thucyd. lib. 2.  all his nobility and chivalry of Egypt drowned in the read sea for his wickedness and tyranny against God and his people: he was by his proper name called Chencres. There happened in Cecrops time, two great wonders in Greece: the one a great deluge in Thessalia called deucaleon's flood: the other that great harm of fire called Incendium Phaetontis: at what time the 
Deucal. flood.  Grecians were named Helenes after the name of Hellenes the son of Deucaleon and Pyrrha.  
After this Cecrops followed Cranaus the second king of Athens, which reigned nine years. Hermes Trismegistus a great Philosopher, 
Hermes Trismegistus.  and a priest of Egypt, flourished, though Suydas saith, that he lived before Abraham's time: yea some of the best learned that are best acquainted with histories, think it a name feigned, and a book framed of late under the name of Trismegistus. Now followed Marathus the fourteenth king of Peloponesus, Erictherus the 15. king, & Choar the 16. king of Peloponesus 
Erictherus.  (as Functius saith:) Ruffinus nameth this king Astades. I pass 
Functius.  over the names without any matter to be written of them, for Greece was yet as the Chaldeans and the Assyrians in the beginning, building and beginning to frame kingdoms: for all this time no part of Greece was known but Sicyonum, which is the country of the Peloponesians, after them the Argives, and now the Thessalians and the Athenians start up and begin a kingdom as the third and fourth governors of Greece in antiquity. About this time the city of Corinth was builded: this was first called Epira, and grew afterward to be one of the strongest cities and holds in all Greece.  
Now was the city Epidaurus, and the city Bythinia builded: now Memphis was builded in Egypt, for the world was 
Called first Mariandina.  then busy only in building: at what time in Athens reigned 
Ruf. de orig. Graecor.  Amphitrion the third king, and after him succeeded Ericthonius the fourth king of Athens. About which time came Phoenix and Cadmus from Thebes to Egypt, and from Egypt unto Syria, and governed tire and Sidon: at what time reigned in Crete Asterius, and over the Argives the ninth king called Stelenus.  
I thought for observation of time very necessary to set down the time and beginning of every kingdom as they began in one place after another, though I find nothing yet in Greece worth the writing, concerning either wars or government. Now began in Phrigia a new kingdom called Dardania, after one Dardanius name, who both builded this 
Dardania.  town and reigned there the first king 31. years: though Manethon setteth down 64. I will follow Archilochus in this history, whose assertion is more probable concerning time then Manethon is. It was called before Meonia: this kingdom began 830. years after the flood, when Amyntas the 19 king of the Assyrians kept his Court at Ninive. About which time Moses died, after whom succeeded josua. In Egypt then governed Aegyptius, after he had driven his brother Danaus then king out of Egypt, usurped the kingdom, after whose name Egypt was named (before called Mizraim) and had to his surname Ramesses.  
About this time in Egypt the first Labyrinth was builded 
Labyrinth.  by Menophis, by some called Miris: after which example Dedalus imitated the like work, and made the second Labyrinth 
Diod. lib. 1. cap. 2.  in Crete, at what time Minoes reigned king in Crete. This Minoes 
Crete.  was the first lawmaker in Crete, when likewise Radamanthus ordained laws in Licya. Bellopares now king in Assyria governed, and Epopeus the 17. king of the Peloponesians. For that I see not much matters in following the course and order of these kings of Greece, and for that I find (as I said before) nothing historical, because yet time seemed raw in Greece, and far from the civil dissensions which long after happened in Greece, & from the foreign wars which the Grecians had with the kings of Persia and Macedonia (for now all the wars that were, was in Assyria & Chaldea:) I will hasten therefore to come to the histories of Greece, & will pass over these fragments of places and persons, until I shall find matters to write of: only I will set down the names of the kings of the Argives as they reigned orderly.  

1 Inachus the first king, reigned 50. years.  
2 Phoroneus. 60. 
The names of the kings of the Argives.   
3 Apis. 35.  
4 Argos. 70.  
5 Crassus. 54.  
6 Abas Phorbas. 35.  
7 Troiphas 46. In this king's time the kingdom of Athens began.  
8 Crotopus. 21.  
9 Stelenus. 11.  
10 Danaus which was driven by his brother Rameses out of Egypt, came to Argos and reigned 50.  
11 Lynceus. 41.  
12 Abas. 23.  
13 Protheus. 17.  
14 Agrisius. 13.   
Now the kingdom of the Argives ended, & their foveraigntie was taken away into Mycena by Perseus, a noble valiant captain, which had divers victories over divers countries, as over the Persians, and now over the Argives in the time of Agrisius, after they had governed Argos 544. years: where Eristheus 
Euristheus accounted another Hercules.  a man most famous, & named another Hercules, for his great courage and enterprises, he was of the stock of Atrides: for Atreus, which was Agamemnon & Menelaus father, was his own uncle, and therefore he governed the most part of Greece. In his time (which yet had grown to no strength) he established the kingdom of Mycena, and brought many subjects under it, that Mycena became populous and strong, and the Mycenians became 
Mycena.  to be conquerors of many provinces, & therefore writers omit the name of Perseus and of Stelenus, and they begin the kingdom from the time of Eristheus: after whom succeeded 6. kings, who waxed strong, & mighty, that then Mycena ruled all Greece. These had the 10. years wars with the Trojans, and at last conquered them, which war was the cause of their own destruction, & for that they began together at one time, and both had equal number of kings: for 6. kings reigned in Mycena, and 6. in Troy, whose names I have here laid down.  
The kings of MYCENA. The kings of TROY. Eristheus reigned 45. years. Dardanus the first king. 31. Atreus, and Thyestes'. 65. Ericthonius. 2. 57 Tros. 3. 60. 
The kings of Mycena, and of Dardania.  Agamemnon Atreussonne 18. Ilus the 4. king. 54. This came from Mycena unto Troy with 1202. ships. Laomedon the 5. reigned 36. In whose time Troy was destroyed by Hercules with his company going to Colchos. Aegistus after Agamemnon. 2. Priamus the 6. and last king, was by Agamemnon subdued, and his city conquered. Orestes 15. years. In whose time Mycena was subdued by the stock of Heraclides under the Peloponesians.   
Thus ended the kings of Mycena and of Troy, the one being destroyed by the other: yet after Orestes was slain by Pyrrhus in the temple of Apollo, Tisamenus Orestes son reigned 15. 
Ruf. de orig. Graecor.  years after his father's death: and after Tisamenus reigned but two more, which were called Penthillus and Comets. But there is scant any mention made of these after Orestes time.  
Now after that these two kingdoms were destroyed, and overthrown, presently the kingdom of the Latins beginneth in the person of Aeneas, who travailing from Troy unto Italy after the destruction thereof, married king Latinus daughter and heir, which is spoken of in the original antiquity of the Latins, by Halcarnassaeus, Ruffinus, Eusebius, and others.  
The Peloponesians reigned 860. years, and ended in the time of Samson the last judge of Israel, which ended the government 
The kings of Peloponesus.  of the judges in Israel, which continued from Moses until Samsons time 400. years, and after Samsons death 40. years, kings began to reign in Israel. After that the kings ended in Sicyonum, priests reigned in that country of Peloponesus called Carnij, which governed until the coming of that 
Carnij.  strong and ancient people called Heraclides: who afterward grew of great force, that the long civil wars which continued 
Heraclides.  27. years, to the last destruction of all Greece, as more at large in Thucydides is mentioned, and shallbe spoken of me when the time of these civil wars shall come to be handled in this history.  
I in the mean season will return to the state of Athens, which by this time grew to some fame, though before (as 
Theseus the 10. king of Athens and first advanced the fame and state of Athens.  other parts of Greece) obscured by reason of no action done worth the writing until Theseus' time, which reigned (as you heard before) in Poliphedes' time the 24. king of Pelopones. he brought unto Athens all the whole province of Attica, and dispersed people from other parts of Greece, and made them all one corporation, which were before dispersed unto divers villages: he erected a council hall, and made a town house, which the Athenians called Asti: he instituted great feasts and sacrifices unto Minerva called Panathaenea: this was for all the 
Plutarch in vita Thes●…i.  country of Attica, and he ordained another feast which they called Metaecia, for strangers and foreigners that should come 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  to dwell at Athens. That done, he began to set up an estate of a common wealth: he made distinctions of degrees, and difference of states: moreover Theseus coined money, & marked the coin thereof with the stamp of an ox, in memory of the bull of Marathon, or of Taurus, chief captain of king Minos, which Theseus subdued by combat appointed. The 
The fame of Theseus.  stamp of the ox continued in Athens until Pericles' time, at what season the owl was stamped in the coin of Athens.  
The renown of this Theseus was marvelously blown through all Greece, after divers victories gotten against the Amazons, the slaughter of king Deucaleon king Minos' son, of the vanquishing of the huge monster Minotaurus, of the wars of Lapithes, of the overthrow of Captain Taurus, and of infinite more victories, so that all Greece rang of Theseus' 
The fame of Theseus.  fame, that his acts came to certain proverbs in all parts of Greece, Hic alter Theseus, this is another Theseus: Hoc sine Theseo nonfit, This was not done without Theseus. He discharged Athens of their tribute unto king Minos, & appointed certain games called Isthmia after the imitation and order of 
Thucyd. lib. 2.  Hercules, that even as the Grecians did celebrate the games of Olympia in the honour of jupiter by Hercules ordinance, so they should likewise celebrat the feast of Isthmia games which Theseus made in the honour of Neptune: for he imitated Hercules in all his actions.  
The great admiration which Theseus had of Hercules courage, 
Theseus' emulated Hercules.  made him in like sort with Themistocles to say, that as the victories and triumphs of Miltiades would not suffer Themistocles to sleep, so the renown and fame of Hercules could not keep Theseus back from the imitation thereof: for they both were near kinsmen. He was so great a benefactor unto Athens, that on the 8. of October the Athenians do most solemn sacrifice in remembrance of his return from Crete with the children of Athens, after the kill of king Deucaleon and Minotaurus, & in the honour of Neptune (as Plutarch saith.) The 
Ruffinus de orig. Graecor.  Athenians honour the name of Theseus, which of some is supposed to be the son of Neptune, every 8. day of every month, so much Greece was beholden unto Theseus. Plutarch in the life of Theseus saith, that Aegeus his father descended of the lineage of the great Erictheus, & of the first inhabitants which occupied the country of Attica: for there is no mention made that they came out of any other country, but they were called Autochthones, borne of themselves in the land of Attica, (for so the Athenians would have it.)  
This was the first that erected Athens: and having joined the city of Megara and all the territories thereabout unto Attica, 
The division between the Peloponesians and the Athenians.  he caused (as Plutarch affirmeth) four square pillars to be set up for the confines within the straight of Isthmis in Peloponesus, with this sentence written on the pillars: All from these pillars Eastward, is in jonia which is Attica: and all 
Strabo lib. 9  from thence Westward was in Peloponesus, to separate the country of Attica from Peloponesus: for in jonia Attica lay.  
After this Theseus, succeeded in Athens Mnestheus the eleventh king, which reigned four and twenty years. This 
Mnestheus.  time governed Agamemnon in Mycena, when Helen Menelaus his brother's wife was ravished and taken away by Paris, who likewise being very young was before ravished by Theseus. I will briefly rehearse the rest of the kings of Athens: for after Mnestheus, Demophon succeeded in Athens the twelfth king over the Athenians, and reigned 33. years. In whose time Aeneas married Lavinia king Latinus daughter, who governed them three years and died, and left to Ascanius his son the kingdom after him: he reigned after his father thirty eight years. This time reigned in Assyria Tauteus the twenty and 
Eli the high Priest judged Israel 70. years before this time.  ninth king of the Assyrians. Eli the priest now judged Israel, and Samuel the Prophet was borne. Oxintes the thirteenth king of Athens reigned twelve years: about which time Ascanius began to build a town, and named it Alba longa, where he with 
Alba longa.  all his Court removed, leaving Lavinium to his father's wife Lavinia, thirty years after his father Aeneas had builded the city of Lavinium. In this kings reign the Amazons burned the temple of Diana in Ephesus.  
Now followed in Athens the fourteenth king over the Athenians, who reigned but one year: after him reigned Thimoetes the 15. king he reigned eight years. This was the last king of the stock of Erictheus: after this time reigned silvius the third king of the Latins: here of all the kings of Alba 
Of Erictheus stock the kings of Athens descended.  were afterward called Syluij. In the 70. years after the destruction of Troy, and fourteen years after the kings failed in Peloponesus, came certain people from Greece unto Peloponesus, and possessed a great part of the country, which were called Doors: of this Thucydides only can best report, for it is his proper history. 
Thucyd. lib. 2. 3.   
Now was Melanthus the sixteenth king over the Athenians which reigned 37. years: in this king's time reigned in Assyria Dercillus the 31. king. About this time Samuel the Prophet judged Israel, with whom governed afterward king Saul: during which government, the prophet David was borne, when 
Aeneas came to Italy about David's birth.  Aeneas reigned the sixth king of the Latins: at what time the stock and family called Heraclides entered Peloponesus, who waxed so strong and fierce, that they waged wars against the Athenians, with whom they had divers battles.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the original beginning of the kings of the Lacedæmonians, and of the kings of Corinth, who at one time began their government under the state of Monarchy, and also ended about one time: of their government, and continuance.  
THis very time began the kingdom of Corinth to start up, where first reigned Alethes their first king, which reigned five and thirty years in Corinth. Together with the Corinthians begin the Lacedæmonians to set up a kingdom, where reigned first as king one Euristhenes, of whom issued after those two valiant and noble Captains, Cleomenes and Leonidas so much 
Leonydas.  for their courage and prowess set forth in Thucydides, whose greatness and courage shall (when time serveth) be declared, 
Thucyd. lib. 1.  to their great fame. Understand how by degrees one after another, kings and kingdoms in Greece begin:  

1 The first government began in Peloponesus, and continued during the time of 26. kings, which was 860. years.  
2 The second kingdom which sprang up in Greece were the Argives, where reigned 14. kings, which continued 544. years.   
After these two, the Athenians and the Thessalians began to flourish about one time. Athens waxed more famous than any other region of Greece: seventeen kings successively reigned in Athens, and continued from the going out of the 
Athens continued 463. years.  children of Israel out of Egypt, yea forty years before that time, until the 423. year after their departure out of Egypt, even from Moses time until David's reign: for in Moses time Cecrops the first king of Athens reigned, and in David's time Codrus the last king of Athens. This is a sure computation of time, wherein can be no error.  
The ancient and first people of the world after the flood, began to account the time from the going of Noah out of 
How the Chaldeans and Assyrians accounted their time.  the Ark, as the Chaldeans and Assyrians did, as Berosus (their own country Chronographer) doth affirm, whose history endured from Noah to Moses. Then the Hebrews made their account from the delivery of Israel out of Egypt, as josephus 
How the Hebrews and jews accounted their time.  (their country man likewise) affirmeth by their jubilees which they used every fiftieth year. All other kind of Chronicles which account by the Olympiads, or from the reign of Alexander which the Greeks' used, from the destruction of Troy, or from the building of Rome which the Romans 
Errors in Chronicles.  and divers other nations did, do much err, and must of necessity err: for they neither agree of the time of the Olympiads, neither of the time when Troy was destroyed, nor when Rome was builded. But I will return to my matter.  
Now that Peloponesus, Argos, Thessalia, and Athens, have altered their government from kings unto princes and magistrates, and that now Lacedemonia and Corinth begin together to erect up their kingdoms, and to enjoy a Monarchy by the government of kings, who began to reign in Lacedaemon and in Corinth, four hundredth and thirteen years after the Israelits went out of Egypt, at what time in Athens reigned Codrus the last king of 17. and over the Latins Aeneas silvius the fourth king: This time began wars between the Peloponesians and 
justine lib. 2.  the Athenians while yet Codrus lived, in the which wars to save his country, and to satisfy the Oracle given thereby, he 
Thucyd lib. 1. & 2.  entered boldly & valiantly to the midst of the enemies like De●…ius or Curtius, and died, after whom succeeded Medon Codrus son, after whose names the magistrates of Athens were called Metondidae. About this time began David to reign king in Hebron, Saul being slain and his sons in the 8. jubilee of the jews. Latinus silvius reigned over the Latins, the 5. king. In tire reigned Hiram, one that loved and favoured king David all the days of his life: this time governed in Assyria Eupales, the thirty two king of the Assyrians. In Corinth governed Ixion 
Ixion 2. king of Corinth.  the second king, who reigned thirty seven years, in the hundred eighteen years of the taking of Troy by the Grecians. In Lacedaemon likewise the second king called Argis succeeded, who lived but one year: after him succeeded the third king 
Argis & Arcestratus the 2. & 3. king of Lacedaemon.  named Arcestratus, who reigned thirty five years. A little after this, Absalon slew his brother Amnon, and fled to the king of Gessur, about which time Solomon was borne of Bethseba: for that I find no great matter to write of the kings of Lacedemonia, where reigned nine kings, saving Agesilaus only, and of the kings of Corinth, where reigned twelve kings: I mean to avoid tediousness to set down the names of these kings aswell of Lacedaemon, as of Corinth, in a table with their reignement and government as here you see: for that these two kingdoms began both at one, and also ended about one time.  
1 Alethes the 1. king of Corinth, he reigned 35. Look Herod. lib. 7. for these kings of Lacedaemon. 2 Ixion. 37. 1 Euristhenes the first king of Lacedomon. 42. 3 Agelaus. 37. 2 Argis the 2. king one year 4 Pryminas. 35. 3 Arcestratus 35. years. 5 Bacis the 5. king 35. 4 Labotes 37. years. 6 Agelas. 30. 5 Doristus 29. years. 7 Eudemus. 25. 6 Agesilaus 44. years. 8 Aristemedes. 35. 7 Archelaus 60. years. 9 Egemnon. 16. 8 Thalecus 8. reigned 40. 10 Philestenus. 12. 9 Alcanes the last, 37. 11 Autones the last 1. year.   
This Agesilaus being very wise & valiant, learned to obey before he came to command, well instructed in military discipline, just & virtuous in all his actions, which the Ephori being chief of authorities within Sparta, and were to control king's insolency and injustice, if any were by them used: he first after he was elected king, armed himself against the king of Persia, for the defence of the Crecians his Country 
Agesilaus against the Persians.  men that dwelled in Asia, and after he had set the Cities of Greece which were in Asia at liberty, he entered unto Phrygia, where he took many cities, wan great spoils: these exploits being done, he returned unto the City of Ephesus, where within few days he had levied a great number of men of arms, imitating herein king Agamemnon's example in choosing the best soldiers to wars with him, and leaving behind at home the worst: he from Ephesus entered into Caria, and from thence to Lydia, and took Sardis the head City of Lydia, slew Tisaphernes, the king of Persias General. Agesilaus became so great by divers victories gotten against the Persians and barbarous kings, that he was made general of all Lacedemoniam navies: for as then Theopompus saith, he was 
Melanctohn 2. Chron.  the worthiest man of fame in his time: for he rather gloried in the praise of virtue, then in the greatness of his authority. Now Pharnabazus was come from Persia as general after Tisaphernes, who at his first coming had a sharp welcome: Agesilaus so prospered, that being but two years in Asia, he was for his honesty, continency, courtesy, and plain dealing, through all Asia much commended: he was 
Thucyd. lib. 8.  wont often to say that sentence of Timotheus: as Mars useth no mercy, so Greece contemneth gold: but Agesilaus being called from Asia home to Greece, he was much against his 
Agesilaus saying.  will enforced to fight in Greece, and against Greeks his own country men, even against that worthy and renowned captain Epaminondas, whose magnanimity Agesilaus often wondered at.  
I need not much to praise the life of Agesilaus: for it is set forth in Plutarch even from his youth, his manners, his wars, his victories in such sort, that Epaminondas though then his enemy at the battle at Leuctres, before and 
Plut. in Agesil.  after wondered much at his magnanimity, and commended much his agility, courage, and wisdom: read Plutarch of this and Zenophon, where he wrote an noble oration in 
Zenoph. lib. 1.  the praise of Agesilaus: yet I will leave the wars between them both, concerning the liberty of the Boetians, until some other place where more shallbe spoken.  
Zenophon was great with Agesilaus, and in person present 
Zenophon great lie honoured of Agesilaus.  in all the wars whom he much loved and honoured: to be short, Sparta thought themselves happy to have such a king: but I omit until better occasion be offered to speak further of Agesilaus. Now to the Lacedæmonians again, whose kings ended in Alcanes the ninth king, being the last after that the Lacedæmonians had a Monarchy under kings for three hundred and odd years: and now at the fall of the kings of Lacedemonia in the time of this king Egemnon, which was the 
Ruffi. de Greco. Orig.  ninth king of Corinth, divers kingdoms sprang up together, as the kingdom of Assyria, at what time Sardanapalus the last king there reigned of thirty eight kings, now translated unto the Chaldeans by Phul Belochus.  
The Medes this time begin a kingdom under Arbaces, and the Macedonians their new kingdom under Caranus their first king: and within forty years after began the kingdom of Lydia, and within thirty years after began Romulus his Empire in Rome, so that within one hundred years one after another, sprang these five kingdoms: 

The kingdom of new Assyria.  
The kingdom of Media.  
The kingdom of Macedonia.  
The kingdom of Lydia.  
And the Romans   began to have footing, and kings began to flourish: about which time the kingdom of Corinth decayed, after the raignement of twelve kings, which governed well nigh three 
Twelve kings reigned in all Corinth.  hundred years.  
Now that the Lacedæmonians and the Corinthians had a fall in their kings, and that the state of their government was altered to an other form, as before the Argives, and the Peloponesians, the Athenians, the Thessalians, whereof that government, I mean of kings, translated to another form: so likewise now the Lacedæmonians and the Corinthians together were changed from Kings to judges, and other popular Magistrates.  
And as in Greece one country began with the other: so one fell with the other, and so I hasten to the history of Greece, whereof nothing yet is spoken but the accounting of time, saving the wars that the Grecians had with the kings of Persia, and with the kings of the Medes: for the first tribute that ever was paid out of Greece unto any barbarous king, was unto Croesus the last king Lydia: so long Greece flourished, as long as they had not civil wars between themselves, which 
The first tribute of Greece paid unto Croesus.  was the only cause of the whole destruction of Greece: otherways Asia, Persia, Media, Lydia, and Scythia, felt the value of Greece, envied their fame, and sought to overthrow their glory, and could not.  
For Plutarch in the life of Solon saith, that Lycurgus was the eleventh person that descended from the right line of Hercules: great controversy there is amongst Historiographers concerning Lycurgus time, of his parentage, and of his travel out of his country: they have written diversly of his government, of his laws, & of his death: but specially they vary of the time he lived in: some will have him in Iphitus time: Aristotle 
Lycurgus.  is of that opinion: others say, that he was long before any of the Olympiads, as Eratosthenes: but Zenophon affirmeth that he 
Zenoph. lib. 〈◊〉. Laced.  was of great antiquity, he was in the time of Heraclides, which were nearest of blood unto Hercules: but how so ever it is agreed, it seemeth it should not be long from Homer's time, for that he was the first that brought the unknown poems of Homer to light in Greece. Chronographers vary much about the time of these men under written: for in antiquity of time they seem more fabulous than historical.  

Hermes. Tris.  
Homer.  
Pythagoras.  
Linus.  
Orpheus.  
Lycurgus.  
Cyrus.  
Romulus.  
With infinite more which I omit here to name.    

CHAP. FOUR  
Of the general government in all the Cities of Greece, from Lycurgus' time the king, and the lawmaker in Sparta, until the coming of Xerxes the great, the fourth king of Persia into Greece: of Lycurgus' laws among the Lacedæmonians: and of Solon's laws among the Athenians.  
THus Lycurgus being singular, rare and wise in his doings, first consulted with the oracles of Apollo at Delphus, changeth the estate of the common wealth, suiteth a Senate of the Lacedæmonians, to the number of twenty eight, who should pull down the fury of the people, if need so required, by any innovations against the kings: and again to bridle the tyrannical 
Laws and institutions made by Lycurgus.  government of the kings against the people: and a little after that, a supreme authority was instituted and given to certain Magistrates called Ephori, who should likewise control the Senate and the kings in their faults.  
Lycurgus' made laws for the women of Lacedemonia, and instituted disciplines for the maids to exercise therein, as to run, to wrestle, to cast the dart, to throw the bar: he made laws touching marriage, and appointed order for education 
Plut in Lycur.  of children: they were taught after seven years of age how to obey, to sustain pain, to endure labour, and to continue in fight: they were compelled to shave their heads, to go bare legged, to use all kind of exercise: naked they lay together on a bed of straw, which they themselves made of the tops of reeds or canes that grow in the river Eurotas.  
Lycurgus also appointed them straight diet, & taught them 
Zenophon de repub. Laced.  short speech, little meat, and few words: hereby grew the Lacedæmonians to be the only famous people of the world, the most endured soldiers, and the most able men of body. 
Diod. lib. 2. cap. 3  The like law Bochoris made in Egypt for the education of their children: they might not exceed in expenses upon any male child borne, above twenty drachmas: then either straight he should be exercised a soldier in the field, or with the priests in Astronomy and Arithmetic, or else if he were not a likely child of limb and body fit for a soldier, he should be put with shepherds, husbandmen, or with some craftsmen: for he might not be idle in Egypt. It seemed that both Lycurgus and Solon brought from Egypt their laws into Greece: for all confess that Egypt was matter artium.  
Lycurgus' appointed an order for burial amongst the Lacedæmonians: 
Lycurgus.  he did cut off all superstition of places, but only to lap the corpse within a red cloth, and spread it over with olive leaves, commanding by his law, that they should not mourn for the dead past eleven days, & on the twelfth day to do sacrifice to Proserpina, and to give over mourning.  
This straight kind of government bred due obedience in 
Sacrifice to Proserpina for the dead the 12. day.  Sparta, & that of Sparta none should travail without licence. And amongst the Lacedæmonians he made laws, that none should dwell in Sparta. This Lycurgus framed his life according to the laws he made: and for that he would know of Apollo, whether his form & manner of government were good, he went to Delphos to consult with the oracle: and before he went, he swore the Senators, the Ephories, & the king of Sparta, to keep his institutions & laws until he would come again from Delphos, where he willingly died, lest he should return to Sparta, whereby they might have occasion by his return to break their oath. In ancient time this town Sparta 
Strabo lib. 8.  had the sovereignty & rule of a 100 towns, & every year an ox in every of these 100 towns was sacrificed unto Mars: & this sacrifice was of long time used in Sparta, & named Hecatomba, as Strabo saith. This was a kind of sacrifice afterward used in divers countries. All which time judges governed in Athens 
Hecatombo●…a.  from Medon the first judge the son of Codrus, until Eurixias time being the last judge: for after 17. kings had reigned in Athens succeeded after judges, to the number of twenty, who ruled the state of Athens, from the time of Codrus the last king of Athens, until the time of Tullius Hostilius the third king of the Romans, who reigned in the 22. Olympiad: so long judges reigned as chief magistrates in Athens. After these 20. judges the form of government was again altered in Athens, that nine magistrates yearly should be chosen of the chief men, of the noblest stock within Athens, which should govern the state of Attica: but (as Eusebius saith) then ruled lust for laws, & the liberty of Athens grew to be much offensive, until 
Eusebius lib. 10. cap. 3. de prepar.  the time of Draco, who made severe laws and sharp punishments for offenders, in the time of the 36. Olympiad. Dracos 
36. Olympiad.  laws were called for their severity, lex sanguine scripta, laws written with blood: he was the first that made laws in Athens. After him succeeded in the 47. Olympiad Solon, a singular man of rare virtue, & of great justice: he did mitigate the fury of Dracos laws, & made found & perfect laws for the 
Dracos laws 47. Olympiad.  Athenians. In this Solons time, Athens was well governed, & flourished before all other towns of Greece: he instituted his laws 
Strabo lib. 15.  in Athens, when Cyrus reigned king in Persia well-nigh 200. years before Alexander the great: at what time the Grecians, knew not the Persians, neither did the Persians know the Grecians, which seemed strange in so late a time: yet Strabo writeth this, an ancient writer: that whereas the Romans had at that time divers wars with the Sabines, Samnites, Fidenats, Tuscans, and other nations about them, the Greek Historiographers took no notice of them, neither Herodot, Thucydides, nor Zenophon: so strange were the Romans to the Grecians. Less marvel it is that the Chaldeans and the Assyrians thought Spain to be but a city, called (as josephus saith) Iberia: even so did they esteem 
joseph. contr. Appio. lib. 1.  France and Italy being far countries from the East, where the most wars were in those first years after the flood.  
But to return to Solon, who studied by all possible means to furnish with good laws and to be careful of the state and government of Athens: for he chiefly delighted in moral Philosophy, which treated of government & common weals, which was most necessary for those days: for the seven wise 
Solon.  men which then flourished in Greece, sought no further knowledge then of things common for the use of man: for in those days he was called most wise, that could handle great causes in matters of State, and endeavour to have a good wit in judgement of government, which in Solon's time was found rare in men, and therefore Greece had but seven wise men of great account for knowledge and judgement, which were named the seven Sages, whose names are these under written  

Solon of Athens.  
Thales of Miletum.  
Bias of Prienna.  
Chilo of Sparta.  
Cleobulus of Lindia.  
Periander of Corinth.  
Pittacus of Mytilena.   
But in Athens wars grew between the Magarians 
justin. lib. 2.  and the Athenians for the Isle of Salamina, which was in the possession of the Magarians. Solon herewith being moved, feigned this Stratagem, to send a trusty man of his own to 
Solon Stratagem.  Megara, feigning himself a revolted traitor, and that of purpose he came to tell them how they might take all the chief Ladies and Gentlewomen of Athens together, if they would follow him. The Magarians easily believing this man, followed him: which when Solon understood, he appointed certain young men in women's apparel that should dance on the shore side, with short daggers under their clothes, until their enemies were landed: which being done, the enemies having sight of these young Ladies dancing and playing without any man with them, they so greedily leapt one upon the neck of the other to take such a fair booty, that not one escaped, but were all slain, and by this means Salamina was gotten to the Athenians.  
Nevertheless the Magarians were sharply bend to recover 
The Magarians overthrown.  Salamina again, if by any means they could: but Athens had still some great wits, who were ever most busy in bickering and quarrelling with their neighbours: for the Athenians could better persuade with their tongues, then fight 
Thucyd. lib. 1.  with their swords. Solon wan great honour and glory, for one oration he made in the defence of the temple of Apollo.  
Solon by subtlety and wit set order betwixt the poor and the rich: for by this time fell again the Athenians to the 
Attica divided.  old troubles and dissensions, about the government of the city, so that all Atica was in itself divided: some taking part with the best and chiefest Citizens, others with the common people.  
Solon pacified this sedition: for he was neither partaker with the rich in the oppression of the poor, nor with the 
Solon.  poor in the necessity of offence: his equity and upright dealing was well known in Athens, therefore he was chosen governor by common consent of all the Country of Attica, to reform the rigour of the laws, and to temper the state of the common weals. And first he began to take away all Dracos bloody laws, saving for murder & manslaughter: for by 
Dracos laws by Solon mitigated.  the laws of Dracos all kind of offence was punished with death, aswell the least fault, as the greatest offence, and therefore called lex sanguine scripta Then Solon erected the Council of the Areopagites: out of this Council, the city of Athens did yearly choose their governor: for in Dracos time 
Areopagites.  were certain judges upon life and death called Ephetes, before the time of the Areopagites.  
After this, Solon established divers laws within the City 
Plutarch in Solon.  of Athens, and appointed three kinds of Counsels to govern the City, one above the other: and then he instituted some laws, which I will briefly here recite: he made a law 
The laws of Solon.  for the maintenance of wills and testaments: he made an act for planting and setting of trees: an other act he made, 
1 law.  that they should not transport out of the Realm neither 
2  corn, nor any other fruit to strangers, saving oil: he ordained 
3  a law, that no stranger should be free Denizen within Athens: he appointed a law for wells, for that Attica is a 
4  dry soil, wanting springs and rivers, using only wells: 
5  therefore he ordained, that all within four furlongs (which 
6  is half a mile) should come to one well: he made a law to forbid jointers and dowries, not to use merchandise for marriage, neither should they buy their husband to gain thereby, but that man and woman should marry for issue, for pleasure, and for love: he made a law for women's going abroad, what time they should go to walk, appointing 
The laws of Solon concerning the women of Athens.  to them the time of their feasting, of their sacrificing, and also appointed a time of mourning, to pluck from women all disorder and wilful liberty, which by nature they seek: he made laws against idle persons, those that did not 
Solon's care for his country.  labour, charging the Council of the Areopagites to inquire how every man lived within Athens, and to punish them to their deserts: likewise he made a law for clearing of debts, called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and afterward that no man should lend money upon usury, and a law against the same made: in 
Plut. in Solon.  this law he raised the value of money of 73. drachmas which was then a pound, to a hundred drachmas. Solon made a law to forbid evil speech of the dead.  
Now after that Solon had made these laws and many more, he causeed them to be written in tables by Plutarch called Axones, by Aristotle called Cyrbes: but the Athenians being 
Axones. Cyrbes.  still very seditious and quarreling within themselves, Solon to avoid the brawls, secretly took his voyage (but with licence given) to Egypt: there a while he studied and conferred 
Solon went to Egypt.  with Psenophis and Souchis two of the wisest priests at that time in Egypt, from Egypt he went to Cyprus.  
After this, Solon went to Sardis the chief City of Lydia, where Croesus kept then his Court: with whom he questioned touching happiness, Croesus supposing himself most 
Croesus.  happy for his great honour, wealth, fame and dignity, and his great triumphs which he had over great nations: but Solon preferred poor virtuous and quiet men before Croesus, as Tellus in Athens, and Biton in Argos, so that this good man did much good in Athens: for yet the glory and liberty of Greece was not subject to strangers, though they had sundry bickerings and contentions between themselves.  
All this while Themistocles was not known in Athens, neither Lysander in Sparta, neither Leonides in Thebes, neither (as I said a little before) was Persia known to Greece, 
Persia not known to Greece before Xerxes' time.  nor Greece to Persia: for before Cyrus' time, the Persians were of no great fame, neither before the war of Xerxes were the Grecians of any great glory.   

CHAP. V.  
Of the huge army of Xerxes: of his preparation both by land and by sea: of the pomp and pride of Xerxes in his journey to Greece: of his shameful great overthrow, and ignominious flight from Greece again into Persia: and of the flourishing state of Greece at that time.  
TThis Xerxes was the fourth king after Cyrus, over whom Greece had the greatest victory that ever Greece 
72. Olympiad.  had. For Cambyses the son of Cyrus, and the second king of Persia was scant known in Greece, but Darius surnamed Hydaspis, to whom Cyrus daughter named Atossa was married: this Darius was the third king of Persia, and the first that made preparation against Athens: and now having a great army he appointed Hippias the son of Pisistratus, who being banished from Athens fled from Greece unto Persia, to be lieutenant over Darius' army.  
The Athenians hearing of Darius coming, sent to have some aid of the Lacedæmonians: but being deceived of their long expectation, having Miltiades their captain, 
The battle of Marathon.  stayed not, but with fury proceeded and gave him the overthrow in the battle of Marathon, and in the seventy two Olympiad.  
Now Darius having some intelligence of troubles in Egypt, 
Darius.  altered his purpose from Greece, and turned his army to Egypt: in the which wars after he had pacified and had set in order all things, he returned to Persia, where shortly after he died: whose place of government his son Xerxes had, who bestowed five years in gathering his huge force 
Diod. lib. 11.  and armies together, thinking rather to eat Greece then to fight with Greece: his power was so great, and his force so 
Xerxes' great army.  much, (for so justine saith, Herodot, and Thucydides, with others) that when Xerxes had demanded of some of his captains, 
Thucyd. lib. 1.  what they thought of his army: some answered, that all Greece was not able to receive them to land: others say, that the Ocean sea had not room sufficient for his navies: and thus Xerxes was flattered by his captains, that he went forward towards Greece with a far greater force than his father Darius had. Some writ that Xerxes had seventy hundred thousand footmen, as both justine and Ruffinus affirm, and three thousand navies: justine writeth 
justine lib. 2. Ruffinus de Greco. orig.  ten thousand, and forty hundred thousand horsemen.  
But as his coming to Greece was most terrible unto Greece, so his flight from Greece was most shameful to the Persians: for at his first entering unto Creece, Leonidas king of Sparta passed the straits of Thermopyla with four thousand soldiers, kept him play there, to the loss of twenty 
Thermopyla.  thousand Persians: they of Sparta being animated by their king to stand like stout Lacedæmonians against such rude and barbarous people, a thing easily persuaded to them that already were persuaded to die, they entered to the number of six 
Herodot. lib. 6.  hundred into the tents of the Persians, thought it more value to die before Xerxes' face, wasted and spoiled every tent, and making diligent search for Xerxes through all the tents of the Persians, killing them and destroying from the beginning of the night until the next morning: Xerxes herewith being frighted, escaped.  
Now Themistocles being appointed general of the Athenians 
Themistocles general of Athens.  against Xerxes in this war, having been before in the battle of Marathon, being then very young, but very much inflamed with desire of glory, to see the worthiness, and to 
Herodot. lib. 6.  hear the report and great fame of Miltiades, which was then general over Athens, it tickled Themistocles to study to devise 
Miltiades.  to take some new matter in hand to gain glory: for Themistocles was of that opinion, that the last overthrow of the Persians at Marathon, was but a beginning of further troubles, though others thought the contrary: he was ever most careful to persuade the Athenians to the seas, and to make galleys for the wars of Greece. All the Athenians were most cruel, because the Athenians were lords of the seas.  
Themistocles mused every way, and studied daily to prevent dangers before they were offered: he could not be quiet, he would take no rest for the safety of his countire of Greece: and being asked of his familiar friends why he took such pains, he answered, that Miltiades victory would not let him 
Themistocles saying of Miltiades.  sleep: Themistocles was the most ambitious man in the world.  
Now when he had won the Citizens to bend their force to the sea, while this preparation was in Greece, news came how that king Leonidas was killed in the country of Thermopilis (of whose courage and exploits you heard a little 
Thucyd. lib. 1.  before) and that Xerxes had now that entry into Greece by land, and had Ambassadors to demand the Empire of Greece both by sea and by land, and that all Greece should acknowledge obedience to king Xerxes: but Themistocles hanged up the interpreter that came with Xerxes' Ambassador, for that he being a Grecian, would use the Greek tongue in the service and commandment of the barbarous king.  
This stoutness of Themistocles pleased more the Athenians, 
Eurybiades general of the Sea.  than the suffering of Eurybiades the Lacedaemonian to be Admiral of all Greece: for the Athenians would not set sail under any other Admiral than their own, aswell because they had the greatest number of ships in their army, as also they thought them far more worthy than any other Country of Greece: but Themistocles foreseeing the danger that was likely to fall out between themselves, did willingly yield the whole authority unto Eurybiades, and got the Athenians to agree thereunto.  
This time, Aristides after he had been banished five year by means of Themistocles, was now by a decree of Themistocles 
Aristides surnamed the just.  called home again: for Aristides was a good just man, and well beloved in Athens. By this time the fleet of Xerxes showed on the coasts of Attica, and covered all the seas, and Xerxes in person came with an army by land to camp by the sea side. The Grecians having the sight of so monstrous an army both by sea and by land, forgot all Themistocles persuasions, and began to retire to the Peloponesians, and there to recover the gulf of Peloponesus.  
Themistocles perceiving their determination, was in his mind angry, that the Grecians would thus disperse themselves asunder, leaving the advantage which both land and seas offered them: he suddenly used this stratagem, to send to 
Themistocles stratagem.  king Xerxes a trusty friend of his own named Sicinus, a Persian borne, taken in the wars before by Themistocles, and 
Thucyd. lib. 1.  kept by him as a schoolmaster in his house for his children: this he sent secretly to Xerxes, to advertise him, that Themistocles general of the Athenians was very desirous to become Xerxes' servant: and for that the Grecians were determined to fly, he wished the king not to let them scape, but to set upon them while they were far from their army by land.  
Xerxes' being glad of Themistocles message, the next morning by break of day, placed himself on a huge hill where he might behold his whole fleet, and discern the ordering of his army by sea: there did Xerxes set up a throne of 
Ruffinus de Gr. 〈◊〉. orig.  gold, and had about him many secretaries to write all that was done in the battle.  
Themistocles with no less skill had chosen his time and place: the galleys drew near to the other armies. Xerxes' Admiral, a man of great valour, bestowed arrows and darts, charging the Grecians galleys hotly: they joined and grappled together: the battle began so fiercely, that the dead bodies being thrust over board into the sea, altered the colour of the water into blood. The Grecians by reason of the straightness of the sea wherein they fought, 
The great slaughter of the Persians.  pressed sore upon the Persians, who with over great a multitude hindered themselves much, being so many laid one an other a board in such disorderly sort, that they were constrained to fly by night, in which flight many, of their 
Thucyd. lib. 1.  galleys were drowned, and many taken, & more running secretly into Persia, for fear of Xerxes being a cruel man.  
This famous victory gotten by the Grecians, made Xerxes stark mad, his loss was so great, and his shame was more. 
justine 2.  Being thus amazed what to do, Mardonius his lieutenant did persuade him to return to Persia, and to leave him with three hundred thousand soldiers behind. Xerxes' resolved to follow Mardonius council, and was forced to scape in a poor fisher man's boat most cowardly and shamefully, who before thought, that land and seas had not room sufficient for his army.  
The victory which the Greeks' had over Xerxes at Salamina, 
Plutarch in Themistocle.  was the greatest that ever Greeks had: for in truth the Greeks' this time flourished, being after this great victory much enriched with the gold of Persia: for Mardonius Xerxes' lieutenant, had the like success as his master had: for he was overthrown in a battle in Boetia, leaving behind him all the king's treasures, which was infinite, and did more hurt to Greece then good: This Mardonius was driven 
Mardonius.  with like shame to follow his master into Persia.  
Among the Greeks' which ever contended more for vain glory then for profit (as by this victory appeareth) grew great envy, the Lacedæmonians affirming that they & their Admiral Euribiades deserved the glory and honour of this victory, 
Themistocles much honoured of all Greece.  the Athenians challenging the praise & fame to themselves & to their general Themistocles, of whom all Greece spoke much honour, & who by common judgement deserved most praise. Scant was Xerxes in Persia, but civil dissension began in Greece, and Themistocles, by whose service principally the glory of Greece shined at the victory of Salamina, was banished from Athens, and went from place to place, until he came to Persia 
Diod lib. 11.  to this king Xerxes, whom he made to flee from Greece, as both Heraclides and Clitarchus affirm: yet Thucydides saith, Xerxes was dead before Themistocles coming: but he meant 
Thucyd. lib. 1.  to his son Artaxerxes, surnamed the long handed. Herodot ended his history in Xerxes' time, where Thucydides beginneth, and therefore is best herein to be believed.  
Now Themistocles in Persia by drinking bulls blood, did poison himself, to avoid the service which Artaxerxes appointed 
Themystocles poisoned himself.  him against Greece: he knowing the valour of Cimon, and fearing his courage, who lay with an army there at Cyprus, to have given battle to Themistocles, but Themistocles prevented that with death: for after this great victory of the Grecians over the Persians at Salamina, Greece flourished, until civil discord began within Greece, and so continued, one City contending with another, until it broke out into public wars, which began fifty years after the overthrow of Xerxes. After him succeeded in Athens Pericles, a man of great valour, but he had an associate joined with him, a singular rare man: he was the son of that valiant captain Miltiades, who overcame Darius Xerxes' father in the battle at Marathon. 
Miltiades Photion father.  Of his service and courage you shall hear more: for as Themistocles had Aristides, surnamed the just his colleague as a touchstone to reprehend Themistocles for his ambition: so now Pericles had Photion surnamed the good called home being banished from Athens fortenne years to join in government with Pericles: for when Aristides died, and Themistocles was banished, Cimon had been of long time in service as general in foreign countries out of Greece. Then Pericles began to deal in the common weal of Athens, & for that Cimon was inclined to take part with the best men, and with 
The justice of Cimon.  the honestest causes, he was the more esteemed, not only in Athens, but in all Greece, and specially of the Lacedæmonians, who could not brook so well Pericles, who took a contrary course every way to Cimon: of whose service abroad 
cimon's praise.  far from Greece somewhat I will recite: for neither Themistocles, 
Read Thucyd. lib. 1.  nor his successor Pericles bridled more the cruelty of that mighty Persian king, than Cimon did, not only in chase him out of Greece, but following him hard at the heels to Persia, and brought him against his will to conditions of peace.  
After this he entered Thracia, subdued them, & forced those 
Herodot. lib. 7.  Persians that dwelled in Coronesus an Isle in Thracia to flight. Cimon was made general of Athens, at which time he conquered the city of jonia, and the city of Amphipolis, and wan the Isle of Syros: he subdued Asia from jonia unto Pamphylia, and 
divers victories of Cimon.  brought them in subjection under the Grecians: Cimon after this went against the Faselits, who were Grecians borne, and yet enemies unto Greece, destroyed their country, and wan their chief city called Faselis.  
Again, Cimon had two great victories against the Persians in one day: one victory on sea, where he took 200. sails prisoners at the river Eurymedon, Ariomandes being the king's 
Diod. lib. 11.  lieutenant: the other victory on land, with great slaughter of the barbarous people: all their tents and their pavilions he carried away. Plutarch saith, that these victories excelled the victory of Salamia which the Grecians wan by sea, and the other which they won by land before the city of Platea.  
By this valiant man Cimon the name of Athens was revived: for Cimon's only study and care was, to have Greece not to halt, 
Plutarch. in Cimon.  and therefore his secret desire and travail was, that Greece should stand upon two legs, which was Athens and Sparta. He always sought means to keep the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians 
Athens and Sparta, the two legs of Greece.  in peace: for the Athenians thought themselves to be the only light of all Greece, affirming them only to be bread and borne in the country as Indigenae, seditious people, unquiet, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  and ever desirous of sovereignty, and therefore Cimon followed the Lacedæmonians manners for their sobriety and temperancy of life, and wished always their prosperity.  
This Cimon while he lived, was the only man that Greece was beholden unto: for under Cimon it flourished most, and 
Athens flourished under Cimon.  specially the Athenians, which Demosthenes affirmeth in divers of his orations, that they had the sovereignty of all Greece for 
Melancton lib. 2.  the space of 73. years, counting from the time of cimon's victories at Euridemon, until the yielding of Athens unto Lisander: 
Athens flourished 73. years.  for after cimon's death, no famous act was done by any Grecian to the barbarous people, saving that Agesilaus king of Lacedaemon came fifty years after cimon's death, with an army of Grecians into Asia, and began a small war of no notable exploit, for that he was called home again to Greece, by occasion of new troubles and civil wars risen among the Grecians.  
Now when Cimon had brought into Greece (as it were) an 
Plut. in Cimone.  other golden world, such as was in Saturnus reign: and having brought with him to Athens the bones of Theseus 700. years after Theseus' death: for the which he wan exceedingly the Athenians hearts, he died at the siege of the city Citium 
Theseus' bones by Cimon carried to Athens.  in Cyprus: after whom continued Pericles his colleague in government of Athens for a time. About this time in Rome ten Magistrates were appointed and first created, within a while after the putting down of Tarqvinius the last king of Rome, called Decem viri: from whom ambassadors were sent to Athens for the laws of the 12. tables.  
I will now leave to speak of Athens, and I will write what other cities of Greece did, what kings reigned, and what government they had: for at this time the chiefest cities of Greece were in an uproar: for Xerxes after his shameful flight 
Xerxes' tyranny in Persia after his fleeing from Greece. Herodot. lib. 6.  from Greece to Asia, slew his brother Mancistes, used abominable incest with both his brother's wife and his daughter, and himself was after slain by Artabanus.  
Now while his son Artaxerxes reigned, he was virtuous, good, and liberal, and favoured peace more than war: he lived until the seventh year of the wars of the Peloponesians. Agesilaus reigned king in Lacedaemon. The Thebans waxed strong, and began to have the better of the Lacedæmonians. Sparta was now in the declining state, & had sustained much losses and harms by the Boetians, and by the Thebans, by means of Epaminondas and Pelopidas: therefore they sent for Agesilaus into Asia: for while he was in Asia, Lisander lost again two great battles, and in the last Lisander himself 
Lisander slain.  was slain.   

CHAP. VI  
Of the civil dissension in Greece after Xerxes' time, how every city was in arms one against another: of their Peloponesian wars, which continued 27. years, to the overthrow of Greece by Philippe, and after by his son Alexander, which shallbe set down in the next Chapter.  
THus the Thebans joining with the Athenians, through the great courage of Cimon having won these two victories, 
Athens by Cimon recovered.  the one by land the other by sea, Cimon by his prowess and valour, recovered now Athens, which before he had lost. Athens began to lift up herself, and 
Thucyd. lib. 1. & 2.  being well refreshed by the spoils of the Lacedæmonians, and encouraged by the death of Lisander, and by the banishment of Pausanias, it was high time for Agesilaus to return from Asia unto Greece: for Epaminondas the Theban captain, used great celerity in his wars, and many Stratagems against Sparta. Conon hearing of Agesilaus coming, armed himself, and (as justine saith,) was then in Asia, and came that time from Asia, when Agesilaus came.  
Agesilaus was scant come into Sparta, but Epaminondas 
justinus lib. 2.  came spoiling and wasting, and sacking all the country of Lacedaemon, with a great army of forty thousand Thebans to the river of Eurotas, which was a great terror unto Sparta, 
Epaminondas saying of Sparta.  having but six thousand, which Agesilaus disposed in secret places of the town: for Sparta was not walled, and therefore the more doubted of Epaminondas.  
Now both Agesilaùs and Epaminondas stood on either side of the river Eurotas, one beholding another: a sight not pleasant 
Melanct. lib. 2. chron.  to Sparta, and ready to be brought to that ruin which happened thirty years before to Athens.  
Now after Epaminondas had continued by Sparta 4. days, and saw that he could not enter the city, after few battles on 
Epaminondas.  both sides of equal loss, he departed and went to Arcadia: such was the magnanimity of the Spartans', though they were brought to that calamity by the Athenians before, yet they held out while these flourished in Sparta, namely,  

Euristhenes.  
Leonidas.  
Eurybiades.  
Pausanias.  
Agesilaus.  
Lysander.  
Cleomenes.  
Argestratus.  
Doristus.  
Archelaus.  
Agis.  
Archidamus.  
Cleombrotus.  
Brasidas.  
Metagenes.  
Clearchus.  
Gilippus.   
With many like, but chief with Lycurgus who made Sparta most famous in discipline by his laws.  
Epaminondas and Pelopidas were chief governors of Thebes, 
Epaminondas praise.  who not only restored the Thebans divers times their liberty, but also resisted the violence of the Lacedæmonians, and overthrew their Signiory, and brought Sparta so under foot, that these two valiant captains did break and cut in sunder the links and chains that made the Lacedæmonians 
Diod. lib. 15.  strong. The Lacedæmonians who at that time were almost lords and masters of all Greece, had divers overthrows by Pelopidas: such was his good success, that during his life (as Plutarch affirmeth) he was governor of Boetia, or general over the Thebans: he wan the victory of the Lacedæmonians at the battle 
Pelopidas victory at Tegira.  of Tegira, where none else than Pelopidas might calling any part of that victory: thereupon a new supply was sent from Lacedaemon to Tegira, where a new battle was presently offered to Pelopidas, in the which battle he had the victory, and slew both the generals, aswell him that with a new army 
Victory the second time at Tegira.  came from Sparta to Tegira, as also the other which had the overthrow.  
Now as the Thebans waxed strong by the means of these two Captains Epaminondas and Pelopidas: so were they also overthrown by divers, as by the Plateans and Boetians. But 
Thucyd. lib. 2.  Sparta was much molested with the Thebans: so that by happy success of Pelopidas many victories were won, and specially at the battle of Leuctres, where both Pelopidas and Epaminondas played the champions: for Epaminondas being general, 
The victory at Leuctres.  brought all his power and force to give the charge upon Cleombrotus then king of Sparta, with great fury. Pelopidas perceiving the intent of the Lacedæmonians, together with Epaminondas set upon Cleombrotus, before he could order his army, with such incredible courage, that the Lacedæmonians the only soldiers in martial discipline, were driven (beside their 
Thucyd. lib. 1.  skill, and wont courage of sighting) to turn their backs and to take their flight, and there were slain that day more Lacedæmonians in that battle, than we read of in any former battle. Their king was slain, and a thousand of the best of authority, the most part noble men of Lacedaemon, and almost brought to utter ruin: for this war at Leuctres was as famous as any one battle of Greece.  
This time only was Epaminondas governor of Boetia, and 
Plutarch in Pelop.  general of the army: afterward they were both governors of Boetia together: at what time they both invaded the country of Peloponesus, and made the cities to rebel against the Lacedæmonians, 
Melanct. lib. 2.  & passed over the river of Eurotas with seventy thousand men, and took many little towns of the Lacedæmonians, wasted and destroyed all the country to the sea side. The reputation of these two men Pelopidas and Epaminondas, made all men most willingly to march under their conduction. This great battle at Leuctres happened in the 32. years of Artaxerxes surnamed Mnemon, 29. years after Lisander had brought Athens in subjection, in the 102. Olympiad, before Alexander's 
Sp●…rta destroed 30. years after Athens was destroyed by Lysander.  reign 36. years: so long held the Lacedæmonians the Empire of Greece after the victory of Lisander at Athens, which was thirty years.  
And now Sparta is brought into that misery by Epaminondas & Pelopidas, as Athens was by Lisander, the only two lamps of Greece, the two eyes, and the two legs of Greece, and yet the only two that were the cause of the destruction of Greece. 
The cause of the wars of the Pelopones.  The cause of these great and long civil wars seemed in the beginning but small, but (as Pindarus saith) Scintilla parva magnam syluam comburit: and so it came to pass by occasion of a little contention between the Athenians and the Magareans, de luco incenso. The Athenians made a decree, that it was not lawful for any of Megara to enter into any part of Attica: 
Read Thucyd. the 1. and 2. book.  this was thought injurious, and therefore complaint was made unto the Lacedæmonians, who sending messengers unto Pericles the chief governor of Athens to entreat that that decree should not stand, Pericles answered, that the Lacedæmonians sought a thing of small moment: but that the example of the fault was intolerable, and therefore the Lacedæmonians should command Pericles and all Athens in causes of greater weight.  
This grew into such suspicion with the Lacedæmonians, that wars of 27. years came of it, which was called Bellum Peloponesiacum, 
Melanct. lib. 2.  the Peloponesians war. This spoiled and wasted Greece: this war full ended the glory of Greece, and brought the whole Empire to ruin, to whom within 50. years before this war, all Asia was brought subject, as Xerxes could well 
The opinion of Xerxes.  witness that Greece flourished, when he was forced with shame and loss secretly in a small boat to scape into Persia, which Xerxes entered Greece with ten hundred thousand soldiers, with 1200. navies, some writ 3000: He that thought Hellespont could not contain the number of his navies, and supposed that all Greece were not able to receive his army, even he after that incontinently lost four great battles, and was like a coward driven out of Greece, leaving Mardonius his lieutenant with three hundred thousand soldiers behind him, who likewise at the battle of Platea was slain, and his army overthrown.  
Then Greece flourished, when Darius Histaspis, which was Xerxes' father, had the overthrow at the great battle of Marathon: at which time that noble and valiant man Miltiades was general for Athens. Then flourished Greece, when the Lacedæmonians lived after the laws of Lycurgus, and when the Athenians kept the laws of Solon. Then flourished Athens, 
Atheneus lib. 12.  when the revenues of Athens came yearly to the accounts of six hundredth talents: nay it is written, that Demetrius Phalerius which then governed Athens, had yearly coming into the treasure house twelve hundred talents, to the which Budeus doth agree. The city of Athens flowed in wealth, when that 
P●…eus lib. 2. de Ass.  Isocrates could get 20. talents for one Oration, and when Demosthenes had of Harpalus 20. talents for one days silence.  
When the Athenians took the Isle Cythera and the castle 
Silence well sold.  Nisaea which was the only strength of Megara: when they vanquished the Lacedæmonians at Epidaurus, and compelled them to make league with the Persians, and craved their aid and help against the Athenians: when Thrasillus gave an overthrow to the Lacedæmonians by sea, and to their general Mindarus between Sestos and Abydos, and yet they lost more than they gained by the Lacedæmonians: such was then their malice as Cleon the Athenian, and Brasidas the Lacedaemonian, two valiant captains in the battle at Amphipolis, fought so, that they 
Cleon and Brasidas slain at Amphipolis.  were both slain and all their soldiers: so in like sort was all Greece destroyed by civil wars: such was the malice and envy that one city bare to another in the time of the Peloponesian war. For from the battle at Salamina where Xerxes had the great overthrow, until the battle at Leuctres, these jolly captains flourished at Athens.  

Callimachus.  
Miltiades.  
Themistocles.  
Aristides.  
Photion.  
Cimon.  
Pericles.  
Alcibiades.  
Nicias.  
Conon.  
Thrasibulus.  
Thrasillus.  
Leosthenes.  
Nicostratus.  
Aristonymus.  
Cleon.  
Aristarchus.  
Theagenes.   
With many such, but specially with one Solon, who beautified Athens before.  
But now Athens by this civil wars is much eclipsed from her glory: for this war of the Peloponesians, broke the back of all Greece. Alcibiades rashness was much given to prick forward this wars: for he was joined with Nicias, who favoured the Lacedæmonians, and sought 
Niceas.  means to keep the Athenians in friendship with the Lacedæmonians, which purchased Nicias great love and favour of the people, which spited much Alcibiades to see Nicias in such credit with the people, and therefore he studied how to infringe 
Diod. lib. 12.  this peace, and to diminish the fame of Nicias, no other ways than you heard before of Themistocles and Aristides, the one envious and glorious, the other good and just, and so surnamed Aristides the just, one finding fault with the other, to the great danger and trouble of Athens.  
After these succeeded two great men Pericles and Cimon, 
Alcibiades the author of Sicil wars.  the one factious and stubborn, the other meek and gentle: and even so now Alcibiades young and ambitious, Nicias sober and temperate, for Alcibiades being the author of the wars of Sicily, alluring the people with his pleasant tongue, to make wars in Sicilia a beginning to further enterprise, Nicias persuading to the contrary, with all means possible affirming plain that the city of Syracuse was too great a matter for Athens to take in hand. Alcibiades brought the Athenians much 
Alcibyades brags.  attentive unto him, promising them to bring to pass great wonders, he assured the Athenians that if Syracuse might be conquered, Lybia and Carthage might soon be conquered, and so pass to Italy.  
The Athenians people most desirous to enlarge their signory, who much coveted in Pericles' life to have Syracuse in hand, now being persuaded by Alcibiades, they are most willing to set him forward, having 140. galleys, and 5000. footmen, very well armed and appointed, besides archers and other light armed men to the number of thirteen hundredth: but Alcibiades did no great exploit, saving the winning of the 
Plut. in Alcib.  city Catana: for he was called home immediately by the Athenians to answer certain accusations laid to his charge: he returned from Sicilia, not daring well for fear of his enemies to come unto Athens: he sent unto Sparta to have safe conduct and licence of the Lacedæmonians to dwell in their country: his request being obtained, he practised upon his first 
Alcibyades counsel.  coming, service against his own city, he counseled the Spartans' speedily to send aid to the Syracusans, whom they had of long time before delayed. Gylippus was sent from Sparta to 
Thucyd. lib. 7.  Sicilia to overthrow the Athenian army. His second counsel 
Thucyd. lib. 7.  was that the Lesbians, and they of Chios which were not in league with the Athenians should begin to war upon them. The third counsel was, that the Lacedæmonians should fortify 
Alcibiades entertained with the Lacedæmonians.  the city of Decelia, which was within the territories of Attica. Alcibiades himself would sail unto jonia to persuade those cities to join with Sparta.  
By this time Athens was on every side troubled, and the Athenians force diminished: whereby grew great wars and civil 
Melanct. lib. 2.  discord among the citizens of Greece. The authority of Alcibiades, his credit and his fame got him both envy and malice, and that of the best: they feared his favour with the people, and (as Plutarch saith) he had such entertainment of Timea the Queen, (king Agis wife of Sparta) that the king being 
Timea king Agis wife.  abroad in the wars, Alcibiades got the Queen at home with child, and therefore the chief magistrates of Sparta called Ephori, wrote letters unto certain captains of the war to kill Alcibiades.  
But he having some intelligence hereof by the Queen, 
justin. lib. 3.  practised with Tisapharnis the king of Persias lieutenant, to withdraw his favour from the Lacedæmonians, and to join with the Athenians. For by this time Alcibiades had some hope by his friends means, to be called home again to Athens: for true it was, he went to Samos, 〈◊〉 was an army of the Athenians ready to sail to Athens: there Alcibiades was honourably received, and by means of Thrasybulus he was 
Alcibiades received to Athens again.  shortly after most lovingly received into Athens, at what time he did some good service to Athens, and requited the spite and envy which the Lacedæmonians showed him in Sparta.  
For now Myndarus the Admiral of the Lacedaemonian army by sea, having threescore ships, and having given the overthrow once or twice to the Athenians: with this Myndarus joined also Pharnabasus the king of Persias 〈◊〉, with a band of footmen: for now Tizapharnes 〈◊〉 good friend died, and in his place came this captain ●…arnabassus: 
Pharnabassus.  being thoroughly stirred to revenge the malice of Sparta, he went with a small number of galleys to the Isle of Cos: there he was advertised, that the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians were in battle by sea before the city of Abydos: and being in 
Thucyd. lib. 8.  the midst of their fight, Alcibiades discovered his galleys, and commanded strait to set up his flag in the top of the galleys of his Admiral, and in the very heat of the battle when that the Athenians were at the worst, Alcibiades freshly 
Alcibiades victory at Abydos.  did set upon the Peloponesians, broke their ships, chased them to flight, and got the victory over the Lacedæmonians by sea: and after this victory strait the Peloponesians with an other army, and Pharnabasus with Mindarus were together in the city of Cizicum. Of this Alcibiades having intelligence, hasted towards them: for he had not forgotten the letters of the ephors to the captains for the kill of him.  
Mindarus the Admiral, and Pharnabasus the general were 
Mindarus overthrown.  no sooner on the main sea, but Alcibiades with his Athenians gave them battle, and overthrew them, scattered them, and slew a great number of them, drowned more, and killed Mindarus the Admiral in the field fight valiantly, and forced Pharnabasus to fly cowardly, and to take the city of Cizicum: their loss was so great, and their strength so diminished, 
Diod. lib. 13.  that Sparta hearing of this great victory of the Athenians, fell in great despair, and doubted much of their state and government: for by this victory the Athenians had the possession of the whole country of Hellespont.  
After this Alcibiades went again against Pharnabasus, spoiled his country, took divers of his towns, and gave the overthrow 
Alcibiades victory at 〈◊〉.  to the general in his own territories. Alcibiades thence went and made wars against the Chalcedonians, who were now revolted from the Athenians, and had received a governor and a garrison of the Lacedæmonians into their city: he laid siege to Chalcedon: Pharnabasus came to aid 
Pharnabassus.  the Chalcedonians, but he was with shame (as before) put to flight, and Hippocrates the Lacedaemonian governor, slew before the city a great number of his men, and took many of them prisoners, and at that time made the Bythinians to make a league with the Athenians, yielding their town and their possession into Alcibiades hand.  
After this victory of Chalcedon, he took the city of Selybrea, and went in arms against Byzantium, where after a terrible 
Byzantium which is now called Constantinople.  battle he wan the city, and got the victory with three hundredth prisoners of the best citizens. Thus Alcibiades having won five several victories by giving of five terrible battles.  

1 The first victory at Abydos with great celerity.  
2 The second victory at Cizicum.  
3 The third victory against Pharnabasus. 
Five victories of Alcibyades.   
4 The fourth battle at Chalcedon.  
5 The fift and last battle at Byzantium.   
After these five victories Alcibiades hoist sail and directed his course toward Athens, where he was most honourably 
Thucyd. lib. 8.  received.  
About this time the Egyptians revolted from the Persians and the Medes, but Darius subdued them strait again to the Medes: the Rhodians likewise broke their league with the Lacedæmonians. These Lacedæmonians kept the Persians always in their hand, when need required it, to aid them: 
Diod. lib. 11.  for of all Greece the Athenians were most hateful to the Persians, for that in the battle of Marathon the Athenians gave so great an overthrow to the Persians, that twenty thousand Persians were slain, and many of them great men. 
20000. Persians slain at Marathon.   
This rancour boiled in the Persians hearts, though they had divers times after the like overthrow, as at Thermopila by Leonidas, at Salamina by Themistocles, at Platea, and at other places: yet no battle grieved them so much as the battle at Marathon by Miltiades. Athens was the only Lady of all Greece, 
Thucyd. lib. 1.  in whose lap were more noble and courageous captains nourished, then in all Greece beside: and therefore she was feared of all Greece, and envied of all Asia.  
Now after many good fortunes of the Athenians, it fell out otherwise to them in the wars of Sicilia: their state declined, and their force diminished: for by this time Alcibiades the third month after his return being puffed up with former pride, went with an hundredth ships into Asia, 
Alcibiades in Asia.  where he lost more to Athens in that one journey, than he gained in the last five victories, only by his negligence, letting to one Antiochus the charge, and himself purposing to pass to Hellespont upon pleasure.  
The Athenians hereby being brought into great despair, understanding that Alcibiades willingly absented himself with a voluntary banishment from Athens, made a choice of Conon to succeed him in government, whose unhappy succession was no better than banishment, according to the law and custom of Athens: for they had in Athens a kind of banishment 
Ostracismus in testa script.  called Ostracismus, that when any Magistrate, general, or captain waxed great and a potentate or mighty, (fearing that his greatness should annoy the state public 
Petalisimus in folio 〈◊〉 script.  by some private hatred,) he should be banished for ten years. The like law the Syracusans had concerning the banishment of their great men, which they called Petalisimus: which was a banishment for five years. These kinds of 
Diodor. lib. 19  banishments did suppress the fury and malice of the Captains and great men, for any offence likely to be suspected in them.  
Now after that Alcibiades had overthrown the whole force 
Melanct. 2. Chron.  of Athens in this sort, and that Lysander had a great spite to the state of Athens, seeing the town weak, unfurnished, and unfortunate, without men or munitions: he besieged Athens, which without great difficulty was yielded up upon 
Athens destroyed.  the sixth month, and the sixteenth of March.  
Behold the fall of the great glory of Athens, which before mastered all Greece, and now by Lysander brought in subjection and made even with the ground: and in stead of good governors he appointed thirty Tyrants that should 
30. Tyrant's appointed governors of 〈◊〉.  govern Athens as pleased them, subject to Sparta, and almost vassals of the Lacedæmonians: and beside, order was taken, that Alcibiades should be slain by means of Pharnabasus Darius general, doubting much that if Alcibiades were not prevented, Athens should again flourish: so ambitious and so unquiet was Alcibiades, that scant all Greece could suffice him: which Agis king of Sparta, and Lysander saw in him.  
When Alcibiades by deceit was slain, and Athens conquered, 
Alcibyades slain.  the Lacedæmonians were lords of all Greece: notwithstanding, when the Thebans and Corinthians contended to have the city of Athens altogether quite destroyed, and from the ground raised up, that there should be no mention made of Athens for ever after: the Lacedæmonians consented not to that, saying that Athens had been of long time one of the two legs of Greece, and further said, that it had been one of the two eyes of Greece, which had brought many great men up, 
Athens one of the two eyes of Greece.  the nurse of knowledge, and the lantern of Greece, which had resisted the violence of all Asia, and had given many times the overthrow to the barbarous nations, and therefore not utterly to confound it.  
In this war there were thirty thousand taken captives of the Athenians, which against the laws of Arms were slain by Lysander: some writers appointed the destruction of Athens to be in the last year of the Peloponesian wars, and in the second year of Artaxerxes surnamed Mnemon, seventy and seven years after the great victory at Salamina, and before the taking of Rome by the Gauls, nineteen years, as Polybius setteth down. The cause of this overthrow begun by the Athenians (as you heard before) was the hatred of Pericles 
Thucyd. lib. 2.  against the Magarians.  
In the very year that Athens was by Lysander destroyed, Darius Nothus died the sixth king of Persia, whose younger son 
Ad Aegos potamos.  named Cyrus governed then the Lydians, and the Medes. This year also was Dionysius the king of Sicilia banished: the poor Athenians were sore afflicted: Thebes, and Argos and many towns beside of Greece, were full of miserable and banished men from Athens, amongst whom Thrasibulus a worthy man of great courage was forced to fly, and to leave Athens under the government of tyrants, who having a guard of thirty thousand of citizen soldiers to defend them in all 
Xenophon lib. 2. ●…e. Gr●…ec.  tyranny, made havoc and spoil, and great slaughter in Athens, in so much that they made the children to dance in their parent's blood.  
Amongst these thirty tyrants was one named Theramenes, who doubting that this tyranny could not long endure, persuaded 
Theramenes.  with Critias to have more mitigation and lenity in the government, saying that Thrasibulus and Conon were yet alive, and had taken a strong fort in Attica called Philen. divers cities of Greece bewailed the lamentable estate of Athens. Critias accused Theramenes of treason, and though it was in the city known that Theramenes was honest, gentle, and a good citizen: yet Critias cruelty was such, that Theramenes died.  
Thus I leave Athens foaming in blood under cruel tyrants, 
Artaxerxes and Cyrus wars.  and will something speak of Artaxerxes Mnemon, to whom this very time the kingdom of Persia now happened by Darius Nothus his will, bequething to Cyrus his younger son Lydia and jonia. Cyrus was not pleased with this will, and whether he was by his mother moved, (for Cyrus was the only joy of his mother) or by himself inflamed through desire of sovereignty, he gathered an army of the 
Xenophon lib. 1. de exped. Cyri.  lesser Asia, and brought them over the river Euphrates, and began war with the king his brother. The battle was sharp, and went in the beginning with Cyrus: for Artaxerxes host yielded for a time to the fury of Cyrus' soldiers, and Artaxerxes himself had a wound given him by Cyrus his 
Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.  one hand: but afterward Cyrus was taken, and was bound with fetters of gold, and had at that time died, if his mother had not most earnestly entreated for him.  
Cyrus' by his mother's means being let at liberty, with great fury followed his first purpose, gathered a far greater 
Cyrus' second battle.  army, wherein were ten thousand Grecians, well and strongly furnished, which came out of Greece to aid Cyrus. To be short, it was in vain: Cyrus was slain in that battle, and his army overthrown: yet justine saith, that the Grecians 
justine lib. 4.  valiantly stood to it unconquered in that wing of the battle where they stood. Of this war doth Xenophon most 
Zenoph. de exped. Cyri.  amply entreat, with whom Cyrus the younger himself was brought up: of this Cyrus and of his acts Xenophon wrote sixteen books, eight of discipline military, and other eight of 
Xenophon of Cyrus.  his wars.  
Now to Athens again, where tyranny all this while governed: but Thrasibulus was not careless how to repress these tyrants, whom Ismenias a prince of Thebes secretly aided: and when that Sparta had made a decree, that no city of Greece should suffer any exiled Athenians to enter into it, the Thebans resisted the decree, and they also made not only a decree within Thebes and in all Boetia, that no house should be shut to the Athenians, but aided them with men and money. Likewise Lysias an orator of Syracuse bestowed 500 ready and well furnished soldiers to aid Athens.  
When this preparation was heard of in Athens, the Tyrants sent to Pausanias' king of Sparta to defend them, which 
30. Tyrants and their government overthrown by Thrasybulus and Conon.  he with some conscience refused: for the which afterward Pausanias was accused by the Lacedæmonians. In the mean season Thrasybulus gave battle to the thirty Tyrants, overthrew them, and took the city of Athens, restored liberty to the citizens: at what time he brought in Solon's law to forget 
Xenophon lib. 2. reg. Gr●…r.  the injuries passed of friends, of parents and of children, which were slain in Athens under these thirty Tyrants. This law of Thrasybulus was revived by the Senators of Rome 
The law of forgetfulness  which were in the time of Trium viri, which were Octavius Augustus, Marcus Antonius, Lepidus Aemilius, when julius Caesar 
Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.  was slain, to forget the revenge of Caesar's death, to avoid civil wars within Rome.  
A little after this, Conon again scattered the force of Sparta, and after much hurt to the Lacedæmonians, he came to Athens, 
Conon joined with Thrasibulus.  and joined with Thrasybulus, by whose courage and valour Athens by degrees revived: for yet the civil wars in Greece were not ended: for as these afflictions and miseries happened to Athens by civil wars: so after to every city of Greece the like happened, that of the only country of the world, it was brought into a most miserable destruction.  
And for that you may read the strength and force of Greece while they held together, I will set down the wars and the victories which the Grecians have had over the Persian kings, and over all other barbarous princes in Asia, and 
The victories of the Grecians.  in all parts of the East, at that time when that the Persians were lords and princes of the whole world, and held the Monarchy only, without resistance of any king or country: yet in the most flourishing time of the Persians, the Grecians had these victories of them which are laid down before you, viz.  
THe great battle at Marathon, where Miltiades got the victory over Darius Histaspis the third king of Persia. 
1   
The famous enterprise and victory of Leonidas at Thermopila, 
2  where he slew twenty thousand Persians, with three hundred Grecians.  
The two terrible battles at Salamina, where Themistocles 
3  and Aristides, had the victory against Xerxes both by sea and land.  
The battle fought before Platea against Mardonius, where was slain six and twenty thousand, and Mardonius the 
4  king of Persias lieutenant. The victory hereof was given to the Athenians: yet the honour of the victory by common report 
5  yielded to the Plateans, at what time Aristides was general of Athens, and Pausanias' king of Sparta, was general of all Greece.  
The wars of Chalcedon against Pharnabasus, where Alcibiades 
6  wan the victory.  
The wars between Ptolomey king of Egypt, and Alexander 
7  king of Macedon, the son of Amintas, pacified and ended by Pelopidas, and took the king's brother called Philippe, which was Alexander the great his Father, and thirty more of the noblest men's sons in Macedon to Hostage, and brought them to Thebes, to let the world see the reputation of Greece then.  
The victory of Aristides gotten at Psittalias, where he took 
8  three Persian lords sons to Sandauce king Xerxes' sister, and the Grecians were of one mind, and thought with such courage to bring Asia under the Empire of Greece.  
The victory of Cimon in the country of Thracia, where he vanquished certain great men of Persia allied to the king 
9  himself, and kept the City of Eronea upon the river of Strymon, overthrew the barbarous people, invaded the Thracians, drove the Persians away, and possessed all Thracia, and appointed Grecians to inhabit the Country: thus had the Greeks' victory out of Greece before their civil wars began: this Cimon plagued the Persians, passed into Asia, and returned with divers victories into Greece again.  
When Nicias wan the haven of Syracuse, and besieged 
10  the City in such sort, that Euripides made an Epitaph upon the grave of Nicias, and had gotten eight several victories over the Sicilians.  
The victory which Agesilaus had of Sardis, the chief City 
11  of Lydia, and the victory over Tisaphernes lieutenant of all 
12  Persia, who gave battle to the Nation that dwell in Acarnea, overthrew them and destroyed them, and had victory, 
13  and after went to Egypt being an old man, to Tachos king of Egypt, where he used a Stratagem, that he goat victory of Tachos unto Nectanebus: now when Persia, Asia, Egypt, Lydia, felt the force of Greece, then was Greece renowned.  
The victory of Photion in the Isle of Naxes in a battle by 
14  sea, and another victory of the Macedonians in a battle that Photion had with Antipater, where Leonatus, who came out 
15  of Asia to join with Antipater, was killed.  
The battle at Mantinaea the chief City of Arcadia: 
16  the victory hereof fell to Epaminondas, and to the Thebans.   

CHAP. VII.  
Of the last destruction of Greece by the Macedonians, by means of civil discord, and the Peleponesian wars, the only cause of their ruin and confusion: at what time king Philip broke their backs, and his son Alexander their necks: and after them the Romans kept them in perpetual servitude.  
WHat should I write of the victories of Epaminondas, Agis, Cleomenes, or of others, which fell before the civil dissension of Greece, I mean chiefly the Peloponesian wars, though some of those victories 
Greece flourished before the Peloponesian wars.  were after the wars of Peloponesus, yet certainly while the Grecians held as some time they would, than was Xerxes driven out of Greece, and beaten in his own country: then was Pyrrhus not only resisted, but also slain at Argos: then was Philip king of Macedon kept out of Greece, until they began to be factious and seditious, one city against another, and some had sought help of Philip to suppress their own Country men, until he was made governor of Greece, Greece was not altogether conquered, though in deed they were sore 
Philip left a way open to Alex. his son.  oppressed by the Peloponesian wars: but now by Philip king of Macedon it was brought again to ruin, and the way left open to his son Alexander the great, who after brought all Greece subject to Macedonia, whither the Monarchy of the Persians was translated, and under whom all the world almost was subdued.  
Now that I opened few victories unto you, which the Grecians with fame and great honour wan, if I should set down the victories which one City wan of an other, or one Country of an other, they should be infinite: for within twenty seven years all the Gities of Greece, (which were not for their number to be numbered, and for their strength not to be spoken) were destroyed: for I dare speak it, that Greece had more annoyance by two battles, than all the gains of the victories which the Greeks' had over all the barbarous 
Aegos Potamos.  nations. The first was at the river of goats given by Lysander against Athens, called the battle at Aegos Potamos: the 
Two battles. Aegos Potamos. & Leuctres.  other given by Epaminondas against Sparta, called the battle of Leuctres. These two Cities being the two eyes and the two legs of Greece could never agree, the one envying the state of the other, until both were destroyed, and by their occasion all Greece also destroyed.  
About this time Camillus flourished in Rome, who both 
Camillus.  gave the repulse to the French men, even at the gates of Rome, when they had taken Rome, and also triumphed over the Volscans, over the Veiens, & over the Hetruscans: for which good service he was the next year following made Dictator in Rome. This fell in Rome, when Mausolus' king of Caria died, and had by his wife Artemesia his tomb made so gorgeous, that it was reputed as one of the seven wonders of the world.  
In Athens now after the thirty tyrants were overthrown, governed ten men of equal authority by Thrasibulus and Conon appointed called Decennales principes: these two lifted 
Decennales principes.  Athens on foot again: for Conon had fifty talents, which he had gotten in Cyprus by king Euagoras: this he bestowed to raise up the walls of Athens, which Lysander made even to the 
Thucyd. lib. 8.  ground: for yet flourished in Athens after these Peloponesian wars, though not great captains, yet famous Philosophers and eloquent Orators, which kept Greece in memory, and by whose means many monuments in Greece were reserved: For now flourished Plato, and after him his scholar Aristotle, Alexander the great his schoolmaster, for whose sake Athens was had before other Cities in reverence, 
Alex. in Egypt spared for Arius sake.  in like sort as Augustus Caesar spared Alexandria in Egypt, for Arius the Philosopher's sake, who then dwelled there: yet Alexander made all means possible to take such Orators as did persuade the Athenians in arms against him, and against his father before, which were Lycurgus the Orator, Demosthenes, Aesc●…nes, Demades and others: which like barking dogs kept these wolves from Athens, in persuading the people to be in arms against foreign princes in the defence of Greece: but when they had no enemy, they became enemies within themselves.  
When Greece was by reason of these civil wars made weak, and not able to resist any great strength, (for after the death of Epaminondas, greater wars and more seditious stirring fell in Greece then before:) Philip king of Macedon having 
Xenoph. lib. 2.  full intelligence of the state of Greece, how by long wars between themselves, they were easily to be overrun, he secretly kindled a second fire in Greece by stirring of secret captains to increase the hatred of the Grecians one against an other, which could never be extinguished: such was their desire to rule and to triumph one over another.  
Philip king of Macedonia, Alexander the great his father, as 
justine in lib. 8.  yet like a fox hiding himself in a den, watched opportunity of time, until contention grew between the Phoceans 
Diod. lib. 16.  and the Thebans about the sacrilege, which the Phocians committed in the temple of Apollo at Delphos: of this occasion began the wars called bellum sacrum, of the which mention 
Amphictions judges of Greece.  is made often in histories, and specially with the Orators of Greece, who cried crucifige upon the Phocians for so execrable a thing, before the judges Amphictions, which were appointed general judges for the whole state of Greece. This war began in the time of Ochus the eight king of Persia: the judges laid a great fine upon the Phocians which they grudged to pay, beside the secret persuasions of the Lacedæmonians, promising them aid to stand in arms against the Thebans, who had before accused them. 
Functius lib. 3.   
Philomelus a Phocean captain gathered a great army, broke the decree of the judges, burned the tables where they were written, and overthrew the judgement seat of the Amphictions. By this occasion great wars grew between the Phoceans 
Xenoph. lib. 1.  and the Lacedæmonians of the one side, the Thebans and the Thessalians of the otherside. About the beginning of this war, Alexander the great was borne. Philomelus being killed in the fourth battle, after he had done some harm to the Thebans. Onomarchus was appointed in his room, who likewise overcame the Boetians, and took one of the chief Cities 
justine lib. 8.  called Coronea: he overthrew the Thessalians in two battles, and slew a number of the Macedonians which Philip had sent to aid the Phoceans.  
The Thebans being thus weakened by the Phoceans, they sent to Philip for aid, and besought him to be their General in this war. This delighted much the king of Macedon: for now he saw an easy way to conquer the Phoceans, the Athenians, and the Lacedæmonians, and to bring all Greece subject under Macedonia. Philip came with great force, not to revenge the Thebans (as he said) but to revenge the sacrilege which the Phoceans did in Delphos: for it is written, that they spoiled the temple of ten thousand talents, which (as Melancthon 
Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.  saith) is threescore tons of gold.  
In the third battle one Narchus was taken by Philip, and hanged, and six thousand of his soldiers slain: the Phoceans had won three principal Cities in Boetia, Orchomenon, Coronea, and Corsia, whereby they might easily subdue all Boetia at their own will. This war of the Phoceans began fifteen years after the battle of Mantinaea, where the worthy and valiant Epaminondas was slain, with whom this Philip king of Macedonia dwelled in house, when Philip was taken an hostage 
The due praise of Epaminondas.  by Pelopidas of Antipater, as you read before. Philip seemed to have observed many good instructions, which he no doubt learned at Thebes in Epaminondas house, and yet as great difference between the two men as is between gold and silver: for Epaminondas left not his fellow behind in Greece after him, so rare a man to be found, in Philosophy few like him, brought up under Lysias the Pythagorean, in other exploits of wars not to give place neither to Pyrrhus, nor to Hannibal.  
The calamity of this Phocean war annoyed Greece more 
Philip lay in wait for Greece.  than the wars of Peloponesus: for the foolish Thebans did send not for a helper but a destroyer, when they sent for Philip: for he ever had a desire to Greece: he expected opportunity, and wrought all secret means possible to set all Greece by the ears. About this time Ochus recovered Egypt again, which 
Ochus.  had revolted from the Persians since Cambyses time. Also he recovered Cyprus and Phoenicia. Temnes betrayed Sidon unto king Ochus, whom he afterward hanged for his pains, after that Philip had taken Toron, Olynthus, and Miciberna, 3. towns of Hellespont, and had wasted and destroyed many Countries and Cities of Greece by the only means of this Phocean wars, which continued ten years.  
While Greece stood in great danger of Philip, the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians gathered their force again, but to no effect: Philip waxed so strong in Greece, that they were forced 
Greece sought peace of Phil.  to seek to entreat for peace: for all Greece feared Philip more than they loved him: for such were his secret stratagems, with deceitful promises, that all Greece saw his malice: but such was their inward envy, their hidden hatred, and their secret 
Diod. lib. 16.  working against themselves, that they had rather have any barbarous nation to govern them, than one to love an other, and to join with common assent for the defence of their Country.  
This was the first cause of the Peloponesian wars, the second cause of the Phocean wars, the third and last cause of the destruction and slavery of Greece. Alexander the great, a 
Alex. the great  man of great fortune, and of greater ambition, being by Darius entreated to peace, offering unto Alexander his daughter Roxane in marriage, with Mesopotamia and divers other provinces and territories, answered in this sort, That as the heaven could not abide two suns, so the whole earth could not suffer two Alexanders. It seemed truly that there was in every City of Greece an Alexander: for it is recorded in histories, that Sparta might not endure two Lysander's at one 
Lysander.  time, Athens might not suffer two Alcibiades, Thebes might not suffer two Pelopidas, neither the earth suffer two Alexanders: 
Alcibiades.  but as Alexander had no longer time to flourish then twelve years, so the whole state of Greece, their Empire and their glory continued not above a hundred and fifteen years; 
Greece flourished for 115. years.  beginning from the battle at Marathon, to the battle at Salamina, ten years, from the battle of Salamina unto the first wars of the Peloponesians fifty years, from the beginning of the Peloponesian war unto the last of the same at the battle at Aegos Potamos, twenty seven years, which was the time of the civil war of Greece, and from that to the battle at Leuctres 
Beroaldus lib. 4. Eratosthenes.  thirty years: so long the glory of Greece endured without conquest: all which time was Greece a lady and mistress of all nations.  
I have found so much error in the Olympiads, that I use them as little as I may: for Thucydides and Xenophon, that only wrote of Greek histories, were much deceived in the Olympiads, and yet they know their error: and therefore they used the Olympiads most seldom, though they lived and wrote in 
The error of the Olympiads.  the flourishing time of the Olympiads. After this they were had by Philip king of Macedon unto some bondage, though they warred thirty years, and kept him hard play, until the Thebans (as you heard) sought his help against the Phocians, 
justine lib. 9  and made a rod to beat themselves: even so now were the Phoceans forced to ask aid at Ochus hands king of Persia, 
Ochus sent 300 talents to the Phoceans.  who did send three hundred talents with a hundred fourscore thousand crowns. Philip was comen with a great band of Macedonians and of Thessalians again into the coast of Boetia, where Phallecus the general of the Thebans was also with an army in arms ready to give battle to the Phoceans: who 
Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.  when he saw the great power of king Philip in field, he entreated of peace: which being granted by the king, upon condition he should go out of Boetia unto Peloponesus, this being done by Phallecus, Philip had without resistance all Boetia yielded unto him.  
The Phoceans are now brought subject unto Philip, their Cities and Towns destroyed, and the people dispersed unto small villages, paying three score talents yearly unto Philip, the liberty and dignity of the judges Amphictions 
The Amphictions restored.  were restored, and a decree made, that Philip should be Duke of all Greece: thus Philip triumphed the more, for that he had this good fortune in so honest a cause, as in defending of the temple at Delphos, and the judges seat and dignity of the Amphictions.  
When he had ended this Phocean war, called bellum sacrum, 
Bellum sacrum.  he again returned into Macedonia in the first year of the 108. Olympiad. When the Athenians and the Lacedæmonians saw the force of Philip much to increase in Greece, Demosthenes being ever an enemy to the Macedonians, persuaded the Thebans and Cities of Greece to join against Philip for the common liberty of their country. Nine years after 
Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.  the Phocean wars, came Philip again in arms into Greece, after he had taken many Cities in Thracia, & had driven Callias the tyrant out of Euboea: he likewise wan the City of Byzantium, which is called now Constantinople, some time a City under the Lacedæmonians, and sometime under the Athenians. A great battle was given unto Philip at Cheronea, fifty seven years after the overthrow of Athens at Aegos Potamos 
Diod. lib. 6.  by Lysander, which was so fought out, that it was doubtful for a time where the victory should fall, until Alexander the great, being of the age of eighteen years, thrusted himself freshly into the midst of the battle, by whose prowess the Grecians gave back, and their army was overthrown. In this battle, six thousand Citizens of Athens were slain, and two thousand Citizens taken, but many more of the Thebans were both killed and taken.  
Amongst the Athenians which were taken, Demades the 
Demades.  Orator was one, by whose means king Philip granted them peace, and delivered them free from their ransom for Demades sake: for Demades bore good will always unto the Macedonians, clean contrary to Demosthenes, who both envied 
Demosthenes.  them and spited them, calling Alexander the great brainless boy: but he notwithstanding esteemed Harpalus the Macedonian, when he bribed him with twenty talents: this made Orators in Athens to speak as Aeschines did, or to be dumb as Demosthenes was.  
For such was the liberty of the people of Athens, maintained by the Orators against the Magistrates and chief men of Attica, that when it pleased the people, they would advance whom they would, and pull down whom they list, banish whom they liked not, and call again whom they favoured: insomuch that Athens was always 
The three monsters of Athens.  governed by a state of Democratia, which made Demosthenes to exclaim in these words, Noctua, populus, & Draco tria monstra Athenis: for in Athens they esteemed more the servants, poor people, strangers, and specially mariners, more than their Magistrates, noble men, officers, or their chief Citizens. The people grew so strong and so heady in Athens, that it was not lawful to banish strangers, or to punish 
Xenoph. de Rep. Athe. &. Lace.  servants: to be short, of the common wealth of Athens and of Sparta, read Xenophon.  
Now again to the victory at Cheronea, the last and the 
Corinth the 3. city of Greece.  sorest battle which broke the back of the City of Athens. Philip king of Macedon called together all the States of Greece into Corinth, where by common consent he was chosen and named Prince, or rather General of all Greece, against the Persians. All Greece being now quiet in peace, Philip began wars against the Persians, and with great celerity he sent an army into Asia. While these things were doing, Philip was slain by Pausanias, when he was of the 
Melanct. lib. 2.  age of forty six years, after he had reigned king twenty 
Philip slain by Pausanias.  five years.  
Greece thought by the death of Philip again to recover their former liberty: they little doubted, Alexander being then but young, neither Arideus which was Philip's base son by Laryssea, which for a time reigned after Alexander: but according to their wont manners, full of innovations, ambitions, contentions and hatred, never quiet, but one City or other would be jarring, the Persians power grew great, and the Greeks' began to revolt from Alexander, which by succession after his father should be their chief General.  
The Thebans offered themselves to join with those Cities that would defend the liberty of Greece, and exclude those Macedonian soldiers, which Philip placed in the castle of Thebes called Cadmea. Hereby Alexander took occasion 
New wars by Alexander in Greece.  to enter in arms, overthrew Thebes unto the ground, wasted, and spoiled divers. Cities in Boetia: for at one time, the Athenians, the Lacedæmonians, and the Thebans revolted from Alexander by persuasion of Demosthenes, being corrupted with rewards of the Persians. But when Thebes was destroyed, Alexander sent to Athens, offering peace unto the Athenians, upon the yielding up of Demosthenes, Lycurgus, and others by the Citizens unto Alexander.  
Unto this demand of Alexander, Demosthenes brought in the fable of the Wolf, who offered peace unto the shepherds 
Demosthenes' fable of the wolf.  upon condition to have the shepherds dogs away: applying the moral hereof unto the Orators of Athens, who by continual barking to the people kept Greece from foreign sovereignty: but the Athenians standing much in fear of Alexander's force, and beside knowing their own weakness, they sent Demades the Orator to entreat for peace: which being obtained of Alexander by the means of Demades, the Athenians, the Lacedæmonians, the Thebans, 
Demades entreateth for peace.  and the rest of the Cities of Greece having obtained peace, likewise by one consent they appointed Alexander their captain and chief general against the Persians.  
At what time reigned Darius the tenth king of Persia, to whom many of Philip's children by other marriages fled, to see the events and sequel of the wars between Alexander and Darius. This last yielding up of Greece unto Alexander 
Peace by Alex. granted to all Greece.  was three years after the great battle of Cheronea, and after the wars of the Peloponesians three score years.  
Of this war Thucydides divided his eight books, concerning the civil wars of the Grecians, which continued twenty seven years, every book comprehending three years wars, until twenty one years expired: at what time Thucydides died, than Xenophon began where Thucydides ended.  
Thus ended the glory of Greece, which flourished in wisdom and knowledge from Solon's time until Plato, two hundred years, and from Plato's birth until this last conquest of Greece a hundred and twenty years.  
Though yet Greece brought many learned men after Alexander's time, yet the fame and renown of Greece was carried unto Macedonia, their Empire translated, their liberty lost, and all Greece made subject unto Macedonia, at what time the Monarchy of Persia was lost, and brought by Alexander unto Macedonia.    

OF THE KINGDOM OF Macedonia: of the continuance, laws, and government of their Kings, and of their wars, until the time of Alexander the great.  
AFter I have briefly entreated of Greece, and have abridged many things which might have been well in the histories of Greece: yet I have many times occasion to speak of Greece in handling of Macedonia: neither need I long to stay in Macedonia: for of all the kings of Macedonia before Philip's time, little or nothing is to be spoken of them, so obscure a kingdom Macedonia was before Philpis time: & for that the wars of Philip & of his son the great Alexander are mentioned in the Persian and in the Grecians history, I need not much to 
justin. lib. 7.  write of them: therefore I will begin with the descents of the kings of Macedon, & of the first names of the country which was called Emathia of one Emathius, which was the first that 
Emathia.  obtained sovereignty in Emathia, which name continued until the time of deucaleon's nephew named Macedo: he chā●…ged the name of Emathia & called it after his own name Macedonia, Melacthon saith that the name of Macedonia is come of Kittim, the son of javan the son of japhet. Herodot & other ancient writers affirm, that the kings of Macedonia take their 
〈◊〉. Solinus cap. 13.  original from Hercules.  
Now the land which before was called Pieria, Migdonia, or Emathia, is now called the Realm of Macedonia, a country bounded on the East side with Thracia, on the South with Thessalia, on the West with the Illyrians, having on the North side Peonia as Pomponius Mela saith, the Macedonians inhabited 
Pomp. Me●… lib. 2. cap. 3.  many Cities, of the which Pella was the most renowned.  
The kingdom of Macedonia in the beginning was of●…o great fame until Philip's time, which was Amyntas son, and Alexander's father, who first brought the name of Macedonia to be spoken of, though before of slender renown and obscure fame, rather deserving the name of a Province then of a kingdom, as Ruffinus writeth: for as Cyrus' reign doth 
Of Cyrus' reign in Persia many err.  much lighten the whole history of the Persians, and the very time of their kings in respect of Cyrus his decree and dealings with the jews, by the means and travail of Zorobabel, Esdras, and Nehemias, mentioned in Scripture: even so doth the name of the great Alexander reform many errors in Xenophons' 
Of Alex. time in Macedonia.  histories, for that the certainty of the Macedonian history dependeth upon the time of Alexander, which of necessity must be within a 130. years of Cyrus, though many of the best writers err much in this.  
After Macedo succeeded Cranaus a captain of certain Peloponesians, he was the first that had the name of a king, he builded a City according to the Oracle, that he should follow a heard of goats, and where they stand, there to build a City which he named Aegea: others say, that he came upon 
Solinus cap. 3.  a tempest to a town named Edissa, & there beholding goats together, he changed the name of Edissa unto Egea, there he builded and made his Court, and gathered together the scattered 
Aegea called after the name of Goats.  Macedonians into one place, and began to reign there as a king.  
At what time Procas silvius reigned over the Latins, Ozias reigned over the Hebrews, jeroboam in Israel was king, and Alexander reigned king in Corinth: this time Arbaces translated the Monarchy of Assyria unto the Medes, having given the overthrow to Sardanapalus, whereby both the kingdoms of the Medes and of Macedonia begin at one time: for now the kings of Lacedemonia ended 〈◊〉 government, and 
Funct. Cron.  these kingdoms began to flourish 37●…. years after the destruction of Troy, in the beginning of the thirteen jubilee of the jews, before the Olympiads the space of one whole jubilee which is fifty years.  
This Cranaus the first king of the Macedonians reigned twenty eight years, whose successor I read in Eusebius and 
Caenus. 2. king of Macedon.  Glareanus was Caenus: he reigned the second king of Macedonia twelve years, at what time Amulius silvius the fifteen king of the Latins reigned: this Amulius the younger son of Procas silvius drove Numitor his elder brother out of his Country, and also Numitor had a daughter, whom he caused to be a vestal virgin to avoid marriage: but notwithstanding she was gotten with child of two children in stead of one, which were called Romulus and Remus, of whose education and strange bringing up, how they slew Amulius, and restored their grandfather Numitor to the kingdom again, and how they both builded Rome, you may read in the histories of the Roman kings: after whom succeeded the Roman kings.  
In Egypt reigned this time Sabachus, this is named in Scripture Sech: the third king of Macedonia was Tyrimas, who succeeded 
Tyrimas 3. king  in the kingdom in the time of the second Olympiad, as Eusebius and Glareanus do witness, whom I follow chiefly 
justine lib. 6●….  in placing the kings of Macedonia, though justine & Sabelicus say otherways, that one Telegonus reigning in Paeonia which is a piece of Macedonia, and one Europus who likewise on the other side of Paeonia governed. These two bare most sway in Macedonia, until Caranus came with a great number of Greeks' by the Oracle commanded to seek a seat in Macedon, who by force expelled Mida, which governed in a part of Macedon, and forced other governors which then ruled divers countries 
De orig. Maced. Ruffi.  about Macedonia, which was no large kingdom in the beginning, but Caranus by this means augmented much the Country of Macedon.  
After this Caranus justine setteth down Perdiccas, with whom agreeth Soli●…, and saith that this Perdiccas was the 
Perdiccas.  first that bore the 〈◊〉 of a king in the twenty two Olympiad, 
The first that bore the name  who lived in such liking and love of his subjects, that his life seemed a law, and his death an oracle, for which he died being an old man: he called his son named Argeus, and showed him a secret place where he would have his body buried, and his successors the kings of Macedonia after him. This superstitious burial the kings of Macedonia 
Burial for the kings of Macedon.  held as by an oracle, commanded until the time of Alexander the great, who was the nineteenth king after this Perdiccas. Argeus succeeded his father, and was a modest 
Argeus.  prince, he did minister justice to his subjects, and lived in 
Ruffi. de orig. Maced.  jove and favour with his people, leaving behind him to govern the Macedonians his heir Philip, who died in his youth and left the kingdom to Europus a young child, in whose time the Thracians and the Illyrians had continual wars with the Macedonians.  
The Illyrians vexed and overthrew the Macedonians in a great battle, despising the infancy of their king, and little waiing the Macedonians in respect of their king: they were hereby much moved to fight again, and gathered a huge host, 
Europus in his cradle brought to the field.  brought their king in his cradle to the field, and gave battle to the Illyrians, overthrew them, vanquished them, and slew the most of them: for the sight of their young king made them like lions hungry of their pray, with double courage to fight. But I will return to Eusebius and Glareanus where I began, and whom I chiefly imitate, though Solinus and 
Euseb.  justine wrote otherways: for it is no rare thing to have writers to vary, specially in histories of long time: for here Perdiccas is placed to be the fourth king, which both justine and Solinus wrote to be the first king of Macedonia: in this Functius in his table of the kings of Macedon, a singular Chronographer 
Functius.  following the best learned and next agreeing with the Scripture, doth set this Perdiccas to be the 4. king, who came of a mean state to be a king of Macedon, where he reigned 51. years.  
This time Romulus had great wars with the Sabines which continued three years, with whom Tatius Sabinus reigned in Rome together with Romulus five years. About this very season Saneherib was overthrown for his great 
Saneherib.  blasphemy against God, with a hundred fourscore and five thousand slain in one night by the Angel of the Lord, while this Perdiccas reigned in Macedon.  
Merodach the son of Baladan, after he had governed Babylon twelve years, and overcame the Assyrians, and brought the Monarchy again to the Chaldeans: about the thirty year of Perdiccas Egypt was governed by twelve Magistrates of equal authority. After Perdiccas succeeded Argeus his son, the fifth king of Macedonia, of whom you read before 
Philip 6. king.  by justine set down to be the second king. Philip the sixth king of Macedon reigned thirty eight years, in the 34. Olympiad, in whose time happened in Rome great wars between Tullius Hostilius the third king of Rome, and the Sabines. 
The Latins war with the Romans.  The Latins likewise began wars with the Romans, which continued five years: this time reigned in Egypt Necho, who had wars with the Chaldeans, at what time he overcame the Syrians, and slew josias in Mageddo: the Messenians revolted from the Lacedæmonians, and the rude barbarous Scythians entered into Asia, spoiled and wasted all the Country, until they came unto the land of Palestine.  
This time Periander reigned in Corinth, whose life you may read in Herodot, of whom is also written a history of 
Herodot. lib. 1.  this time of Phaortes, the sixth king of the Medes, who was slain at the siege of Ninive by the Assyrians with all his company.  
In these days Tullius Hostilius with all his family were burned in his own house: in the thirty five Olympiad many great wars and bloody battles fell in the time of this Philip, for both jeconia with all his friends, likewise Daniel with his fellows were carried away captive unto Babylon, and within a while after jerusalem was besieged and made even to the ground, and the jews carried captives unto Chaldea.  
Again Ciaxeres which is by Daniel and others named to be Darius Medus, had great wars: thus the Assyrians took the city of Ninive, and revenged the death of Phaortes, and so the Assyrians were quite destroyed, & brought the monarchy unto the Medes. All the wars that Ancus Martius the fourth king of Rome had with the Latins, Fidenats, the Sabins, the Veiens, the Volscans and others, were in this king's time.  
After this Philip succeeded Europus the 7. king of Macedonia, 
Europus the 7. king of Macedon.  of whom as of the rest nothing is to be written worth the memory: for yet the name of Macedonia was no further known then to their neighbours, which were the Thracians, Illyrians, Thessalians: for all the fame and report of the whole world the 
Macedonia yet not known.  Chaldeans and the Assyrians had, for they held the monarchy so long, that though the Egyptians flourished at one time, and gave them sundry battles at their noses in Assyria, and likewise the Hebrews gave divers overthrows in josaphat's time, Ezechias and josias kings of juda, yet they continued well-nigh thirteen hundredth years lords and monarchs of the world, until the Medes began to plague them, and had taken the monarchy from them. And then the Persians took it from them, of whom all writers were busy to write their wars, their battles, and of their conquest, until the time of Alexander the 
Of this Europis Herodot maketh mention lib. 8.  great, which is yet to come in the hundredth and fourteen Olympiads, and now I entreat of histories of those kingdoms done in the 43. Olympiad, which is 300. years: for so long was between the first of Nabuchodonosor, which was in the 17. jubilee, and the last of Alexander, which was in the 23. jubilee, which is six jubilees, which is 300. years: for every jubilee is 
Six jubilees 300. years.  50. years. It doth agree with the Olympiads, so far am I behind to speak any great matter of the Macedonians, saving of Philippe Alexander's father, a history of two hundredth years, and therefore I will hasten to run over the names of the first kings.  
Alcetas the 8. king of Macedonia reigned 29. years, after 
Alcetas the 8. king.  whom succeeded Amintas the ninth king of Macedonia, which reigned 50. years. Of this Amintas justine writeth a history, that when the Persians had sent ambassadors into Macedonia to entreat of peace, in their wine they began wanton and rudely to handle certain ladies and gentlewomen of Macedonia. Alexander the son of Amintas a young gallant prince being 
justin. lib. 7.  hereby much moved, entreated his father an old man to take his rest that night, & said he would entertain and keep company with the ambassadors of Persia, who were well whittled with wine: the ladies being desirous to departed were kept against their will under, Alexander the young prince promised other ladies to bear them company the rest of the night.  
Now Alexander got certain young gentlemen in the habit & form of women, having under their long clothes their 
Ambassadors of Persia slain.  naked daggers, and commanded them that when the Persian ambassadors should abuse them, or offer them any villainy, they should out of hand stab them, which was accordingly brought to pass: upon this occasion war was proclaimed between the Persians and the Macedonians. Bubares was sent with an army of Persians into Macedonia, who after he had 
Bubares fell in love with Cygaea.  seen Cygaea the daughter of king Amintas, he was more prone to love then bend to war: he married Cygaea, & thereby peace was had between the Macedonians and the Persians.  
About this time the Lacedæmonians had wars against Polycrates the tyrant of Samos: of this Polycrates success, happiness, 
Herodot. lib. 3.  and great fortune of his reign, read Herodotus. The same time were the most part of kings called tyrants, they were so full of blood. Tarqvinius superbus the seventh and last king of the Romans for his great tyranny and outrageousness, and for the wicked abuse of Lucretia by his son was odious & hateful to the Romans, and became an enemy to Rome. Cyrus was in his greatness this time, & the only great man of the world: for he wan the Assyrians, the Chaldeans, and the Medes, and brought them under the Empire of Persia, he overcame also the great and mighty Croesus' king of Lydia.  
In Macedonia reigned after Amintas his son Alexander: 
Alexander the 10. king.  this king was accounted rich, and not without cause: for he had so good success in increasing his substance, that he first of all sentimages of clean gold for a gift, one to Apollo's at Delphos, another to jupiter at Elis. He was greatly given to delight his ears, in so much that he entertained many that were cunning 
Solin. cap. 13.  upon instruments, amongst whom was Pindarus the harper. Iu. Solinus saith, that Archelaus had the kingdom of Macedonia at this man's hand: he was politic in feats of war, and judged the first deviser of battle upon the sea.  
This Archelaus affected the company of learned men: he 
Archelaus a friend of Euripides.  so much delighted in learning, that he called Euripides the tragical Poet, to be one of his privy council, for whose death afterward Archelaus long mourned, and shaved both his head and beard at his funeral. After this king the state of Macedonia being much troubled with dissension by the space of 10. kings governments, was stayed at last in the reign of Amintas, which was father unto Philip, who was father unto Alexander the great: and for that there is not much to be written of the most part of the kings of Macedonia unto Philip's time, I have set down their names according to Eusebius and Herodot.  
The names of the kings of Macedon according to Eusebius. The names of the kings of Macedon according to Herodotus. Cranans and Caenus. Alexander the son of Amintas. 
So many Herodot in the latter end of his 8. book doth rehearse, and after cometh to Philip, omitting the rest.  Tyrimas and Perdiccas. Amintas the son of Alceta. Archaeus and Philippus. Aloeta the son of Aeropus. Europs and Alcetas. Aeropus the son of Philip. Amintas & Alexander. Philip the son of Argaeus. Perdiccas and Orestes. Argaeus the son of Perdiccas. Archelaus and Pausanias.  Armintas and Argaeus.  Alexander and Ptolomeus.  And Philip Alexand. father.   
Of these are not much to be spoken (as I said before) therefore I will begin here with the reign of Philippe, of whom Macedonia had such expectation, that they saw in him a light and such ready proof of him, as 
Philip.  of one brought up for three years for an hostage of the king of the Macedonians in one of the chiefest cities of Greece, and that in the house of Epaminondas, the rarest Philosopher, and the greatest captain of those days.  
Now the cities of Greece being full of civil wars, some of them made means to Philip to aid them, and thereby elected him their chief general: in short time the occasion being thus offered to Philip, he increased his own kingdom of Macedonia with the ruin of Greece: for first he began to 
Macedonia enriched with the ruin of Greece.  make war upon the Athenians the second city of Greece, a famous city and full of civil discord, which Philip well perceived, and therefore he used great celerity to win Athens, and great policy to keep Athens being won: for he favoured them when he could have spoiled them, he let them go free without ransom that he took in the wars.  
After he had brought Athens to his bow, he took the most 
Diod. lib. 16.  noble city of Larissa, and subdued all the country of Thessaly being the next joined country to Macedonia: he fed divers captains secretly in Greece to move civil seditions, knowing that division in a kingdom is the only ruin of a kingdom, as in the wars between the Phocians and the Thebans 
Bellum sacrum.  was truly proved, and by Philip fully performed.  
After this it happened that two brethren contended about the kingdom of Thracia, which to avoid wars, both consented to the judgement of Philip, who not like a judge in giving 
The falsehood of king Philip.  judgement, but like a fox came with an army and subdued both the brethren, and so got the kingdom of Thracia subject to Macedonia: by these subtle dealings he also wan Cappadocia and Epire, and made wars against the Scythians. All the endeavours of Philip was to this purpose, that he might be the lord of Greece, and upon that he called all Greece to the city of Corinth, and offered to make wars upon the Persians 
Philip greedy of Greece.  in his own person. This was to flatter Greece, but Virtus an dolus quis in host requirit? for the Persians ever annoyed Greece. After that Philip had won Athens, he was sure of the Thebans and of the Boetians, who always were in a league with Athens by means of Demosthenes, who ever persuaded 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  much as tongue could do, to stand against Philip: but when Philip waxed strong, who sought with flattery with his friends, and with gold with his enemies, and Greece waxed weak by reason of their civil wars and spoiling one of another, he had free passage every where, being made governor of all Greece: he then easily subdued the Illyrians and the Olynthians, conquered Amphipolis, Pyrinthus, and Byzantium: and by this means Philip became the only king of all Macedonian kings 
Philip's victory at Cherronea.  before him. He grew so great after his victory at Cherronea, that he made then ready an army to Persia, and he devised to bring the monarchy from Persia to Macedonia, which his son Alexander did within a while after. Philip being thus advanced with many victories and triumphs, leaving behind him at every victory some triumphant pillar or arch, as trophies and monuments of his fortune, was in the midst of his glory by the Oracles of Pythias warned of his death, at what time he sacrificed to his gods a crowned bull. Read more of this 
Diod. lib. 16.  in Diodorus.  
After that Philip had much moved all the cities of Greece to resist the Persians, and to make one chief general over all Greece against the Persians: for Pliny writeth, that Philip in the 
Plin. lib. 2. cap. 27.  hundred & eleventh Olympiad, had much weakened the state of Greece, and therefore he was the sooner chosen their captain: which being obtained, he had what he sought.  
Upon this he returned into Macedonia, prepared soldiers, made ready his army, and was in the midst of his greatness, when Pausanias for an injury received before, for want of justice between Attalus who had most horribly abused him, and Philip being king to whom he appealed, of whom he had 
Attalus.  (though oftentimes he sought) no remedy, but rather flouts and scoffs, which kindled in Pausanias such hatred, that he revenged 
Pausanias' revenge upon Philip.  the foul fact of Attalus upon king Philippe, and that with death. Thus Philip reigned in Macedonia 23. years, at what time Ochus reigned in Persia, and recovered Egypt, and Camillus triumphed in Rome, and overthrew the Frenchmen. About this time died that noble Philosopher Plato, after whom succeeded Speusippus, after him Zenocrates. Demosthenes and Aeschines, two famous Orators flourished in Greece.  

CHAP. II.  
Of the renown and fame of Macedonia during the reign of Alexander the great, of his conquest and victories over all the East: of his dangerous wars in India, Egypt, and in Scythia, and of the subduing of Darius, and the taking away of the Monarchy from Persia into Macedonia.  
ALexander the great being of twenty years of age, succeeded and exceeded his father Philippe, both in virtue and in vice: they were thus far one from another in nature, that what Philip did through policy and subtlety, that Alexander would do with open strength and courage: Philip rejoiced when he 
Comparison between Philip and Alexander.  might deceive the enemy, Alexander when he could overthrow them: Philip more politic like afoxe in council and device, Alexander like a lion more fierce and courageous in conquering and subduing: Philip sought means to be beloved of his enemies, and to make his foes his friends, Alexander sought to be feared, and to make his friends his foes. These and such other comparisons doth justine setforth between 
justin. lib 9  the father and the son.  
Alexander began to reign (by Curtius' computations) after the building of Rome four hundredth twenty and fix years: at what time Ca Sulpitius, and Lu. Papyrius were Consuls 
Melanct. lib. 2.  of Rome, in the hundredth and eleventh Olympiad, when jaddus was high priest in Jerusalem. Plutarch writeth, that Alexander was descended from Hercules by Caranus side, and that of his mother's side he came of the blood of Aeacides by Neoptolemus. Olympias his mother dreamt the first night 
Olympias dream.  that she lay with Philip, that lightning fell into her belly, and that light fire dispersed itself in divers flames about her: and king Philip also dreamt, that he did seal his wives belly, and that the seal left behind it the print of a lion. 
philip's dream.   
Alexander was borne the sixth day of june, on the very same day that the temple of Diana was burned: he had divers grave tutors and governors. Leonidas was chief governor unto 
Leonidas Alexander's governor.  Alexander, for that he was a noble man and a kinsman to the Queen Olympias. Aristotle was his chief tutor, one of the greatest Philosophers and best learned men in his time. King Philip had taken before, the city of Stagira, where Aristotle was borne.  
While this Alexander was yet young, one Philonicus a Thessalian had brought Bucephalus a gallant horse to be sold unto 
Bucephalus.  Philip: the price was thirteen talents: they brought the horse to the field to be ridden, whom they found so rough, that the riders said he would do no service, affirming that it was unpossible to tame him, they found him so churlish, jerking out and suffering no man to come nigh him. King Philippe commanded them to take the horse away. Alexander misliked the riders and took the horse in hand, being a very 
Bucephalus tamed by Alexander.  young man, and turned him towards the sun, (for that Alexander saw before that the horse started at his own shadow) Alexander used the horse so, that he road him, and made him as gentle as could be, both with the spur and with the bit, and so lighted from the horse: to whom Philippe his father then said (for joy weeping,) Seek a greater kingdom son 
Plutar. in vita. Alex.  then Macedonia is: for Macedonia is to little for thee. This Aulus Gellius, Plutarch and Pliny do affirm. This horse Alexander kept for his own saddle until the wars of India, where the horse with sickness died: where he made a monument in memory of Bucephalus, a town after the name of 
Curtius' lib. 9  the horse, and named the city Bucephalia, which he builded upon the river Hydaspis. Read the whole 16. book of Diodor. 
Diodor. lib. 16.  Siculus of the wars and government of Philip.  
Now as soon as Philip his father died, he went into Peloponesus in Greece, & there called all Greece together, and claimed the sovereignty which his father had over them against the Persians: which being granted, & he being by common consent appointed their only & chief governor against the Persians: within short time after many of these cities began to murmur against Alexander, and to revolt from Macedonia. When Alexander perceived that the Athenians, the Thebans, the Argives, the Lacedæmonians, the Arcadians, studied and convented together for the liberty of Greece, he presently without any delay (as his nature was) had war with Thessaly the next country unto Macedonia: after, he subdued Thermopyla, and urged the Amphictions which were then appointed judges 
The inconstancy of the Grecians.  universally for all Greece, that with all their decrees and laws they would move Greece by fair means to surrender the government which his father had, and also to him granted. After that, the Athenians sent ambassadors, and offered all courtesy to Alexander: the Corinthians likewise sought to please him in like sort, which Alexander accepted in good part, and returned with his army from Greece into Macedonia: he was scant in Macedonia, but the Grecians according to their custom began to send from city to city, to stand against Alexander in the defence of their country: the Thebans sent ambassadors to the Arcadians, the Arcadians to the Argives, the Argives to the Aeolians, to whom the Athenians sent also by the persuasions of Demosthenes, though they were before the first that entreated for peace at his hand.  
Alexander hearing of these often false dealings, he than cometh 
Diod. lib. 17.  from Macedonia and Thracia with a huge army of thirty thousand footmen, and three thousand horsemen, and understanding that the Thebans had him in contempt, he fully determined to destroy their city in such sort without mercy, that it should terrify all Greece thereby: he laid siege to Thebes three days, and the fourth day he made it even to the 
Thebes destroyed.  ground: there was not death spared neither to children, nor to women: the slaughter was so terrible, that there was slain within the city of Thebes above six thousand, maimed and taken above 3. hundredth thousand: this fell in the hundredth and in the last year of the 11. Olympiad. This terror made Greece to quake.  
Alexander being more angry with Athens then with the rest, he sent ambassadors to Athens to have the 10. Orators sent unto him: for Alexander knew that the Orators whetted the people to revolt, and that they persuaded the Athenians with their eloquency always to rebel. Athens was put now to her shift, until Demades, one of the Orators, sought licence to go to Alexander from the city as an ambassador: he used that force of eloquence to Alexander for peace, which Demosthenes used against Alexander to the Athenians for wars: by Demades persuasion Alexander was won to pardon the Athenians again. Alexander returned into his own kingdom, and left Greece in quiet for a short time.  
After, Cassander the son of Antipater builded up Thebes 
Alexander's voyage to Asia.  again: and then Alexander made himself ready to go unto Asia, and with great celerity (as his manner was) he brought his army out of Europe into Asia: he had in his band thirty and two thousand footmen, five thousand horsemen, and an hundredth and eight ships.  
These news being brought unto Darius the last king of Persia, which had under his government all the East kingdoms, and saw himself so strong that he called himself king of kings, and cousin to the gods, he little esteemed the report, and 
Darius' opinion of himself.  made small account of the Macedonian number, commanded some of his princes to take Alexander and to beat him like a child with a rod, and after to bring him unto Darius: but Alexander was no longer in getting the victory over 
The first victory at the river Granicus.  the huge host of the Persians at the river of Granicus, than Darius was in directing his captains to beat Alexander with rods: this was the first battle and victory which Alexander had, where twenty thousand footmen and 250. horsemen were slain.  
After this battle, Alexander took Lydia in hand, wan the 
Ruffin. de orig. Maced.  city of Sardis, and shortly all Lydia: he took Ephesus, and Miletum, two famous cities: he besieged Halicarnassus, wasted and spoiled it to the ground. Alexander in this voyage after he had brought Lycia and Pamphylia under his wings, he 
Q Curt. lib. 3.  still invaded Darius' provinces and territories further to provoke him to war: many wondered at the a gilitie of Alexander, and fearing much the greatness and good success of Alexander being so young a king, that they began both to fear him and to love him, and to forsake Darius. Alexander went forward still conquering and subduing all countries: he came into the territories and provinces of Darius, and he entered Paphlagonia and came to the city called Ancyra, who without any strokes yielded themselves by these occasions of Alexander's good success.  
Darius' thought it was but fortune, and not the deserts of 
Darius caused a muster at Babylon.  Alexander: he caused therefore a great muster at Babylon, and made an army ready of seventy thousand footmen, and thirty thousand horsemen of the Persians: he also had beside ten 
Darius' army.  thousand horsemen of the Medes, and fifty thousand footmen: two thousand Bactrians horsemen, and ten thousand footmen: he had of Armenia forty thousand footmen, and seven thousand horsemen: of Hyrcania six thousand: of the Derinces forty thousand footmen, and two thousand horsemen: from the Caspians eight thousand footmen, and two hundred horsemen of Greece were joined unto Darius, that expected the overthrow of Alexander with his thirty thousand: he had such a huge number, that he feared that Alexander would fly before he came to make battle: for so Darius said to Amintas the Macedonian.  
But it came to pass otherwise: Alexander had the victory 
Plutar. in vita Alexand.  in that place which Darius appointed: this battle was fought in Cilicia, where Alexander killed above a hundredth thousand 
The second victory of Alexander in Cilicia.  footmen, and ten thousand horsemen of Darius' men: this was the second battle, in the which Darius mother, and his wife, and two of his daughters unmarried, were taken prisoners and brought to Alexander, whose misfortune he more piried, than he rejoiced at the victory: such was the clemency of 
Melanct. lib. 2.  Alexander unto these miserable captive Ladies, yea such was his chastity, though they were (as Plutarch faith) most comely and fair, not once to offer any word of dishonour to them. A greater conquest (as I take it) to overcome himself; then the victory against Darius.  
Alexander after this victory removed his camp to Marathon, thence to Phoenices and to Biblon, and having gotten these three cities, he came to Sydon a famous city, wan that also: for all Syria and Phoenicia (tire excepted) were brought by Alexander subject unto Maccdonia: he besieged tire, and continued seven months both by land and by sea: for it was a city of invincible force, and kept Alexander hot 
tire besieged and taken.  assaults, using all engines and policies, and yet stood in great doubt of the getting of tire, until one night he dreamt that Hercules held out to him his hand over the walls of tire and called him by his name: then he followed, and continued his siege, until he had quite overthrown tire. This town was builded by Agenor. 
tire by Agenor builded.   
While Alexander conquered and subdued all places, Darius was not idle to prepare his forces to give the third 
Q. Curt. lib. 4.  battle unto Alexander: he sent to Bessus his lieutenant in Bactria, commanding him to come with as many soldiers as possibly he could, and so the rest of his lieutenants: he likewise sent and to make as great an army as might yet terrify Alexander: he sent to the Scythians, and to the Indians, and 
D●…rius 3 preparation against Alexander.  brought his force to Babylon. At that time he had thrice as many as he had in Cicilia.  
In the mean season Alexander went to Gaza one of the 
Gaza besieged.  chiefest cities of Syria: at this town Alexander had two several wounds very dangerous, and yet not so dangerous as the victory was famous: thence he removed his tents and passed forward to Egypt, sent his footmen to Pelusium: he himself with few chosen soldiers passed over Nilus to Memphis, and thence to all the parts of Egypt, where he was received as 
Diod. lib. 17.  a conqueror without battle given. When he had set things in order in Egypt, altering neither their laws nor their customs, he went forward and found a place where he builded the city Alexandria, and named it after his own name.  
After he had conquered all Egypt, this city was builded in 
Alexandri●… builded 420. years after the building of Rome.  the seventh year of Alexander's reign, four hundredth and twenty years after the building of Rome, at what time Caius Petileus, and Lu. Papyrius were consuls in Rome as Livy writes. When Alexander had brought all things to pass as he wished, he left two overseers in Egypt with four thousand soldiers with them, the one was a Macedonian named Pencestes, the other a Rhodian named Aeschylus, and returned and pitched his tents hard by a little village of Assyria called Arbela, where the 
The third battle of Alexander at Arbela.  last and the greatest battle was between Darius and Alexander. But because I have spoken of these three great victories of Alexander in the histories of Persia, where I opened particularly the whole discourse of the wars, I may pass to other matters with this farewell to Alexander, that so few in number, with so young a king against such a mighty monarch, as at that time had almost all the world under his government, and yet in three victories his kingdoms was taken from him, above a hundred thousand slain, and Darius himself fled, and being hard followed was slain by Bessus.  
Of this Alexander Daniel prophesied, that such a king should come that might do what he list. justine sayeth, that Darius 
justin. lib. 11.  had in his army three hundredth thousand footmen, and a hundredth thousand horsemen. Diodorus varieth much from that number, and so doth Curtius: Plutarch saith that Darius 
Curtius' lib. 5.  had ten hundredth thousand fight men at that battle at Euphrates. Also some writers differ for the place, that this great battle was not at Arbeles: Plutarch a man of great judgement, 
Plutarch. in Alexand.  whom I had rather follow in matters of any controversies, than any other in this history between Alexander and Darius, therefore he setteth down the first victory at the river Granicus, the second victory in Silicia, the third at Gausameles, and not at Arbeles, as the most writers affirm.  
After these victories which Alexander had, he removed to Babylon, where he continued 34. days, from Babylon to Susa where he found within the castle four thousand talents in ready coin of gold and silver, beside other infinite treasures. These towns yielded to Alexander after the last overthrow of Darius without any assault given: and from Susa went after Darius to Media where he fled, and where he found Darius slain by Bessus one of his own captains which was Darius' lieutenant 
Darius' slain by Bessus.  over the Bactrians. This Bessus perceiving that Alexander was following hard at the heels of Darius, thinking much to please Alexander slew his own lord and master: for the which Alexander rewarded him not according to his expectation, but according to his deserts, commanded that he should be bound between two trees, and by horses to be 
The punishment of Bessus.  drawn in pieces. It is written that when Alexander saw Darius dead, he wept and covered his body with his own 
Plut. in Alex.  cloak: so wept julius Caesar when he saw the head of Pompey, and Antigonus when he saw the head of Pyrrhus, though they were enemies. Now by Darius the Persians lost their monarchy, 
Melanct. lib. 2 Chron.  and by Alexander the Macedonians wan it.  
Aristotle hearing of Alexander's good success, his victories and his conquests over so many nations to be such, wrote unto the king, putting him in remembrance that GOD giveth victories, and kingdoms are given by GOD, to do good and not evil, to use justice and not injury, to be a king and not to be a tyrant. By this time Alexander had reigned eight years king in Macedonia, after he had conquered the Carians, the Lydians, the Cappadocians, the Phrygians, the Paphlagonians, and 
Diod. lib. 17.  the Pamphylians: also he subdued the Cilicians, the Syrians, the Phoenicians, the Armenians and the Persians, the Medes and the Parthenians, and was king of all the East countries: yet he was not satisfied, for he saw the Scythians, the Hyrcanians, the 
Curtius' lib. 7.  Bactrians, the Sogdians, the Massagets and the Sagaes and the Indians unconquered, he could not quiet his mind before he had subdued these nations.  
Alexander sought where he might hear of a kingdom unconquered, and hearing of Hercules acts and exploits in the West kingdoms, he fully had determined after he had brought all Asia and the East countries as he did to subjection, to lead his army and to pass into Africa, to Carthage and to Numidia, and thence to Gades to see Hercules' pillars: 
Alexander determined to imi●…ate in his victories Hercules.  thence he thought to lead his army unto Iberia, which is Spain, and from Spain to the Alps, and so to Italy, and from Italy to Epire, leaving no where in his mind unconquered: So he fumed and fretted at the fame of Achilles, of Theseus, and of Hercules: for Hercules was the only man that Alexander 
The haughty mind of Alexander.  emulated, he thought of Hercules as Caesar thought of Alexander. This king was of such wonderful haughtiness, that he thought that the earth might not suffer two Alexanders, no more than the heavens might contain two Suns: so he answered Darius when he entreated for peace, and offered thirty 
Alexander pa●…em non patitur.  thousand talents for his wife and his daughters.  
And Alexander hearing Democritus the Philosopher affirming that there were many worlds, he broke out in tears, 
Diod. lib. 17.  and in great fury said: Is there more worlds than one, and yet I have not conquered half one world? But he was prevented with a contrary course, he fell to take ease at Babylon, where he gave himself to banquets, to riot, to surfeiting, and to drinking, and so he bestowed in Babylon the rest of his life in all kind of pleasures and pastimes. He married the Persian ladies with noble men of Macedonia, and he himself married Statira Darius' daughter: he married in Susa eighty and 
Roxana.  two nohle men of Macedonia unto the Ladies of Persia and Media upon one day, and made a brave large tent of four 
The first feast.  furlongs about, and appointed an hundredth gorgeous rich beds: where also the king's bed was furnished with too much riches to be spoken of. I will they should read Quin. Curtius, 
Q. Curt. lib. 7. & 8.  and Diod. Siculus, of the rich and sumptuous solemnity of this feast, of the regal magnificence of Alexander, of the pomp and glory of these Macedonian marriages with these Persian Ladies.  
After these great marriages of himself and of his nobles, 
Melanct. lib. 2.  and of his sumptuous feast which continued five days, he made also a solemn feast of common marriages, where 9000. 
Q. Cur. lib. 8.  were married, to whom Alexander gave a cup of gold to every one to honour the feast. He became from a famous conqueror, 
The 2. feast.  a voluptuous man, a drunkard furious and fell, at last in his rage to kill and to murder his dearest friends, as Hermolaus, Parmenio, yea Clitus his own foster brother, who saved Alexander's life at the battle at Granicus, at what time Rhosaceris a Persian captain had slain Alexander, had not Clitus been: he slew Calisthenes the Philosopher for his good counsel. Alexander said, Odio qui sibi non sapit: he could not abide to 
Odio qui sibi non sapit.  hear any praise of his own father Philip, he would be called the son of jupiter, disdained his noble men and old soldiers of Macedonia that served his father: he forgot to do good (as Pindar truly said) and gave himself to be a tyrant after Babylon was taken.  
Alexander was modest, discreet, wise, just in judgement, temperate in diet, for a time, but the reward of sin fell upon him, many hated him, and many conspired his death: as Sostratus, Philota, Antipater, Epimenes, Nicostratus and Anticles, but Epimenes disclosed his conspiracy to his brother named Eurylochus, to whom Alexander gave 50. talents for these news, and pardoned 
Plutarch. in Alexand.  Epimenes, but the rest he executed. Yet still more conspirators grew, in so much that Antipater his lieutenant in Macedonia, yea as some do suspect, by Aristotle's counsel, poison was sent from Macedonia unto Babylon, and delivered to Cassander which was Antipater's son, to jolla and to Philippe, 
divers opinions of Alexander's death.  which were Antipater's brethren, which were of the kings privy Chamber, and these when they saw their time, bestow a cup of drink upon Alexander for his last farewell: which when he perceived that there was no help, he took his ring from his finger and gave it to Perdica, with a commandment given, that his body should be carried to jupiter 
Curtius.  of Ammon. Yet some writ that he died of a hot fever.  
A little before he died he was demanded who should reign king after him: he answered, even he that is most worthy to come after me. And then being again asked at what time he would have his body buried: he answered, when you are at rest and quietness. And so it came to pass, that he was left unburied in Babylon until Olympias his mother came from Macedonia, and caused his body to be carried to Alexandria: 
Melanct. 2. Chron.  for assoon as Alexander died, they contended to be kings, and so forgot to bury Alexander according to his commandment. Thus Alexander after he had lived thirty two years, and reigned twelve, he died, at what time happened the saying of Demades to be true, that the kingdoms and soldiers of Alexander 
The kingdom of Alexander compared to a Cyclope.  should be like a Ciclope without an eye: surely so it came to pass, that after Alexander's death the most part of the world was without a king: for Alexander had so many kingdoms, that when he died he left no king behind him, until again they began with the sword to claim kingdoms.  
After Alexander's death, who died two hundredth and eight 
Buchol. in Chro. Alexander died 280. before Caesar was slain.  years before julius Caesar was slain, during twelve years which Alexander the great reigned in the whole: he reigned six of these twelve years king over the Chaldeans and the Assyrians, over the Medes and the Persians, leaving Roxana king Darius' daughter great with child, for the which the Macedonians did her great honour: for king Darius had three daughters, Statira, Roxana, and Bersene, who were all married unto Alexander.  
This time began the Romans to flourish, and had conquered the Sabins, the Samnites, the Latins, the Fidenats, the tuscans, the Volscanes, and divers other countries, and began to look further from Rome unto other kingdoms of the world. For now had triumphed in Rome during the reign of Alexander, these many gallant fellows.  

1 Marcus Valerius Corinus.  
2 C. Mar. Corolyanus.  
3 Tit. Manlius Torquatus.  
4 Lucius Papyrius.  
5 Fabius Maximus.  
6 Mar. Curius.  
7 Lucius Voluminus.  
8 Caius Sulpitius. And  
9 Caius Decius'.   
And as Livy saith, all these seemed in courage and prowess to be young Alexander's. 
Livi. lib. 9    

CHAP. III.  
Of the division and parting of the kingdoms of Asia and Syria after the death of Alexander between his captains: for he left no king to succeed after him but the sword: so many kingdoms were void by his death, that his captains that fought then under Alexander for wages and spoils, fought now for kingdoms and Empires: of their wars and of their continuance.  
But to come to Macedonia again, where these great captains fell at variance 
Contentions between Alex. captains.  after the death of Alexander, how the kingdoms of Alexander might be divided: six days they were in discoursing of these causes who should succeed Alexander in the kingdom of Macedonia, some greedy of pray, some of ease, some after long wars, some of one thing and some of another: the noble men and chief captains, they had an eye to the treasure of Alexander which was one hundred thousand talents, beside his revenues yearly 
Perdicca.  which was three hundred thousand talents: Perdiccas thought Roxana being great with child by Alexander (if it should be a son) that he should be king of the Macedonians: Meleager contraried Perdiccas saying, That Alexander had a gallant 
Meleager.  youth to be his son by Arsine named Hercules, more fit for the crown of Macedonia, then to expect a doubtful chance by Roxana: others thought that Aridaeus a bastard 
justine lib. 13.  brother of Alexander's should succeed in the kingdom. Read Q. Curtius of the orations and persuasions of several Dukes and captains concerning the succession after Alexander 
Ru ffis. de origi. Maced.  in the kingdom of Macedonia. After long debates & several opinions touching Alexander's posterity, it came at last to the murdering of his wife Roxana being great with child by Alexander, to the kill of young Hercules Alexander's 
Alex. posterities slain.  son by his wife Arsine, to the slaughter of his mother Olympias, and of his base brother Aridaeus: it came in fine to bloody civil discord, that the calamity and misery of Macedonia after Alexander's time, passed far the felicity and jollity of Macedonia during the time of Alexander: for after that Antipater had murdered all Alexander's stock, his wife, children, mother, brother, and all Alexanders nigh kinsmen: he armed himself against Lysimachus, by whom Antipater was slain.  
Thus after long seditious contentions, they agreed among themselves, that Antipater should govern Macedonia 
Funct. comment. lib. 3.  and Greece: that Ptolemy should govern Egypt and Africa, and part of Arabia: Learchus should govern Lycia, Pamphylia, and the greater Phrygia: Cappadocia, and Paphlagonia, were assigned to Eumenes: to Laomedon were assigned Syria and Phoenicia: to Cassander Caria: to Menander Lydia: and to Lysimachus Thracia Pontus and Cilicia: Illyria to Philotes: to Leonatus the lesser Phrygia: these with others, whose names Functius setteth down. These princes within fourteen years by civil 
justine lib. 23.  discord fell to variances and contentions, that they destroyed one another: such is the force of ambition, that it 
Ambition among the kings after Alex.  never containeth within any bound of reason.  
I will not repeat the names of those that were likewise assigned to govern the Sogdians, the Bactrians, the Indians, and other places which in like manner through mutual dissension slew one another. Alexander for a while was left unburied in Babylon quite forgotten of all his princes, until Ptolemy, as Curtius doth witness, sent for his body, brought it to Memphis, 
Curtius' lib. 10.  and from Memphis it was carried to Alexandria, and there in his own tomb was buried.  
Now after these Princes were thus destroyed, the Empire void of any good government: for though they with 
Arideus the first king elected after Alex in Maced.  one consent elected Arideus to be king of Macedon, yet their obedience was far from their election, but every man aspired to a kingdom: all the Countries between the river Hydaspes, and the river Indus, Taxillus governed: In Persia governed Neoptolemus: in Parthia, Nicanor: in Babylon, Pencestes: and Archesilaus had in his hand Mesopotamia. All these practised means how they might from governors become kings: for as I said before, Alexander left no king behind him, for so it was before Alexander by Cyrus, before Cyrus by Nabuchodonosor, 
Alex. left no heir but the sword.  before Nabuchodonosor by Merodach, before Merodach by Ninus, before Ninus by Nimrod.  
So God from the beginning by his great wisdom hath established kingdoms and common weals, that where he gave his sword, there the victory went, and there the Monarchy flourished: so God ordained things to come to pass, that now again the Empire of Alexander should be divided, as Daniel the Prophet had before told saying, That a 
Daniel cap. 11.  strong king should come and govern, and do what pleased him, but it should be divided in quatuor ventos Coeli, as than it happened truly between four princes, though josephus sayeth five: the first was Cassander, the son of Antipater, 
Cassander.  and even he who poisoned Alexander, he I say after his father's death, and after he had destroyed the whole progeny of Alexander, invaded Macedonia and usurped the kingdom: the 2. Ptolo. Lagi the first king of 
Ptolemy.  Egypt, and had the most part of Syria under his Sceptre: the 3. Seleucus' surnamed Nicanor, king of Babylon, and of 
Seleucus.  Asia the greater: the 4. Antigonus' king of Asia the less. 
Antigonus.   
These and their posterities had entered in arms, and began to war within themselves, that they likewise came to ruin and were destroyed one by another, as you shall read more in the histories of the kings of Asia and Syria.  
In the mean season the Athenians again, a people ever desirous of sovereignty, understanding that Alexander the great was dead, were in arms against Antipater, still looking 
Curtius' lib. 13. justine. lib. 13.  to have their former liberty, joined with themselves the Aeolians, gathered three thousand soldiers, two hundred navies, & now Demosthenes being banished from Athens being at Megaris, or as as Plutarch saith at Aegina, for his 20. talents in bribes received of Harpalus, was called back by the Athenians, who through his wont eloquence alured the Argives, the Corinthians, and the Scicionians, to join with the Athenians against Antipater, who by election was king of Macedonia next after Alexander, and chief governor over all Greece as Alexander was and his father Philip before him. In these wars the Athenians had very good luck in the beginning, 
Leosthenes.  while yet Leosthenes their general was alive, but he being dead, their good hap and success died also, before Leosthenes had shut up Antipater in the city of Lamia, and straightly had there besieged him.  
But this continued no longer then to the battle of Cranon, where again the Athenians were overthrown, and Demosthenes with many of their Orators fled, and after to avoid Antipater's hand rid away themselves by poison. Cassander began in Macedonia and in Greece to practise falsehood, after he had married Arideus daughter Thessalonices: for by consent 
Arideus.  of all the princes, Arideus was appoinred to succeed Alexander, and he reigned seven years king in Macedonia, but Olympias 
justine lib. 14.  Alexander's mother made means to dispatch both Arideus, and his wife Euridices out of the way, for that they resisted the Queen Olympias to come into Macedonia from Epire, and Olympias herself lived not long after: for the Macedonians honoured her much for Philip her own husband's sake, and for Alexander her son, until she became to be cruel and to use much tyranny.  
But Cassander who far exceeded her in murdering and in destroying, took her also, and commanded her to be 
Diod. lib. 19  slain, and likewise commanded Roxana Alezanders wife to be kept, and to be looked unto, being sent with her son Alexander to Amphipolis, but she & her son was slain. While 
The cruelty of Cassander.  in this sort Cassander foamed in blood, Antigonus who had obtained to be king of lesser Asia, came in arms against Cassander. Lysimachus king of Thracia, and Seleucus king of greater Asia joined with Cassander, and the battle was given at Gaza, a city of Palestina, where Demetrius Antigonus son had the worse. Cassander within a while after this battle died, when he had reigned eighteen years.  
After whom succeeded two sons of Cassander named Antipater and Alexander, who in much discord and with much ado they reigned four years: this young king Antipater after he had reigned three years, perceiving that his mother was more bend to favour her other son Alexander, with his own hand slew her: upon this vile murder Alexander presently sent to Demetrius for aid, and to revenge his mother's death upon his brother: Demetrius was glad to hear such news, that Antipater had slain his mother, and now 
Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.  Alexander to rise against his brother, saw an open passage hereby offered unto him to become king of Macedonia, which so came to pass, for both Antipater and Alexander one destroyed another: for Lysimachus slew Antipater, and Demetrius 
Demetrius.  Alexander, left the kingdom to Demetrius: the posterity of Cassander had no longer time in Macedonia, it was God's judgement: for this Cassander as it is reported, poisoned Alexander the great, being with two other of his brethren jolla & Philip, gentlemen of his privy chamber their race ended: for in the 
Cassander's treachery and murder.  time of Antipater and his son Cassander, Demosthenes, Demades, and the most part of the noble Orators of Athens were slain.  
And now Demetrius the son of Antigonus was proclaimed king of Macedon, and beside Macedon he had Thessaly, and the most part of Peleponesus: he further did lead his army against the Boetians, laid siege to Thebes and took it: after that hearing that Lysimachus king of Thracia was taken prisoner by a barbarous nation, he went with his army to invade Thracia: he was scant in Thracia but Lysimachus came home, and beside hearing that Pyrrhus had foraged all Thessalia, 
Pyrrhus.  and had entered already into the straits of Thermopiles, Demetrius was constrained to leave both Thracia and also Thebes, and to return against Pyrrhus: and for all that Pyrrhus 
Funct. lib. 3. Comment.  sought Demetrius with his army to give him battle, and Demetrius sought also Pyrrhus, yet they missed both at that time: but after Demetrius his lieutenant named Pantarchus, a strong man and of great courage gave to Pyrrhus' battle, which victory fell to Pyrrhus the only king that imitated Alexander the great, and to him by all men's report most like in courage and prowess.  
After this victory of Pyrrhus, he again invaded Macedonia, being advertised that Demetrius was sick, in the which journey Pyrrhus came as far as the city Edissa without resistance: yet Pyrrhus was driven out of Macedonia that time with all his force.  
Demetrius wanting leisure to fight with Pyrrhus, having 
Diod. lib. 17.  many wars in hand beside, concluded a peace with Pyrrhus: for then Demetrius was troubled divers ways. Lysimachus king of Thracia invaded the high country of Macedon next unto Thracia, and Ptolemy king of Egypt entered with his army into Greece, and Pyrrhus though there was a peace concluded, yet stepped in with Lysimachus, enticed the Macedonians partly through fair means, and partly through flattery to forsake Demetrius: by this means Macedonia was divided between Pyrrhus and Lysimachus, and Pyrrhus was proclaimed king in Macedonia, after they had chased Demetrius, Pyrrhus reigned in Macedonia seven months.  
Again Lysimachus made war on Pyrrhus, and after many battles Lysimachus got the victory, and reigned king in Macedonia seven years. justine praiseth this Lysimachus to be 
justine lib. 15.  the rarest man of his time valiant and wise, and a great Philosopher, of a noble house borne of Macedonia, where now he is become king. It is written that this Lysimachus slew a lion 
The praise of Lysimachus.  with his own hand: but I leave him king of Macedonia, and return to Demetrius, who for three years had been tossed 
Curtius' lib. 8.  with extreme hard fortune: now for recovering of his kingdom again he had levied a great army of one hundred thousand footmen, of twelve thousand horsemen, and had 
Demetrius' army.  gotten five hundred ships together, part in the haven of Piraeus, part at Corinth, part at the City Chalcis, and part about the City Pella.  
His enemies hearing of these news, I mean three kings, Seleucus', Ptolemy, and Lysimachus, joined themselves there together against Demetrius: and beside they sent to Pyrrhus, that poor Demetrius' misery from princely happiness 
Funct. lib. 3. Coment.  so overthrown, that his army forsook him, himself yielded unto Seleucus, his wife named Phila, for very grief poisoned herself, and so kept as prisoner in Syria by Seleucus, where Demetrius turned captivity into pleasure unto his dying day, who after he had reigned six years died in Cherronesus, leaving behind him by his wife Phila two children, Antigonus and Stratonice, and other two sons both named Demetrius, of whom you shall hear more hereafter: both Plutarch, justine, 
Plutarch in Demetr. Demetrius left two of his name behind.  and Ruffinus affirm, that the posterity of Demetrius succeeded kings in Macedonia, until the last king named Perseus: this time also died Ptolemy Lagi king of Egypt with great fame and report.  
Now Lysimachus reigned this while in Macedonia, using such tyranny and practising such cruelty against his own subjects, that they revolted from him and fled to Seleucus: then war grew between them, that Lysimacus 
Lysimachus.  lost what he wan, fifteen of his children, and his life also by Seleucus: this was the last battle fought amongst them that were of Alexander's successors. Seleucus not long lived, but within seven months after was 
Diod. lib. 17. and 18.  by Ptolemy surnamed Cheraunos, brother to Ptolomeus Philadelphus, the second king of Egypt after Alexander the great, slain: for Lysimachus had married the sister of this Ptolemy and reigned after his brother in law in Macedonia the space of one year: after this Macedonia was continually plagued until their last king of Macedon named Perseus, whom the Romans overcame by Paulus Aemilius, and so brought Macedonia a Province under Rome.  
Now this while Perdica used another way to be king 
All means made for king domes.  of Macedonia, he made means to marry Cleopatra the sister of Alexander the great, and thought so to overthrow Aridaeus: but he was prevented by Antipater and slain by his own soldiers: some thinks that the ambition of Perdica was the first cause of all civil wars in marrying Cleopatra. 
Polib. lib. 2.  Polybius saith, that all these jolly captains, Ptolemy the son of Lagi, Seleucus, Lysimachus, & Ptolemy Cerannus, died in the 124. Olympiad. Macedonia had little good success of their kings, as you heard of Cassander's two sons Antipater and Alexander, 
The destruction of many kings within few years.  who reigned but four years, Demetrius six, Pyrrhus seven months, Lysimachus seven years, and Ptolemy Cerannos one year, after whom succeeded Meleager two months, Antipater forty five days, yet justine saith he reigned one whole year, and Sosthenes two years.  
After these kings the kingdom fell to the house of Demetrius (as I said before) to Antigonus the son of Demetrius, borne of Phila the daughter of Antipater and sister to Cassander. This Antigonus was called the second Antigonus: for the first Antigonus which was this Demetrius father, was supposed 
Antigonus the first the base son of Philip.  and taken to be a base son of Philip, and a brother of Alexander the great: for so he himself in his decrees and statutes named himself Philip's son, of whose wars against Emmenes when he was king of Asia, I spoke in the history of the kings of Asia and Syria.  
The second Antigonus which was Demetrius son, is much praised for his justice, government, modesty, and of such good virtuous disposition, that he was surnamed of the Grecians Euergetes. Of this second Antigonus issued forth the second 
Funct. lib. 3. Comment.  Demetrius which reigned ten years: I will speak of the troubles in Macedonia during the reign of Ptolemy Cerannius the seventh king after Alexander, of Meleager the eight king, of Antipater the ninth, and of Sosthenes the tenth king: these four kings reigned not above four years.  
After Lysimachus by this false treachery of his brother in law, Ptolemy was deceived and settled himself king in Macedonia he concluded a peace with Antiochus, and entered in friendship with Pyrrhus, and by these means he was far from 
Ptolemy Ceran.  any fear of foreign enemies: he mused how he might destroy his own sister Lysimachus wife and his children, who of right aught to be heirs to the crown of Macedonia: he swore that he would marry his sister, and make her children by 
Iust. lib. 24.  Lysimachus his own to inherit the kingdom: but he was no sooner within the City of Cassandria, where he should marry Arsinoe the Queen, but he commanded that both her sons, 
Tyranny rewarded with tyranny.  the elder named Lysimachus after his father's name, of sixteen years of age, and Philip three years younger than his brother, to be killed, and their mother forced to steal away by night into Samothracia: but he was well requited by Belgius, hacked and slain, and his head cut off & carried upon a spear in open sight of the Macedonians, which put them in no little fear.  
Sosthenes was proclaimed king of Macedonia, a man of great 
Sosthenes.  courage: he resisted the fury and rage of the Frenchmen, which wasted the country and spoiled the Cities, until that Brennus another captain of the Frenchmen joined with Belgius, with a hundred & fifty thousand footmen, and fifteen thousand horsemen, and easily being so many might overthrow so few. Sosthenes was feign to take a hold: for that time Brennus and Belgius spoiled Cities and Countries, rob 
Diod. lib. 18.  their temples, and had infinite treasure from the temple of Apollo. Thus the Macedonians were sore plagued, and had these two great overthrows by Belgius and Brennus, but the third overthrow fell to the Frenchmen in such extreme sort, that Brennus slew himself.  
After this the Frenchmen again invaded Macedonia, while Antigonus which was Demetrius brother reigned, where they 
Demetrius.  were vanquished & overthrown in most miserable sort: this goat to Antigonus great credit, until Pyrrhus' goat the victory of him, and forced him to take his flight. So poor Macedonia was still by one or other put to worse, Pyrrhus mocking Antigonus for his bravery to go in purple like a king appareled, being chased out of his country by him and by others, yet it was Antigonus chance to have Pyrrhus' head brought unto him by Alcioneus his own son from the siege of the city of Argos, 
Alci●…neus brought Pyrrhus' head to Antigonus.  where this great king after many victories over kings was slain at a woman's hand by throwing of a tile stone.  
When king Antiochus saw Pyrrhus' head thrown before him by his son in such contempt, he laid his staff about his sons back, calling him a cruel murderer, and an unnatural barbarous beast, and turning his eyes from the sight thereof weapt, remembering Demetrius hard fortune which was his father, and also the misery and end of the first Antigonus his grandfather: he most honourably caused his head and his body to be burned & his ashes burned. Thus thestate of princes is changed sometime in the height of good luck 
Instine lib. 25.  and favour, and sometime forsaken of their own friends.  
Antigonus having this great victory of Pyrrhus, used all clemency towards Pyrrhus' son named Helenus, sent him unto 
Plutarch in Pirrho.  his Realm of Epirus with honourable convoye, seizing all Pyrrhus camp and army, used his friends courteously, and received many of Pyrrhus soldiers & preferred them. Thus Pyrrhus who held out against three kings, Lysimachus, Demetrius, and Antigonus, beside his magnanimity and prowess showed against the Illyrians, the Sicilians, the carthaginians, and against the stout Romans, and yet never conquered. 
Hanibals words of Pyrrhus.  This Pyrrhus was preferred by Hanibals judgement to be the second soldier of the world next to the great Alexander, after whose death Greece fell to contentions, as Macodonia by Antigonus flourished but a short time: for assoon as Pyrrhus died, the Peloponesians yielded to Antigonus. Pyrrhus had a son named Alexander, who burned in fury 
Antigonus Overthrown by Pyrrhus' son Alex.  to revenge his father's death, began upon the confines of Macedonia to quarrel with Antigonus: he was no sooner returned from Greece into Macedonia, but Antigonus had both lost his kingdom and himself by a fair battle given to him by Alexander the son of Pyrrhus. Antigonus had a brother named Demetrius after his father's name a very young man, who so revenged likewise the overthrow of his brother, that he recovered not only Macedonia from Alexander, but forced him after a great overthrow to fly from his own kingdom of Epyrus: so variable is the chance of war, and so mutable the state of man, that sometime 
Fun. lib. 3. Co●…t.  they be kings and conquerors, and strait banished men.  
Now Alexander fled to Arcadia, from whence he was restored 
Alex. again was overthrown by Demet. Antigo. his brother.  to his kingdom within short space: for Demetrius after the death of his brother Antigonus, continued not long king in Macedonia: for by time Agas king of Cyrena died, and had left for his heir one daughter named Beronices, whom her father espoused to king Ptolemy's son of Egypt: but now Arsinoe king Agas her husband being dead, and also hearing that king Antigonus was dead, she made means to send for Demetrius, who came with all speed from Macedonia to Cyrena, and having a sight of Arsino's beauty, he fell more in desire of the mother then of the daughter. This Demetrius being a proud insolent young king, and giving great cause to 
Demetrius.  Beronice the young lady to hate him, he little esteeming that followed his fancy to win Arsinoe, which when it was well known to the daughter, and to many of the Court after how Demetrius used himself, Beronice and all men began mortally to malice Demetrius, and to turn their minds again towards Ptolomeus son. They hated him in such sort, 
justine lib. 26.  that snares were invented for Demetrius, and watches appointed to find him in the fault, and so it came to pass then when he was in bed with the mother, the daughter brought certain armed men into the chamber, commanded them to kill Demetrius. Beronice entered not the chamber, but stood at the door, & spoke unto them that they should spare her mother, which when Arsinoe heard after she had done what she could to save Demetrius concerning his body with her body, of force she was taken from him & he slain: thus Beronice revenged the wrongs & spite of Demetrius done against herself, and 
Demet. slain for adultery.  her mother, & after married Ptolemy's son, according to his father king Agas commandment: this was the end of king Demetrius the son of Demetrius. About this time Megasthenes 
There is Metasthenes and Megasthenes.  a Persian Chronographer wrote his histories: some call him Metasthenes: this time the Romans began to flourish in all kind of excess, as in wearing of rings & costly tires, which (as Pliny saith) were scant before this time seen in Rome: this time also was the Bible translated by the 70. interpreters into the 
Plini. lib. 33. Cap. 1.  Greek tongue.   

CHAP. FOUR  
Of the Roman wars with king Philip, and his son Perseus, the two last kings of Macedonia: of their overthrow by Paul. Aemilius, and of the overthrow of false Philip, and counterfeit Andriscus by Q. Metellus, in the last conquest of Macedonia.  
Now to return to Macedonia, after that Demetrius was slain as you heard, Philip Demetrius nephew, and son to Antigonus succeeded in Macedonia. You must 
Philip king of Macedonia.  take heed lest you be deceived in the names of divers Demetrius: for the first and the greatest was called Demetrius Antigonus, whose life Plutarch doth write at large: another Demetrius surnamed Poliorcetes, who in 
Plut in Aemil.  his time destroyed a town of Samaria which Perdiccas builded up again: and the third named Demetrius Phalerius, which 
divers Demet. Plut in Demet.  was governor of Athens under Cassander: and the fourth Demetrius Antigonus son, of whose death for adultery with Queen Arsinoe you read of before: so likewise you shall read of divers Seleucus, of divers Antiochus, and of divers Ptolemies, where I speak of the kings of Asia, Syria, and Egypt, much error may grow hereby without heed taking. Philip reigned now in Macedonia, and having no long time to rest, but at his first entry had wars by the Romans, for whom Ti. Quintus 
T. F●…minius.  Flaminius the Consul was in person to offer battle in the defence of Greece, & the rather for that Philip king of Macedon aided Hannibal against the Romans with all the force he could.  
Philip provided all things ready: a man might think that 
Livi. lib. 31.  Philip had force and power sufficient against a Consul of a city, being a king of a whole Realm: and surely so he had, had not Titus by his eloquence won all Greece against Philip, and yet before this time the Grecians bore no great good will to 
Philip refused to meet Flami. in battle.  the Romans as Plutarch affirmeth. divers times Flaminius offered battle to Philip, but still refused & by Philip avoided, fearing such hard fortune as his predecessors had: he kept the top of the mountains with his army, that when the Romans forced to get up the hills, they were received with darts, slings and shot that lighted upon them from the tops of the hills, that the Romans were sore annoyed.  
But after they found means to win the hills by the advise of Charopus, a great man of Epirus: Titus divided his army into three troops, and himself went with one of the three. Philip lost then about two thousand soldiers, the Macedonians fled, and the Romans spoilt their camp, took all that they found in their tents: Titus had some advertisement that Philip fled by Thessalia: the Consul with great modesty 
Philip fled.  did forbear the spoiling and wasting of the Country: hereby he wan many friends: Philip was most desirous to have peace with Titus, and it was offered him upon condition that he would that Greece should be at their liberty, and 
The Cities of Greece yielded to Tit.  remove his garrisons out of their City: this Philip refused, and thereupon all Greece came in, and offered themselves unto Titus without compulsion.  
Now having Greece on his side he went towards Thessaly, with great hope to overcome Philip: Titus had in his army about six and twenty thousand fight men as Plutarch writeth, king Philip on the other side had no less in number: they began to march the one towards the other near the City of Scotusa, there they determined to try the battle, where Titus gave the overthrow, and slew eight thousand 
Philip at the battle of Scotusa lost 8000.  in the field, and took five thousand prisoners in the chase: Philip was driven to entreat for peace, which was granted unto him upon the condition before offered, and taking one of Philip's sons in hostage, sent him to Rome to the Senate: for then Hannibal of Carthage, a great enemy of the Romans was overcome by Scipio Affricanus, and banished out of his Country, and comen to king Antiochus, whom he persuaded with all diligence to follow his good fortune, and the increase of his Empire.  
Hannibal sought still to find occasion to make wars with 
Hanibals persuasions to Antiochus.  the Romans, and went about to bring Antiochus to join with Philip, two mighty kings against the Romans. In the mean time Titus had commissioners sent from Rome to aid him, 
Plutarch in Tito.  and to assist him in the affairs of Greece, willing him to look to the Cities of Corinth, of Chalcides, and of Demetriade, 
Liberty proclaimed by Titus to the Greeks'.  and to make sure that they should not enter into league and alliance with Antiochus, and all the rest of Greece to set at liberty: this was done by Titus, and proclaimed by the Herald, and authorised by the Senate of Rome, that all Greece should be free from all taxes, impositions, and subsidies. After that Titus had sent Lentulus into Asia to set the Bargilians at liberty, and Titillius into Thracia, and Publius julius sent to king Antiochus to set the Grecians at liberty.  
Titus himself went to the Province of Magnesia, and from thence to Argos to set the Greeks' at liberty which were under Philip and Antiochus, from Argos returned into Rome after four years war with Philip, saving that Pu. Sulpitius had the charge against Philip the first year being then Consul of Rome before Titus' time, who for the time of his being 
Ruffi. de Mace.  in Macedonia gave two overthrows unto Philip king of Macedon, and forced him to flee in great danger of his life. But to return to Titus, who being called to Rome by the Senate, 
Tit. Flami. triumphed over king Philip●… son at Rome.  came in solemn triumph with king Philip's son before his chariot, & brought at that time (saith Plutarch) infinite treasures, and leaving Philip to pay to the Romans a thousand talents beside, and not to molest and vex the Cities of Greece, and that it was not lawful for Philip to war, or to fight out of his own kingdom, unless he should be required thereunto 
Livi. lib. 2. Decad. 4.  by the Romans.  
Thus Philip being daunted of his great courage, and much weakened in strength by the Romans, having two sons, the 
Secret envy between Philip's two sons.  one named Perseus, the other Demetrius, between them both grew secret seditions, and proceeded so in malice, that though Demetrius was in Rome in hostage with Titus as you heard, and Perseus in Macedonia with his father, accusing his brother of his secret treachery towards his father Philip and his country, that the king was in offence against Demetrius, and grew more and more by Perseus, soliciting the cause to doubt Demetrius, he could not quiet himself, until 
Demetrius poisoned.  Demetrius was had out of the way by poison (as Ruffinus sayeth) but it was not long after but Philip had knowledge of the injury he had done to his son Demetrius, by the false accusation of his son Perseus, he studied how to take revenge upon Perseus for the death of Demetrius, and saw no way unless he would leave Macedonia without a king: for then Perseus was the last of the line of Antigonus.  
Thus poor king Philip being plagued by the Romans 
Philip died.  for his kingdom, and brought to a full weariness of his life at home, by his two sons, fell to a consumption and died, afterhe had reigned king of Macedonia forty two years.  
Plutarch reciteth a history of one Antigonus surnamed Doson, that was cousin to the other Antigonus surnamed Gonates: this Antigonts Doson reigned before Philippe fifteen 
Of Antigonus the first the 2. and the 3.  years. As I told you before of the names of so many Demetrius, so now the names of so many Antigonus may trouble the reader, and therefore I will show the order of it. The first Antigonus was taken to be base brother to Alexander the great, who after Alexander's days was taken to be the greatest and mightiest of all his successors.  
This Antigonus had a son called Demetrius, of whom came this second Antigonus surnamed Gonatas: the third Antigonus surnamed Doson, and after this Antigonus reigned Philip, who died for sorrow and grief for Demetrius death.  
Now Perseus the last king of Macedonia, succeeded his father Philip king of Macedonia in the five hundred seventy 
Perseus' the last king of Macedonia.  five years of the building of Rome, and in the hundred and fifty Olympiad, at what time reigned king in Egypt Ptolomeus Philometor the sixth king: and in Syria reigned Antiochus Epiphanes the eight king, and also this time over the Parthians reigned Mithridates Arsaces, who succeeded his brother Pharnachus: this did great exploits, of whom you shall 
justine lib. 41.  read in the histories of the Parthians written by justine: in Rome Lucius Manlius and Quintus Fuluius were Consuls.  
This Perseus succeeded Philip his father, found the strength of his kingdom so great and so well provided, that he had 
The rich state of Perseus after Philip his father.  in his armory to arm thirty thousand: he had in his forts and strong places eight million bushels of corn safely locked up, and he had ready as much money as would serve to entertain ten thousand strangers in pay for ten years: this also he found ready men levied a great number, which his father had prepared for the second wars of Macedonia. Perseus' being thus furnished, took that in hand which was Philip's purpose, to war against the Romans, and he maintained wars a long time, and had in the beginning good success 
Perseus.  against the Romans, that in the first battle he made, he gave the overthrow to Pu. Lucius the Consul, and at that time 
Perseus' 1. victory against Pu. Lucius.  general for the Romans: he slew 2500. of his horsemen, and took six hundred prisoners, and beside he did suddenly set upon their army by sea, riding at anchor before the city of Oren: he took twenty of their great ships, and sunk the rest which were laden all with corn.  
Thus Perseus began very hotly with the Romans, and gave the overthrow to the first Consul: the second battle which Perseus fought was with Hostilius the second Consul and general 
Perseus' 2. victory against Hostilius.  of Rome, whom he likewise repulsed: and when that Hostilius attempted by force to invade Macedonia, Perseus offered him battle in Thessaly, and he refused him.  
Perseus seemed so proud of these two victories against the two Consuls of Rome, that he little esteemed the Romans, went and fought a battle in the mean time with the Dardanians, where he slew ten thousand of these barbarous people, and brought a marvelous great spoil away: beside this he got the Gauls that dwelled about the river of Danubie to join with him, and practised with Gentius king of the Illyrians to join also in this war with him. The Romans being of these news advertised, they thought good to send a 
Paulus Aemilius chosen Consul.  skilful soldier and a wise captain (as Paulus Aemilius was) whom the Romans chose now the second time to be their consul and captain in this second war, to whom they gave the whole charge of Macedon. Aemilius prepared an army of an hundredth thousand against Perseus, and when he had arrived into Macedon, & being advertised how Perseus lay at the foot of mount Olympus with 4000 horsemen, and with forty thousand footmen: beside he had Gentius king of the Illyrians, to whom Perseus promised thirty thousand talents to aid him against the Romans.  
Now Scipio surnamed Nasica, the adopted son of the great 
Livi. lib. 5.  Scipio the African, and Fabius Maximus, of whom Cicero said, Cunctando restituit rem, two young valiant Romans offered to take the straits, offered to do divers services: but old Aemilius having won many victories, he could stay leisure and opportunity of battle. Now Perseus having pitched his camp before the city of Pydne, where Aemilius in haste marched and met in battle. Polybius writeth this story, and saith: so soon as the battle was begun, Perseus withdrew himself and got into the city of Pydne out of the battle, under pretence to do some sacrifice unto Hercules: but Aemilius with his sword in 
The battle at Pydne.  hand lay on upon the enemies. The slaughter was so great on Perseus' side, that Plutarch saith that the river of Leucus ran 
Plutarch in Aemilio.  all bloody: the battle was so fierce on both sides, that it continued not above two hours: the victory fell to the Romans, with the loss of 25. thousand Macedonians. This victory was heard of in Rome the very day that it was won, saying that Castor and Pollux brought these news to Rome.  
In this battle I note one rare history of Mar. Cato the son 
Mar. Catces sword lost and found in the battle.  of great Cato, and son in law to Aemilius, who most valiantly fight in the midst of the Macedonians, by chance his sword fell out of his hand, the which he took so grievously that he ran to the Roman army, where he told them what had befallen unto him, praying some of his friends to help him to recover his sword: saying, that he thought more honour for him to die there, then living to suffer his enemies to enjoy any spoil of his: whereupon a number of lusty valiant soldiers rushed in strait among their enemies about the place where 
The magnanimitic and great courage of the Romans.  the sword fell: their force and fury was such, that it made a lane through the enemies, and as young raging lions with such force cleared the way in such sort, that the sword was found: this happened in the midst of the battle.  
Again in this battle of Pydne a great fear took Aemilius 
Aemilius heaviness.  after the victory: who being very late in the night, & brought to his tent with torches and links, missing his son, beholding how his soldiers after this victory decked themselves with crowns and garlands of laurel, became sad and heavy, supposing his son to be cast away, until Scipio returned from following the enemy: then Aemilius joy was doubled, but that shortly followed, which then miss. Now Perseus fled from Pydne to Pella. After this victory, Aemilius made a progress into Greece, and coming to Delphos, there he saw king Perseus' 
Perseus' image thrown down at Delphos.  image of gold set up upon a great pillar of 4. square. Aemilius commanded that image of him being conquered to be taken down, and his own image being the conqueror to be set up: thence he went to the city of Olympia to visit the temple of jupiter Olympian, & after he redelivered to the Macedonians their country and towns again to live at liberty, paying to the Romans for tribute yearly 100 talents. After, he went to Epirus, having put all things at stay in Macedonia, that the Macedonians submitted themselves to Aemilius. Aemilius sent his lieutenant by sea to take king Perseus, who fled to Samothracia, where he and his children yielded unto Cneus Octavius lieutenant to Aemilius. Of this great victory news came to Rome from Macedonia in one day, some say 4. days.  
This king Perseus was a very covetous prince, hated of his 
The misery of Perseus.  subjects, & of no man beloved, & noted to be such a coward, that Aemilius mocked him for it. This Perseus lost in 2. hours in the battle of Pydne (to the Romans great glory & praise) the fame & renown which Alexander the great had brought and won to Macedonia. Of these 2. wars of Macedonia with the 
Diod. lib. 31.  Romans, and of their last king conquered, read Livy and Appianus 
Livy lib. 4. & 5.  in that book entitled Mithridaticus. This is that Macedonia which then Alexander had augmented with these many kingdoms, Persia, Media, Armenia, Albania, Cappadocia, Iberia, Syria, Egypt, Bactria, Scythia, India, all Asia, and well-nigh all the world, now brought by Paulus Aemilius to be a province of the Romans, who in one day sold (as Ruffinus wot) 82. cities. 
82. Cities sold by Paulus Aemilius.   
Thus is the kingdom and monarchy of Alexander king over kings, trodden down by Aemilius a magistrate of a city: thus is Macedonia whose empire reached into the furthest part of the world, made a province unto Rome, which in the time of Alexander was so famous: neither the Assyrians by Ninus, neither the Chaldeans by Nabuchodonosor, neither the Medes by Darius Medus, neither the Persians by Cyrus were of such fame, as Macedonia was by Alexander. It is a true saying, Per me reges regnant, 
All kings are by God established.  etc. It was decreed above before God, how long the Chaldeans should reign before the Assyrians, the Assyrians before the Medes, the Medes before the Persians, the Persians before the Macedonians, & in like sort how long the Romans shall continued.  
This was by Daniel divinely revealed by the 4. great beasts that came up from the sea, one divers to another: the first a lion which had eagles wings: the 2. was like a bear: the 3. like a leopard: the 4. was terrible, and it devoured the rest. And Daniel in Susa in another dream (or rather a vision) saw a battle between a ram and a goat, which is Persia and Greece. I refer you to the 7. and 8. of Daniel for the interpretation of the 
Daniel 7. & 8.  same, where the text is most plainly by the prophet Daniel set down, where Daniel briefly deciphered the whole world in a short history, and laid down the ground of all the histories 
Daniel a sound warrant for the histories of three monarchies.  of the world, I mean after daniel's time, who lived and prophesied in Cyrus' time: after whom the Persians, the Grecians and the Romans flourished.  
Now to return to Aemilius, whose family (saith Plutarch) doth proceed from Numa Pompilius the 2. king of Rome, and whose divers victories over the Ligurians, Illyrians and other nations of Africa & others, might have challenged triumph in Rome without contention, which was resisted by Servius Galba, for that he was so long as four years in wars against Perseus. 
Servius Galba.  Galba, and divers others thought it dishonourable to the Romans to consume so long a time with king Perseus, sith the Romans made king Antiochus to forsake Asia, driven thence beyond mount Taurus within the borders of Syria, & before that they had overcome king Philippe in Thessaly, and delivered Greece from the bondage of the Macedonians, and had conquered Hannibal the only enemy of Rome and soldier of the world, unto whom no king or captain could be compared, and therefore not to have a triumph. But Marcus Servilius 
Mar. Servilius.  who had been a Consul, and had fought 23. combats of life and death in his own person, and had slain as many as challenged him man for man, he furthered the triumph, which was by the whole consent of the Senate & the people of Rome granted unto Aemilius: but I omit to speak of his triumph, until I set down the triumphs of the kings, consuls, and Emperors of Rome, because he is a Roman.  
Here I writ of Macedonia, of their kings and of their triumphs, who ended their government in Perseus' time, in the 153. Olympiad, after the building of Rome 586. years, and in the beginning of the 26. jubilee. At what time reigned in Syria Antiochus Epiphanes the eight king, to whom Pompilius was sent from the Senate to command Antiochus to departed Egypt, and that to answer the Romans before he should go out of a little circle which Pompilius made with his white stick which he had in his hand, either yea or no. This time Prusias king of Bythinia committed his son Nicomedes (as Livy saith) to the Romans, within short space after that king Perseus was conquered 
Perseus' overthrown the fourth of September.  by Paulus Aemilius upon the 4. of September, and that the Romans had brought Macedonia under the Empire of Rome.  
One Andrisius a mean man claimed by succession to be king after Perseus, affirming himself to be Perseus' son, and changing his name from Andrisius to be Philippe, gathered a great host, usurped the kingdom, until Lu. Tremelius came from Rome and gave him battle, in the which Andrisius was quite overthrown. And so Macedonia after the government of 36. kings (as Ruffinus saith,) but as Functius and Trogus Pompeius say, 38. kings: for from Cranaus unto Alexander the great were 23. kings, from Alexander to Perseus 15. The names of those 23. kings before Alexander, I wrote them before Alexander's reign: the other 15. are these following.  

1 Aridaeus reigned 7. years.  
2 Cassander. 18.  
3 Antipater and Alex. 4.  
4 Demetrius. 6.  
5 Pyrrhus. 7. months.  
6 Lysmachus. 5.  
7 Ptolomeus Ceraunus. 1.  
8 Meleager. 2. months.  
9 Antipater. 1.  
10 Sosthenes. 2.  
11 Antigonus Gonatus. 36.  
12 Demetrius. 10. 
The names of the kings of Macedonia after Alexander.   
13 Antigonus Dozen. 15.  
14 Philip. 2.  
15 Perseus the last king 10. years.     

OF THE FIRST WARS of the kings of Asia and of Syria with the Romans: of their succession in the wars, and of the continuance of their kingdoms after Alexander's death.  
AFter the death of Alexander the great, the world being left without a king, his 
No king lest after Alexander.  princes, nobles, and old soldiers, who did more advance the renown and fame of the Romans then the glory of Macedonia or Asia, after much blood, shedding and great cruelty every man fought for a kingdom: it came to pass as Daniel the Prophet said, that all the kingdoms of Alexander 
Daniel cap. 11.  fell between 4. princes, and were divided into four kingdoms: which was, Egypt appointed to Ptolomey the son of Lagi: Asia, to Antigonus: Persia and the East part to Seleucus Nicanor: and Macedonia unto Antipater, as you heard in the history of the kings of Macedonia.  
Now I have in hand to speak of Seleucus the great king after Alexander for after Antigonus was slain, and his son Demetrius 
Seleucus.  dead being taken captive by Seleucus, he entered into Asia and conquered from mount Taurus into jonia, which before Antigonus had under his government, and had subdued all the regions of the greater Asia, and made himself mighty and 
Diod. lib. 19  great, which was in the 14. year after Alexander's death. The jews do account the government of the Grecians in Syria, from the first year of Seleucus Nicanors reign, which in the Maccabees is observed.  
This king grew so great, that having subdued all Antigonus kingdoms, and having given Lysimachus the overthrow being of the age of 77. years, he thought no less in his mind after such great victories, but to become another Alexander, and to bring all the world under his government: for he overcame the Bactrians, and passed to the Indians, having already under his Sceptre all Asia, Persia, Syria, Babylon, with divers others. Of this Seleucus justine writeth a strange history, how his mother Laodice being married to Antiochus, seemed in 
laodice's dream.  a dream to have lain with Apollo, and to be by him with child: and of a ring, which Laodice dreamt to have of Apollo, in the stone of the same ring was an Ancre imprinted, which afterward was the cognizance of all Seleucus posterity. This ring did Laodice deliver to her son Seleucus, at that 
justin. lib. 15.  time when great Alexander took his conquest to Persia, under whom Seleucus was then a soldier: for he was but base borne, as in that history ye may read further: yet this Seleucus after that Alexander died, had grown to be the only great king of all Alexander's successors, and builded a great city, and named it Antiochia after his father's name, which was Antiochus a captain under king Philip Alexander's father.  
The elder that Seleucus waxed, the more ambitious he was: even so was Lysimachus as old as he, the one seventy 
Ambition is dangerous.  and four, and the other seventy and seven, and yet both given to seek more kingdoms: and at last seeking one to conquer the other, (as it came to pass after many battles) Lysimachus was overthrown and slain by Seleucus. Of this great victory he waxed so proud, that he forgot the frailness of fortune, and the inconstancy of time, not thinking that his death should be within seven months after: for Ptolomeus surnamed Cerainon, whose sister Lysimachus had married, revenged the death of his brother in law. This battle between Lysimachus and Seleucus was the last battle of all those that served Alexander in his conquest: for as Lysimachus overthrew Pyrrhus, so Seleucus overthrew Lysimachus, and now Ptolomeus 
Seleucus' slain.  overthrew Seleucus, and that (as I said before) within seven months after Lysimachus overthrow. But justine saith Seleucus was slain by snares and falsehood.  
By this time died the most part of those that were Alexander's 
Melanct. chron. 2.  princes, and in his journeys with him chief captains, as Perdicca, Craterus, Emmenis, Antigonus, Antipater, Cassander and his two sons. Polybius saith, that Ptolomeus the son of Lagi, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and Ptolomey Cerainon, died in the hundredth twenty and four Olympiad, which was after Alexander's the great ten Olympiads, which is forty years: for he died in the hundredth and fourteen Olympiad. All writers do agree of this Olympiad: for the Greeks' counted their 
The cry oftrue Chronicles upon the Olympiads.  years from Alexander's death forward: for before Alexander's time the Greeks' histories erred much, and specially by their Olympiads which made Chronographers to err: for all chronicles cry out upon the Olympiads.  
Seleucus after he had gotten so great fame, that all Asia and Syria obeyed him, he began to build towns and cities, as 
Functius.  Antioch, Laodicea, Seleucia, Apamia, Edissa, Berovea, and Pellum, and brought the jews to inhabit these cities: he gave them equal laws and ordinances, together with the Grecians, to live and to enjoy their liberty thereby: and after he reigned one and thirty years he died.  
After him succeeded Antiochus Soter the second king of Syria: 
Melanct●… 2. Chron.  he reigned 19 years: after whom succeeded Antiochus, surnamed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. This king played his part, he was the cause of all the wars between the Egyptians and Syrians: he had great spite unto Philadelphus the king of Egypt, wasted 
The praise of Philadelphus.  and spoiled much of his country: this king Philadelphus was addicted more to peace then to war, more given to his books then to brawls: he took greater care to furnish Egypt with the laws and ordinances of the jews, then to provide preparations against Antiochus, and therefore to avoid war (whereby he might finish many good things which he took 
Antiochus' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the third king of Syria.  in hand, and specially the translation of the Bible from the Hebrew unto the Greek tongue by 70. grave, wise, and learned men) for that cause he gave his daughter Berenice's in marriage to Antiochus. This king Antiochus had before married Laodices, by whom he had two sons: the elder named Seleucus surnamed 
Functius lib. 3. Comment.  Gallinicus, and the younger Antiochus surnamed jerax. The mother of these two was divorced for a time from king Antiochus.  
Now after he had married Berenice's, he lived in quiet and in 
The tyranny of Laodices.  favour with his father in law Philadelphus as long as he lived: but when Philadelphus died, he called Laodices his first wife again, and turned Berenice's aside for a time. Laodice's being returned unto her husband, devised a way to kill Berenice's Philadelphus' daughter: but first she imagined to requite her husband's courtesy, for calling her home: and fearing he would do the like again, she gave him a cup of drink and dispatched him quite: then she called both her sons, and made them with speed (only to feed her fury) to put Berenice's out of the way. Hence grew the cause of all the wars (as I 
The cause of the Syrian wars.  said) between the kings of Egypt and the kings of Syria: and not only between those, but also poor judea was so beaten and afflicted between these, as they often times made a spoil of jerusalem, of the temple, and of God's flock. Of this Daniel spoke, that Berenice the king's daughter of the South should be 
Daniel 11.  matched with the king of the North, which was Antiochus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 king of Syria, which is in the North in respect of jerusalem, for that the Prophet gave the situation of that place to be between the South and the North.  
When Philadelphus died and his son Ptolomey Euergetes succeeded, he thought to revenge the murdering of his sister, and made a great army ready to give battle to Seleucus, and took from him the most part of Syria, wasting and spoiling 
Sedition and great mutiny in Egypt.  all Asia beside: and hearing of sedition and mutiny in Egypt his own kingdom, he returned having done great harm to Seleucus, to answer those which rebelled in Egypt. In the mean season Seleucus thought not only to recover his loss by Ptol. Euergetes, but also to requite him with the like. After this little stay, Seleucus came with a number of navies, and thought 
Diod. lib. 18.  to have again those towns and cities which he lost to Ptolomey: but a sudden tempest overwhelmed that enterprise, and left nothing to Seleucus of all his preparation, but nudum corpus & spiritum, himself with few others from shipwreck: he stayed by these repulses, and could not revenge the wrong he had by Ptolomey, until he saw his time convenient, at which time (as a man borne to be overthrown) he fled from the battle with loss and shame to Antioch, and from thence he sent for aid to his brother Antiochus to Silicia.  
Ptolomey understanding of Antiochus aid, he presently concluded 
Peace between Seleucus and Ptolomey.  a peace between Seleucus and himself for 10. years. Antiochus perceived how the matter went, and where he came to aid his brother, he now turneth his force and power against his brother: and having many of the Celtes (which were Frenchmen) his hired soldiers, over whom Brennus had the charge, (not Brennus that sacked Rome, for he was before 108. years, but 
Brennus.  he gave the overthrow to his brother Seleucus,) he was met again with Eumenes' king of Bythinia, who saw a platform laid before his face to possess Asia, if these two brethren might be conquered: and therefore Seleucus being overthrown by his brother Antiochus, Eumenes again overthrew Antiochus, 
Eumenes overthrew Antiochus.  and drove him out of Asia even to flee to Ptolomey, where he was claptin prison, from whom he secretly stolen away, and fled, but being taken by thieves was slain. About that very season, his brother Seleucus by a fall he had from his horse, lost both his life and kingdom, after he had reigned king of Asia and Syria 20. years: and so these two brethren by discord lost both Syria and Asia. After this Seleucus came & succeeded his son Seleucus Ceraunos' the 5. king of Asia and Syria: he, after he had 
Seleucus Ceraunos' the 5. king of Asia and Syria.  reigned 3. years, was slain by one of his own noblemen named Nicanor. Then followed Antiochus surnamed the great, the 6. king of Syria, who indeed was so great, that he wan to his kingdom more than any of his predecessors: and having 
Antiochus the great the sixth king of Syria.  long wars in Egypt, with Ptolemy Philopater, by him for all his greatness he had an overthrow or two. But this Philopater died, and left behind him a young son, whom he committed for the safeguard of his kingdom, to the Romans, commending both his son in his minority, & his kingdom into the fidelity of the Senators: for all kings in their distress fled unto the Romans, as to a sanctuary of refuge.  
Now Antiochus the great in his mind contemned the Romans, 
jeseph. lib. 7. cap. 27.  & made wars in Egypt upon this young king: to whom the Senators sent Ambassadors, commanding him to avoid Egypt, & not to war upon the young king, whom the Senators of Rome took to their tuition. Antiochus esteemed not much the threatening of the Senators, but rather despised the messengers, making his army ready against the Romans, having by this time Hannibal, who by Scipio Affricanus was overthrown at the battle of Zama, which was the last overthrow of Hannibal: for the carthaginians had lost Sicilia, Sardania, & Spain, and 
Hannibal fled to Antioch.  Hannibal was driven out of Italy to Africa, and from Africa to Asia unto king Antiochus, where he was with great courtesy received.  
By this time the Senate had intelligence, that Nabis the tyrant 
Nabis the tyrant.  had invaded divers countries of Greece, & subdued many cities, and therefore they wrote unto Titus Flaminius, that Greece should be set at liberty from Nabis, as Macedonia was from Philip. The greatness of the Romans was such, that they thought to execute all wars by their commandment: yet the name of Hannibal carried great reputation with all men, 
Hanibals name.  and specially with the Romans, who had for 16. years well tried his valour. Antiochus at the first made much account of Hannibal: for had he followed Hannibal's advise in his wars against the Romans afterward, as he did at the first, Antiochus 
justin. lib. 31.  had done far better: for Hanibals counsel was, that Antiochus should make war with the Romans in Italy: for (said he) Italians must overcome Italy, and Romans must conquer Rome. Hannibal hated the Romans, and therefore he studied 
Hannibal hated the Romans.  how to set forward Antiochus, and persuaded Antiochus, (who trusted still in peace) that as the Romans had gotten the most part of Europe and Africa, so would they not give over until they would get Asia if they might. The authority and credit 
Melanct. chron. 2.  of Hannibal made Antiochus so to yield, that Hannibal himself was sent to Syria to levy a great number of ships, & he was made general of Antiochus army by sea, together with one Apollonius. This battle by sea had no good success: the victory fell to the Romans: Apollonius fled, and (as Plutarch saith) we find that Hannibal did nothing worth the memory. After this battle, assoon as Antiochus was overcome by the Romans, Hannibal fearing he should be delivered to the Romans, fled to Prusias king of Bythinia, at whose hands he was required again by Tit. Flaminius.  
Now king Antiochus having lost 50. thousand footmen and 
Antiochus desireth peace of the Romans.  4000 horsemen, was forced to desire peace, which the Senate granted him, upon conditions that he should avoid forth of Europe and Asia, and meddle no further but within the precinct of Taurus: and also that he should pay to the Romans ten 
joseph, lib. 7. cap. 27. de bell. judaic.  thousand talents, and 30. pledges for the assurance of his provinces: and lastly that he should deliver Hannibal, who had been the only procurer of the battle. These conditions being performed by Antiochus, the Senate gave all those cities of Asia which Antiochus had lost, to Eumenes' king Atalus brother: 
Eutrop. lib. 4.  they gave also to the Rhodians divers other cities, for that they had assisted the Romans against Antiochus.  
After this great victory, Lucius Cornelius Scipio returned to Rome, and with great glory triumphed, and then obtained the like name in Asia as his brother had before in Africa, which was, to be called Scipio Asiaticus, for that he conquered Antiochus 
Scipio Asiaticus.  the great at Magnesia, & had driven him out of Asia, even as his father the elder Scipio was called for subduing of Hannibal, and the driving out of Hannibal of Africa, Scipio Affricanus. All this while the jews were so much troubled between the kings of Egypt and the kings of Syria, that they found that same true: but specially by the king of Syria, and therefore the jews rather did join their force to the Egyptians against the kings of Syria: for while Antiochus held wars with the Romans, Scopas king Ptolomey Epiphanes general was in Coelosyria, possessed Samaria & other cities of judea, and molested the jews at that 
joseph. lib. 12. cap. 3.  time much, until Antiochus overthrew Scopas at the flood jordan, destroyed his army, got those cities which Scopas had, and entered into jerusalem, where he was fully pleased with rewards, and satisfied with money, with whom they had peace: for judea (as I said before) had peace and quietness from Alexander the great, until Antiochus the great, which was 100 years and odd.  
About this time 3. notable triumphs were at Rome: the one by Scipio forth of Africa, before whose chariot Asdrubal was 
Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.  led: the other by Metellus forth of Macedonia, before whose 
3. Triumphs at Rome.  chariot Andriscus was led: this was that false named and counterfeited Philip: the third triumph was by Metellus surnamed Mummius over the Corinthians, before whom were carried the brazen ensigns and painted tables and other sumptuous ornaments of that famous city.  

CHAP. II.  
Of that wicked and most blasphemous king Antiochus Epiphanes son to Antiochus the great, and the type of Antichrist: of his usurpation and tyranny of the kingdom: of his sacking and cruelty in jerusalem: of his bloody wars, and persecutions of Christians.  
During the wars of Antiochus the great with the Romans, civil wars began in Greece again between the Athenians and the Aetolians. Of these wars read Polybius and Plutarch in the life of Philopomen. Likewise Mithridates king of Parthia waged battle with the Sinopians. About this time Syphax king of Numidia was after sundry battles by Masinissa 
Polib. lib. 4.  overthrown and driven out of his kingdom. This time Pharnaces the fourth king of Parthia conquered those people called Mardi, astoute nation, as justine saith. In the time of Antiochus the great, there happened in one year 57 earthquakes, insomuch that Rhodes and Caria were so shaken thereby, that the huge idol of Phoebus (called Colossus solis) fell.  
In these days an infant was borne having a head like a sow, and many other monstrous things fell in the time of Antiochus as Livi reporteth. Eratosthenes the philosopher flourished in this time. The Romans were so strong in these days, as Carthage, 
Livius lib. 3.  Numidia, and all Africa were subdued: Greece, Macedonia, Pontus, and all Asia were conquered: all kings of the world almost came then to Rome, to see the majesty of the Romans, to behold their triumphs, and to offer themselves in service. The end of this great king was to be slain by rude country people, as he would rob the temple of Belus: he that thought to conquer the stout Romans, was conquered by silly and simple men of Syria: he that brought all Greece and Asia under his beck, had this his death by his rashness and folly, and as 
Antiocus is slain.  Melancthon saith of Antiochus, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Of an ill beginning proceedeth an ill ending.  
When this Antiochus so was killed, he left behind him 3. sons, and one daughter married to Ptolomey, of whom Philometor was borne: his sons were named in this sort: Seleucus 
Seleucus Philopater the seventh king of Syria.  surnamed Philopater was the eldest, who reigned 12. years: of whom we read nothing worth the memory, a man given to all vices, to all idleness, lust, wickedness, and polling of his subjects. This history is only written in the Macabees, where Simon uttereth what treasure was in the temple, and how Heliodorus was sent by the king to take them away: but he was stricken of God, and had the repulse with such terrible sights 
Heliodorus punishment.  and strokes, that Heliodorus wished death rather than life, until the high Priest Onias prayed for him. Of this Seleucus Daniel said, In loco Antiochi stabit vilis questor, etc. for there was nothing left unspoken by Daniel before hand, which should happen afterward. This Seleucus began to reign after his father in the 125. year of the Grecians reign in Syria, after the building of Rome 566.  
After this Seleucus died, Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes, the second son of Antiochus the great, being a pledge then in 
Antiochus Epiphanes.  Rome with Demetrius, hearing that his father was dead, he secretly fled from Rome, and came with all force unto Syria, usurped the kingdom, and drove Seleucus son out of his country: this began his government in the 130. year after Alexander the great his death. Polybius affirmeth this man to be such, as no wickedness escaped him, crafty and subtle, furious and full of all mischief, and of the best writers named the type of Antichrist. Of the fury of this Antiochus, and of other kings of Syria, Daniel doth fully describe them, and doth foreshow their tyranny against judea. Read the 11. of Daniel, where he prophesieth against the kings of Syria, together with the Persians, Grecians, Egyptians and Romans, how all these should afflict judea.  
This Antiochus in the beginning of his reign, beingfully 
Antiochus Epiphanes the 8. king of Syria.  acquainted with the Romans power, having been so long in Rome a pledge for his father, dissembled with the Senators, and bore himself a friend unto the Romans for fear more than for love: after that he had filled jerusalem with blood, and 
joseph. lib. 1. & cap. 1. de be●…ud.  had killed Onias the high priest, a holy & godly man, he took money of jason which was Onias' brother, and made him high priest, who received Antiochus with all reverence & duty into jerusalem, who slew the best citizens, spoiled the town, and rob the temple: this was his first voyage to jerusalem: the high priest jason which Antiochus had made, played the tyrant's 
Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.  part, slew his own citizens, and made havoc in jerusalem of his own countrymen, friends and kinsmen: but this king and this priest had the like reward by God appointed, shame and confusion. Read the Maccabees, and you shall have the history before you, that jason, after he had wandered from city 
Machab. 2. cap. 5.  to city like a vagabond, hated of all people, and beloved of none, being banished from jerusalem, died most miserably in Arabia, being accused before the king than named Areta. Some writ that he fled from Arabia to Egypt.  
But I will return to that cruel monster king Antiochus, who after he had dissembled with the Romans, pretended care and government over the young Philometor king of Egypt, being his sister's son: for Cleopatra the daughter of Antiochus the great, was married to Epiphanes, who had given her for her 
Cleopatra married to Epiphanes.  dowry Coelosyria, Samaria, judea, and Phenicia, by whom this Philometor was gotten.  
This young king being yet in his minority and tender of years, and by his father (when he died) committed to the fidelity of the Senators of Rome, whom he made tutors over his son Antiochus: Epiphanes claiming some title to oversee 
Philometor Cleopatra's son by Ptolomey Epiphanes.  the young king his nephew, led an army from Syria unto Egypt, under pretence of love & care towards his nephew the young king: but he more thirsted for the kingdom than he esteemed the king: he laid garrisons in Memphis, and filled all the cities of Egypt with soldiers, specially Pelusium, and other strong cities. 
Functius lib. 3. Comment.  Philometor misdouted these endeavours of Antiochus, and so suspecting his uncle to be one that weighed more the kingdom than the king, he fled to his younger brother to Alexandria, sent to the Romans for aid against Antiochus: who perceiving that they were put in trust to have some care of this king by his father's last will and testament to them committed, they determined to send Popilius from the Senators, to command Antiochus as his father before him was commanded to departed out of Egypt, and to suffer king Philometor to enjoy his kingdom quietly.  
While this Roman ambassador was preparing to come, Antiochus hasted his purpose in following fast at the heels of Philometor, which was the elder brother, & therefore by succession king of Egypt: he shipped in Cyprus, and from thence to Coelosyria, thence to Egypt, and so passing over Nilus, to Leusnies a city not far from Alexandria: where the Roman ambassador 
Popilius was sent to Antioch.  Popilius met him, and delivered the mind of the Senators in writing to him: which being read, he paused, and said that he would consider further, and consult with his friends to answer the Senators. Popilius having a white stick in his hand, made 
justin. 34.  around circle about king Antiochus saying, Answer the Romans 
Popilius words to Antiochus.  before thou go out of this circle, that I may declare to the Senators thy words.  
Antiochus was so amazed at the stout words of Pompilius, that 
Tit. Livius lib. 5. Decad. 5.  he was constrained to say, I will do that which the Senators would have me to do. And so he was forced in great fury to departed out of of Egypt, but he revenged his wrath upon the poor jews: he so plagued judea with spoil and slaughter, and caused them to forsake their true and ancient religion which they had from Moses: he burned the books of Moses, 
The tyranny of Antiochus.  and of the Prophets: he made the idol of jupiter Olympus to be set up and to be worshipped, and commanded all idolatry and wickedness to be had in jerusalem in reverence. This proud king entered into the temple of Solomon, after he had made such a slaughter of young and old, of women and children, that within three days 80. thousand were slain, and 40. thousand taken prisoners.  
Menelaus the traitor, the high priest, a murderer before 
Machab. 2. cap. 5.  of Onias, and now a traitor to his country, brought Antiochus into the city, guided him from place to place, that after he had taken 800. talents away from the temple, he gate him away to Antiochia, thinking in his pride to make men sail upon the dry land, and to walk upon the sea. The filthiness and abomination of this beast is set forth in the Macabees in the second book the fift and sixth chapters, from the beginning unto the end.  
This was the second coming of Antiochus to judea and to jerusalem, in the eight year of his reign, two years after his first being in jerusalem: whose coming, and whose doings were by the Prophet Daniel before spoken: for he said, 
Daniel cap. 8.  that this tyrant should continue 3500. days in wasting and spoiling of judea, in profaning the temple, in killing and murdering of God's people. The number of these days are six years and six months: so long endured this wolf. 
joseph. lib. de antiquit. 12. cap. 13.  After this, Habuit mercedem, God rewarded him: for he died in such torments, that his bowels were eaten with worms, and himself brought in such misery, that he died according as he lived, after he had reigned twelve years. During his time, the wars continued in Macedonia between Perseus the last king, and Titus Aemilius the Consul, and at length the conqueror of Perseus. Prusias king of Bythinia came with his son Nicomedes to Rome, where he commended his son to the Senators. About this time Terentius flourished.  
Now when Antiochus surnamed Eupator had entered in his 
Antihchus Eupator.  father's seat, in the 150. year of the Greeks' being in Syria, and in the beginning of the 26. jubilee, he followed his father's steps, came with an army to jerusalem, and besieged the castle of Zion: but while he laid siege, his general Lysias told him that his kingdom was invaded by the enemies. Then he concluded peace with judea, and returned in all haste into Syria, 
Demetrius Soter the 9 king.  brought Menelaus that wicked and cruel high priest with him, who after much mischiefs done, died at Beroea, a town of Syria. Antiochus had not reigned but one year, but Demetrius Soter fled from Rome where he had been a pledge, during the whole government of his brother Antiochus Epiphanes, which was twelve years, and during some years of his grandfather Antiochus the great: he came to Syria, entered the City of Tyrus, where his soldiers apprehended both the king and his general Lysias, whom Demetrius commanded 
joseph. lib. 13. cap. 4.  to be killed, before he should see them, though Eupator was his sister's son.  
This Eupator ended his life, after he had reigned but two years. In the mean time, Onias the son of Onias the high priest, which was also slain by Menelaus who succeeded him: this Onias being of the jews surnamed the just, lamenting 
Esai. cap. 19  much the miserable estate of judea, fled into Egypt to king Pto. Philometor: and having licence of the king, he builded a temple in the city of Heliopolis, to the likeness of the temple in jerusalem, according to the saying of Esai, In that day shall the altar of the Lord be in the midst of the land of Egypt: and the Lord shallbe known of the Egyptians, and the Egyptians shall know the Lord. In that day Assur shall come to Egypt, and Egypt into Assur.  
This Demetrius sent Alcimus against judas Machabeus, who 
Alcimus sent by Demetrius to jerusalem.  by flattery entered into jerusalem, and slew three score of the chief and greatest men of the city, & after gathered a number of wicked persons together, who did much harm in judea: to whom king Demetrius sent Nicanor with an host of 
Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.  soldiers to aid Alcimus. This Nicanor blasphemed God, profaned the temple, threatened the jews, and came to Bethoron, where judas Machabeus gave him battle and overthrew him.  
This Demetrius was no less cruel to the jews, then either his father or his brother were before him: he played the bear, until Alexander Epiphanes, Antiochus Eupators son came to the City of Ptolomais. justine saith, that this Alexander was a base man borne, named Prompalus, and that he was 
Alex. otherways Prompalus.  made by others to take this name upon him, and to say that he was Antiochus son. Atalus king of Asia, Ptolemy Philometor king of Egypt, and Ariarathes king of Capadocia, counseled Prompalus to invade Demetrius' kingdom, which was done, and a battle given, in the which Demetrius was slain, after 
Demet. slain by Alex. otherways Prompalus.  he had reigned ten years.  
Now after Alexander had the victory of Demetrius, he claimed to be the king of Syria by succession, feigning himself to be Antiochus' Eupators son: he married Cleopatra king Philometors daughter of Egypt: the marriage was celebrated in the City of Ptolemais. This Alexander was not aided by these kings for any great affection they bore him, but for the hatred they had towards Demetrius, who was so ambitious, proud, and cruel in the beginning of his reign, that these three kings, of Egypt, of Asia, and Arabia, had sustained loss and harm before Demetrius was overthrown by Alexander: he had two sons, whom he sent with great treasures to a 
justine lib. 35.  friend of his named Gindius, to avoid the danger of the wars: the elder of them was named Demetrius after his father's name, who hearing of his father's death and of the riot and lust of this Alexander, a man given to all vices and wickedness, came into Syria being aided by the king of Crete, and possessed certain Cities in Syria: he appointed his general one Appolonius, who too much trusting his own force and 
Apollonius Demet. general slain.  courage, was in the first battle by jonathas overthrown.  
Ptolemy within a short time came with a great army to see▪ his son in law in Syria: to whom all the cities opened their 
Funct. lib. 3. Coment.  gates to welcome their king of Egypt, they rather thinking that he came to make peace between Demetrius and Alexander: but Ptolemy imagined how he might deceive them both for a kingdom: he placed his soldiers in divers Cities of Syria: and because Alexander was then in Cicilia, he took occasion to offer him wars by taking his daughter away from him, whom he gave in marriage again to Demetrius.  
Alexander hearing that his wife was taken from him, and married to Demetrius his mortal enemy, summoned his father in law to battle, wherein he had the overthrow, and 
joseph. lib. 13. Cap. 8.  was forced to fly to Arabia where Alexander was taken and slain, and his head sent by the king of Arabia to Egypt to king Ptolemy. Thus was Prompalus (otherways named Alexander) thrown down from the throne of his kingdom, deceived 
Alex. head sent from Arabia to Egypt.  by fortune, and revenged by justice. This reward he had, to feign himself Antiochus' son, and falsely to alter his name from Prompalus unto Alexander, that Ptolemy who aided him to the kingdom and gave his daughter in marriage to him, the same Ptolemy drove him out of the kingdom, and had both his head and his crown given him. But Philometor enjoyed not long these great honours: for within three days after he had received Alexander's head, Ptolemy died: so long he 
Ptolo. died.  ware the crown of Syria. When the Syrians heard that Alexander was dead in Arabia, and Ptolemy dead in Egypt, they slew all the soldiers of Ptolemy which were left in garrisons in the Cities of Syria, and received Demetrius Nicanor to be their king, which was Demetrius soter's son. Now when Demetrius 
Demetrius Nicanor.  had recovered his kingdom again, he fell in short time in as great contempt with all men for his slothfulness, as his father before him was for pride: and to avoid that fault, he waged wars with the Parthians, to whom he gave two several overthrows by the aid of the Bactrians, and the Persians: 
Demet. taken prisoner.  but afterward he was taken, and sent prisoner into Hyrcania to Arsaces' king of Persia.  
While Demetrius was in these wars, jonathas the high 
jonathas the high priest slain.  priest was by deceit slain by Trypho: also he slew young Antiochus, over whom he was tutor, and reigned three years king in Syria. Cleopatra Demetrius wife fearing the tyranny of this Trypho, and knowing her husband to be captive in Hyrcania, she married Antiochus Soter her husband's brother, she being then in the city of Seleucia. Antiochus levied an army, came to Syria, pursued Trypho, from whom revolted all his soldiers, and he himself fled. Antiochus possessed Syria quietly: and calling to mind the pride of his father, & the slothfulness 
Antiochus Soter.  of his brother, for which faults they were both hated of their subjects, he used great diligence and fair means to win those cities which had revolted from his brother: yet according to his predecessors the kings of Syria, he began shortly after this good mind to molest judea: he besieged Hircanus the high priest in jerusalem, but he took money, and removed his siege.  
In the twelfth of his reign, Antiochus began to war against Phrahartes king of the Parthians, levied an army of eighty thousand men. Phrahartes had Demetrius the brother of Antiochus in custody with him, to whom his father Arsaces 
The king of Parthia overthrown.  had promised him before he died to restore him to his kingdom, and thereupon gave his daughter in marriage. The king of Parthia was overthrown and driven to slight in two or three battles, leaving all Parthia wasted and spoiled by Antiochus. In the mean time Demetrius was sent by Phrahartes to his kingdom, while Antiochus was absent from Syria.  
In this wars of Parthia Antiochus came to Babylon, where 
Antiochus against the Parthians.  many kings gave him the meeting: for he waxed great and strong: and there hearing that his brother Demetrius was comen to Syria from Parthia, and was received again to his kingdom, he made haste to return with his soldiers to Syria: but Phrahartes had prepared an army upon the way to meet him, and to give him battle, where Antiochus 
justine lib. 38.  was slain.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the last destruction of Asia and Syria, through their civil dissension and long wars one with another, the only cause of their bondage afterward to the Romans, under whom they lived as subjects, and all Asia and Syria made Provinces under Rome.  
WHen the king of Parthia had the victory, he much repent him that he let lose Demetrius, but he could not help it. When Demetrius had been from his kingdom 
Funct. lib 3. Comment.  thirteen years captive, but with great honour (for that he married Arsase's daughter king of Parthia) his return to Syria was in the six hundred twenty seven year after the building of Rome, and he reigned afterward four years: for in the fourth year after his return from Parthia, where he had been thirteen years captive, he levied an army against Hircanus: but Demetrius wonted and intolerable pride was such, that the Syrians by no means could abide him, and therefore they sent to Egypt to king Ptolemy, that he would appoint them a king of the blood and house of Seleucus. Such 
Egypt too much trusted by the Syrians.  were the manners of the Syrians, that upon any broil or diffidence they had in their king, the kings of Egypt should be their shield and defend them, and by that means only divers kings of Egypt became kings of Syria.  
The people of Syria having sent to Egypt, Ptolemy prepared Alexander Zebenna with a great host against Demetrius, from 
Alexander Zebenna.  whom most of his subjects revolted, and therefore the easier to be vanquished, as it came to pass in the very first battle, between him and Zebenna. This Zebenna was one Protarchus son, a mean man, and such a one as Prompalus was, of whom you read before. These false policies and crafty devices are 
Funct. lib. 3. Coment. justine lib. 39  always in courts about kings and princes: as in Macedonia a false Philip, and after him again a feigned Perseus: so in Syria a false Prompalus, and after him a false Zebenna, of whom read the fable in justine and in Functius.  
When this Alexander Zebenna had overcome Demetrius, he enjoyed the kingdom of Syria two years quietly: but shortly 
Zebenna enjoyed Syria.  he waxed so proud and arrogant, that he little esteemed king Ptolemy, who only made him king in Syria. Ptolemy hearing of these news, reconciled himself first to his sister Cleopatra, who had been married to both the brethren Antiochus and Demetrius kings of Syria, and strait after sent an army to aid Gryphus, who was by his mother appointed king, which gave battle to Zebenna, & overthrew him, and forced him to flee to Antioch, 
Gryphus overthrew Zebenna.  where for want of money to pay his soldiers, he rob the temple of jupiter: from thence he was driven by the country to take his flight. Again, his soldiers forsook him, and left him: he was taken and brought to Griphus, and by commandment slain.  
Now Griphus having obtained his father's kingdom, 
Zebenna slain.  doubted nothing of his mother Cleopatra's treason being busy in other affairs of his kingdom, until he was made acquainted with his mother's intent, of whom he had some trial both towards his father, whom she betrayed being her husband, & his brother whom also she slew being her own son: her ambitions & impiety was so found, that when she offered a cup of drink to her son the king, she was commanded to drink the same herself, and so the poison with the which she thought to poison her son, was made to be her own draft and her own death. After this, Griphus reigned 
Cleopatra by her own drink poisoned.  king in Syria eight years very quiet, before Cizicoenus his brother began to war: he was his brother by the mother side, borne by his uncle Antiochus Sedetes: while the state of Syria was thus afflicted with continual wars between brethren and brethren's children, Ptolomeus Physcon died, who left behind him the kingdom to his wife and to his son, of whom I have entreated in the history of Egypt. But now the civil wars being in Syria between Antiochus Griphus, Demetrius 
Brethren and cousin germans.  Nicanors son and Antiochus Cizicenus Antiochus Sedetes son, though they were brethren by the mother's side, & cousin germans by the fathers, yet their ambition was such to the kingdom of Syria, that they forgot fraternity in blood, & 
joseph lib. 13 antiq cap. 21.  fell to strokes, one persecuting the other with continual wars & sundry battles, until at length Antiochus Griphus was slain by 
Antiochus Griphus slain.  the treachery of Herodianus in the 662. year after the building of Rome, in the 29. year of his reign. I remember a history in Dionysius Halicarnassaeus, in the which history Rome is much commended 
Dioni. Halicr lib. 2.  in respect of other countries, as Persia, Greece, Maccdonia, Syria & Asia, kingdoms of civil wars, the very cause of their ruin: but in Rome no civil war was known, no mutiny, no discord was seen for 620. years, from the time of Romulus the first king of Rome, until the time of Tiberius Gracchus, which was the first that died in an uproar which he himself began.  
But while these civil wars endured in Syria, Masinissa king of Numidia was occupied in Africa, having great wars between the carthaginians & the Numidians. Aristonicus also the son of Attalus king of Pergamus, & brother to that valiant king Eumenes, invaded Asia as his own kingdom fallen to him by succession of his father. At that time reigned in Bythinia Nicomedes, & in Pontus Mithridates, the son of that great Mithridates, who held wars with the Romans of a long time. 
joseph. lib. 13. cap. 8.   
About this time began the sects of people in judea, the Pharises, the Saducees, and Esseni: Of these josephus writeth: beside, 
Esseni were as the Scribes among the jews. Mysipsa.  we read of them in the new Testament. In the time of Antiochus Griphus, Mecypsa king of Numidia died, who left 3. sons behind him named Adherbalis, Hiempsalis, & jugurtha: of this Sallust maketh mention in the wars of jugurth, which war happened in this time of Griphus: for Marius the Roman Consul about this time triumphed over jugurth. Pompey the great was borne about the time of that triumph, & Lucretius the Poet also.  
But I will come to Syria, where after king Antiochus was slain, his son Seleucus succeeded him: this prepared to revenge his father upon his uncle, gathered his force, & gave him battle, and slew his uncle Antiochus Cizicoenus, whose son 
Antiochus' slain.  revenged upon his cousin his father's death: he gave him battle, overthrew him, drove him out of Syria to Cicilia, where he was burned in his own house, and all his friends with him.  
Scant was this mischief done, but strait another followed: Seleucus brother named Antiochus followed fast Cizioenus son, and slew him with all his army. Then Philip the third brother of Seleucus took much of the king's treasure, and went privately and dwelled in a part of Syria, until that Ptolemy, who by his own mother before that time was expelled out of Egypt, though afterward he was received king again in the 663. year after the building of Rome. This I say brought the 
Nothing in Syria but blood.  fourth brother of Seleucus named Demetrius Eucerus to Damascus, where he was crowned king, who joined with Philip, overthrew Antiochus their brother, and the eldest after Seleucus.  
This murdering one another in Syria, with such tyranny and bloody treason between brethren and brethren's children, that all the kings of Syria even from Antiochus Epiphanes the eight king of Syria until Philip the seventeenth king, no foreign enemies needed to invade Asia, but one king destroyed an other by civil wars. About this time Cneus Pompeius father to the great Pomp, subdued the Picents and the Marsies, and Silla overcame the Samnites. Between this Silla and Marius began a great quarrel about the wars of Mithridates: 
Silla and Marius two great enemies of Rome.  these two, though they did much good to their Country, and were equal to the best, yet they passed all men in offence and harm towards Rome, so that they only were the two fire brands of Italy.  
Mithridates' king of Pontus invaded Asia, objected himself against the Romans: but Silla who at that time triumphed over all the countries and almost over Rome, stayed Mithridates. Lucullus waged wars this time with the Parthians: Nicomedes king of Bithynia in those days died, and made the Romans his heir, as Attalus king of Asia did Mithridates. Now Philip and Demetrius two brethren reigned the last kings of Syria of the blood of Seleucus, which reigned not long: for Demetrius went against Alexander king of the jews, by whom he and his company 
Demet. overthrown by Alex. king of judea.  were vanquished and driven out of judea. Demetrius being thus expulsed, gathered those scattered soldiers, which Alexander king of judea dispersed, and laid siege to the city of Berea where his brother Philip lay, where Demetrius was taken by the Parthians & sent to Parthia to be kept as a prisoner, where 
Demetrius taken by the Parthians.  he died. After that Demetrius was sent to Parthia, Philip came out of Beroea, & entered into Antioch, and obtained the whole kingdom of Syria into his own hand: but he was shortly vanquished & overthrown by Gabinius the Roman. The Syrians were compelled by this civil war to commit themselves to foreign kings, to avoid the tyranny which long endured between the kings of Syria, so that both the kings & the kingdom of Syria were at the last breath, some willing to call Mithridates' king of Pontus, some Ptolemy king of Egypt, and some Tygranes 
The kings of Syria brought to extremity.  king of Armenia. At length they made a choice of Tygranes to be their king, the rather for the society of the Parthians, & the affinity of Pontus, which were the next kingdoms unto Armenia.  
While these brethren Philip & Demet. were at variance, such an earthquake was in Syria, that 170000. men perished thereby, & many cities laid prostrate to the ground. Tygranes governed 
Tygranes reigned 18 years king of Syria.  the Syrians 18. years quietly without any war or business, though in deed divers there were that hoped for a day, specially Antiochus Cizicoenus, which all this time lay close in Cicilia. Tygranes had thought to subdue Palestina, and so after some leisure to war upon juda: but hearing that Lu. Lucullus after that Mithridates was by the said Lucullus conquered, marched forward into Armenia, Tygranes was driven to forsake Syria, & in all haste to return to defend his own country, where he was overcome in two or three great battles, and at length taken in his chief city called Artaxa.  
Now Tygranes could not return to Syria, but he was led captive to the Romans by Pompey the great: who after that went 
Melanct. lib. 2. Pomp the great brought Syria to be a province of Rome.  in person into Syria, & brought it to the form & government of a province, for that Syria (as Plutarch saith) wanted a lawful king. He made a province of Syria to the Roman Empire: he conquered all jury, & builded certain cities in judea: this very time M. Crassus with his son, & with all his army was overthrown and slain in Parthia. Likewise julius Caesar came into England called then Britain, and conquered it: at what time 
Iu. Caesar came to England.  reigned in Britain Cassibelane, who after two or three repulses given to Caesar, yielded & consented to pay tribute. At the coming of Pomp into Syria, Diodorus Siculus a great writer went to Egypt, where he wrote in a book of his, the antiquity of the Egyptians. About this time Titus Livius the historiographer, 
Diodo. lib. 2.  and Horace the Poet were borne: but the history of the kings 
The kings of Aram which is Syria are more in sacred histories then profane.  of Syria is set forth with the kings of Israel and juda, and also in the Maccabees: for in the sacred histories of the scripture much mention is made of the kings of Aram, by the names of Aram Soba, Aram Padan, Aram Damasci, Aram Naharaim, by the which names Syria is better described in Genesis, in the Kings, in Paralipomenon, and in Deuteronomium, then by Ptolemy, Strabo, Pomponius Mela, or Solinus: for the kings of Aram which is Syria, have divers names in Scripture, as Aram Naharaim, which is that part of Syria which is between Euphrates and Tigris: the region 
judg. cap. 3.  thereof is called Mesopotamia: read the 3. of the judges. Likewise Aram Padan which is a country in Mesopotamia, & often 
Genesis. 48.  taken for all Mesopotamia, where jacob mentioneth of rahel's death his wife, when he came from Padan Aram.  
Again, Aram Damasci, where Benadad king of Aram being sick, sent Hazael to the man of God Elisha, to know whether Benahad should recover his health. To be short, Aram Macat, Aram Soba, Aram Rhohab, and Aram Damasci are regions and countries in Mesopotamia, Coelosyria, & in the higher Syria far from Perela and Galaad, the country of Reuben and Gad, and of the half tribe of Manasses. But these names of Syria were long 
The true warrant of all antiquities is in the sacred Scriptures.  before any profane writer wrote of Syria: few profane histories were before king Philip's time Alexander the great his father: all true antiquities are contained in sacred histories, in Moses, in the Chronicles of the kings of Israel and juda, and in the Prophets: late writers began in the time of Cyrus to write of the Monarchies of Persia, of the Grecians, and of the Romans, of whom Daniel before had spoken, and likewise gave light unto profane writers to write their histories.  
These kings of Aram then were the most cruel tyrants, and most furious enemies of judea, of the people of God, and of his Church: & likewise these last by the names of the kings 
The continuance of the kings of Syria.  of Syria, which continued no longer then from Alexander the great which was the first, until the time of Pomp the great, which was the last, that brought all Syria a province to the Romans. As God dealt with the kings of Aram in the behalf of juda then: so he wrought with the kings of Syria now in the behalf of his Church, who ever prevailed against all kingdoms of the world, as God caused Senaheribs' army one to kill an other to the number of 185. thousand in one day and night. So he likewise raised one king against an other in Syria, that from Antiochus the great, until the last king, there was nothing but killing and murdering in Syria: for the tyrant Antiochus Epiphanes his son after he foamed in blood, 
The kings of Syria one mur thering another.  died most miserably: his son likewise Antiochus Eupator was slain by his uncle Demetrius: Demetrius was slain by Alexander, which feigned himself to be Antiochus Epiphanes son: Alexander was slain by the king of Parthia, and his head sent to Syria. After Demetrius Nicanor was kept out of Syria, by his own brother Antiochus Sedetes: this Sedetes was killed by Tryphon: again Tryphon was slain quickly of his own people.  
Then Antiochus Gryphus Nicanors son, and Antiochus Sedetes son killed one an other in such sort, that Syria wanted 
Seleucus' house destroyed by civil wars.  heirs of Seleucus house to be kings, & also Syria was brought so low and so poor by these civil wars, that the Romans prayed over them, after they had reigned two hundred eighty nine years, and brought Syria a province subject to Rome. All the names of the kings of Syria and Asia, since Alexander the great his time are these.  

1 Seleucus Nica. reigned 31.  
2 Antiochus Soter. 19  
3 Antiochus Theos. 15.  
4 Seleucus Gallinicus. 20.  
5 Seleucus Ceraunus. 9  
6 Antiochus magnus. 36.  
7 Seleucus Philopator. 12.  
8 Antiochus Epiphanes. 12.  
9 Antiochus Eupator. 2.  
10 Demetrius Soter. 10.  
11 Alexander Prompalus. 5.  
12 Demetrius Nicanor. 2.  
13 Antiochus Sedetes. 3.  
14 Trypho reigned 3.  
15 Demetrius again Nicanor. 4.  
16 Antiochus Griphus. 29.  
17 Antiochus Cizicoenus. 18.  
18 Philipus the son of Griphus. 2. Functius doth vary a little from justine in the years of these kings.     

OF THE FIRST AFRICAN wars between the carthaginians and the Romans, which continued 24. years: and of the victories of the Romans over them.  
Having something entreated of the kings of Asia & Syria, and yet nothing so largely as the history required, how be it the kings of Asia and Syria are spoken of both in sacred & profane histories, & have also an intercourse between the kings of Assyria and of Egypt: I will therefore pass to the kings of Africa and Libya, and speak of their wars with the Romans. This Country (as Pomponius Mela describeth) is on 
Pompo. Mela. lib. 1.  the East part bounded with the river Nilus, & enclosed North with the sea Lybic, on the South with the Ethiopian sea, and on the West with the Antlantike sea.  
Africa is shorter than Europe, and far lesser than Asia: it is more in length then in breadth: the breadth of Africa is thirteen thousand furlongs, which is a thousand six hundred miles and more: the length (as Strabo writeth) is as much again, 
Strabo. lib. 17.  which is 3200 miles, and all that part of Africa which is beyond the Moors, called the Nigrites & Pharusians, do extend into Ethiope. The Ethiopians possess thence unto the borders of Asia: also the white Ethiopians & Libyaegyptians dwelling above 
Africa described.  those places before recited: then the Numidians and the Moors, of whom the Moors extend to the Antlantike sea. I think it a work needles to describe Africa more amply than it is by julius Solinus, & Pomponius Mela, written in Latin: the rest is set forth by Strabo, of whom for that he writes more large, I note him chiefly for mine author.  
dearth happened amongst the Africans, that the Romans could no longer remain there: but they returned to Rome with their victorious navies in great pomp and glory, having 484. ships sailing in brave sort towards Rome, with infinite wealth and treasure.  
Behold in the midst of this great pomp, the events of fortune: 
The great loss of the Romans by shipwreck.  a very great tempest rose, so that they suffered such shipwreck about the coast of Sicily, that scant were saved 80. ships of the 484. yet the invincible and stout courage of the Romans were such, that their minds were nothing dismayed with these mishaps, though it was the very greatest shipwreck that ever the Romans had, or any other nation in the world. New supplies and other captains were strait appointed, with 260. ships to take voyage to Africa, who likewise when they had won certain cities and towns in Africa, returned to Rome with great spoil, but sustained the like shipwreck again. The Senate finding these continual dangers of sailing and seafight, thought good to forsake the sea, and to fight upon the land: for having won the victories of four battles upon the sea with infinite treasures over the Africans, 
Eutrop lib. 2.  they lost by three shipwrecks, more than they wan by the four victories.  
In the fift year after Regulus was taken by the Africans, Metellus was sent from Rome to Sicilia, where the carthaginians came with 130. elephants: of the which number Metellus got 
Metellus victory.  26: he slew 2000 Africans as Eutropius saith, but Melancthon in his chronicles saith, that Metellus slew 36. elephants, and took alive 146. elephants, which Metellus in great triumph 
Melanct. lib. 2.  brought with him to Rome. The Africans after these great mischances, required Regulus a Roman captain, whom the Africans took captive and kept in prison until this time: him they sent unto the Senate to entreat for peace, who when he came to Rome, persuaded the Romans that peace by no means should be granted to the Africans, alleging that they were void of all hope to recover their former estate: they were quite quailed and dismayed, and ready to yield all Afrique up to the Romans: he refused to tarry in Rome, though 
Luc. Florus lib. 2.  the Senate sought him, but returned to Carthage according to his oath & promise, with a denial of peace, where he was with most cruel torments put to death. Thus Regulus that might have saved his life in Rome, lost it in Carthage, and that most willingly.  
After this, the Senate sent Publius Claudius and Caius junius 
Pullius Claudius overthrown.  with an army of Romans, but not with such good success as Metellus had: for in this journey the Africans overcame the Romans, so that of two hundredth and twenty sails they saved but thirty, 89. were taken, and all the men which fought in 
The Afric victory over the Romans.  them: the residue were sunk: beside, the Africans took 20. thousand of the Romans prisoners. Thus sometime the carthaginians, and sometime the Romans prevailed, and so still continued with mortal malice. Caius Luctatius was sent presently with 300. sails from Rome, after this great loss that they had by the Africans, in the 9 year after the victories of Metellus. This Luctatius with great courage perceiving the Africans to be puffed up with pride of their last victory, and now again 
Eutrop. lib. 2.  that they sent Hamo from Carthage with an army by land, and an other to Amilcar Hanibals father by sea, Luctatius before 
Melanct. lib. 2.  these armies came together, gave to the Africans a sore battle, which was fought over against Lylibium a city of Sicilia, with such passing valiantness of the Romans, that they took 73. ships of the Africans, they sunk 125. they took 32. thousand men prisoners, and slew 13. thousand, with an infinite deal of gold and silver, which Luctatius brought with him to Rome.  
After this great overthrow of Hanno, Luctatius hasted to the city of Erix, where Amilcar stayed with his power, whom 
Luctatius victory over the Africans.  he forced to forsake the town to his great loss: the residue of the Africans were by Luctatius sold for eighteeene 
Melanct. lib. 2.  pence a piece. The Africans being thus spoiled and overthrown by Luctatius, entreated for peace, which was to them 
Africans sold for 18 pence a piece.  by the Senate granted, which peace continued between the Africans and the Romans 26. years. Thus ended the first wars of the Africans, which endured 24. years. During which time Ptolomey Euergetes reigned in Egypt, and Seleucus Gallinicus reigned in Syria.  
The Parthians began to set up a kingdom this time, and Antigonus surnamed Doson reigned then in Macedonia. About this 
Polib. lib. 2.  time Aratus an excellent Greek, the governor over the Achetans, exempted all kind of tyranny out of the city of Corinth, and brought the Megereans in society with the Corinthians. About the latter end of this first war between the Africans and the Romans, came Hiero the mighty and puissant king of Sicilia to behold the interludes at Rome, where he distributed amongst 
Hiero his liberality in 〈◊〉 Rome.  the Romans two hundred thousand bushels of wheat.  
During this first war of Carthage, M. Claudius gave a great overthrow to the Frenchmen, and slew their king called Viridomarus with his own had, as Eutropius saith. The greatness 
Viridomarus king of France slay by Mar. Claudius.  of the Romans was such then, that they had wars with Illyrians, with the Istrians, with the Frenchmen, with the Africans, and with divers others, over whom the Romans triumphed: at which time they concluded a peace with all nations, which never happened to the Romans since the first building of Rome, but only in Numa Pompilius time.  

CHAP. II.  
Of the second African wars between the carthaginians and the Romans, which endured 17. years. During which time Hannibal held terrible wars with the Romans, which brought the Empire of Rome wellnigh to Carthage: but at last by Scipio Affricanus the wars were ended, Carthage overthrown, Africa won, and Hannibal forced to flee.  
NOw after that Hamilcar died in Spain, a man of great skill, to whom the Africans 
Hamilcar was Hambals father.  in the first Punic war committed the whole government of Africa: this Hamilcar made wars with the Romans in Sicilia a longer time than it was looked for. After that, he kept them play in 
hamilcar's praise.  Africa, and from thence he was sent governor and general for the Africans into Spain. This Hamilcar was surnamed Barcha, after whom succeeded 
Hamilcar.  Asdrubal his son in law, for that Hannibal Hamilcar his own son was but young & tender: notwithstanding he was hardened now against the second wars of Africa, where he far excelled his father's doings in his first wars.  
After the first war ended, Hamilcar Hanibals father died: he continued three years in the service of the wars under the conduct of Asdrubal his brother: for at what time his father 
Plutarch. in Hannibal.  had him first to Spain, he was but nine years old, and after that to Hasdrubals death (as Polybius affirmeth) seventeen years: so as Plutarch and Polybius agree, he was 26. year old 
Eutrop 3.  when he was chosen lieutenant general against the Romans: but Eutropius saith he was but twenty: but he was no sooner chosen general, but he bent himself fully against the Romans, to whom he bore a secret malice for the loss of Sardinia and Sicilia, but specially for his fathers hamilcar's sake, who hated so 
Hannibal succeeded Hasdrubal.  the Romans, that he compelled Hannibal his son being but a boy, to swear at a sacrifice which Hamilcar made, that he would be a mortal enemy to the Romans. 
Livi. Flor. lib. 2. cap. 6.   
The remembrance of which things enticed Hannibal to attempt wars against the Romans, at what time Hannibal swore upon his father's grave, that he would be an enemy to the Romans, and perform the oath which he swore to his father Hamilcar. This inheritable hatred made Hannibal to practise innovations, and to find occasion to begin this second war. There was a town named Saguntum, the people hereof confined indifferently between the Romans and the carthaginians: 
Saguntum besieged and taken by Hannibal.  this town Hannibal assaulted, to whom the Romans sent ambassadors, to will him to cease from battle: for the Romans were always loath to use force, if either entreaty or courtesy might take place: but Hannibal refused to speak with them. The Senate sent to Carthage, willing that commandment might be given to Hannibal to spare the Saguntines, which were in league with the Romans: but they had the like answer in Carthage, as they had of Hannibal. Then Fabius who in his embassage offered to the carthaginians the choice  
It was doubtful a long time, whether there were a sea beyond Africa, or whether the land might be coasted about, or whether Africa being barren & waste, full of deserts & mountains, 
Hanno a traveller.  might extend so far as that there were no end of it, until the voyage of Hanno a captain of Carthage, who took upon him to search the coasts: and when he had travailed much, he returned home with this answer, that he wanted not sea room but victual. After Hanno, another called Endoxus passed out of the gulf of Arabia: he travailed so long, that he brought notice with him of countries & other things 
Pomponius Mela lib. 3.  unknown in Africa and Libya: you must think that Afrique and Libya is all one generally.  
In this country of Africa is Mauritania, a large and a wide country: the end of this coast is the river Mulucha, and the beginning thereof is from the Promontory which the Greeks' call Ampelisia: from Mulucha Molochathi, (as Strabo writeth) to 
Pompo. Mela. Lib. 1.  the river Ampsaga, lieth Numidia, a country not so large as Mauritania, but wealthier and better peopled: Cirta is the greatest city therein, the palace of king juba and king Syphax, and after Massinissa and Mycipsa, and of a long time their successors. To describe Africa particularly, it is infinite, for that the most part of it is waste ground, unmanured, and void 
Strange beasts in Africa.  wilderness, where strange and divers kinds of beasts do breed, and also many fabulous things of Solinus and Strabo written, as Satyrs, Blenias, & such wild people, that rather are like beasts than men: read Solinus and Strabo of all the sundry sorts of serpents, strange beasts, & of the monstrous kinds of creatures, which breed in Africa and Libya. I will declare 
Lib. 17.  briefly the report of all Carthage & Numidia, two of the chiefest cities of Africa: of these towns mention is made of divers writers. This Carthage was builded at such time as Hiarbas reigned in Libya, by a lady named Elissa, otherways named Dido, king Pygmalion's sister of tire, borne in Phoenicia, after whom Tirians long inhabited: a hundred thirty five years before 
joseph. lib. 1.  the building of Rome was Carthage builded: some say that Carthage was builded before Dido's time by people of tire, of whom Carthage was first named Byrsa. joseph setteth down the names of those kings that reigned 
joseph. lib. 1. contra Appio.  in tire, before Dido came to Affrika.  

1 Abibalus.  
2 His son Hiramus. 34.  
3 Abdemonius.  
4 Hyramus. 2.  
5 Baleastartus. 43.  
6 Abdastartus. 9  
7 Astartus the son of Baleastartus.  
8 Astarimus which was slain  
9 by his brother Phelles that succeeded him.  
10 Ithobalus.  
11 Badezorus the son of I▪  
12 thabolus, after whom succeeded his son Mettinus.  
13 And last reigned Pygmalion, which was brother unto Dido. These were the kings that reigned in tire, before the building of Carthage.   
Strabo saith, that there were 300. cities in that part of Affrika before the building of Carthage, which were destroyed by the Pharusians and Nigretes. Next unto Carthage in authority 
Utica.  and power was the City of Utica, famous for the name of Cato: these two Cities were the only havens to the Romans to enter into Libya. Not far from Utica was Appollonia 
Apollonia.  and Hermea, two populous Towns well inhabited.  
In this lesser Asia where Carthage and Utica were both builded by the Phoenicians, are divers others Towns, as Hippo, 
Hermea.  Rheguis, and Tabraca: this part of Africa flourished, and became so famous, that the Romans who in those days waxed strong, had an eye to Africa, and (as their manners and custom were never to be satisfied until they were lords of the whole world) they began to be enemies to the kings of Libya and 
Strab. lib. 17.  Africa, held them wars the first time for the space of twenty four years, with equal conquest to the Romans. It is written, that in this first years war which the Romans had with the carthaginians, that the Romans sustained great loss and much harm, specially by shipwreck. The Romans never waged any battle out of Italy before this time, and therefore to know what power they were ableto make within the city 
Muster in Rome. Eutrop. lib. 2.  of Rome, they mustered & numbered them by the poles, & they found within the city of Rome 300. thousand able soldiers to serve, saving 500 When Appius Claudius & Q. Fuluius were Consuls in Rome, the first battle was fought in Sicilia, where the Romans gate the victory, & Appius triumphed over Hieron 
Appius triumphed over Hieron.  king of Sicilia & over the Affrikanes. The second and the third battle the Romans wrought very great enterprises, & gate the victories against two nations of Africa. This time again the Romans triumphed over the Africans, & Hieron king of Sicilia entreated for peace, and in consideration thereof gave to the Romans 200. talents of silver: but this peace endured not long: for within five years after the wars began, the Romans understanding that the Africans came in heaps from Libya into Sicilia, prepared an army under the conduct of Cneus Cornelius 
The second triumph over the Africans.  and Caius Duillius then Consuls of Rome: this battle was fought on the sea, where Cornelius the Consul was deceived by train: but Eutropius saith that the other Consul fought out the battle, and overcame the Africans: he took 31. ships and sunk 18. he slew 3000. and took seven thousand men prisoners. 
Read Polyb. of the wars of Africa.   
This victory upon the Sea happened better to the Romans than they looked for. Although the Carthagenians were often discomfited and overthrown by the Romans, yet they escaped not free, and specially upon the sea, where the Romans sustained divers losses, and such losses, as were equal to the 
Melancth. lib. 2. Chron.  victories which they wan upon the land. When Lucius Scipio had won Corsica and Sardinia, being then Consul at Rome, and led from them with him to Rome many thousand prisoners, over whom he triumphed by these divers victories and triumphs which the Romans had over the Libyans, the Carthagenians were forced to forsake Sicilia, and to return to Africa, where the Romans within a while transposed their wars against Hamilcar captain of the carthaginians, to 
Hamilcar discomfited upon the sea.  whom battle was given upon the sea, where Hamilcar was discomfited and constrained to retire back, after he had lost 64. ships. This was the second victory which the Romans had upon the sea over the Africans, yet this time the Romans lost two and twenty ships: this battle was won by M. Attilius Regulus & Lu. Manlius then both Consuls at Rome.  
These captains after they arrived farther into Africa, Clipea the chiefest city of Africa yielded themselves to the Romans: now Manlius returned to Rome with great pomp, brought 
Clipea the chiefest city in Africa.  with him twenty seven thousand prisoners. Regulus remained still in Africa, whose worthy acts and famous victory against the carthaginians in the absence of his fellow were 
Lu. Florus. lib. 2. cap. 2.  such, as he joined battle with three of the best captains of all Afrique at that time, which was Asdrubal and Hamilcar, Hanibals father. In this victory Regulus slew eighteen thousand 
Regulus victory.  of his enemies: he took prisoners five thousand and eight Elephants, and at that victory (as Eutropius saith) he received under obeisance threescore and thirteen cities.  
The loss was such to the Africans, that they desired peace of the Romans: which was denied by Regulus contrary to a Romans nature, which always used all nations with great clemency: but Regulus gained nothing by this, but shame and loss: for the Carth●…ineans desired the aid of the Lacedæmonians, which with all diligence sent a band of men with one 
Regulus too severe.  Xantippus, through whose means Regulus was overcome in the next battle, where the Romans had a great overthrow, by the only severity and too much insolency of Regulus. The Africans slew thirty thousand Romans, and took prisoners fifteen thousand, and Regulus himself was taken, and cast into prison.  
Thus he that triumphed over Africa with great fame 
Regulus vanquished. Melanct. lib. 2.  and commendations, lieth now a captive in a dungeon, at the disposition of the Africans. The Romans hearing of these news, they presently sent M. Aemilius Paulus, which passed over into Africa with a navy of three hundred sails: 
The great victory of the Romans over the Africans.  the battle was renewed, and fought upon the sea with such courage of the Romans, that they sunk a hundred and four ships of their enemies, took thirty ships and all the men within them, slew and took prisoners besides fifteen thousand: with the spoil of Affricanes Aemilius enriched his soldiers.  
All Africa had been conquered this time, had not such  
either of war or of peace, gremio togae excusso, pronounced openly public wars to the Africans. In the mean time the Saguntines famished: yet some writer's report, that Saguntum 
The Saguntines famished.  endured 8. months siege, as Plutarch and Livy affirm. The taking of this city was a great furtherance to Hanibals enterprises.  
The Romans hearing of these news, divided the provinces between the two Consuls, Publius Cornelius to Spain, and Titus Sempronius to Africa and Sicilia: and then the Romans sent certain of the noblest men of Rome to Carthage, to pronounce 
Wars pronounced to the carthaginians.  open war to the carthaginians, which was as bravely received, as it was lustily offered. Hannibal hearing of this preparation in Rome, he left Asdrubal in Spain, and himself passed over the mountains Pyrenei, making his way where no way was as yet, over the Alps. Eutropius reporteth, that Hannibal brought with him to Italy 80. thousand footmen, twenty thousand horsemen, and 37. elephants.  
Hannibal had great hope that the Ligurians and the Frenchmen would aid him, which in deed came to pass as he expected. Sempronius Gracchus conveyed his army forth of Sicilia. Scipio in the mean time encountered with Hannibal: but he was discomfited, his men put to flight, and Scipio himself 
The first victory of Hani●…al.  returned wounded to his tents. In like manner the other Consul fought with him at the river Trebia, & was overthrown, and escaped hardly himself. Thus Hannibal got the victory of both the Consuls, yet it cost Hannibal the setting on: for he lost many of his men, and the most part of his elephants.  
After this battle, Hannibal overcame all the country, and did 
Florus lib. 2. cap. 6.  put all to fire and sword, whereupon divers in Italy for fear yielded themselves to Hannibal. There were at that time five and twenty thousand Romans slain, and the residue fled. Flaminus the Consul at that very time was also slain by Hannibal at the lake Thrasimene which is in Perusia, who had the charge of Sempronius place. The Romans hearing of those hard 
Plutar. in Fab.  news, appointed Fabius Maximus general against Hannibal, a grave wise man, and of great authority and estimation with the people of Rome: this Fabius by tracting the time and dallying, 
Q. Fabius made general.  broke the violence and force of Hannibal, and thereby gave him oftentimes the overthrow. Hannibal used kinds of policies to draw Fabius to fight, who removed his camp from city to city, and from place to place, with such fury and rage (to 
Florus lib. 2.  see the delay of Fabius) that Hannibal lost more than he wan during the time of Fabius. Of this it is written, Cunctando restituit rem. By this time there were two other created consuls in Rome, Luc. Aemilius and Pub. Terentius Varro: these succeeded Fabius, but not with such good success, nor with the like fortune as Fabius had: for Fabius advertised both the consuls, that they could never overcome Hannibal but by prolonging to fight: how be it light heads will follow no counsel, as it came to pass by the rashness of Varro contrary to the mind of the 
The great victory at Cannes.  other consul, who joined battle with Hannibal hard by a little village in Apulia named Cannes, where the Romans had the greatest discomfiture that ever they had: for in this battle the Africans slew (as Livi saith) 40. thousand footmen and 2700. horsemen. Plutarch saith, that there were slain 50. thousand 
Plutarch. in Fabio.  footmen, and 14. thousand taken prisoners, Aemilius the consul slain, and to the number of 20. others of the order of consul 
Polib. lib. 5.  and Praetors. Again, in this great overthrow, there were taken and slain of the Senators 30. of noblemen and gentlemen 800.  
After that battle many cities in Italy which were before under the obeisance of the Romans, fell from them to Hannibal: 
Eutrop. lib. 3.  from that battle of Cans, Hannibal sent to Carthage 3. bushels 
Three bushels of rings only, as Eutropius saith, sent by Hannibal to Carthage.  full of rings & chains, which were plucked from the necks and hands of the gentlemen, Senators and soldiers of the Romans.  
Thus Hannibal had such good success in the beginning of his wars, having subdued the Saguntines, overthrown the Romans at the river Trebia, slain the consul Flaminius, and the most part of his army at the lake Thrasimene, & then the great slaughter and murder of the Romans now at Cans: yet the Romans never quailed for all this, their stout minds were such, that they could not hear of peace: the Romans were never more valiant, then when they were conquered: their courage, 
Melanct. lib 2. Chrop.  their magnanimity & noble virtues were most seen in their adversity. Now while Hannibal flourished thus in Italy like a 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  conqueror, his brother Asdrubal whom he left behind him in Spain, sustained a great overthrow by the two Scipios, in which battle he lost 35. thousand men. Now in the 4. year after that Hannibal invaded Italy, Marcellus was sent against Hannibal, who 
Marcellus came against Hannibal.  in truth fought with good fortune at Nola a city of Campania, and made Hannibal to forsake Nola with all his army. By this time Hannibal had gotten many cities from the Romans in Apulia and Calabria: the fame of Hannibal was such, that all the world spoke of it: for Philip king of Macedon sent to offer aid to Hannibal against the Romans: the messengers were apprehended by the Romans, and the whole matter known, whereupon the 
Four generals sent by the Romans to four several kingdoms.  Romans sent 4. generals at one time to 4. several places: in Italy against Hannibal: in Macedonia against king Philip: in Spain against Asdrubal Hanibals brother: and in Sardinia against a Carthaginean captain called also Asdrubal, who was taken by Tit. Manlius the proconsul: who slew beside of the Africans 12. 
Tit. Manlius victory.  thousand, and took 1500. prisoners, which Manlius brought with him to Rome.  
On the other side Hannibal played the lion, besieged Tarentum, and won it, after that the Romans had before won it, & possessed it 100 years and more: how beit Marcellus hindered Hannibal of his purpose sundry times, & gave him divers overthrows: for of all the Roman captains Marcellus matched Hannibal either in policy, counsel, wit, or any other stratagem devised, of whom Hannibal said, that he dealt with an enemy that could be never quiet conqueror nor conquered: and so he spoke of 
The saying of Hannibal of Fab. Maximus.  Fabius Maximus, when he had again won Tarentum, saying, The Romans have also their Hannibal.  
Hannibal yet triumphed of his victories, and was emboldened by his good fortune to march forward, thinking to invade the city of Rome, came and camped within 24. furlongs of 
Hannibal camped within 3. miles of Rome.  Rome, which is but three miles, and from thence he came with two thousand horses so near unto Rome, that riding from the gate Colnia unto Hercules temple, he had leisure to 
Hannibal came to Rome's gate.  view at his pleasure the situation & walls of Rome, and might at that time have conquered Rome, if he had then gone forward with his victories: but he feared the Consuls & retired: for both the Consuls came with an army against him: and to 
Eutrop 3.  increase the fame of the Africans, Asdrubal slew both the Scipios, which so long had been conquerors in Spain. Eutropius saith, that they were rather by train beguiled, then vanquished by manhood.  
About this time a great part of Sicilia was recovered by Marcellus the Consul: but Hanibals fortune continued still, though he had divers overthrows of Marcellus and of Fabius Maximus, two worthy Roman captains: yet he was far before hand in victories, and did much more harm to the Romans then Pyrrhus, Mithridates, Philip, or Antiochus the great. 
Read the whole 3 Decade of Livy.  After that Hannibal had thought to have invaded Rome, he retired to Campania, and upon the sudden he assaulted Cneus Fuluius being then in Italy, slew him, and eight thousand ofhiss people: but Hanibals head was much occupied about Marcellus, never ceasing to lay ambushes in every place to murder him, until at length he laid certain bands of Numidians 
Florus lib. 2. cap. 6.  in a grove to entrap the enemies passing to and fro. Marcellus coming to view this grove & the situation of that place, fell unfortunately into Hanibals ambush, where he was compassed on either side with his enemies, and fight then most 
Marcellus slain.  valiantly was slain.  
Hannibal being advertised that Marcellus was slain, he was so glad (in respect that Marcellus ever hindered his victories 
Livy lib. 8.  and most troubled him of all the Roman captains) that Hannibal supposed better ofhimselfes, with hope he should meet no more with such as Marcellus was: but he was deceived: he met with an other Scipio, though in truth two were slain by Asdrubal in Spain before: but this Scipio revenged their 
Scipio requited the slaughter of the Romans.  deaths, and fully requited all injuries that the Romans received, with the slaughter of many thousand Africans, with the subduing of Carthage and Numantia, and with the conquest of Hannibal with both his brethren, Asdrubal and Mago.  
Until this time Hannibal excelled all the captains of the 
Livi in the end of the 2. and 3. Decade.  world, as he spoke ofhimselfes, if he might have conquered Scipio. Now the state of Carthage changed, and the fortune of Africa fell, and now the Romans began again to be advanced: for after that Scipio had won new Carthage in Spain, where the Africans had all their gold and silver and furniture for war remaining, sending to Rome such hostages of the best Affricanes taken, amongst whom Mago Hanibals brother 
Mago Hanibals brother sent to Rome.  was sent also with the residue, there was great mirth in Rome of these news.  
Now while Scipio conquered Carthage in Spain, Q. Fabius 
Plutar in Fab.  Maximus recovered Tarentum in Italy: for divers cities of Italy hearing what victories Scipio had in Spain, revolted from 
Scipio conquered Carthage.  Hannibal, and yielded to the Romans, as Capua, Salapia, and others in like manner: all the Spaniards took part with Scipio against Hannibal, after that Scipio had subdued Carthage, discomfited Asdrubal, and vanquished the two kings Mandocius and judibilis. Scipio having sent before to Rome great spoils, he himself returned to Rome after he had gotten in Spain in one year 69. cities.  
Now Hannibal began to decline from his former fortune, 
Asdrubal sent for out of Spain, to whom battle was given where he was slain.  sent for his brother Asdrubal out of Spain, who delivering his place of government unto one Hanno a noble captain of Carthage, came with a great army to Italy, where he was by Marcus Livius the consul met at Sena a city of Apulia, where battle was given to Asdrubal. Of that battle Plutarch reporteth, that fifty six thousand were slain of the Africans, and Asdrubal himself: so that the overthrow of that battle at Sena was almost as great, as the overthrow which was given to the Romans at the battle of Cans: yet Eutropius saith, that Asdrubal fell into the ambushments which of set purpose were laid for him by Claudius Nero, and Livius Salinator.  
These, to spite Hannibal the more, they set up Hasdrubals head 
Sol. lib. 15.  upon a pole, and they sent to Hannibal notice of these news: this grieved not Hannibal a little, to see his brother's head set 
Livi. lib. 27.  before his tent, his other brother Mago prisoner at Rome, and himself in some despair of his country: yet Hannibal when he saw his brother's head, said, Cannam, Trebiam, & Thrasimenum 
Hanibals words at the sight of his brother's head.  fraterno capite pensavimus: reviving much his heavy heart with the remembrance of so many Consuls, Dictator's, and captains heads of the Romans slain at the three great battles of Cannas, Trebia, and Thrasimene. Even than Hannibal was called for into Africa: for Scipio the year before was made 
Hannibal called to Africa.  Consul at Rome, and sent by the Senate to Africa in the fifteenth year after this second war which began by Hannibal, 
Florus lib. 2. cap. 6.  where all Afrique was in such doubt of Scipio, that of necessity they did send for Hannibal, and yet before he came, Scipio overcame the valiant captain Hanno, slew 11. thousand of his 
Scipio his victories in Africa.  soldiers, took his tents with 4500. of his soldiers, and again he took Syphax king of Numidia or of Massylia prisoner, because he aided the Africans, invaded his tents and 
Eutrop. lib. 3.  sacked them, and sent king Syphax with the most nobles of Numidia prisoners to Rome, with an infinite spoil: of which news Rome rejoiced not a little.  
But now to Hannibal, who after he had been such a scourge to Rome for 16. years before he was called to Africa, it is written in Plutarch, that after the last battle which he had in Italy with Sempronius, before he took the sea, he set up a triumphing 
A monument of Hannibal.  arch or pillar by the temple of juno Lucina, in the which arch were briefly engraven his noble victories, both in the Punic and Grecke tongue, for a memorial of his being in Italy: and after he sailed to Leptis, and from thence to Zama, and there when 
Plutarch. in S●…pione.  it was told Hannibal of the state of Africa, and the victories which Scipio had had and like more to have, considering that Sardinia, Sicilia and Spain were lost, and now the wars were driven out of Italy into Africa, where Syphax king of Numidia was taken, Carthage spoiled, and in great want, and all Afrique in despair: he was hereby bend to peace, and entreated with Scipio for peace, which was offered upon these conditions, that 
Eutrop. lib. 3.  the Affricanss should pay to the Romans 500 thousand pounds. But after long talk between Scipio and Hannibal, no peace was agreed upon, insomuch that Hannibal was constrained to make his last battle: this field was appointed to be fought, where they prepared themselves to battle by the city of Zama, where 
The battle in Zama.  Scipio had the victory. In this battle Masinissa king of Numidia did valiantly: this of a young boy affected much Scipio, and he was a sure friend to the Romans all his life. Hannibal was well-nigh 
Hannibal fled.  taken in this battle: but he escaped, and left his tents behind him, where were found 20. thousand pounds of silver, and 800. thousand pounds of gold, with infinite other treasures.  
After this victory as Scipio came from the battle, he met with 
Scipio's victories at Zama.  Vermina king Syphax son, who at that instant brought an army to aid the Africans: he likewise was put to flight, and followed into Carthage gate. When the carthaginians heard that Scipio was marching towards them, they were much dismayed 
Eutrop. lib 3.  thereby, and sent to entreat for peace being advertised that Hannibal was overthrown and put to flight: this peace was granted 
Peace granted to the carthaginians.  by Scipio unto Carthage, upon such conditions as pleased best the conqueror.  
Now after that Africa was conquered, no nation than was ashamed to be overcome by the Romans, for Africa was made a province, and as it were an open passage to increase & enlarge 
Africa was made a province to the Romans.  the empire of Rome. When Scipio had brought the Africans subject under the Romans, before he departed from Africa, he restored Masinissa to his kingdom again, adding thereunto the best part of king Syphax country. After this, Scipio entered into Rome with pomp & great triumph: of the manner thereof I shall have better cause to set down in the Roman history.  
Thus was the end of the second Punic war, which endured 
Mel●…nct. lib. 2. Chron.  19 years, as Eutropius saith, others affirm but 17. years. There is an history extant in Appian, how Hannibal & Scipio fought hand 
Scipio and Hannibal fought hand to hand.  to hand in this battle, & after them how Masinissa and Hannibal fought very eagerly with such bloody strokes, that both were rescued twice or thrice. Read Appian and Polybius of this battle. We read not of such a triumph as Scipio had, though many had more shows in plates, treasures, captives, & prisoners, as Silla, Marius, Pompey, Caesar, with others: yet the conquest of one Hannibal was such a thing, all Afrique being on his side, and almost 
Hannibal of any one man most plagued Rome.  all Italy, as did more advance the triumph of Scipio, than all the aforesaid triumphs: for during the space of 17. years the Romans had more to do with one Hannibal, than they had with all the kings of Asia and Europe at one time.  
The battles of this second war of Africa were equal to either Alexander, or Xerxes, as the battle of Ticinun where Sempronius 
The six great battles in the second Punic war.  the Consul was slain: the second at the river Trebia where Pub. Aemilius the Consul was slain: the third at the lake Thrasimene where Manlius the Consul was slain, and all 
Read Plut. in Hanib. of the 2. war.  his army: the fourth at Cans: the fift at Sana: and the sixth at Zama where Hannibal was put to flight. And yet these two famous captains, had some enemies at home that envied their glory and great renown. It was a common saying, Hannibal had in Carthage his Hanno, and Scipio had in Rome his Fabius: but because I shall have occasion to speak of these two valiant captains in divers other places, I will briefly pass to the third wars of Africa, which happened 52. years after these second wars.  
Now what dealings fell in other countries during the time of these 17. years wars, you shall read that about the beginning of this second war, that Ptolomey Philopater king of Egypt, he had wars against the jews, spoiled jerusalem, profaned the temple of Solomon, and troubled all judea. This very time the Rhodians waged wars against the byzantians, and the people of Crete had wars with the nations about 
Polybius lib. 4.  them called the Gnosians and Litians. Polybius in his fourth book likewise sayeth, that Mithridates' king of Pontus had wars with the king of Sinopenses.  
About this time the wars of Syria began between Antiochus the great king of Asia, and Ptolomey Philopator king of 
Wars between Antiochus the great, and Philopator.  Egypt: for Hannibal fled this time from Africa to Asia to Antiochus, after he was conquered by Scipio at Zama. During these Punic wars, Hiero the king of Sicilia died, which aided the Africans against the Romans in the first wars, and his son named Hieronimus succeeded him, who for his great insolency and pride was slain by his own people. This time the Macedonians had a great overthrow by the Romans by the city Appolonia, at what time Nenius Crispus was general for Rome. Likewise Nicanor surnamed Sicamber, had 
Polib. lib. 5.  the like overthrow by the king of Orchades.  
During this war, Attalus king of Asia, Pleuratus king of 
Three kings became in league with the Romans.  Thracia, and Scerdiletus king of Illyria, became in league with the Romans: at what time war was proclaimed by the Romans against king Philip of Macedonia. This time reigned in Parthia Pampatius, otherwise by justine called Phrahartes, the third king of Parthia. Livy doth write, that about this time a child was borne with a sows head, and other fabulous 
Livi. lib. 31.  things in that place, as an ox to speak with man's voice. The Samaritans annoyed much judea this time. The Romans lost more Senators, Consuls, noblemen, and gentlemen, in this 
The second war of Africa annoyed much the Romans.  second war of Africa, than they did in conquering of Macedonia, Egypt, Syria, and Asia. And yet in civil wars between Silla and Marius, I find in Eutropius such slaughters of Consuls, Praetors, Aediles and Senators, as the number shallbe set down in the civil wars of Rome.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the third and last African wars between the Romans and the carthaginians, which endured four years: of the overthrow of Carthage and Numantia: of the ruin and last conquest of Africa by the Romans.  
THe state of Africa being by their last second war weakened, and almost brought to nothing by the Romans, the Africans were two and fifty years in 
The third wars of 〈◊〉 began 52. years after the second war.  recovering any strength, either to defend themselves or to offend others: in the mean time the Romans very ambitious, and very impatient to hear of any kingdom to flourish, having waged war with the Africans 24. years the first time, and 17. years the second time, and that out of Italy such nations and sundry kings, yea with all Africa, which is described to be well-nigh the third part of the world: having, I say conquered all Afrique, and Libya, 
Wars against the Macedonians.  the Romans proclaimed war against Philippe king of Macedonia: there T. Quintus Flaminius had such good success, that peace was concluded upon such conditions as pleased Flaminius.  
Then had they wars against the Lacedæmonians, vanquished them and their general called Nabides: submission was made to the Romans, and peace also granted to them upon the like condition, as was granted to Philippe. After this ensued wars in Syria against Antiochus the great, whom likewise 
Wars in Syria against Antiochus the great.  the Romans so pursued after divers overthrows, that his tents were invaded, and Antiochus himself was put to flight at the battle of Magnesia, by Cornelius Scipio, surnamed Asiaticus.  
The Romans began to be in such admiration with all Asia and Europe, having already subdued all Africa, that the name of a Roman was a very terror unto those kings that were furthest off. The Africans, while the Romans were busy in Asia, they began to quarrel with king Masinissa, a sure and a constant friend to the Romans, being in arms in person against the Africans, during the time of all the second wars. The Romans hearing of these news, sent 
Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.  ambassadors to Carthage, to require them to withdraw from Numidia, and to cease the wars from their old friend Masinissa: the carthaginians refused to obey the Romans, whereupon the third battle was taken in hand against the carthaginians, in the year after the building of Rome six hundredth and four: yet Eutropius sayeth, six hundredth and one, and in the 52. year after the second battle finished.  
The Consuls took their voyage from Rome to invade Carthage. In this journey Scipio, nephew to Scipio Affricanus, 
Wars against Carthage.  was deputed general of the army, a man well beloved, and much reverenced, for that he was a passing and good captain, ready and very circumspect of his charge, by whom the Consuls with the army were twice saved at the besieging of Carthage, to the great honour of Scipio their general.  
The carthaginians, being not so strong, neither so able to resist the violence of the Romans as they were in the time of 
Asdrubal and Famea, 2. captains over Carthage.  Hannibal, appointed two valiant men named Asdrubal and Famea, to be captains of Carthage, to whom the charge of Carthage was given: these two jolly captains, Asdrubal and Famea, so much sought to avoid the meeting of Scipio, as they thought to prolong the wars by keeping off, rather than by coming into battle: for the names of Scipios was terrible to the Africans.  
Hereby the renown of Scipio was such, that the Senate called him home to Rome, to have the honour of Consulship, 
Scipio made Consul.  being yet but a very young man: and before he should be sent to assault Carthage, some dissension fell between the Senate, 
Debating at Rome about the destruction of Carthage.  whether Carthage should be quite destroyed or no. Some thought that Carthage being so strong a city, would never long be quiet with the Romans: others thought that Rome should want the friendship of Carthage, if Carthage should be destroyed: it was at last agreed, that the general Scipio, should do as pleased him, by occasions given of the enemy.  
Upon this Scipio was sent again to invade Carthage, about which time Masinissa died, after that he had lived ninety and seven years, who left behind him 44. sons, whom he 
Masinissa died.  committed to the faith of Scipio, and amongst whom Masinissa requested Scipio to distribute his kingdom: which being 
Eutrop. lib. 4.  done, Scipio went and besieged Carthage, kept out victuals from the city, having also given them many hard and sharp battles aswell by water as by land, whose good success happened all well at last to Scipio: for after he had conquered them both by sea and by land, than he applied his force to destroy Carthage, a town of great strength, and very populous, a great and a large city of six German miles compass, and two German miles diameter every way. This Carthage was first builded by the people of tire, and was by them called Byrsa. 
Byrsa.   
Scipio commanded the city to be razed from the ground, 
The destruction of Carthage, before called Byrsa.  giving licence to as many as would save themselves, to go out of Carthage: at what time 50. thousand saved themselves by escaping away, the rest so despaired, that some poisoned themselves, some killed themselves, and the most part burned themselves. Asdrubal their general fled to Scipio for mercy, 
Melanct. lib. 2.  who hearing that his wife and children would not save themselves, but willingly died within Carthage, he also killed 
The burning of Carthage endured 16. days.  himself. The burning of Carthage endured 16. days.  
During which time, Polybius (who writeth all the African history) saith, that Scipio beholding the ruinous state of Carthage, and the lamentable destruction of the people, recited a Latin verse weeping, Illa dies veniet cum fato Troia peribit. And being demanded why he wept and used those words, He answered, I weep for that I think others shall see of Rome, that which I see now of Carthage: for that shall come (said Scipio) that Rome shall likewise perish, such is the misery and state of this world: and so fell it to Rome in the time 
The sayings of Scipio of Rome, concerning Rome.  of Totilas king of the Goths, 700. years after the burning of Carthage.  
When Carthage was thus destroyed, the rest of the Africans yielded all their towns, which were in the beginning of the wars in number 300. Also they yielded 200. thousand armouries which they had in Lybia, 3000. pieces of artilleries, and all other engines & instruments of wars, as though they would never again take war in hand: yet when Carthage was by the commandment of the Senate re-edified in Africa 
Strabo lib. 17.  22. years after that it was destroyed by Scipio Aemilianus, surnamed by the victory Affricanus the younger, thither went divers citizens of Rome to dwell. This city was begun by Caius Grachus, & afterward was fully restored to her former state and beauty by julius Caesar, and his nephew Octa. Augustus his successor in the Empire. After the burning of Carthage 14. years, 
Eutrop. lib. 4.  was likewise Numantia a city in Celtiberia destroyed by the 
Melanct. lib. 2.  same Scipio Aemilianus, a city that did much annoy the Romans, of great force and power a long time, insomuch that the overthrow of Numantia was more terrible than Carthage: for they were brought to that famine within the city, and yet would not yield themselves, that some killed themselves, some 
The desperate minds of the Numantines.  with poison, some with the sword, and some with fire: at last, like desperate people, they burned the town and themselves.  
While Scipio laid siege to Numantia, news came from Rome 
Numantia destroyed by Scipio Aemilianus.  that Tiberius Grachus was slain in such seditious quarrels as Tiberius himself began: the cause being opened to Scipio of Tiberius his death, he recited a Greek verse of Homer, saying to the company, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 that is, let him die with the like death, that committeth such a fault. But that verse cost Scipio his life: for after he returned from Numantia 
Scipio's saying of Lib. Gracchus.  home, for that he said Tiberius was justly slain, Scipio was found the next morning dead in his bed. This was the end of Scipio Affricanus the younger, he to be killed in Rome for his service to his country, as his grandfather Scipio Affricanus was banished out of Rome, to die in other countries.  
But to return to end this third & last wars of the Africans with the Romans: though Carthage and Numantia were 
Eutrop. lib. 4.  overthrown, yet in Numidia usurped jugurth the kingdom, who after he had slain both his brethren Adherbal, & Hiempsal, thought to withstand the justice & revenge of the Romans herein: for king Myrpsa who succeeded Masinissa, left these 
jugurth revolted from the R●…manes.  three sons, jugurth, Adherbal, and Hiempsal: all these were friends to the Romans, & therefore the Senate sent Calphurnius the Consul with an army: but he was corrupted with money by king jugurth, gave him and concluded such a peace as contented not the Romans, and therefore it was forthwith infringed. Then Albinus Posthumus was sent the next year, who likewise had no good success, for that he committed the battle to his brothers guiding, who fought against the Numidians very unfortunately.  
The Romans being not a little offended with these news, sent the third time Quintus Cecilius Metellus, who with his wisdom, sobriety, and courage, discomfited jugurth in many 
jugurth vanquished.  battles: of the which read Sallust of the wars of jugurth. This Metellus overthrew him, and took all his Elephants, 
Metellus.  and now when Metellus was at the point to have finished this victory over jugurth, Caius Marius came from the Senate, 
jugurth.  and succeeded him: he most easily overcame both jugurth king of Numidia, & Bochus king of Mauritania, who assisted jugurth 
Bochus' king of Mauritania.  in this war against the Romans: yet Eutropius saith, that both Metellus and Marius had triumphs granted them by the Senators over jugurth.  
After jugurth we read nothing worth the memory in Africa. In the later end of this third war, there were five triumphs 
Five triumphs in Rome at one time.  together at Rome: one by Marcus junius, who vanquished the Danes in France: the second by Minutius Rufus, who overcame the Scordicians, Triballians in Macedonia: the third by S. Cepio, who subdued the Portugals in Spain: and the two other triumphs which Metellus and Maurius had over jugurth. And thus ended the third and last wars in Africa, which continued four years.  
Of this African wars there are many writers as Polybius, Livius, Appian, Eutropius, Melancthon, & others: but of the people, their country, their cities, their manners and antiquity, 
Strabo. lib. 17.  read the 17. book of Strabo, where you shall read of Africa, and Libya at large. I did nothing but briefly run over the history, & took of every writer herein so much as I thought good to finish the history, and the rather for that it is a known history to many.  
Thus from the beginning of the first war, until the end of the last war, are accounted a hundred and eight years: so 
From the begiuning of the first, until the end of the 3. and last 108. years.  long they continued in wars against the Romans, at length all were brought under the Romans, as were of Africa habitable. So the Romans had of all Europe dominion, saving of some dwelling beyond the river Ister, and of some others that dwell between the river of Rhine and Tanais: even so had they the government over all Asia, saving the Scythians, the Indians, and the Bactrians, which the Romans made no 
Strabo lib. 17.  great account of, being so barbarous people, and so far from them.    

OF THE antiquity OF old Italy first called janicula, and then Saturnia: of the beginning of the Kings of the Latins, the first kingdom of Italy: of their laws and governments from Faunus until Aeneas, and from Aeneas until Romulus.  
Now to the greatest and last Monarchy of the world, I mean the Romans, which by Daniel is also set forth as the other three before: for Macedonia, Greece, 
Annius lib. 1.  and Italy, are by the name of Isles named, where japhet and his offspringes took first possession: for javan the son of japhet, which of Melancthon is supposed to be of profane 
Genesis 10.  writers called janus, with his four sons, Elisha, Tharsis, Kittim, and Dodanim, inhabited first the Isles of the Gentiles, which were divided in their lands, every man after his tongue, and after their families in their Nations. Of this Kittim the Prophet Isai speaketh, and 
Isai. 25.  also jeremy in this sort to the rebellious jews, Ite in Cedar & insulam Kittim, etc. Go ye into the Isles of Kittim far off, take diligent heed, and see whether such things be there, they change not their gods, but Israel have changed me for idols.  
This Kittim is mentioned often times in the Prophets and 
Kittim.  in the book of Numbers, where it is said, The ship shall come from the coasts of Kittim and subdue Ashur, and shall subdue Eber: and again in Ezechiel, The company of the Assyrians have made their banks of ivory, brought out of the Isles of Kittim: so that by Kittim is meant Greece and Italy by the best learned 
jeremy cap. 2.  Divines, and so expounded by the 72. interpreters: for Moses doth warrant these antiquities, concerning the five sons of Sem, that from Elam the eldest son of Sem, the Persians have 
Num. 24. 27.  their beginning: from Assur the second son of Sem, the Assyrians: from Arphaxad the third son, the Chaldeans: from Aram, the Syrians: even so from the posterity of Cham, the Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Libian: and from the children of japhet, the most part of Europe and of lesser Asia.  
But how grossly and how foolishly do profane Historiographers err in their fabulous antiquities, which with feigned, 
How fabulous profane writers are in antiquities.  false, and strange names oppose themselves against the prophetical histories? for the jews committed to their superstitious Rabbis all knowledge, the Egyptians to their fabulous priests, the Persians to their insolent Magis, & the Greeks' even to their own fancies, following their imaginations in all their histories, that of all men they are reprehended, and the cry of all Chronicles against them, naming it Graecia mendax, Graeci pueri & fabulosi: and therefore Kittim is the warrant for the antiquity of the Italians, as Chus is for the antiquity of the Ethiopians, and Lud for the Lydians, and so of the rest.  
And therefore I will return to old Italy, which had divers 
〈◊〉 de an●…. Hetrur●…e.  names, as janicula of janus, whom the Greeks' call Oynotria, Camesena of Cameses, Saturnia of Saturnus, Hesperia of Hesper, and Italia of Italus: the which to write particularly I should but gather fables together, of which Fabius Pictor is full. julius Solinus saith, that Italy is set forth by so many, and specially 
Solin. cap. 7.  by M. Cato, that there can be nothing written, but the diligence offormer authors have prevented i●… for the description 
Strab. lib. 6. Cap. 2. and 3.  thereof read Solinus and Strabo: therefore I leave to the jews their Talmudistes full of lies, to the Egyptians their priests full of fables, to the Greeks' their innovations and inventions full of uncertainty, and so forth of others: for if I should write what I find of the antiquity of old Italy, by them that were never in Italy by 2000 miles, I mean Berosus of Babylon, and 10. Annius, I should be but tedious.  
From janus first coming into Italy, which was by them thought to be Noah, until Cameses' time, is 141. years: so long Italy was called janicula: from Cameses which was in Ninus time, until Italus or Hesperus two brethren, 430. years: during 
Annius computation of the antiquity of old Italy before the building of Rome was 1450. years.  which time Italy was called Camisena or Saturnia: for that these two reigned kings in Italy at one time. From this Italus whom the Greeks' called Atlas, and by whom the country was named Italia, from which time to the last destruction of Troy were 454. years: from the ruin of Troy to the building of Rome four hundred and thirty years. So long Italy was by the Tuscans, Etrurians, Samnites, Sabines, Fidenats, Vuiens, Volscans, Latins, with others, inhabited before the name of the Romans were known: for first in Italy dwelled Greeks', Arcadians, Salentines, Lacedæmonians, Sicilians, Rutilians, with many more nations, as Myrsilus a Lesbian writer doth note: of the 
Annius de antiq. Etruria.  which Annius in his institutions of the antiquity of Etruria, of their laws and government during the time of their magistrates called Lucumones, hath more than is necessary written.  
In like manner Fab. Pictor a noble learned Roman of the stock and house of Fabians, endeavoured with all his study to prove the antiquity of old Italy from janus time, which 
Fab. Pictor. Deau●…o seculo.  he most surely accounted to be old Noah, attributing to the Tuscans so much as Annius before. In his first book he entreateth from janus and Saturnus time, until Romulus' time: in his second book from Romulus forward: for all agree that the late Romans after Romulus' time have had their discipline, their religion, their laws, their divination, and all such ceremonies from the Hetruscans. The like travail M. Cato in 
Myrsilus de bell. Pelasgico.  in his fragments De originibus took: the like pain as the before named Annius and Fab. Pictor did for the antiquity of old Italy. I will come therefore to the kings of the Latins, which were the first kings that we read of in Italy, where reigned before Aeneas coming to Italy five kings, 
Read in Cato de Fragmentis.  as Ruffinus affirmeth: but as Annius, Fabius Pictor, and M. Cato, reigned twelve kings, and from Aeneas until the time of Romulus, sixteen kings reigned: of the which briefly I mean to speak a little, setting down the names of their kings & the number, of the time that they reigned: and for that Aeneas was prima Imperij Romani origo, the first beginning 
Read Annius de antiq. Hetru.  and the original of the Roman Empire, and the only author of gens julia, from whence julius Caesar, Augustus, and the Emperors of Rome come off: I will therefore set down the time of his coming into Italy, his continuance and his posterity after him, until Romulus' time the first builder and founder of Rome.  
Aeneas, after the Greeks' had taken Troy, having gathered the noblest and best men with all the strength and treasures of Troy, took the Castle Ilium for his defence, until he perceived that he could not resist the violence of the Grecians, 
Strabo. 5.  determined to escape the enemies, and to send some of the best before with abundance of treasures to mount Ida, and there to tarry until Aeneas and the rest saw their time to escape: which being performed, they departed from Ida, took the sea Hellespont, into Thracia, from Thracia to Macedonia, as Beroaldus affirmeth: from Macedonia to Cicilia, 
Beroal. lib. 2.  from thence into Italy: where then Latinus reigned King of the Country, with whom the Rutiles people dwelling at Ardea, a Town distant from Rome a hundred and three score furlongs held war. Of this Latinuses, Aeneas was so entertained and his army, that he granted Aeneas a place to inhabit, not far from Laurentum, where Latinus might use Aeneas aid in this war.  
Aeneas builded a Town for his aid against the Rutiles, and named it after his wife's name Lavinium: for he grew in such favour with king Latinus, then being in wars with Mexentius, and with others, that after two or three overthrows by the Trojans given to Mexentius king of Tyrrhenum 
Halycar. lib. 1.  and to Turnus' king of the Rutiles, who should have married Lavinia before Aeneas, for that she was espoused to Turnus first. Aeneas good success in wars was such being king over all the Troyans', and so named of his soldiers, that Latinus gave his daughter & heir of the kingdom to Aeneas, 
Latinus gave his daughter to Aeneas.  that after Latinus was slain in battle, Aeneas was the right and lawful king of the Latins, where he reigned three years and died, leaving his son Ascanius to succeed him king of the Latins. Now before Aeneas time reigned five kings over the Latins, by the names of  

janus.  
Saturnus.  
Picus.  
Faunus.  
Latinus.  
the sixth Aeneas.   
These kings reigned about 150. years in Italy before 
Ruffi. de Latinor. origine.  Aeneas came to Laurentum, which was about the time of David, who began his kingdom in the four hundred thirty four year after that the Israelites left Egypt, in the beginning of the eight jubilee.  
Yet Annius in his Chronicles of the tuscans saith, that 
Annius de antiq. Hetruria.  after Hesperus died, his brother succeeded him named Italus in Vetulonia, the chief Town at that time in Italy: this Italus had a daughter named Roma, who builded Capua in Latio, in the place where now Rome is builded upon the one side of mount Aventine, as Fabius Pictor affirmeth in his book De origine Vrbis Romae: this doth Annius set down in this sort. 
Fab. Pictor.   

1 Roma reigned in Latio years. 46.  
2 After Roma her son Romanessus. 79.  
3 After him Picus Priscus. 57  
4 After Picus, Faunus Priscus. 30.  
5 After Fannus his daughter Agilla. 54.  
6 Then reigned Vulcanus. 36.  
7 After Mars, surnamed janus junior. 23.  
8 After janus succeeded Seculus surnamed Saturnus. 36.  
9 Picus junior. 34.  
10 Fannus junior. 24.  
11 Latinus Aeneas father in law. 38  
12 And after Latinus reigned Aeneas as his heir married to his daughter. 3.   
In this both Annius and Fabius Pictor do agree, which years amount to 454. years that Aeneas predecessors reigned before the destruction of Troy, and before he was king of the Latins. 
Sempro. de division Ital●….  Of this Roma which was Italus daughter, Rome was first named, as Sempronius in his book of the division of Italy affirmeth, and saith further, that Romulus had his name given by the place named Roma, and not Roma from Romulus.  
But Ruffinus and Functius saith, that Ascanius began his kingdom over the Latins, when Samson was judge in Israel, 
No time certain of the nestruction of Troy.  in the sixth jubilee after Moses, which is an hundred years before David's kingdom.  
But omitting controversies, Ascanius being in quiet possession of the kingdom, he caused a monument to be erected up in manner and sort like an arch or a pillar, whereupon he caused this sentence to be written round about that monument as followeth: Patri deo Indigeti qui Numici amnis undas temperate. This pillar is made and consecrated to the 
Dionis. Halicar. lib. 1.  god of the Latins, who hath power and sovereignty over the river Numicus. Some say, that Aeneas made this in memory of his father Anchises: other say, it was Ascanius doing in memory of his father Aeneas, who vanished away at the river Numicus: others say, that the Latins did it in remembrance of their last king Latinus: but how so ever it is, a grave there is as Halicarnassaeus saith, that it is composed fine 
Aeneas monument at the river of Numicus.  and artificially made of wood and stone in most curious manner: but I will be brief, and omit these things, and will as I have promised, only set down the names of the kings of the Latins.  
2 Ascanius Aeneas son reigned after his father the second king of the Latins: this Ascanius had a son named 
Lib. 1.  julus, of whom doth Gens julia spring out. Ascanius is called in Halicar. Eurilion, who reigned twenty eight years.  
3 After Ascanius succeeded Silvius a brother of Ascanius, & a son unto Aeneas by Lavina king Latinus daughter, whom Aeneas left great with child when he died: she for fear of Ascanius, hid herself in mountains and in woods, until she was brought to bed, and therefore her son was named Silvius, after which name all the kings of 
The cause why the kings of Alba were called Syluij.  the Alban were named Syluij: this reigned king after Ascanius, & julus which was Ascanius son, who became a priest, and a religious man unto the gods, which until the time of Augustus the family and stock of julia remained and continued as great Bishops named mag ni Pontifices, or else as high priests named summi Sacerdotes, among the Romans the only men of great renown and fame. This Silvius reigned twenty nine years and died, and left behind him Aeneas Silvius.  
4 Aeneas Silvius reigned thirty one years, and left behind 
These kings are set down in this order by Halicar. lib. 1.  him a son named Latinus Silvius, the fifth king of the Latins.  
5 Latinus reigned after his father fifty years, and left behind a son named Alba Silvius, which was the sixth king of the Latins.  
6 Silvius Alba reigned thirty nine years.  
7 After him succeeded Capetus Silvius the seventh king of the Latins, 24. years. Eusebius named this king Atyn. Eutrop. lib. 1. doth call him Epidum: so doth Ovid in Metamorph. 
Read Manethon supplem.  lib. 14.  
8 Capetus left behind him Capis Silvius the 8. king of the Latins, who reigned 28. years: of this king Capua a City in Italy was first builded. 
Eutrop. lib. 1.   
9 After this succeeded Calpetus Silvius the ninth king of the Latins, who reigned thirteen years, and left behind him a son named Tiberinus.  
10 Tiberinus the tenth king of the Latins reigned 8. years and was slain in a battle fought by the river Albula: 
Tiber first named Albula.  some say, that he was drowned in Albula, and therefore the rivers name was altered and named Tiber, after the name of Tiberinus, which is that river that runneth through Rome: 
Annius in Cron. Etrusca.  this Tiberinus left a son to succeed him called Agrippa Silvius.  
11 Agrippa Silvius reigned forty years, being the eleventh king of the Latins.  
12 Alladius Silvius the twelfth king of the Latins succeeded Agrippa, and reigned nineteen years, whom Eutrop doth call Remus Silvius, a wicked man and a cruel tyrant, using many horrible attempts against God, & therefore 
Eutrop. lib. 1.  was worthily slain by a thunder boult: for he went about to make the people believe that he was a God: he would gape, and receive the lightning into his mouth, but he and all his house was therewith consumed. 
Halic. lib. 1.   
13 After him succeeded the thirteenth king of the Latins, which was named aventinus Silvius, which reigned thirty seven years: of this king mount Aventine, one of the seven hills in Rome was named, for that this king aventinus was buried there. This time reigned Amazias king of juda, brother to Amos Isaiah his father, at what time reigned in Assyria Sardanapalus their last king.  
14 Procus Silvius succeeded the fourteenth king of the Latins, which reigned twenty three years, who left the 
Read Annius Chron. of Hetruria of the succession of these Latin kings until Romulus' time.  kingdom to his eldest son Numitor Silvius, and left to his other younger son, money and great wealth: but this Amulius drove his elder brother Numitor out of his kingdom, and Numitor was constrained like a private man to lead his life in the Country. Amulius having usurped upon his brother, studied to root out and to make an end of his brother's house, to be the surer in his kingdom: but he was slain in the Town of Alba by Romulus, who came of the body of Numitor by his daughter Rhea, and (as Annius doth write) begotten of Amulius his uncle, by whom the kingdom of Alba descended unto Romulus, and was the seventeenth king from Aeneas. This I have laid down as I found in Annius and Halicarnassaeus word by word, whereunto agreed Fabius Pictor, and M. Cato in his fragments.  

CHAP. I.  
Of the first building of Rome by Romulus: of his government, laws, and appointing of Magistrates after he had founded the city: of his wars with the Sabines: of his conquests and victories over these Sabines, Fidenats, and of his triumph over king Acron.  
IWill omit to write of the profane antiquity of the Tuscans, and of their chief city Hetruria, of whom you may read 
These 3. wrote more than they could prove of Italy, or more than is allowed by Myrsilus or Halic.  Sempronius, M. Cato, Fabius Pictor, and many others, where you may satisfy yourselves of many such fables as are to be found in profane histories: and therefore I will begin the history of Rome from the Latins, and so briefly pass unto Romulus the first builder and first king of Rome, whose lineal race descended from the kings of the Latins, in the which kingdom reigned successively sixteen kings before Romulus builded Rome from Aeneas time, as in the histories of the kings of the Latins is declared.  
And now in what Olympiad Rome was builded, the Chronicles cry out one against another in such sort, that some say 
The history of the Latins.  that Rome was builded in the fift Olympiad, some in the sixth Olympiad, some in the eight, some in the ninth, and some in the twelfth Olympiad. But the best agree, that Rome was builded in the seventh Olympiad: for yet profane histories were not acquainted with the actions of time, for few or none wrote in those days, or within three hundred years after: for Rome in 
Romulus a warlike king.  the beginning was but a little town, and so from time to time increased her Territories, and enlarged her Confines, first by Romulus' policy in wars, and secondarily by Numa Pompilius 
Numa Pomp. a peaceable prince.  wisdom in religion and peace.  
At what time Phul Assur reigned the second king of new Assyria, for now the monarchy of the Assyrians was taken away into Babylon after Sardanapalus time, by Phul Belochus the father of this king: for the kingdoms of new Assyria or of Babylon, of the Medes, and of Macedonia, began before the kingdom 
The kingdom of Lydia began in the first Olymp.  of Rome the space of one jubilee, which is but fifty years: and the kingdom of Lydia began 26. years before Rome, in the first Olympiad. Thus at one time almost five kingdoms begun their government. About the name of Rome, diverse opinions are: some say, that the Pelagians, after they had overcome the greatest part of the world, and had subdued many nations, in the end did stay there, and named it Rome first: some say, that after the destruction of Troy, certain Troyans' (to save themselves from the sword with their wives) took sea, & were driven by wind to the Tuscan shore near to the river Tiber, & that one Roma 
M. Cato defrag.  a Trojan lady named Rome, after her own name: others hold opinion, that it was Romanus the son of Ulysses and of Circe's, 
Fab. Pictor de aureo seculo.  that first named Rome: other say otherways. Read Plutarch, Fabius Pictor, and Cato, of the sundry opinions of Rome, you shall find all in Halic.  
Many fables are written concerning the name of Rome, and as many about Romulus' birth, who (as the best writers agree 
Halicar. lib. 1. ) is the most likest to have first named Rome. This Romulus descended right from the line of the kings of Alba, even 
Romulus lineally descended from Aeneas.  from Aeneas body, which was the first king of the Latins that became king of Alba: for so were the kings of Alba before Ascanius time named, from whom Romulus by succession lineally issued. The historic is known of the two brethren, Numitor and Amulius the last kings of Alba: these brethren agreed by lot for the kingdom to make division, the one to have the gold, silver, jewels brought thither from Troy, ready money and goods, which fell by lot unto Amulius: and the other the kingdom which fell to Numitor. This had a 
Rhea Romulus mother.  daughter named Rhea, of some named Syluia, of others Ilia: this was Romulus' mother afterward, though her uncle Amulius had put her to be one of the vestal virgins, which by the law might not be married before thirty years of age, unto whom Amulius had a special regard lest she should have children: notwithstanding she was found with child against the profession of the vestal virgins, and delivered of two twins.  
This put Amulius in great fright for the kingdom, which 
Amulius hindered of his purpose.  for all his sleights in seeking means to destroy these two twins, he could not hinder one jot of God's providence herein: this Romulus grew in time a goodly young man in height and strength passing all his people, he was holy and religious, and much addicted to observe divinations, and understanding the lewd practices & wicked intention of Amulius from time to time without consent of his grandfather Numitor they sluehim, & restored their grandfather Numitor into the kingdom of Alba: and having many fugitive slaves and banished men which came from divers countries with Romulus & Remus to kill Amulius, they thought good to build them a city in that place where they both were brought up first, at what time strife began betwixt Romulus and Remus the two 
Strife between Romulus and Remus.  brethren, about the placing of Rome, which could not agree before Romulus had slain his brother Remus.  
After whose death Romulus laid the first foundation of Rome the twenty one of April, which day the Romans kept holy and in memory of the nativity of their country: they kept a feast day which the old tuscans kept before, and upon that day named the feast of Palilea: yet some writ, that the foundation of Rome was laid by Romulus the thirty of April, 
Fabius Pictor lib. 2.  Eutropius the second day of May.  
But when he had builded Rome, and situated the City upon four little hills, to them three other little hills afterward were added, whose names were written by Fabius Pictor in this sort.  

The first Mount named the mount Tarpeius.  
The second mount Quirinall.  
The third mount Palatine.  
The fourth mount Caelius. 
Dionis. lib. 2.   
The fifth mount Exquilinus.  
The sixth mount aventinus.  
The seventh mount Viminalis.   
After Numitor his grandfather died, the kingdom of Alba fell unto Romulus by inheritance: and after he once builded Rome, he was also by common consent of all made king, which Romulus refused before he had seen some mystery by divination wherein Romulus was very expert: but after that he had offered sacrifice unto jupiter, and saw light shining upon the left hand towards the right hand, which among the old Hetruscans were signs of good success, Romulus was persuaded by divination to take the kingdom of 
Dionys. Halic. lib. 2.  Rome upon him: he being king in his kingdom confirmed and made a law, that no king should be in Rome after him, but such as by auguration had some happy tokens of his success in government: this law continued not only all the time of the Kings, but also in the time of the Consuls it was 
No king in Rome without divination.  observed: that no Consul nor Dictator should be elected without consultation with Augurers, according to Romulus' law. read more in Halicar.  
Now after that Romulus had builded Rome in this sort, 
Plutarch in Romulo.  and had gotten the kingdom of Alba into his hand (for now Numitor his grandfather died) he divided his best fight and chosen men into two companies: in every one of 
3000. footemē●…nd 300. horse of the old Romans called legions.  these companies were three thousand footmen, and three hundred horsemen, which were called by the old Romans Legions. After this, he instituted a common wealth, he ordained a hundred counsellors which were named Patricians, or Senators.  
In the fourth month after Rome was builded, Romulus feigned certain plays in Rome to draw people into the City, whereby he appointed by that means to entice the Sabines daughters, and the women of Alba to come to Rome to see the plays: at what time a number were ravished by Romulus and his soldiers: the number of women which were thus ravished, some say were but thirty, others say five hundred twenty seven, and others say six hundred eighty 
The rape of the Sabines virgins.  three: of the which maids Romulus took but one only to himself, named (as Plutarch calls her) Hersilia, a wise sober Virgin, and who afterward was the mediation of peace betwixt the Romans and Sabines: and they say, Talassives was the watch word given by Romulus to his men, at that time when this ravishment should be executed, which name was so much honoured amongst the old Romans, as Hymeneus was amongst the Grecians. For as the Greeks' do celebrate the feast of Hymeneus, and so honour him with songs at marriages: even so the old Romans used the like ceremony of Talassives, when any Roman was married: in Greece, they used songs to Hymeneus at the marriages, in Rome songs named Talassion.  
I refer them that would feign delight themselves with 
Plutarch. in Romul,  those matters, to Fabius Pictor and to Plutarch, and I will briefly return to the Roman histories which are long and large, for that the Romans of this little poor beginning which you heard of (I speak of Romulus a mean man in the beginning, 
Fabius lib. 2. De aure●… seculo.  and of Rome a little Town at the first) became so great in time, that it devoured and swallowed up all the kingdoms 
Eutrop. lib. 1.  of the world: so Eutropius saith, that the Roman Empire which at the first beginning thereof was the least of all other, in process of time became the most ample of all other Empires. Now while Romulus devised by all policy to make Rome of some fame, Acron king of Ceminenses mistrusting the old enterprises 
Plutarch.  of Romulus, and fearing the like attempt as he did to 
Fabius lib. 2.  the Sabines, began to make hot and violent wars upon him 
Eutrop. lib. 1.  with a puissant army, invaded Romulus' territories, where Romulus met him courageously, and (to avoid the slaughter of many) a combat was betwixt the two kings in persons appointed, in the which combat Romulus killed Acron, overwhon 
Acron king of Cemnens. killed by Romulus.  he first triumphed & got the victory. This was the first battle that Romulus began with such good success, that he overthrew the Ceminenses, the Antenates, and the Crustumen, being aided by Sevis king of Etruria. Romulus (to discharge his vow made to jupiter) made his triumph over these nations, hanging the armour & weapons of king Acron about the bow of a young oak, which Romulus carried on his right shoulder marching on foot before the army towards the city, with a royal song of victory. This was the first triumph of Romulus, & the 
The first triumph in Rome.  first entry given into other triumphs that followed presently. After this triumph of Romulus, the Sabines could not forget their injury for their daughters and virgins ravished by Romulus, 
Tatius elected general for the Sabines against the Romans.  but elected Tatius a gallant gentleman to be General of the Sabines, and to revenge the wrong done by Romulus. Tatius besieged Rome: that time one named Tarpeius was appointed captain of the Castle, whose daughter named likewise Tarpeia, betrayed the whole City for a reward, which Tatius promised: some say that Tarpeia was Tatius daughter.  
By this treason of Tarpia, the Sabines entered Rome, and great war continued betwixt the Sabines & the Romans 3. years.  
But in time betwixt Romulus and Tatius peace was concluded, and they both together reigned jointly, and governed Rome five years, Tatius dwelling by mount Tarpeius, afterward called the Capitol, and Romulus on mount Palatium: 
Wars between Tatius and Romulus.  but within a while in this five year Tatius was slain, and Romulus governed himself and overcame the Antenates, the Veients, and other nations, triumphed over them the second time. And when that Romulus had reigned thirty seven years, after three several triumphs he died, of whose death diverse 
Read Dionis. Halicar. lib. 2. & Eutrop. lib. 1.  opinions are of Romulus' ascension into heaven in the sight of Proclus, and of a voice heard he should be called Quirinus after his death: read Plutarch concerning his vanishing away, and concerning his whole life. Romulus' strength & his whole force exceeded not above two thousand footmen, and not three hundred horsemen, when he began his kingdom in Rome: but when Romulus died, he left forty six thousand footmen, and a 1000 horsemen.  
During the time of Romulus' government reigned in Assyria Salmanasser 10. years, by whom Samaria was subdued, & the 10. 
Dionys. Halic. lib. 2.  tribes of Israel carried captive into Babylon. Also Senaherib his son reigned after his father seven years, he likewise wasted and spoiled judea in the time of king Ezechias, until he was vanquished & all his army to the number of a hundred twenty six thousand. In Lydia reigned two kings during Romulus' time, Haliagtes the 2. king, and Meles the 3. king. In the beginning of the Romans kingdom the third kind of government begun in Athens after 17. king's government, & then after 13. judges. Now began the third alteration of the state called Decennales principes, a magistrate that should continue ten years in office, and then another elected into his room.  
Now in that time that Romulus reigned, began in Rome divers kinds of magistrates and officers, laws and orders were by Romulus appointed for the better government of the city of Rome, as Senators, Tribunes, Aediles, Celeres and divers other sacred and religious offices, as Flamines, Bishops, Foeciales, Salijs, vestal Nuns, soothsayers and others: the right use of their offices being not known to the reader, unless he be well read 
Romulus' laws.  in histories, I have orderly as they were appointed by Romulus, here set down as many magistrates, officers and offices, as were in Rome by Romulus first instituted during his reign.  
After that Romulus had builded Rome after the death of his brother Remus he made these many laws.  
1. First he divided the whole company of the multitude into three tribes, and he divided the three tribes into 30. parts, which were called Curiae.  
2. Then he elected one chief magistrate to govern Rome in his absence, which was named Praefectus urbis, as Viceroy, or as lieutenant to Romulus, as julius Caesar and Augustus 750. years after Romulus' time used the like.  
3. Romulus made a choice of 300. stout and valiant soldiers called Celeres, and a captain over them called 
300. Celeres.  Tribunus Celerum, these were Romulus' guard: the Tribune was as Esquire of the body, or as captain of the guard, to defend him from any sudden assault, and ready to execute the king's commandment.  
4. Romulus appointed 12. men officers called Lictores, 
12. Lictores.  that should carry tipstaves or rods to make room and way before the king.  
5. He also appointed after them 12. other men called Caduceatores, which were appointed next the king's person before him to carry axes, or mazes, as sergeant at arms, an office of great antiquity in all countries of the world: for we read in Homer that Agamemnon sent a Sergeant at arms 
The antiquity of sergeant at Arms.  called Talthubius to arrest Achilles for his absence in the wars, and for his disobedience to Agamemnon, being then appointed general for the Grecians against the Trojans.  
6. When Romulus had provided these officers for the safeguard of his person, he likewise erected counsellors, and made choice of a hundredth grave and wise men, who for the honour of their place, and dignity of their calling, should be named Senators, to govern and to foresee the 
Senators by Romulus first made.  dangers and perils of the city, to punish vice, and to reward virtue. These were called by strangers, princes of Rome, to whom the king committed the whole direction and correction of the city. The family and stock of the Senators were called Patricij: for all Senators were elected out of the Patricians.  
7. He appointed the place and the time where the Augurers and Soothsayers should use their divination touching 
The time and place of Augurers.  the events and proceed of Rome, which should be before Sun rising, and after sun setting: for Romulus himself carried the Augurers crooked staff for his skill in divination.  
8. Then he erected three Augurers with their orders 
Read Fenestella and Pom L●…tus of these laws.  and authorities, by whom all sacrifices and religious ceremonies were solemnised. These three he elected out of the three tribes.  
9 He instituted that no man might enter into the Senate to hear any cause pleaded or consulted, before he were 25. years of age: he seemed to be of Aristotle's opinion, that held, Iwenem non esse Philosophiae idoneum.  
10. After that Romulus had invented these many good and seemly decrees, to set forth that little kingdom of Rome: Now last of all he made laws for setting forth the dignity of a king, as to wear purple colours: for Romulus 
The dignity of a king.  ware a coat of purple in grain: and upon that a long rob of purple colour: for this princely and rich colour was only esteemed of the old Romans, and so honoured, that none might wear it but the kings of Rome, and after the king's time, only the Dictator's and Consul's.  
11. Romulus' instituted a feast in memory of Hersilia, and other Sabine virgins which were ravished, by whose means peace was concluded between Romulus and Tatius king of the Sabines. These feasts were called Matronalia. 
Matronalia.   
12. He also instituted the feast called Lupercalia, which 
Lupercalia.  was celebrated in Rome in memory of Romulus' escape, when that he slew Aemilius his father unknown, but taken for his uncle, he ran with a naked sword in his hand from Alba, to the very place where the wolf gave him suck first. Read Plutarch of Romulus life. They used at this feast a sacrifice in a den under mount Palatine in the month of February, 
A sacrifice to Pan and to Faunus.  in the honour of god Pan and Faunus.  
Now Rome having her first foundation by Romulus, and much increased by the policy and government of Romulus, that the confines of Rome extended into divers parts of Italy, and so enlarged by the wars of Romulus, and yet not 8 miles from the town of Rome, that Numa Pompilius who succeeded him not in blood, but by election, for that he was a Sabine borne in the city of Cures, and had married Tacia the only daughter and heir of Tatius the Sabine, who before had governed Rome together with Romulus.  
This Numa was entreated to accept the kingdom by ambassadors 
Numa Pompilius the second king of Rome.  sent unto him from the people of Rome with one consent, who after a long negative oration made unto Proclus and Valesus, and being urged thereunto both by Sabines and 
Eutrop. lib. 1.  Romans, accepted against his will the government of Rome: after the Senators bare rule by the space of five days, which was called interregnum between Romulus and Numa, which 
Interregnum for five days.  was accounted one whole year.  
This king was virtuous, godly; and religious, addicted altogether to govern Rome with peace: for during the whole time of his reign, Numu waged no war, but established laws, and framed such decrees and orders, as kept the people which had been so long accustomed with wars, under Romulus in quietness and tranquility, which never happened in Rome, but only in Numas time, and once in Augustus Caesar's time. When Numa was consecrated king of Rome by the Augurers, he beginneth with the service of his gods, and therefore he instituted bishops, and divers kind of priests: he erected a college for the vestal virgins: he appointed the holy 
Flamines, F●…ciales, Salijs.  and immortal fire, with honour and reverence to be kept by the vestal virgins. These ceremonies he had from Greece: for the like ceremony was in Athens by old women, in watching the holy lamp, and in Delphos in the temple of Apollo. 
Ceremonies in Athens.   
He founded divers temples in Rome, with innumerable rites and ceremonies: he first corrected the Calendar, though not so exactly, yet he so perfected it, that then the Roman year 
The year corrected and augmented by Numa.  of ten months was made twelve, by adding january and February. Which Numa not only added to the year of ten months, but he mended also the 10. month, and the days of the months: he corrected the Calendars which was also by Romulus begun, but finished by Numa.  
This continued from Romulus until julius Caesar's time by the name of Romulus' year, who then caused the year to begin in March, a month which he consecrated to his supposed father Mars, not knowing then Aemilius to be his father whom he slew then. But to Numa, in whose time a great plague reigned in Rome, at what time fell from heaven a brazen or copper target, and lighted between Numas hand called Ancylia. Of this target I shall speak in another place.  
The laws that Numa taught then to the people being rude and ignorant, were no otherwise made, than the laws of Lycurgus 
Dissimulation in Religion.  in Sparta, or of king Minos in Crete: for Numa made the people to believe that the laws which he gave, were from the gods sent into him by the nymph Aegiria, with whom he had sundry times conference in mount Aventine. So did Lycurgus admonish the Spartans' with the laws from Apollo, which Lycurgus 
Lycurgus.  (as he said) brought from Delphos into Greece: in like fort Minos made his people believe, that his decrees and 
Minos.  laws were given to him by jupiter in mount Curetes. So did 
Plat●…iae Sil●…t.  Silla make his soldiers believe, that he had some spirit in a little table that hanged about his neck, that instructed him in all his wars. And so did Sertorius by his white hind make 
Superstition soon believed.  his captains think, that he was sent from the goddess Diana.  
Now Numa a peaceable and religious prince, advanced tillage in Rome, and divided his people into divers occupations: he limited bonds to the territories of Rome, and took away all factions that held before with Romulus and Tatius, and governed Rome with such justice and clemency, that all wars and dissensions were forgotten in Rome: the temple of janus was shut, which was an old custom in the time of peace, which continued the whole reign of Numa, which was 43. years: for the Romans had no wars in all Numas time: for (as Plato saith) there is true government, and there 
Plato's saying of a king.  is a happy common wealth, where the mind of a wise Philosopher is joined to the majesty of a king, where grave counsel is given, and good lessons taught, the virtuous man rewarded, and the vicious man punished.  
This good king lived of all others most happy in peace and 
The happy reign of Numa.  quietness, all the days of his life: and the misfortune of five other kings which after him succeeded, caused the honour of Numa to shine with more glory: for (as Plutarch saith) four of them died not their natural death, three were killed with 
Plutarch in Numa.  treason, and the fourth was stricken with a thunder bolt, and burnt with lightning, and the 5. driven out of his kingdom, and died in exile: so that of the seven kings Numa only excelled, of whom some say that he had no children but one daughter called Pompilia, which was married to C. Martius Coriolanus. 
Pompilia.  Of this Pompilia was borne Ancus Martius the fourth king of Rome: some say again, that Numa had four sons, named Pompo, Pinus, Calpus, and Mamercus: and of these four 
The 4. sons of Numa.  descended the noblest races and most ancient houses of the Romans. Read of this king more in Plutarch, and in Dionysius 
Halicar. lib. 1.  Halicarnassaeus. In Aethiope reigned while Numa lived and ruled Rome, a king called Tarachus, which came to aid the king of Egypt against 
Tarachus.  Sanaherib king of the Assyrians, at what time the Empire of Egypt was divided into twelve provinces, by equal portions betwixt 12. princes. When Numa began his kingdom in Rome, Candaules the fourth king of Lydia governed the Lydians, whose history both of his wife, and of his life, together with 
Herodot. lib. 1.  the fable of Gyges' ring, is written in Herodotus at large. Manasses also king of judea for his wickedness against the Lord, was delivered into the hands of Benmerodach king of the Chaldeans, and was carried captive into Babylon. Deioces the fift governor that governed the Medes, and the first king that reigned over them, lived this time. In Athens reigned Leocrates the fift magistrate, Absander the 6. magistrate, and Erixias the last magistrate of Athens, in that government of 10. years to 
Decennales principes, continued ten years.  every magistrate appointed, which continued the time of 7. several magistrates, which was 70. years.  
Concerning this king's death, he himself commanded that his body should be burned, and therefore they made two coffins of stone: in the one of them Numas body was laid: in the other, his books which were written with his own hand: twelve books were written concerning the office of the priests, and 12. other concerning Philosophy, and the discipline of Numa. He commanded in his last will, that these 
Numa buried at the hill janiculum.  books should be buried with his body at the hill called janiculun: and so after he had lived 80. years, and reigned 43. years, he died: who in his life time instituted these laws. 
Dionysius Halicar. lib. 3.   
1. He instituted the kinds of priests which were called Flamines, of these were 4: one to jupiter called Flamen dialis 
Flamines.  who only should be present at sacrifice done to jupiter: two unto Mars called Flamines Martiales: these in like manner should instruct the people the manner and order of sacrifice done to Mars.  
3. And the fourth he appointed in the honour of Quirinus, called Quirinalis Flamen, to celebrate the memory of Romulus: for so Romulus was honoured and called by the 
Romulus' called Quirinus.  name of Quirinus. After this these priests were all bishops, archbishops, cardinals and patriarchs, by the names of Flamines, Protoflamines, Archiflamines, etc.  
4. Then Numa instituted another order of priesthood called Faeciales, which were peace makers, to pacify quarrels, 
Faeci●…es.  to entreat of peace, if they could, else to denounce wars: for without their licence the king might not commence war with the enemies.  
5. Again he appointed another number of priests which were 12. named Salijs, that should dance & leap before the sacrifice in the month of March, appareled with pied cassocks, girded with swords about them, with copper helmets on their heads, with Thracian targets, and short daggers in their hands.  
6. He augmented the number of soothsayers by Romulus first instituted, & erected a college of soothsayers, appointing 
Pomp. Laetus.  one to be chief called Pontifex Max. that had the authority of high priest, & was master of all the pontifical laws.  
7. He also made a law that no stranger might be of this sacred society, but such holy devout and religious men, as Pontifex Max. with his college of soothsayers, should elect by divination.  
8. He also appointed 4. vestal virgins, which should watch 
Plato in Numa Pomp.  and attend the holy and immortal fire, with reverence and great honour consecrated to Vesta, which used like ceremonies as the old women did in Athens in watching the holy lamp.  
9 He decreed that the targets called Ancylia should be in 
Ancylia.  the custody of the 12. priests called Salijs, in like manner as the custody of the lamp was commanded to the virgins. 
12. Salijs.   
10. After this he divided his people into divers occupations, some to tillage, some to one science, some to another.  
11. He instituted certain priests to Berecynthia, which should be gelded, which were named Galli, aster the name of a river in Phrygia, where they were gelded: but this was Pesinuntia as Images brought to Rome by Scipio Nasica, long after Numas time, to whom these ceremonies were done in memory of Claudia, who with her girdle hauled the ship where the idol of Pesinuntia was. Read of these laws and orders more in Pomp. Laetus, and in Fenestella.   

CHAP. II.  
Of the government, laws and orders of Rome after Numa Pompilius time, until the end of Tarqvinius the proud, the last king of Rome: of their wars & victories during this time over their neighbours about them: of the enlargement of the city of Rome, and of their territories: and last of the banishment of their kings.  
AFter this Numa succeeded Tullus Hostilius borne in the town of Medullia, the 
Tullus Hostilius the third king of Rome.  third king of the Romans, a man of clean contrary disposition to Numa: this followed the nature of his grandfather Hostilius Tullus, a dear and a sure friend of Romulus, of whom by his service 
Hostilius Tullus a friend of Romulus.  against the Sabines and others, he well deserved to be esteemed: this was the first in Rome that ware a garland of oaken leaves, in token and proof of his victory against the Fidenats. Such one was this Tullus, more bend far to war then to peace, ready to take any quarrel in hand to defend the city, which happened unto him as soon as he had entered into his kingdom: for C. Cluilius chief governor of the Albans much envying the good success of Rome, permitted the Albans to rob, to spoil, and to waste the territories of Rome, most desirous of wars against the Romans: but before he could do any exploit, he was found dead in his tent.  
After him succeeded in his place Metius Suffetius, which 
M. Suffetius.  likewise usurped & followed his predecessor. Cluilius among all the injuries against Tullus Hostilius, against his faith and promise to the Roman Empire, who in right of blood were kings of the Albans, and to whom they then ought by law of arms to have paid tribute: but M. Suffetius had the like end as Cluilius had. Read the whole history in Dion. Halicarnassus 
Halicar. lib. 3.  of this king. Now Tullus having this occasion offered to him by the Albans, he waged wars against the Veients, and Fidenats, and gave them such sharp battles, that after he had conquered 
The wars of this king is written in Li●…i lib. 1.  them & triumphed over them, he also in like sort went against the Albans, overthrew them, & took their city, which was builded in Aeneas time by his son Ascanius, named Alba longa, which had flourished 487. years, brought the people captive to Rome after much slaughter, so that by the ruin and spoil of the Albans, the Romans glory increased, & their kingdom 
Eutrop. lib. 1.  was enlarged, for that the Latins were the first stock of the Romans from whence they had their first beginning and offspring.  
A history worth the reading is written in Halicanassaeus, how Tullus king of the Romans, and Suffetius governor of the Albans, 
Halicar lib. 3.  consented to avoid great slaughter and much effusion of blood which should happen to both parties if their armies would enter into battle, to commit the battle to three men chosen of either parties, 3. of the Romans and 3 of the Albans, and where the victory shall happen, there the other party should yield. The king Tullus brought into the field 3. men that were brethren, the sons of Horatius a noble Roman. Suffetius likewise 
Horatius.  brought into the field 3. brethren the sons of Curiatius: 
Curiatius.  these 3. Alban brethren were cousin germans to the 3. Roman brethren. These six men after they had sacrificed unto their gods, and had taken leave of their parents & friends, they entered the battle, and after a long & doubtful combat betwixt both parties, the Romans conquered the Albans, and so by law of arms Alba longa their chief city, and all the kingdom of 
Alba longa destroyed.  Albania was made subject to the Romans, though still they rebelled and held out against the Romans many battles & sundry events of wars, until Tul. Hostilius did fully conquer them in the 28. Olympiad, at what time mount Coelius was adjoined to Rome, and made habitable by the king, and there Tullus the king kept his court.  
Now as soon as the Albans were conquered, the Sabines 
Oros. 2 lib.  again waged wars against the Romans, and were vanquished in the battle of Malicusa. After that Tullus Hostilius had conquered Alba longa, which was distant 12. miles from the city of 
Eutrop. lib. 1.  Rome, than Veiena and Fidena, the one 6. miles, the other 18. miles distant from Rome, & had enlarged the city with these 
Halicar. lib. 3.  confines and territories more than Romulus did, he was stricken with lightning, that both he, his wife, and all his house were burnt, when he had reigned 32. years, in the 35. Olymp. When this king reigned in Rome, Zaleucus governed the Locresians, who for his law making, & law keeping, is much mentioned in histories: 
Zaleucus histor.  for in that law against adultery his own son first offending should have lost both his eyes, but his nobles made great intercession for the king's son: the king to satisfy their requests, showing himself a natural father to his son, and a 
Rare justice.  just king to his people, caused one of his sons eyes, and another of his own eyes to be taken out, to perform the law which he made.  
In the time of Tul. Hostilius, Manasses king of juda was converted unto his God, and thereby restored to his kingdom when he expelled idolatry, and served God the rest of his life. In Chaldea reigned Nabuchodonosor the father of the great Nabuchodonosor, and in Media Phaortes the 6. king of the Medes. During the time of this king in Rome, reigned in Lydia Ardis their 6. king: and in Macedonia Philip their 6. king also: for the Medes, the Macedonians, the Lydians and the Romans began their Empires within 60. years together.  
Tullus Hostilius the third king appointed two Quaestors, as it 
Two Quaestors by Tullus Hostilius appointed.  were two Treasurers, to seize by the pole every citizen of Rome, to levy and to keep the same money to the use of the city: he created also 2. judges which were called Duum viri: these should determine causes for life and death. In like sort of Ancus Martius with his laws, Tarqvinius Priscus and his decrees, you may read in Pomp. Laetus and Fenestella.  
Even so Servius Tullus the 6. king of Rome, perceiving that the Senators had more to do than they could well accomplish, especially in private causes of the city, he instituted two 
Two Censors by Ser. Tullius.  men called Censors, to record and to write the number of all men in service, to take view of such offenders within the city, and to punish crimes and offences: and if any Senators should not execute justice, he should be deprived out of the Senate. If any of the magistrates created by Romulus should not imitate and live within the law of Romulus, they should be by the Censors punished. If any of the religious officers and the priests which Numa instituted, should transgress the law of Numa, he should also by these Censors be reform: this office continued 5. years, and upon the fift year new Censors 
Pomp. Laetus.  were made: this was called Lustrun, at what time althe city 
Lustrum.  was visited, all faults opened unto them, and all injuries done reform by them, as C. Fabritius being Censor, removed from the Senate P. Cornelius Ruffinus, for the expenses of 10. pound more than was allowed by these Censors: and so M. Cato banished 
The justice of the Censors.  C. Flaminius' brother from the Senators, for the favouring of a prisoner at the request of a woman. The authority of those Censors were such, as might reform all things by law.  
The old Romans used to account their actions, & to number their years every fift year which they called Lustrum, as 
Fenestella de mag. Rom.  the Grecians used to number the years by their Olympiad, which the Greeks' named Penterides. This office of Censors continued for a time in Rome, being renewed every fift year, which was a great day in Rome, and appointed by Servius Tullus the 
Beroaldus lib. 1.  sixth king of Rome, and endured until Vespasian the emperors time, the last conqueror of jerusalem 650. years: yet I read not but of 75. Lustrums which is 360 years. For Eutropius saith, that both Lustrum and the Olympiad, endured no longer than 
The Olympiads continued until Constantine the great.  Silla's time. But yet counted until Constantine's time.  
Tarqvinius the proud appointed 3. men to keep the Sibylla's books, after they were augmented from 3. to 10. and at last from 10. to 15. These were chosen out aswell of the Patricians, as of the vulgar people: they should once a year in the month of February read these books, and after they should see the books safely kept until February again.  
Now after that Tullus died, succeeded in Rome Anc. Martius 
Ancus Martius the fourth king of Rome.  the 4. king, one in nature like unto his grandfather Numa Pompilius, and one that in the beginning of his government imitated Numa in all points, commanding the people to observe the laws and ceremonies of his grandfather, thinking thereby to have the like success of quietness and peace, commanded Numas laws to be written in tables, and be set on posts and pillars in the market place, studied diligently to keep his people 
Numas laws in tables.  in peace, & thought to live quietly with that little territory that then the city of Rome governed. But it happened otherwise: for scant he had established himself in his kingdom, when the Latins under their governor there, waged wars against the Romans, and brought an army to the very town of Medullia, which they took, and possessed for 3. years in spite of Ancus Martius. Now this king was forced to forsake Numa, which lived in peace, and to follow Tullus his predecessor in wars, and therefore he altered his mind, and gathered force together, 
Halicar. lib. 3.  and began stoutly to answer the Latins, and to give them so many battles, that he destroyed, vanquished, and won their chief cities, as Politorium, Telena, Ficania, and divers others: he recovered Medullia, & gave divers overthrows to the Latins: 
All this history is read in Livi lib. 1.  then strait he was much troubled with the Sabines and Fidenats, the Veients, and the Volscanes: these people ever warred against the kings of Rome: for yet Rome was not come to any greatness. But when they had quite conquered the Sabines, Latins, Veients, Volscanes, Fidenats, and other nations next unto 
Oros. lib. 2.  them, which oftentimes they did, and they still revolted, than the city of Rome began to look unto other kingdoms: but during the time of their kings, their own neighbours annoyed them most.  
This king Ancus Martius had no rest during his whole government, until he had brought these people before spoken unto subjection: then he began to build, & to enlarge the city 
Mount Aventine joined ●…o Rome.  of Rome by taking mount Aventine unto it, and the hill janicula a large ground of 18. furlongs about, full of divers young trees, specially laurel, but by An. Martius made habitable and populous, & there upon the hill Aventine a fair temple was builded unto Diana: and to this mount, Martius brought from Telena and Politorium and other towns, men and women to dwell there. 
A bridge made by Ancus Martius over the river Tiber.  After this, the king builded a town fast upon the sea shore called Hostia 6. miles from Rome, & made a bridge over the river of Tiber which ran by Rome: he also builded a prison house to punish offenders, & divers other monuments, which you may read in Halicarnasaeus: when he had reigned 24. years he died, leaving 
Ancus died a king.  behind him 2. sons, the one an infant, and the other not able to succeed his father in the kingdom, & therefore Tarqvinius, 
Tarqvinius Priscus the fift king of Rome.  a man of good service before time known, and in great friendship with Anc. Martius, was by consent of the Senators and of the people elected the 5. king of the Romans. In the beginning of whose reign Thales, Periander, and Terpander, even than the 17. jubilee after Moses began, in the 41. Olympiad. 
Errors in the Olympiads.   
But first I must set down what kings reigned in other countries, before I speak of Tarqvinius Priscus. In the beginning therefore of Ancus Martius reign, reigned king of Egypt Necho, by whom josias king of juda was then slain, and in Media Ciaxeres, in Daniel called Darius Medus. This time reigned in 
What kings reigned this time in other countries.  Babylon Nabuchodonosor, by whom joakim king of juda was carried captive unto Babylon: and in Lydia reigned Sadaites their seventh king. Then the Prophet jeremy prophesied the 70. years of captivity to the jews, in the time of Ancus Martius, after whom Tarqvinius Priscus, by election and not by succession became the fift king of Rome. Of whose country, parentage and friends, and how he came to be king of Rome, read Halicarnassaeus, where you shall find the whole history thereof. Against this king the Latins had divers aids from the Hetruscans, specially from five great cities inhabited by people called Clusini, Arretini, Volaterani, Rusellani, and Vetulonenses. And in like manner as before to Ancus Martius, so now they began with Tarqvinius Priscus, one that had good cause to know them, for that he had tried them before, and therefore used 
Priscus an old soldier of Anc. Martius.  them as his predecessors did, overthrew them, and subdued them, so that their cities, their towns, and their countries were made even to the ground.  
By this king were the Fidenats, the Latins, and the rest of those nations about Rome subdued and destroyed: the Hetruscans which kept Tarqvinius in wars nine years were overthrown, in so much that they made Tarqvinius prince of Hetruria: 
Priscus made prince of Hetruria.  so the Hetruscans after nine years wars being broken and weary, thought good with one consent to send ambassadors from all the cities of Italy to Tora to entreat for peace: 
Means made to Priscus for peace.  which was granted unto them, upon condition that they would make Tarquin their prince, and to have the name of their chief magistrate in every city, which were called Lucumones, 
Lucumones old magistrates among the Hetruscans.  to hold of him. This being of mere force consented, Tarqvinius Priscus granted them their own laws, customs, and liberties in all points as they had before. After this, he governed in peace, after he had triumphed with great pomp and solemnity as then the time served. He went daily most sumptuous inapparel: he ware a crown of gold upon his head, and had on Togam pretextā, with a sceptre of ivory in his hand, which was then strange to see in Rome: for Romulus had his sceptre 
Priscus Sceptre of ivory.  but of wood: he sat in a chair of ivory, and his sergeant about him, where he gave laws to the people: he was admonished of this good fortune when yet he was a stranger in Rome by an Eagle, who took his hat from his head in his claw, and flew so high in the air, that scant the Eagle could be seen: and in 
Divination by an Egle.  the sight of all his people the Eagle brought the hat again, and let it fall upon Priscus head: he was by this persuaded, that it signified good, and therefore expected the kingdom after Ancus Martius, though a stranger, and that Ancus had 4. sons to succeed him.  
The Sabines which held the Romans play for 5. years, were also by Tarqvinius overthrown. In these wars against the Sabines, Ser. Tullius was made general: this for his good service 
Ser. Tullius general under Priscus.  and wise policy, afterward succeeded Tarqvinius in the kingdom: for he was esteemed of the people, & in much favour with Tarqvinius: in the like favour was Tarqvinius before with Ancus Martius, whose service seemed such, that he was elected king over the Romans, though he was a stranger.  
Now after that Tarqvinius had subdued all towns and cities about Rome, and had made the confines of Rome larger than before: yet (as Eutropius saith) all the wars, victories and triumphs which Romulus, T. Hostilius, Anc. Martius, and this Tarqvinius Priscus, these 5. kings had over many people, extended not above 15. miles from the city of Rome, so hard were the Romans kept in wars on all sides, & applied with their neighbours, and so long were they augmenting their Empire.  
But to return to Tarqvinius, who made the city of Rome far 
The great benefits of Priscus to the city of Rome.  more famous than before, by building the walls thereof, by doubling the number of the Senators, & the first beginning of the capitol: this king also builded a place for plays, called Circus, and instituted divers games there, betwixt mount Aventine and mount Palatine: he made sinks to avoid the filth and ordure of the city, and with great expenses made it to be carried into the river of Tiber. This Tarqvinius was the first that 
The first triumph with Chariot.  entered the city of Rome with any triumph on chariot, though some say that Romulus, some Valerius Publicola: but Tarqvinius Priscus by common consent was the first that set forth triumphs in so stately and magnificent show, and he himself the first that triumphed on triumphant chariot, and that three several times, over the Latins, Sabines, and tuscans: and when he had ●…aigned 38. years, he was slain by the sons of Ancus 
Priscus slain.  Martius his predecessor.  
During his government, reigned in other countries these kings: in Lydia, Haliactes their 8. king, in Macedonia, Europus their 7. king, in Egypt reigned Apries, whom jeremy calleth Hophra: at what time jerusalem was destroyed by Nabuchodonosor, and the jews brought captive unto Babylon. In this kings reign the wars grew betwixt the Lydians & the Medes, when Astyages reigned king over the Medes. This time flourished in the last years of this king many wise men, as Solon in Athens, Thales in Miletum, and others called the 7. sages. Likewise about the last years of this king, Nabuchodonosor was by repentance for his transgressions against the Lord, restored to his kingdom again. Now after this, the 6. king of the Romans was named Servius Tullius, of whom you heard before, how he was a captain 
Servius Tullus the 6. king of Rome.  under Priscus, and now elected king in the 50. Olympiad, & in the beginning of the 18. jubilee, being married to Tarqvinius his own daughter a noble woman borne, yet a captive and 
Livi. decad. 1.  a handmaid. This time lived Accius Navius, a great soothsayer of great favour and credit in the city of Rome: this man before the king, who scoffed the art of Navius and carried in his bosom a hard flint stone, only to try the skill of Navius, which he with a knife did cut through the midst, and therefore 
Cicero 3. de divina.  the king commanded his statue or image to be made, and to be erected up in that very place where he used this feat before Priscus Tarqvinius, in memory of his art, with his flint stone and knife in his hand. His father's name was Tullus, & his mother 
Halicar lib. 3.  was named Ocrisia: he was wise, eloquent and discreet, whom the people honoured much, and whose counsel Tarqvinius used in any doubtful action as an oracle: he was brought up in military discipline, as both the Sabines and Hetruscans can testify.  
This king perceiving that Ancus Martius sons had slain king Priscus his predecessor and his father in law, understanding himself to stand in the like danger if they should live, they being right heirs to the Empire of Rome, Servius by decree banished the sons of Martius out of the territories of the Romans: yet Fabius Pictor saith, that they were the sons of Tarqvinius Priscus: but he is reprehended and convicted 
The error of Fabius Pictor.  with probable reasons by Halicarnassaeus. But howsoever it was, the like end that Tarqvinius Priscus had by Ancus Martius sons, the same had Servius Tullus by Tarqvinius sons, both murdered.  
As touching the government of Servius Tullius in the 
Ser. Tullius the sixth king of Rome.  wars against the enemies of Rome, he excelled his predecessors, and brought the people, the towns, and cities about Rome most willingly to yield themselves, after that he had triumphed over them with 3. solemn triumphs: for this king for the space of 20. years, waged wars with the Hetruscans, with the Sabines and others, so that he conquered at length all places about Rome without blood: for the Romans yet had no great force to make war far from Rome: for during the 
●…trop. lib. 1.  time of their kings which was 244. years, which was the first infancy of Rome, they had their hands full to answer those next cities, and their next neighbours dwelling about them.  
This king was the first that invented mustering of men, 
The first muster of Rome.  which before this time was not known, as Eutropius saith, in all the territories of Rome: for in Servius Tullus time, the names of all the inhabitants of Rome were taken and accounted by the pole, there were found in the City of Rome eighty four thousand Citizens able men. In servius time brass was coined in Rome, and after servius time two hundred years there was no silver coined in Rome. By this king three hills were annexed to Rome, the one was called Quirinalis, the second Viminalis, & the third called Esquilinus. By this king the walls 
Halicar. lib. 4.  of Rome were entrenched round about, and by this king was a fair Temple builded upon mount Aventine to the goddess Diana. Read more in Dionysius Halic. but the end of this king was (as I said before) to be slain by the wickedness of his son in law Tarqvinius, who was son to the last king Tarqvinius 
Servius Tullus slain by his daughter.  Priscus, whom this Servius Tullus succeeded, & the treachery of his own daughter whom he had espoused to the said Tarqvinius. Thus was he slain when he had reigned forty four years king of Rome.  
During which time reigned in Egypt king Amasis, and in Macedonia Alcetas. In the time of this king Servius, Croesus the last king of Lydia was conquered by Cyrus, and the kingdom of Lydia brought under the Persians, at what time Cyrus began his Empire in Persia, after he had conquered Astyages, the last king of the Medes, and made Medea as Lydia was, subject unto Persia at one time: for Cyrus grew in servius time the strongest king, and the only Monarch of the world: for 
Lu. Tarq superbus the last king.  after he had conquered these two great kings, Croesus' king of Lydia, and Astyages king of Media, he also at that instant subdued Balthasar the last king of Babylon, so that he adjoined to the Empire of Persia, the kingdoms of Media, Lydia, and Babylon. This time did Daniel prophecy of the four Monarchies by the four beasts rising out of the seas the very ground of all Chronicles. In Servius Tullius reign happened the renowned and famous battle betwixt the Argives and the Lacedæmonians, 
Hab●…ar. lib. 4.  three hundred against three hundred on either side, to try and to make a full conquest by them of all their wars: which happened to the Lacedæmonians, for that three of the three hundred escaped, and all the rest on both sides died 
Herodot. lib. 1.  manfully in the field. This time flourished Stesichorus and Hiponax, likewise Anaximenes the Philosopher, and Chilo one of the seven wise men lived in this age.  
Now I will return again to Rome, and speak of Lu. Tarqninius surnamed the proud, who succeeded Servius Tullus in 
Lu. Tarq. super. and the last king.  the kingdom not lawfully, but by force and strength, in the 601. Olympiad sixteen ye●…es before the beginning of the nineteenth jubilee. In this Olympiad Agatharchus wan the victory in the games of Olympus. This king as he entered unto the kingdom of Rome with force and violence, so he continued with cruelty and tyranny, far differing from Tarqvinius Priscus his grandfather. This king planted himself in Rome against the Senators and the people, and guarded himself with 
Halicar. lib. 4.  wicked and lewd people, translating the whole government of the kingdom into tyranny: he married his daughter to the Governor and Dictator of the Latins named Octavius Mamilius of the stock of Telegonus, the son of Ulysses by Cyrses, 
Oct. Mamilius.  to strengthen himself against his enemies.  
This Tarqvinius was married to servius daughter, a very virtuous and modest lady, and his younger brother named Arnus 
The difference of two brethren married two sisters of contrary disposition.  married the younger daughter of Servius, a wicked and lewd woman not of the disposition of her elder sister, a match unfit for so quiet a husband, not like his elder brother: the difference between Tarquin the proud and his brother, or his son as some suppose, & also the difference between the two sisters was great, the one rash, cruel, wicked, false, and full of all impiety, to whom happened an honest, sober, and virtuous lady, and yet could not do any good unto him: and to his good brother being gentle, courteous, good & godly happened (as I told you) that wicked scorpion the younger sister, who when that she could not persuade her husband to any wicked act, she came to him, (I mean to Tarquin the 
Tarqui. wife a virtuous lady.  proud) who was as ready as she to kill, to murder, and to commit any wicked thing else: she counseled him, and she furthered him to murder the old king her father, and 
Livi. lib. 4.  to take the kingdom into his hand. What should I rehearse the number of this woman's faults? Read ●…iui and Halicarnassaeus, and you shall read how Tarqvinius slew the king his 
Dionys. Halic. lib. 4.  father in law, and usurped the kingdom, and afterward how tyrant like he governed the City of Rome, until he became so odious, as he was deposed from his Throne, and banished 
Tarqui. deposed from his kingdom.  from Rome, aswell for his own tyranny and murder, as also for his son Aruntius Tarqvinius his rape and wicked incontinency: for when he had forced a noble woman named Lucretia, the wife of Colatinus, (who when she had of this injury 
Rape the cause of putting down kings in Rome.  complained to her husband and other her friends in the presence of them all she slew herself) the filthiness and horror of this wicked act, kindled the hearts of the Senators and the people against Tarqvinius.  
Sp. Lucre. Pu. Val. Publicola. C. Lu. junius Brutus, swore in that place the destruction of Tarqvinius, and he himself became general for the Citizens, that they deposed him from his kingdom: such was the severity of the Romans in punishing adultery, 
Tarqui. deposed from his kingdom. Eutrop. lib. 1.  being the only cause of the first alteration of the state public in Rome. For before Aruntius Tarqvinius had committed this abominable action with Lucretia, the Romans had forgotten the faults of the father in killing his father in law, for he had conquered the Volscans, he subdued the City of Gabios, and of Suessa, and after he overcame the Tuscans, he made peace with them, and he builded jupiter his Temple in the Capitol, and he was laying siege to the city of Arde ten miles from Rome, when his son Aruntius did defile Lucretia: the foulness of the fact was such, that the soldiers forsook the father for the offence of the son, and the gates of the 
Rome's gate shut against Tarqui.  City were shut against Tarqvinius at his return from the siege of Arde.  
Thus when he had reigned twenty five years, he fled with his wife and children: he was the seventh and last king of the Romans, though afterward he sought the help of Porsenna 
Read Plut. in Publ.  king of Thuscia, and thought to recover his kingdom again. But when he perceived that the Romans would not accept 
Read the 4. b●…oke of Hali. of the two last kings of Ser. Tullius and Tarqui. super.  him longer for their king, and that Porsenna would aid him no longer to his kingdom, he departed to Thusculi a City not far distant from Rome, where he lived with his wife a private man for the space of fourteen years, and then died: his son Sextus was slain in his own city Gabia, whither he fled for refuge.  
In this sort reigned in Rome seven kings for the space of two hundred forty four years (as you heard before) who for all their force and courages, for all their long wars and sharp battles, their Empire extended not above fifteen miles from Rome: the reason was, that they fought with Romans like themselves, though they were called first by the 
All Italy was inhabited long before Rome was builded.  names of Sabines, Volscans, Tuscans, Veients, Fidenats, Samnites, and Latins: for until Romulus' time the name of the Romans was not known: the Latins were the first ancient name of the Romans: from them Romulus and his brother Remus had their beginning: for (as you heard) before Romulus builded Rome, reigned amongst the Latins fifteen kings. Thus much for the kings of Rome, of their continuance and of their government.  
Now what was done in other Countries, and what kings reigned while Tarqui. the proud governed Rome, Herodot and justine doth write that. Cyrus' the great king of Persia, was conquered and slain by Tomyris Queen of Scythia. Psammenitus the last king of Egypt was subdued, and all the kingdom of Egypt made tributary unto Persia by Cambyses, who at that very time hindered the building of the Temple of jerusalem, until 
The Persians conquered Egypt at what time the Romans banished their kings.  the second year of Darius Hysdaspis the third king of Persia. That Darius in the time of Tarqvinius Superbus made wars against the Scythians, by whom he was forced to take his flight.  
This time wicked Haman used great means to destroy the jews with king Ahashuerosh, which in profane histories is named Darius the son of Hisdaspis: but his council then against Mardocheus happened to himself and to his ten children: the history is written in the book of Hester. This time reigned in Athens Hyparchus the tyrant, which afterward Harmodius and Aristogiton slew. In the time of this Tarqvinius the Persians revolted from their king Darius the son of Hysdaspis, but by the subtlety and sleight of Zopirus recovered, and afterward the Persians by the means of Megabisus Zopirus 
Herodot. lib. 5.  some chief captain of Darius, took the City Perinthus and subdued Thracia and Peonia. Here I have set down the names of the seven kings of Rome, and their continuance in government.  

Romulus reigned 38.  
Numa Pomp. 43.  
Tullus Hostilius. 32.  
Ancus Martius. 24.  
Lu. Tarquinus Priscus. 38.  
Servius Tullus. 44.  
Tarqvinius the proud. 25.   
Now during the whole time of these seven kings which were two hundred forty three years, which was the first infancy of Rome, for all their wars, their victories and triumphs had first over the tuscans, the Sabines, the Latins, the Fidenates, Antenates, Veients, and the Albans, their Empire extended no further than Ostia eighteen miles distant from the city of Rome. After that the name of a king was banished, and two Consuls were created to govern and to command with Sergeants before them, with the authority and full power of kings.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the first change of government in Rome from a Monarchy unto Aristocratia, at what time one Dictator and two Consuls were appointed to govern the people in the room of kings: of their good government, laws, wars, and victories, until the Tarentine wars where Pyrrhus began to aid the Tarentines against the Romans.  
AFter these kings were thus banished from Rome, 
Consuls reigned in Rome 464. years.  they created in the place of one King two Consuls, which continued after it was first instituted, until julius Caesar's reign, which was 464. years: it was decreed that these two Consuls should not rule above one year, lest the continuance of the office should make them wax haughty. In the first year 
Eutrop. lib. 1.  after the expulsing of the kings Lu. junius Brutus, who had of all others procured most the banishment of Tarqvinius was made the first Consul in Rome, and with him Tarqvinius 
Dionys. lib. 5.  Collatinus, the husband of Lucretia: how be it Collatinus was forthwith deprived of his Consulship, for that it was agreed, that none should remain within the City that bore the name of Tarqvinius: whereupon Valerius Publicola was elected Consul in his room.  
These two Consuls were not long in their office, but Tarqvinius who a little before was banished, assembled a great army to aid him to recover his kingdom: in this battle Brutus the Consul, and Aruntius Tarqvinius his son slew one an other. This battle seemed doubtful for a time on both 
Brutus' slain.  parties: but at last the victory fell to the Romans.  
The death of Brutus was much lamented in Rome: for he so loved the liberty of Rome, that he caused his own sons who for that they seemed to favour Tarqvinius case, In. Brutus their father brought them into the market place, and there Publicola being Consul at that time, commanded them first to be beaten with rods, and after to be beheaded before all the people, for that they preferred the case of Tarqvinius, before the state of the City: and therefore the women mourned for Brutus death a whole year: in whose place Publicola hath chosen Consul in Brutus' room Spurius 
M. Horat. Pul. made Consul.  Lucretius, Lucretia's father, who died by sickness.  
After him Horatius Puluillus was made Consul: for in the first year of Consulship siue Consuls reigned one after another: again war was attempted by Tarqvinius against the Romans. In this war Porsenna king of Thuscia, aided Tarqvinius, but to no effect, and therefore Tarqvinius gave over longer to war against his Country, contented himself to live the rest of his time a private man, and troubled not Publicola: who being left quiet by Tarqvinius, when he 
Livi. lib. 2.  saw that neither by war with the which he often asfailed his Countrymen, neither with treachery which he practised with the families of the Vitellians and the Aquillians, he could any way profit.  
Then Publicola gave himself fully to look unto Rome, 
Valerius Publi. his rites and laws.  which was so impoverished by civil wars, that collection of money was made for the burial of Valerius the Consul his fellow in office.  
He first redressed things decayed in Rome, in supplying the number of the Senators that were slain in the wars of Tarquin, in whose places he chose new Senators to the number of a hundred sixty four: after, he defended the City against Porsenna, and destroyed the Country round about, and slew of the tuscans five thousand: he also 
The victory of Publicola.  vanquished the Sabines, and triumphed over them, and he subdued the Latins, who were most busy against the Romans this time: for Rome was found in the time of this Publicola sore unpeopled and poor, by reason of the civil wars of Tarqvinius, and therefore all the Nations which the kings of Rome before had subdued, began to revolt and to wage war freshly against the Romans again: but they were by this valiant Roman brought to their first state, and Rome much enriched by the spoils of the Sabines, Latins, Tuscans, and others.  
This Publicola was Consul four times severally, he was a good man and a just Roman: he made laws and decrees 
Public. four times Consul.  within the City: first, he ordained by law, that all offenders being condemned by the judgement of the Consuls, might appeal unto the people.  
He likewise decreed, that no man might exercise any 
Plutarch in Publ.  office, unless he came to it by the gift of the people: and he also made a law in the favour of the poor Citizens, that they should pay no custom nor impost whatsoever. This headed to win the people's favour, and to keep them in hand: many women then in Rome esteemed little of their life, in respect of their Country, as Cloelia, 
Cloelia. Valeria.  Valeria, and divers others, whose statues are erected up on horseback in the holy street. Appius Claudius, a very rich man of the Sabines, came to Rome this time to dwell, and 
Appius Claudius.  brought with him five thousand families with their wives and children, of the most peaceable, and esteemed men of the Sabines.  
In the ninth year after the banishing of Tarqvinius, there was a new office created in Rome called Dictatura, which 
A new office in Rome called Dictator.  far excelled in authority the office of the Consuls. In this office Titus Largius was first instituted Dictator: and in the same year an other new officer called magister equitum, an officer deputed to be attendant upon the Dictator, in the which office Spurius Cassius was appointed. The Dictator was not to continue in his office above six months: for such was the authority of the Dictator, that he might deal in all 
No appeal from the Dictator's.  causes, and judge of life and death, without any appeal either to the Senate, Consul, or to the people: and therefore the people much complaining, began to make uproars, and fell to dissension, and to require for an officer to aid and defend the people: and for that the Senators and Consuls (as the people pretended the cause) would have them oppressed, a commotion was thereby in Rome by the commons, and therefore they created two men whom they called Tribuni 
Tribuni Miletum appointed in Rome.  Militum Tribunes of the people: they were assigned to be peculiar Decisers and Determiners in causes belonging to the people. This office continued until Silla's time, by whom the office of Tribuneshippe was abrogated, but after by Pompey the great restored.  
In Rome dwelled a rare man of great service in the wars of Tarquin, whom Largius the first Dictator knew to be such as 
Eutrop. lib. 1.  deserved great praise then, being a young man: for he was crowned with oaken leaves according to the Romans manners in Tarqvinius days, and since profited Rome in divers services, in subduing the Volscans, in winning the city Corioles, he invaded the Antiates, and often repressed the insolency of the people, insomuch that the Romans having many wars in those days, this Corolianus was at them all: for there was no 
Corolianus his due praise.  battle fought, no war enterprised, but Coriolanus returned from thence with fame and honour. But his virtue and renown gate him much envy: for hereby he was banished 
Coriolanus banished.  Rome by the Aediles & Tribunes of the people, against the Patricians will: but the Romans made a rod to beat themselves, when they banished Coriolanus: for he came in arms against his own Country and City with the Volscans, being at that time their general: he with great fury invaded the Territories of Rome, he caused the commonalty of Rome and Nobility to fall to civil dissension, he so plagued the Romans divers ways unto the very gates of Rome, he was so much moved against them, that he refused three several 
Coriolanus stomach against Rome.  Ambassadors to hear them, being his chief friends, sent unto him by the Senate to entreat for peace: he refused to hear the Bishops, and the priests Feciales.  
He likewise denied the Augurers, the sacrificers, and the 
Livi saith that Volumnia was his wife, and Votaria his mother.  ministers of the gods, until Volumnia his mother, and Virgillia his wife with their two young sons gotten by Coriolanus, with Valeria the sister of Publicola, and divers other Ladies of Rome came to meet Coriolanus, to entreat for peace unto the Volscans camp, and what time he had compassion of his mother, of his wife, and of his two sons, and of the other Ladies being his near kinswomen: then he withdrew his army from Rome, and yielded to the tears of his mother: but the fickle minds of the people by the conspiracy of Tullus Aufidius were such, that Coriolanus was murdered 
Coriola. slain in the city Antium.  in the City of Antium, at his very return from that voyage.  
What shall I say of Caius Mutius Scevola? of his noble attempts against king Porsenna, of Horatius Cocles, and of divers others, whose statues at Rome, and whose histories in every book written, and in every man's mouth can witness? 
Halicar. lib. 4.  for in this very time in Rome when Cresius Fabius and Titus Virginius were Consuls, three hundred noble men of 
300. Fabians slain.  the house and stock of the Fabians, took upon them alone to wage battle against the Veientines, offering themselves to 
T. Livi. lib. 2.  the Senators and to the people of Rome to fight: from this 
306. Fabians slain.  battle not one scaped of three hundred Fabians but one, and another which was young at home, not able to go to warfare: for all the males of the Fabiaus were slain in that battle.  
These wars were extremely handled and prosecuted by the Hetruscans, Fidenats, and the Falascies against the Romans, when Rome was in most adversity and poverty, aswell for the late civil wars of Tarquin the proud, as also divers other foreign enemies, which on every side assaulted Rome.  
These 300. Fabians full of prowess and valour, undertook this war against the Veients: but being over charged with multitudes, were all slain saving one, to their great 
Oros. lib. 2. cap. 5  fame, yet this followed after their death: presently the Fasiliscians' yielded themselves to the Romans, the Fidenats destroyed themselves with fire, the Veients were overthrown and slain by Camillus, so that the deaths of these three hundred 
Camillus' revenged the Fabians  Fabians were fully revenged.  
These were chief men that reigned in Rome after the kings until the Decemuiri, which had been Consuls, Dictator's, and the chief magistrates of Rome, whose names are these.  

1 Lu. junius Brutus.  
2 Pub. Valerius Publicola.  
3 Mutius Scaevola.  
4 Cai. Horatius Puluillus.  
S Horatius Cocles.  
6 Titus Largius. 
Magistrates of Rome.   
7 Spu. Cassius.  
8 Mar. Coriolanus.  
9 Fab. Vibulanus.  
10 Q. Servilius.  
11 And Appius Claudius: from whom sprang the stock of Claudia, until the time of Decemuiri.   
Now to speak some thing of that which was done in other countries about the time of the banishment of these kings, Alexander the tenth king of Macedonia slew the Persians Ambassadors: at what time Bubaris a noble Persian, and an Ambassador sent unto Macedonia, married the daughter of Amyntas and sister to Alexander, and by that means peace was concluded between the Persians and the Macedonians. About this time also the Persians vanquished the jonians, and took Miletum. About the time of Tarqvinius death, flourished Callimachus in the famous battle at Marathon: and a few years after, Egypt revolted from Persia, at what time Darius Hysdaspis thought to invade Greece: after whose death, presently Xerxes his son sent his brother Achemenes to Egypt as his general, 
Herodot. lib. 7.  where he was slain by Psammetichus his son king of Libya, In the great wars of Xerxes in Thermopila, and in Artimesia 
The two wars in Thermopila and in Artimesia.  when Themistocles flourished and triumphed over the Persians, then flourished in Rome Coriolanus, in whose days the Romans had no store of coined money, their wealth was in cattle: for a mutton was then for ten obolos, the price of an ox a hundred obolos.  
Cimon a famous and a noble captain of Athens, subdued all Asia from jonia unto Pamphylia, and banished from Greece 
Cimon a noble captain.  all the barbarous people: but within a little while after, Athens was by Mardonius taken, about which time the three hundred Fabians were slain in a battle against the Volscans.  
This time flourished in Greece Diagoras, Sophocles, Euripides, Pindarus, and Xerxes the famous painter. In Rome at this time a new Dictator was created, and a muster taken within the City the second time. Quintus Cicinatus was taken from the 
Q. Cicinatus.  plough, to wear the garment made for the Dictator, called Toga pretexta, he took his journey forthwith against his enemies, and putting them to flight delivered the army of the Romans, and besieged the hill Algidus. This year ceased the office of the Consuls for a time, and in the place of the two Consuls, were chosen ten men which should bear chief authority in the City, and they were called Decemuiri. During 
Decemuiri created.  which office certain noble men were sent from Rome to Athens, to see the usages of the most famous Cities of Greece, and to confer with the most learned men touching the laws which they called the twelve tables.  
At that time Spu. Posthumius, Publius Sulpitius, and Aulus 
Eutrop. lib. 1.  Manlius, three expert Romans, took the voyage to Athens, brought the laws of Solon with them, and the laws called the twelve tables.  
By these laws which they wrote themselves in brazen tables, the ten men ruled the Romans the first year, with the good liking of the people: the second year, to the hurt and prejudice of Rome: and the third year, to the great infamy and shame of the Decemuiri: for when Appius Claudius 
Decemuiri deprived.  one of the ten Commissioners had deflowered Virginia, the only daughter of Virginius, he began a commotion among the soldiers, and chose to slay his daughters rather than to suffer the shame: for which fact the Decemuiri were deprived of their authorities, and they themselves condemned.  
This is the second alteration of the state of Rome, and all 
Dionys. Halic. lib. 10.  for women: the first for the deflowering of Lucretia, the kings were expelled: and now for the like foul fact, the Decemuiri were overthrown by a decree had in mount Aventine, after 
Decemuiri counted ten Tarquin's.  they had reigned in their full authorities three years, being rather ten Tarquines, or ten tyrants to destroy their Country, than judges or Commissioners to defend and to save their Countries. I have set down their names to your view, as they were put in the commission, by Isidorus lib. 5. Halic. lib. 10. Livi. lib. 3. and the first Decad.  

Appius Claudius.  
Titus Gematius. 
The names of the Decenuiri.   
Pub. Cestius Valicanus.  
Spurius.  
Caius julius.  
Aulus Manlius.  
Publius Sulpitius.  
Titus Romulus.  
Veturius Geminius.  
Publius Curiatius.   
In the three hundred and fifteen year after Rome was built, the Fidenats rebelled against the Romans, with whom the Veintines joined themselves to assist them: at what time Tolominus reigned king over the Veentines.  
These two Cities were not far from Rome. Fidena was but seven miles, and Veiena eighteen miles distant from Rome: but the Fidenats, Veientines, and the Volscans, which also 
Fidena.  took part against the Romans, were overthrown by Marcus 
Veiena.  Aemilius then Dictator. In that battle Telinus king of the Veientines was slain, the Romans could never keep their neighbours under hand, though they had often subdued them: for Furius Camillus when he was created Dictator, he was sent unto those unruly people with an army of Romans, who discomfited and vanquished them. Immediately 
The French men invaded Rome.  hereupon the Frenchmen invaded Rome, and pursued the Romans unto the flood Allia, within two miles of the City of Rome: they besieged the City, and wan it, and the chief of the Citizens fled with Manlius unto the Capitol for their defence: where if Camillus had not in time 
T. Livi. lib. 5.  removed the Frenchmens siege (and yet at that time, he was banished from Rome) the Capitol had been won: for before Camillus came the holy Geese saved the Capitol: for 
Geese saved the Capitol from the Gauls.  they ran up and down for fear, and bewrayed the Gauls with their noise.  
The terriblest and greatest victory about one time happened now in Rome: for after their great overthrow given to the Romans at the river Allia, the Gauls laid siege presently to the City of Rome, entered the City, and finding 
Florus lib 1.  no resistance, they feared some treason marching up to the Town to the market place, they saw sitting there in ivory chairs with crowns & garlands upon their heads, men all in purple long gowns with white staves in their hands, with long white beards, who seemed to be of such majesty, that the Gauls supposed them at the first sight to be some gods, that sat like men to defend the City, and were about to retire, until they perceived 
Rome taken by the Gauls.  that they were men: whom they with much fury slew with the sword, and then raunsackt the Town, killed and spoiled, and possessed the whole City saving Ti. Manlius, who with a thousand Romans took the Capitol for their defence, whom the Gauls could not win in seven months assault: so long the Gauls had Rome in possession. But to be 
Camillus' restored Rome being banished from Rome.  short, they were to their loss constrained to forsake Rome, and were glad to take their flight by Camillus, who then though banished by the Romans, saved and rescued Rome at that time.  
But Camillus removed them, put them to flight, and pursued them with such a slaughter of them, that he recovered 
Camillus rescued the Romans from the Frenchmen, and saved Rome.  the gold and treasures, and ensigns of wars which the French men had gotten, and returned to Rome, and so entered the City with his third triumph, and was called the second Romulus, for that he recovered his Country from the enemies: for in the time of his Dictatorshippe, he overthrew the Phalissians, Capenats, the Veients, took divers Cities, and wasted their Territories, over whom he triumphed. After this, Camillus besieged the Falerians, & overthrew the Latins, and the Volscans: he wan the field of the Prenestines, 
The office of Camillus.  and slew the great army of the Tuscans at Sutrium. Camillus gave divers repulses to the Gauls, and resisted stoutly the furi●… of Brennus their king: for in the time of this Camillus, Rome was destroyed and quite burnt, and again built, 
Halicar. lib. 10. 11.  and by him afterward, as by a second Romulus defended: for he was chosen Censor first: he was chosen twice Tribune of the soldiers, and he was five times chosen Dictator: for then the Romans had altered their government from Kings to Consuls, from Consuls to Dictator's, from Dictator's to Decemuiri, which Decemuiri continued not long, and then again 
Livi lib. 3. 4.  to Consuls: for in the first year after Rome was taken by the Gauls, (for in those days they were not named French men, but Gauls, which is a more general name) two men were created, which were called Tribunes of the soldiers, 
Tribuni Militum created.  in stead of the two Consuls, which were of no less authority than the Consuls.  
How be it the dignity of the Tribunes endured not long, for that office ceased: for the people of Rome were so seditious in the time of Camillus, that nothing could please them, neither Kings, Counsellors, Dictator's, Praetors, Tribunes, or any other officer: for now the Consuls were caused to be banished as the kings were, and in their rooms were placed the ten men called Decemuiri, which continued but two years, 
The office of Consulship put off.  and out the third year: then were placed magistrates named Tribuni Militum, which governed 43. years: and then again, Consuls were placed in their authorities, after Rome had been without Consuls 45. years. Thus the people put up and put down whom they list, insomuch that Sex. Ruf. saith, that Rome was without any magistrate for four years: for they stoned Posthumus the general, & banished Coriolanus Camillus, that such a fury reigned in the people, that four several seditions grew in Rome by mutual discord.  
The first in Sacro Monte, where the Roman people came armed in the 71. Olymp. against usurers, where at that time 
Dionys. 6. Lib. 2.  Menenius Agrippa an eloquent Roman, appeased the fury and rage of the people, with the fable between the belly and all members of the body, by the which oration he brought them to quietness.  
The second discord at Rome was in mount Aventine, 302. 
Val. cap. 9  years after the building of Rome in the time of Decemuiri, whose insolency and tyranny were such, that they forgot the destruction of their kings, the arrogancy of Tarquin in ravishing of Lucretia, they committed all offences, injuries 
Dionys. 10.  full of filthy lusts without respect of law or conscience, that Virginius seeing his daughter so oppressed by Appius 
Livi. 3.  Claudius, slew her in the market place with his own hand to avoid the present infamy and shame that his daughter Virginia was at hand to come unto.  
The third sedition at Rome on mount janiculun under Carmilius then being Tribune of the people, and general over 
The third sedition in Rome  them in the dangerous seditions: the cause was for the indignity of marriages between the patricians & the common people, 
Lib. lib. 4.  which Livi at large setteth down in his fourth book.  
The fourth sedition in Rome and the cause thereof was ambition & desire ofhonor, that the commonpeople would have magistrates created jointly with the Patricians: here grew mutiny & discord between the Patricians and the vulgar people: this discord fell in the second age of Rome called Adolescentia Romae. 
Adolescentia Romae.   
About this time flourished in Greece Pericles, who succeeded Themistocles in his room, and governed Athens forty years with great fame: at what time hot wars were between the Athenians and the Peloponesians. During these broils at Rome, Xerxes the great king of Persia was slain by 
Thucydides lib. 1.  Artabanus, after whose death Artaxerxes surnamed the long handed, did send Esdras to jerusalem from Babylon to repair the City, to build the Temple, and to reform the common wealth of the jews destroyed by the Chaldeans, before Cicilia was plagued by the Carthaginians, and often oppressed by the common people.  
Now reigned in Macedonia Perdiccas the eleventh king: this time flourished in Greece  

1 Heraclitus.  
2 Empedocles and 
Livi. lib. 4.   
3 Parmenides, and after  
4 them Aristophanes, and  
5 Hypocrates that famous physician: at what time also the great Philosopher  
6 Soorates Plato's master kept his school at Athens.   
This time reigned in Sparta Agis king of the Lacedæmonians: in Macedonia, Archelaus their twelfth king. About this time the original of the 
The original of the French men.  kings of France began to spring in Germany, who at that time were driven out of Scythia to the number of four hundred eighty nine thousand, first being called Neumagi, secondly called Sicambri, and the last time called Franci.  
About this time the whole states of Greece were by the ears, and began the wars of the Peloponesians which endured twenty seven years, of whom Thucydides wrote a whole volume of eight books. The Egyptians revolted from the Persians and rebelled, until Darius Ochus time the eight king of Persi●….  
Let us return to the history of the Romans: for as soon as Camillus died, the French men arrived and camped in Italy, 
Camillus' died.  against whom Quintus Cicinatus being then elected Dictator, was sent with an army against the Frenchmen: where Titus Manlius provoked one of the French army to fight with him hand to hand, whom he slew, & after he had slain him, he 
Oro. lib. 3. cap 6.  plucked a chain of gold from his enemy's neck, & put it about his own neck, for the which he & his posterity were called Torquati, for a perpetual memory of that fact. This was done 
A surname.  30. years after that Camillus had expulsed the Frenchmen.  
The like history is written of Marcus Valerius, who being 
T. Livi. lib. 7.  challenged by a Frenchman to a combat, accepted the challenge and came ready armed unto the field, where a crow lighted upon his right arm and sat there still, until his adversary came to handy gripes. The crow flew and smote the 
Val. Max. cap. 16. lib. 8.  Frenchman upon the eye with his wings, that he could not see to fight: by means whereof he was slain, whereby he was surnamed corvinus, as Torquatus was. At what time the Frenchmen 
M. Valerius surnamed corvinus.  were put to flight, and again by Sulpitius the Dictator they were subdued, and the Tuscans likewise were the very same time vanquished by Caius Martius, who then led prisoners 
C. Martius his triumph over the tuscans.  with him to Rome in one triumph 7000 captives.  
By this time the Romans force increased, and they prevailed in warlike feats and in chivalry, although yet their wealth and substance were very slender: for men reigned then in Rome, as had this sentence always in their mouths, Agere magna, & pati fortia Romanorum est. Mutius Scaevola spoke it 
The praise of the old Romans.  first before Porsenna king of the tuscans: so great were the Romans, so full of valour, and so renowned were their actions, that the Dictator of Rome was more feared, than any Emperor of the world, and a Consul more esteemed than a king, as by their victories and triumphs over all nations may appear.  
The discipline of the Romans was such, as their generals, lieutenants, captains, officers, yea the private soldier, if he 
The discipline of the old Romans.  had deserved, should have had his triumph, or be preferred unto a higher place of service. Pliny saith, the garlands which were made for the Conquerors, were some of laurel, some of oaken leaves, some of Myrtle, some of green grass, and some of gold. The city of Rome was full of statues and images erected, as monuments of the Romans pictures set up at the 
Statues and images.  bars where the Orators did plead: and images in the market place of Dictator's and Consul's, that to be a soldier in Rome, was more than to be a captain in Greece, and to be a Consul in Rome, were more then to be a king in other places: so mighty the Romans waxed by this, that they warred now 
Of this war writs Livi lib. 9 and Oros. lib. 3. cap. 21. & 22.  a hundredth and three miles distant from Rome, and took the Samnites in hand, against whom Lucius Papirius Cursor then created Dictator, went with an army, giving charge at his departure from Rome, to Quintus Fabius Maximus (who at that time was appointed an officer attendant upon the Dictator 
Fabius. Max.  called Magister equitum) that he should not fight with the enemies during his absence. Howbeit, upon occasions Fabius with great good luck fought with the Samnites, and vanquished them, for which disobedience (notwithstanding his good success) Luc. Papirius after his return gave sentence of death 
The severity of the Romans in military discipline.  upon him: but he was delivered through the passing great favour of the people.  
In the second battle the Samnites overcame the Romans, and caused them (to their reproach) to creep under the yoke, which was made with two spears in the earth, and the third upon the top of them, like a gallows. In the third battle 
Tit. Livi. lib. 9  Luc. Papirius had the upper hand over the Samnites, and caused 
To creep under ●…he yoke a great reproach.  seven thousand of the Samnites to creep under the yoke, at the battle of Allifas.  
Thus the Samnites were discomfited by the Romans: but nevertheless they still renewed their battle, until Fabius Maximus 
Eutrop. lib. 2.  came to aid his son Quintus, who was vanquished by the Samnites, and three thousand of his soldiers slain: for of all nations that the Romans had to do withal, the Samnites diminished most the force of the Romans, as in the bloody battles at Tifernum, Longula, and at Lantula, where Quintus Aulius general of the Romans was slain. Likewise in the battles 
Livi. lib. 9  at Satricula, and Suessula, the last overthrow of the Samnites: read Livi of the Samnites wars, who continued their wars with the Romans 49. years, but in an exceeding great battle they were slain and overthrown by Pub. Cornelius 
The Samnites quite vanquished.  Ruffinus, and Marcus Curius Dentatus, than Consuls at Rome.   

CHAP. FOUR  
Of the wars and victories of the Romans over king Pyrrhus, called the Tarentine wars, until the Carthaginean wars: of their victories and triumphs had over Italy, with divers other foreign nations and kingdoms.  
WHen the Romans had thus conquered the Samnites, they proclaimed open wars against the Tarentines, which inhabited the furthest part of Italy: for they had 
Pyrrhus came to aid the Tarentines.  injured the Romans ambassadors, who sent for Pyrrhus' king of Epire to assist them. Pyrrhus forthwith came: for he ever envied the glory of the Romans, and wished to have some dealings with them: for he was accounted 
Hanibals saying of Pyrrhus.  the second soldier of the world next to Alexander the great: for he was like to Alexander in all points.  
This king descended of the line of Achilles, and was named Pyrrhus, as the name of Achilles' son: he was glad to have occasion offered him to war against the Romans, he gathered soldiers and his forces together: he associated with the Samnites, the Lucanes, and the Brutaines, and joined his army with the Tarentines, and marched forward to give battle to Publius Valerius Levinius the Consul, to whom Pyrrhus gave 
Pyrrhus' victory of Levinius the Consul.  the overthrow: for Pyrrhus was then an old soldier, and had practised arms against Lysimachus king of Thracia, and against Demetrius king of Macedonia. Then the Consuls lost of Roman soldiers to the number of fifteen thousand, and 
Eutrop. lib. 2.  Pyrrhus got not that victory without blood: for he had slain of his soldiers by the Romans seven thousand: and Eutropius sayeth, that Pyrrhus had fled and lost the field, had not his 
Eus. ●…ib. temp.  elephants been, by whose means only he overthrew the Romans.  
Pyrrhus, to show his greatness to the Romans, sent the 
Plutarch. in vita Pyrrhi.  prisoners which he took without ransom: but the majesty of the Senate requited Pyrrhus, in letting so many prisoners of the Samnites and Tarentines free to Pyrrhus.  
After this the second battle betwixt the Tarentines and the 
Plutarch. in vita Pyrrhi.  Romans, was at the city of Ascalum, where likewise Pyrrhus had the victory over the Romans. This time the carthaginians offered aid to the Romans, and sent their ambassadors with a crown made all of gold, in token of their good will: this gift should be put in the Capitol in the seat of jupiter. 
Livius lib. 7.   
The Romans were somewhat heated by Pyrrhus, and having lost two victories, they prepared for the third battle, whose charge was given to M. Curius Dentatus then Consul: who expecting aid to come from Lucania, until king Pyrrhus a hot rash captain did set upon them, but to his great loss, and to one of his last overthrows in Italy. I find in Eutropius, that Pyrrhus 
The Romans victory over Pyrrhus.  lost twenty thousand of his soldiers, his elephants and himself sore wounded.  
Pyrrhus having this repulse, sent one Cineas an ambassador to the Romans, an excellent eloquent Orator and one of Demosthenes' chief scholars: he thought to entreat for peace upon indifferent conditions: but no condition pleased the Romans, unless Pyrrhus would departed out of Italy. This answer being returned from the Senate, Pyrrhus demanded of 
Eutrop. lib. 2.  Cineas what manner of place Rome was. Cineas answered, that Rome was a city of kings, saying further, that every one in 
Cineas saying of Rome.  Rome was such as Pyrrhus was in Epire. Then said Pyrrhus, were I king of Rome, or had I Roman soldiers, I should soon conquer all Asia and Europe.  
Then Fabritius a noble Roman was sent against king Pyrrhus: this Fabritius was so honoured at Rome, and so esteemed abroad, and yet a poor man, that Pyrrhus offered him gold 
Read Polibeus of this war, lib. 2.  and silver, yea the fourth part of his kingdom if he would forsake Rome. This was that Fabritius that refused Pyrrhus gifts, and also opened the treason and conspiracy of his Physician, who offered for money to bring Pyrrhus into Fabritius hands: and this was he that forced Pyrrhus to flee to Sicilia, and after he had subdued the Samnites, and the Lucanes, he had his triumph granted him. While Pyrrhus stayed musing in Sicilia, Curius Dentatus, and Cornelius Lentulus being Consuls, were sent to meet Pyrrhus, and to give him battle: for the Romans suffered him to have no rest within Italy. In this battle the army of Pyrrhus was slain, his tents sacked, and he himself 
Pyrrhus' army slain.  driven to Tarentum, he lost 23. thousand that day, over whom Curius Dentatus triumphed in his Consulship: he brought four elephants into Rome, which were the first that ever were seen in a triumph at Rome: for before Pyrrhus' wars, the 
Florus lib. 1. cap. 18.  spoils and the treasures of the Volscanes, and the Sabines, were but cattle: the spoils which the Romans had of the Gauls, were Carpenta: the spoil of the Samnites, were but armours 
Val. Max. cap. 12.  and broken weapons. The like poor spoils and prays had the Romans over the Fidenats, poor towns, not yet well enriched for the civil wars which they had with the Romans: But Pyrrhus brought the strength and treasure of a king, his gold and silver, his elephants and camels, that the victory 
Read Plutar. in Pyrrho.  which Curius Dentatus, and Fabritius then Consuls at Rome had over Pyrrhus, so rejoiced Rome, that their triumph then over Pyrrhus, was the most joyful and acceptable triumph that ever Rome saw at that time.  
To this end came the vain hope of king Pyrrhus, who 
Pyrrhus' driven out of Italy.  thought to have conquered Italy, and thereby to be king of Rome. After he had spent 6. years in continual wars with the Romans he fled, after whose flight immediately all Italy was conquered, and Sicilia. Not long after Pyrrhus was slain at Argos a city of Greece: for after Tarentum was destroyed, than the Picents and their town Asculum, were also subdued by Sempronius. After the Picents, the Salentines and their chief port Brundisium, was conquered by Mar. Attilius: and last of all the Volscanes were also overthrown by Fabius Gurges. 
Fl●…. lib. 15.  Thus was all Italy soon subdued after the overthrow of Tarentum. 
Oros. 4. cap. 6.   
At this time flourished in Greece, Agesilaus a noble man of Sparta, and after the death of king Agis he was elected king in 
Who flourished this time in other countries.  Sparta over the Lacedæmonians, with whom flourished for a time Lisander a valiant captain of Sparta, and a great enemy of Athens. Alcibiades was famous in Camillus' time, and Niceas the Athenian, who during Camillus' wars in Rome, and before his time a little, all Greece were busy in the Peloponesian war. This time Diogenes the Cynic, Plato the Philosopher lived, and his scholar Aristotle was borne.  
In Persia reigned Artaxerxes Mnemon, surnamed the great, 
Artaxerxes Mnemon.  who held wars for a short time with his brother Cyrus whom he slew. Read of this king in Xenophon his fift book, and after, his son Ochus reigned king in Persia.  
In Macedonia reigned Philippe, Alexander the great his father, who subdued and conquered many nations in the time 
Philip.  of Camillus, and after succeeded him his son Alexander the great, whose renown and fame are in all books manifest. This time lived Mausolus' king of Caria, whose tomb when he died, the Queen his wife Artimesia made so gorgeous and so sumptuous, that it was reckoned in the number of the seven wonders. Alexander Pheraeus the tyrant of Thessalia reigned at this time, with whom Pelopidas had battle, and who by Epaminondas his friend was rescued. Likewise governed in Egypt as revolted kings from the Persians since Cambyses time, 
The Egyptians revolted from the Persians.  the second king of Persia, until Darius Ochus reign the eight king of Persia, Nepherites six years, Achoris twelve years, and Nectanabus eighteen years. When now that Camillus was dead, there succeeded a number of valiant Romans, as  

1 Tit. Quintius Cicinatus.  
2 Tit. Manlius Torquatus.  
3 M. Val. sirnamedCoruinus.  
4 Q. Fabius Maximus.  
5 Luc. Papyrius Cursor.  
9 And Curius Dentatus.   
With many more valiant Romans, that augmented the glory of Rome, in subduing the nations about them, as the wars of the Volscans; Tuscans, Samnites and Torentines can witness, of which you may read in Livy, in Halicarnassaeus, in Eutropius, and in others.  
During which time the kings of Egypt (after Alexander the great) with the kings of Syria and Asia, were as well occupied 
Alexander the great.  with wars in their own kingdoms, as the Romans were in Italy: so likewise were the kings of Macedonia, and all the states of Greece: for Alexander's soldiers and his captains, had filled all the East part of the world with wars: for Alexander had subdued and conquered the most part of all the kings then living, and brought them to pay tribute to the kings of 
The greatness of the Empire of Macedonia, by the means of Alexander the great.  Macedonia. So that after his death, they fought for kingdoms, and every king sought by wars to become like unto Alexander, and so by that means one destroyed another, that then proud Persia, which had the Chaldeans, Assyrians, Lydians, Medes, egyptians, all Asia, and all the world vassals and subjects under them, were then made to yield to the Macedonian empire.  
You have read how hitherto the Romans have from a little town in the beginning, crept over all Italy, and now are ready to try their valour abroad, and so to set foot in Africa and Lybia, countries far from Rome: for yet the Romans had never waged war forth of Italy. And to the end they might understand what power they were able to make, there was a muster had, and the names of the Romans were numbered 
300000. Citizens mustered in Rome before the first wars of Africa.  by the pole, which amounted to the number of three hundredth thousand citizens.  
In the 480. year after the building of Rome, the name of the Romans became famous, insomuch that they proclaimed 
Polybius lib. 1.  wars against the people of Africa: at what time Appius Claudius surnamed Caudex, and Q. Fuluius were Consuls. This war endured until Q. Luctatius, & Aulus Manlius consulship, which was 22. years. Of these 3 several wars which the Romans had with the Africans, I have said some thing in the African history. The first war was against Hamilcar Hanibals father, 
The first African wars.  a famous Captain at that time of the carthaginians, with whom Hannibal in his youth was brought up in Spain, at what time the Romans pretended wars against Hieron king of Sicily. But he together with the residue of his nobility, made peace with the Romans, and gave them in consideration thereof 
Eutrop. lib. 2.  200. talents of silver, and then the Africans were overcome in Sicilia, which was the second time that the Romans triumphed over them. After ●…his the Carthagineans were discomfited on the sea in the third battle, where the Romans took 31. ships, and sunk 18. beside the slaughter of 3000. and the taking of 7000. with fewin days after. This time Caius Aquilius, and Lucius Scipio were Consuls: for then Scipio wan Corsica and Sardinia, and led with him many thousand prisoners, and triumphed in the second battle 
Hamilcar the general of the carthaginians discomfited by Regulus.  by sea. Hamilcar the general of the carthaginians lost 64. ships, and was forced to retire back, at what time Clipea the chiefest city in Africa was yielded up to the Romans.  
After this great victory Manlius the Consul returned to Rome, and brought 27. thousand prisoners, and triumphed with great pomp and solemnity: and Attilius Regulus the 
The noble victory of Attibus Regulus.  other Consul remained still in Africa, who while his fellow was in Rome, joined battle with three great captains of the carthaginians at one time, of whom Regulus got the victory, slew 18. thousand Africans, took prisoners 5000. men, and eight elephants, and brought under obeisance of the Romans threescore and thirteen cities, and at that time the carthaginians desired peace of Regulus.  
The invincible courage of the Romans was such, that during the first Punic wars which continued 22. years, in four battles upon the sea, the Africans were quite vanquished 
Halicar. lib. 1.  and subdued, not without great losses of the Romans which they sustained by shipwreck, and therefore the Senators thought good to give over that kind of battle, for the continual and often damages which they sustained, and specially 
The great over throw of the Romans.  in that battle when the Lacedæmonians aided the Africans, at what time thirty thousand Romans were slain, fifteen thousand taken prisoners, and their captain Regulus taken and put in prison. But this great overthrow of the Romans 
Florus. 2. cap. 2.  was fully requited by Marcus Aemilius, and Sergius Fuluius made Consuls for the next battle: for (as Eutropius affirmeth) the Romans were so furious for the overthrow of Regulus, that they prepared 300. sail to pass into Africa. In this 
Eutrop. lib. 2.  battle Aemilius sunk 104. ships of his enemies, took thirty 
Aemilius victory.  ships with all the men that fought in them, slew and took prisoners 15. thousand Africans, with an exceeding great spoil, with the which he enriched his soldiers.  
At this time all Afrique had been subdued, had there not at that very time chanced so great a dearth in Africa, and yet the Consuls for all these victories suffered such shipwreck by 
Great shipwreck of the Romans.  a sudden tempest about the coast of Sicily, that of 484. ships, scant eighty could be saved.  
Many of these shipwrecks happened to the Romans, which made their victories of less renown: but they were of such courage, that nothing could dismay them, on land nor on sea. For though Publius Claudius had lost his people in an unlucky battle by land, with no less evil success by shipwreck, then before you heard by sea: yet with greater courage 
Oros. lib 4. cap 10.  then before (being more kindled to revenge their losses and damages) they prepared 400. sail well furnished, for the which voyage they created Caius Luctatius, and Aulus Posthumus Consuls. The battle was fought over against Lilibeum 
C. Luctatius and Aulus Posthumus Consuls victory.  a city of Sicily, where the Romans took 32. thousand prisoners, slew thirteen thousand, and sunk 125. ships.  
Upon this overthrow the Africans were compelled to desire peace, being not able to wage war longer with the Romans: for they had lost both their chief captains, their ships, their munitions in this only battle, and so their first war ceased, and peace proclaimed by the Romans, which continued 24. years, until the second wars begun by Hannibal. These were the names of the Consuls and the chief valiant Romans that flourished then in Rome, during the first Punic war.  

Appius Claudius, surnamed▪ Caudex.  
Q. Fuluius.  
Luc. Manlius Volso.  
Mar. Attilius Regulus.  
Mar. Aemilius Paulus.  
Sergius Fuluius.  
C. Sulpitius Paterculus.  
Attilius Calatinus.  
Cneus servilius Sepio.  
C. Sempronius Blesus.  
C. Furius Placidus.  
Cn. Cornelius. & C. Duilius.  
C. Aquilius Horus.  
Lucius Cornelius Scipio.  
C. Aurelius Cotta.  
Pub. Servilius Germinus. 
These captains flourished in Rome in the first Punic war.   
Mar. Fabius Licinius.  
Mar. Octacilius Crassus.  
C. Luctatius Catullus.  
Aul. Posthumius Albinus.  
Lu. Manlius Regulus.  
Mar. Valerius Maximus.  
Q. Luctatius.   
With many other noble Romans, Consuls, Dictator's▪ Tribunes and other magistrates, which then lived at Rome at the time of this war.   

CHAP. V.  
Of the Roman wars, and of their conquest over Carthage, Numantia, and all Asia: and of their divers victories and triumphs over other nations, during the time of this African wars.  
IN other countries and kingdoms, while this war endured betwixt the Romans and the Africans, these kings reigned. In Bythinia governed king Nicomedes, who builded a great city, and named i●… after his own name Nicomedia. In Asia and Syria reigned Antiochus surnamed Theos the third king, after Alexander the great died: and Ptolomey Euergetes r●…igned likewise the third king of Egypt.  
During this first African wars, the Parthians which were vassals under the Macedonians, erected up their kingdom, over whom reigned as their first king one named Arsaces, after whom the kings of Parthia were all named Arsaces'. In Macedonia 
All the kings of Parthia were named Arsaces.  this time reigned Antigonus, surnamed Gonatus, whose successors continued kings in Macedonia, until the Romans overcame and subdued them.  
Alexander the great had not heard of the Romans in those 
The name of Rome was not heard of out of Italy in the time of Alexander the great.  days, their fame and renown being yet not far known: for they were from the first building of Rome, until the first Punic wars occupied in Italy, where divers stout and valiant nations inhabited, who were brought under the obeisance of Rome, and so soon as Rome could command Italy, they commenced war against the Africans. But before, when Alexander was in arms against the Persians, and in armour against all the East kings, the Romans had wars in Italy, at what time so many Alexanders, so many Pyrrhus, so many Hanibals in Rome lived then in valour and courage, that both Pyrrhus and Hannibal felt of it to their loss, and the overthrow of themselves. Livy writeth a noble history in comparing certain Romans, man for man to Alexander, and of those that lived about the time of Alexander the great: for he died about sixty years before the first African war. For (saith Livy) had Alexander come to Rome as conqueror then of all the East kings of the world, he had found in Rome many conquerors, and many Alexanders like himself, as these undernamed.  

Mar. Valerius corvinus.  
Tit. Manlius Torquatus.  
Caius Martius' Rutilius.  
Caius Sulpitius.  
Lucius Papyrius Cursor.  
M. Curius Dentatus.  
Qu. Fabius Maximus.  
Lucius Voluminius. 
Certain noble Romans compared to Alexander the great for their worthiness and valour.   
Qu. Publius Philo.  
Mar. Valerius Publicola.  
T. Veturius calvinus, and 2.  
valiant Romans called Decis.   
If then Alexander had made his voyage to Rome, he had found in his days these gallant Romans being all Consuls or Dictato●… and all conquerors: he might well have come to Rome like Alexander the conqueror: but Livy doubted he 
T. Livius praise of the Romans, lib. 9  should be driven out like Darius conquered. So were Pyrrhus and Hannibal, who came both in Arms into Italy to conquer Rome, but both driven out of Italy, and conquered: for Pyrrhus at last saw it, and said, Italy could not be conquered but with Ittalians, neither could Rome be subdued but with Romans. 
Pyrrhus saying of Rome.  For it was told him by his Orator and also his ambassador Cineas, that Rome was a city full of kings, and that every Consul or Dictator of Rome was like king Pyrrhus himself in Epire. Hannibal was also compelled to say (after many bloody battles and victories had over him, and over his father Hamilcar 
Hanibals words of Rome. ) that the Romans had many Hanibals. If Alexander might have come to Rome before his time, he should have found Camillus another Alexander: before Camillus he should have found Coriolanus: before Coriolanus, he should have found Publicola: and every one of these esteemed and proved as Alexander.  
After that the Romans had concluded peace with the Africans, they were also at that time at rest from war with all nations, which thing happened not since the building of Rome until that time, but once in Numna Pompilius reign. But they were not so long: for when Lucius Posthumius Albinus was Consul, war was begun betwixt the Illyrians and the Romans, over whom after they had taken many cities, they triumphed, and the Illyrians yielded. At what time the Frenchmen invaded Italy with an army of eight hundredth thousand, but they were overthrown by Aemilius the Consul, and 40. thousand of the enemies slain, for the which a triumph 
Eutrop. lib. 3.  was decreed unto Aemilius: and the like triumph was granted unto Marcellus, who with a small troop of horsemen slew Viridomarus the king of the Frenchmen (as Eutropius saith) 
Virodomarus slain.  with his own hand, and overthrew his army, conquered Milan, and brought to Rome an exceeding great spoil. 
Plutarch. in Marcel.   
The Istrians and the Ligurians also were within a while after subdued by the Romans, at what time Tenca Queen of the Illyrians slew the Roman ambassadors, against the law 
The Roman ambassador slain by Tenca.  of Arms. By this time the carthaginians had gotten some strength, and made themselves ready to revenge the great losses and wrongs that they sustained in the first wars by the Romans. In the second wars, Hannibal the son of Hamilcar being of the age of 20. years was made general, as his father was in the first, and presently with great fury began to lay siege to Saguntum, and famished them: thence he passed over the Alps, and brought to Italy 80. thousand footmen, and 20. thousand horsemen, conveyed his army to the river Ticium, where Publius Cornelius Scipio the Consul was discomfited, 
Ticium.  and his army slain and scattered, himself wounded and well-nigh taken, had not his son Scipio afterward called Affricanus rescued him  
Hannibal passed still forward with his army, and camped by the river Trebea, where he gave the like overthrow to 
Polibeus lib. 3.  Sempronius Gracchus, the other Consul. Thence Hannibal passed into Hetruria, at what time by a great tempest he was much hindered, being before wounded at the battle of Trebea, and now his eye by mischance lost, he marched to Placentia, 
Flaminius' the Consul slain by Hannibal.  where in a great battle he slew Caius Flaminius the Consul, and 25. thousand soldiers. Hannibal being thus heated with good success of victories, he passed unto Apulia, where he gave the greatest overthrow to the Romans that ever 
Eutrop. lib. 3.  they had, in the battle at Cans, at what time Lucius Aemilius and Pub. Terentius Varro were Consuls: for in this battle Aemilius the Consul was slain, and twenty other of the order of Consuls and Praetors 30. slain and taken of the Senators, 
Livi. lib. 22.  infinite number of noble men, gentlemen & soldiers, which 
Florus lib. 2.  I laid down more particularly in the wars of Africa. This only battle made all Italy to quake, and many cities and countries 
The most part of Italy revolted from the Romans.  to revolt from the Romans, as Capua, Campania, and other places. It is written that Hannibal did at that time send to Carthage three bushels full of rings and jewels.  
Howbeit Asdrubal which was Hanibals second brother, had not the like luck in Spain, as Hannibal had in Italy: for he lost that very time of his men thirty and five thousand, by the two Scipio's which were then in Spain captains of the Romans. 
The victories of both Scipios in Spain over Asdrubal and Mago.  And within a while after, both Asdrubal the second brother, and Mago the third brother of Hannibal, were the second time overcome by the two Scipios again in Spain: for at that time that Hannibal played the Lion in Italy, and had taken many cities from the Romans in Apulia and Calabria, yet the Romans in four several places at one time had four general lieutenants in arms.  

1. In Macedonia, Valerius Livius against Philip.  
2. Titus Manlius Torquatus, in Sardinia against the Sardinians.  
3. Pub. Cor. Scipio in Spain against Asdrubal.  
4. In Italy against Hannibal.   
The fury of Hannibal continued in Italy for ten years, so that all Italy stood in despair of themselves. But when Fabius Max. was sent against Hannibal, he by detracting of time and delays hindered the violence and rage of Hannibal, and 
Cunctando re●… restituit.  thereby finding opportunity to set upon Hannibal, gave him of ten times the overthrow, and therefore he was called Scutum Romanum, The Roman target, only by delays. And even 
Fabius the target of Rome.  so was Marcellus for his heat and fury called Ensis Romanus, and likened to Hannibal himself: for Hannibal himself called 
Marcellus being the sword of Rome.  Marcellus the Roman Hannibal: and said further, that Marcellus was neither quiet being conqueror, nor conquered.  
But while this violence of Hannibal continued in Italy, in the tenth year after that he invaded Italy, after many victories over the Romans, he approached within four miles of Rome, and his horsemen came to the very gates of the city. At what time (to increase his fame) his brother Asdrubal slew 
Pub. Scipio. Cneus Scipio.  both the Scipios in Spain, to the great discomfort of Rome, who had for many years been conquerors in Spain. Hannibal might then have easily conquered Rome, if he had set forward his army (for so Caesar said afterward) but he feared the Consuls which were ready to come out of Rome to give him battle. And not without good cause: for Hannibal found so many Scipios, so many Fabius, so many Marcellus, and so 
Hannibal drooped.  many Hanibals like to himself, that he still stood in awe of the Romans: for he heard that an other Scipio went to Spain, in the place of the two Scipios slain by Asdrubal, and also he heard of his victories over many cities, and shortly after he heard of Carthage in Spain, in the which wars he took Mago Hanibals brother, and sent him with the residue of the prisoners to Rome.  
This daunted the courage of Hannibal, and augmented the glory of Scipio, being then of the age of twenty and four years: after whose going into Spain, the fortune of Hannibal declined in Italy: for Fabius Maximus recovered Tarentum, 
Tarentum recovered by Fabius Max.  and many other cities which had yielded to Hannibal, submitted themselves to Fabius. Marcellus had also recovered Salopia, and had taken Syracuse, and many other cities in Campania, and had sundry times scattered Hannibal and his army at Canusium: for either of these two Consuls, Fabius and Marcellus, had been twice Dictator's, and five times Consuls.  
In Spain also Pub. Scipio gave an overthrow to Asdrubal at Betula, and slew eight thousand Africans and Spaniards. 
Pub. Scipio.  In the eleventh year after that this war began, Marcellus that noble captain whom Hannibal feared most, was slain at Venusia, being then Consul, whom Hannibal most honourably 
The Consul Marcellus slain.  caused to be buried in Venusia.  
As Hannibal flourished with his victories in Italy, so Scipio excelled in Spain, and had victories at will: for he discomfited the king of Spain, and achieved great conquests.  
About this time Hannibal sent for his brother Asdrubal to come from Spain to Italy, who being prevented of set purpose 
Asdrubal which was Hanibals brother slain.  by the way was slain, and all his army, by Appius Claudius Nero. In that time were fifty and six thousand slain, and Hasdrubals head brought, and was thrown before the tents of Hannibal his brother.  
Hannibal then began to despair of the success of this war: for both in Spain and in Africa, he was by this means weakened: in Italy all reverted and slid from Hannibal: Scipio subdued the carthaginians, and took Syphax king 
Scipio took Syphax king of Numidia.  of Numidia prisoner, who had joined to aid the Africans against the Romans, and had also expelled by war Masinissa out of his kingdom.  
This great overthrow in Spain and in Africa, caused Hannibal to quake: for in Italy he began to be forsaken of his former fortune, and in Africa they cried out for aid at 
All writers make mention of this second Punic war.  Hanibals hand. Now Hannibal perceiving that all went to decay, and being also sore wearied with continual battles, desired peace, which was granted upon such strait and hard conditions as pleased not the carthaginians, and therefore they willed Hannibal rather to fight it out. This last battle whereupon the whole state of Africa depended, was appointed to be fought at Zama.  
But before these two great captains should join in battle, Hannibal desired to speak with Scipio openly or privately. Scipio denied not the meeting of Hannibal in the sight of both the armies. The speech of Hannibal tendered peace, which Scipio 
Hannibal and Scipio talk together.  without accepting the conditions before spoken, would not allow: the effect of both the speeches is written in Livy. To be short, the battle at Zama ended, where Scipio conquered the Africans, and put Hannibal to flight, and then were the Africans to accept such conditions as Scipio offered them before: 
Conditions of peace to the Africans.  for of necessity they sought peace. The conditions of peace were, to restore Masinissa first to his kingdom, and to return all Roman prisoners into Italy, to yield all their ships saving ten, to deliver all their elephants to the hand of the conqueror, and that they should not make war within Africa or without, without licence of the Senators of Rome, and 
Yearly revenues out of Africa to the Romans.  yearly revenues of 10. thousand talents of silver to be paid to the Romans.  
This war being finished and peace thus concluded, Scipio was received unto Rome with a great triumph, having a surname given him by the conquest of Africa, called Scipio Affricanus. Of him, and of others that served in the second war of Africa, of those that triumphed, I mean Dictator's, Consuls, Praetors, and other Roman magistrates and captains, I have laid down to your view, their names together in order, as they served in that field.  

Publius Cornelius Scipio.  
Titus Sempronius.  
Quintus Flaminius. 
These triumphed with great pomp in Rome, saving few of them that were slain in these wars.   
Lucius Aemilius Paulus.  
Marcus Attilius Regulus.  
Publius Terentius Varro.  
Luc. Posthumius Albinius.  
Qu. Fabius Maximus.  
Mar. Claudius Marcellus.  
Mar. Valerius Levinus.  
Pub. Sulpitius Galba.  
Cneus Fuluius.  
Quintus Fuluius Flaccus.  
Mar. Livius Salinator.  
Tit. Quintius Crispinus.  
Lucius Veturius.  
Quintus Caecilius Metellus.  
Appius Claudius Nero.  
Scipio, surnamed Affricanus the son of Pub. Cor. Scipio.   
These flourished chief, and triumphed in the second wars of Africa, which endured (as Eutropius saith) 19 years: 
The fame of the Romans after the overthrow of Hannibal.  but others say 17. years. Of this war the Romans waxed so strong, that they soon conquered all nations, and presently ensued war in Macedonia against king Philippe, for yet in Macedonia the Monarchy since the time of Alexander the great, remained: for the Romans had driven before this time, that noble and valiant captain Pyrrhus out of Italy, and now after Pyrrhus they have driven out Hannibal, the very scourge of Italy and whip of Rome: they have also conquered 
Hannibal the whip of Rome.  the stoutest & the valiantest nations that then reigned on the earth, the carthaginians, the Libyans, and the Africans, with such terrible wars, as Alexander might not compare neither in his great battles in Persia, where he subdued Darius, neither his wars in India where he conquered king Porus, for that Alexander made a conquest of many kingdoms without fight: as Egypt, judea, Greece, with divers other kingdoms 
Consuls of Rome.  which yielded unto him. And so Cyrus before Alexander had the like luck to conquer with great fame, but not with such terror and danger of life as these Consuls of Rome.  
But to the history. Scant had the second wars of Africa been ended, but Ambassadors came from Athens to Rome for aid against the king of Macedon: the common people 
Wars against the Macedonians.  murmured, for that they were weary with continual wars. But the whole Senate agreed with the Tribune of the people, to send Titus Flaminius, the son of him that was slain at 
Flaminius' sent to Greece.  the battle of Thrasimen: who at his first coming to Greece, gave battle to Philip hard by the haven Epirus, & overthrew him and his army. Flaminius' the Consul had a brother named Lucius Flaminius, with whom joined Atalus king of Pergamum in Asia, with certain Rhodian soldiers, who took Euboea, and all the sea coasts. Philip to become stronger, joined in friendship with Antiochus the great, king of Asia. How be it Flaminius had such good success in Greece, that Philip was forced to entreat for peace, which was granted upon these conditions: That all the Cities of Greece within Asia and 
Conditions of peace granted to king Philip.  Europe, should have their own liberty and laws, That all Roman prisoners should be delivered to their Country, That all their great Navies should be delivered to the Romans, with all their Elephants, That he should keep no army above the number of five hundred soldiers, and that he should commence no war out of the Confines of Macedonia 
Val. lib. 7. cap. 5.  without licence and leave of the Senate. These conditions of peace were proclaimed with the sound of the trumpet through all the Cities of Greece. By this time Hannibal, who escaping from Scipio at the battle of Zama, came to Antiochus, 
Liberty proclaimed in Greece.  counseled him with all means possible to war upon the Romans, being now so weakened by the last African war. The authority of Hannibal moved Antiochus to take wars in hand against the Romans: for assoon as the war in Macedonia finished and were given over by Philip, the wars in Syria began by Antiochus, and were executed by Hannibal. But Hannibal 
The wars of Syria by Anticchus the great.  was discomfited in battle on the sea, and Antiochus himself put to flight at Magnesia a city of Asia, by Lu. Cornelius Scipio, brother to Scipio Affricanus, in the which battle (as Eutropius saith) were slain fifty thousand footmen and four thousand 
The victory of Lu. Scipio.  horsemen.  
Eumenes' king of Pergamum the son of Attalus, being (as his father was) always a friend to the Romans, made all the power 
Eumenes.  he could against Antiochus, for an old grudge that Eumenes had to Antiochus. To this war of Syria came Scipio Affricanus to aid his brother Lu. being Consul then, against Antiochus: for Antiochus was so beset with M. Attilius Glabrio the Consul on the one side, and Scipio Nasica on the other side at Thiatira, by Emilius Regulus at Mionesus, and by Lucius Scipio at Magnesia. Now Nabides again after he had submitted himself to Flaminius 
Nabides submitted him to Flaminius.  upon what conditions he would, being then vanquished and Armenes his son together with king Philip's son Demetrius, were led before Flaminius' chariot as hostages and pledges to Rome, began to kindle more fire against the Romans: but he was slain by the Aetolians. Eutrop writeth this history otherwise: but I stand not upon controversies.  
After this overthrow given to Antiochus, he made means 
Antiochus sought peace.  to the Romans for peace, which was granted, if he would avoid forth of Europe & Asia, and meddle no further but within the precinct of Taurus, & give to the Romans 10. thousand talents, & 30. pledges for the assurance of his promise: and in conclusion, to deliver Hannibal to them, who had been the cause of this war. This being done, the Senate gave to Eumenes all 
Plinij lib. 33. cap. 11.  these cities of Asia, which Antiochus had lost in battle, & likewise they gave to the Rhodians divers other cities, for that they assisted the Romans against Antiochus. By this victory triumphed 
Scipio surnamed Asiaticus.  Lu. Cornelius Scipio in Rome, where he brought infinite spoil & treasures of Asia, and had the surname of Asiaticus given him, & was called Scipio Asiaticus, as his brother was called Scipio Affricanus: but both these brethren were much envied for their greatness: Scipio Affricanus was accused by Marcus Por. Cato, by whose means afterward though he was not banished, yet he most willing departed from Rome into Lucernum, saying these words: O ingrata patria, non habebis ossa mea. His brother Scipio Affricanus was both accused and condemned 
The words of Scipio of his country.  when Caius Flaminius was Consul.  
About this time Hannibal died, & is buried at Libissa, a banished man out of his Country, a man likewise that had deserved well of his country. Philip king of Macedon died also this very time. This had both warred against the Romans, and assisted them against Antiochus. After Philip died, his son Perseus rebelled in Macedonia, and reared wars against the Romans, with whom joined Cotys king of Illiria: the Romans were not long about Perseus: for he was vanquished in one battle, 
Perseus' the last king of Macedon taken.  yea and (as Phil. saith) in one hour: he fled from Pydna to Pella, and within few days yielded himself to Cneus Octavius in Samothracia: and was brought out of hand to Paulus Emilius, who after his honourable progress in Greece and in Macedonia, he shipped at the city of Orica, and returned to Italy, to whom a triumph was granted, & such a triumph as far excelled others, equal to Pompey or to Caesar's triumphs. For Emilius had 
Emilius his triumph over Perseus.  in this triumph led before his chariot, king Perseus himself, being forty five years of age, and his two sons, and in an other chariot, Gentius king of the Illyrians, with his brother 
C Anitius triumphed over Gentius king of the Illyrians.  and his sons, over whom triumphed Caius Anitius. This triumph is set forth in Plutarch, to the admiration of many strangers which then were at Rome, as Eumenes' king of Asia, and Prusias king of Bythinia, who at that time brought his son Nicomedes with him to Rome, and committed him to the government of the Senators.   

CHAP. VI  
Of the conspiracy of L. Catelina: and of the two civil wars, the first between Marius and Silla, and the second between Pompey the great, and Iu. Caesar: during which time Carthage and Numantia were subdued in Hispaine, and the last conquest of Affrika by Scipio the younger, and also surnamed Affricanus the younger.  
Now that the Romans had quieted Asia, and brought the kings of Egypt to be friends of the Romans, subdued Macedonia, and made all Greece free from wars, and when (as they thought) that they might take some repose and rest from further wars, they were certified of news from Carthage, that the Africans and carthaginians had broken the league of peace with the Romans, whereupon the third wars were taken in hand: 
The Romans had in 5. places wars at one time.  for all this time of fifty two years, peace was kept between the Romans and the Africans, at what time the Romans were occupied in the wars of Syria, against Antiochus: in the wars of Macedonia against king Philip, and his son Perseus: in Greece against Nabides the tyrant of Lacedemonia: in Illyria against king Gentius: and in Bythinia against Prusias, who had married the sister of Perseus.  
These kings and countries were no sooner quieted, but the Africans began to commence war the third time with the 
The third war of Africa.  Romans: at what time Lu. Martius Censorinus, and Marcus Manlius were Consuls at Rome, in the year after the building of Rome six hundred and one, some say six hundred & five. These Consuls took their voyage to invade Carthage, and by Mar. Portius Cato his council being at that time the wisest 
Cato's council concerning Carthage.  man in Rome, to raze Carthage from the ground, or to make it even to the ground: yet Scipio Nasica a good man, and so of the Senators esteemed and of the Citizens accounted, contraried Cato in that council, persuading lenity to be fit for the Romans being conquerors.  
The war was taken in hand, and so furiously followed, that Carthage within four years was destroyed by Scipio Emilianus, nephew to Affricanus, who was deputed general of the Roman army at that time, of whom Cato was wont to say, Hic solus sapit, one in virtue and courage most like to his predecessor Scipio Affricanus. The chief captain then in Carthage was one Asdrubal & Phanea, or as some say Famea. These 
Phanea.  names, Hamilcar and Asdrubal, were in Carthage, as Scipio or Fabius were in Rome. In the beginning of this war died Masinissa, 
Hamilcar and Asdrubal a great name in Carthage.  an old constant friend always to the Romans, after that he had lived ninety eight years. Now Scipio with invincible courage assaulted Carthage, and wan and plucked it to the ground: he waxed so famous thereby, that being a young man, he was created Consul, who by his prowess and valour merited to be called Scipio Affricanus the younger.  
In the mean time while this war was in Carthage, one usurped the name of Philip, & of the kingdom of Macedonia, and proclaimed wars against the Romans, and gave Publius Inuentius Praetor then of Rome the overthrow, and made such a slaughter of the Roman army, that none scant escaped alive Q. Cecilius Metellus was deputed captain, and sent against 
Andriscus named Psendophi lippus vanquished by Metellus.  this false named Philip, who slew twenty five thousand of his men, recovered Macedonia, and took prisoner this false Philip. This time Corinthus the third city of all Greece was overthrown, and plucked to the ground by Mummius the Consul, 
Mummius.  which City was builded by Beletes Hippios son nine hundred fifty two years before: so long Corinthus flourished.  
Likewise at this very time again, one in Macedonia usurped in like manner as before one false Philip now usurped the name of Perseus: but he was soon subdued by Tremilus the Questor, so that at once entered into the city of Rome four 
Perseus' overthrown.  triumphs: the first by Scipio Affricanus the younger, forth of Africa over Asdrubal: the second by Metellus forth of Macedonia over Andriscus, which was that false Philip before spoken: the third by Mummius the Consul over the City of Corinth. After this triumphs, Scipio was sent to Spain to the Numantines, who had a little before discomfited Q. Pompeius the Consul, over whom he had his second triumph: but shortly by Scipio the city of Numantia was subdued, he had triumphed over Africa. About this time, Attalus king Eumenes his father, some say his brother, died, and made the people of Rome his heir, 
Eutrop. lib. 4. justine lib 37. Gellius lib. 1. cap. 13.  and so by testament Asia was annexed to the Roman Empire: notwithstanding war ensued in Asia by Aristonicus a base son of Eumenes, & in that war Pub. Lucius Crassus was slain, his head cut off and brought to Aristonicus, and his body buried at Smirna. It is written of this Crassus, that he might brag of 5 principal great gifts: To be most noble, The most wealthiest, 
Five great gifts in Crassus.  The most eloquent, To be the most learned civilian, And to be the most high Bishop.  
About this time Carthage in Africa was re-edified by the commandment of the Senate, after that it was subdued by Scipio 22. years, and (as writeth Polib.) divers Citizens of Rome went to dwell in Carthage. Not long after this Scipio was found dead in his house, not without great suspicion of Caius Graccus: now war was by the Romans commenced against the Thracians, at what time triumphed in Rome the two brethren Metelli in one 
The two brethren Meielli triumphed.  day: the one over Thracia, & the other over Sardinia: the wars of jugurth immediately after this ensued, of whom Sallust maketh mention. This was the son of Micipsa, king of Numidia, who having too other brethren beside himself, named Adherbalis, and Hiemsalis, these jugurth slew, and usurped the kingdom: for this fact, the Romans sent Lucius Calphurnius then Consul against jugurth, but he did no good: for he was corrupted with money. After Spurius Albinus Posthumus was sent by the Senators, who fought with jugurth, but with great dishonour. The third time Quintus Cecilius Metellus was sent, who vanquished jugurth, and subdued Numidia, & at last took him and brought him prisoner to Rome. Of this jugurth, 
Read Sallust of jugurth wars.  you shall read more in the African history: and I will lay down the names of the Roman Consuls, captains, and generals that triumphed from the end of the second African war, which was from Scipio Affricanus the elder, until the time of Scipio Affricanus the younger, which was 56. years.  

1 Ti. Quin. Flaminius.  
2 Lu. Flamen. his brother.  
3 Lu. Cornelius Scipio surnamed Affricanus.  
4 Lu. Valerius Flaccus.  
5 M. Portius Cato.  
6 Lucius Manlius.  
7 Scipio Nasica.  
8 Ti. Sempronius Longus.  
9 Spu. Posthu. Albinus.  
10 Quintus Martius'.  
11 M. Aemilius Lepidus.  
12 M. Sempro. Tuditanus.  
13 Lucius Anitius.  
14 Au. Manl. Torquatus.  
15 C. Lu. Crassus.  
16 Quintus Opimus.  
17 Sci. Africa. the younger.  
18 Q. Cecilius Metellus.  
29 C. Cecilius Metellus.  
20 Lu. Cornelius Cnima.  
21 M. Livius Drusus.  
22 C. Papirius Carbo.  
23 Lu. Celius Metellus.  
24 Cneus Octavius.   
These with many other noble Romans flourished in those days: for now the Romans after all their wars in Affrika, brought all kingdoms under the Empire of Rome: for from that time forward the glory of Rome did excel, saving for some civil wars that grew been Marius & Silla, & after between Pompey & Caesar, else Rome was in 
Marius the first cause of the civil wars.  her greatness: for in the 646. year after the building of Rome Caius Marius, a man of great service amongst the Romans in consideration that he had been seven times Consul in Rome, was the only cause of the first civil war in Rome, upon indignation taken, that Silla was preferred in the wars then against Mithridates' king of Pontus, who had already done good service in Asia & Achaia, though Mithridates had persuaded the Athenians to resist Silla: for at that time Mithridates held a great part of Asia in his hand, and of Thracia, so that many thought that Mithridates should in time conquer the Roman Empire: for he was eager and cruel against those that loved the Romans. But Silla in spite of Mithridates & his philosopher Athenius, & 
Silla and Marius two enemies 10 Italy.  his successor Aristo the tyrant, besieged Athens, and wan it, where he killed a number of the Citizens: many before were famished, for a measure of wheat called Medinus, was sold in Athens then for a thousand Drachmas, which do mount to a hundred crowns, which before in time of peace was sold for five Drachmas.  
After he had taken Athens, he marched to Beotia, and overthrew Archilaus Mithridates' general, & slew a hundred thousand 
Melancthon Chron. lib. 2.  of his men: and from thence to Thebes, and did much harm both to the City and Citizens. Marius' disdaining the good success of Silla, made means to the Senate to have that war into his hand, which Silla had against Mithridates. 
Eutrop. lib. 5.   
This was granted to Marius, whereupon Silla in a great fury with all his army returned back to Rome, entered the City, killed Sulpitius, slew many, and drove Marius to flight, and secretly went to Apheca.  
Silla and Marius began now both to neglect the wars abroad against Mithridates, and like two furious enemies of Italy, spoiled their country, and gave liberty to the enemy 
Cilla and Marius civil wars.  to vanquish and subdue in this time Armenia the less, and all the sea coasts called Ponticum and Bosphorus. Silla by consent of the Senate, took his journey against Mithridates, recovered Greece (as you heard) and other provinces. But to be short, Silla overcame Marius after many hot broils in Italy, concluded peace with Mithridates, returned to Rome, at what time Lu. Scipio and Norbanus were Consuls in Rome. These both thought to resist Silla's coming to Rome: but Lu. Scipio with all his army went and yielded to Silla, and the other Consul 
Norbanus the Consul slew himself.  fled to Rhodes, where for fear to come to Silla's hand, he slew himself.  
That year Silla was made Dictator in Rome, six hundred seventy three years after the building of Rome, at what time he tyrannised against the Citizens of Rome, so that Silla after much good service first done to his country, afterward fell 
Silla made Dictator in Rome.  to such slaughter and tyranny, that he had been better unborn then borne. And so of Marius may be spoken, who played the like part before Silla, and were both called faces & faeces Italiae, for their bloodshed in their country: for Marius before Silla's slaughter and murdering of the Citizens of Rome, he 
Faces Italiae.  killed Cneus Sulpitius, and others: so Sulpitius and others slew in Rome Cneus Octavius, and many of the best of Rome, aswell Noble men, Senators, & Consuls, as others. This civil war in Rome (as Eutropius and Melancthon affirm) endured ten years, in the which were slain above five hundred thousand 
Eutrop. lib. 5. Melanct. lib. 2.  soldiers, twenty four Consuls, seven Praetors, forty Tribunes, and (as they writ) three hundred Senators beside. Read Melancthon of this war.  
Now after that Silla had these ten years foamed in blood, 
Read Val. Max. lil. 3. cap. 2. de Mario.  and had subdued both Marius, and his son the younger Marius, he triumphed over Mithridates with great glory. In the latter years of Silla, young Pompey afterward surnamed the 
Silla triumphed over Mithridates.  great for his prowess & courage, was much honoured of Silla, who appointed him his lieutenant general over his garrisons for Cneus Carbo the Consul, which fought with young Marius together against Silla, which Marius was slain by Silla in Preneste. At what time Carbo fled, and was slain by Pompey, and after that Pompey slew Domitius a captain of Marius 
Pompey triumphed over Africa.  his side, and withal slew Hiarbus king of Mauritania, being of Domitius side, and therefore triumphed Pompey over Africa being but twenty four years of age, which was never erst granted to any Roman, and having not been Consul.  
While this civil war continued in Rome, little or nothing was done in other countries: for now all places were made quiet by the Romans, saving some of Marius' friends, who fled after Marius' death, held out, and did what they could to trouble the Romans, as Hirtulius, Sertorius and others of Maririus friends that stirred wars in Spain, in Cicilia, & Pamphylia: 
Sertorius a valiant captain of Marius' side fled to Spain.  against these Q. Metellus, son to that Metellus which subdued king jugurth, was sent, & with him Cneus Pompeius was sent to aid him: for Sertorius was a valiant approved captain. Apias Claudius was then sent, after his Consulship was expired to Macedonia where he died, without any harm done to the enemies: in his place succeeded Scribonius Curio, who for his 
Pub. Servilius sent to Cilicia.  good service merited a triumph. Then was sent into Cilicia & Pamphylia Publius Servilius, a passing good captain: for he wan the worthiest cities of Licia, and subdued Cilicia: he wan Phasilides, Olympus, & Coritum, three great cities, and finished his wars in three years, and returned to Rome, and had a triumph granted him over the Isaurians. So had Metellus over Spain, Scribonius Curio over Macedonia, & Pompeius again 
Mithridates' infringed the league.  over Spain, which was his second triumph: so at that time were four triumphs in Rome together.  
Again Mithridates infringed the league before made, and renewed wars with the Romans, and would have invaded Asia and Bythinia, had not Lu. Lucullus the Consul, and his fellow M. Aurelius Cotta come in time: for before this time, he pretended war against Bythinia and their king Nicomedes, and after that invaded Capadocia, and Paphlagonia, and drove 
Eutrop. lib. 6.  both Nicomedes king of Bythinia, and Pilemenes king of Paphlagonia to exile, and from thence he went to Ephesus, killing and flaying the Romans friends: and withal he was so cruel, that 
Plutarch in Pompeio.  he sent letters through all Asia, that wheresoever any Citizen of Rome might be found, he should be killed, though he was discomfited by Silla and Lucullus, and at last driven to flee for secure to Tigranes' king of Armenia, a captain of great renown in those days: for this Tigranes was so mighty a king, that he had subdued the Persians, and Mesopotamia: he also wan Syria, and a piece of Phoenicia: yet still Mithridates renewed wars, called his army from Scythia, and joined them with Tigranes' force. 
Mithridates a great enemy to the Romans.   
But Lucullus followed Mithridates hard to Armenia, and required Tigranes to deliver him Mithridates: which being denied, Lucullus forth with invaded king Tigranes' realm, and gave him a great overthrow, and passed from place to place as conqueror, destroying of countries, and taking cities, until he came to the river Danubius: he destroyed Appolonia, Parthenopolis, and other cities of Pontus, and returned to Rome a conqueror 
justine lib. 37.  of many countries both he & his cousin germane M. 
Both Luculli triumphed.  Lucullus, and triumphed with great glory, but yet he miss of king Mithridates: he played still the tyrant with the Romans, until Pompey the great came, who overcame Mithridates in Armenia, sacked his tents, and slew forty thousand of his army, and forced Mithridates to flee, when he poisoned himself and died, after he had kept wars with the Romans forty years: for this war of Mithridates began with Silla, and was ended by Pompey. Thus the Romans at last conquered the 
Mithridates' vanquished by Pompey the great.  great king Mithridates, who had not continued so long, had not civil wars been in Rome between Marius and Silla, and after that the conspiracy of Catiline, and after Catiline the civil wars between Pompey and Caesar: of this you shall read hereafter. In the mean season there was no war in other kingdoms: for Syria, Egypt, Libya, and all other places were friends and subjects to the Romans: for now the Romans were in their greatness and in their most glory and fame. Such men lived then in Rome, as did conquer the whole world.  
Now assoon as Mithridatates was by Pompey overthrown, he addressed his battle against Tigranes, who yielded unto 
Tigranes' yielded to Pompey  Pompey without battle, and came to Pompey's tent, fell prostrate before him, and delivered up his crown unto Pompeius.  
After the yielding of king Tigranes, Pompey made wars with the Albans, and overcame Orodes king of the Albans in three sundry battles: he also subdued Arthaces king of Iberia, and received him under the allegiance of the Romans. To be 
The victories of Pompey the great.  brief, Pompey was the only man that not only augmented the glory of Rome, but also enriched Rome with infinite treasures gotten by his conquest of Cilicia, Syria, Phoenicia, judea, Mesopotamia, Capadocia, Armenia, Iberia, Albania, and a great part of Arabia.  
By these kingdoms whom Pompey conquered, the revenues of Rome were augmented three thousand and five hundred Myriad. The glory of Pompey grew to be such in Rome, 
3500. Myriads the revenues of Rome augmented.  that he was elected to be a Consul alone himself without a fellow: for Pompey at his triumph over Mithridates his son, (for Mithridates himself, as you heard, died before the triumph) had Tigranes also and his son, and Aristobulus king of the jews led before his chariot: for at that time he triumphed over two kings, and over two kings sons.  
The pomp and pride of that triumph far excelled other 
The triumphs of Pompey the great.  triumphs: for Eutropius saith, that at that very triumph Pompey had vanquished certain pirates on the seas when Lucius Metellus had triumphed over Crete, and therefore surnamed Metellus Cretius.  
After that Pompey had finished these wars in the six hundred 
Catelines conspiracy.  eighty nine year after the building of Rome, Lucius Catiline, a man of a noble stock descended, but of an evil disposition, 
Anno 689.  conspired with divers other rash young men like himself, but yet were they noble men, and many gentlemen: but by Cicero's means then Consul, Catiline was expulsed forth of the City, and shortly slain in a battle by Caius Antonius' fellow Consul with Cicero: some of his confederates 
Lentulus Cethegus and many more of catelin's conspiracy slain.  were apprehended and throttled in prison, others, as Lentulus Cethegus with the rest, slain. About this time, Horace the Poet was borne, and within few years after, Octavius, which was called Augustus, was borne afterward. This time reigned in Egypt Alcetes the father of Cleopatra, after whom Cleopatra with her brother reigned, until Marcus Antonius' time, 
Alcetes.  with whom she lived and died: for now reigned in every kingdom lieutenants and governors under the Romans: all kingdoms and countries were made provinces under Rome. These pirate's navies (as Plutarch saith) were about a thousand 
piracy by Pompey the great subdued.  in number: they had taken above 400. Towns, they had spoiled many temples, as in Samos the temple of juno, & in Tenaria and Catabria, the two temples dedicated to Neptune, the temple of Apollo in Actium, the temple of Aesculapius in Epidaurun, and so of others. The greatness of Pompey grew to be such in Rome, as Silla who was the first that called him by the name of Pompey the great, envied his fame, Lucullus who much hated the pride and insolency of Pompey, called him in scorn Agamemnon regem regum, king of kings: and Pompey in like sort called Lucullus Xerxem togatum. This envy bred hidden hatred in Rome, and made the people to become factious, sometime with Silla, 
Pompey called Agamemnon by Lucullus. Lucullus called Xerxes Togatus by Pompey. Melanct. lib. 2.  sometime with Marius, & now between Lucullus & Pompey, and after between Pompey and Caesar. They were so factious, at that time in Rome, that then julius Caesar a man of great prowess and of a singular dexterity, whose service was such, that it seemed from the beginning of his birth that he should grow great in Rome, and therefore Pompey looking into the disposition of Caesar, married his daughter julia, and joined in the beginning with Caesar. While Pompey stood to Caesar his father in law, they were too strong to be resisted either 
Lucullus, Crassus and Pompey the only three that bare sway in Rome when Caesar came in.  by Lucullus or by Crassus, though Crassus before he was slain in Parthia, was equal to any of them both.  
But when julia Caesar's daughter and Pompey's wife died, and the other third champion Crassus was slain at Carras in Parthia by Surena, some square fell betwixt Caesar and Pompey: for Pompey would have no equal man with him in Rome, and Caesar could abide no superior: and thus for a little demand made by Caesar to become Consul in Rome once for his great service in France and in other places, being denied by Marcellus then Consul by the means of Pompey, grew this great 
The cause of the civil wars between Pompey and Caesar.  civil wars thirty years after Silla's death. Caesar having both friends and enemies in Rome who became factious, his enemies Marcellus, Lentulus, and others, joined with Pompey, and persuaded to keep Caesar from being Consul: his friends made much means to the Senators and to the people to have Caesar to be Consul, as Marcus Antonius, and Quintus Cassius. Caesar was much aggrieved to see such in gratitude showed to him that well deserved to be Consul, and came in arms against the City of Rome. Much fear was in Rome and great 
Caesar came in arms against the city of Rome.  tumult in Italy upon the coming of Caesar▪ some ran out of the City to Caesar, and some ran from Italy unto Rome unto Pompey: the manner and order of this civil war between Caesar and Pompey from the beginning unto the ending, is set forth in Oros. most briefly lib. 6. cap. 15.  
Cicero travailed much to pacify these quarrels, but to no effect. Pompey with all the Senators and noblemen of Rome, departed forth of the City, and went to Brundisium. When 
Of this war read Appian lib. 5.  Caesar came in arms, before he entered into Rome, he besieged Brundisium. Pompey secretly by night escaped Caesar, and fled: 
Eutro. lib. 7.  the Citizens yielded to Caesar, who marched to Rome without resistance, entered to the Senate, opened the cause of his coming, not as Silla or Marius to destroy his Country, or to 
Iu. Caesar's request unto the Senators.  murder his countrymen, but persuaded the Senate to send Ambassadors unto Pompey for peace. After this, he committed Rome to Lepidus, and Italy unto Marcus Antonius, and he himself went into Spain, and forced the army of Pompey to yield. Lepidus made labour to the Senators to have Caesar Dictator, while Caesar was absent in Spain. Caesar at his return to Rome made himself Consul, and Scruilius Ismaricus the other Consul, to whom he committed Italy and Rome. Caesar took sea, and sailed after Pompey to Epirus, and from thence to Dyrachium where Pompey was, and where also Caesar had the overthrow by Pompey. Caesar departed to Thessali, Pompey followed, being puffed up with some pride of the last overthrow of Caesar, 
The victory of Caesar over Pompey in Pharsalia.  and a great battle was fought in Pharsalia, where Caesar got the victory, slew fifteen thousand of Pompey's soldiers, Caesar crying out upon his captains to spare the Citizens of Rome, whereby twenty four thousand were taken prisoners, and Pompey himself put to the flight.  
But while Caesar & Pompey were thus in Pharsalia, Celius and Milo began to quarrel and make sedition against the Consul Servilius, but they were both slain. But Pompey being thus discomfited, 
Plut. in Alex.  fled into Alexandria, where he thought to have certain aid of the king of Egypt, over whom Pompey was appointed Tutor by the Senate, during the minority of the king. But Pompey was deceived of his expectation: for he was killed, and his head cut off and sent to Caesar from Egypt: which when 
Eutrop. lib. 6.  Caesar saw, he wept to see the head of so worthy a man as Pompey. Melancthon sayeth, that Pompey was slain by the 
Pompey slain in Egypt.  council of Photinus an Eunuch, and by Theodotus the king's schoolmaster. Achillas and Septimius were sent from the king to kill Pompey: this Septimius had been a captain under Pompey, and had charge in service, & Pompey knew him & spoke to him. As Pompey was reading of a greek oration which he had to speak with the king, Septimius thrust him through with the sword behind, and brought him to Ptolemy the king the son of Auletes and brother to Cleopatra, in the ●…ght of Cornelia Pompey's wife and his two sons, who fled to Aphrica to Scipio and Cato Pompey's friends: after whom Caesar followed, and 
Melancthon Chron. lib. 2.  in a great battelfoure years after his father was overthrown at Pharsalia, he was slain in Spain. The other son of Pompey called Sextus Pompeius, lived eight years after Caesar was slain.  
Not long after Pompey's death, Caesar came to Alexandria, 
Pompey's son slain in Africa.  where certain conspired his death by the advise of Ptolemy. Caesar hereupon made wars upon the king, whom he overcame and put to flight, and so drowned himself in the river Nilus. Melanct. saith, that those very men, Achillas Photinus Septimius which slew Pompey, conspired against Caesar: who understanding of this, commanded them to be slain. The king for fear also of Caesar fled, & was amongst others drowned, seeking to escape. Egypt was given by Caesar to Cleopatra the king's sister, 
Caesar had a son by Cleopatra called Caesarion.  whom he after used as his paramour, and returned from Egypt after Pompey's friends who fled to Africa, where Caesar had sharp wars and very doubtful battles: for in the last battle fought at Munda with Pompey's son, Caesar was driven to so near a strait, that his men fled from him, thirty thousand 
Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.  were slain, and Caesar thought to slay himself. Cato and Scipio, Afranius, and Portreius fought so desperately, that they feared no danger, yet Caesar got the victory.  
This Scipio which was of the stock of Scipio Affricanus, and father in law to Pompey, slew himself: so did M. Cato. M. Petreius, 
Lu. Florus lib. 4.  and juba king of Mauritania. But Quintus Varus Pompey's lieutenant, Lu. Cornelius, Faustus Silla's son the Dictator, Afranius and Cneus Pompeius the eldest son of Pompey the great were slain in battle. While Caesar was in Africa in these wars, Marcus Antonius made him Dictator in Rome.   

CHAP. VII.  
Of the alteration and change of the common wealth of Rome from Aristocratia to Monarchia again: as before from Kings to Consuls, so now from Consuls to Emperors. The state was altered by Iu. Caesar the first Emperor, and the last Dictator of Rome: and so from Iu. Caesar unto the end of Nero, which was the last of the progeny of Augustus.  
Pompeis' friends and adherents being thus subdued, & the civil wars clear appeased, Caesar returned to Rome with great triumph, where he was chosen to be perpetual Dictator, and named of the people Emperor: he used great clemency towards Pompey's friends, and caused Pompey's Images being thrown 
The humanity and great courtesy of Caesar.  down before, to be set up again: he raised the children of those parents which were slain in the civil wars between Silla and Marius, and therefore the Romans dedicated the Temple of clemency to Caesar for his courtesy.  
Caesar was not idle after the civil wars, and after many dangerous battles: for in October he entered with his triumph to Rome, at what time he reform the inequality of the year, and brought to perfection the Calendar, so that Caesar did what it pleased him in Rome, without regard of the Senators or Consuls, which was the only cause of Cassius and Brutus conspiracy: and yet Caesar saved Brutus' life once or twice after Pompey's death. This conspiracy being concluded 
Conspiracy against Caesar by Brutus and Cassius.  between Brutus and Cassius, with many Senators and gentlemen of Rome more, the time was appointed and the place, diverse strange impressions were seen in the air: also strange marks found in Caesar's sacrifice, the Soothsayers warned Caesar of the Ideses of March: his wife Calphurnia 
Calphurnia's dream.  certified Caesar of a dream she saw, and with tears desired him that day not to go to the Senate: the conspiracy was delivered to him in writing upon the way as he went to the Senate, but destinies may be easier foreseen than avoided, 
Destiny's hardly avoided.  Caesar was that day slain, and so murdered that he had 23. wounds on his body.  
Thus the great Caesar had butfrom October to March to live in Rome as Emperor: all the rest of his life was 56. years, his wars, his dangers, all the toil and travail he took, was to 
Caesar's death.  come to be Emperor of Rome which he enjoyed not 5. months. Caesar had five triumphs very solemnly: the first he had over the Frenchmen: the second over the king of Egypt: the third over Pharnaces Mithridates' son king of Pontus: the fourth over Africa of Cato, Scipio, and Cneus Pompeius: the fift of 
Caesar's five triumphs.  Spain. Thus far the glory of Rome flourished, their fame and dignity extended to all parts of of the world, as by their victories and triumphs over all nations may appear: for during the reign of the Consuls which governed Rome 467. years: for from Iu. Brutus, and Publicola the first Consuls after the time 
The glory and fame of Rome during the time of Consuls.  of the last king, until Pausa and Hirtius the last Consuls under julius Caesar the first Emperor, reigned in Rome 936 Consuls, all which time the Romans increased from the very beginning their Empire, as may appear by the victories and triumphs over so many countries and kingdoms, as here I lay down to your view.  
FIrst Sicilia was subdued by Marcellus then Consul, over which he triumphed with pomp, and brought Sicily a province under Rome.  
2 Sardinia and Corsica were by Metellus conquered and made by him a province under the Romans.  
3 All Africa and Carthage, was by Pub. Cornelius Scipio brought subject under the Romans, and after again by Scipio surnamed the younger Affricanus.  
4 Numidia and their king jugurtha, was by Marius then Consul, after many sharp battles overthrown and subdued, and jugurtha brought prisoner into Rome, where he pied in prison.  
5 Mauritania was in like manner held by Bochus and juba, but both were vanquished, and all Mauritania by Iu. Caesar then general for the Romans in the West, brought under the Empire of Rome.  
6 Hispaine was brought under by Decius Brutus, and made a province under the Romans, and after by Metellus and last by Pompey the great, who utterly subdued Spain.  
7 After that all Africa and Spain was made subject to 
These kingdoms made Provinces to Rome by Consuls.  the Romans, the kingdom of Macedonia and all Greece were subdued and brought to Rome first by Tit. Flaminius, and after by Paulus Aemilius.  
8 The Illyrians which aided the Macedonians, were by Lucius Manilius conquered, and their king Gentius carried captive into Rome, over whom he solemnly triumphed.  
9 The Thracians were by Lucullus vanquished and subdued, and so made servants to the Romans.  
10 Asia was destroyed sundry times, but last by Scipio surnamed Asiaticus, so named for his victory over Antiochus 
Asia and Africa brought subject under the Romans.  the great, and over Asia, so that near all Asia and all Africa were made subjects under the Romans.  
11 All the country about mount Taurus, was subdued and brought under the Empire of Rome by Servilius, who also conquered the Isaurians, and therefore surnamed Isauricus for his victory therein.  
12 Lucius Silla subdued the Parthians, and constrained their king Arsaces to pay tribute to the Romans.  
13 Lucius Lucullus vanquished the king of Armenia, and brought him to hold of the Romans.  
14 Pontus, Mesopotamia, Arabia, judea, and divers other kingdoms and countries were made provinces under Rome by Pompey the great.  
Frenchmen were first by Camillus and after by Marius vanquished: the third time all France was conquered by julius Caesar.  
Crete was by Metellus subdued, and therefore Metellus was surnamed Creticus.  
Cyprus by Marcus Cato was made a province of the Romans.  
Pub. Ventidius triumphed over the Persians, and brought them subject to Rome.  
Egypt under divers Consuls kept under the Romans Empire, and at last made a province unto Rome, and was appointed 
Aegyptus Horreum Romae.  to be the treasurer of Rome, and called Horreum Romae, the barn of Rome.  
For while Pompey flourished in Rome, Caesar was also of great credit, and had been Questor and Tribune of the soldiers, and after was sent Praetor to Spain: for Caesar was a valiant soldier and a skilful captain, his prowess and deeds of arms excelled Silla, Marius, Crassus, Lucullus, and Pompey. Read his life in Plutarch, and you shall find how many nations, and how many towns Caesar conquered in the wars with the Gauls, he brought well-nigh all France to subjection.  
After he warred upon the Illyrians and Heluetians, at what time Cassius Lopanus reigned king: and soon after upon the 
The wars and victories of Caesar.  Britain's, which at that time never heard of the Romans, whose prowess and great courage Caesar in his own Commentary doth much commend. Caesar waged battle with divers nations of Germany, as with the Tigurians, the Belges, and the nervians: for in Germany are sundry sorts of people, as Sicambri, Tenterides, which Caesar subdued.  
These conquests of Caesar, made Pompey much to fear the greatness of him, if he should once come to be a Consul in Rome, and therefore Pompey laboured to keep Caesar still occupied in France, in Spain, and in Germany, the only soldiers of the world. But Caesar could not be kept back, but 
Caesar's greatness.  would be a Consul for his long service, and sent to Rome to his friends for that purpose.  
The civil wars being thus ended betwixt Pompey and Caesar which continued five years, to the overthrow almost of the whole Empire, and Caesar also after the civil wars of five 
The civil wars between Caesar and Pompey continued five years.  years, was slain within 5. months. Marcus the chief friend of Caesar, a man of great credit in Rome, was made Consul, and for his greatness sake, he was matched with Dolabella, of this purpose done by the Senate, to curb Antonius: for they doubted Antonius would aspire the kingdom as Caesar did. Cicero laboured to bring Thrasibulus law called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to Rome, to quiet and pacify the tumult and war which was like to ensue by Caesar's death. But to no effect: for the Senate took part with them which had slain Caesar. Antonius sought by all means to revenge Caesar's death: whereupon grew again civil wars betwixt Octavius and Antonius. This Octavius was 
The third civil war between Octavius Augustus and M. Antonius.  sister's son to julius Caesar, and he had adopted him to be his heir in the Empire of Rome in his testament. This was called by the Senate to withstand the fury of Marcus Antonius. So Pansa and Hircius then were Consuls, joined with Octavius, as both Eutrop. and Melancthon saith. These 3. captains went 'gainst Antonius, and gave him the ovetthrow. Antonius' fled to Lepidus an old friend of Caesar's, and had at that time great bands of men ready: they joined their force together, but by 
These were called Triumuiri.  Lepidus means, Octavius and Antonius were made friends. These three, Octavius, Marcus Antonius, and Marcus Lepidus had all the government of the city.  
Octavius this time caused the Romans to create him Consul, 
Octavius at 20. years made Consul.  when he was but twenty years of age. Every man saw how it would be in Rome, and perceived that this civil war would exceed the rest before betwixt Silla and Marius, and between Pompey and Caesar: for Bratus and Cassius that slew Caesar, prepared an army at Philippos a city of Macedonia, where they joined battle with Octavius and Antonius.  
In this battle Cassius was slain, and in the next battle Brutus was slain, and an infinite number of nobility: for during 
Cassius' slain at Philippos.  the wars that these triumuiri first had with Brutus and Cassius and their adherents, and then with Sextus Pompeius the younger, son to Pompeius the great, there were many Senators, Consuls, noblemen, and gentlemen slain on both sides. 
Pompey well-beloved of the people.  It could be no other ways, considering the love which the Romans bore to Pompeius, and their fear which they bore to Caesar.  
Now Lepidus one of Trium viri died in Africa, and the government fell wholly between Octavius Caesar, and Marcus Antonius. Antonius had from Euphrates unto the sea Illyricum, and Caesar Octavius had from the sea Illyricum to the West Ocean: but their friendship in government continued not long. It is an old saying and true, that Principality can abide no equality, and therefore civil dissension fell between Octavius and Antonius. Before they fell out betwixt themselves, they slew and murdered without law whom they lusted, as Cicero, Hortensius, Lucullus, with an infinite number of Senators, of Consuls, of noblemen and gentlemen, which died in the wars of Brutus and Cassius. And now again new civil wars began, which continued twelve years, betwixt 
The most part of Roman gentlemen died in the wars of Brutus and Cassius.  Octavius Caesar, and Marcus Antonius: but in the end after many cruel battles and much slaughter, Octavius got the victory, at what time Rome was so weakened by these civil wars, that if then Pyrrhus, Hannibal, or Mithridates had lived, they might soon have conquered Rome.  
Now when Antonius was vanquished by Octavius in a battle at Actium a town of Epirus, he flayed to Egypt, being exempt 
Antonius' vanquished by Octavius.  of all hope to recover his former state: he slew himself, and presently after him Cleopatra procured means to die for company of her friend Antonius. It is said that Cleopatra affecting much the Empire of Rome, was the cause of 
Read Oros. lib. 6. cap 19  this civil dissension: for she was the last Queen of Egypt: after whose death, Egypt was annexed to the Empire of Rome by Octavius, and Cneus Cornelius Gallus was appointed lieutenant there. This was the first Roman that governed Egypt.  
Octavius Augustus, after he had vanquished Antonius, and had gotten the whole Empire into his own hand, he became so loving to the people, so gentle to the Senators, and so liberal to the soldiers, that he wan the highest and lowest with great love to favour him.  
The civil wars being thus ended, Augustus became Consul 
Augustus in his fourth Consulship had three several triumphs. Augustus' saluted of the people as Pater patriae.  the fourth time, at what time he entered into Rome with three triumphs: the one over the Illyrians: the second over Marcus Antonius: the third over Cleopatra, at what time he was saluted by the name of Augustus, and Pater patriae. This time janus temple was shut the third time in Rome, and now was the beginning of the peace and quietness of the Romans: for from the building of Rome until Augustus' reign, we read that janus temple was not shut but twice before Augustus, in whose time wars were pacified through the whole world: and for joy of these happy days, the month Sextilis then 
The month Sextilis called August.  was called Augustus after the emperors name, as his uncle julius had in the honour of his name the month then called Quintilis to be called julius.  
This Emperor Augustus was fortunate in wars, and circumspect in peace: he enlarged greatly the Empire of Rome, he annexed Egypt, Hungary, Illyria, Rhetia: he vanquished the Danes in battle, & slew great armies of Germans, and brought 400. thousand Germans forth of Germany prisoners, and placed 
Suet. in Aug.  them in France, and replenished France with inhabitants of Germany: he brought France to pay tribute, and brought judea a province under the Romans.  
During the time of the Consuls, which endured 447. years, it is to be wondered, that one nation, of one town, and that without a king, but by Consuls, should bring the most kingdoms of the world subject to Rome, as Africa, Hispaine, France and Britain, of this side Rome, made by Consuls to pay tribute 
The conquest of the Romans.  unto the Romans: beyond Rome Eastward, and round about Rome Northward and Southward, these kingdoms & countries were brought subject to Rome, and made provinces of the Romans by Consuls, as Illyrians, Istrians, Dalmatians, Macedonians, & all the Greeks', the Medes, the Thracians, and the great Antiochus driven out of Asia by Consuls of Rome: Valiant Pyrrhus, and mighty Mithridates' kings of Epirus and Pontus, overthrown by Consuls of Rome: Tigranes king of Armenia by Consuls: Mesopotamians and Parthians brought in league with the Romans by Consuls: to be short, all Syria, Egypt, and Sicilia were brought by Consuls of Rome to be provinces under Rome. What part of the world, but Consuls of Rome were known? Yea, the Arabians and Saracens knew the force of the Roman 
The fame of the Consuls of Rome.  Consuls: and when that the Roman consuls were lords of the whole world, finding no nation able long to encounter with them, their courage was such, that they envied one another greatly, they spited one another in service, and at last fell to civil wars between themselves, as between Marius and Silla in the first wars, between Pompey & Caesar in the second wars, and between Mar. Antonius, and Octavius Augustus in the third wars, to the overthrow well-nigh of the whole Roman empire. For histories do report, that in these three civil wars before mentioned, died more Senators, Consuls, magistrates, noblemen, and gentlemen, then in the three great African wars: the first by Hamilcar which endured 22. years most cruel: 
Civil wars.  the second by Hannibal which endured 17. years most terrible wars: the third and last by Asdrubal, which continued four years, all which annoyed not Rome so much as did these three civil wars.  
But let us return to the happy reign of Augustus called 
Augustus' the prince of peace.  the Prince of peace, the father of the country, and Emperor of Rome: whose happy government made unhappy Rome happy, and raised up Rome from the ground up to the heavens. To this good Emperor the Persians, and the Parthians sent ambassadors with presents: to this the Scythians, the Indians, and the Garramants, people that never heard before any speech of the Romans, sent both Legates and presents. What shallbe spoken more of this Emperor? In his days, in the two and fortieth year of this emperors reign, the Emperor 
CHRIST borne the 42. year of Augustus. Eutrop. lib. 7.  of all Emperors, and King of all kings, was in Bethleem a town of jury borne of the Virgin Mary, the only begotten Son of God, and the only Saviour of the world. This is the true Messiah sent from Heaven to earth, to satisfy the wrath of his father. This was the Lamb of God which took away the sins of the world. And therefore Augustus was the happier, for that in his time JESUS CHRIST the Son of God was borne, as the Prophets had before spoken.  
Now after that this good Emperor had lived eighty six 
Read Suetonius in Augusto.  years, whose honour and love was such in the whole world, that towns were builded and named after the name of Caesar, one by king juba in Mauritania, another by Hero in Palestina: and many kings left their own kingdoms, & came to Rome, to do service to Augustus. He reigned fifty and six years Emperor, he died at Atella a town of Campania, was brought to 
Augustus' died at Atella.  be buried at Rome, and was canonised after his death as a god. Augustus had three things in Rome granted: the first, to be Consul of Rome before he was twenty years old: the second, he was freed from any decree or law of the Senators: and the third, he had his image on horseback set up in the market place, which was granted to none but to Silla and Caesar. 
Augustus' great love and honour in Rome at his death.  In this emperors time flourished in Rome many notable learned men, whose names are here subscribed.  

Virgil this time flourished.  
Horace also, and Tibullus.  
Propertius and Vitrimius. 
Vitr●…uius.   
Titus Livius, and ovid.  
Valerius Maximus, And Strabo.   
When Augustus died, there was peace over the whole 
Augustus died the 14. Kalend. of October.  world: for the Son of God was then borne, the king of all peace, whose fame by miracles filled all the earth. At what time reigned Tetrarche in judea Archelaus the son of that Herode, who slew so many infants, thinking thereby to kill the Son of God, and therefore spared not his own sons Aristobulus and Alexandeer. I have spoken of this more in the history of the Church.  
In the time of this Emperor Augustus, the kingdom of France began to be so named, after the name of one Francus 
France first named.  the son of Antharius king of Sicambria. This Francus, after that his father died, made a decree, that Sicambria should be called Francia after his own name: of whom I shall speak in the history of France.  
And now I will return to Tiberius Caesar, who was Livia Augustus' wives son, and Augustus' son by adoption, the 
Tiberius' the third Emperor.  successor of Augustus, and the third Emperor of Rome: of whom we read, that he was very eloquent and well learned, but a great dissembler, who governed the Empire with avarice, cruelty, lust and cowardliness: for he waged battle no 
Suetonus is Tiberi.  where himself in person, but by his deputies and lieutenants. He began his Empire in the 768. year after the building of Rome, and in the 15. year after Christ was borne: at what time Sextus Pompeius was Consul in Rome.  
This Tiberius had some wars with the Germans, which were before subdued by Augustus, but now again rebelled and brought to subjection by this Emperor Tiberius. Of these wars read Cornelius Tacitus. He had wars before in Illyria, 
Tacitus lib. 2.  in the time of his father in law Augustus, over whom he triumphed. In the last year of Tiberius Nero was Domitius borne. Tiberius was certified by Pilate from Jerusalem, where he governed under the Romans, of the miracles of 
Euseb. lib. 2. cap. 2.  Christ, of his fame, and of his life and doings. Pilat's letters were showed to the Senators, and Pilate was blamed and reproved, for that he suffered that JESUS to do any miracles without the consent of the Senators: for Pilate put up the Image of Tiberius in the temple at jerusalem.  
But in the latter end of his reign he fell to great negligence of government, he gave himself to be idle, and thereby became untemperate with inordinate lust, in so much that 
Tiberius died the Kalend. of April.  he was flouted and scoffed, and called Biberius Mero, in stead of Tiberius Nero: and after he had reigned twenty and three years he died in Campania (as is supposed) by the means of Caligula, who succeeded him in the Empire.  
This Caligula was son to Germanicus, a lewd Emperor and a wicked, who far exceeded Tiberius in cruelty and in 
Oros. 7. cap. 6.  horrible life: he commanded his Images to be put up every where, and altars to be consecrated to him, and caused his 
Eutrop. lib. 7.  Images to have divine honours: and he sent to judea, and 
Oros. lib. 1. ca 6.  commanded that his Image should be set in the temple, boasting of his filthy life and government, naming himself jupiter for his incestuous life, and naming him Bacchus for his drunkenness. He had car●…all copulation with all his three 
The incestuous beast of Rome, Caligula.  sisters, and with his daughter whom he begat upon one of his sisters: he defiled noble women and chaste matrons, and gave them after to others to be defiled: he was called the beast of Rome, who after he had reigned four years, using great cruelty, avarice, filthy lust and horrible incest, he was slain in his Palace by his own soldiers, as josephus writeth 
Caligula slain the ninth Kalend. of February.  in his nineteenth book. His birth, his life, and his death, is set forth at large by Suetonius: who also wrote of all the lives of all the emperors most amply, omitting nothing that belonged to the Roman history during the time of the Emperors. What were done in other countries since the death of that good Emperor Augustus, what wickedness ensued in Rome by his successors Claudius Tiberius, and Caius Caligula, Tacitus, Suetonius, Livy, and other writers have written very largely.  
In the time of Tiberius Nero, within two years of Augustus' 
Of these 12. cities, read Tacit. lib. 2. This earthquake happened in the reign of Tib. Caesar.  death, happened such an earthquake in the night time, that twelve great cities in Asia fell prostrate to the ground: at what time Piso was Praetor in Syria, and Pontius Pilate was Precedent in judea.  
This very time the Parthians required of the Romans, king Phraartes son named Vonones, which was by his own father put to the Romans in pledge of loyalty, to come again to his kingdom: which being granted, he shortly after was despised, and driven out of his kingdom by Artabanus. Mithridates' waged war, and died in the Isle of Thiae, banished from Rome: for at that time there was a law made in Italy 
Tacitus lib. 2. josephus lib. 18. cap. 7.  for the banishing of Sooth sayers and Mathematicians. Within a little while after fell sharp and cruel war: of this war between the Parthians and Hiberians, Read Tacitus.  
At this time many great terrible earthquakes chanced, and many great wonders were seen a little before Christ jesus suffered his death and passion: for after the last earthquake (spoken of before) fell again thirteen great and famous towns by another earthquake, whose names Eusebius setteth down in this sort, as in the margin you may 
Ephesus. Magnesia. Caesarea. Apollonia. Dia Hyrcania. Philadelphia. M●…rthina. Mostheme, etc. Temis. Cumae. Sardis. Himulus. And Megachiero.  read. Our Saviour Christ died in the Emperor Tiberius his reign, at what time were finished the seventy weeks spoken of in Daniel: about which time Philo judaeus was sent from Alexandria to Rome, to entreat the Romans to be friends to the Citizens of Alexandria. This Philo judaeus was of great authority in those days, being a jew borne: his first coming to Rome was accepted the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius: the second coming was in the second year of the reign of Caius Caligula, where he was but little welcome: and with threatening words of Caligula he returned back to Alexandria.  
In the time of this C. Caligula came Herode the Tetrarche from jewrie to Rome, and was by Caligula then banished from 
Euseb. lib. 2. cap. 7.  judea to Lugdunum a town in France: and Pontius Pilate who gave sentence of death upon the Son of God our Saviour JESUS CHRIST in jerusalem, this time fell into such miseries and calamities, that he with his own hand killed himself. Matthew the Evangelist wrote his Gospel in 
Pilate killed himself.  judea in the Hebrew tongue, in the last year of the Emperor Caligula: at what time Simon Magus the Sorcerer flourished, and was honoured as a god in Rome, and in many other places.  
I will return to the successor of Caligula, Tiberius Claudius: he saw Drusus an uncle by the father side to Caligula 
Claudius' Drusus Emperor.  and brother's son to Tiberius Nero: this made wars upon the Britain's, which is now called England, over whom he triumphed at Rome, and at that time he annexed certain islands 
Eutrop. lib. 7.  situate beyond Britain called Orcades, to the Empire of 
He triumphed in Rome over the Britain's.  Rome: he appointed plays in Rome, at what time civil wars grew amongst the Parthians.  
In the time of this Claudius, divers and sundry great famines were in many countries: great famine was in judea, and the Apostles suffered much persecution: but they were comforted by the brethren. Of this famine spoke Agabus in the Acts 
Euseb lib. 2. cap. 8.  of the Apostles. In Rome also was great famine, and in Greece. This Claudius Tiberius had a wife named Messalina, a woman most untemperate, given to much filthy lust, never satisfied 
Messalina an untemperate woman.  with venery, nor never weary: by this lewd Empress many were destroyed. Many things did this Claudius very quietly, and many things he did very cruelly without discretion: and behaved himself very courteously towards divers of his friends, and therefore was thought of many not to be wise. Eutropius saith, that there was a most honourable tomb made 
Claudius' tomb.  to him at Mentz in Germany.  
This Emperor lived 64. years, and reigned in Rome Emperor fourteen years: after whom succeeded Claudius Domitius Nero, who was son in law unto Claudius Drusus, who adopted him to be his successor in the Empire, after the building of Rome 807. years: some say 809: and after that Christ died, 57 This was the sixth Emperor of Rome, 
Of the first 5. years of Nero's government, the saying of trajan.  who excelled all good Emperors for five years government: for trajan the Emperor was wont to say, Omnes principes procul à Neronis quinquennio distare: for he builded the Anephitheaters, and founded Baths, and named them after his own name at Rome: he ordained certain places every five Quinquenale, imitating the Greeks' in their Olympiads, and named them Neronea, the plays of Nero: he much resembled 
Plays made by Nero on every fift year, called Quinquenale.  his uncle Caligula, a man much given to all kind of riot, charges and expenses: he poisoned the son of Claudius whom his father surnamed Britanicus, in remembrance of his victory over the Britain's: he married Octavia, and slew her husband, and (as Eusebius saith) slew her also: he married a courtesan named Poppea and slew her: he had carnal copulation with Agrippina his own natural mother, and after 
Nero began well and ended ill.  slew her: he also slew a great number of the Senate, and divers other worthy citizens.  
This Emperor exceeded all tyrants in cruelty, he committed divers murders upon his own kinsfolks, and slew his schoolmaster, that grave and learned man Seneca. When that this Nero had given himself wholly to all tyranny, and 
Suet. in Nero.  became an enemy to all good, he would dance and sing openly with strumpets in the apparel of a common minstrel. Now when he had murdered Senators, citizens and divers gentlemen, and had slain his own brother, his wife, and his 
The great murder and tyranny of Nero.  mother, he set the city of Rome on fire, and let it burn for 6. days, to make him know how the city of Troy burned when it was on fire by the Grecians.  
And when he had left no evil thing undone on earth, he began to persecute the Church, and to murder the saints of God, as shallbe spoken in the History of the Church, of Paul, Peter, and others. Read Tacitus of this wicked Emperor. While he foamed in blood at Rome, the Parthians bereft him of 
Tacitus lib. 14. 15▪ & 16.  Armenia, and he had almost (as Eutropius saith) lost Britain: he durst do nothing in feats of arms: for these cruel facts, he was abhorred of all men, and clean forsaken of his own friends: he was adjudged of the Senate to be an enemy of the weal public. Nero hearing that he should be drawn naked through the city, and be whipped till he were dead, he fled secretly forth of his Palace by night with his Eunuch Sporus, and slew himself 4. miles from Rome. 
Nero slew himself.   
In the time of Nero, fell by an earthquake three towns in Asia, called Laodicea, Hieropolis and Colossa. divers earthquakes and many wonders were seen in Rome, murder and slaughter 
Plini lib. 2. cap. 8.  in judea, battles and blood. At what time Albinus governed the jews under the Romans. In Nero's time governed in Britain arviragus, in whose days many Britain's were converted to the faith by joseph of Arimathea, a jew borne, and one of them that buried our Saviour Christ. Thus the tyrant Nero, which wished that all the city of Rome had but one neck, 
Nero's wish.  that he might with one stroke cut it off, died after he had reigned fourteen years Emperor, and lived one and thirty years.   

CHAP. VIII.  
From Nero the tyrant the sixth Emperor of Rome, until the time of Lu. Antoninus Comodus the cruel, the 18. Emperor a match meet for Nero: in the one the stuck of Caesar was extinguished, in the other the blood of Antoninus ended and quite failed: two Emperors of like condition and manners: of the government of them over Rome from Nero to Comodus, during which time reigned twelve Emperors.  
AFter Nero succeeded Sergius Sulpitius Galba 
Galba the 7. Emperor of Rome.  the 7. Emperor, a noble Senator of an ancient house: he was 73. years old when he was chosen Emperor by the Spaniards and Frenchmen: he had borne divers offices in Rome, and in the field sundry times he had been a captain in most perilous battles, and had governed divers provinces: he was used to say to his soldiers, Disce miles militare, Galba est non Genlicus, as though he said, Soldiers look to your charges, Galba is present. His empire was of short continuance, for he was slain by Otho, when he had reigned but 7. months.  
This Otho after he had slain Galba, invaded the empire, and detained it with the sword ninety and five days: for Aulus 
Otho the 8. Emperor of Rome.  Vitellius being then with an army in Germany, was made Emperor of Rome by the soldiers, at the very time that Otho had slain Galba. This Vitellius attempted battle against Otho at Bebriacus, where Otho was discomfited, and after slew himself, with his own daughter, when he had reigned not eight weeks.  
Vitellius succeeded in the empire the 9 emperor, descending of a noble family: his father Lucius Vitellius had been 
Au●…us Vitellius the 9 Emperor.  thrice Consul of Rome: notwithstanding he had the like forture as his predecessors Galba and Otho had; & that most worthily: 
Eutrop. lib. 7.  for he was equal to Nero in great cruelty, and in excessive gluttony: he feasted four or five times in one day: he 
The excess of Vitellius.  affected much Nero's doings, and would gladly imitate Nero in gluttony and riot: for he had at one time set before him two thousand fishes, and seven thousand birds, besides other charges and expenses. These wickednesses and vices cannot long endure in any man, much less in Princes. He had not reigned but 8. months, but he was slain by the captain of Vespasian, for that Vitellius had slain first Sabinus Vespasians brother, whom he burned in the Capitol which he set on fire. 
Sabinus Vespasians brother slain by Vitellius.  But Vitellius had a reproachful death for it: for as he lived like Nero, so he died like as Nero should have died if he had not killed himself. Vitellius was drawn naked through the city of Rome along openly, with a sword naked set under 
Vitellius drawn naked through the streets of Rome.  his chin, and every man which he met, threw dung upon him, and with spitting in his face railed on him, and after that his throat was cut, and he thrown into the river of Tiber.  
Thus the three last Emperors Galba, Otho and Vitellius, tyrants and not Emperors, beasts and not men, ended their 
Oros. lib. 7. ca 8.  lives when they had reigned all three, not above eighteen months.  
After this glutton Vitellius, followed Vespasian the tenth Emperor, a prince endued with most excellent virtues, a 
Vespasian a good virtuous Emperor.  maintainer of civil order, who assigned in Rome certain stipends to learned men, and a man for his private life worthy to be had in memory: and amongst other virtues, he excelled in this, not to revenge any wrong done to him: he also bore patiently the bitterness of his friends, and the taunts and scoffs of his enemies: he married Vitellius daughter a noble man of Rome, though Vitellius was his great enemy, and had slain his brother Sabinus.  
This Emperor was most gentle and courteous, and behaved himself in the Empire very moderately. This Vespasian, (at what time he was sent by Claudius into Germany, and from thence into Britain) fought five several great battles, 
Eutrop. lib. 7.  and annexed two mighty nations to the empire of Rome. In this time was judea also annexed to Rome, and he triumphed over them: he repaired the Capitol the temple of peace, and the monuments of Claudius. From the time of Augustus Caesar, not one good Emperor reigned in Rome until Vespasians time. This is the tenth Emperor in order and number, but 
Vespasian a good Emperor.  this is the second in goodness and virtue. This Emperor Vespasian reduced Achaia, Licia, Rhodes and Byzantium, which is now called Constantinople: he brought Samos, Thracia, Cilicia, and Thracia into the form of Provinces subjects to the Romans. This Emperor was honoured of the Senate, and beloved of all men, and had triumphed over jerusalem, together 
joseph. lib. 7. cap. 24.  with his son Titus, the eleventh Emperor that succeeded his father, a Prince in all good virtues like to his father: for what praise Chronographers do yield to the father Vespasian, for his gentleness, courtesy, patience, love, liberality, and infinite more virtues, the same do they write of his son Titus, and therefore I need not much commend Vespasian. His mother was named Domicilla a rare woman.  
Titus was given unto all kind of liberality, and as soon as 
Read of the father and of the son in Egnat and in Sueton.  his father had called him to be a magistrate in the weal public, and had given him charge of soldiers, he contended to excel his father in all good and civil government, insomuch that he was had in great admiration for his virtues, 
Eutrop. lib. 7.  and commonly called Delitiae hominum, the love and delight of mankind. He was so excellently seen in the Greek and Latin tongue, that he could make divers Poetical tragedies in Greek, and pleaded causes himself in the Latin tongue. He was so liberal, that he would say that day to be lost when he 
The saying of a good Emperor.  had given nothing. And being counseled by his friends that he should not be so liberal: he answered, None ought to departed from an Emperor sorrowful, for not obtaining their requests: but he had no long life to make proof of his greatness. He was very eloquent, of passing great sobriety, and a stout warrior. It is said of Titus that he was an excellent archer: for at the assaulting of jerusalem he shot 12. arrows, and killed with every arrow a man.  
These two good Emperors Vespasian and his son Titus were well esteemed of in Rome, but they lived not long: for 
Titus died.  Vespasian the father reigned but ten years, and his son Titus reigned two years, two months and twenty days after him, and died in the very place where his father died, at a Manor of his own among the Sabines, in the eighty three year after the death of Christ.  
By this Titus jerusalem was the last time destroyed, and the jews most miserably vanquished and scattered: for Vespasian 
Euseb. lib 3. cap. 12.  had commanded that none of the stock of David should remain alive in jerusalem, lest any should claim the crown, which lineally descended from David, to hinder the Roman title. This time all was quiet abroad, the broils that at this time reigned, where in Rome itself, one Emperor preventing an other, by murder, poison, or by some other sleights and snares, so that it was more perilous to be Emperor of Rome, then to be a subject: for the majesty of the Senators, and the dignity of the Consuls were much 
How Rome flourished in the time of Kings, Consuls, & Emperors.  obscured by the tyranny of Emperors: they durst do nothing that might offend the Emperor, or displease the people: they bore only but the name of Senators and Consuls after Augustus' death: the which Consuls flourished 447. years being aided with Dictator's and Tribunes, and not with Kings or Emperors: for under Kings, Rome was a servant, under Emperors, Rome was a Captive, but under Consuls, Rome was the only mistress and lady of the world.  
Behold the state of Rome under the 11. last Emperors. 
●…lauius Domitianus 12. Emperor.  And now I begin with the 12. one that passed the rest in pride & cruelty: he in all points resembled more Nero or Catigula, than he did his father Vespasian, or his brother Titus, though in the beginning he behaved himself with great temperancy & modesty. But he was not long troubled with these good qualities: he was too soon infected with anger, cruelty, pride, fleshly lust, avarice: he blotted out & abolished the memory of his good father and brother, he waxed such a tyrant, & such a monster in Rome, that he commanded by a decree 
Sextus Aurelius.  to be called a God, and to have his statues in many places of the Roman Empire adored, and would not permit the Romans to set any pictures of him, unless they were of gold or silver: such was his horrible pride, and that joined with cruelty: for many of the best Senators he slew, and many 
Dominianus called a second Nero.  he banished: he was the only persecutor of the Christians, and therefore called the second Nero: he expulsed the Philosophers and Mathematicians forth of Rome, which both his father and brother entertained with annual stipend. This Domitianus, though he triumphed twice over the Danes & Cattians, & had subdued the Sarmatians, yet he sustained great damages & sundry losses in those battles: for Appius Sabinus one of the Consuls, 
Domitianus exercise called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  and Cornelius Fiscus captain of the emperor's guard, were slain: so were his legions and captains in Sarmatia: his exercise every day for an hour secretly in his palace was to catch 
Read Sueto. of this Emperor.  flies: he also forbade to geld any male kind: also when one knocked at his door and asked if any man were within, No, saith Domitianus, not so much as a flea. Now when Domitianus was so long detested, & abhorred of God and man for divers wickednesses, he was slain by his own men in his palace, after he had reigned 15. years & lived 45. years: he was so 
Domiti. was used as Vitellius was after his death.  hated in Rome, that being slain, they haled his body through the streets, all his pictures and statues thrown down, in so much that they could not abide to look upon any monument of his, neither to hear of his name.  
Notwithstanding so much good he did to Rome, that he finished sundry works at Rome, which was the Capitol, and 
Isium and Serapium two galleries made by Domitius.  the two galleries called by Eutropius Isium and Serapium: he made also the tilt for men to run in, and builded a place for musicians and singing men. In the sixth year of Domitianus government, Antoninus Pius was borne, which afterward was emperor in Rome. About which time, the Picts came from Scythia to seek habitation in Brittany: their captain was called Rodericus. When Richimer reigned king in France, divers sects of heresies began this time, under Menander one of Simon Magus disciples. In the last year of Domitianus, the apostle john wrote 
Iren. lib. 1. cap. 21. Ireneus lib. 5.  his book of Revelation in Pathmos. Here I writ the Consul's names, which governed yearly in Rome with Domitianus: for after the emperors began to command what they lusted in Rome, they made a choice of one Consul with his brother Titus when he was emperor after with him: these governed his own friends, whom he himself made choice of, as other emperors did before him.  

Val. Messalinus.  
Virg. Rufus.  
Sabinus.  
Verus Pollio.  
Ser. Cornelius Dolabella.  
Lu. Minutius Rufus.  
Fuluius, which was Antoninus Pius his grandfather.  
Coceius Nerua, which succeeded Domitianus in the Empire.  
Ac. Volusius Saturnius.  
Vl. Traianus Crinitus.  
This succeeded Cocceius Nerua in the Empire, whom Nerua adopted after him.  
Glabrio and Nonius Aspreanus.   
Domitianus himself was the other Consul, for the Emperors would not permit two Consuls to govern together, unless they were special friends to the Emperors: so that the dignity of the ancient Consuls daily decayed by the tyranny and greatness of the Emperors (of those last six Emperors 
Suetonius doth set forth the lives of these 6. Emperors at large.  I mean) Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian Titus, and Domitianus, which Suetonius doth write at large. It were too long a history for me to write of all their lives, how be it I briefly touch and speak of their chief and most principal dealings. This time within few years, the Goats, which are 
West countries waxed mighty and the East decayed by degrees.  also the Geteses, the Vandals, and the Hungarians began to grow strong, with whom the emperors of Rome had much to do: for than waxed the West part of the world strong, as Spain, France, Germany, and Britain, and were in arms against the Romans, as you shall in the history understand: for as Sueton. with many other writers, set forth the exploits of those six which I now named: even so doth Dion write of Nerua, trajan, 
Dion writes of these 3. good Emperors.  and Adrian, three of the best emperors. Iu. Capitolinus an ancient writer omitteth nothing, that might be spoken of Antoninus Pius, in whose time Rome was like to be on fire, had not the river Tiber with a sudden inundation stopped the rage of the fire, and yet 340. houses were quite with fire consumed: so by this writer were Antoninus Pius, and Antoninus surnamed the Philosopher, which of some is called Mar. Aurelius written of, and likewise of the laws & exploits of these Emperors, Pertinax, Opilius, Macrinus, Claudius Albinus, Maximinus, Gordianus, 
Lampridius wrote.  & Balbinus, Lampridius wrote of. Also he wrote of Comodus, and Heliogabolus, two wicked and cruel Emperors. The Romans wanted no writers to record their fame: for in truth, as they excelled all other nations in power, greatness, and dignity, 
The Roman history.  so had they more notable histories written of them.  
What kingdom, what country, what nations were not by the Romans conquered? for you have read in the history before, how the Africans, Spain, and Carthage, with their most famous captains Amilcar, Asdrubal, and Hannibal, were vanquished 
The conquest of the Romans.  by the Romans: how the successors of great king Cyrus, and the posterities of the great king Alexander, two of the greatest kings of the whole world, were subdued by the Romans: how the most worthy & next unto Alexander the great in prowess, Pyrrhus' king of Epire: how Mithridates the king of Pontus, who kept most terrible and cruel wars with the Romans forty years: how Antiochus surnamed also the great king of all Asia: in fine, how the Parthians, the Scythians, the Sogdians, the Indians, the Arabians, and the Egyptians were by the Romans conquered, and therefore I will as briefly pass over the history as I can, partly for that many have translated the lives of the Emperors, & their exploits are here & there in fragments, and partly for that it were tedious to write all the Romans history in particular: for the best reading is of the Romans history, during the reign of the Consuls four hundred forty seven years, all which time their conquests were great, & their victories infinite: but after the dignities of the 
Rome flourished most under Consuls.  Consuls were eclipsed by the greatness & cruelty of the Emperors, the state of Rome also began by a little and a little to lose her former fame, and to decay in credit, for that they esteemed money more than men.  
This vice of avarice excluded all kind of virtues out of 
Hidden hatred, private wealth, and young council: three dangerous monstersin a common wealth.  Rome, and received into the City hidden hatred, private wealth, and young council, whereby the lady of the whole world sometime, is become now by avarice to be the handmaid of Spain and France, yea to be led by every city of Italy. Thus was the glory of Rome brought under her own servants to be a captive, even as Babylon, jerusalem, Egypt, and other kingdoms, of whom the Prophets have spoken & prophesied, the reward of their wickedness, idolatry, and horrible superstition. The like destruction the Romans must look to have, as the Africans had, after them the Chaldeans, the Hebrews, 
The reward of idolatry is destruction.  and the Egyptians, for their idolatry and contempt of God. The like end and destruction as had the Persians, the Medes, the Macedonians, and the Greeks', must the Romans by the prophesy of Daniel expect: for I will the Reader to read Daniel, Esai, jeremy, and Ezechiel, of these great kingdoms before time for some destroyed and consumed, and I will return to the history.  
Now after that good Emperor Cocceius Nerua had reigned but one year, four months, and nine days, he adopted 
Wpius trajan 14. Emperor.  trajan to the Empire, a Spaniard, and not an Italian, as many would have it, a godly Emperor a good man: of whom many good things are written, amongst the which he is most commended in two principal things, sanctitas domi, fortitudo for is: 
Oros. lib. 7. cap. 11. 12.  he was patiented in all travels, and in all adversities: he was very diligent in civil causes, and very expert in military discipline: he was most liberal to his soldiers, and beneficial unto all men: he much honoured all learned men▪ he only of all other Emperors observed justice, and practised the same to his people: he governed the weal public in such sort, 
trajan the mirror of Emperors.  that he ought worthily to be preserved above all other princes: he enlarged the borders and marches both in length and breadth of the Roman Empire, which from the time of Augustus was but defended and conserved by other Emperors, until this time: he is thus commended in Eutropius, that his 
Eutrop. lib. 8.  courtesy and sobriety far excelled his martial feats: he was so familiar, that he would ride, go, and sit with his familiars: he would also banquet amongst them without esteeming 
The affability of the good Emperor trajan.  of himself more then of another: he openly and secretly enriched not only his friends, but those whom he well heard of, and advanced them to honours with whom he had small acquaintance▪ he enfranchised many cities, he did so many great good things aswell in repairing ruinous Towns and Cities, as also in building new Cities & Towns in divers countries, that in a manner he builded a new world again: for he builded six great Temples,  

1 To Apollo.  
2 To Mars.  
3 To jupiter.  
4 To Aesculapius.  
5 To Ceres'.  
6 To Berecynthia.   
And therefore he was reputed in all the whole world of all men, and likened unto some god, which had some divine power to finish and to perfect a ruinous common wealth, being by his predecessors Nero, Caligula, Heliogabolus, Domitianus and others, well-nigh wholly destroyed and defaced. 
trajan.   
So much prevailed in him the fame of perfect goodness, that at the election of any prince in Rome after Traian's days, 
The Senators words.  the Senators and the people would wish him to be as fortunate as Augustus, and in behaviour of virtue and goodness, to be like the good trajan, who both for his goodness & virtue was also called Pater patriae, as Augustus was, for that he 
The love of Traian in Rome.  subdued Dacia, recovered Armenia which the Parthians had won: he reduced under the obeisance of Rome, Spain, Moscovia, Arabia, and the inhabitants of Cholcos: he had great wars in all the East countries, and brought Assyria and Mesopotamia 
trajan wan & recovered many countries by his predecessors lost.  under his hand. He reduced many kingdoms to be provinces under the Romans: he wan Seleucia and Babylon, and prepared a navy for the red Sea, that thereby he might spoil and destroy the borders and coasts of judea.  
About this time the Temple of Pantheon in Rome was burned: he triumphed over the Danes, and over the Scythians, and brought Rome again to her former fame and glory, as it was in the time of Octavius Augustus.  
The two mirrors of Rome lived in Rome and died with the like love and fame, after they had purchased great glory and 
Traian's monument in Rome to this day called Traian's pillar.  renown both for civil and martial policy. trajan was canonised, and was the first emperor buried within the City, his bones were put in a golden cup, and set under a pillar which mounted in height to an hundred forty four foot.  
He reigned nineteen years, whose facts and worthiness are rife in memory. If you list to read further of them, look in Capitolinus: amongst all the emperors, this you 
The fourth persecution.  shall find to excel the rest. In Trajan's time fell the fourth persecution of the Christians, in whose time also died john 
Oros. lib. 7. cap. 12.  the Evangelist, after whose death flourished his scholars and disciples, Papias, and Polycarpus, and Ignatius. In Traian's time happened such an earthquake, that four great Cities in Asia fell flat to the ground: three in Galatia, and two in Greece. 
A great earthquake in Traian's time.   
trajan died of the flux at Seleucia a town of Isauria, when he had lived sixty three years: after whom succeeded Aelius Adrianus the fifteenth emperor, an Italian borne, he was sister's son to trajan, and yet not adopted to the Empire by trajan, but by means of Plotina Traian's wife: he was singularly learned, both in the Greek and in the Latin: 
Adrian sister son to Trai.  he was excellently seen in Music and Geometry, and was so expert in Astronomy, that he made yearly Prognostications for himself: he excelled in divers arts, as in carving, graving, painting, cutting, either 
Princely qualities.  in brass or in marble.  
justine writeth of this emperor, that he could write, talk with his friends, ask questions, and answer matters at one time: he gave himself wholly to purchase 
Adrian praised.  peace and quietness, and would often say that he did more good in Rome by idleness, than his predecessors by weapons: for he purchased peace during the whole time of his Empire.  
In his time the Christians were sore persecuted, until certain learned of the Christians wrote books unto the Emperor Adrian for mercy in sparing of Christian blood: whereupon the Emperor wrote divers Epistles to judea, and to all 
Oros. 7. cap. 13.  provinces belonging to the Empire of Rome, that no Christian should be apprehended for religion sake, at what time jerusalem was named Aelia, after that he had quieted the jews by 
jerusalem was named Aelia by Adrianus.  his Sendrus, and slew of them five thousand. The emperors name Aelius Adrianus, for after that the Emperor Adrian wrote his letter to Minutius to stay his persecution, certain heretics began to trouble the Church, as Saturnius, Basilides, and Menander, the successor of Simon Magus, of whom in Ecclesiastical history you may read more.  
The fault of this Adrian was, that he envied the glory of 
Euseb. lib. 4. cap. 6. Heretics trouble the Church.  Traianus, and was most ambitious of honour and fame: otherwise he advantaged the common weal of Rome more than any: for (as I said) he was called the father of the Country, and his wife Sabina was also called Augusta: he ordained laws to the Athenians, which he himself picked out of Draco, and of Solon's laws: he in person travailed all the Empire of Rome: he builded a fair Temple unto Venus: 
The care and travel of Adrian.  he was very circumspect about the treasury, and when he had reigned twenty two years, he died in most miserable pains in Campania, about the age of threescore, offering himself to be slain to any of his dear friends. These 
Adrian died.  were the chief men in Rome when Adrianus reigned.  

Amilius Aelianus.  
Lucius Verus.  
Acilius Auiola.  
Cornelius Pasna.  
C. Bellicius Torquatus.  
Catilius Severus.  
Titus Aurelius Fuluius which succeeded Adri anus in the Empire.  
Titus Appronianus.  
Quintus Agulinus.  
Salinator and Rusticus.   

Att. Titianus.  
M. Acilius Glabriotus.  
Auius Libo.  
Iwentius Celsus and Neratius Marcellinus.  
Lenas' Pontianus.  
Antoninus Ruffinus.  
Sergius Seruianus.  
Servilius Hasta, and Valerius Messala.   
With many other great men which then governed as officers and magistrates in Rome when Adrianus reigned: in whose time such earthquakes fell, that Nicopolis and Caesarea, 2. great towns in Palestina fell to the very ground in the one: and in the other earthquake, in Macedonia a great city, and the most part of Nycena lay prostrate on the ground, which was rebuilded by Adrianus.  
This time revolted the Britons from the Romans, but were by Trebelius (as Spartianus writeth) mitigated and brought again 
Titus Antoninus Pius  to subjection. Titus Aurelius Fuluius succeeded Adrianus in the Empire by adoption: This was also called Antoninus Pius, for the great pity and gentleness which he used towards all men. A good Emperor, compared of writers to that religious king Numa Pompilius, in like sort as Traianus 
Antho. Pius compared to Numa Pomp.  was likened to Romulus: he was beloved as a father, and feared as a king. He was borne in Gallia Transalpina in a city named Nemesa, which in the time of julius Caesar was established a Colony of Rome. The Indians, Hyrcanians, and Bactrians sent Ambassadors with gifts and presents to honour him. He was wont to say, that he had rather save one friend, then destroy a thousand enemies. The people would often call 
The saying of Anto. Pius.  him by these names, Lord, King, Emperor, judge, Patron, and father: he endeavoured himself rather to defend then to amplify, and the Empire he assigned to the most honest men, the grave, the learned and the just men to have offices and to bear rule in the city: he advanced good men, and 
Read Sueto. of this good Emperor.  detested evil men, and used no rigour nor cruelty to them. Kings and captains in his time laid aside their wars, and would bring their controversies and quarrels to be decided by the Emperor Antoninus Pius: he was so just and so pitiful in all causes towards all men, that therein he far excelled all the Emperors: he much honoured learned men, and had in his days many of them in his Court with him. In his time 
Alexander Severus borne.  was Alexander Severus borne, which after was Emperor of Rome. During the time of his whole government, which was 23. years and 3. months, there was neither wars nor quarrels in Rome. In this time flourished many excellent men, as these underwritten.  

Galenus the mirror of Physicians.  
Ptolomeus the great ginger.  
Apolonius & Basilides 2. great Philosophers, and schoolmaster to the Emperor Verus.  
Nesomedes a Musician. Taurus a Philosopher of Plato's sect.  
Arrianus a Philosopher in Nicomedia & Maximus surnamed Tyrus likewise a great Philosopher.   
At this time the jews began to fall into a fury, to kill both the Greeks' and the Romans, and to practise much tyranny both in Egypt and Alexandria, and in Palestina, at what time governed Tinius Rufus in judea under the Romans, but they were soon pacified and quieted.   

CHAP. IX.  
Of the good Emperor Ma. Antoninus surnamed the Philosopher, and of his son Comodus: of the difference in their government: of the love which the father had in Rome, and of the hatred and contempt which the son had: of the murder and slaughter of divers Emperors, from M. Antoninus the 17. Emperor, until the time of Dioclesian, the 38. Emperor.  
AFter Titus Antoninus succeeded Marcus Antoninus Verus in the Empire, a man of rare virtues, & borne of a great stock: for his descent was by the father's side from Numa Pompilius, and by his mother's side from king Salentinus. This Emperor was a very learned man, and he reigned jointly with Lucius Antoninus: for in his days the Romans began to have two Emperors of equal authority, to govern the common weal. These two were (as Eutropius saith) brethren, and they waged battle against the Parthians, which never rebelled from Traianus 
Eutrop. lib. 8.  time by whom they were conquered, until Marcus Antoninus time. But they also conquered the Parthians round, and brought a triumph, and did solemnize the same with his 
Great odds between Verus and Commodus two brethren.  brother.  
This Verus Antoninus achieved sundry victories: he won Seleucia a famous city of Assyria, by means of these noble captains, Statius Priscus which subdued Armenia that then rebelled, 
Sueto. in Antoninis.  and Auidius Cassius which likewise kept Media and Babylon in subjection. But as this Lucius departed from the city 
Oros. lib. 7. ca 15  Concordia, he died of an issue of blood, after whom again Marcus Antoninus governed as Emperor, more to be maruei 
M. Antoninus.  led at for his rare virtues, then to be commended for his singular learning. This professed not in outward show to be a Philosopher, but in living. He was had in such admiration even 
Read Egnatius in Adria.  from his infancy, for his grave behaviour and sober life, that Adrianus purposed than he being but a child, to leave him as his successor. In philosophy he was instructed by Apollonius a Chalcedonian Philosopher, and he was brought up in the Greek tongue by Sextus Cherronesus nephew to Plutarch the Emperor, & in the Latin tongue he was brought up with Frontus a very great Orator, so that Marcus Antoninus 
M. Antoninus excelled all Emperors in all kind of knowledge.  excelled all other Emperors in all kind of knowledge: he was exceeding liberal, as at his wars which he had against the Marcomenes, where the Vandals, the Sarmatians, and all Barbary were ready to maintain wars against the Romans, & were seen: for he made open sale of his plate, he sold all his apparel, and sold divers jewels and ornaments of precious stones: he sold all his substance, to avoid the exactions of his subjects.  
But the victory which then he obtained, repaid all his debts, and brought again his plate, his jewels, and all other his substance home: for it is written, that these wars continued three years, and were the most terrible wars, and equal to the wars of Carthage. And when he had reduced 
Orosius lib. 6. cap. 15.  Rome to a most fortunate state, and had reigned to the contentation of all men 18. years, and had lived 61. years, he died, and was canonised at the earnest labour of all the people: after whom many mourned in Rome aswell of the people, and citizens, as Senators. He was also called Pater patriae, with trajan, Adrian, Vespasian, and with Augustus. During 
These 5. Emperors were called one after another, Pater patriae.  the reign of this good Emperor fell such a great pestilence in Italy, among the inhabitants thereof, and other provinces about Rome, that there were new laws made, and ordained for the burial of the dead.  
At this time Asianus and also Appollinaris Bishop of Hieropolis, wrote both two books in defence of the Christian religion, & dedicated them to the Emperor Antoninus. In France, under Farabertus the 28. king then reigning in France, died many by persecution for profession of christianity, at what time Lucius the son of Coyllus reigned king among the Britons: who in the 13. year of his government received the Christian faith, as both Gyldas and Beda affirm. Polycarpus Bishop of Smyrna, the disciple of john the Evangelist, came into Rome in Antoninus' time, whom Ireneus much commendeth. 
Ireneus lib. 3. cap. 4.   
Now for that the name of Antoninus was so much honoured of the Romans, it was decreed that none should be so named, but by consent of the Senators, & such Consuls as then reigned: for Antoninus became as great a name in Rome, as Augustus was, such was the love and honour that the Romans yielded 
The name of Antoninus much honoured in Rome.  to this name. The Senators had no greater present to present Alexander Severus, then to offer him that name, and so to be called Severus Antoninus. The virtue and rareness of the men made the name so honourable, and therefore I will put them down with the magistrates and Officers that ruled in Rome, during the time of these two rare Emperors, Antoninus Pius, and Antoninus surnamed the Philosopher.  

Plautius' sylvanus.  
julius Severus.  
Marcus Aulius Antoninus.  
Herodes Atticus.  
Lollianus Auitus.  
Gravius Maximus.  
Seleucus and Ruffinus.  
Gallicanus Glabrio.  
Torquatus and Camerinus.  
Marcus Vibullius surnamed Augur.  
Atidius Cornelianus who had charge in Syria at Antoninus' death.  
Quintilius and Priscus.  
Pescenius niger.  
Metilius Bradua and Lucius Aelianus.  
Lucius Aelius Verus.  
Stacius Priscus and Auidius Cassius two notable captains.  
Aufidius Victorinus.  
junius Rusticus and Elius Celsus.  
Erutius Clarus, Flaccus Piso, and julianus which was afterward Emperor.  
Claudius' Pompeianus and Cethegus.  
Herens. Apronianus and Quintilinus. These with many more notable men that governed in Rome when Antoninus Pius reigned.   
This Quintilinus whose house & stock Commodus the emperor after destroyed, who likewise was by his father made Caesar, and had triumphed before with his father: These were the chief men that then bare rule in Rome in the time of Marcus Antoninus, few such Emperors were found in Rome after they died. In time of Marcus Antoninus, Smyrna a famous town of Asia fell by an earthquake, to the repairing whereof this Emperor bestowed much money, and 
Commodus 9 Emperor.  the Temple of Serapis was this time in Alexandria burned. Now when Lucius Antoninus Commodus began his Empire 
Read Lampridius and Herodia lib. 1.  after his father, the virtue of his father shined the more (being dead) by the vices of the son that succeeded after, who from his cradle was wicked, cruel, and beastly: he so defamed himself with riot and ribawdry, that he had three hundred concubines, and three hundred delicate males youths which he used as women: he commanded his Colossus or image to be put up, and withal made a decree that he should be called God Hercules.  
This shameless Emperor, unworthy of the name of Antoninus, would play openly upon the Theatre with fencers, and he used himself so hatefully, that he was abhorred 
Vice's most odious in a magistrate.  of all men and envied as an enemy of mankind, and so he ended his life, being either throttled or poisoned, after he had reigned thirteen years. For it was a wonder to see two good Emperors to succeed one another in Rome: 
A rare sight in Rome to see a good Emperor.  nay we cannot read but of only two which were good, Vespasian, and his son Titus: all the rest cruel tyrants degenerated from kind, and in whom appeared nothing more than treason or murder.  
After whom followed the Emperor Pertinax, an aged 
Pertinax.  man, who had done much service, and therefore advanced to the empire much against his will: for he was 69. years 
Read more of him in Eutrop. lib. 8.  old when he was chosen Emperor: scant he had reigned eighty days, but he was slain of the soldiers, and his head cut off and carried round about Rome by the commandment of julianus, who was the wolf that caused this murder, but he was well requited. The like death happened to julianus, 
julianus.  being a man very factious and seditious, and very ambitious: this was nephew to that julianus which lived in Adrianus time: he was discomfited by Severus Septimius, at a place called 
Lucius septimius Severus 22. Emperor.  Miluius bridge, & soon after slain in his own palace, his head cut off, and put up in the market place: at what time Pescennius was in Antioch, and Septimius Severus was in Panonia, both created Caesars. But after that Severus slew Pescennius, he took the rule & government of the Roman empire, & was the first Emperor created forth of Africa. This was of great credit, for he had been treasurer and Tribune of the soldiers, and at the last had the charge of the whole weal public. This the Senate gratified much according to his request, and gave him the name of Pertinax, whom Severus loved so well, that he both desired and commanded to be called Pertinax: whose 
Sept. Severus would be called Pertinax.  death Severus revenged upon Pescennius & others. He was a valiant man: for he overcame the Parthians, and the Arabians, and therefore was surnamed Parthicus Severus: he subdued Britain, who then after the death of Lucius began civil wars between themselves, and were almost utterly conquered by Severus, by reason the noble men and Britain held civil wars.  
During which time, Clodius Albinus created himself Caesar 
Albinus head sent from France to Rome.  in France, whom he slew at Lugdunum, whose head he sent to Rome, and whose friends in Rome at his return he persecuted to the last. This Emperor was well learned, and a great Philosopher. This Emperor Severus, after he had repaired many things throughout the Roman empire, and had made Rome again chief mistress of those provinces lost, he passed over the Sea unto Britain, where after he had subdued them, he died among them in the city of York, in the eighteenth year of his reign. Polidore doth not agree 
Read Polid. in lib. 2.  with Eutropius in this: but in the Roman history Eutropius must be believed.  
After Severus succeeded his son Aurelius Bassianus, who also was called Caracalla: he was in conditions much like to 
Antoninus Caracalla 23.  his father but more sharp: he was out of measure given to sensuality, and carnal concupiscence: he espoused his mother in law named juba, of some named jubba, though under colour to demand Artabanus his daughter king of Parthia in marriage, which he falsely deceived, beside the expectation of Artabanus, he slew many of the Parthians. This Antoninus 
Read Victor Aurel.  Caracalla having had a sight of Alexander the great his picture, wherein he noted his stern countenance, with his head somewhat leaning to the left shoulder, he caused the like picture to be made for himself, and commanded all his soldiers 
Caracalla commanded himself to be called Alex.  to call him Alexander. This Emperor died as he was preparing a voyage against the Parthians at Edessa, when he had lived 43. years.  
Presently after the death of Caracalla, Opilius Macrinus and 
Opilius Macrinus. 24.  his son Diadumeus were created Emperors, who after they had reigned jointly fourteen months, they were both slain in a sedition which fell among the soldiers, without doing 
Marcus Aurelius Heliogabolus 25. Emperor.  any thing worth the writing. After them stepped to the empire, Marcus Aurelius surnamed Heliogabolus, & well so named for in all beastliness he resembled his predecessors, these underwritten.  

Nero Caligula.  
Sergius Vitellius.  
Domitianus Commodus.   
This Heliogabolus was supposed to be the son of Caracalla: he likewise defamed himself with all kind of shame and reproach, whose filthiness and lewd behaviour you may read in Herodian: He was slain in an uproar which the soldiers made, at what time also his mother Semia Sirrah called of some 
Herod. lib. 5.  Semiamira died, after he had lived very unchastely and filthily 
Unhappy are those empires where tyrants reign for kings.  for 4. years, but Eutropius saith 2. years & 8. months. During the reign of these 3. last emperors, there were no good things done in Rome, but uproars and sedition of soldiers, creating whom they would to be Emperor one day, and the next day deposing them from life & empire. Only this happened, that the Amphitheator was set on fire, and few fellows were quiet at Rome. The great men of authority then, were these.  

Titus Saturninus.  
Marcus Noninus Mutianus.  
Cornelius Amulinus.  
Lu. Torpilius Dexter.  
C. Gallus Gentianus and Bassus.  
Gentianus.  
Clodius Albinus.  
Balbinus chosen Emperor against Maximinus.  
Aur. Alex. Severus and Maximus were both made Emperors.   
Aurelius Alexander Severus was chosen Emperor when he was but twelve years of age, whom the soldiers named 
Alex. Severus made Emperor at twelve years of age.  Caesar, and the Senate created Augustus: he was a very virtuous Prince, and one that favoured all good men: he gave himself to martial policy, and took in hand about the 9 year of his reign, wars against Artaxerxes king of Persia, who had before vanquished Artabanus king of the Parthians, who then governed the Persians.  
And as Artaxerxes overcame Artabanus, & was the first king of Persia after Darius, who before was conquered by Alexander the great: so this Artaxerxes was subdued by this Alex. Severus, with great glory, and had his triumph granted him in Rome, being but 21. years of age: he had such care of the Empire, and such diligence, that he committed the charge of Armenia to a noble captain called junius Palmatus: he committed the province of Illyrica unto Varus Macrinus, and the country of Mauritania to Furius Celsus. Of these 3. captains victories in these countries, read Lampridius. This 
Severus Court flourished with learned men.  was the first Emperor that favoured Christians, and being so young an Emperor, he associated with him to assist him in judgement, Vlpianus a great Civilian, a law maker, and had an office called Magister Scrinii, as it were Master of the Rolls: he had in those days in his Court a number of learned men, whose names Lampridius setteth down in this sort, whom he used as Counsellors.  

Fabius Sabinus.  
Domitius Vlpianus.  
Aelius Gordianus.  
julius Paulus.  
Modestinus.  
Pomponius.  
Alphenus.  
Africanus.  
Florentinus.  
Proculus.  
Martianus.  
Callistratus.  
Hermogenes.  
Tryphonius.  
Metianus & Celsus.   
The most part of these were Civilians, and scholars to Papinianus. Besides, these lawyers flourished in Severus Court, Quintilius Caius Marcellus, Aelius Seuerianus, & Cutilius Severus, 
Read Egnati. and Suetonius of this Emperor.  three singular learned Romans: but he reigned not long: for he was slain in France, in a tumult that grew amongst the soldiers, he, and his mother Mammea, in a town called Moguntia, after he had reigned 13. years.  
After this good Emperor Severus, succeeded julius Maximinius, a man of mean parentage, whose beginning was to be a shepherd in Thracia, and after came to be a soldier, and 
Maximinius slain and his son. Oros lib. 7. Cap. 19  in process of time, came by the means of the soldiers to be Emperor without consent of the Senators: who in the beginning had some good success against the Germans: but not long after slain by Pupienus at Aquilea, and his young son called also Maximinius, when he had reigned three years.  
After him succeeded Pupienus, Balbinus, & Gordianus, three Emperors together in Rome: but Pupienus and Balbinus were slain at Rome, and Gordianus obtained the empire, and held it 
Gordianus. 27. Emperor.  six years alone: he espoused Tranquillina Masetheus daughter, and after took his voyage into Persia, and overthrew Sapores king of Persia, took divers cities, and in many sundry 
Pupienus and Balbinus two Emperors, slain at Rome in their Palace.  skirmishes did greatly afflict the Persians. But as he returned thence, he was likewise slain through treason of one Philip, who succeeded him in the Empire: but his monument is erected up by one of his soldiers in memorial of him, and that place is called Gordianus grave. 
Eutrop. lib. 9   
Marcus julius Philippus, after he had slain Gordianus, he and 
M. Philip. 28. Emperor.  his son Philip came to the empire, and reigned jointly five years. In the time of these two Philips, there was celebrated in Rome great solemnity and preparation of Guns and shows, with such pomp and magnificence, as Capittollius affirmeth, 
Read juli. Capitol. of these places.  that the like before in Rome scant had been seen. Philip builded a town in Thracia, & named it after his own name. Not long after, both the father and the son were slain, the father at Verrona, and the son at Rome, being of the age of 12. years. About this time lived julius Africanus, 
Hactenus Iu. Capito. & Herodianus.  a great Historiographer, and that godly man Origen wrote his book of Martyrs.  
After these two Philips succeeded Decius, borne at Bubalia a Town in Hungaria, a man well instructed in all kind of sciences: but he was the eight Emperor that persecuted the Christians, and beside commanded by an Act, that all that worshipped Christ, should be slain: he repressed 
Oros. lib. 7. cap. 21.  some wars that were commenced in France, and made one voyage against the Goths, at what time he caused his son to be created Caesar. This Decius founded Baths in Rome, who when he had reigned two years, both he and his son died in Barbaria. Some judged that he was swallowed up in an earthquake: and some affirm, that he was drowned in a river of Thracia, called Abricium.  
Then were created Emperors in Rome, Gallius Hostilianus, 
Gallus Hostil. 30. Emperor.  and Voluntianus his son: they committed no act worthy of writing, but they were likewise persecutors of the Christians, and in their time fell great plagues and sundry other diseases in the Roman Empire: and after they had reigned scant two years, they were slain, and within three months after them Aemilianus who succeeded them in the Empire, was in like sort slain: so that of 30. Emperors which reigned since Octavius Augustus' time, until Licinius Valerian, 
Licinius Valerianus 31. Of 30. Emperors, not 3. escaped free from murder.  six of them escaped not the hands of murderers. Such was the envious estate of Rome from time to time, such was their tyranny and avarice, until the Romans fame and dignity was much obscured, and so little esteemed of the kings about, over whom they had before so long triumphed even from the Consul's time until this time: for the glory of the Romans excelled all the nations of the world in power and fame, until tyranny, murder and persecution 
Tyranny and murder, the cause of destruction.  filled the streets of Rome with blood, whereby their glory decayed, and their state diminished.  
Licinius Valerianns, of whom I made mention a little before, began his Empire in the year after Christ's incarnation 256. who had the government then of Rhoetia and Noricus, being made by the soldiers Caesar, & soon after Augustus. At what time Galienus also was created Caesar at Rome, 
Galienus  by the assent of the Senate: and this was the only occasion why so many Emperors of Rome were murdered, to have two Emperors at one time of equal authority to govern, 
Two Caesars hardly agree, in one town or country. Sext. Aureli●….  which kingdoms & principality could never well abide. For after the authority of the Consuls ceased, they created in the place of 2. consuls, two Caesars, which should govern jointly, the one in the city, the other abroad. These 2. Caesar's practised more conspiracy one to destroy another, to have sole government over the empire, than they used diligence & care together to save the empire: for every Caesar had great desire, and was much ambitious how he might be created Augustus, which was the greatest name of dignity among the Romans.  
Thus the state of Rome by ambitious men's government, became at length to have so many Caesars in the field, as then pleased the soldiers, and to have so many Augustus in Rome, as pleased the Citizens, until the Germans, Goths, Vandals, Hungarians, Frenchmem, with other nations might as well 
Eutrop. lib. 8.  come with an army into Italy and beard the Romans in their Country, as the Romans might come out of Rome to commence war any where out of Italy. For now in the time of these two Caesars, Licinius and Galienus, the Germans 
Galienus. read of this more in Trebellius.  grew so bold, that they entered within Italy, and approached into the City Ravenna, at what time the other Caesar Licinius was discomfited & taken prisoner by Constantine at Nicomedia a city in Bythinia, & was slain contrary to the oath & promise which Constantiine made him, & yet had espoused Constantia Constantine's sister. Now the Almains had spoiled France, and invaded Italy, Greece, Macedonia, Pontus, and all Asia were over 
Rome fell to variance in these days.  run by the Germans and the Goths. These which were brought before by Traianus & by Augustus under the Roman Empire, are now by foreigners vanquished: the cause was, the Romans anoied the Romans even as Pyrrus said, or as Hannibal unto Antiochus, that the Romans must be conquered with Romans: which is now seen in the time of these Caesars: for now the Parthians base people and servants sometime of the Macedonians, after they had gotten Mesopotamia, they pretended to claim a title to Syria. For now the strength of Romans began to fail, and their kingdoms and their territories 
The glory of Rome decayed.  revolted from them, and went to wreck. For at that very time a base Frenchman called Posthumius, intruded into the Roman Empire, and governed the same by the space of ten years, but he was slain by the soldiers in a tumult by the snares of Lollianus.  
After Posthumius, a man of a mean occupation, a handy craft man named Marius got the empire into his hand, & the next day after was slain. This time Lollianus also began another conspiracy, at what time Victorinus governed France, who was slain in the city Agrippa through the treason of one Acturius, for that he deflowered many maids & matrons, and gave himself altogether to a filthy life. See and mark the state of Rome in Lycinius & Gallienus time: First Posthumius & his son 
Eutrop. lib. 9  were slain by the conspiracy of Lollianus: Lollianus slain by the treason of Marius, Marius also dispatched out of the way by Victorinus, & Victorinus killed by Acturius: after whom succeeded 
Read Trebellius of the miserable murdering and killing of Roman Emperors.  Tetricus the Senator, who in like sort as others were, was by Aureolus slain: & Aureolus, after he had concluded peace with Gallienus and Valerianus, who were both slain at Milan reigned alone. See the murder & slaughter of Emperors in Rome in those days: for an Emperor was no sooner made, but he either was killed violently, or murdered secretly. For Rome in those days was the only Theatre of tyranny, and so continued until a great part of the Empire was taken into Constantinople: and within a while after it was fully gone into Germany, so they kept the name of an Emperor only for a time, but the dignity was decayed in Rome, and began to flourish in other places.  
After that time Aureolus in the 9 year of his reign was likewise slain by Flavius Claudius, a very good Emperor, for he 
Flavius Claudius 32. Emperor.  recovered again many things which were gone to decay during the reign of Licinius and Gallienus: he was chosen Caesar by the soldiers, & created Augustus by the Senate, a just man, and fit to govern the weal public: he brought again the Goths, the Macedonians, and the Illyrianes under the Roman yoke, and wanted but time only to bring the other countries which were lost by his Predecessors under the Romans: but he died too timely, when he had reigned but 19 months: after whom succeeded Quintilius, brother unto Claudius, and was nominated Emperor by the consent of the soldiers: and for that he was a man of singular fobriety, worthy to be compared with his brother Claudius, he was by the 
Claudius had a golden target set up in the Council house.  Senate created Augustus, and he continued but 17. days but he was slain. Eutropius saith that Flavius Claudius the Emperor had a golden Target hanged up in the Council house, and had also in the capitol a golden Image set up for a perpetual memory of him: and he appointed before he died that Aurelius Valerianus should reign after him, a stout Emperor and one that subdued the Marcomanes, which then did spoil 
Au. Valerianus a stout valiant Emperor.  & waste Milan and the countries about. He also subdued the Thracians & the Illyrians, he overcame the Goths, and slew their captain Cannaba beyond the river of Danubus. After this he commenced wars in the East countries, where Odenatus king of Palmirea had gotten many provinces out of the Romans hands: but he was subdued, and his wife Zenobia taken prisoner, over whom Aurelianus the Emperor triumphed: and after his triumphs he environed the city with stronger walls, he founded a Temple in Rome, which he dedicated to the Sun, upon the which Temple he bestowed an infinite deal of gold and precious stones. 
Eutrop. lib. 9   
Aurelianus, after he had reigned 6. years, he was slain through the treason of his own servants in the mid way between Constantinople and Heraclea, in a place called Cenophrurium, but his death was not unrevenged: after that this Aurelianus was slain, Rome was without an Emperor for 7. months, until Annius Tacitus was elected Caesar, a man of such good conversation as 
Annius Tacitus 34.  was meet to govern an empire. Howbeit, he deceased within 6. months, & was by death prevented, as his successor Florianus: who in like manner as Tacitus reigned but 2. months & 20. 
Florianus 35.  days, died without any mention made of any things worth the memory. After whom succeeded Probus a singular soldier, a 
Probus 36. Ann. Dom. 279.  man most expert in warfare: for he subdued the Germans, the Sarmatians & the Illyrians. He overcame the Goths in Thracia, 
Read of these Sex. Aurelius Victor.  he vanquished in sundry skirmishes divers which attempted to usurp the state imperial, as Saturninus, in the East country Bonosus and Proculus, which affected much the kingdom of France, and Agrippina that claimed a title to Hispanie and Britain, he vanquished them and triumphed over them: this emperor licensed the Frenchmen and the Hungarians to have vineyards. This emperor was a just and a stout man, equal in all points to Aurelianus his predecessor, & was slain also 
Oros lib 7. cap. 23. & 24.  in an iron tower at Sirmium in an uproar, which grew amongst the soldiers after he had reigned 6. years and 3. months.  
After this emperor, was Carus elected to govern the Roman empire, who presently after he had obtained the empire, 
Carinus & Numerianus two Caesars. Eutrop. lib. 9  made his 2. sons Carinus and Numerianus, Caesar's, and commenced that war against the Persians again, which Probus thought before he died to have taken in hand, which Carus performed, and subdued Mesopotamia, and achieved things manfully against the Persians. He wan Seleucia the chiefest city of Syria, and Ctesiphontes a town in Persia. And when he had reigned two years, he was stricken with lightning, 
Carus stricken withlightning.  and his son Numerianus was slain being very young with his father in the wars of Persia, by the persuasion of Aper his father in law. The other son of Carus called Carinus, being deputed Caesar over Illyria, France, and Italy, deflowered noble women, put innocents to death, and practised all kind of mischief, until he was overthrown by Dioclesian the emperor: who next succeeded his father Carus. During which time Rome was in great trouble, and the empire in great danger: at what time these Magistrates and noble men flourished, and some of them became emperors.  

Patrenus Volisianus.  
Pomponius Bassus.  
Flavius Aclianus.  
Annius Tacitus afterward Emperor.  
Lucius Ragonius Vrinatus.  
Gallius Hostilius afterward Caesar.  
Numus Albinus.  
Maximius Dexter and Arcesilaus.  
junius Tiberianus.  
Pomponius Victorinus.  
Aurelius Probus after made Caesar.  
junius Messula.  
Onivius Paternus.  
junius Maximus.  
Lurius Orphitus.  
Pomponius janarius.   
These bare most sway in Rome during the ●…e of these seven Emperors, which reigned no more but 18. years.  
All these seven Claudius. Florianus. Quintilus. Probus and Aurelianus. Carus. Tacitus.   
So short a time the Emperors of Rome then reigned, that any Caesar was slain sooner than any common soldier. At 
Orosius lib. 7. cap. 22.  the which time Germany and France waxed so strong, that the Romans had their hands full to resist them and to keep them from Italy, & now they had entered Italy with great force spoiling and wasting the countries about, until they came to Ravenna, and Valerianus possessed Pannonia: and Carausius governed the Britons, which he detained by force, when he 
Carausius held Britain by force.  fled for fear of Maximianus.   

CHAP. X.  
Of the rest of the Emperors of Rome after Dioclesian's time, at what time their Empire at Rome began to decay: for that the dignity of the old Emperors were diminished, by reason that Constantinople, whom Constantine the great had so enriched and beautified with their ancient monuments of Rome, that old Rome was hereby defaced, and new Rome thereby flourished, so that the Empire was divided between two Emperors, the one to be at Constantinople, the other at Rome.  
Now to Dioclesianus, who began his reign, after that Carus Augustus was 
Dioclesia. the 38. Emperor.  stricken with lightnings, and his son Numerianus slain by treason, he was created Augustus: he was borne at Dalmatia, a scriveners son, as Eutropius saith, but others affirm he was a bondman to Amulinus the Senator. This Emperor assoon as he had obtained the Empire to his hand, 
Read An. Victor of this Dioclesian.  he revenged the death of Numerianus, slew Aper his son in law, & after subdued Carinus lest he would claim the Empire, being Carus his eldest son: he associated to himself in the Empire Maximianus, surnamed Herculius, and made him Augustus, who was before but Caesar. Beside he created other two Caesars, Constantius Clorus, and Maximianus Gabrius, borne in Dacia, for that in divers countries war waxed hot, and that Dioclesian of necessity must needs appoint these two Caesars, and take Maximianus to be his fellow in the Empire.  
This Dioclesianus caused Galerius to take to wife his daughter 
Galerius married Dioclesian's daughter.  Valeria, and caused Constantius to marry Theodora, daughter in law to Herculius. This time governed in Egypt Achilleus, whom Dioclesian subdued, and after took Busiris and Copon, two cities of Egypt, slew a number of their nobles, and gave Achilleus to be devoured of wild beasts. In the eight month of his war in Egypt he took Alexandria, and after he had pacified 
Aurelius' victor  Egypt, he returned to Rome, at what time Herculeius returned from Africa: and after he had finished his wars where he had subdued the Quinquagentians, & concluded peace with them, afterward these two emperors lived and reigned together 
Read Oros. lib. 7. cap. 26.  twenty years: they overcame Narses king of Persia: they subdued the Caspians and the Basternes, and conquered the Sarmatians, and did triumph over them.  
After this triumph Dioclesian waxed so proud, that he would 
The pride of Diocles. Eutrop. lib. 9  be worshipped like a god, and would be called brother to the sun, & to the moon: he had his shoes wrought with gold and precious stones, & caused people to come kneeling and kiss his feet. Yet Eutropius writeth, that after these great triumphs, which both Dioclesian & Herculeius had at Rome over Narses concubines, his sisters, and his children, they resigned up the imperial state, and lived a private life, the one in the city of Solona, and the other in Lucania, for the which cause Dioclesianus was canonised after his death though he died a 
Dioclesian canonised.  private man, which was never granted in Rome to any private man.  
Then Constantius and Galerius, which were but Caesar's during the reign of Dioclesian, were both made emperors, and the whole government was divided between them both: 
The Empire divided between Galerius and Const.  France, and Italy, and Africa were committed to Constantius: Illyria, Asia, and the East parts to Galerius: but Constantius, a man of great modesty, declared his worthiness, refused the trouble and toil of wars that he should have in Africa, France, and Italy, and contented himself with the name of Augustus: and after he had reigned two years, deceased at York in Britain, where Constantius had a base son that became governor in his father's room in Britain.  
Galerius, when he heard that Constantius his fellow in the Empire died in Britain, he substituted under him two Caesar's. This time some commotion began at Rome, where they nominated 
Galerius after the death of Const. substituted 2. Caesar's under him.  Maxentius son to Herculeus late Emperor, which when his father heard of, he came in all haste from Lucania to Rome, and by all means possible persuaded Dioclesian to resign the Empire into his hand again, which he refused to do.  
Then Severus Caesar was sent to appease the commotion which the guard had made, where he was slain: then Herculeus seemed as though he would depose his son Maxentius, under colour of cruel pretence, thinking to go to France as intrueth he went, meaning to kill his son in law Constantinus, accusing his own son, how he repulsed him from Rome, and would have killed him if he had not fled: but his guile 
War began between Maxentius & Constantinus.  was detected by his own daughter Faustina, who disclosed all her father's conspiracy to her husband Constantine, whereupon Herculeus fled to Massilia, where he was slain, a man void of all humanity, hurtful to all, etc. After Herculeus was slain, Galerius died, and then the empire was governed by Constantinus and Maxentius, whose fathers were before them emperors, and by Licinius and Maximinus: but so many 
Four Emperors at once in Rome.  lords could not agree long: for Constantine vanquished Maxentius at Miluius bridge. Within a short time war grew between Licinius and Maximinus: and to avoid the 
Const. would have no companion in the Empire.  emunent mischief, Maximinus died suddenly at Tharsus. Constantinus being of a haughty courage, coveting to be a sole Emperor, made war upon Licinius does dear friend and his brother in law, who had espoused his daughter Constantia, with whom he had divers battles. the one in Hungaria, the second in Cybale, the third in Nicomedia a famous City of Bythinia, where Licinius yielded himself to Constantine, and yet contrary to the law of arms, and to the oath and promise made between them, Licinius 
Oros. lib. 7. cap. 〈◊〉.  was slain: now there was no war in Rome but between the Emperors, and nothing is to be written but of murdering and killing of Emperors: where before men wrote of their foreign victories, of their conquests of kingdoms, of their triumphs, of their pomp and glory, of their port and 
The sayings of the old Romans.  fame, in so much that the Romans only bragged of themselves and said, Magna agere & fortia pati Romanorum est.  
Now Cerausius fled before to Britain from Maximianus, where in Dioclesian's time he was slain by Alectus his companion, after he had kept Britain by force for three 
Cerausius slain.  years after Cerausius, and Alectus. Alectus was subdued by Asclepiodotus captain of the guard, and so Britain was recovered again within ten years after Cerausius had taken it.  
Now after that Maximianus Herculeus was slain at Massilia, thinking to return to his son Maxentius again, Constantine the great having intelligence of these practices between the father and the son, presently after the death of the father Maximianus, he commenced war upon his son Maxentius, and overthrew him as you 
Eutrop. lib. 10.  heard before. Then the great Constantine having the Empire 
Constantine the great made his three sons three Caesars.  in his own hand, he appointed Constantinus Crispus his son to have the government in France, his other two sons Constans and Constantius had the rule in the East parts: his three sons were made three Caesars, and himself made Augustus.  
His great fortune was such, that Constantinus was surnamed the great: for he was compared, for the good success he had in the beginning of his Empire, to Cyrus the great king of Persia, and to Alexander the great king of Macedonia, and in like sort prospered as they did at the first: but afterward being altered from his wont gentle and flexible mind, he persecuted his own blood: he slew his own wife Fausta, and his sister's son a very notable young 
Euselius of Constantinus life read more there.  man: he persecuted sundry of his friends, and many of his alliance.  
Constantinus was endued with many excellent virtues: he was of such passing industry in wars, that he sundry times over threw the Goats, & won great praise among the Barbarians. This 
Constantinus praised.  emperor was much addicted to the study of the liberal arts, and he endeavoured to gain the love of the people. There was nothing wanting in Constantine, that should be in a good emperor. he enacted and established many sound laws to the Romans, and furthered the Church of Christ with all care & diligence: for he destroyed many temples of the Gentiles.  
In his time sundry Synods were called, which shalbespoken of in another place, & specially the great Synod at Nice in Bythinia, where 318. Bishops were together, at what time the 
318. Bishops in the council at Nice.  heresy of the Arrians as overthrown. He rebuilded in Thracia Byzantium, and named it after his own name, Constantinople: and he re-edified in Bythinia a town called Drepana, & named it after his mother's name Helenopolis: of whom Eusebius doth write, that Helena the mother of Constantine found the cross 
Euseb. Tripa. lib. 2. cap. 18.  whereon our Saviour Christ suffered at jerusalem: and when he had made great preparation against the Parthians, he died in Nicomedia, after he had reigned thirty one years, and had lived sixty six years, and left behind him his three sons, Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius, to succeed him in the Empire. He left also a very gallant young man his brother's son named Dalinatius, which was slain in an uproar which fell among the soldiers in Thracia.  
The three sons of Constantine had the Empire among them, as by will and testament Constantine had commanded: but the elder brother not long after his father's death, attempted war against his youngest brother at Aquileia, 
Constantine slain in Thracia.  and was slain, and then the Empire fell between the two other brethren Constantius and Constans, the one governing in the East, the other in the West. In the same sort was Constans slain in the Castle of Helena at Magnensium, as his 
Constans two sons slain.  brother Constantine was in Thracia. The third brother had divers and sundry battles against Sapores king of Persia, who never had good success in any battle he took in hand, but that battle which he fought at Singara, and yet sustained the loss of the victory of that battle. Thus the two sons of so worthy an Emperor died without any great conquest made.  
Now by this time new matters grew in Illiria: for Magnentius 
Magnentius made Emperor.  possessed Italy, France, and Africa after the death of Constans, though Sextus Aurelius writes otherways. Yet this Magnentius was made Emperor by the soldiers, at what time in Rome, Nepotianus, sister's son to Constantine the great, 
Nepotianus.  was also by the people their created Caesar, whom Magnentius returning from Africa to Rome subdued within twenty eight 
Pau. Oras. lib. 7. cap. 29.  days after he was made emperor, after he created his own brother Decentius to be Caesar, & reigned jointly three years 
Eutrop. lib. 10.  and six months, until the unhappy battle at Marsa, where a great number of the Romans were slain, and Magnentius vanquished, who shortly after slew himself at Louvain. Which news being told to Decentius, he for very grief hanged 
Eutrop. lib. 10.  himself.  
This time Constantius deputed his uncles son Gallus to be Caesar over the East parts: but shortly after, both Constantius 
Sex. Aurel.  and his cousin Gallus waged civil wars, in the which war Gallus was slain by Constantius. This time sylvanus being made Caesar, attempted new matters in France, and was likewise slain within thirty years after. Now Constantius was Emperor alone, and having the whole Empire in his own hand, he appointed julianus his uncles son, and brother to Gallus, Caesar over France. This recovered the spoil of the Barbarians, the towns and cities which they besieged, and slew a great army of the Almains at Argentine a city in France. The overthrow was such, that their king was taken prisoner, & France again recovered. This time was Constantius occupied against the Parthians: and returning home from thence to pacify that commotion, he died by the way, after he had reigned 38. years, 
Constantius died and julianus made Augustus.  at what time julianus was made Augustus. But let us know who flourished in Rome during the reign of this great Constantinus and his three sons, which was seventy years.  

Ruffinus Volusianus.  
Arcadius Rufinus.  
Anicius julianus.  
Acilius Severus.  
Paulinus Probianus.  
Valerius Maximus. 
These flourished as chief magistrates in Rome at that time.   
Septimius Bassius.  
sylvanus Caesar.  
Faecilianus and Tacianus, who were Consuls when Constantine the great died.  
Crispus Caesar.  
Ouinius Gallicanus.  
Annianus and Anicius Rufinus.  
Metilius Halarianus.  
Dalmatius Caesar.  
Nepotianus Caesar.  
Catulinus Philomanus.  
Publitius Optatus.  
Lucinus Caesar.  
Magnentius and Decentius both Caesars.  
Gallus Caesar.  
Cornelius Sergius.  
Daelius Probinus.  
Valerinus Proculus.  
Fabius Titianus.  
Mereatius Caerealus.   
Claudius' julianus Caesar, who was next Emperor after Constantinus, and his sons, made great preparation against the Parthians, at what time sundry Towns and holds were peaceably yielded to julianus: he returning from Assyria 
julianus slain.  as a conqueror, was slain by his enemies in the seventh year of his reign. This Emperor julianus did excel in the Greek and in the Latin tongue: he was passing well seen in all the liberal arts: he was very eloquent, and a great Philosopher. 
julian likened to M. Antonius Oros. lib. cap. 30.  Eutropius saith, that julianus resembled much Marcus Antonius, whom this Emperor in all points endeavoured to imitate: but he was a persecutor of the Christians.  
iovinianus succeeded next julianus, being chosen by consent 
iovinianus.  of the soldiers: he was a very good Emperor, and a 
jovini. a good Emperor & a favourer of the Christians  great favourer of the Christians: but being once or twice vanquished by the Persians, he sustained such reproach, that he was forced to make peace with a great portion ofhi empire, which was not seen since the foundation of Rome. This iovinianus was borne in a province of Pannonia, the son of one Verromanus, who in his sleep was warned, that this Emperor 
Eutrop. lib. 10.  should be named iovinianus: who after he reigned eight months died: but Eutropius affirmeth that he reigned Emperor seven years.  
After him succeeded Valentianus the son of Gratianus, a mean man of birth, in whose time the West kingdoms began 
Valentianus. Read Oros. lib. 7. cap. 32.  to annoy the Roman Empire: for hitherto the Romans kept the sole Empire in Rome, until the time of Theodosius the great, which was the fifty Emperor from julius Caesar. Valentianus 
The glory of the Empire went by Constantine to Thracia.  and his son together had the Empire between them twenty one years: Valentianus the father reigned of those, fifteen years: and his his son named also Valentianus, being a young boy proclaimed Caesar by the soldiers, reigned the other six years.  
After them succeeded Theodosius junior, in whose time the Goats & the Vandals began to be governed under kings. The 
Theodosius junior. This time began the Vandals, the Huns, and Longbards their kingdoms.  Longobards and the Huns at that very time began their kingdoms. Many other kingdoms began this time, as Britain and Scotland: and divers nations in Germany waxed so strong & so mighty, that by often quarrelling & long tedious wars, the Empire was not only divided, but quite taken into the West parts of the world, so that from the name of the Emperor of Rome, he was long named the emperor of Constantinople, and after that named the Emperor of Almain, where between these Goats, Vandals, Longobards, Huns, Polonians, and divers other Potentates of Germany, beside France, Spain, & England, the empire still remaineth in Germany, so that the dignity of 
A Pope ruleth Rome in the stead of an Emperor.  Rome, the great glory and long renown thereof, is fallen from an Emperor to a Pope, after that Rome had flourished under kings 243. years, until the time of Consuls, under Consuls and Dictator's 467. until the time of emperors, & under emperors 447. years. Now I will end this Roman history, for that the glory of the Romans died, & the dignity of the empire taken away, & nothing to be spoken of the Romans after iovinianus time, which was the 43. emperor after Augustus' reign, which governed Rome with glory & fame for the space of 407 years, as Sex. Ruffi. affirmeth: yet these emperors whose names I have subscribed, governed as emperors until Charles the great: at what time the empire begun to quail, & the Germans began to flourish, and Rome quite forsaken and decayed.  
And now for that the Empire is fully come to Germany, I will only put down the names of the emperors of Rome, from Iu. Caesar until Theodosius the great, which are these.  

Iu. Caesar five months.  
Octavius Augustus 56. years.  
C. Tiberius Nero. 23. years.  
C. Caesar Caligula 4. years.  
Tib. Clau. Drusus 13. years.  
Cl. Domitius Nero 13. years and 8. months.  
Serg. Sulp. Galba 7. months.  
silvius Otto 95. days.  
Aul. Vitellius 8. months.  
Fla. Vespasianus 12. years.  
Tit. Vespasianus 2. years.  
Fla. Domitianus 15. years.  
Coc. Nerua 16. months.  
Vlpius Traianus 17. years.  
Aelius Adrianus 21. years.  
T. Antonius Pius 23. years.  
M. Aurelius Antoninus, surnamed the Philosopher 19 years.  
Lu. Aurelius Commodus 13. years.  
Aelius Pertinax and Didius julianus, both these 2. Emperors reigned 5. months.  
L. Septim. Severus 18. years.  
Au. Antoninus Bassianus, who was also named Caracalla 7. years.  
Opili. Macrinus with his s●…ne Diadumeus, both Emperors slain by the soldiers within 14. months of their reign, these with others are omitted among writers by reason of their short government, one murdering of an other.  
M. Aurelius Heliogabolus 4. years.  
Au. Alex. Severus 13. years.  
Maximinus with his son named also Maximi. was of a mean soldier made Emperor without the authority of the Senate and reigned 3. yeeeres.  
Balbinus & Pupienus reigned one year, and were both slain in an uproar of the army.  
Gordianus reigned Emperor 6. years.  
M. julius Philippus with his son named Philip reigned 5. years, this was the first Christian Emperor.  
Decius and his son 2. years.  
Gallus Hostilianus with his son Volusianus 2. years.  
Lucius Valerianus and Gallienus reigned both Caesars jointly 15. years.  
Fla. Claudius reigned 20. months, & his brothea Quintilius reigned after him but 17. days: both good Emperors, and yet according to the custom slain by them who made them and proclaimed them emperors.  
Val. Aurelianus reigned six years and was slain.  
Annius Tacitus reigned six months and was slain.  
Florianus reigned 84. days and was killed.  
Aurelius Probus reigned six years, 3. months.  
Carus with his two sons Carinus and Numerianus in like sort slain within two years after he was made Emperor.  
Dioclesianus iovius reigned 20. years, with whom reigned Maximianus, Gallerius, and Constantius Chlorus.  
Constantinus the great reigned 31. years. This appointed the first order of the account called Indictiones, after the Olympiads were expired.  
After Constantine th●… great reigned his son Constanstine and his two brethren Constantius, and Constans, 14. years.  
Magnentius reigned 3. years. Beraldus saith that he reigned more years.  
julianus reigned 7. years. iovinianus reigned eight months.  
Valentinianus reigned jointly with his brother Valens 15. years.  
Theodosius the great reigned 17. years.   
After this Theodosius no mention is made of any famous exploits or conquests done by the Emperors of Rome, but of slaughter and murder during the time of the other Emperors, which was not long: for that the Empire was translated into Germany. And it was gone to Constantinople from Rome before it came to Germany.  
Much more might have been written of other emperors which continued in Rome, tantum nomine, for the dignity of the empire, and the glory of the old Romans was quite defaced, and that little sovereignty which was left in Rome, was by the Pope obscured: for as the kings of Rome within 243. years were exiled, and Rome became subject to Consuls, so likewise Consuls within 467. years, became subject to the emperors: And even so the glory and renown of the emperors within 470. years, was diminished by the Popes: so that now Rome is without either King, Consul, or Emperor, but only a Pope, and the pomp of the Pope beginneth to quail. And 
Rome compared to Babylon in greatness of glory and pomp.  therefore Rome was well compared by P. Orosius to Babylon, whose glory for a thousand and odd years, far excelled all the kingdoms of the world: and even so Rome, who seemed to be a whole world of itself, is now brought to nothing, and so the beasts that Daniel saw in a vision, the one like a lion, which betokened the Assyrians: the second like a bear, which signified the Persians: the third like a leopard, which signified 
Rome was the fourth devouring and terrible beast, that stamped all kingdoms under his feet by Daniel expounded.  the Macedonians: and the fourth beast was fearful and terrible, it had great iron teetth, it devoured and broke in pieces, and stamped the residue under his feet. So the Romans used all other kingdoms, and now are almost in the like case, as the Persians, Assyrians, or the Macedonians.  
And now I leave the Romans, and speak of the cruel persecution that chief reigned every where under the Roman Emperors after our Saviour Christ died, until Constantine the great, leaving the history of Germany, where now the Empire resteth, to every man's reading: for that it began of late time, and also for that the most part is therewith acquainted. And therefore I end this history of the Romans in this place, with Eutropius, with S. Aurelius' Victor, and with Sextus Ruffinus. Hitherto Rome held the Empire with some glory and renown, and after it decayed from one Emperor unto another, until the Empire was taken into Germany: for when the kingdom of France began in Faramundus time, I thought good to make an end of the Empire of Rome in Theodosius the great his time, who lived and reigned at one time with Faramundus: for France flourished by the ruin of Rome.    

OF THE TRIAL OF THE Martyrs of God in the Primitive Church from the first persecution under Tiberius the 3. Emperor, in the which Stephen was stoned, james beheaded, Philip hanged, with infinite more tormented and persecuted, until the 3. persecution, which began under Domitian the 12. Emperor of Rome.  
THe policy of Satan from the beginning of mankind was such, that he invented many ways to hinder the Church of God among 
The first persecution under Tiberius Nero the third Emperor of Rome.  the old patriarchs, and the members of gods Church: then before the Law was given in the mount to Moses, and after the law was given, with all kind of superstitious idolatry of Idols and Images, until our Saviour Christ's time: then Satan stirred with much more policy than before, with persecution and heresies, to animate his soldiers against the Gospel in every kingdom and country.  
For when our Saviour Christ was ascended up to God his Father, leaving his Church to endure such persecution, and afflictions for the exercise of the faithful, as might in despite of Satan & his angels (as he before had told to his disciples) triumph by the blood of Christ jesus, and after be confirmed by the blood of so many millions of martyrs, as were by God appointed to be witnesses of his Church, he was no sooner ascended unto heaven, but his Church was persecuted on earth, which was the first persecution by the jews under Tiberius 
The first persecution under Tib. Nero, the third Emperor of Rome.  Nero the third Emperor of Rome: though the emperor was instructed by Pilatus the Roman Precedent, which continued then at Jerusalem 10. years, that Tiberius read the letters of the Senators, opening the miracles of Christ jesus in the Senate, the order and manner of his death, and of his resurrection, in somuch that the emperor would have the Senators to put him in the number, and to record him as one of the gods: for it was a decree among the Romans, that none should be recorded one of the gods, without the Senators 
The Senators of Rome canonised whom they would to be gods.  consent. As Eusebius reciteth the words of Tertulian in this sort: Nullum deum à rege consecrandum, priusquam à Senatu probaretur.  
But when the whole world was fully instructed by the Apostles of Christ, who were dispersed and persecuted every where, so that in omnem terram exivit sonus eorum, their words, their lives, and their doctrine went into all parts of the world: The spirit of God stirred many zealous, faithful, and godly men, to receive the doctrine of Christ our Saviour, and revealed to the Gentiles that which the jews would not receive, 
The stubborn and rebellious jews.  and therefore even from the blood of Abel the just, until Zacharias the priest which was slain, etc. God will call them to account.  
Now after that Pilate had slain himself, even with those hands which he washed in jerusalem like an hypocrite, as guiltless of the death of Christ jesus, after he had given sentence of death on him: and also after that Herode died, being banished, full of calamities and miseries, eaten of vermins as a just revenge of impiety and tyranny: about which time Tiberius the emperor died also, during which time in Jerusalem persecution was yet hot & vehement: and even then they allowed to Simon Magus the sorcerer (after he came from Samaria to Rome) all honour and reverence, and his Image to be put up in Rome with this title, Simoni deo magno, and refused Christ, though Tiberius the Emperor first sought it by all means. And again Philo a learned jew sent from Alexandria to Claudius the next Emperor that succeeded Tiberius, 
Philo came to Rome the 2. time in caligula's reign.  who willed and counseled the Senators in many good and godly things concerning the jews: fo●… whose cause he came from Alexandria to Rome. Caius Caligula began to reign Emperor of Rome, under whom the jews were miserably afflicted, and most cruelly persecuted.  
In that time grew between the Greeks' and the jews sedition 
Sedition in Alexandria.  at Alexandria: for the which cause both the jews and the Greeks' sent to Rome to Caligula ambassadors, for the redress hereof. Philo a learned jew, who had been at Rome before in 
Euseb. lib. 6.  the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius, was now again sent in the second year of caligula's reign, in the behalf of the jews, and Appian in the behalf of the Greeks'. another tumult began in jerusalem: (Petronius being then Precedent 
Petronius Precedent in Jerusalem.  at jerusalem) for that Caligula had commanded his Image to be put up in the temple at Jerusalem, and to be had in reverence as much as the Image of jupiter. This could not be suffered, and therefore Caesar's Image was taken away for this cause, and others which Caligula supposed against the jews, for that he hated them extremely.  
Great slaughter was in jerusalem. Agrippa being cast into close prison by Tiberius, is now not only released and set at liberty, 
joseph. cap. 15.  but also made king of Lysania, and chief in the tetrarchy in the place of Herode before him, but both Herod and Agrippa were exalted into these great honours, as scourges and tortures to the Christians, whom they persecuted to the death: for now the Apostles were dispersed preaching the Name of 
The Apostles dispersed in to every country to preach.  jesus in all countries, john in Asia, Andrew in Scythia, Thomas in Parthia, Peter in Gallatia, Bythinia, Pontus and Cappadocia. Paul also after his conversion doubted no danger, feared no death, but boldly and constantly preached: In omnem terram exivit sonus eorum, that many godly men were stirred by their preaching to follow Christ: first at Caesarea, and then at Antioch, for there were first Christians converted.  
Many wonders were done by the Apostles through the name of jesus: the more that tyrants persecuted them, the more increased the doctrine of the Church: the more they were 
More Martyrs than Tyrants.  slain by the sword, the more they increased in number by the word: for at the stoning of Stephen the first Martyr, many dispersed themselves into sundry places. At the beheading of james the brother of john, at the hanging of Philip the Apostle at Hieropolis, at the martyring of james surnamed the Just, 
The first persecution.  called also the brother of Christ in judea: these with infinite more Martyrs in the first persecution made the whole world amazed at their constancy and faith, though the devil stirred his apostles, and sent them abroad likewise as adversaries to the Church of God.  
Simon Magus the Samaritane sorcerer flourished at Rome under Claudius the Emperor, having all divine honours attributed 
Simon Magus had his ●…mage set up with this title, Simoni Deo Sancto.  unto him, with his Image set up, and his Epigram, Simoni deo sancto, having before seduced many in Samaria and in other places from the truth. This Simon Magus the first causer of heresy, after whom succeeded a monster likewise of Samaria, 
Euseb. 3. cap. 23.  professing himself to be the Messiah, whom the jews looked for, saying that he came from heaven to earth to save mankind, with such other blasphemies, as Eusebius setteth forth at large. Of these and of others I shall speak when I entreat 
Heretics are Satan's soldiers.  of heretics, among whom Simon was the first fountain and chief head of heresy: so that Satan did set forward his church with all care and travail, objecting himself with his disciples against our Saviour in all doctrine, as long as it pleased God to licence him.  
This time Tiberius Claudius reigned the first Emperor in Rome, and in like order as his predecessor Caligula persecuted the Church. Under this Emperor great famine happened 
Acts 11.  in all parts of the world: at what time Paul and Barnabas relieved the brethren at jerusalem, and in other places persecution grew more and more even then, in somuch that Paul and Peter were pursued from place to place, until they came to be 
Euseb. 2. cap. 25.  martyred at Rome: the one beheaded, and the other hanged: yet had they established the Church before their death. Marcus the Evangelist and the disciple of Peter preached Christ in Egypt, and taught in Alexandria, so that many were converted and believed. He was the first bishop of Alexandria, and 
Mark the Evangelist died a martyr under trajan the Emperor.  taught in the regions about, until Pentapolis, and after was lead with a halter about his neck, and burned by Idolaters, under trajan the Emperor.  
Matthew being before one of the 70. disciples, and after joined by drawing of lots into the number of the twelve Apostles in the place of judas the traitor, taught and preached to the savage people in Aethiopia about the river Phasis, where 
Màthew the Apostle taught and preached in Ethiopes.  he left his bones in testimony of the Gospel in the city of Sebastopolis by the temple of the Sun. Even so Luke borne in Antioch, a Physician by profession, a follower of Paul, by whose admonition he wrote the Acts of the Apostles, preaching and teaching the Gospel every where, died at Ephesus. So that in those days the Apostles and the other disciples, which then followed the Apostles, were so persecuted by tyrants that mightily travailed among the people of God to reduce them from the Church: as Aegyptus a false prophet, 
Aegyptus a false prophet seduced 30●…0 jews.  who by subtlety and craft of the devil, seduced thirty thousand jews, and brought them from the wilderness where he taught them, into mount Olivet, thinking thereby to lay siege and to take the city by the sword: but he was prevented by Felix the Roman. Of this Aegyptus Paul was 
Acts. 21.  cried out upon, when the sedition was in Jerusalem. Read the one and twentieth of the Acts, when Paul was brought 
Paul brought before Felix.  before Felix.  
And now in the time of Domitius Nero, under whom the second persecution began, they were more weary of their 
The second persecution.  slaughter of Christians, and of their tyranny towards the Church, then able to weary those whom God raised as defenders and governors of his people: for while this cruel Emperor Nero reigned, Felix ruled in judea: at what time began 
Felix ruled in judea.  (between the bishops and the high Priests, against the people, and against the chief Citizens of Jerusalem,) a new sedition, in the which many of the jews perished: amongst whom jonathas was slain. The like happened (as 
jonathan slain.  you heard) in the time of Claudius about the feast of Easter, that thirty thousand jews were slain.  
This Nero armed against God, and settled to some in Christian blood, first charging Felix to kill, to murder, and to persecute all sort of people, but specially the jews: After he sent Festus to succeed Felix: and after Felix, Albinus (a cruel man by whom much blood was lost) was sent from Rome to jerusalem, all persecutors and torments of the faithful, in somuch that the congregation of the faithful at that time in jerusalem, were warned to remove to Pella a village beyond 
They fled from Jerusalem to Pella a village beyond Iorden.  Iorden, to avoid the fury and hot persecution of that time: for this cruel Nero was not only contented to be a tyrant far from Rome, but also in the city of Rome: he would see the people of God so martyred before his face, some with the sword, some with fire, and some otherways, that he was most merry when he saw much blood, and yet was not satisfied until he saw Rome on fire itself: he is named amongst some writer's 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: for while this Emperor reigned in Rome, Peter and Paul were martyred. But his tragical actions had their just reward, even in Rome where he was Emperor, after that he had reigned almost 14. years.  
The contempt of Christ jesus grew such in judea, though the Prophets before he was borne, preached unto them the danger 
The insolency of the jews.  of their incredulity, and the Apostles after he was borne taught them, and showed the works of Christ, and Christ himself while yet he lived among them, wrought miracles and wonders: yet the jews in contempt of this, waxed more stubborn and more insolent. The slaughter was such in judea, that the Saducees began to tickle the people again with their inventions: that hearing of Festus death, Ananias the high priest 
Ananias a high Priest.  (before Albinus was come from Alexandria that succeeded Festus, the Roman Precedent) persecuted many of the Saints in Jerusalem, and did put to the sword every one that he suspected to hold the doctrine of the Apostles. So that by many tumults and seditions of the Scribes and the Pharisees, the tyranny and cruelty of the high priests, and the people, who ever kindled the Romans to fury, all judea was full of blood until the last destruction of them and of their country, of the 
God useth all things by means.  which they were often warned, both by the Prophets and by Christ himself: but Titus the Emperor was appointed to be their scourge, to destroy their proud city, to burn their idolatrous temple, and to end their tyranny which they used against God and his Church.  
During which confusion and ruin of jerusalem, the congregation 
Titus the scourge of Ier●…salem.  then removed by divine warning to Pella a town beyond jordan: for at that time (saith josephus) were in jerusalem 30. Miriads of people, every Myriad being 10. hundredth thousand. 
Euseb. 3. cap. 8.  The history is known, and therefore I refer you to josephus of the jews, & Eusebius his Ecclesiastical history, at what 
joseph. lib. 6. cap. 31.  time Achaia, Lycia, Rhodes, Byzantium, Samos, Thracia, and Sicilia, were made Provinces under the Romans.  

CHAP. II.  
From the third persecution under Domitian the 12. Emperor, unto the 6. persecution under Sept. Severus 22. Emperor: of the constancy of the faithful Martyrs everywhere in the Church of God: of their godly lives, their deaths, and their glorious victory over Satan.  
Flavius Domitianus, Titus his brother, under whom another persecution began over all the 
The 3. persecution.  stock of David, left none of all them that were of kin unto David in flesh. This showed himself another Nero, far unlike unto his father Vespasian, or to his brother Titus: and therefore named for his tyranny 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. This time had reigned in Rome since the Apostles times, these 3. bishops: Linus which was the first, Anacletus, which was the second, and Clemens which was the third. Likewise in Antioch andin Alexandria, 1. Anianus. In Alexandria. 1. Euodius. In Antiochia. Simon 2. Albilius. 2. Ignatius. and justus, 3. Cerdo. 3. Heros.  bishops of jerusalem were persecuted under Domitianus.  
Now after this persecution under Flaminius Domitianus, who banished from Rome all the Philosophers and the Mathematicians, who played the wolf with the flock of Christ, under whom Simeon the second ●…shop of jerusalem was most 
Euseb. 3. cap. 29.  cruelly tormented and martyred, & all the remnant that were alive of the stock of David, and all the jews which were any way in flesh kin unto our Saviour Christ: After this followed the 4. persecution under trajan, which was so hot & so 
The fourth persecution in Trajan's time.  terrible, that it past & far exceeded the 3. other persecutions before under Caligula, Nero, and Domitianus. It was such, that it moved Plinius secundus to write unto trajan the Emperor 
Euseb. Eccle. lib. 10. cap. 32.  in the behalf of the Christians, to mitigate the fury and rage of persecution that reigned every where in Syria, judea, Alexandria, Antioch, and all other places, considering they did nothing 
Plini wrote to trajan.  but rise in the morning and meet together to sing Hymns, and Psalms to praise God: for Plini was amazed and quite astonished to see the multitude and number of Christians daily increasing, notwithstanding all the persecutions and slaughter that was most extremely used against them from time to time.  
This caused trajan the Emperor somewhat more mildly to handle them, commanding that the Christians should not be sought for to be persecuted, but yet being found to punish them: for at this time flourished many godly and learned pillars of the Church, as Ignatius bishop of Antioch, 
Fire and blood the ensigns of tyrants.  Polycarpus bishop of Smirna, Papias bishop of Hieropolitum, who suffered divers kinds of torments, and were martyred, some devoured of beasts, some with the sword, some with fire, some with hanging, and many with many new invented torments. For at that time lived many of perilous nature, that sought to please evil men, and to punish good men.  
The jews, as men full of madness, and void of the fear of God, began a tumult again in Egypt and in Alexandria, 
All the jews were driven out of Egypt.  and slew both Romans and Greeks': they did use such tyranny at Cyrene, at Thebes, in the 19 year of Traianus, that Turbo the Roman slew and drove all the jews out of Egypt and Libya. So likewise did Lucius Quintinus, he slew many thousand jews, and banished them to Mesopotamia by the commandment of Martius. Yet the jews continued until the severe commandment of Adrianus the Emperor, who succeeded 
The jews banished from their country by the commandment of Adrian the Emperor.  trajan: who perceiving their often tumults and seditions to be such, as the Romans could have no rest while any jew lived in judea, he most straightly charged that they should be driven out of their country, and that not one should stay in judea.  
And Adrianus commanded that none should be suffered to dwell in any den of the earth, so that the city which a little before he destroyed and the whole country conquered, now the remnant of the jews as men forsaken of 
Euseb. cap. 6.  God, are like vagabonds and rogues, banished and whipped out of their country, and strangers are come to their place, and the name of jerusalem changed, and called Aelia, according to 
Jerusalem named Aelia.  the name of the Roman Emperor.  
This was the last end of jerusalem, where Eusebius named 15. bishops even from Christ's death until the destruction of the city, faithful and constant Christians, in spite of many persecutions: and therefore I have set down their names before you, as I found them in Eusebius.  

1 james named justus.  
2 Simon which was martyred under Domitianus.  
3 justus.  
4 Zacchus.  
5 Tobias.  
6 Benjamin.  
7 joannes.  
8 Mathias.  
9 Philippus.  
10 Senecas.  
11 justus. the 2. of that name 
Euseb. lib. 4. cap. 9   
12 Levi.  
13 Ephres.  
14 joses.  
15 judas, the last bishop of jerusalem. These were Bishops according to the Law of Moses of the Circumcision.   
Now by the means of Adrianus, and his Epistle written to Minutius Fundanus his lieutenant for the stay of this sore and extreme persecution in all parts of the East, the members of Christ had some rest until Antoninus Verus, another persecutor and a vexer of the Church, clean against the good Emperor Antoniws Pius his predecessor, who wrote into 
Gentiles commended the Christians.  all parts of Asia, a little before his latter end, not only to spare the Christians from persecution, but also to favour them and to aid them: letting them to live to their God whom they served, commending much their constancy and faith towards their God.  
But while God stirred some good Emperors to favour his Church and the members thereof, the devil was as careful to raise sects of heretics most wicked, to blaspheme the doctrine of the Church: as first Simon Magus and his disciple and successor Menander the Samaritane, by whom two great heresies began, the one being in Antioch, the other in Alexandria, 
Menander the Samaritan, Simon Magus scholar.  the first school of the Christians. The heresies of these two filled all Egypt and Syria, even in the first place where Christ was preached: but it was by God so appointed to exercise his people, so that both heresy & true doctrine doth increase with persecution. Now began Basilides, Carponates, and Saturninus 3. great heretics, successors of Menander. Of these and of their 
Three great heretics.  sundry sects, I have to speak in their place.  
Now Antoninus Verus succeeding his father Antoninus Pius, reigned in Rome: under whom that godly bishop Polycarpus 
Euseb. 4. cap. 15.  suffered martyrdom in Smirna, little esteeming the threatening of the Roman Proconsul under Antoninus Verus, the people that were jews in Smirna crying to have him thrown to the Lions, Saying, that he only was the father of all 
The fift persecution under Antoninus siranmed Verus.  Christians in Asia, a contemner of our gods, and a teacher of false doctrine: but neither the fire that should burn him, neither beasts that were threatened to devour him, neither any torment might fear Polycarpus, so that he most constantly withstood their torment. So did Metrodorus and Pionius, two other constant Martyrs at that very bar with Polycarpus, and companied him into the midst of the flame, where confessing their God, they died like good Christians in Smirna where Polycarpus was bishop. 
Anno Christi 170.   
Likewise at that time in Pergame a town of Asia, Papilus and Carpus, two valiant soldiers of Christ jesus, and Agathonicus a constant Christian endured the force of the flame, and died, and were crowned with martyrs. justinus the Philosopher, and a worthy Martyr of the Church of God, reciteth in his Apology other 3. faithful Martyrs, named Centurio, Ptolomeus and Lucius, who altogether most boldly stood to the face of Vrbicius then Proconsul of Rome, and said, that he judged neither like the godly Emperor his father, neither like an emperors son, being a Philosopher, neither in any part like a sacred Senator, making no account of his insolent 
Godly Martyrs feared nothing.  speech, but died like martyred Christians.  
In the 17. year of this Antonius Verus, divers parts of Asia, and Africa were with persecution visited, insomuch that the congregation of the faithful dwelling in Louvain and Vienna, (parts sometime of Gallia,) sent letters to comfort the brethren every where dispersed in Asia and Africa: amongst whom I found these many professing the Name of jesus, offering themselves unto God as sacrifices ready to the fire, to the sword, to beasts, or to any other torments for Christ jesus sake. Among whom was Vetius Epagathus a young man, who 
Vetius.  lived so to God, that many followed him with great triumph into the fire: Potinus bishop of Lugdunum, full of the spirit, Zacharias 
Zacharias.  the priest, Sanctus a deacon of Vienna, Attalus borne in 
Luke 1.  Pergamus, and Maturus. These contended for victory, and to wear the glorious crowns of Martyrs: for they saw before their faces, how constantly Blandina did stand to the tortures, and how she was bound to a tree, that fierce and wild 
The glory of God is in his Saints.  beasts might devour her. But God turned the fury and rage ofbeastes to spare and favour his Saints.  
The like we read of Alexander a Physician borne in Phrygia, which for the Gospel was judged to be devoured of beasts. Infinite was their joy which they received by the spirit of God in their torments, and innumerable were the multitude of the Saints, that daily more and more increased. And as among the old jews, sundry sects of heretics began to vex and trouble the Church of God, as the Saducees, 
Euseb. 4. cap. 21.  Pharisees, Samaritans, Essaei, Masbothia, and other: so at this time sprang many sorts of heresies: first from Simon Magus the Samaritane: 
Simon Magus.  from Menander his disciple and successor: from Saturnius, Valentianus, Cerdon, and many other, whereby many false prophets, false apostles, false antichrists, sowed sedition in the Church, and opposed themselves against Christ and his Church.  
But in vain were all the shifts of Satan: for God raised such armies against them of men, of women, of children that 
The shifts of Satan is in vain.  confirmed their doctrine with their blood. The more they wrote, the less credit it had: the more they stirred, the less they accomplished: for the Martyrs of God amazed their fleshly cogitations, and fully vanquished their wicked devices, God raised good and godly men, and singular well learned, as Hegesippus, Appolinarius, Meliton, bishops of Sardis, Pinitus bishop of Crete, Dionysius bishop of Corinth, and Irenaeus, with many others. And for that, Irenaeus himself wrote a catalogue of the succession of the bishops of Rome after the time of the Apostles, I have set them orderly down as I 
Eusebius 5. cap. 6.  found them in Eusebius.  

1 Linus.  
2 Anactelus.  
3 Clemens.  
4 evaristus.  
5 Alexander.  
6 Xistus.  
7 Telesphorus.  
8 Higinus.  
9 Pius.  
10 Anicetus.  
11 Soter. And  
11 Eleutharius.   
I will set down in order the names of other godly bishops, as of jerusalem and other places, where God hath been glorified by his Martyrs, because they shall go together: for after the 15. bishops which were in jerusalem, before the destruction 
Godly bishops in jerusalem after Vespasian's time.  thereof by Vespasian, others followed good and godly, which stood to the Church of Christ most constantly and boldly: their names are thus named of the Gentiles.  

1 Marcus.  
2 Cassianus.  
3 Publius'.  
4 Maximus.  
5 julianus.  
6 Gaianus.  
7 Symachus.  
8 Dolychianus.  
9 Caius And julianus the  
10. the 2. of that name.  
11. 12. Capito & Valeus.  
13 Narcissus.   
After the destruction of Jerusalem, in Alexandria in the ninth year of Comodus the Emperor, was julianus bishop of Alexandria after Agrippinus, at what time Pautenus read the Divinity lecture to the Christians, a great scholar and a Philosopher of the sect of the stoics, a man full of godly zeal, that travailed from Alexandria to judea, to preach and to teach Christ. Likewise in Antioch Cornelius the fourth bishop, 
During the time of Comodus the Emperor many godly bishops flourished.  Heros the fift, with the successors of them, flourished this time. And in the tenth year of Antonius Comodus the Emperor, many learned, grave, and godly men flourished in this blasphemous time, among so many wicked and lewd heretics, that lived now in the world, as Theophilus bishop of Caesarea, some say of Antiochia, Banchillus, and Polycrates, the one bishop in Corinth, the other in Ephesus, Demetrius of Alexandria, and Serapion of Antiochia, the eight bishop.  
After the Apostles there was no part of Asia empty from godly men, of whom particularly to speak, how they lived, 
Euseb. 5. cap. 19  and bow they died, I may not, for that their number is infinite, and noting only the chief bishops and learned men, and few Martyrs in respect of the whole, I will but briefly touch them. In this emperors time the Church had some quietness, and in respect of much persecution before, they were called Halcyonia sub Comodo Ecclesiae, (and yet Comodus a wicked Emperor as ever lived) at what time they received the faith: for even then Appolonius a Philosopher, a Senator 
Apol. the Philosopher martyred.  of Rome, a man of singular learning and zeal, who before Perenius the judge, in the Senate before all the Senators of Rome, maintained his apology of Christianity, and read his writing before them, and confirmed the same with his death: for he was at that time by decree of the Senate beheaded in Rome.  
About this time Smirna a town of Asia, fell by an earthquake, and the temple of Serapis in Alexandria was burned. By this time reigned in Rome 13. bishops, after the time of the Apostles: in Alexandria ten bishops, in Antiochia eight bishops, besides many bishops of Corinth, of Crete, of Ephesus, of Caesarea in Palestina many of these bishops. And specially of Jerusalem, are not found in Eusebius distinctly.  
Hitherto the Roman bishops stood constant and stout in the faith, with all humility and zeal: after this time, by degrees 
The bishops of Rome in the beginning good constant Martyrs.  they waxed worse and worse, until they became worst of all.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the tyranny of the time from the sixth persecution under Severus, unto the ninth persecution under Dioclesian the Emperor: of the zeal and constancy of the godly in their Martyrdom: and of the tyranny and wickedness of the kings of Persia, and of the Emperors of Rome, at that time in the persecution of the Church.  
I Will pass to the Martyrs of the Church in all countries, which now again beginneth, what in Alexandria and in Egypt, in the time of Septimius Severus the 
Leonides the father of Origen beheaded.  Emperor. At what time Leonides the father of Origene was beheaded for the profession of his faith, leaving his son a young man behind him, who vehemently 
Euseb. lib. 6. cap. 1. Eccl.  persuaded his father to stand constantly to Christ: and after being grown to some years, taught in Alexandria Christians that came unto him, as Olutarchus, who to prove his zeal, and to show himself a Christian, became willingly a Martyr of jesus Christ.  
Also his brother named Heraclas, who being instructed by Origene, came in time to be a bishop of Alexandria: so many zealous men flocked to this virtuous and good man, that he gave up his other profane study, as Grammar, & Rhetoric, which Demetrius then bishop of Alexandria committed to his charge, and taught Christ to the brethren and Christians that came from ●…uery part unto him, in so much that divers of his scholars proved themselves constant Martyrs: as these, Serenus, Heraclides, Heron, Serenus (an other from the first) and Rhais a woman: 
divers Martyrs in the time of Origin.  these were crowned as victorious Martyrs. After whom followed Potamaena, a very fair & virtuous virgin, who together with her mother Marcelia, offered themselves to the like torments for Christ jesus: but being pitied of many, that so fair and a beautiful virgin should die, she little regarded her beauty but said, Gratior est pulchro veniens è corpore virtus, and so was with her mother Marcelia burned: whose constant 
A good verse for a fair woman.  zeal moved many in Alexandria to profess the Christian faith, as Basilides a soldier, and even he who brought Potamiaena to the stake, was within four days after put in prison, and there baptised, and after beheaded as a Martyr.  
divers beside, by the instructions of Origen, became faithful Martyrs in Alexandria and in other places: for during the reign of Septimius the Emperor, great persecution fell every where: in whose time this Origen flourished amongst the Martyrs of the Church, a man singularly well learned, most zealous, and most godly in all his life, even from his childhood: whose fame grew such, that Mammea Alexander Severus his mother came to Antioch for to see Origen, & was in the tenth year of Alexander Severus made priest at Caesarea in Palestina. 
Tertulian was in the time of Origen.  Tertulian was in the time of Origen, in the first year of Antoninus surnamed Caracalla, where he came to Alexandria: he commanded that all the young men should be called before him: and being together in one place, he gave a sign or a watch word to his soldiers to kill them, as both Herodianus and Functius do affirm.  
In the time of Origen, Asclepiades was the ninth Bishop of Antiochia, Calixtus the fifteenth and Vrbanus the sixteenth Bishops of Rome, Philetus in Alexandria the tenth Bishop. At this time, Nicopolis a town in Palestina was builded, being before called Emmaus. In the time of Maximinius the Emperor, Origen made a book of Martyrs: for during the whole reign of 
Nicopolis before was called Emaus.  this cruel emperor, continued a vehement persecution of the Church: Origen confuted many Philosophers, and converted many heretics, disputed & wrote in the face of the adversaries, insomuch that he reduced Berillus Bishop of Bosterna in Arabia, after sharp and severe disputation in the doctrine of the true Church, from his error concerning the divine nature of Christ: his fame was such, that Athinedorus and his brother Gregory Nazianzenus, with other, many became his scholars. Dionysius also Bishop of Alexandria, in the time of Decius the Emperor, which was a vehement persecutor of the Christians, wrote this of himself in an epistle to Fabius' Bishop of Antiochia, how he by God's providence was wonderfully delivered from great dangers, and many of the brethren with him, and how constant in the faith many at that persecution in Alexandria continued and stood most boldly unto the last breath: as Metra a priest being taken, was commanded 
Metra a priest tortured.  by the Roman judge to speak some wicked blasphemous words, which he refused, and therefore he was beaten and bruised with clubs, and after pricked in the face and in the eyes with sharp needles, and at last haled & drawn through the town and stoned to death.  
Metra Quinta a faithful woman, was likewise taken and brought into the temple and there commanded to worship their idols, but she loathing their idolatry refused to obey them: she was therefore bound both her feet together, and drawn naked through the streets where sharp picked stones were for the purpose set in the way, & certain torturers, with whips in their hands scourging her as she was haled. Appollonia a virgin of ardent zeal, refusing to blaspheme her 
Appollonia a zealous maid much tormented.  God with idolatry, and with wicked sp●…ches after them in their temple, they broke her chaw bone, and all her teeth they violently knocked out, and brought her unto the stake where fire was ready kindled for her, and there being demanded by the magistrates whether she would convert from her God, and from his religion: she looked on them, and said, When I come from my God unto you again, I will answer you, and withal leapt into the fire and ended her life with a glorious death: and to be short, innumerable were they at 
The infinite number of Martyrs.  that time in Alexandria, that willingly confessed themselves to be Christians, and so bend to offer their bodies to any torment for the proof of the same, that at that very tumult and sedition, the wicked and ungodly fed on the Christians and devoured them as wolves or lions devour their pray: nay wolves, lions, bears, and other savage wild beasts spared the people of God, and had no power to touch them: 
Savage wild beasts spared the people of God.  for God so stopped their mouths, that tyrants and cruel murderers might be warned thereby: and for that it is infinite to prosecute the whole histories of Martyrs, I pass over them lightly, noting unto you some few for example sake, as now under Decius the Emperor these many.  

1 Metra a Priest.  
2. 3. Quinta and Appollonia two virgins, you heard of these.  
4 Serapion martyred with all the torments that might be.  
5. 6. julianus and Coronion after scourging, and sore whipping, were thrown to Camels, and after burned to ashes.  
7 Marca a blessed Martyr and a stout Christian at that time, was burned alive.  
8 A soldier that stood by and saw the tortures so cruel, resisted and stood stoutly to the face of the Magistrates in the profession of Christ, and was after great tortures beheaded.  
9 10. Epimachus and Alexander after long imprisonment and divers torments, were thrown to the fire with 4. wornen 
The multitude of Martyrs.   
14 more to accompanny them.  
15 Likewise Amonarium a blessed virgin.  
16. 17. Mercuria a sage and godly matron, and Dionitia a faithful woman, they made the magistrate amazed and the torturers astonished to behold their constancy in their torments.  
18 Hieron Ater, and Isidorus 3. Egyptians & Dioscorus a boy of 15. years were most cruelly torn and broken in pieces by tortures, and at last burned.  
22 Menesion an Egyptian full of faith endured most willingly 
The zeal of Martyrs in those days.  to be martyred for the Gospel.   
These with infinite more doth Dionysius a priest write to Fabius' bishop of Antiochia, setting forth his own danger many times, and also setteth down that persecution which continued most cruelly for one year: for the number of the faithful so increased, their constancy and their faithso amazed the wicked, that they were both weary & fearful to follow their tyranny, & at last overthrown by their guilty conscience: but Dyonysius sayeth that divers times came in place to see these persecutions certain soldiers, who seeing the orders and manners of the Christians towards God and his Church, 
Many converted unto the faith.  felt themselves much converted and most desirous to confess themselves Christians. At a great persecution in Alexandria standing before the Roman Magistrate, when a certain Christian among the rest waxed timorous, and feared such torments as he saw other suffer he thought to recant, but these soldiers comforted him with signs, & persuaded him with secret words, and at length they came openly unto him, counseled and comforted him to die like a Christian, and at length started in, confessed themselves to the Magistrates to be Christians, and therefore most willing with the rest to die for Christ jesus sake. It made the the Roman judge, and the rest of the Commissioners afraid, supposing further, that if 
The judges were amazed to see such constancy in the Christians.  they would use this extreme cruelty of persecution, all Alexandria and all Egypt would become in time Christians, and therefore they rose up from their seat frighted and amazed of these strange sights, and the Christians had some rest. The names of these last soldiers worthy to be engraved Captains on marble for their victories and conquest over themselves, which is the greatest conquest of all, I cannot omit: they were four in number.  

1 Ammon. 
Euseb. 6. cap. 41. and 42.   
2 Zenon.  
3 Ptolomeus.  
4 Ingenus.   
And beside these four, an old man named Theophilus, in 
Theophilus.  the next place he bringeth in Ischyrion, a faithful Martyr of that time, and Cheremon, an old Bishop of a City called Nilus, 
Cheremon.  who fled with his wife and children to the mountains of Arabia, to avoid the tyranny of that time: likewise of Vrbanus, Sidonius, and Selerius, three Martyrs which suffered all kind of torments, to enjoy the glorious crown of Martyrs. When this cruel Emperor Decius died, Gallus succeeded him both in life and in persecution, about what time Origen also died. This time in Rome, Cornelius was the twentieth Bishop: in Antiochia, 
Origen died.  Demetrianus was the fourteenth Bishop: in Alexandria, this Dionysius that wrote of this last persecution, the 13. Bishop. In other places other godly & faithful Bishops reigned, as Theoctistus in Caesarea, Mezabantes in jerusalem, Marinus in Tyrus, Heliodorus in Laodicea, in Cappadocia Firmilianus, Helenus in Tarsus, & so (to be short) in all Syria, Arabia, Pontus, Bythinia, 
Many godly and good Bishops.  and Mesopotamia, godly and good Bishops lived under the fear of God. This did Dionysius Bishop of Alexandria writ to Stephanus the 22. Bishop of Rome, of the peace and the stay of the persecution in all the parts of the East countries.  
To this Bishop Stephen, Cyprian bishop of Carthage wrote concerning those that were heretics converted, that by baptism 
Cyprian bishop of Carthage.  they were first to be received into the Church. During this little quietness and stay of persecution divers and sundry sects of heresies began to rise in many places: as Heresis Novatiana, & Sabellaena, with others. Cyprianus bishop of Carthage, a singular devout man, and a Martyr of the Church, was of the carthaginians and the Africans honoured as a god, to whom they erected a temple in memory of him, & celebrated a solemn feast, calling often on the name of Cyprian, which temple the Vandals in the time of their king Tuorichus destroyed. Thus much Euagrius in his histories of the Church wrote of Cyprian, who also died a most constant Martyr of Christ jesus.  
I omit with Dionysius to name the Martyrs which died under Valerianus the emperor, because they were so many, 
The 8. persecution under Valerianus.  men, women, children, old men, young men, old women, virgins, soldiers, and all kind of people, who became most willing Martyrs, and suffered divers torments for religion sake. Amongst whom Lucius Maximus Demetrius, Faustinus, and Aquila suffered in Egypt: also Eusebius was then Deacon, 
Martyr's increase in every country.  and after made Bishop of Laodicea in Syria, and Faustus who succeeded Eusebius, Cheremon, Caius, and divers other, who from place to place, to avoid that terrible persecution which reigned under the Emperor Valerianus, wandered many Countries, deserts, & mountains. And as for the Martyrs of Caesarea, specially there were three, which willingly came from their houses in the Country to Caesarea, being ashamed and sorry to have seen so many good and godly Christians contending for the same noble crown of Martyrs, 
The crown of Martyrs is eternity.  that they were so long negligent and careless of so glorious reward, and therefore Priscus Malchus, and Alexander claimed before the judge the reward of Christians, and straight they were delivered to be devoured of beasts, from whom these three stout Christians shrinked not.  
I will not omit the history of Marinus a knight of Caesarea, who when he obtained that honour by just deserts, which was among the Romans a reward for victory, and 
The history of Marinus a Roman knight  thereby to be called Centurio, a certain Sycophant accused this knight to the Magistrate, saying that it was not lawful by the ancient laws, that Marinus should have that Roman dignity, for that he was a Christian: who being demanded, most boldly confessed himself to be a Christian: and yet having three hours to deliberate of this cause, Marinus went to consult with Theotecnus bishop then of Caesarea, by whom he was in this instructed: he brought him into the Temple, and offered before him a naked sword, and the 
The new Testament, and the naked sword.  new Testament of Christ jesus: Choose, said the bishop, which thou wilt: whereby he was admonished to stand to his faith most stoutly, and died for the same.  
This time again another sedition began in Alexandria: for sooner the great Ocean could be emptied from water, than Alexandria purged from sedition. Of this sedition, Dionysius wrote to Hierax bishop of Egypt, and also a terrible sickness 
Alexandria a very seditious town.  that then reigned in Alexandria for the reward of their persecution, which so long and so vehement endured, which was war, hunger, and pestilence, that they were so plagued in Alexandria for their cruelty against the Church of Christ, as Egypt was for their tyranny showed to the Israelites. These and many other things wrote Dionysius into Egypt, into Africa, and to all Asia, to instruct the brethren of the tumults, sedition, and persecution in Alexandria, and after of the 
Dionysius.  wars, hunger, and plague that ensued the same.  
Now a Synod was called at Rome to consult of the heresy of Paulus Samosatenus, who denied the Divinity and Eternity 
A Synod at Rome.  of our Saviour Christ: for at that time Paulus Samosatenus succeeded Demetrianus in Antiochia, and for that he thought so impiously of Christ, affirming in all points that he was but a man, a Synod also was called at Antiochia, where divers learned bishops, and other godly preachers came together: amongst whom, Firmilianis bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Gregorius Nazianzenus and his brother Athenodorus which were bishops in Pontus, Helenus' bishop of Tarsus, Hymeneus' 
Samosatenus confuted.  bishop of jerusalem, and Theolecnus with Maximus, the one bishop of Caesarea in Palestina, the other bishop of Bosteana in Arabia, with many more which for brevity sake I omit, where Samosatenus was confuted by Malchion a reader of the Greek lecture in Antiochia, a subtle schoolman and a perfect 
Persecution slacketh, heresy reigned.  good Christian, so that at length Samosatenus was condemned as a heretic, and driven out of his bishopric by the commandment of Aurelianus the Emperor.  
This time began one other heretic called Manes to sow the seed of Satan: of whom sprang those heretics called the Manichees: and as persecution seized some time, so heresy at that very time began to increase. Now reigned this time these bishops in Rome, Alexandria, Antiochia, and in other places.  

1 First in Rome after Stephanus reigned Xistus 23. Bishop of  
2 Rome, after him Dionysius the 24 Bishop, after Dionysius  
3. 4. Felix the 25. then Eutichianus the 26. bishop, and 
Euseb. cap. 27.   
5 Gaius the 27. Bishop.  
In Alexandria after that godly Dionysius of whom you  
6 heard of, succeeded Maximus, after Maximus succeeded  
7 Theonas.  
After Demetrianus in Antioch fourteen Bishops.  
This Paulus Samosatenus being as an Heretic condemned,  
succeeded him Domnus Demetrianns son.  
After him succeeded Timaeus. After Timaeus, succeeded that great and famous scholar, Cyrillus.  
In Laodicea Eusebius a learned man was Bishop, and many other Bishops in other places, as Hymeneus and Labdas, two Bishops of jerusalem.    

CHAP. FOUR  
From Dioclesian under whom the vehementest persecutions of any reigned, until the reign of Alexand. Severus: by whose good means and great travatle persecution somewhat slacked, at what time divers Heresies began fresh in many places of Asia and Europe.  
Now Dioclesianas' the Emperor beginneth to reign in Rome, under whom the greatest perseucution of all fell: for the like against the Christians was at no time seen: for some rest they had in all places by means of learned men's Epistles to other emperors before this: but now were Churches thrown down, sacred books burned, and godly learned Bishops persecuted in such sort, that I wish them that desire to know the misery and afflictions of Christians of that time, to read Eusebius his eight book of his Ecclesiastical histories, and there 
Euseb. 8. book  he shall read how that in Palestina and in Phoenicia, Christians were thrown most cruelly to be devoured of beasts, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The tyranny under Dicclesi●… over the martyrs of God.  which beasts though they were such as were called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, yet had no power to touch them, though they were lions, bears, wild bulls, and such others, which made the people amazed: which thing being certified unto the Roman magistrate Viturius, he commanded them to be slain with the sword, and their bodies to be thrown into the sea.  
The like persecution fell in Egypt, where an infinite number were haled and drawn by the head & by the feet, some 
Persecution in Egypt.  having their bones broken, some their sinews stretched, some hanged alive to famine by their legs upward, some tortured sundry ways in the fire, with divers other inventions of torments, that some days ten, some days twenty, some thirty, and some days a hundred were persecuted most tyrannically, which continued not for days but for years: for it was lawful for any other man to abuse, to punish, and to compel Christians to Idolatry, and to obey their religion. The persecution was so sore in his time, that 1700. were martyred 
1700. Martyrs in 30. days.  and slain in thirty days, and they were the best and chiefest men in Palestina, Phoenicia, & Egypt: so was Philoromus a governor and a magistrate in Alexandria Phileas Bishop of Egypt, and these whose names among thousands I picked out, for that they are great men and magistrates and governors.  

1 Authimus Bishop of Nicomedia.  
2 Lucianus Bishop of Tyrus.  
3 Senobius one of the elders of Sidon.  
4 sylvanus Bishop of Emisa, who in the very town where he was Bishop, with divers other Martyrs with him, were made 
A most vehement persecution.  as baits and prays for ravening beasts.  
5 Another sylvanus, who was martyred with 39 other Martyrs of Palestina: this sylvanus was Bishop of Gaza.  
6. 7. Pelus and Nilus two Bishops of Egypt, with many more, were martyred with divers torments, and at last burned.  
Pamphilus an Elder, the very ornament of Caesarea died, a most constant Martyr.   
Out of Alexandria were martyred most cruelly for their profession and faith, many grave learned Bishops and Elders 
The blood of godly Martyrs are precious in the Church of God.  of the Church of Christ: as  

Petrus then Bishop of Alexandria, with whom died Faustus, Dicius and Ammonius, three of the most learned and virtuous Elders of that Church.  
After these Phileas, Hesicheus, Pachimius, and Theodorus: 4. godly Bishops over the Churches of Egypt, perfect Martyrs of Christ jesus and of his Church.   
What should I rehearse millions more, that constantly professed Christ, refused no death, no torments for his sake? such was the mercy of God toward his Church, that the more that tyrants persecuted Christians to death, the more the number multiplied, their faith increased, and the Church flourished, insomuch that a noble man of Nicomedia 
A rare example in Micomedia.  perceiving the tyranny and the affliction of the Christians, and the vehement persecution, that now endured in the time of Dioclesian, being a Magistrate, in the very face of the Romans broke in pieces the emperors letters, and 
Euseb. cap. 6.  his decree concerning further punishment of the godly, though in Nicomedia then were two Emperors, yet this noble man feared not for JESUS sake and his saints, not only to break the commandment of Caesar his lord and Emperor, but also most boldly stood to it to the death.  
Besides, divers others at that time in Nicomedia, suffered most willingly to be martyred: yea some from the emperors Court, of his family, as Dor theus, Gorgonius, and other 
Courtiers Christians.  Courtiers: yea, they of the emperors chamber, his own cousins, being some but very young, of great honour and great favour, love, and liking with the Emperor, made more choice of this service and cruel death, then of that Courtly 
Courtier's Martyred.  and gallant life: among whom I find one named Petrus, a young lusty prince, who refused to bow to Idols, or to do any sacrifice unto them: he was commanded to be lifted up naked, and there to be whipped and scourged, until he would willingly sacrifice to Idols ●…hee stood stout and constant, until by beating unto the very bones his flesh from his body fell by pieces, and then they took salt and vinegar mingled together, and powered it in purulentis corporis partibus (as the history saith) and yet he yielded not: then th●… brought him to the fire, where they pinche●… 
The tyranny of ō.  him with hot irons, and pricked him with sharp bodkins: and perceiving that he would not recant, he was commanded to be burned.  
In this Dioclesian's time, all prisons were full of Christians, and all Towns and Cities full of persecutions. In Arabia, 
All prisons in Towns and Cities full of Christians.  multitudes of Martyrs were tormented with sundry inventions, as breaking of their legs, pulling out their eyes, cutting of their nostrils and their lips, knocking out their teeth, and such unchristian like torments. In Antiochia, with burning coals they tortured the Martyrs of Christ jesus. In Pontus, 
Perillus' scholars invent tortures to destroy Christians.  the Martyrs were thus tortured, with sharp, long, and strong needles, thrusting them up under the nails of their fingers, and under the nails of their toes. To be short, in some places their right eye was put out, and the left knee was cut off: in some other places, in boiling lead they were by little and little tormented: and in other places with 
In Dioclesian's time hell was opened to let the furies out.  all tortures in their privy members, most terrible to be spoken, punished, and martyred. In all places all kind of torments were most cruelly used against the Saints and people of God. When Dioclesianus had reigned twenty years, and had foamed like a bloody bore against the Church, he died: in whose time the Christians multiplied by his tyranny more, than reason or sense can allege.  
After him succeeded Maxentius an Emperor, who though he dissembled for a while to get the Romans good will, yet he shortly proved a tyrant, and so hateful to good men, that between Maximinus in the East countries with his hypocrisy 
Maximinus.  and superstition, and Maxentius in Rome with his filthiness and tyranny, the Church again and the members thereof were most miserably afflicted in such sort, that neither Mazentius in Rome, nor Maximinus abroad could neither stop nor stay the multitude, that daily came into God's 
Tenth persecution.  Church, neither their murdering and killing in every country could fear them any thing at all.  
Maximinus, one of the greatest persecutors, saving Dioclesian, who in thirty days slew and martyred 1700. Christians, 
1700. Christian's Martyred.  by some divine justice of God fell grievously sick at Tarsus: where despairing of his life, & feeling his conscience accusing him for the great slaughter he used against the Christians, he caused by an edict, persecution to stay, and to lose prisoners out of prison, & to set captive Christians at liberty: but this continued not but while the emperor was sick & liketo die▪ for 
Maximinus' sick.  when he recovered his health, he waxed more cruel than before, sparing neither man, woman, nor child, using all kind of 
The tyranny of this time might well be compared to the rage of Pharaoh over the Israelites  torments on the Bishops and learned men in all Countries, so that his tyranny over the Christians might be well compared to the rage and fury of Pharaoh over the Israelites.  
But he was cut offron this murdering & slaughter of the Christians by Licinius the Emperor, who then had married Constantia sister to Constantine the great: for at this time four emperors were at once governors of Rome: & so a little before, Maxentius the other persecutor was discomfited and vanquished by Constantine the great at Miluius bridge.  
Thus far foamed tyrants in Christian blood, and the Church was sore afflicted every where, where the Roman Emperors governed. And thus far doth Eusebius his ten 
The great clemency of Constantine the great towards the Christians.  books handle and set forth of those kingdoms and Countries, where this persecution and affliction of the Church remained, even from the Apostles time until Constantine the great. This Constantine was a godly Emperor, who defended the Christians and the Church of Christ, that in stead of persecution, brought liberty to the Church, and in stead of war, peace: for after that Constantine the great had vanquished Licinius, & had gotten the Empire into his own hand, he established first religion, and caused a Synod of Bishops at Rome to determine, and to agree concerning the agreement in religion: he wrote to Miltiades Bishop of Rome, he sent to Africa to his lieutenant Anilinus, that Cecilianus Bishop of 
Const. caused a Synod at Rome.  Carthage, with the other ten Bishops that accused him, should be sent to Rome, & there further to examine the faults and errors of Cecilianus, and to avoid that controversy between these bishops, that then in divers places lived. He wrote, that bishops out of France, and out of Africa, should again come together to reason in causes of the Church, and to moderate the same: for during the time that Licinius his Colleague in the Empire reigned, specially in the end, Licinius 
Licinius persecuted the Christians.  began to hate Constantine, and to persecute the Church, waxed cruel against good bishops, & persecuted them most vehemently, and threw their Churches down, & slew and murdered the people most miserably: for then Licinius commenced not only war against Constantinus, but also against God and his Church. He caused Basilius' Bishop 
Licinius tyranny against the Christians.  of Amasia in Pontus to be slain with the sword, and a hundred other. His fury continued not long, and therefore God raised up this good Emperor, to revenge his people, not only now upon Licinius, but also upon Maxentius and Maximinus, two great persecutors of the Christians.  
After this (as you heard) Constantinus studied how he might benefit the Church, establish religion, and aid the afflicted members that long suffered sharp persecution, and were now scattered into wildernesses, into mountains, and into such places where they might hide themselves from the sword and from the fire. This time flourished Egypt with sundry learned and godly Philosophers. Also in Mesopotamia 
Rufinus lib. 2. cap. 8.  the like godly men lived, some in wildernesses and in mountains, as these whose names I lay down, as I found them in Rufinus.  

1 Marcereus and another of that name lived in the wilderness.  
2 Isidorus in a place called Scithi.  
3 Pembus in the desert of Egypt.  
Moses and Benjamin in a place called Nitria.  
4. 5. 6. Scyron, and Helias, and Paulus, lived and hid themselves in Apeliote.  
7. 8. Poemen and joseph in Pispirihill, these with many others that lived in divers parts of Egypt true and sound Christians.   
Now when Constantine the great had by his greatness 
Constantine the great compared to Cyrus and to Alex.  enlarged the Empire of Rome far more than any of his predecessors, in so much that he was compared unto Cyrus' king of Persia for his valour, unto Alexander the great for his victories and conquests, who visited in like manner as Alexander did, India, Aethiopia, Scythia, and other far kingdoms from Rome: and having stayed persecution in most places, he comforted the Christians, so that the Gospel began to flourish among the Barbarous people in Armenta and in Persia. He re-edified great and chief Cities, as Nicomedia in Bythinia, and also Byzantium in Thracia, and made it equal to Rome in all points, and named it after his ownename, Constantinople: 
Sozomenus 2. cap. 2.  for there was nothing in Rome, but this Emperor builded the like in Constantinople, in so much that it was called new Rome, the only City of fame and renown in all the East countries.  
To this Town many of the best learned men both Greeks' and jews have come and dwelled there: here now religion flourished, Christians rejoiced, and all learned men of the world frequented. Again, Constantine caused a temple to be made by the oak of Mambre: this is now Terebinthus, a place 
The Oak of Mambre.  from Hebron distant fifteen furlongs, and from jerusalem 250. furlongs. To this place the Phoenicians and the Arabians were wont once every year to come, to traffic and to merchandise with the jews: they kept a solemn feast in memory of Abraham the Patriarch, and offered in sacrifice after the law of Moses either an ox or a goat, or else a sheep or a Cock. Every nation honoured this place: the jews in memory of Abraham, the Gentiles in memory of the Angels 
Herma. Sozom. lib. 2. cap. 3.  that there appeared unto Abraham: the Christians in memory of CHRIST JESUS the Son of GOD being there then the third Angel seen of Abraham before he took flesh of the Virgin Marie, well nigh two thousand years. This place also Constantine adorned and beautified with many monuments.  
It were long to rehearse the goodness of this Emperor, and to repeat his care and doings in all parts of the world for the Church: he caused a Synod at this time to beehad at Nice in Bythinia, where were gathered together three hundred and eighteen Bishops: in the which, the heresy of Arrius was condemned. At what time Athanasius was appointed Bishop of Alexandria, to succeed Alexander, who deposed Arrius.  
The Arrians persecuted this Athanasius, so that he was forced to flee for secure to the Emperor Constantine. 
Athanasius by the Arrians persecuted.  This time succeeded in Antioch after Tiranus the nineteenth bishop, Vitalis the twentieth: after him, Philogonus the twenty one: after him, Paulinus: after him Eustachius, whose place (after he was banished for the Gospel) the Arrians occupied.  
In Rome Marcus the second of that name was Bishop, after whom succeeded julius the third. In his days the Armenians 
The Armenians and the Indians became Christians.  and the Indians received Christianity: yet in Persia under king Sapores, the Christians were sore persecuted: the Magis of Persia persuaded Sapores the king to punish Simeon the Archbishop of Seleucia, for that he was a friend to the Romans. By this means, great persecution began in Persia, against the Archbishop Simeon and Vstazanes an old man and likewise the king's tutor, for 
The Sun worshipped in Persia.  that they would worship not the sun after the manner of the Persians.  
Likewise Pusices a noble man of the Court of Sapor, 
Pusices.  with his daughter a fair virgin did suffer torments for the truth. Anania and Azadis the King's eunuchs, and Tarbula the sister of Simeon in like sort suffered violent death, and on that very day the jews by the commandment of Magis, being by the king licensed, brought an hundred Christians, some of them were Bishops, some Elders, and some of other orders of the Church, which for that they would not worship the sun wereslaine with the sword.  
It is written in Eusebius in the Ecclesiastical histories, of Her. Zozamenis, that two hundred and fifty Bishops were put to the sword by commandment of Sapores 
Zozam. lib. 2. cap. 12. 250. Bishops executed by Sapores, who reigned 70. years.  the king, for their constancy and faith in CHRIST JESUS: whose names, though not all, yet some as I found in the history, I set down: which are these.  

1 Barbasymes.  
2 Paulus.  
3 Gaddiabes. 
These were all martyred in Persia under king Sapores.   
4 Sabinus.  
5 Mareas.  
6 Mocius.  
7 Manfriandes.  
8 Hormisdas.  
9 Papas.  
10 jacobus.  
11 Romas.  
12 Maares.  
13 Agas.  
14 Bochres.  
15 Abdas.  
16 Abdiesus.  
17 Dausas.  
18 Abranims.  
19 Agdelas.  
20 Sabores.  
21 Issaac and  
22 Dausas.   
These were taken captive and brought before the Magistrates, and for not worshipping the Sun according to the 
The Emperor Constan. wrote to Sapores king of Persia in favour of the Christians.  Persians manners, the king commanded, that they should be put to the sword.  
To this king Sapores, Constantinus the Emperor wrote in favour of the Christians, which Epistle is extant in Eusebius in the life of Constantine.  
Thus much I thought good to set down among other wickednesses and tyrannies that reigned among the Roman Emperors. He that will see more of persecution and heresies, let him read Eusebius, Nicephorus, and others, and he shall satisfy himself therein. I thought it fit to annex thus much of persecution to the Roman Emperors and to Popes, as to the authors of all persecutions in all Countries.    

OF THE antiquity OF Spain, and of the original of their kings, and of their contiwance from Tubal unto Hispanus. During which time they were called by divers several names, as Caetubales, Hiberi, Celtiberi, and Hesperij, of which I shall briefly speak in their places.  
I Have almost placed and followed all japhets' sons, and now I come to Hispaine, where Tubal took possession, which name is interpreted to be Hispaine by josephus. I will be as 
Melanct. lib. 1.  short as I can, for that I would feign come to England, and yet France is upon my way, where I must of necessity stay a little to speak of them very briefly.  
Spain was divided in old time but into 3. Provinces: into Lusitania, which is now called Portugal: into Tarraconenses where the two Scipios builded a city, and named it Tarracon, after the name of the Province: and into Baetica, which is so 
Baetica now called Andolosia.  called by the river Baetis. This Province is now named Andolasia, or Granado. The Romans at what time they were lords of Spain, made no other division but high and low Hispaine, by 
The Romans made but two Provinces of Hispaine.  the name of superior & inferior Hispania. After, it was divided into six Provinces in this sort named, as followeth.  

1 The first Province called Terracon.  
2 Called the Province of Carthage.  
3 Lusitania, which is Portugal.  
4 Gallacia.  
5 Baetica, which is Andolisia or Granado.  
6 Called Tingitana, a Province being within Africa.   
Of these 6. Provinces 2. of them are called Consulares provinciae, which is Betica & Lusitania: the other 4. called Presidiales.  
Spain is cut from France Eastward by the mountain Pyrenaeus, which doth extend itself from the South unto the North along between France and Spain. On the West Spain hath the ocean sea: and on the South the middle land sea. This country is very barren in some places, specially from Hercules' pillars to the mountain Pyrenaeus: in other places, it aboundeth in all kind of good things, for wines, olives, iron, mines, silver and gold. The length of Spain from the West into the 
Read of Hispaine, Strabo lib. 2. & 3.  East is 6000. furlongs: the breadth of Spain is almost 5000. in some place scant three. Of the description of Spain, of the abundance and plenty of things, of their cities, towns, rivers, mines, lakes, mountains, and mounts, read Strabo, Pomponius Mela, and Iu. Solynus.  
Of the antiquity of these people, and of their first arrival 
Pomp. Mela lib. 2. cap. 6.  into Spain, I find some controversy, and in many things apparent errors. Both Plutarch and Livi affirm, that in antiquities 
Livi lib. 2.  men may most easily err, specially in these first actions of time, when kingdoms first began. Therefore I begin from the Centre and ground of all true and perfect Chronicles, the 10. of Genesis, where we read of the increase of mankind after the flood, and of the beginning of countries and cities: and here all countries were divided one from another in language and in kindred. And had not Moses set down the names of the first princes and their children, and the countries 
All writers are to hold by Moses.  and kingdom's by them first inhabited, we had been as blind men, not able to judge of colours, or as they that never saw the Sun, not knowing light from darkness: and they that wander with profane writers from Moses and from the prophetical histories, shallbe in no better case: for of necessity we must be forced to confer with divine histories for the certainty of truth in many things in the beginnings of kingdoms and 
Controversy.  countries: for otherwise men do err most grossly following their own fancies, one reprehending another more to increase controversies, then to find out the truth: as Appion accuseth Herodot for his mere fables in the history of Egypt, and josephus reprehendeth Appion for his great lies in the history of the jews. And here Berosus, who setteth down the first beginning of Spain and of Chaldea and Syria, is of many cried out 
Contentions among Historians.  upon, as a feigned and lying Berosus, yet many allege him and follow him of the best writers, as Functius, Ruffinus, and others.  
Berosus saith, the Spaniards took their beginning from the Caspians, a people in Scythia, as the Persians the Phoenices people in Syria, Celtes people now of France, and the Moors, and that is probable: for after the flood, the ark of Noah resting in Armenia 
From whence came the people after the flood to seek dwellings.  not far from Scythia, after 150. years, people being then multiplied, came from thence to seek countries and to inhabit every coast of the world. Chus the father of Nimrod went to Aethiope: Mizraim the son of Chus went to Egypt, possessed about the river Nilus: Gomerus the eldest son of japhet into that country afterward called Italy: and Tubal the fift son of japhet came into that country which is now called Spain.  
Because I wrote of this in the beginning of every kingdom, I need not much to speak of them: and therefore I will leave the sons of Sem and the sons of Cham in their first possession, & I will follow japhets' sons, which came here to Europe, 
The time of Tubals coming to Hispaine.  of whom I have spoken, saving of Tubal, who came into Spain in the year after the flood 143. within 12. years after Nimrod began his kingdom in Chaldea, within two years after his eldest brother Gomerus came into Italy, and 3. years before Mizraim (which is called Oceanus) went to Egypt, as Functius setteth it down in his tables.  
This Tubal began to build and to inhabit first in Celtiberia, 
Celtiberia called now Byska●….  a country in Spain which is now called Byskay: he made a town, and named it after his own name Tubal, in that Province of Spain which is called Baetica, and kept many sheep 
The simplicity of the first kings, not only of Hispaine, but every where.  and cattle, for that they are most necessary for man to live by, both for clothing of the body, and for feeding of the belly: for in the first beginning of time, men were not so ambitious as to aspire great things. When Tubal was settled in his own town, he made laws for his people to live by, & taught the 
Berosus in Nino.  Celtiberians & the people named Samotes. To Tubal came one Samotes surnamed Disteltas, a most wise man, yet not known, but supposed to be Tubals brother one of japhets' sons: yet Moses maketh no mention of him. Of the coming of janus, (which Berosus and other affirm to be javan) from Phoenicia to Africa, and from Africa to Celtiberia to his sons son, and 
Annius de reg. Hispaniae.  with the people which he brought with him to dwell in Celtiberia, I refer you to Berosus and to Annius.  
Thus Tubal being 155. years old died, five years before Abraham was borne, which was in the 43. year of Ninus. The people were called Caetubales after Tubals name, until Iberus 
Tubal died.  time the 2. king of Celtiberia, after whose name both the country and the people changed, as Functius saith: other say, they were called Iberi of the river Iberus: but Berosus (whom Functius in all this history doth follow) saith of Iberus the king the river also was so named, and the people that dwelled about the river were called Iberi. So likewise of Celtiberia, some writers affirm that it was so named, because it is next to those people of 
Conjectures in old antiquities allowed.  France called Celtes, and therefore called Celtiberia: and surely the best conjectures in things unknown are best to be allowed. This Iberus reigned 37. years, and died in the 37. year of Semiramis Queen of Babylon.  
During the life of Tubal, Samotes had a son called Magus: he reigned then over the people Celtes, where he builded 
Berosus.  many towns, and governed the people with care and great diligence. Also in the 22 year of Semiramis, Sabatius Saga after that he came to Italy to old father janus, and had taught the 
Sabatius Saga.  countrymen tillage and other kind of husbandry, he sent Sabus to that people which were called Sabines after, and continued by that name until they were subdued by the Romans. In the time of this king Iberus, Isis was borne in Egypt, the wife of Osiris, of whom the Egyptians did glory much: for they found in a pillar of brass this sentence written of Isis as 
The monument of Isis ●…n Egypt.  an Epitaph over her grave, I am Isis' Queen of Egypt, wife of great Osiris, and mother to great king Orus, taught of Mercurius to give laws to my people which none shall infringe, to invent the use of sowing of corn. I have builded the famous city Bubastia. Rejoice Egypt, that hath brought up such a Queen. I have lived with you your Queen, and now being dead I am placed among the glittering stars by the name of the star Canis. This monument was of the Egyptians much honoured.  
Now followed in Celtiberia jubalda the son of Iberus, and the 3. king of Celtiberia: he began his reign in the year 1993. after the creation of the world: he dwelled hard by the mountain jubalda, which he named after his own name. This is 
Manethon de reg Hispan●…e.  since called of the Mauritaines, Ibiralta and of others corruptly: he reigned 66. years, of whom nothing is to be written, but that he at that time increased by little and little his territories, not by the sword (for few people knew then contention, for they had more countries than they had men to inhabit) but with people, for no war was yet known any where but with the Assyrians, who first used to trespass upon other nations about them, even from Nimrod's time.  
In jubaldas time, Hercules Libyus flourished, before the Hercules of the Greeks' well-nigh 700. years. In this jubaldas time died Noah the righteous preacher, whom profane writers call Bifrons 
Noah died in jubaldas time.  janus, and so is in every country painted and set forth in histories. This Noah, foresaw the great misery and calamity of God's justice for sin in the first age, & the general plague that followed the destruction of the whole world with a flood, and after he saw himself despised of his wicked son Cham, and contemned of his posterities in the second age at the building of the tower of Babylon, where he saw the pride, disobedience, 
The town of Babylon.  and impiety of his own people that came out of his own body, who to seek immortality upon earth, sought to avoid God and his power, and to seek to scale (through too much folly) the skies: but they were confounded, and their devices 
Noth died after he had seen in the world more misery than any man: for that he saw before the flood and after, the idolatry of the people.  brought to nothing. No doubt he saw more misery come to man, and more wickedness committed by man against God, than any man ever could see. He died 350. years after the flood.  
In Assyria reigned Zamisnenias, which in Genesis is called Amraphael, the fift king of Assyria. Abraham was called from Vr in Chaldea to the land of Palestina, and after three years driven to Egypt, for that the famine was so great in the land of Canaan. This time governed in Egypt Osiris, which was that Pharaoh that 
Genesis 12.  took Sara Abraham's wife away, but was warned in his sleep not to touch her, and commanded by God to restore her to her 
Pentapolis five cities destroyed.  husband again. During the time of this king jubalda, Sodom, Gomorrha, Zeboim, Adama, and Segor, five noble cities of Canaan were destroyed by fire from heaven for their abominable wickedness: and there remaineth in memory of their filthy vicious lives, in the place of these five cities, a stinking horrible 
Stagnum Asphaltidis.  great lake, called Stagnum Asphaltidis.  
The 4. king that succeeded jubalda in Celtiberia, was named Brigus: he began to reign in the 4. year of Arius the 6. king 
Brigus the 4. king.  of Assyria, at what time Hyarbas Priscus began to govern in Libya, a stout and a fierce king in arms, and therefore the Numidians would be called after him Hyarbae, for stout and warlike 
The Numidians would be called Hyarbae.  people. This Brigus builded many strong castles in Celtiberia: in that province of Lusitania he builded 2. great castles, and called them after his own name, Laccobryga: and Mirobriga and he builded also Brygantum in the province of Taracon.  
This time governed the Celtes an expert skilful man, a man in those days of most honour for his wisdom and judgement in all things, named Drius, after whose death the priests of the 
Drius.  Celtes were named druids, of whom mention is made in Caesar 
druids priests  and in Plini. The authority and credit of these priests in their days was great: they were honoured and reverenced of all people: their words were had in such estimation, as though they had been Oracles given: for at this time it was rare to see a wise man, or to talk with a learned man: for the Magis of Chaldea, and the priests were not heard of, no philosophy 
The simplicity of the first age after the flood.  spoken of, no Art taught, few schools or none known, in so much that almost 300. years after the flood there reigned no malice, no pride, no ambition, no war in the most part of the world, and therefore it was called Aureum seculum, for the 
Aureum seculum.  simplicity of the people, and of the plenty of all things which was common among all men: saving in Assyria, where the first Monarchy began, and quarrels grew, as you shall hear between the Chaldeans and the Assyrians, and after between the Assyrians and the Egyptians. So that nothing is to be written 
Consent of time the touchstone of truth.  of any great exploit done in Celtiberia all this time, neither in any place else, saving to set down the names of those kings that then reigned, and to know the agreement of time, which is the touchstone of truth.  
In this Brygus time Abraham offered his son Isaac, at what time God blessed all the nations of the world in the seed of 
Genesis 22.  Abraham. One Bardus reigned this time in Celta, which was of great authority with them for his first finding of Music and meeter. In this Brigus time, Araunus the son of Cranus, which was the son of janus, builded a temple in Vetulonia, and dedicated the same unto janus, which they also called Vertumnes: 
A temple builded and dedicated to janus.  and therein he erected up the image of janus: and after he builded a chapel to the god Razenus in Vetulonia, so that now idolatry began in every country, & the number of the gods so increased, that superstition had the better hand of true religion every where, saving in Gods own Church, & those 2. patriarchs Abraham and his son, for Sara was now dead.  
But I will pass to the fift king of Celtiberia named Tagus, surnamed 
Tagus' the fift king.  Orma: of this king the river Tagus taketh her first name. Of this I read nothing worth the nothing, but as his predecessors he reigned by the name of a king without resistance: with 
The old kings of Hispaine are set down by Manethon, as the kings of Assyria are by Berosus.  whom reigned together in other kingdoms Baleus Xerxes the eight king of Assyria: this increased the kingdom, and conquered every where until the Indians, for he was valiant and courageous, & very fortunate in all his affairs. In the beginning of this Tagus reign, the Argives kingdom began, where Inachus reigned their first king. Phaeton came this time to Italy, at what time many towns and cities were burnt about the river Ister, and about the Cymerians and Vesunians, and the places burned, to this day are named Palestina (that is to say) the country burnt, recorded with writers Phaetontis incendium. Esau and jacob were borne this time: and a little after, their grandfather Abraham the patriarch died, 101. years after he was called 
Abraham died.  from the Chaldeans, and in 175. year of his age.  
After Tagus succeeded Belus the 6. king of Celtiberia: he began to reign in the 482. year after the flood, and reigned in 
Belus the sixth king.  Celtiberia 31. years: at what time Eusebius setteth down the 17. Dynastia of the Egyptians, where shepherds governed & bare rule in Egypt, which government continued 303. years in Egypt. With this Belus began Armatrites to reign the 9 king of Assyria, a king given to idleness, & to all kind of pleasures. About this time died Sem the son of Noah, who likewise saw (as his father did before) much wickedness and abomination: he died 
Sem lived 600. years.  35. years after Abraham was dead. Sem lived 600. years.  
Pharoneus the 2. king of the Argives (of whom Plato maketh mention in the beginning of his book,) made laws to the 
Plato in Tim●…o.  Argives, and was of them greatly honoured after his death. In this king's time, Nilus did overflow all the country of Egypt, and Osiris slew the great giant called Lycurgus in Thracia. Of this Osiris (whom the Egyptians named Serapis, to whom they used much divine honour and solemn sacrifice, as to one of their principal gods) read Herodot more of this god, there you shall find how king Cambyses, Cyrus' son, second king of Persia, gave a blow, and wounded him in his temple, whereat the Egyptians 
Herodot. lib. 2. and 3.  were more offended, then for all the cruelty & tyranny which Cambyses did to them. It made them to revolt from Cambyses, and to be in arms against the Persians, & to revenge the blow which Cambyses gave to their god Serapis. Deabus in 
Deabus found the first mines of gold.  Celtiberia (he is also named Geryon) used this time great cruelty and tyranny: he found then one of the first mines of gold, and after, he found many other mines of gold, silver, and of other metals. This time Mena reigned in Egypt the first king, who instructed them in many things in Egypt, as to worship their gods, to do sacrifice, with divers other ceremonies, where 
Mena is supposed to be Osiris, which Moses calleth Mizraim, and whom Berosus calleth Oceanus.  in Egypt excelled all other kingdoms: he taught than the use of beds to lie on, & tables to sit at meat. This Mena is supposed to be Mizraim Osiris, which of Berosus is called Oceanus.  
About this time died Ishmael the base son of Abraham by his maid Agar after he had lived 137. years: he left behind him twelve sons, princes over the people & over his tribes. In this tyrant Deabus time, (otherwise called Geryon) joseph was sold into Egypt, and the Indians brought presents & committed themselves unto the Chaldeans: for by this time many parts of the world were well inhabited, and some kingdoms began to be populous, and kings grew strong and mighty on the earth: for now reigned in Assyria Baleus junior, who flourished by his prows & courage, augmented the territories of the Assyrians into the confines of India, and excelled in fame next unto Semiramis Queen of Assyria. Osiris also had now gotten all Italy into his hand, and held it for ten years. Typhon became a great tyrant, killed his brother Osiris the just, usurped the kingdom of Egypt. So I might say of Anteus in Lybia, 
Triphon, Anteus, Geryon, & Busiris sound tyrants.  of Busiris in Phoenicia, and so of this Geryon in Celtiberia, and of divers others who forsook to be kings, being not contented with one kingdom, became tyrants, and used all kind of cruelty, deceits, and treason to enlarge their dominions.  
When this tyrant Geryon died in Celtiberia, his 3. sons succeeded after him called Lomuini: they builded a great town in Celtiberia, & named it after their names, Lomuinia. These brethren, after they jointly governed the Celtiberians for the space of 52. years, they left the country to be governed by one 
Annius de regibus Hispani●….  Hispalus the son of Hercules Lybius. This governed the Celtiberians for seventeen years, and builded a strong town and named it after his own name Hispalis. In his time the kings of Egypt became first to be called Pharaoes', a name given to them of dignity: for in the beginning of kingdoms, men were yet simple, contented with one Town, for divers cities with a small territory in steed of a great kingdom, which shortly grew to that pride, that kings would not be contented with a kingdom, neither with 2. or 3. kingdoms: they would feign get the whole world, and some weep with Alexander, because there were no more but one world to win.  
So grew the intolerable insolency of princes in short time upon the earth, that they would be called gods, & commanded by edicts, that they should be so worshipped: as Belus among 
Med called gods.  the Assyrians, Nabuchodonosor among the Chaldeans, Osiris among the Egyptians, Alexander the great among the Persians, and Dioclesian among the Romans. Idolatry, superstition, vainglory and self love entered into men's hearts, and possessed their minds in such sort, in steed of truth, simplicity, justice, contentation and quietness, which yet reigned among men, dum aureum seculumfloruit.  
During the reign of Hispalus in Celtiberia, that government called Dynasteia Politanorum began in Egypt, which continued 348. years. Argus the fourth king of the Argives governed, after Hispalus had governed 11. years. Hispanus succeeded king of Celtiberia, which governed them for 32. years: of this king Hispanus Celtiberia was named Hispaine: for in Egypt 
The kings of Celtiberia were called kings of Hispaine, about that time that the kings of Egypt were called Pharaones.  began the names of Pharaoh's, when the kings of Celtiberia were named kings of Hispaine.  

CHAP. II.  
From the time of Hispanus by whom they were called Hispaniards, until the monarchy was dissolved, and the names of kings ended: after what time Hispayne was divided unto particular Provinces and several dominions after the reign and government of four and twenty kings, even from Cetubal the first unto Mellicola the last.  
HItherto you read how that the first inhabitants were called by divers names, first of Tubal their first king, by whom they were called Cetubals: at the second change, they were called Hiberi, and the country Hiberia, after the name of Hiberus their second king: the third time, they were called Celtiberi, and the country Celtiberia: the fourth time, the country was called Hesperia: and the fift time now of Hispanus, the country is called Hispayne.  
This time in the East kingdoms nothing was done worth the writing: Forkinges were scant yet known, no 
Nothing among the old kings of Assyria and of Hispaine worth the writing.  great wars yet heard of, for at this time reguli non Reges fuere, and therefore I thought it the best course, to set down the names of the first Kings, that then inhabited in Hispayne: for all this while, and of long time after, no war, no victory, no martial exploits were in any part of the world, saving in the East among the Chaldeans and the Assyrians, which grew by this time so mighty, that they held between them the first monarchy, and yet their dominion seemed not to extend far by the sequel. I will therefore be brief, for that I cannot find during the time of these 24. kings, any history worth the writing, nor of long time after these four and twenty kings reigned in Spain one after another.  
1 Tubal their first king by whom they were called Cetubals, which reigned 155. yeeeres, and had settled some seats and builded some towns and died.  
2 Iberus his son and their second king reigned 37. years, he also died.  
3 jubalda the third king and the son of Iberus reigned 66. years, and dwelled hard by a mount of his own name, called 
Manethon would fain have had cause to write of old Hispaine.  jubalda, which unto this day is of the Spaniards named Gibralta.  
4 Brigus succeeded jubalda in the 20. year of Arius the sixth king of the Assyrians, and governed in Celtiberia 51. years.  
5 After him Tagus which is called Orma, governed the Celtiberians, and reigned 30. years, he began to govern his kingdom with Baleus Xerxes, the eight king of the Assyrians, and at what time the Argives reared first there, and Phaeton came to Italy. Phaetontis incendium.  
6 Then succeeded in Celtiberia Betus their sixth king, which began his reign when Armatrites the ninth king began in Assyria and reigned one and thirty years: this time Eusebius setteth down the 17. Dynasteia of the 
The 17. Dynasteia of Egypt which endured 103. years.  Egyptians which endured 103. years. During which time the shepherds had government.  
7 Geryon surnamed Deabus reigned 35. years, he invented the use of many good things & found first the use of mines of gold, silver and other metals.  
8 After whom succeeded his three sons surnamed Lomuini, which builded a town after their own name Lomuinia: 
Lomuini.  they also reigned 42. years after their father.  
9 Hispalus the son of Hercules Libyus, and the 9 king of the Celtiberians, he reigned 11. years, he began his government in the 36. year of Baleus junior the II. king of the Assyrians, he did nothing, but builded a town and named it after his own name Hispalis.  
10 After Hispalus succeeded the tenth king named Hispanus, 
From this Hispanus the country of Hispaine was named.  which reigned 32. years, by whom the whole country was called Hispania. This time jacob with his children went to Egypt, when the great famine was almost over the whole world: so long the name of Hispaine continued.  
11 Hercules after the death of Hispanus, being very aged, reigned 19 years: at what time Mamitus the 13. king of the Assyrians governed at Niniveh.  
12 Hesperus reigned after Hercules 11. years. In Egypt began this time to reign Mispharmutosis: about which time joseph being an hundred years old, died in Egypt. Narbon reigned 
Narbon.  in that part of France which was called Celta, after whom the country was after called Narbon.  
13 Kittim called in some places Atlas, after he had forced 
Annius de reg. Hisp.  his brother Hesperus to forsake the kingdom, and to fly into Italy, reigned in Spain 11. years. With this Kittim began to reign in Assyria Maucaleus the 14. king, and over the Argives Crassus' the fiftking.  
14 Sicorus reigned after Kittim Atlas, who reigned 45. years: for Kittim having his son in his steed to govern Spain, 
Kittim Atlas.  went to Italy, and reigned there, and was called for his great virtue and excellency of mind, of that country Italus. This married his daughter Electra to Cambo Blaston a Prince of 
Manethon de reg. Hispaniae.  the janigenes. During the time of Sicorus Kittims son in Spain, reigned in Egypt Amenophis a cruel king, who made a law that all the male children of the Israelites, which then were in great cruel bondage in Egypt, should be drowned in the river Nilus: at which time Moses being borne then in Egypt, was thrown to Nilus: but he was preserved by the appointment of God. This time reigned in Assyria Spherus the 15. king.  
15 Sicanus the son of Sicorus reigned after his Father 
〈◊〉. Sicanus is 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 of Spain.  12. years king of Hispaine. Phorbas the sixth king of the Argives began in his kingdom to reign, and Sparetus the 17. king of the Assyrians.  
16 After Sicanus succeeded Siceleus, which reigned in 
Siceleus.  Spain 44. years: this king came with the Sicilians to aid jasius against Dardanus, who both were in arms for the kingdom of Italy, and did no other great thing. In the beginning of this Siceleus reign, the kingdom of Athens began under Cecrops their first king, in the fourth year of Sparetus the seventeenth king of the Assyrians, and in the sixth year of Marathus the thirteenth King of Peloponesus. At what time Troyphas reigned the seventh king of the Argives, and Acengeres reigned king of Egypt. Functius sayeth, that Mercurius Trismegistus an Egyptian Philosopher flourished about this time, a great learned Priest, whose books yet are to this day extant, though some do doubt of the same, as in so ancient a thing men may easily doubt. I think there 
Hermes Trismegistus.  was not so much divinity then in Egypt, as Trismegistus seemeth to write in his books.  
17 After that Siceleus had reigned 44. years, his son named Lusus succeeded him, and reigned thirty years: this 
Lusius 17. king of Hispaine.  dwelled in that part of Spain which he called after his own name Lusitania: thither he brought many from Italy and other places to inhabit. This Lusus began to reign in Spain in the thirteenth year of Ascatades the 18. King of the Assyrians, in the very year that Dardanus slew by 
The only use of this history is for consent of time.  deceit his brother jasius, and after fled to Samothracia. In the beginning of the reign of this King, the Israelites were delivered from their bondage and great misery under Pharaoh in Egypt, after they had continued four hundred & thirty years there in servitude. This time reigned in Athens, Cranaus their second king, and over the Argives, Crotopus their eight king.  
18 Siculus the eighteenth king of Spain succeeded Siceleus, and reigned 64. years. That time that he began to 
〈◊〉 kings of ●…ria, and the ●…nges of Hispaine governed about one time.  govern Spain, than Dardanus began to erect a kingdom in Dardania, which afterward was called Troy, which was in the last year of Ascatades the 18. king of Assyria, 830. years after the flood of Noah. This Dardanus after he was fled to Samothracia, for the kill of his brother jasius for the government of Italy, he sought no right in Italy, but resigned the same to Turrhenius, who sailed into that part of Italy, called janigena, and possessed it, and reigned 51. years, and Dardanus began his kingdom, and was the first king of Dardania, after called Troy. This time Faunus Priscus reigned over 
Faunus Priscus.  the Latins then called Aborigenes: for Latinus was the fift king after Faunus, after whom they were called Latins, after Latinus name their first king.  
19 Testa succeeded Siculus in Spain, and reigned seventy years. During which time Manethon which only writeth of the first 24. kings, doth set down nothing worth the writing: for these kings were not heard of any way out of Spain: they lived so simply, & unpeopled, without any war or other exploits done: the best is the noting of time, thereigne of other kings, & the histories of the East countries are by this history briefly passed over. During the 70. years of these kings, Bellopares the 21. king and Lamprides the 22. king of the Assyrians reigned at Ninive. Menophis governed Egypt, Minos in Crete, Abas over the Argives, Erictheus the sixth king of the Athenians. In the latter years of this king, Samgar which succeeded Ehud, judged Israel: after Samgar, Deborah, and Barac.  
20 Romus the twentieth king that governed in Spain: he reigned three and thirty years, at what time reigned in Assyria 
Romus 20. king.  Lampares the 24. king, and over the Argives Agrisius their fourteenth and last king. In Dardania reigned Tros their third king, who enlarged the city of Dardania very 
Manethon doth write more of these histor●…es.  much, and altered the name of Dardania after his own name, and called it Troia. I take little heed to Manethon, for he doth much differ from others in many things, and I make as much haste as I can to come to an end. Now after that Romus died, Palatinus succeeded and reigned eighteen years: in whose time the kingdom of the Argives 
Palatinus.  was translated into Mycena, where for a long time it continued.  
21 This time reigned in Troy, Ilus, after whose name Troy was called Ilium: and in Assyria governed Paninas 
Cacus found first the use of irons.  their 25. king: Gedeon judged Israel. This Palatinus being a young man, was driven out of his kingdom by Cacus into Italy, from whence after a while he returned and got his kingdom, and forced Cacus to fly into Italy, being now again in his kingdom placed, he found the use of irons, and taught first the Spaniards to make divers kinds of weapons. I find in Manethon that Palatinus reigned eighteen years in the first time before he was forced by Cacus to fly into Italy: and after he wan his kingdom again, after that Cacus had reigned six and thirty years in Spain: he governed Spain six years. This Cacus was supposed of the ancient Spaniards, to be the son of Vulcan, for that he taught to make weapons for to fight in the field, and found the use of iron. This Cacus was borne in Celtiberia a part of Spain, two and forty years before Hercules was borne, as Manethon affirmeth: he governed Spain 222. years after the going of Israel 
Manethon. de reg. Hispan.  out of Egypt. At what time reigned in Egypt Romascs the second Larthes.  
22 Now reigned Dedalus, of whom the Poets feigned that he with his son Icarus fled with wings for Greece into Crete, for the passing celerity of his sail. This time Abimelech governed Israel, who slew his seventy brethren, and was slain himself after in the third year of his reign by a woman at Thebes. Aegeus King Pandeons' son and father to Theseus, reigned in Athens this time.  
23 Erithrus the 23. king of Spain, succeeded Palatuus 
Erythrus 23. king of Hispaine.  and Cacies: he reigned king in Spain 66. years. During which time jair judged Israel, and after jair, jeptha. Mytreus the 27. king of the Assyrians reigned in Ninive. In the eleventh year of this Erithrus reign, came evander out of Arcadia into Italy, to whom Faunus the governor and ruler of this scattered people that dwelled about Rome called Aborigines, which yet had certain dwellings, gave a field, 
Aborigenes.  and a little hill afterward called Mons aventinus, where Hercules slew Cacus, at what time Hercules came from Spain into Italy, before Aeneas coming 55. years. Theseus' governed Athens, after he had subdued the monster Minotaurus, and conquered Crete. This Erithrus reigned in Spain, until the very year that Troy was by the Greeks' destroyed.  
24 After him succeeded Gargorus Mellicola, the 24. 
Gargorus Mellicola the last king of Hispaine. Halicar. lib. 1.  and last king of Spain, who reigned 75. years until the first year of Aeneas Silvius the fourth king of the Latins, at what time the Lacedæmonians and the Corinthians began to set up their kingdoms: for as the Trojans, the Peloponesians, and the Spaniards ended their kingdoms: so they at that instant began to flourish in their new kingdoms: for the Peloponesians, after they had had six and twenty kings, they were governed by Priests called Carin. The Trojans also were overthrown after six kings reign, and their 
The kings of Hispaine end their monarchy about the time that the Greciaus destroyed Troy.  Country destroyed with sword and fire, so that the remnant were scattered to seek new kingdoms and other countries, some to Greece, some to Italy, and some to other places: and the Spaniards even so after 24. Kings, their kingdom was turned into provinces, and other particular governments.  
Thus Spain, after it reigned under kings for the space of 988. years, is now become into provinces, governed by 
Hispaine divided into provinces after the reign of 24. Kings.  several magistrates: during which time of 988. years which their kings reigned, yet were they not herd of in any part of the East countries: their fame grew no further then to the Confines of Italy, and to the furthest precinct of Spain. Ephorus an ancient writer affirmeth, that all Spain was taken to be but a city named Iberia of all the East countries: and I can easily believe it: for the Romans during the time of their seven kings, were no where spoken of but within Italy, not so much as the Grecians their next neighbours made any mention of them: neither Thucydides, nor Herodot, late writers, never thought of them in all their histories: specially Herodot, who wrote generally of all Asia. In like manner the Grecians were not known unto the Persians before Xerxes' time: 
joseph. lib. 2. cont. Apio.  for so Strabo affirmeth, saying, nec Graeci Persas nec Persae Graecoes noverunt nisi perparum quantum fama percepissent. What fragments Manethon and others found of the antiquity of Spain, 
Strab. lib. 3.  and of their first government of their kings, I have briefly noted but the time only, omitting other things of those days as mere fables and trifles, not worth the writing.   

CHAP. III.  
From the dissolution and change of the kingdom of Hispaine into Provinces and Dominions, until they were subdued by the carthaginians and Africans under whom they were subjects, until Scipio Africanus time, at what time both Africa, Carthage and Hispaine were made tributaries unto the Romans.  
Now after the kings of Spain had finished their kingdoms, and the country was changed into particular provinces and several dominions, which so continued until Spain was subdued by the carthaginians, under whom they lived until Africa and Carthage were conquered by the Romans. While Spain was quietly governed by their kings, their wisemen called Turdetani, wrote their chronicles, 
Strab. lib. 3.  their laws, and the antiquities of their Country in ancient Poems of 600. years old, as they writ: These Turdetani 
Turdetani were wise men of Hispaine.  were so honoured of the old Spaniards, as Magi were of the Chaldeans, Gymnosophistae Of the Indians, the druids of the old Gauls after called French men, and as the Priests of Isis and Serapis were esteemed in Egypt: for at that time they were led by oracles as the other countries were.  
The Spaniards used to consult with the oracles of Mnestheus, 
The oracles of Mnestheus.  not far from the high tower of Capio, which was for that purpose builded, as the tower of Pharaoh was in Egypt to give light to the Mariners upon the Sea in winter's dark nights. Many good things were in Spain in the time of their first kings, which were not found afterwards until the Romans 
The commodity of Hispaine not well known before the Romans time.  came: for when the Romans became lords of Africa and of Spain, which was the first conquest that ever the Romans had out of Italy, and the only hardest and most dangerous victory, almost to the ruin and confusion of the Romans, as at the battle of Trebeia, of Cans, of Thrasimene, and of other bloody battles seen and proved: when (I say) they subdued Spain, they found the country so fertile and so rich, that both land and water yielded plenty of all things: for the Romans found mines within twenty furlongs of new Carthage, and the mines were of circuit round, about four 
Mines found by the Romans in Hispaine.  hundred furlongs, where the Romans kept four centurions to work and to dig for silver: they wrought so, that it was worth to the Romans day by day, five and twenty thousand Drachmas.  
The Romans were so fleshed with the conquest of Africa and Spain, that they left no hill undigged, no river unsounded & no place unsought, insomuch that Pluto had much to do to escape the avarice of the Romans. So Hannibal seemed to judge 
The avarice of the Romans.  of them when he answered Antiochus the great, when he showed Hannibal the abundance of his wealth, and his infinite treasures: this sayeth Hannibal, will please the Romans, but not suffice the Romans. But I will return to my History, 
Hispaine was governed by several Magistrates in divers provinces for nine hundred years after their kings.  having nothing to write of them since the time of their kings, until the first Roman wars in Africa and in Spain, which was after their kings nine hundredth and odd years. During which time, they lived under several government: the most part of which time they lived subject under the Africans and carthaginians, by whom Spain was so fortified, that the Carthaginians used Spain for their strongest hold, and their only stay and secure against the force of the Romans: in so much that the Romans had always in Spain during this African war, some of the best and 
The first subjection under the carthaginians.  most notable Roman Captains, as their proconsul's and lieutenant's to keep Spain in awe. For from Spain, Hamilcar, Asdrubal, and after them Hannibal had their chiefest strength at any sudden pinch: for Publius Cornelius Scipio, 
The two Scipio●….  and Cn. Cornelius Scipio two brethren were both appointed lieutenants general for the Romans: Pub. Scipio for the Sea, and Cn. Scipio for the land: by whose great service and noble victories, all Spain was well-nigh revolted from the carthaginians.  
When the Romans had gotten Spain, they were not long after in getting Carthage and all Afrique: yet in the very year that Fabius Maximus and Claudius Marcellus were Consuls at Rome, Mago and Asdrubal, two noble African 
Asdrub. Mago.  Captains, gave such divers great overthrows to the Romans, as the furthest part of Spain, which the Romans▪ called Vlterior Hispania, forsook the Romans, and were ready to yield to the carthaginians, had not Pub. Scipio at that 
The great victories of Pub. Scipio over the Hispaniardes and carthaginians.  instant aided the Roman army with his own company, at what time two and twenty thousand Spaniards and carthaginians were slain in two several battles, ten thousand taken prisoners, and 36. ensigns. Notwithstanding the carthaginians passed from one town of the Romans to another, from Illiturgum to Bigerra, from Bigerra to Numidia, 
Bigerra the valour of the two Scipios.  from Numidia passed to Auringes, sparing no town of the Romans, though it were to their loss: for through the valour and courage of both the Scipios, being aided by king Masinissa an old sure friend of the Romans, the Africans and the carthaginians were vanquished and slain. But yet had Asdrubal the son of Giscon an other conducting of a great army, and the other Asdrubal son to Amilcar and brother to Hannibal (which Hannibal all this time held war with the Romans within Italy, & had given divers great overthrows to the Romans) these two Hasdrubals were with two great armies, and Mago the noble captain of Carthage had the guiding of the third army.  
The Roman Scipios being advertised of these three great 
Three great captains of Africa.  armies conducted by the three most famous captains of Africa, devised in like sort to give battle to these African captains, at what time Pub. Cornelius took upon him to give battle to Mago and to Asdrubal Giscon, and Cn. Scipio with the third part of the army to set upon the other Asdrubal Barchinus an old captain in Spain: but in this war, after that the Scipios had fought like noble Romans to the last, Pub. Cornelius Scipio was slain, in the seventh year after he was sent by the Senators to Spain, and 29. days before his brother 
Read Livi. lib. 5. dec. 3.  Cn. Cornelius Scipio was slain. Eutropius affirmeth, that they were rather beguiled by train, then vanquished by manhood: for Asdrubal had many overthrows by the Scipios: in one battle, he lost 25. thousand men: Again, Asdrubal the second brother of Hannibal, and Mago the third brother of Hannibal, were both overcome in Spain by the Scipios: of the manner and order of the wars of the Scipios in Spain you shall read more in the African wars.  
Great mourning was made in Rome and in Spain, when these two Scipios were slain: for now the Romans from time 
The two Scipios slain, were much mourned for in Hispaine.  to time had no less care of Spain, than they had of Italy: and now especially when these good Roman captains were slain, they could not upon the sudden find out fit men for Spain, some naming one man, and some naming another, until by a general consent of the Senators, of the Consuls, and of the people, Pub. Cornelius Scipio the younger, and son to that Pub. Scipio that died in Spain, being four and twenty years of age, was appointed to be sent into Spain to his father's room, a man of singular rare virtues, 
The praise of Scipio.  and one judged of all the Romans that were either in his days or in any time since, most worthy of praise and fame. For while he lived at Rome in his youth, he would take nothing in hand before he had gone into the Capitol, and there considered with great judgement what he had to do.  
This young Scipio being sent to Spain, in the five hundredth 
Scipio sent to Hispaine.  forty and four year after the building of Rome, at what time M. Claudius Marcellus was made Consul the fourth time, and M. Valerius Levinus the second time, lost no time, but assaulted new Carthage, where the Africans 
New Carthage assaulted and subdued by Scipio.  had all their gold and silver, and subdued it in one day From thence he passed forward into Betula a city in Spain, besieged it, took it, and gave battle to Asdrubal, and overcame him, took Mago Hanibals brother prisoner, and sent him to Rome with the residue. All Spain revolted from Hannibal with one assent, and took part with Scipio: for 
Asdrubal overcome.  he had slain Carthalon chief Captain to Hannibal, and put Asdrubal Hanibals brother to flight. The fame of Scipio increased, and his good success in his affairs in Spain was 
Mago Hanibals brother taken by Scipio.  such, that he recovered seventy Cities, and many Cities which erst had yielded to Hannibal from the Romans, did now submit themselves to the Romans.  
Now all things prospered with the Romans against Hannibal and his friends in Spain: for one of his brethren named Mago, was prisoner at Rome, and now Asdrubal, as he would have secretly fled from Spain to Hannibal his brother into Italy, and to fly from Scipio, he was prevented of set purpose upon the way by Appius Claudius Nero, and M. Linus Salinator, and slain with all his army. 
Asdrubal slain.  Scipio full of prowess and courage after this overthrow of Asdrubal, fought in Africa a battle with Hanno a captain 
The victories of Scipio over Asdrubal.  of the carthaginians, slew him, overthrew his whole host, took his tents, slew eleven thousand, and took four thousand prisoners: he was sent for to Rome, and 
Hanno slain.  created Consul the second time, and after returned to Numidia, and made war with Syphax king of Numidia, for that he joined to aid the Africans against the Romans. 
King Syphax taken by Scipio  In this battle Syphax was taken, and his kingdom given to Masinissa, who in all danger followed Scipio.  
This very time M. Portius Cato overthrew a band of Spaniards, and after subdued certain Cities in Spain, and triumphed over them with great pomp at Rome. Now 
Livi. 4.  jugurth being a very gallant youth, was sent of Micipsa his uncle a captain of a company of horsemen into Spain, to associate Scipio and to aid with him in his war at that time 
Scipio's commendation of jugurth.  against Numantia a great City in Spain: this jugurth behaved himself so well in all this war, that Scipio, after Numantia was destroyed, wrote to king Micipsa in commendation of jugurth, to will him to esteem of such a one as in all chivalry and manhood resembled his grandfather Masinissa. jugurth by this means was adopted by Micipsa 
Micipsa adopted jugurth for his son.  to be his son, to join with his other two sons Adherbal and Hiempsal, whom he exhorted to be true to the Romans, and to hold with his brethren. But of this I wrote in the African History.  
When Scipio had conquered all Africa, and brought all Hispaine subject to the Romans, he returned into Rome with his great triumphs, and left all things in quiet, until Viriatus time, a mean Spaniard, but a shepherd in the beginning, 
Viriatus called the Hercules of Hispaine.  and after became a captain among robbers and thieves. This Spaniard grew in time to be called Protector of Spain against the Romans. This Viriatus stirred many battles, and raised the Spaniards for the space of fourteen years against the Romans.  
They hearing of this at Rome, Quintus SeruiliusC epio was sent forth with a Roman army against this Viriatus. The battle was waged in Lusitania, now called Portugal, where Viriatus was slain by his own soldiers: yet all Spain was in an uproar by this Viriatus, and many cities of Spain revolted from the Romans, and were at that time in arms: for Viriatus had given a great overthrow to Caius Vetilius and all the Roman army, and Q. Pompeius then Consul was discomfited by the citizens of Numantia the 
Vitilius and Q. Pompeius' two Consuls overthrown by Viriatus.  worthiest City of Spain.  
And after him, Caius Hostilius Mancinus had the like reproach, and was forced to make infamous league with the Spaniards, so that the stout Romans were twice discomfited by the Numantines: and Spain again began to spite the Romans. This Viriatus kept play with the Romans, and gave them many hard battles, and vanquished many great 
The names of Scipio known in Hispaine.  Romans, until another Scipio came, and brought Spain as low as his predecessors did, and thereby was called Scipio Affricanus the younger: for of long time, after the two Scipio's the brethren, and after Scipio Affricanus the elder, that Pub. Scipio's son that died in Spain, by whom all Spain was subdued, quietness was in Spain, and they paid tribute unto the Romans, until the third African wars, which began two and fifty years after the second war, and in the six hundredth year after the building of Rome. Then 
Famea and Asdrubal.  Famea and Asdrubal (for this name was among them as Scipio was among the Romans) were appointed lieutenants for Spain, who held out for a time, until by Scipio the younger they were vanquished: for still Spain was aided 
Sertorius  by the carthaginians and Africans, and both Carthage and Africa were strengthened by the Spaniards. 
Carthage aided by the Hispaniardes.   
After Famea and Asdrubal were overcome, Sertorius a noble Roman, who took part with Marius against Silla in the civil wars at Rome, doubting the fortune and force of Silla, fled to Spain, stirred the Spaniards to battle against the Romans. This war was great and bloody for 
Sertorius a noble valiant Roman.  the time that it continued, for Romans fought against Romans: for Metellus, who was sent from Rome to Spain against Sertorius, for all that Metellus was an approved soldier, 
Metellus.  yet he was overmatched by Sertorius. The Senate sent Cn. Pompeius to aid Metellus: yet Sertorius assailed 
Cn. Pompeius sent to Hispaine against Sertorius.  them, and kept sharp and eager war with equal fortune. This war en dured eight years, until Sertorius was slain by his own soldiers. At that time Spain again submitted themselves to the Romans: the war now ceased in Spain, and both Metellus and Pompeius had their several triumphs over ●…aine in one day, in the which day two other great triumphs were at Rome: the one by Curio over 
Pompey and Metellus triumphed over Hispaine upon one day at Rome.  the Macedonians, the other by Servilius over the Isaurians: so that in one day four triumphs entered into the City of Rome together, so great and so famous was the glory of Rome.  
Then we read of nothing done in Spain until Sextus Pompeius, who after his father's death Pompeius the great at Egypt, fled into Spain, to whom fled M. Cato and divers other noble Romans: they took certain Cities in Spain, stirred the Spaniards to withstand the Romans, opening the violence and civil wars of Rome, the cruelty and slaughter 
M. Cato.  of their friends, and the utter destruction of their country. This war was appeased by julius Caesar, after many sharp and doubtful battles between Sextus Pomepius and Caesar: at what time julius made his triumph with great glory and pomp over Spain, which was the last conquest of Spain: for by this time Caesar had triumphed over 
Spain last conquered by jul. Caesar.  the Frenchmen, over the Egyptians, over Pontus, over the Africans, and over Spain last of all, and brought Spain subject to the Romans.   

CHAP. FOUR  
From the time that the Romans conquered Hispaine, unto the time of the Vandals the third conquest of Hispaine, and from the Vandoles unto the Goths victory over Hispaine the fourth conquest, and from the Goths unto the time of the Saracens the fift conquest of Hispaine.  
AFter which time, Spain was so obedient to the Romans and so serviceable, that when Caesar died, and good Augustus had taken the Empire in hand, the Spaniards 
Augustus Caesar so honoured, that the Spaniar●…s counted their years from Aug●…stus time.  so honoured Augustus, that they began to make their accounts, and to number their years from the reign of Augustus: for as the Romans used to number their years from the first building of Rome, the Grecians from their Olympiads, the Saracens and the Arabians from Mahomet, and the Christians from the birth of our Saviour Christ: so the Spaniards numbered their years from Augustus, whom they so esteemed and loved, that they builded certain towns and cities, and named them after Augustus' name, & so continued until the time of the Vandals and Goths, and after them the Saracens.  
So long was Spain under Augustus, and under the Empire of Rome: for as in Augustus' time the Spaniards endeavoured every way to please the Romans, in accounting the years from Augustus by these four letters A. Er. A. which signified 
A Er. A.  Annus erat Augusti, as the Arabians made their account by the word Hegyra, which Mahomet commanded of late days 
Hegyra.  to be kept: And of late days among the Romans they numbered their years per Indictiones, which Constantine the great 
Indictiones.  had made by Law to be observed: for the old accounts and numbering of years of the Egyptians from the flood, of the Chaldeans from Adam, the old Greeks' from Ninus, and long after 
What time the Gentiles began to account their years.  from the Olympiads: so the ancient Romans from the building of Rome, and so divers others from the destruction of Troy, and the Christians from the time that our Saviour Christ was conceived in the womb of the Virgin.  
But now all Spain was brought a Province by the Romans, under whom Spain was governed by the space of 420. years, 
Hispaine under the Romans 420. years.  until the Empire was taken from Rome to Constantinople, at what time the kingdom of the Goths, Vandals, Huns and Lumbards' began to flourish in the West countries: for during 
The time that R●…me flourished.  the glory of the Romans, (which was from the very building of Rome, until the overthrow of their Empire, about 1200. years) there was no stirring in these countries that I named last: for the name of Germany (where now the Empire 
Germany of no name before Augustus' time.  lieth) was not heard of in Rome before Augustus' time to any purpose: for during the time of their Consuls, which was the second and the third age of Rome, called Adolescentia & juventus Romana, they had conquered & subdued all kingdoms and countries, and had made them Provinces under the Romans.  
Now Spain being brought under by the Vandoles, under whom Spain was governed 95. years, and after by the Goths who possessed that part of Hispaine which Gunthericus king of the Vandals had first subdued, being removed thence further 
Blondus & Ritius.  to Africa, the Goths inhabited that country of Spain, which the Vandals left, and were lords of Hispaine for two hundredth and odd years, until the coming of the Saracens, who again vanquished the Goths, and kept Hispaine under them after they had overthrown the Goths 800. years.  
And within short space, Ricardus king of Vestgothes called a Synod of 62. bishops into Tolleto the chief city of Spain, where he caused the heresy of Arrius to be condemned.  
Then in Hispaine (after the Romans) was Luyba chosen, who 
Gundericus began in Hispaine, when Faramundus began in France.  reigned three years king of Spain: after whom within 3. years his brother Leogildus succeeded, and subdued certain cities of Spain that rebelled after Luyba his death.  
After him, this Ricardus, who began to set his seat more firmly in Spain, and to call a Synod of bishops, and to plant 
read. ●…idus lib. 10. cap. 26.  religion: he brought all Spain into a Monarchy under him, but that Monarchy continued not long: for the Saracens invaded Spain, and brought them under their government, and had driven those Christians that lived under the Goths into Astura, where they made a king to themselves named Pelagius, not using the title of the Goths, but the title of 
Pelagius.  Astura. The multitude of the Saracens was such, that they invaded all parts of Spain, and possessed the best places in Spain, and dwelled there successively during the time of fifteen kings of the Saracens which governed Hispaine: but the fifteen kings continued but 20. years, but this happened by the means of wars: but after they continued lords of Hispaine for 800. years, as you heard before.  
This is the fift subjection that Spain was brought into.  

1 The first time they were subdued by the carthaginians.  
2 The second time by the Romans.  
3 The third time by the Vandoles.  
4 The fourth time by the Goths.  
5 And now the fift time by the Saracens.   
These Saracens placed themselves in the best places of Spain, in the time that Rodericus the last king of the Vestgothes reigned: 
Rodericus.  at what time reigned in France Theodoricus surnamed Cala, and Leo the third of that name, surnamed Isaurus, was Emperor of Greece, and had his Court at Constantinople.  
The Saracens were governed at their first arrival in Spain, under one named Muza. 
Muza.   
The Christian princes being sore affrighted with many sudden invasions of such a multitude of infidels in divers places of Christendom, and specially in Spain which they wholly possessed, they levied their armies and gathered their forces, and gave them divers overthrows. This time came out of Spain into France 400000. Saracens with their wives 
Four hundredth thousand Saracens invaded France.  and children, being enticed thither by the duke of Vastonia: but the slaughter of them was such, that their king also Abdimarus was slain among them by Carolus Martellus anoble valiant prince of France, and the remnant that were unkilled of the Saracens, fled, and were by Humildus and Vaifarus led into Aquitania, spoiled with sword and fire all that Country of France, but still were overthrown by Martellus.  
Again the third time the Saracens invaded France, and 
Saracens invaded France the third time.  took by treason Auenio: but Martellus pursued them, and assaulted the town and subdued it, at what time many of the Saracens were slain, and their king Athinus escaped by flight to Narbon: yet Amoreus another king of the Saracens, was slain at that time by Carolus at Illiberis, who persecuted them from place to place, so that he overthrew and slew them like sheep, and burned their towns. How be it, the Saracens still so increased, that the most part of Europe was in great danger of them.  
After that Carolus Martellus had played his part with the 
Car. Martellus had divers victories over the Saracens.  Saracens, Carolus surnamed the Great, began to war upon them, took Augusta, Pampile, and many other towns and strong holds from the possessions of the Saracens: for at this time reigned king over the Saracens in Spain Aygolandus, 
Aygolandus king of the Saracens.  with whom Charles the great had many sharp battles: for the Saracens had wasted and spoiled Sardinia, and Corsica, against whom Lewes (surnamed the Godly, son to Charles the great) levied an army, and passed to Spain, besieged Dercosa, but in vain: the fury and strength of the Saracens was then such, that Charles the great (being both Emperor and king,) was constrained to conclude peace for a time with the Saracens: at which time Abumalach reigned king in 
Abumalach.  Spain over the Saracens. With this king the league was made: during which league, Charles died.  
All this time that Carolus Martellus, and Charles the great were in wars with the Saracens, after that Pelagius had reigned 
1  twenty years king of Astura or of Legio, (for so he willed 
Pelagius the first king of Astura.  himself and his posterity to be called, quite renouncing the title of the Goths, who had reigned kings in Spain before the coming of the Saracens) after him succeeded Phasilla his son the second king of Astura: this was torn in 
2  pieces of a bear, as he was a hunting of wild beasts, after he had reigned two years.  
Alphonsus' surnamed Catholic succeeded in Astura the third 
3  king, and reigned 19 years. After Alphonsus, succeeded 
4  his son Phroilla the 4. king of Astura, and reigned twelve 
alphonsus son named Catholic. Phroilla the 4. king.  years: at what time he was slain by his brother Aurelius, who reigned six years after his brother by usurpation, and he made his heir and resigned the kingdom to Veramundus which was his brother's son, whom he slew, for that Veramundus should not bewray the murder of his father: But Veramundus missed the kingdom for his conspiracy and wicked silence. Sillo reigned king, who had married Aurelius sister 
5  named Egmund, until Maruegatus a bastard son of Alphonsus 
6  the Catholic, by the aid of the Mauritanes got the kingdom, 
Certain number of young virgins paid for tribute.  to whom he paid for tribute certain number of Virgins yearly, during the life of Maruegatus: but he died within three years, and that custom was disannulled.  
Then Veramundus the son of Bilmarus, which was son 
7  to Alphonsus the Catholic succeeded, and reigned two years, and then resigned the kingdom to Alphonsus the son of Phroilla, and became a religious man. This Alphonsus was 
8  surnamed the Chaste, and reigned 36. years: he overthrew and subdued the Saracens that possessed Lusitania, and took their 
Lusitania is now Portugal.  chief city then called Olisiponis, now called Lysborne. Read Aemil. lib. 2. This Alphonsus kept the Saracens in some awe, and gave divers overthrows unto them during his time.  
After whom succeeded Raimiris the first of that name, and 
9  9 king of Astura and Legio: he reigned six years. In his time 
Raimiris.  Abderana king of the Saracens sailed with a number of ships from Africa, and invaded many places in Italy, and used great cruelty: of whose tyranny and spoils every where you may read in the History of the Saracens.  
I name none here, but such as troubled Spain, whose history I have in hand, during the time that they reigned in Spain. This time Theophilus held the Empire at Constantinople, and Lewes (surnamed the Godly) the son of Charles the great, was king of France and Emperor of Rome, as his father was.  
Now succeeded in Spain Ordonius the first of that name, who reigned king after Amiris 10. years. During which time, the normans and the Danes rushed into France, and annoyed the country much, burnt Antwerp, and afflicted the Friseans most miserably. All this while, the cruel Saracens were no where quiet, especially in Italy, where they spoilt and killed 
The spoil and waste of the Sara●… in Italy.  all that they came unto with sword and fire, even unto the very gates of Rome, burning all the suburbs of the city.  
About this time Anno 838. the Danes invaded England, but they were to their great loss overthrown and vanquished by Egbertus: at which time died Lewes king of France, surnamed the Godly. After this Ordonius succeeded Alphonsus the 
Alphonsus' tyranny.  third of that name, surnamed the Great: he reigned as a wicked cruel king, who to avoid suspicion of his tyranny, feigned a conspiracy to be done of his own brethren against him, and therefore caused that all his three brethren's eyes should be plukt out, thinking thereby with less danger to govern his kingdom.  
Then succeeded Garsia, who reigned 3. years: after whom Ordonius the second of that name, followed king of Astura and Legio. This king also used cruelty, and caused 4. of the chief 
Castille revolted from Ordonius.  noblemen in the Province of Castille to be imprisoned, and in prison to be slain, for which cruel fact the Province of Castille revolted from Ordonius, and they elected four judges to govern the Province of Castille: since which time (which was 900. years after Christ) kings began a kingdom in Castille: for now was Spain governed as England was, by 7. kings, the government whereof was called Heptarchia: and therefore I will pass over the time, and infinite quarrels and toils which continued for a long rhyme in Spain: First, between the Vandals and the Spaniards, after between the Goths and the Spaniards, and then last between the Saracens and the Goths.   

CHAP. V.  
From the time that the Saracens possessed Hispaine until the time of Ferdinandus the great, and Alphonsus king of Arragon, which were the only first two kings that possessed all Hispaine, from the first Monarchy of their kings, which was 2400. and odd years: so base a Country was Hispaine, and conquered so many times, until Ferdinandus time.  
AT what time, in divers Provinces of Hispaine dwelled several kings, which then governed and possessed Hispaine, whose names are these that follow.  
The first king after the invasion of the 
1  Saracens, (which was driven out of the kingdom,) was Pelagius, who reigned twenty years in Astura.  
Phafilla Pelagius son reigned two years, and was slain by 
2  a bear in hunting.  
Alphonsus' surnamed Catholic, the first of that name, reigned 
3  19 years.  
His son Phroilla succeeded his father in Astura and Legio, 
4  and reigned twelve years, and after was by his brother Aurelius slain.  
Veramundus Phroillas' son succeeded, but was forced to fly 
5  by Sillo which governed the kingdom after Phroilla 6. years.  
Mauregatus a base son of Alphonsus the Catholic, took the 
6  kingdom of Austria by the means of the Mauritanes, and reigned three years.  
Veramundus the son of Bilmarus, which was son to Alphonsus 
7  reigned two years.  
Alphonsus the second surnamed the Chaste, reigned thirty 
8  and six years. This king reigning, the Saracens spoiled and wasted all Sardinia and Corsica.  
After him succeeded Raimirus the first of that name; and 
9  reigned six years, in whose time Abderana king of the Saracens, with an huge army used great cruelty and tyranny in many places.  
After him Ordonius the first which reigned also ten 
10  years: after whom Alphonsus the third surnamed the great, 
11  which reigned 46. years.  
Then succeeded Carsia the first of that name, and reigned 
12  three years: After whom succeeded Ordonius the second, who 
13  used tyranny in Castille, the only cause of their revolting, and of the change of their government, in choosing first to them four judges, and after erected kings. At what time the kingdom of Castille began. Read Ritius more of this history.  
Then succeeded Ordonius Phroilla the second, which reigned 
14  two years: and after him Alphonsus the fourth, which governed 
15  in Astura and Legio, five years.  
Raimirus the second of that name reigned nineteen years: 
16  this caused his brother Alphonsus' eyes to be plucked out, and after to be in close prison, for that Alphonsus denied to become a Christian. In this Raimirus time the Hungarians overcame Lodowicke's king of Germany, and both Luitboldus duke of Bavaria, and Burgardus duke of Thuringia, were slain at that time of the Hungarians.  
Ordonius the third of that name, reigned five years, and 
17  Sanctius the first of that name, reigned 11. years king of 
18  Astura.  
Raimirus the third being a child, obtained the kingdom, 
19  and reigned 25. years, by whom Abdera then king of the Saracens in Spain was vanquished: but Luiterus saith that 
Luiterus lib. 5. cap. 1.  one Ramirus king of Galatia; vanquished the Saracens and their king, whom he named Abdamara. This time Enechus County of Bigora gave a great overthrow to the Saracens, and made the Saracens to forsake their cities, and to fly from many parts of Spain. This Enechus founded then the kingdom of Navarra, as Ritig. affirmeth.  
Then succeeded in Spain Veramundus the third, who reigned 17. year. This king after he had once or twice vanquished 
20  the Saracens, yet they so prevailed, that he was vanquished and overthrown, his city of Legio assaulted and taken, Lusitania possessed again, and the most places of Spain, won again which the Saracens lost before. This time the kingdom of Polonia began.  
Alphonsus the 5. reigned 37. years: during which time, the 
21  Saracens entered into Italy, took Capua, assaulted Barun, destroyed many places, and spoiled cities. In this Alphonsus time, the kingdom of Hungary began: in whose time reigned in France Hugo Capetus the first king of the Gauls.  
Veramundus the 3. of that namereigned after Alphonsus 6. years, 
22. 23.  and Ferdinandus governed at Astura and Castille 40. years.  
Sanctius the 2. king of Castille, and Alphonsus the 6. king of Astura: 
24  the one reigned 13. years, the other seven years: but Sanctius being not contented with the kingdom of Castille, drove Alphonsus out of his kingdom and possessed both Legio and Astura, who fled to Toletum to the king of the Saracens, who was within 5. years after restored to his kingdom, and Sanctius slain of his own servants. This Alphonsus (as both 
25  Blondus and Aemylius affirm) plagued the Saracens, took Toletum their chief City, and restored to the people the Christian faith. The kingdom of Bohemia began in the 9 year of Alphonsus government: at what time Henry the fourth reigned Emperor of Germany, and Lodovicus Crassus governed France.  
Alphonsus the 7. succeeded and reigned king four years: 
26.  Sanctius the 3. one year: and Ferdinandus the 2. governed 17. 
27. 28.  years.  
Alphonsus the 8. surnamed the good, reigned 50. years: in 
29  whose time Rogerius king of Sicilia warred upon the emperor of Greece, and took certain cities, & at that time gave some overthrow to the Saracens: but he was spoiled by the Venetians in his return at that time.  
After all this, succeeded Alphonsus the 9 which reigned 28. 
30  years. Some writers omit this, & Polidorus calleth this Alphonsus 
Tolyd. lib. 5.  the 8. This time Illomaniolinus king of the Saracens spoiled Spain with fire and sword until the coast of France, and possessed divers Cities: but all the kings of Spain joined their force together, and agreed with one consent to give battle, in the which the Saracens were overthrown, and infinite numbers slain: but Illomamolinus took Granata at that time. 
Illomamolinus.   
Ferdinandus the 3. who succeeded Alphonsus. I omit Henry the 
31  first, that reigned 3. years being a young boy, who playing among children, broke his neck by chance at Palentia. Then Ferdinandus finding that the Saracens were sore weakened, and had lost many strong cities, he levied an army, gave 
Hispaine set much at liberty by Ferdinandus.  sundry battles, and forced those Saracens to fly out of the Isle Maiorica, and got their chief City and hold which was called Valentia, and after obtained many Towns and Cities of the Saracens: for at this very time, by Ferdinandus Spain was almost every where set at liberty from the Saracens. After that Ferdinandus had reigned 28. years he died, 1250.  
After whom succeeded Alphonsus the 10. of that name, king 
32  Legio and Castille, and reigned 23. years. All this time Spain was possessed by the Saracens, who were called kings of Spain: other kings that reigned in some places of Spain, as in Castille, Asturia, Legio, were as kings of little provinces, and (in respect 
The force of the Saracens tried.  of the Saracens) were of small force. Notwithstanding, the Saracens were so beset on every side by sundry Christian princes, and so often discomfited and vanquished in many battles, that now they are constrained to call their force together: for jacobus king of Arragon, through the aid of other princes, had obtained and got the Isles called Baleares.  
This time reigned in Castille Sanctius the 4. who after he had 
33  reigned king of Castille and Legio 11. years, he died. After him succeeded Ferdinandus the 4. which reigned 15. years, who 
34  plagued the Saracens & destroyed them in many places, burning & spoiling their holds and forts. After him followed Alphonsus 
35  the 11. of that name, who subdued & conquered them at his will: he so plagued them, that he took their only cities, Alcala, & Bencay, which is called the king's palace, & slew many of the Saracens in the region of Granata, where 200000. Saracens 
Alphonsus' victory over the Saracens.  camped, either to recover their great losses which of late they had sustained, or else to lose their lives together. Alphonsus gave them such a meeting, that he slew of the horsemen thirty thousand, and fifty thousand footmen: the rest of the Saracens scattered & fled from the slaughter to save themselves: but the rest continued not long after. Spain now began to recover 
Saracens overthrown in Hispaine,  her former liberty, & to flourish, which had been so long kept under infidels, during the time of 38. several kings. After Alphonsus had reigned 40. years with happy conquests, he died, & Petrus the first succeeded & reigned king of Castille 19 years: whose cruelty was such, that his own brother Henry was constrained to flee to the king of Arragon, by whose help he vanquished 
36  his brother the king, & possessed the kingdom of Castille: at what time the king went with his three sons over into Aquitania, from whence he came with an army, & gave battle to his brother, & recovered his kingdom again. Henry being thus vanquished, he renewed his force, and commenced 
Petrus slain by Henry the second.  war with Petrus, in the which Petrus was slain, & Henry the 2. time restored to the kingdom of Castille. Ritius at large speaketh of this war. Now in France reigned Charles surnamed 
Read Polyd. more.  the wise, and Charles the 4. the son of john king of Bohemia, which had been emperor in Germany.  
Between England & France were great wars at this time: for a little before, Edward the 3. had gotten victory by sea over the Frenchmen at Clusa, when the Frenchmen lost 400. ships and 30000. soldiers. Henry the 2. succeeded & reigned 10. years, 
37  Ritius saith 8. some say 6. this sent aid to Charles king of France against the Englishmen, between whom hot wars & sharp terrible battles continued. Then did john the first succeed king 
38  in Castille, & reigned 11. years: war grew between this john king of Castille, and the king of Portugal. 1378.  
Then succeeded john the 2. which reigned 47. years, yet Functius placeth Henry 3. king of Castille after john the first, which 
39  reigned 16. years: of whom read Polidor, how he established his 
Lib. 20.  kingdom: for I may not be longin dilating histories, but briefly pass over the names of the kings that reigned in Spain, & of their wars, first with the Carthagineans, then with the Romans, then with the Vandals, & the last, & the most dangerous wars they had with the Saracens, and after the Saracens, the civil wars they had to bring Spain to a monarchy. Now after john the 2. had reigned 47. years he died: during which time, Sigismundus king of Hungaria was created Emperor of Germany, and Charles the seventh reigned king of France, which France at that instant was most miserably wasted and spoiled 
The French writers can omit English victories.  by Henry the fift king of England, who also was crowned king of France in the chief city of Paris, where he kept his Christmas. Neither Paul. Aemilius, nor Arnoldus Ferronus make mention of this war, neither Tilius in his Chronicles of the kings of France, seemeth to make any great matter of it, but that the Frenchmen through discord & civil dissension, were overthrown in a battle by Henry the fift: but they could speak more of Martellus for his victories against the Saracens, of Faramundus, of Charles the great, whose greatness was 
Henry the fift crowned king of France in Paris.  never such as to be crowned king in England, as Henry the fift was in Paris: but they want no writers to set forth their glory. The decay of the Empire made them to flourish by means of the Popes, who ever aided them in any great actions, and at last the Popes brought France to Rome. After this, succeeded in Spain Henry the fourth, who reigned 23. years: 
40  this time died Fla. Blondus a learned Chronographer at Rome, 1463. when Lewis the 11. reigned king of France.  
Ferdinandus surnamed the great, succeeded king of Spain, 
1475.  and reigned 41. years. In this king's time the whole kingdom of Spain was divided between Ferdinandus and Alphonsus king of Portugal, and john king of Tarracon, Navarre, 
41  Sicilia, and of the isle Maiorica, and of all that part of Spain, when he died, he gave to this Ferdinandus Alphonsus' son, who for his often great victories against the Saracens, and many other good successes in other wars, was thereby named Ferdinandus the great, and also surnamed the Catholic: for 
The first time that Hispaine was divided between two kings.  he had gotten the kingdom of Granata by the sword, and excluded all infidels and Saracens thence, and in their room planted religion, and placed Christians. This was the first time that all Spain was governed by two kings, the one in Portugal, the other in Spain: for until Ferdinandus and Alphonsus time, Spain was (as you heard) by the Saracens possessed: before the Saracens, by the Goths: before the Goths, by the 
Hispaine five several times ●…onquered.  Vandals: before the Vandals, by the Romans: before the Romans by the carthaginians: so long to so many kingdoms was Spain subject: for of all nations in the world, they were only the longest in slavery and bondage under strange & foreign kings. They were from Hispanus time the 9 king of Spain after Tubal, after whose name the country was first called Hispaine, 2200. years past, & Spain continued that name under bondage for the space of 2100. years, which was from Hispanus unto the time of Ferdinandus and Alphonsus king of Portugal who first began to be acquainted with the Indians.  
This Alphonsus king of Portugal died of a fall which he had 
Hispaine first acquainted with India.  from his horse, & afterward his brother named Emanuel succeeded, who made great preparation to sail to India. About this time died Philip Archduke of Austria, father to Charles the fift, at Bruggis in Spain: and Fredrick the third Archduke of Austria, was elected Emperor of Germany.  
After Ferdinandus the great had reigned 41. years, succeeded 
Hispaine began to flourish this time and not before.  Charles Archduke of Austria to be king in Spain, who also was elected Emperor of Germany: for he was crowned king of Spain and of Sicily the seventh day of February 1518. and reigned 43. years. Under this king Charles the fift, the Spaniards goat many victories in divers countries: they tamed the Africans, and subdued Holland, Flanders, and places in Germany: they were scant known for all their vaunts and brags 
Hispaine got her greatest glory by Charles the fift.  before Charles the fifts time: then they began to travail countries, and to find prays and spoils, so that now a world cannot contain them, forgetting that they were vassals and subjects, first to the Africans, then to the carthaginians, next to the Romans, after to the Goths, and last of all to the Saracens, who possessed well nigh all Spain for many years, they are so glorious of their enterprises, so proud of their victories. But as we read one kingdom to rise by the ruin of another: as the Assyrians began to flourish by the decay of 
The insolency of Hispaine of late.  the Chaldeans, the Persians by the fall of the Assyrians, the Macedonians by the Persians, the Romans by the Macedonians, and 
The decay of one country is the advancing up another.  now Germany by the ruin of Rome: even so ma●…y a man speak of Spain. By the late decay of Naples, Jerusalem, Sicily, and other countries, Spain beginneth to flourish being well aided thereunto by the Indians: they which were as dead men, bond slaves, and subjects in the world, neither known nor heard of for the space of 2000 and odd years, became so suddenly 
The Hispaniards seifelove.  great and mighty, that they think well of no nation but themselves, by their fury and wicked rage.  
It seemeth that they should not long endure, unless God raised them for scourges and plagues for the punishment of sin, & to punish other, as they were before punished of the Saracenes and infidels. But consider the time, how after 600. years the pope the Roman bishop, and Mahomet the prophet of the Saracenes began at one time: the one in Arabia, the other 
The Pope and Mahomet come pared.  in Rome. This priest in Rome, and this false prophet in Arabia, brought all the world well-nigh to commitidolatry, and to live in awe and fear of them: and now of late, the Turks and the Spaniards revive the memory of the tyranny of the Saracenes, the one maintaining the idolatry of the Pope, the other defending the wickedness of Mahomet.  
Thus much I writ of Spain, during the time of their long bondage under so many nations as you heard. I have put down the names and the numbers of their first kings, which were 24. at their first coming into Spain, and then of their 
The long bon▪ dage of Hispaine.  several government under particular magistrates, & then of their subjection under the Carthagenians, & after under the Romans, & then under the Goths, and last under the Saracens: so long the Saracens governed as kings in Spain, as 40. several kings of Spain lived, and governed as mean and simple kings in few places of Spain, as in Astura, Legio, and Castille.  
But now from the time of this Ferdinandus, which reigned king in Spain 41. years, their chief credit & renown appeared, 
Ferdinandus.  but specially under Charles the fift, who governed the kingdom of Spain 43. years, & the Empire of Germany for 
sharles the fift.  39 years with great glory & fame. After whom succeeded in the Empire his brother Ferdinandus, to whom he resigned the empire alive at Frankford, & after went with both his sisters, Mary and Leonora, into Spain, where he died in a Monastery upon the 20. of September, where succeeded him his son Philp that now liveth: of whose large territories, great possessions, mines, treasures of India, books are full and set only forth for that purpose, so that I need not to speak thereof.    

OF THE BEGINNING and the original of the Nation which was called Galgreekes, or Gallograecians: of their invasions, spoil, and slaughter in many Countries of Asia, and of their overthrow by Cn. Manlius, who with great pomp triumphed over them at Rome.  
GAllograeci a French nation mingled with the Grecians, as both josephus & Zonaras 
Strab. 4.  agree: This people dwelled sometime in Galatia, being from the beginning 
joseph. lib. 1. cap. 6.  Frenchmen, and by the reason they were in so many places scattered, after they 
Zona. lib. 1. cap. 4.  were driven from Rome by Camillus, and after that Brennus their chief captain 
justine lib. 15.  died, that at one time all Asia was full of Frenchmen by the name of Galli. justine saith, that no king of the East Country would take battle in hand without a French army. Again, if any king were by force driven out of his kingdom, they fled no where for aid, but to Brennus' captain of the Gauls.  
These people bearing such sway in divers places of Asia, 
King of Bythinia.  that the king of Bythinia having occasion to crave some aid for the defence of his kingdom, who having won the victory, the king divided the kingdom of Bythinia between 
Lu. Florus lib. 2. cap. 11.  him and the Frenchmen, and therefore the Bythinians and the Frenchmen, for that they dwelled in one Country being two several nations, were called Gallograeci: for so Livius agreeing with this history of justine saith, that when any French na●…on dwelled in any part of old Greece, those people were called 
justine lib. 25.  Gaulgreekes, by reason of their mingling with other, they were called gens mixta & adultera: for after they had divided 
Gallograeci.  themselves into divers countries, after Brennus their captain was slain (as I said before) they spoiled Greece, and the most part of Asia: the number of these Galgrecians were such, as all Asia stood in great fear and doubt of them.  
These Frenchmen flourished under Brennus a captain, fit 
Brennus' the Britain invaded Italy and took Rome.  for such mercenary soldiers: and as Livi saith, Gens avidissima auri spared neither Town nor Temple: for at that time when the Frenchmen invaded Italy and had taken Rome, and had spoiled and destroyed cities and countries being such number together 300000. as saith justine, dividing themselves some to Macedonia, some to seek one way, and some to seek another way, that the Frenchmen were a terror in Asia: some of these dwelled in Galatia, some went to Phrygia, & there in many places inhabited. Now both these countries Bythinia & Galatia are called Gallograecia, and as many as dwelled in any part of Greece, they were called Frenchgreeks: for at what time Consuls 
Ambigatus.  reigned after the kings in Róme, reigned likewise in a part of Gallia called Celta, a king named Ambigatus, whose country was so populous, that scant the soil was able to entertain them: he sent two nephews of his being brethren, the one called Bellencsus, the other Sigonesus, furnished them with men and munitions, 
Bellenosus and Sigonesus.  & willed them to seek some country and to travel for a kingdom by the sword, having Brennus their chief general: 
Brennus' general.  they as men greedy of spoil, wasting and destroying towns and countries, besieged Rome, took it, & wan the Capitol. After the spoil of Rome, they passed into Thracia, where they possessed many cities: thence they passed into Asia, & into Hellespont, where brawls & contentions grew between their company, that Lomnorius returned again with his 
Lomnorius. Lutarius.  men into Byzantium in Thracia, and Lutarius into Macedonia.  
After this, Nicomedes king of Bythinia did levy a great army of these bastard Frenchmen, that these 2. great captains Lutarius and Lomnorius the one came from Macedonia and the other from Thracia and met in Bythinia, and they of Celta hearing of the treasures & great spoils which their countrymen had, came more in heaps daily from their country unto them, that the French army waxed so strong and so great, that they were a terror unto all Asia, in so much that the kings of Aisa & of Syria paid yearly stipends unto them, & so continued these Gallogrecians, so named by their several dwellings amongst the Greeks', until the time of Antiochus the great, 
The kings of Asia and Syria paid tribute to the Gaulgreekes.  who became so strong in Asia and Syria, that he began to war upon the Romans: for at that time some of them dwelled in Bythinia, some in Galatia, & some remained of them amongst the Tectosageans, Tolossa a wealthy country full of gold and silver: in that country is Tolossa, from whence the Romans as both Strabo and Possidonius affirm, had 15. thousand talents 
15000. talents of the gold of Tolossa.  at one victory: the gold of Tolossa grew to a proverb, Aurum Tolossanum: of this Cicero in his 3. book de natura Deorum make mention: of this Tolossanum aurum doth Gellius repeat 
Gellius lib. 3. cap. 9  an History which doth agree with Trogus Pompeius, who saith that when Caepio the Roman Consul had rob 
lib. 32.  and spoiled the temple of Tolossa, the sacrilege seemed such unto the Tectosageans, that they were warned by their oracles, that unless they would revenge the sacrilege done by the Romans unto their Temple, they should be all consumed 
The temple at Tolossa rob by the Romans.  with the plague, for the Romans had taken ten hundred thousand pound of gold, and fifty hundred thousand pounds of silver from the temple of Tolossa: and it is written in that History, that the Roman Consul and his army were overthrown by the Tectosageans: but when Antiochus was forced 
Sacrilege revenged.  to flee from Asia being overthrown by the Romans, at what time Mar. Fuluius and Cneus Manlius were made Consuls at Rome, these Gallogrecians were so scattered after the taking of Rome, that they possessed many places in Asia & in Europe, being named according to the places where they dwelled, Gallogreeks, for so were they called being mingled with the Greeks, dwelling in divers parts of Greece and about Greece: they brought all Asia and much of Europe to be afraid, spoiling and robbing all kingdoms & countries where they came, and for a long time plagued them, that they seemed lords of all places, being hardy and rude barbarous people, able to suffer any 
Diod. lib. 5.  hardness, appareled in skins of beasts, and lying upon the ground, a shameless and filthy nation in beastly lust, wicked and most cruel in all their dealings: insomuch that they sacrificed those captives and prisoners taken in the wars, 
The savage and cruel tyranny of the Gallograecians.  upon long stakes and sharp pauls unto their gods: using the greatest tyranny that they might invent, against those whom they subdued and conquered. Thus much and more doth Dio. Siculus writ of them, concerning their manners and living, of their garments, weapons, and order of fight: but they were in time vanquished by the Romans, 
Ruffinus de Origine Gallograec.  and quite subdued in all parts of Asia.  
These Frenchmen otherwise called Gallograecians, flourishing in many places, the Romans had an eye unto them: & fearing they should be put to greater force, they sent Cneius Manlius then Consul to war upon the Gallograecians: where they had a terrible battle by mount Olympus, and there were slain of the 
Cneus Manlius triumphed over the Gaulgreekes.  Gallorgecians forty thousand. After this battle the Consul did lead his army to the Tectosageans, and laid siege to Amyra the chiefest country, and took it, and after gave a great battle to the Gallograecians, where they were all overthrown, over whom, 
Florus lib. 2.  after he had brought those cities & towns about mount Olympus under the Roman empire, and had again brought the Tectosageans and Tolossa, after he had subdued & conquered the Gallograecians, he returned to Rome, and triumphed, when Quint. Faminius & Marcus Aemilius Lepidus were consuls, after 
Livius lib. 8. decad. 4.  the building of Rome 567. years. Thus ended the time of the Gallograecians by Ruffinus and by livius writing: I might of this have written more, but by reason of the history of France where they shallbe touched again, I cease,   

OF THE OLD GAULES CALLED now Frenchmen of their first arrival and continuance in wars before they were seated in France, by the name first of Newmagi, secondly, by the name of Marcomanni, thirdly Sicambri. And first from Marcomirus unto Francus time: during which time, they were called Sicambri for 400 and odd years.  
I Need not long stand in France, neither in describing the country, neither much trouble my 
The first coming of the Frenchmen into Germany.  self with the late histories, which are known to the most part: this only as I have done of other countries, set down their antiquity of their first coming into France, of their continuance under divers names, and of succession of their kings. Leaving Gomer the eldest son of japhet with his posterities among 
Gomer.  them by the name of Cimbri, Sicambrians and others, I will speak briefly of their first arrival from Scythia, of their coming to Germany, of their first habitations about the river of Rhine, and of their continual wars & victories in enlarging 
Beroal. lib. 4.  the territories of their first possession which was but little, by many sharp battles, & continual long wars at home, and brought all Gallia subject under them, which now is the only flourishing kingdom of the world, that erst contained many nations by the name of Gallia, Cisaphina, Transalpina, Belgica, 
Strab. lib. 4. 5.  as now Germania doth, & is situated between the river of Rhine & the mountains Pyrenaei, a fertile & a rich country replenished with plenty of all things, well watered with rivers & fountains. Solinus writeth, that out of Gallia you may travel to any part of the world: the most part of this country is now 
Mela lib. 2. 5.  called France, of whose description, situation, & other commendations due to that soil, of the length, breadth, and manners of Frenchmen, Read Srabo, Pomporius Mela, and Solinus.  
As for the original antiquity of the people, I read that 
Solinus cap. 22.  they are little beholden to themselves, either in finding out their antiquities, or recording of the same: but such fables as their parents yielded from time to time, as the Egyptians did and others, which for want of true Histories, fill their books with fables. And for that they were first strangers and foreigners in Gallia, coming from Scythia into Germany, where their king named Marcomirus with the most part of his army was slain by the Goths, Marcomirus his 
Marcomirus slain by the Goths.  ●…onne governing the rest of the Scythian army, brought his people to the confines of Germany, ad ostia Rheni, seeking out void places to inhabit: to whom in the seventh year of his reign, came 489. thousand more Scythians, and there Marcomirus son began a new kingdom, & possessed many places by force about Rhine: and they were called of the Germans, Neumagi, at their first dwelling: after they were called Sicambri, and lastly they were called Franci.  
The Frenchmen were in their first coming to Gallia, so 
The Frenchmen forced to seek dwellings by the sword.  tossed and so afflicted, for want of dwellings (their number and multitude was such) that of necessity they were forced to seek seats to dwell in by the sword, and won divers places about the river of Rhine, & possessed many fertile places in Germany about Hercinia: for julius Caesar in his History of France saith, Fuit tempus etc. There was a time, that the Gauls, which afterward were called Frenchmen, did vanquish 
They dwelled about the river of Rhine, and after in Bohemia, and about Witenberge.  the Germans in war, and for the multitude of their army wanting places to inhabit, they in spite of the Germans possessed about the river of Rhine & other places, about Witenberge and Boemia. And so Livy affirmeth, that the people named then Celtae, (which are Frenchmen now) were scattered over all Europe, and dwelled in Panonia, before the Romans had any being there. And so justine seemeth to affirm, when he had said that 300000 Galatae sought new countries to dwell in, naming them Gens aspera & bellicosa, and the first nation 
Gens aspera & bellicosa.  after Hercules that led an army over the Alps, at what time they went to Illirica, and from thence to Panonia, where likewise Appianus doth verify their coming, when Camillus had driven them and their captain Brennus from Rome. Herodot 
Brennus' driven from Rome by Camillus.  also doth remember these Scythians, how they came to dwell among the Cymbrians, and how their number increased. It is evident in Polybius, Strabo, and in Appianus, that the inhabitants about Rheni and other places of Germany called 
divers names of the Frenchmen.  Boios Brenici Tenani and Senoves were Frenchmen: but for that nothing is certain before Augustus' time in Germany, as Strabo saith who lived in Augustus' time, but controversies are such about the antiquity which in truth is very ancient, and 
Strabo lived in Agustus time.  about their names which are many and divers, as Neumagi, Marcomanni, Franci, Salii, Cimbri, Celtae, Galli, before they were called Frenchmen, that it would be both tedious & unpleasant, and also uncertain, for the variety of opinions. Leaving therefore the dissension of these writers and the uncertainty of kingdoms beginning, I will briefly speak of Marcomirus the first king of the Frenchmen named yet Neumagi, in whose time the country of Gallia was sore afflicted for Marcomirus made sharp wars, and died after he had reigned eight and twenty years. After whom succeeded his son Antenor, who having married a wife, learned and a modest Queen borne in Britain named Cambra daughter to belinus the great, after whose name they were called Sicambri, which continued until 
Neumagi called Sicambri.  Francus time which was the sixteenth king after this Queen Cambra & her husband Antenor who reigned in the 91. olympiad: 
Cambra belinus daughter.  at what time the Egyptians revolted from the Persians in the time of Darius Nothus the sixth king of Persia, they were called Sicambri: for Galli, at that time were not called French, but Gauls.  
Of these Pau. Aemylius taketh no notice, neither doth Arnoldus Ferronus make any mention, two of the chief Frnech writers, neither the French chronicles: but Tritemius is recited by Functius, who setteth down what Tritemius thought of the original of the Frenchmen: yet Aemylius affirmeth in that 
Aemil. lib. 1.  the antiquity of the Frenchmem is from the Troyans'. At what time Aeneas came from Ilium to Laurentum after the destruction of the City, one Francus a Captain of some number of Troyans' came with his company ad paludem Meotim: after 
The Frenchmen challenge to come from the Troyans'.  whose name they were named Frenchmen: but let Tritemius and Paul. Aemylius dispute of that matter. I will set down the names of the kings, from Marcomirus until Francus.  
I will briefly run over the History: for at the first arrival over of these Scythians into Germany, they invaded many places, and grew so strong in so many places, that they possessed many Cities, Towns, and Castles, that for the space of four hundred years and more (during which time 
400. odd years reigned the kings of Sicambri.  reigned sixteen kings over the Sicambrians) they had continual wars one after another, until Francus time, and from Francus again until Faramundus time, another four hundred years and more still in wars: of whom Tritemius writeth severally, and observeth the like order in his history of the Kings of France, as Suetonius doth for the Emperors 
Tritemius.  of Rome.  
Marcomirus waxed so great, that the Romans had much a do in his time, not only to keep those holds which they had, but also were constrained to answer these fellows in Italy: for the Sycambrians were so fleshed with divers victories which they had over the Gauls, and over the Germans, 
The victories of Sicambri.  that they were determined to stay no where, before they had first destroyed Rome, and sacked all Italy.  
The Romans had thought to see the hardiness & strength of these people to curb them: but perceiving the multitude to be such as terrified all Europe, and doubting that they should have the like wars with the Sicambrians as they had a little before that time with the Africans, so much the Romans 
The Romans much affrighted.  were fearful of these people, that they appointed Caius Marius' Consul against the law being absent, which was never seen before in Rome but once in the time of Cornelius Scipio in the wars of Africa. 
Marius the Roman Consul was appointed General against these Sicambrians, whom the Romans called Cimbri.   
But to benefit a common weal, laws may well be infringed, and specially when necessity forceth the same: as at that time, Marius was appointed against these stout and strong people whom the Romans called Cimbri: but I refer you to Tritemius, who only wrote of these sixteen kings and of the people called Sicambri. Likewise read Plutarch in Marius, and you shall know what strong wars, what sharp battles, and with what invincible courage they fought against the Romans.  
Caius Marius, Catulus Luctatius, and other Roman captains can well witness of the hardiness of this nation: for since 
The Frenchmen came from Scythia about 400. years before the birth of Christ.  the first time that this people came out of Scythia, which was 400. and odd years before our Saviour Christ was borne, they gaped always for the Country of France being then inhabited with gaul's & the people Celtae, and the country itself called Gallia. They held the wars with the Gauls nine hundred years, sometimes conquerors, and sometime conquered: they ceased not, until they wearied all the Country about them, and divers places of Germany and of Gallia waxed weak and feeble: so the Frenchmen began to 
What the Romans lost, the Frenchmen wan in time,  be strong, and to win that which the Romans had lost.  
After that this Marcomirus had expulsed and vanquished the people that dwelled about Rhine, and had committed to his brother Sunno the possession of that country, he went and passed over the river of Rhine, in the four and twentieth year of his reign, with a very huge army of Sicambrians and Saxons, wasted and spoiled with sword and fire many towns and countries in the West Gallia: and after he had made a great slaughter of the Gauls, he entered in league with Britain's, and returned a conqueror to see how the Germans behaved and used Sunno, where he died after he had reigned eight and twenty years. 
Read jornandus de reb. Get.   
This Marcomirus was so famous, & had done such worthy feats in arms, that then his people after his death were called Marcomanni: for so Pliny doth name them, lib. 12. cap. 4. While this Marcomirus held wars with the Gauls, civil wars began in Greece which continued seven and twenty years. 
Marcomanni  Darius' Nothus governed the Persians, at what time in Rome a law was made, that it should be lawful for the Patricians and Senators to join in marriage with the common people.  
This time flourished in Greece Pericles the Athenian, and Socrates the Philosopher. After Marcomirus his son builded towns and cities, and made strong holds and castles: he taught the use of many things to his noble men, and he also taught the women which erst were rude and ignorant in Scythia to sow flax and hemp, and to weave silk and other like things. He made laws to his people which never before 
Cambra a wise woman a Britain taught her husband and her people civility.  heard of any law in Scythia, & brought them from rude and wild men to knowledge & civility: for this Antenor was taught by his wife Cambra belinus daughter king of Britain. She was wise, modest and virtuous, & brought up her son Priamus in civil knowledge, and made him acquainted with orders and laws insomuch that when his father Antenor died, he was able to govern his people with laws: for in the eight year of his reign, he & his mother Cambra builded about the river of Rhine two great towns, the one he named Neopagus where long the king's palace stood, and the other 
Neopagus.  Neomagus in memory of his name. 
Neomagus.   
The Sicambrians this time began to speak the Saxons tongue: for the manner and order of this people at that time wheresoever they were scattered in any place of Europe or Asia, they were named after the name of the place as I told you. At their first coming into Germany from Scythia, they were of the Germans named Neumagi: after, they were called 
Neumagi.  Marcomani after the name of Marcomirus. Then Sicambri after the name of Cambra belinus daughter: for so long as they tarried 
Marcomani. Sicambri.  in Scythia they were named Scythians, in Armenia they were called Armenians, in Gallia they were called Gauls, who when they had sacked Rome and taken it for seven months, they were constrained by Camillus to go from thence to Galatia, Macedonia, or to any part of Greece: they were called Gaulgreekes, and so bore they as many names as those countries 
Gaul Greeks.  had where they dwelled, until Francus time by whom they were called Franci which to this day they hold. Now after that Antenor had reigned thirty years, and his son Priamus after him 27. succeeded Helenus the 4. king of Sicambria, 
Helenus' the fourth king of Sicambria  which reigned 19 years. This king had the Gauls in hand, and plagued them: he gave them divers repulses, and in battle slew of them sixteen thousand, wasted and subdued Gallia unto the river Mosa: for this was the country that they gaped and thirsted for.  
During which time of 16. kings which governed after Cambra belinus daughter, they persecuted the country of Gallia one king after another successively, until Francus time. In the time of this Helenus & his father Priamus, reigned in Persia, Artaxerxes Mnemon surnamed the great, and in Caria reigned 
Consent oft time of kings in other countries.  king Mausolus a country in Greece. In Macedonia reigned now king Philip. king Alexander the great his father, the son of Amyntas: this time Marcus Manlius conspired against Camillus, and moved sedition in Rome, and therefore he was adjudged to be thrown headlong down from the rock Tarpeia.  
In the time of this Helenus Plato died, in whose place succeeded Speusippus the Philosopher, Aristotle the Philosopher, and Demosthenes the Orator flourished, and jaddua was high priest in judea, and continued 27. years until Alexander the great his time. Diocles the eldest son of Helenus succeeded the fourth king, and reigned 39 years, a severe man, bold and much given by nature to wars: he followed his predecessors in commencing war in Gallia, having like affection to 
Diocles' 4. king.  the kingdom of France, as his father and grandfather had 
These kings by succession professed arms.  before him: he reigned king amongst the Cicambrians when king Alexander the great was in war against Darius' king of Persia, and after Alexander's death 30. years: for in Diocles' time the kingdoms of Egypt, Asia and Syria began to flouri●…h 
Alex. the gre●… reigned in the time of this Diocles.  again under new kings, which were soldiers and captains under Alexander the great, of whose civil wars you may read in the histories of their kingdoms: for Darius surnamed Codomanus the last king of Persia was slain, and his kingdom subdued, & the monarchy taken into Greece under the kings of Macedonia.  
About this time the Romans begun their great wars with the Samnites, when Pyrrhus' king of Epirus had sailed with great navy 
Pyrrhus' reigned in Helenus' time which was Diocles son.  and entered Italy, of whose war there at that time Livi speaketh of, and called it Bellum Ausonium, when Pyrrhus was driven out of Italy, and Lu. Papirius Cursor triumphed over the Samnites, at what time he was Dictator in Rome: after whom Quintu●… Fabius being Dictator overthrew the Samnites in a great battle. Tritemius writeth that the Goths commenced war this time against the Saxons, wasted and 
The victory of the Saxons over the Goths.  spoiled many towns in the confines of the Saxons: for at that time five kings joined in a league of amity with the Saxons, and gave a great overthrow to the Goths, to the number 
Diocles the fift king of Sicambria.  of a 100000. Goths. After this victory, Diocles was all the days of his life in fight and wasting of Gallia, and did much harm unto them, and when he had reigned 39 years, died: after whom succeeded his eldest son named Helenus the 2. of that name, and the 6. king of Sicambria, who was neither 
Helenus' 6. king was removed from his kingdom.  beloved of his people, nor profitable to the kingdom: for he was foolish in time of peace, and peevish in war: and therefore he was removed from his kingdom, for that he was not found sufficient to govern, and his younger brother Bassanus was crowned king in Sicambria, a man of great stoutness, 
The book of the law, and the sword of punishment carried before Bassanus.  wisdom and justice: in so much he spared neither friend, kin, brother, or son that violated his laws: wheresoever he would travel, he commanded two things to be carried before him, the book of the law, and the sword of punishment.  
Tritemius writeth this history of Bassanus, that he had a son named: Sedanus, who committed adultery against the law, & was of his own father thus punished: although his nobles and great men made much means to the king for 
Adultery punished by Bassanus.  his life, yet Bassanus executed the law, saying to his noble men in this sort: I have made a law with your consent, and to your contentation: will you be against yourselves, and against me in per●…urming of the same? and turning his speech to his son, he said, My son, I do not kill thee, but the laws of the country, which thou hast willingly violated, and therewithal took him by the hairs of his head, & with 
Bassanus a just king.  his own hand beheaded him. So just a king was this Bassanus, so severe to wicked men, so gentle to good men, and so well esteemed of his people, that as Amerodacus a Philosopher of their own nation sayeth, he was Appetentissimus divinitatis. Read more of this king in Tritemius: he reigned six & thirty years, and builded in memory of his victory 
Tritem. in Bassano.  had over Taborinus king of the Tegurans, a strong castle, and named it Montabur. While this Bassanus flourished in Sicambria, 
Montabur builded by Bassanus.  Demetrius the son of Antigonus governed in Macedonia, Lysimachus in Thracia, and Philadelphus in Egypt: at what time the Hebrew Bible was translated from Hebrew into Greek by the means of Philadelphus. In the time of king Bassanus began the first war between the Romans and the Africans. Zeno the Stoic Philosopher died this time, and Eustratus the physician flourished.  
Now when Bassanus died, his countrymen can onized 
Basanus after death called Basangor.  him amongst the number of the gods, and did of long time worship him after his death, calling him Basangor: after whom followed his own son named Clodomirus, & reigned 
Clodomirus 7. king of Sicambria.  18. years, in whose days the feasts called Floralia, were celebrated in Rome: at what time the Romans had peace with the Africans, but were occupied in Bello Lygustico. The Parthians which before were obscure and base people, & banished out of their country, began to 'stablish a new kingdom, and became so strong that their kings were named Arsaces, a name of dignity, as the Egyptians by their Pharaoh's and the Romans by Caesar's. I see I should be long to speak severally of the 
Arsaces' the names of the kings of Perthia.  rest of the kings of Sicambria, which are yet nine to write of, therefore I will only lay down the names of these kings from Marcomirus the first king of the Sicambrians until Francus the last king, to avoid tediousness.  

1 Marcomirus the first king reigned 28. years: he made the first wars in France & subdued unto the river of Mosa.  
2 Antenor who married Cambria the Britain Belinus daughter, reigned 27. years.  
3 Priamus the son of Antenor by Cambria reigned 27. year: in this kings reign the Sicambrians began to use the Saxons tongue.  
4 Helenus' the fourth king reigned 19 years.  
5 Diocles the son of Helenus reigned 39 this king lived in the time of Alexander the great.  
6 Helenus' the second of that name, and the son of Diocles reigned 14. years: this king was abstracted, and therefore he was forced to forsake his kingdom.  
7 Basanus the brother of Helenus reigned 36. years, at what time Philadelphus reigned in Egypt, and Antiochus Soter in Syria. This Bessanus builded a famous strong castle, in memory of his victory had over Taborinus king of the Tegarenes: and he named the castle Montabur. At what time Heligastus a Priest, and a Prophet amongst the Sicambrians flourished. 
All these kings hold their names from Cambra, and were called thereby Sycambri from Autenor, who married Cambra unto Francus time.   
8 Clodomirus the son of Basanus reigned in Sicambria 18. years.  
9 His son Nicanor reigned 34. years, in what time the second wars of the Romans began against the Africans.  
10 Marcomirus the second of that name, and the 9 king, reigned 28. years.  
11 Clodius the tenth king of Sicambria reigned 10. years.  
12 Antenor the eleventh king reigned sixteen years: in the time of this king and his predecessor, Terentius made his Comedies.  
13 Clodomirus the 2. of that name, and the 12. king, reigned 20. years: in whose time began the third and last war between the Romans and the Africans.  
14 Merodacus the 13. king reigned 28. years: this king invaded Italy, with 3000000. read more in Plutarch of this people in the life of Marius.  
15 Cassander the 15. king of Sicambria reigned 21. years: this king joined with Arathius king of the Saxons, and Borbista king of the Goths entered into Germany, and made a great slaughter of the Teutones.  
16 Antharius the sixteenth king, he reigned five and thirty years: this king also played his part with the Romans, and wan Moguntia, and made it even to the ground. In whose time julius Caesar made his voyage to Britain.   

CHAP. II.  
From Francus the sixteenth king of France then called Sicambri, until the time of Farabertus the 12. in number after Francus: of the wars, invasions, and victories, of the enlargement of their kingdom from one king to another, until Farabertus' government: during which time, they were called Franci, after the name of Francus.  
IN the year before the birth of Christ 
Francus the first king by whom the kingdom of France was so ●…amed.  245. Francus the eldest son of Antharius, after that his father was slain by the Gauls by the aid of the Romans, succeeded in the kingdom of Sicambria, & became such an enemy to the Gauls, that he destroyed their towns and cities, wasted their territories, and spoiled the people, not only the Gauls, but also the Goths and other nations: insomuch that the Romans hearing of this Francus courage and stoutness, sent Lollius with a Roman army, 
Tritem. in Franco.  who in the first battle that he gave in Germany, slew of them 18. thousand. Francus sent his son Clogio to aid his neighbours, by whom the Romans were put to flight, with a great slaughter 
Lollius with his Roman army put to flight by Clogio.  of Lollius soldiers. In the mean time Francus when he had driven out the Goths from Germany, after he had plagued the Gauls, and had most miserably wasted and spoiled the country, unto the river Mosa, & as histories affirm, slew 200000. Gauls. which news frighted much the Romans. In the 24. 
200000. Gauls slain by Francus.  year of his reign, after he had concluded peace with divers nations in Germany, he made a decree that Sicambria should be called Francia, after the name of Francus, which to this day 
Sicambria now is called France.  continueth a strong and a stout nation, and the only kingdom of the world for all commodities.  
During which time, civil wars waxed hot between julius Caesar & Pompeius the great, which being soon extinguished both by the murdering of Pompey in Egypt, and by the like murder of Caesar at Rome in the Senate: after which began another new civil war between Augustus Caesar and Marcus Antoninus, which endured 12. years: at what time janus Temple was shut the third time, and peace was then 
janus temple shut in all August. time.  granted to all nations by Augustus. But the antiquity of the name of France, beginning from Francus time in the 190. olympiad, and in the beginning of the 29. jubilee, at what time Augustus Caesar subdued all Spain, and brought them under the Roman Empire. Now the names before named Neumagi, Marcomani, Cimbri, Celtae, Sicambri, and Samothei, are now changed, to be called Franci: after this Francus succeeded his son Clogio the second king of France, which reigned 30. years, a wise man, and a great ginger, 
Clogio 2. king. For his knowledge and skill in Astrology surnamed Magus.  a Soothsayer, and for skill and knowledge in many things he was named Magus.  
In the fourth year of Clogios' reign, Tiberius was sent by Augustus to Germany with a very high host of Romans, who destroyed all places where they came into. Clogio with an army gave unto Tiberius a battle, in the which Tiberius wan no great conquest but rather loss, and at that time departed 
A battle between Clogio and Tiberius the Emperor.  from field without victory: yet the name of France was scant known a far off, for the newness and late change of the name: and therefore the nations round about called Clogio a German, and not a Frenchman. Notwithstanding, Clogio being grown to so great a name, that he was feared as his father was before him of the very Romans: he made his son named Phrisus a king, and named the region where 
Phrisius the son of Clog●… made king in Friesland.  he governed Phrysia, which at this day is called Frizeland: this was made subject to France at that very time, paying yearly tribute unto France 260. oxen: this was done by consent of all France, for this Phrysus was the second son of Clogio.  
Now France began to be known by the name of 
Tribute of 260. oxen paid out of Friesland into the crown of France. Tacis. 4. 5.  France: for Clogio having some aid of the Saxons overthrew the Romans army, and slew Marcus Lollius their general in the field, and after vanquished still the Gauls, until he became so mighty, that he left behind him his second son king of Phrysia, and his eldest son and heir king of France named Herimerus, who reigned after his father twelve years: whose success was neither like to his father Clogio, nor to 
Herimers 5. king after Francus.  his brother Phrysus: who flourished in his new kingdom, and gave divers expulses to the Roman force: insomuch that Friselande began to be spoken of through the prowess and martial feats of Phrisus their first king. For Herimerus the elder brother fight against his enemies, very unfortunately 
Herimerus slain.  was slain when he had reigned twelve years: he died in the 32. year after Christ's birth: at what time governed in India, Pontius Pilatus Precedent to the Roman Empire. About this time, Herodes builded a city in the honour of Tiberius 
Caesarea before called Turris Stratonis. Tacitus lib. 4.  Caesar the Emperor of Rome, and named it Caesarea, which was before called Turris Stratonis.  
In the time of this Herimerus in the city of Fidena, a Theatre fell down at the play of an interlude, which the Roman Attilius builded for sword players, where fifty thousand were sore bruised, maimed, and slain. The fourth king of France 
Marcomirus 4. king.  was Marcomirus, which reigned eighteen years, and had the like dealings within Gallia, as his predecessors had. In the seventh year of Marcomirus reign was Caius Caesar Caligula made Emperor in Rome. Read Tritemius of this Marcomirus, and of his son Clodomirus, who held sharp war with the Romans in Maguntia, and many sore battles 
Clodomirus 5. king. after Francus.  within Gallia. This time Guidericus king belinus son reigned king in Britain: after whom succeeded by force of arms in Britain Armiracus, whom Claudius Caesar vanquished and triumphed over: but let us return to the kings of France.  
After Clodomirus succeeded his son Antenor the 2. of that name, & reigned 6. years, who in the last year of his reign having occasion to pass over the river of Mosa, the bridge thereof being broken with the weight of the kings company, he 
This king with 60. of his noble men was drowned in the river Mosa.  & more of his Princes, were at this instant drowned, & threescore noble men more of France, beside other Gentlemen and Captains, after whom followed Rhaterus the eldest son of Antenor, who reigned in France 21. years, he also did handle the Gauls in like sort, for before his predecessors had won that country, which lay beyond the river Mosa, 
Gallia sore plagued.  & had brought the Gauls most miserably under foot, yet still they held long wars, and many sharp battles with the French men until Faramondus time, who was the first king named of Gallia: which was 400. years and odd.  
After Francus time, this Rhaterus after he had bestowed 21. years in wars against the Gauls, they renewed the league 
Raterus 7. king.  which his predecessors had made with the Germans, Saxons, and an other nation called the Dorings: he builded a town, and named it Rhaterodamum and died. This king's life and doings is set forth by Arebaldus in verse, and after augmented by Hunibaldus. In the second year of this Rhaterus reign, Nero then Emperor of Rome played his bloody tragedies against the Christians, persecuted and tormented them, and slew them with divers kinds of death: this time Alani a people of 
Alani.  Scythia invaded Media, and made havoc unto the confines of Armenia, at what time all the Philosophers and Mathematicians 
joseph. lib. 7. cap. 27.  were banished from Rome and Italy: in this kings later time was Quintilianus brought to Rome by the Emperor Galba from Spain.  
After Rhaterus succeeded his son Richimerus, which reigned 24. years, and had great wars both against the 
Richimerus 8. king.  Gauls, and against the Romans, and being aided by the Germans gave a sharp battle both to the Romans, and to the Gauls, not far from the city of Basana. Tritemius affirmeth 
joseph wrote his history de bello judaico in Richimerus time.  that in that very year the Goths had invaded the coasts and confines of Germany, and were by this Richimerus king of France, and Fernefrides' kings of the Dorings, Turing, and by Vidikindo king of the Saxons overcome. But in truth the cry of Chronicles is against it, and sayeth that these kings of the Saxons, and the king of Turing were long after Richimerus time: but it is most certain that at that time the Germans, the Saxons, the Turinges and Frenchmen took possession in that Country which is now called Marchia Bradenburgensis, where Sunno the son of Richimer did first and before any man inhabit there, and was the first prince 
Sunno.  that governed the Country and ruled the people, and as Tritemius sayeth, he was set there by his father and the other kings before named, to withstand and resist the foreign armies, and other people coming from the East into Germany. 
The Gauls & the Romans sore plagued by Richimer.  This Richimer was a very notable stout captain, a bold man and a severe king, who during the whole reign of twenty four years which he governed in France, the Gauls and the Romans were by him sore plagued and sore afflicted, sometime with slaughter and victory over them, and sometime with repulse.  
This time trajan the Emperor had wars in the East part, and subdued the Sauromaties, the Arabians, the Agarens, 
Odemarus 9 king of France,  the Bospherans, and was ready to make his voyage to the red sea, and so to conquer India. The fourth persecution fell in the time of Richimer, after whom succeeded his son Odemarus the ninth king of France: he reigned fourteen years, 
The 4. persecution in Richimers time.  and began to govern France in the year after Christ a hundred forty four. This king Odemarus was much given to seek peace, and by all means studied to maintain the same: 
Odemarus concluded peace with the Romans.  for after he had concluded peace with the Romans and with the Gauls, which peace during his life he kept inviolated: for he thought himself contented and fully satisfied to defend that coast of Gallia, which his predecessors had with long and sharp wars gotten:  
Neither Tritemius, Lazius, nor Functius do write any thing of this king worth the memory, but his care and diligence of peace keeping: for since Francus time the first king of the name of France, until Odemarus the ninth king, not one of them sought peace but wars: and therefore they succeeded 
Vows and oaths made the Frenchmen for Gallia.  one after another, with oaths vowing to come & to possess all Gallia by the sword. And having now subdued divers parts in Gallia being a large kingdom, even from the river of Rhine, unto the mountains called Pirenaei, and naming them kings 
Read Paul. Aemil. lib. 1.  of France, for that they could not yet conquer all Gallia, though (as I said before) one king after another shot at it for nine hundred years space, until all the realm of Gallia became the kingdom of France.  
But while this Odemarus reigned in France, the Romans 
The West kingdoms began to flourish.  whose force more & more grew in the Countries of Germany: until the Gauls, Saxons, Goths, Vandals, Hungarians, and divers others waxed very strong in the West Countries, that the Romans were constrained to neglect the East part, and to look about home: for it is in all histories known, that the kingdom of France began to flourish when the Empire of Rome began to decay.  
But to my French history again, first setting down the names here under of those kings that reigned in France from Francus until Farabertus' time, as followeth.  

1 Francus the first king after the name of Sicambri was finished, and after whose name Sicambri were called Franci, he reigned 28. years.  
2 Clogio the son of Francus reigned after 
The names of those kings that reigned in France from Francus to Farabertus.  his father 30. years.  
3 Herimerus the son of Clogio reigned 22. years.  
4 Marcomirue reigned 18. years.  
5 Clodomirus the son of Marcomirus reigned 12. years.  
6 Antenor reigned after his father Clodomirus 6. years.  
7 Ratherus succeeded his father Antenor, and reigned 21. years.  
8 Richimerus his son reigned 24. years.  
9 Odemarus reigned after his father Richimerus 14. years.  
10 Marcomirus the second of that name, and son to Odemarus reigned 21. years.  
11 After Marcomirus succeeded Clodamirus, and reigned 17. years.  
12 After Clodomirus succeeded Farabertus his son, and reigned 20. years.    

CHAP. III.  
Of the continual wars which the Frenchmen had still in seeking for the quiet possession and the whole government of all France, from the time of Farabertus, until the time of Pharamundus, during which time they were called Franci: for as they were before called Sicambri from Marcomirus unto Francus, four hundred and odd years, so now from Francus to Faramundus they were called Franci for four hundred and odd years, that well nigh nine hundred years they were before they could possess the kingdom of France.  
WHen Odomarus died, his son Marcomirus the tenth king succeeded him, who 
Marcomirs 10. king.  reigned twenty one years, after whom succeeded Clodomirus the eleventh king, 
Clodomirus 11. king.  and reigned seventeen years. After Clodomirus succeeded Farabartus the twelfth 
Farabartus 12. king.  king of France, which reigned twenty years: during which time of these three kings, which was fifty eight years, the Romans being yet in full strength and 
The Romans did stomach the greatness of the Frenchmen.  courage, kept their Empire on foot, and kept other kingdoms under foot, that the French kings were forced to make peace at home with their neighbours to keep wars with the Romans.  
So Farabartus did confirm the first league which Francus the first of their name had in his time agreed upon with the Germans, Saxons, Dorings, Tretones, Marcomans, and Cimbrians. They joined their forces together for to resist the Romans, 
Farabertus concluded peace with the Germans, & other nations about them to keep wars with the Samanes.  who were always so greedy of countries and kingdoms, and so desirous of Territories, that they sought to make themselves lords over all the West kingdom of the world, as in truth they were at that time kings & emperors over the East countries, until they had lost both their sovereignty & dignity in the East and in the West, & at last lost the Empire itself. The Romans hearing of this strong league confirmed between these Frenchmen & the Germans, Mar. Aurelius Antoninus, surnamed the Philosopher, prepared a great army under the convoy of his son Aurelius Commodus, being at that time appointed Caesar, and commanded by his father the Emperor 
Commodus the Emperor forced to fly.  to pass into Germany, and to commence war against the Daces, the Saxons, Marcomanes, the Frenchmen, and other in Germany, in the which voyage Commodus gained but little credit: for he was with shame forced to forsake the field with great loss of his men. This battle is mentioned in many histories: for it was so great and so terrible, that Functius and 
Bellum Marcomannicum.  Orosius affirm, that bellum Marcomannicum, the like is scant read of.  
Again in the next year being the 11. year of Farabertus 
Orosius lib. 7. cap. 15.  reign, an army of Romans was sent into Germany, of whom the like almost is read, saving that of the parties the slaughter was great. This war continued until the good Emperor Antoninus died, yet he and his son Commodus had triumphed over the Marcomanes, which are thought to be Boremians, before he died: but while these wars endured of these three last named French kings, Marcomirus and his son Clodomirus, and his son Farabertus: the Britain's made some insurrections for their former liberty, and were in arms until by Lollius Vrbicius the Roman Ambassador, they were again repressed.  
Sunno by this the son of Clodomirus flourished in that government 
The Christian faith received into Britain.  which he had in Marchia, and builded a great City in memory of the Frenchmen, and named it Francofordia, and builded another Town hard by the river Suenus, and named 
Franford builded by Sunno, and also Sunnia, which is now called Sunda.  it after his own name Sunnia, which is now called Sunda. About the twelfth year of Farabertus king of France, reigned in Britain Lucius the son of Coilus, who in the thirteenth year of his reign, as both Beda and Gildas affirm, received the Christian faith from Eleutherius then twelfth bishop of Rome: for Lucius king of Britain sent to Rome for that purpose Ambassadors, with whom Eleutherius scent two bishops, the one named Faganus, the other Divianus, in the 239. Olympiad, and in the 179. year after our Saviour Christ.  
Tritemius and Hunibaldus, two French writers at large do 
Tritemius and Hunibaldus.  handle the history of Farabertus, and therefore I will pass to Sunno his son, who succeeded him in the kingdom, & reigned twenty eight years. This king reigned in France when Lucius Septimius Severus held wars in Britain: for after the death of Lucius the Barons of Britain fell to civil wars, at what time he caused a trench to be cast from sea to sea along the length of 22. miles, (as Eutropius saith) but Functius affirmeth it was in length 131. miles: but here Polydore criethin his chronicle 
Variety of opinion in time  and saith, that this was done 200. years after.  
The next king that succeeded Sunno, was Heldericus his son, of whom Tritemius writeth much and saith, that the Frenchmen before his time were not so civil, neither in behaviour nor in clothing: before Heldericus time they were rude 
The mean state of France in Heldericus time.  and barbarous, and at that time they had no sumptuous buildings, no brave dwellings, being brought to civil order by Hildegastus, a man of great fame amongst the Frenchmen. In the time of this Hildericus the kingdom of Persia began again under Artaxerxes, who slew at that time Artabanus king of the Parthians, and he was the first king in Persia since the conquest of Darius Codomanus by Alexander the great, which was six hundred years.  
In Rome this time reigned Emperor Alexander Severus, in whose days the City of Rome flourished with wise men and learned in all knowledge. This Hildericus had a son named 
Batharus 15. king.  Batherus, who reigned eighteen years, at what time reigned in Rome that idle and lascivious Emperor Gallienus: he was so careless of his Empire, that thereby opportunity was given to Batherus, who ever lay in watch as his predecessors did before him to annoy the Romans, and to subdue the Gauls: he (I say) brought an army of soldiers into Italy, being aided by the Germans, who began to thirst for the Empire of Rome, which daily fell at that time to a declining state.  
Batherus spoiled and wasted all the Country of Italy 
Itale spoiled with the sword unto Ravenna.  with sword and fire until Ravenna, and having done much harm, he returned back to his Country with great spoil: who after his return from Italy, levied an army of Saxons and of Germans, and passed the rivers of Rhine and Mosa, and 
Mosa.  entered into Gallia, where he made great slaughter of the Gauls, and subdued Gallia unto the river of Sequana, which is called Seen, and from thence to the confines of Spain.  
This overthrow both of the Romans and the Gauls, was in the thirteenth year of Batherus reign, who lived after five years and died. After whom succeeded Clodius, the eldest 
Clodius' king after Farabertus.  son of Batherus: he reigned king over the Frenchmen twenty seven years, during which time reigned in Rome thus many Emperors: Aurelianus, which reigned 6. years, Annius Tacitus, and Florianus his brother, and Aurelius Probus: these four Emperors reigned in Rome, while this Clodius reigned in France.  
For in the third year of this Clodius, the Romans being mindful of their late injuries by Farabertus and Batherus, they sent a Roman army into Almania, where Tritemius saith, that many a Roman lost his life: for at that time the Frenchmen invaded the country of Gallia, and subdued a great part thereof, and possessed the same for the space of seven years. For Gallia was the only Country that the Frenchmen shot at: 
Gallia not yet gotten by the Frenchmen.  for all this while their Territories about the river of Rhine, and from thence to the river of Mosa, and had some part of Gallia gotten.  
A little before this time reigned king of the Saxons Marbodus, whose two sons named Antharius and Luterus were in that voyage made into Gallia, in the time of Batherus this Clodius father. Now this king Clodius after he had reigned twenty 
Uproars in many countries in Claudius' time.  seven years, he died: during which time many Countries were in an uproar, as Archileus in Egypt, Narseus in the East part rebelled, the Quingentians molested Africa, aed Caransius detained Britain with the sword, neglecting the charge of Maximianus the Emperor, and his duty and 
Eutrop. lib. 9  allegiance to the Roman state, fled to Britain to avoid the emperors wrath, where he was slain by his companion Alectus, after he had governed Britain seven years with 
Alectas slain by Asclepiadotus.  force. Alectus after he had slain Carausius, took upon him the government of the Britaines for three years, until he again was slain by Asclepiadotus a Roman, who governed the Britain's ten years peaceably.  
After this succeeded in France Gualterus: he reigned eight years, after whom succeeded Dagobertus, or as Functius saith, 
Gualterus 5. king after Farabartus.  Degenbertus, who reigned 11. years: after him reigned his son Clogio two years, in whose time the Romans and they of Gallia invaded that part of France, where Clogio and his ancestors did possess, and made great spoil & waste of towns and people. Many sharp battles were commenced by the 
Clogio 7. after Farabertus.  Romans, at what time this Clogio the 19 king of France was slain in the field, whose body being dead, his own brother Clodomirus withdrew out of the field, and armed himself with 
Clodomirus his valour & courage to revenge his brother's death.  Clogio his armour, lest he might be known to be killed, & came to the field armed in all points like unto the king his brother, and was taken both of his own soldiers, and also of the Romans & Gauls to be Clogio, entered into the midst of his army, encouraged them with his person manfully fight as though he had been a common soldier, whereby he kindled the hearts of the Frenchmen again, that they recovered their courage, and put both the Romans and the Gauls to flight, and got the second victory by Clodomirus, though they lost the first, and their king Clogio: and though Clogio had two sons, the elder 
Clodomirus victory.  called Helinus of twenty years of age, the younger Richimerus of eighteen, yet for that it was enacted that none should be king in France until he were twenty four years of age as Tritemius affirmeth:  
This Clodomirus their uncle and brother unto Clogio succeeded in the government of France, and reigned 18. years: 
Clodomirus succeeded his brother Clogio.  during whose reign the Swissers called Sueni, and the Dorings had such hot civil wars between them, that no peace by no means could be had of neither parts: & therefore the Doring to avoid these continual sharp wars, offeredthiss large territory & country, for the which this strife grew to Clodomirus. The Frenchmen being most glad thereof, accepted the offer, and removed from the river of Rhine where they first dwelled after they came out of Scythia, unto the number of 30000 armed men, 2686. husbandmen, with their wives and children, 
2686 husband men with their families.  over whom Clodomirus appointed his brother called Genebaldus governor, under the law and condition that Genebaldus and his successors for ever should be subject to the kings of France, paying yearly tribute unto France, and to be ready in any service of war.  
This Country was called Menigavia, and lieth about the river Meanum, and after East France, which in time grew to 
Menigavia when Genebaldus reigned, paying tribute unto his brother Clodomirus.  be one of the strongest dukedoms in all France. Here Genebaldus reigned quietly 20. years: of this king, Hunibaldus and Tritemius write at large: for I find that 20. dukes successively of one stock reigned in the dukedom, until the time of Pipinus, which was 414. this is called now Franconia. Now while Genebaldus ruled this part of France, his brother Clodomirus died, after whom succeeded his son Richimerus, and reigned thirteen years: at what time Constantinus the great was Emperor of Rome.  
Gebrich king of the Goats, and Visumoar king of the Vandals, he in the fourth year of his reign entered into Gallia, with an 
Gebrich king of the Goths.  army of 200000 soldiers, wasted, spoiled, and subdued many places in Gallia: he gave battle to Tiberiunus the Roman lieutenant and gave him the overthrow, and in the sixth 
The victory of Richimerus.  year of his reign Richimerus again came in arms against the Gauls and Romans, in the which battle in the first time the Romans were victors, but in the second time were conquered: but in the thirteenth year of this king's reign, at what time Constans the eldest son of Constantine the great reigned Emperor of Rome, Richimerus was slain in the field fight valiantly against the Gauls and the Romans. After 
Richimerus slain.  whom Theodomirus came to the government of France, and reigned ten years: during which time he had sundry conflicts 
Theodoricus 38. king.  with the Romans, but in the tenth year of his reign, he and his mother Hastila was taken by the Romans & put to death. After the death of Theodomirus, Clogio took the government of France, who reigned 18. years, and left three sons behind him: but I will write of him who succeeded his father which was named Hector, surnamed Degenbart, of whom lineally 
From this Hector Degen●…bart Charles the great descended.  descended king Pipine and Charles the great, as Tritemius affirmeth. For Marcomirus the son of this Degenbart, was a very notable soldier and a valiant man, and bridled the Romans 4 years with continual wars: over whom he had divers victories. But one great victory he had at Agrippina, with incredible spoil & riches: for this Marcomirus was both a lucky name, and a great name amongst the Frenchmen. 
Marcomirus a great name in France.   
In Degenbarts time the Huns invaded the Goths, at what time the Goths had passed the river of Ister, & invaded Thracia. And the Saxons also invaded that time the Roman confines: 
The Saxons invaded the Romans confines.  for by this time these kingdoms began to be mighty and strong in Germany: the kingdom of the Vandals, of the Goths, of the Huns, and of the Longobards. At what time Rome began to shrink, and to be much defaced of her former dignity: for now by little and little the Empire yielded to these West kingdoms, until the whole Empire was transposed into Germany.  
But to Marcomirus again, who after he had good success 
Four noble captains under Marcomirus.  in many and sundry battles with the Romans, he turned his force into Gallia, having Antenor, Priamus, Sunno, and Genebaldus, four worthy captains to lead his army, committing several charge to either of them, whose prowess and exploits were such, that at that time they wan and subdued much of the country, and joined the same to the kingdom: so that Gallia was daily weakened & diminished of her power, and France was strengthened and increased in greatness and force. For (as I said before) the fall of Rome was the rising 
The fall of Rome was the rising of Fraumce.  of France.  
Now after Marcomirus had recovered these towns and countries, which were by his predecessors lost to Maximus and to the Romans, and after he had done great harm and spoil to the Romans, he was slain in the field valiantly by Valentinianus and his army, after whose death the kingdom of France was governed for the space of 26. years without a 
The kingdom of France without a king 26. years. Interregnum.  king by the states of France, which is called Interregnum.  
During which time Valentinianus the Emperor, seeing great opportunity, demanded of the Frenchmen tribute being due to the Romans, which the Frenchmen denied: affirming beside, that they would lose both lives and livings, before they would lose their liberty: And also boldly again affirming, that they were never conquered by the sword, but with deceit. 
Wars between the Romans and the Frenchmen.  By this means new wars freshly began between the Romans and the Frenchmen.  
This time in France were appointed two chief governors called Interreges, the one named Dagobertus, the other Genebaldus, who governed discreetly and soberly, with the rest of the nobles and Barons of France for 21. years, until Faramundus time, who then governed East France under the kings of France: this was by common consent of the States of France taken from his dukedom, and made king of France in the 299. Olympiad. At what time reigned in Rome the Emperor Honorius, and Arcadius Emperor at Constantinople: and in Persia governed Vararanes the fourth of that name and 14. king, with whom the Romans this time had 
Faramundus by common consent made king of France.  great wars. About this time certain jews were banished forth of Alexandria: likewise this time S. Hierome died, and Augustine his scholar flourished, and was made bishop of Hippo in Africa.  
Thus far the kings of France from Francus time, continued successively after Francus name, until this Faramundus which was four hundredth years: during which time reigned four and twenie kings. And from Marcomirus the first of them that came out of Scythia, until Francus time, another 
The French nations were 800 years and more in getting of Gallia.  four hundredth years: so that from the beginning of this nation, being by so many names called, as the names of the countries were, where they dwelled, where eight hundredth years passed before they could be called kings of Gallia, for all their long wars and continual battles. And for that it may be with more ease known how, when and where, they reigned, I will set down all the names of those kings that reigned from Francus time (which was in the time of Pompey the great) until Faramundus, in like sort as I have laid down the 16. kings of Sicambria.  
For lineally did 24. kings reign from the father to the son, for the space of 404. years, even from Francus unto Farabertus 12. and from Farabertus to Faramundus 12. which was the first king of all Gallia: for as the first name continued after the name of Cambra, by the name of Sicambri, or Cimbri, as the Romans called them, until Francus time: so from Francus 
From Faramundus, I use P. Aemilius.  time unto this Faramundus time, the name of Franci continued: so now from Faramundus forward, they were named Galli, and became the greatest kingdom of Europe, especially since the Roman Empire decayed. For as the Romans were strengthened by the subduing of the Latins and Albans, (Crescit Roma Albae ruinis,) even so France became strong by the ruin of Rome.  

1 After Farabertus succeeded his son Sunno, and reigned 28. years.  
2 Hildericus the son of Sunno. 40. years.  
3 Batherius the son of Hildericus. 18. years.  
4 Clodius the son of Batherius. 27. years.  
5 After Clodius succeeded his son Walterius and reigned 8. years.  
6 After Walterius reigned his son Dagobertus or Degenbertus. 11. years.  
7 After him his son Clogio. 2. years.  
8 After Clogio, his brother Clodomirus reigned after him 18. years.  
9 After Clodomirus, his son Richimerus reigned 
These kings reigned from Farabertus to Faramundus.  13. years.  
10 After him reigned Theodomirus. 10. years.  
11 After him reigned Clogio. 18. years.  
11 After Clogio Marcomirus the third of that name.    

CHAP. FOUR  
From Faramundus the first king that had all France in his hand, and from whom all Historians and Chronographers begin the history of France: who began his reign in France, in the year of our Lord and Saviour 420: of the laws, government and wars from that time, unto Clodovaeus the first Christian king of France, and so until Clodovaeus the second of that name, and the 12. king after Faramundus.  
NOw this Faramundus the son of Marcomirus the great, when he was made 
Faramundus appointed his brother Marcomirus East France.  king of France, he committed the charge of his former government which he had in the East France, to his brother Marcomirus, & he governed the Frenchmen in Gallia 7. years: and he augmented the crown of France with more territories, as Mosellana, Augusta, and other places. He instructed the rude people, and brought them from rudeness to civility, taught them to live under a law, made decrees and statutes to govern his country.  
Here the cry of Chronicles: for Pau. Aemilius, writeth this history far otherwise: so doth Langaeus, and he saith that 
P. Aemil. lib. 1.  the Frenchmen were named Franci, of one Francio the son of Hector. But the truth of this history is found rather in Tritemius and Hunebaldus, with whom both Functius and Lazius do agree. In this they agree all, that from Faramundus time 
Faramundus the first king of Gallia.  the kings of Gallia were numbered.  
julius Caesar, (who long served under the Romans in France) divided Gallia into three countries: from the river of Rhein, unto the river Sequana, and that country is called Gallia Belgica: from the river of Sein unto Garumna, that country is called Celtica: and from Garumna unto the mountains Pyrenei, which is called Aquitania, which was before called Amorica. With this Plini doth accord. All these people were in ancient time called Celtae. Read Strabo and Plini in the description of Gallia: from mount Pyrenei to the river Garumna, lieth Aquitania, 
Plini lib. 4. cap. 17. 18.  from thence to Sequana dwelled the Celtes, and from thence to the river Rhein, the Belgians.  
I will pass to the kings, who begin in this Faramundus time to be kings of Gallia, after 870. years wars by his predecessors before: he reigned seven years, and others affirm 11. years. In this Faramundus time the Law called Salica 
Lex Salica made in Faramundus time. Clodius the second king of France.  was made. After whom succeeded Clodius his son, surnamed Crinitus, or Comatus, the second king of all France, which was called then Gallia: he reigned 28. years, and plagued the remnant of the Gauls which dwelled in Gallia unconquered. He gave divers sharp battles to the Romans, and commanded by an Edict, that the Frenchmen should let their beards, and the hairs of their head grow, and so to comb & keep it without cutting: because they might be known hereby to be the Frenchmen, and to make a difference between them and others that dwelled within Gallia: wherefore he was surnamed Clodius Crinitus. 
Clodius was surnamed Crinitus.   
In the sixth year of his reign, he overcame those people called Senovenses and Aurelionenses, which dwelled about Lutetia, and joined them to the kingdom of France. He likewise in the ninth year of his reign subdued the Saxons, the Trentones, the Doringes, and brought all that part of France bordering 
The divers victories of this Clodius.  upon the sea into subjection: and in the thirtieth year of his reign, he also brought Batavi, Tungri, Menaxij, and divers other people that were commorant in the edge of France: at what time the Goths had done great harm in that part of France called Aquitania, and also the Burgundians subdued much in Lugdunum. This time the Scots and the Pictes invaded 
Scots and Picts invaded Britain.  Britain, and spoiled the country and did much harm. About this time Atala king of that nation called Hunni in Germany had much to do with the Romans, and both gave and took divers repulses.  
This Clodius when he had enlarged the kingdom of France with the most part of Gallia, and had reigned twenty years, some say 17. years, he died: in whose time Valentinianus 
Clodius died.  had married Eudoxia the daughter of Theodosius the Emperor, by whom Valentinianus was made Augustus. This time Theodosius waged wars against the Vandals, who had a 
Ruffinus de orig. Francorum.  king named Giezirichus, who had licence by Valentinianus to dwell in Africa: who had dwelled there in despite of the Romans for the space of 95. years, until by justinianus the Emperor, they were thence expelled and driven out: and at that very time the Huns entered and spoiled Thracia and Illyrica, and subdued with sword and fire, until they came to Thermopila. Likewise in the fourteenth year of this Clodius, the Goths broke their league against Spain, and possessed with the sword the next territories to Spain, and besieged the city of Narbon.  
This time Patricius was sent from Celestinus then bishop of Rome to Ireland, to instruct the Irishmen in the Christian faith: of this Patrick the Irishmen brag much. In the time of 
Read Gildas, Giraldus and Beda in the history of Britain.  this Clodius, Vortigerus with the Saxons by deceit and craft invaded Britain: for hitherto the Britain's kept tack with the Romans, sometime in war with them, and sometime in 
The antiquity of English Saxons in Britain, called before Arubrones Roxones.  peace. Read more of this in Beda. This was in the year after Christ 446: at what time great persecution was in Africa under king Giezirichus the Vandole, and the heresy called Eutichiana began to rise in Constantinople. This time reigned in Persia, Vararanes the fift of that name, and fifteenth king of Persia.  
After this time we read of no mention made of any Olympiad, though long before they were little used: for the Olympiads flourished until the time of Lucius Silla the Dictator: yet 
The errors of the Olympiads.  used for computation sake, (but with most absurd and gross errors,) both of Zenophon and Thucydides, who little used them, and yet erred in them, though they lived and wrote then when the Olympiads most flourished: and it made me also oftentimes to avoid the Olympiads in my histories, for that I found great errors in them.  
But I will come to the third king of France Meroveus the son of Clodius, who succeeded his father and reigned 
Meroveus the third king.  12. years, others say but 10: and so the error which was in the years of Faramundus, is corrected and amended. This king lost nothing which his father got. He did not only defend and maintain all those countries and territories which were joined to the kingdom of France by his father, but also enlarged the same with the vanquishing and subduing of the Romans in many places.  
These French people by this time became so strong and so mighty, that they were feared of all Northern nations, and therefore certain countries conspired against them, and commenced war against them, as Attila king of the Huns, 
Attila king of the Huns, Vualaricus king of the East. Goths, Ardaricus king of Gepida, joined together against the French.  who slew his own brother called Bleda, (which jointly reigned in the kingdom) for to have the sole government: with him that time joined Vualaricus king of the East Goths, Ardaricus king of Gepida, and other nations of the North. These commenced war upon Meroveus with five hundredth thousand soldiers: but he was aided with Theodoricus king of the Vestgothes, and with Aetius the Roman lieutenant. And the battle was terrible and great, and endured from Sun rising to Sun setting, where 188. thousand were slain, but 
Til. in Cron. Franc. Reg.  the victory fell to the Frenchmen, with great slaughter on either side: for in that battle was slain Theodoricus king of the 
The great victory of the Frenchmen.  Vestgothes, whose body was brought with great pomp and solemnity to Tolosa to be buried.  
In the next year after this great battle, Attila king of the Huns (being of the mightiest power, and of the greatest 
Attila a strong king.  force of all Germany,) invaded Italy, overthrowing and utterly spoiling all parts and places of Italy where he came into: the harm and spoil he did was such, that Leo the first of that name, than Bishop of Rome, came in his pontifical robes and met him, (to whom Attila used great reverence,) 
joseph. lib. 71. cap. 8.  and obtained peace. The like is written of the great Alexander, who with the like honour reverenced the high Priest at Jerusalem, by whom Alexander was pacified, and his war turned to peace.  
Now after in the eleventh year of Meroveus, he besieged 
Augusta besieged by Meroneus.  Augusta the chiefest city of Treveres which Attila a little before took with the sword, and possessed it, but recovered into France again: so that the Frenchmen by this time grew so great & so strong, since the time they came first from Scythia 
These places the Frenchmen fi●…st inhabited after they had come from Scythia.  into Germany, when they dwelled about the river of Rein, in those places which are now called Holland, Gilderland, Cliveland, and Frizland, that they began to advance themselves, and to extol their kingdom above the Empire: for with continual wars of almost 870. years, with the slaughter of many of their kings, dukes, and barons, when they were yet called Sicambri, and after Franci, and now Galli, they became at length so strong, that rather the empire was subject to France, 
France flourished.  than France to the empire. For this French nation (as I said before) behaved themselves so in all places where they dwelled, that they would both use their manners and speech, and therefore were they called by so many names, as Neumagi, Marcomani, Sicambri, Germani, Franci, and Galli. But this word France was increased more and more, and what victory or conquest 
The Roman Empire fell to decay.  soever these kings obtained, still they joined it to that part of France where they first inhabited, until they had conquered all other names within Gallia to be France, and that even from Francus which reigned but few years before our Saviour Christ.  
Now after that Merouaeus had reigned 12. years he died, after 
Childericus the fourth king of France.  whom succeeded his son Childericus, who after he had reigned king for one year, he used such an inordinate filthy life and insolency, that he was dispossessed of his kingdom: in whose place Egidius a Roman was elected, who reigned eight 
Egidius reigned 8 years.  years, some say but 3. years after. But before he went he reposed all his trust in Virodomarus his friend, an excellent soldier, to whom he gave half a piece of gold, & kept the other half himself, willing him to believe no message without he saw that half piece of gold. But read this history in Aemilius and you shall find how Childericus was by Virodomarus 
Aemil. lib. 1.  restored to his kingdom again, and how Virodomarus was brought from Turingia with all the nobles of France into his kingdom: where Childericus was placed again in his kingdom, being then gone to Bisinus king of Turingia for refuge and succour, and with him came from thence Basana the king's daughter: some say, that she was Bissinus wife the king. 
Till Chron. Francor. r●…g.  The histories say, that she came and followed after Childericus from her father, whom Childericus married, and by whom 
Clodoue●…s the first of that name received first the Christian faith in France.  he got Clodoveus, which was the first king that received the Christian faith.  
Childericus after his return to his kingdom, remembering the victories and conquests of his father, began valiantly to recover those places and towns from the Romans, which Egidius while he governed France had willingly lost. He laid siege to 
P. Aemil. in Childe●…ico.  Coloni●… and overthrew it, he removed Odoacer from France which he invaded with a huge army, and put him to flight: and when he had recovered all France from the Romans subjection, he appointed lieutenants and generals in every province of France, and left all France free from the Romans to 
Childericus died.  his son Clodoveus, and died when he had reigned 26. years: others say 23. years, Paul. Aemilius affirmeth 30.  
In the time of this king came Ambrose Aurelius the Roman, and took the government of Britain, after 20. conflicts he 
A number of B●…itaines came over sea, and possessed Aquitania.  was slain by the English Saxons: at what time certain Britain's sailed over and came & possessed Aquitania. For now reigned in Italy Odoacer (Hercules being driven before out of France as you heard by Hildericus) this Hercules having settled himself in Italy, and assuming there the name of a king, the Empire was removed at that very time into Germany, and Rome and all Italy were governed by strangers. All the West kingdoms were much molested and sore vexed this time, for (as you 
Vortiger and after him Hengistus.  heard) Vortiger, and after Hengistus scattered the Britain's to seek new dwellings, so me into Cambria (which is now called Wales, where they ever dwelled since that time) and some to France, which is called in France to this day little Britain. Again 
The first time that Armorica was named little Brita●…ne.  the Longobards settled themselves about the river Danubius, and divers other nations in Germany, and in the West countries were placed and again displaced by war.  
But to Clodoveus the son of Childericus by Basana, who came 
Clodoveus the fift king.  to the kingdom of France at the age of 21. years, and reigned 30. years: he lived 15. of them a pagan unchristened: in the other 15. he was christened, and was the first that received the Christian faith into France, and also the first king that possessed all Gallia under the crown of France: for in four great battles he had these victories.  
The first against the Romans, whose lieutenant was called 
Read of th●…se 4. great victories Blondus and Procopius.  Siagrius, who was taken in the bat●…aile and slain, and the army of the Romans put to flight and slain.  
The second war was against Gothemarus and Gotegiseleus, who before had slain in war Chilpericus his wives father, and Sigismundus his wives uncle: this war Clodoveus took in hand at the suit and earnest request of his wife Clotildis, for she was a Christian, who laboured much with the king her husband to become a Christian, and with as great care she daily solicited the king to revenge her father and uncles death.  
The third war was against the Almains, at what time 
Clodoveus the first performed his oath and became a Christian, after his victory had against the Almains.  he vowed if God would give him the victory, he would become a Christian, which he performed, and obtained the victory, and was baptised by Remigius bishop of Rhine.  
The fourth war was against Alaricus king of the Goths, whom he slew in the field, and discomfited all his army.  
By these four great victories Clodoveus had brought all Gallia to be all France: for during his bastard's sons time, he subdued Turingia, and enlarged his country from the river of Rhein, unto the river Sequana. Theodoricus being by his father Clodoveus sent as Precedent to Aquitania, at what time he brought divers people (by the sword) under his father's subjection, as Albios, Rhatenes, Tolasates, and the people called Auerni: He subdued Vastonia and other places. Read more of the wars of Clodoveus, of his vows, and conversion to the faith, and of his victories, in Paul. Aemilius, and in Tilius: who after he had reigned thirty years he died, and was buried in Paris. 
Thus far Hu●…ibaldus.   
Hitherto reacheth Hunibaldus history of the antiquity of France, which he wrote and divided into 18. books, containing the history of all the kings, from the first Marcomirus which came from Scythia, until the time of Clodoveus death, which were 47. kings which reigned by sundry names for the space of 950. years.  
While this Clodoveus reigned, the Saracens invaded Phoenicia, Syria, and Thracia, and did great harm. This time reigned 
In this time of Clodoveus, reigned Emperor Anastatius, and in Britain reigned Arthur.  in Persia Lambases, whom Procopius named Blazons: and about this time Anastatius the Emperor builded a most strong city in Mesopotamia, and named it after his own name Anastasia: and walled the city of Theodocia in Armenia, which the Emperor Theodosius had builded.  
In the time of this Clodoveus Arthur reigned in Britain, who did much annoy the Saxons, and had if he had long lived, restored the Britain's again to their former liberty. But to return to the successors of Clodoveus, who left behind him four sons, Theodoricus, Clodomirus, Childebertus, and Lotharius, 
Cl●…doueus 4. sons.  amongst whom the kingdom of France was divided, the whole kingdom made a Tetrarchia: and so in process of time the whole kingdom fell to Childebertus hand, from whom the lines of the kings of France descend until Hildericus, though some say it doth descend from Lotharius: yet reigned these 4. brethren in several Provinces of France, as four tetrarchs for a time. During which time, read Procopius and Paul. Aemilius and see the events of fortune, the uncertainty 
Procop lib. 1. de bell. Gothor.  of states, and change of earthly dignity, and how Theodoricus, and Clodomirus two of the brethren, with all their children died: then Childebertus divided the whole kingdom between him and his brother Clotarius.  
In the mean season let us see what was done in other countries: for while these four brethren governed France, Rome 
Read of these 18. year war Procop. lib. 2 de bello Persico.  was taken being besieged by the Goths, and destroyed and left desolate by Totila king of the Goths: he also vanquished the Brutians and the Lucan's, he took Apulia and Calabria, and besieged Placentia. This war of the Goths continued 18. years, during which war reigned 3. kings over the Goths: the first Vitiges, who destroyed Rome in his time, but re-edified and builded again by Belisarius: the second king Alaricus, who was slain within few months: so that the most time of this 18. years were continued under Totila, who plagued so sore 
This king Tot●…la plagued Italy & Rome.  Italy and Rome, that after that time Rome was so decayed and possessed with strangers, that sooner you should find in Italy a German than a Roman: and in Rome itself, ten Vandals, ten Goths, or ten Longobards, for one citizen, in so 
More Vandals and Goths in Rome then Citizens.  much that they were not able to appoint a Consul to govern them, who had governed them for the space of 447. years: so long the Consuls of Rome governed the city, which was until the emperors time, and then they governed the whole world. But now, not only the dignity of Consuls was lost, (which were of long time languishing and decaying, since civil wars between themselves, with persecution of the godly, and tyranny of the wicked Emperors) but the name itself utterly perished and quite abolished by those nations of Germany, who were scant known in Augustus Caesar's time: and therefore valeat Roma cum Papa, who entered into Rome, and took possession thereof within 40. years of Clotarius government. At what time he erected up his Papacy 
The kingdom of the Pope, and the kingdom of Mahom●…t, began at one time.  in Rome, when Mahomet advanced up the kingdom of the Saracens. The Pope began his Papacy in Rome 14. years before Mahomet began his kingdom over the Saracens in Arabia.  
Now a Pope for an Emperor governed Rome, a prophet for a king reigned in Arabia: of whom I spoke in the history of the Church, and in the history of the Saracens. And now I will make mention of justinianus, who governed then as Emperor: under whom Bellisarius annoyed Italy, subdued Siracusa, and took Catina, and in the last year of his Consulship subdued Sicilia.  
After that, he passed into Africa, and delivered Carthage from the siege of Stoze, and appointed one Solomon governor over the town. This Bellisarius proved so excellent a 
Bellisarius much commended.  captain under justinianus the Emperor, that he advanced the name of the empire through his victories gotten in divers battles, that some writ that Bellisarius had a triumph granted him at Rome, appointed by the Emp. justinian: much is written of this Bellisarius in the wars called Persicum, which justinianus 
Bellisarius a noble captain under justinianus.  begun, but Bellisarius ended. This Bellisarius took Catina, Siracusa, and subdued all Sicily, Ravenna, & Naples, and was made general under justinian in the East empire, where he merited the name of a good soldier. justinianus made the 4. books of the Institutes and other 50. books of civil law, called the Pandects, 
Pandects made by justinianus the Emperor.  which Tribonianus ended, and brought to perfection.  
This time Cosroes king of Persia invaded Cilicia, and Syria, he took Antiochia, and now again the fourth time, after he had concluded peace with justinianus, he invaded the territories of the Romans, but he was now driven thence by Bellisarius: at what time Arethus king of the Saracens came, and yielded to justinianus both his kingdom and his children. Totila king of the Goths this time gave an overthrow to Demetrius upon the sea, and took Neapolis. During these 45. years, Hunni invaded 
This time died Arthur i●… Britain.  Europe, spoiled and wasted into Byzantium, which is Constantinople: in Britain died Arthur the son of Uter Pendragon, after whom succeeded Constantius a wicked lewd Prince, about which time, Narses a Persian with a great army entered into Italy, vanquished the Goths at Tagira, and again the Goths overthrown by Narses at Necerium, and at 
Prccopius of the wars of the Goths thus far.  last driven out of Italy, and their king Totila slain. Thus far Procopius writeth of the wars of the Goths. Now to Clotharius, which reigned in France 5. years after the death of his three brethren and their children, and died, as Blondus saith, at Tridentum: after whose death, France was again divided between the sons of Lotharius, who is called in Beroaldus, 
De Chron. Fran●….  Clotarius, which reigned 5. years after Childebertus, and died & was buried in the church of S. Medardis in Suetia, which Church he began to build a little before he died.  
After whom succeeded Cherebertus the son of Clotarius, 
Cherebertus a wicked vicious prince.  a wicked vicious king, who after he reigned 9 years, died in the arms of his concubine at Paris: after him Chilpericus raigued 14. years, as vicious and wicked as his brother, yet of him lineally do descend the line of the kings of France until Childericus time, he was caused to be slain between Landricus and 
This time began wars between the Romans and the Persians.  his strumpet Fredegunda, and was also buried in Paris. Now justinus the younger, a daughter's son of justinianus, governed in the empire: war was proclaimed by the Romans against the Persians, at what time Hormisda reigned king of Persia, who was vanquished by Tiberius Constantius: and again the Persians lost those towns which they had gotten during the government of justinianus.  
This time Chilpericus left a child of the age of 4. months, called Clotarius the second of that name, and the 10. king of France, who reigned 44. years: this king being yet an infant 
Clotarius the tenth king.  under the protection of Landricus, whom Guntrandus the kings uncle had made master of the horse, Childebertus king of Mediomatrices sought to attempt through force to govern France, but in vain, for he missed of his purpose: for he & his wife died within a while after upon one day, suspected to be poisoned. Howbeit, when Clotarius came to any estate civil, wars began 
Read Tilius de reg. Franc.  in France between the king, and Theodobertus and Theodoricus two sons of Hildebertus: these two brethren plagued sore the king, until they were divided one against another, and then all France was afflicted. But during these civil vexations in France, the Persians wasted Palestine, took jerusalem and their patriarch Zacharias, they raged against the Egyptians, and they subdued Alexandria and Libya, until Aethiope, took Carthage, and proudly denied the Emperor Heraclius peace: but the Persians and their king Cosroes repent their denial, for 
The victory of Heraclius over the Persians.  Heraclius prepared war, and levied an army, and entered into Persia, & flew in that voyage 50000. Heraclius the second time persecuted the Persians' with sword and fire so hard, that Cosroes their king was slain. By this time the Persians were on every side so assaulted & so weakened, that they were most miserably 
Polyb. lib. 4.  slain and destroyed, & their kingdom taken by the Saracens.  
About this time Caddwalader the last king of the Britain's, 
Caddwalader the last king of the Britain's.  was by a dream admonished to leave his kingdom, and to pass over sea to Rome, at what time the English Saxons possessed the whole Isle of Britain, saving Scotland and the Picts.  
Let us leave France for a while in their civil dissensions between Clotarius and the two sons of Childebertus, named Theodoricus & Theobertus, who after they constrained the king 
Wars between Theodoricus and Theobertus.  to accept what conditions of peace they lusted, these two brethren fell out, that again all France was in arms, & for a time France was most miserably afflicted. Now Persia being destroyed the third time by the Saracens, we will pass overthe Pope in Rome, & Mahomet in Arabia, and return to Germany, a country so famous of late, that the Monarchy & sole empire flourished there: though the Romans in julius Caesar's time made no 
Vandoles, Goths, Huns, Danes, Hungarians, and others, were by the old Romane●… called Germans.  account of them, calling all those nations which are called Vandals, Goths, Huns, Hungarians, Danes, Suevians, Russians, and others by one name Germans. These countries and kingdom's flourished when the East kingdoms decayed, and that within 500 years of Augustus' time, when Rome was in her most glory & dignity: and for that the names of their kings may be read in Functius, I will not set them down: for those that were of any great renown in histories, chief the Goths and Vandals, who hitherto had 24. kings, and the Longobards who had 17. kings. Diaconus writes of them, & Functius in his table records them: and therefore I will return to Clotarius, who when he had reigned 41. years, he assigned Dagobertus his eldest son king of 
Clotarius died.  Austratia, jointly to govern France with him for three years more, and then Clotarius died in the 44. year of his reign.  
This Dagobertus was the 11. king from Faramundus, and had a 
Dagobertus the 11. king.  brother named Aribertus, to whom he gave Aquitania in possession, and governed himself after his father in France 14. years: he was very vicious and so given to women, that when he would travail he would have his women carried with him, Agmina Scortorum, a whole army of concubines, who went 
Till Chron. Franc. reg.  in habits of Queens, and dwelled in palaces made unto them by the king Dagobertus. And with this vice there was joined an other virtue, which was to banish all those jews out of France, that would not become Christians: for now France hath their vines and grapes, and all the country of France flourished since Probus the emperors time, who first 
France suffered to have their vines by Probus the Emperor.  suffered them to have the use and benefits of all vines.  
By this time his brother Aribertus died in Aquitaina, and left a son behind him, named Hilpericus, who likewise died after his father shortly, and all France fell to Dagobertus: who at that time placed his eldest son Sigebertus king of Austrasia, where sometimes Dagobertus governed during three years of his father's reign. Dagobertus had wars with the Vuindos whom he vanquished by the aid of the Saxons, and also he 
Dagobertus died upon the 4. kal. of February.  had wars against the Vascons, who though they revolted as Tritemius affirmeth, yet received them into favour. In Rome now had reigned 9 several pope's, whose names are set down in the history of the church, and over the Saracens (who quite had subdued all Persia before) reigned already four Amyras of Mahomet's sects. Thus in Rome a silly priest became a great Pope, and in Arabia a false Prophet of one age with the pope 
Mahomet.  became a mighty king, which by his greatness attained a surname called Amyras: of whom likewise I have spoken in the history of the Saracens.  

1 Pharamundus reigned 8. years, Beroaldus saith 11. years.  
2 Clodius Faramundus son surnamed Crivitus reigned 18. years.  
3 Meroveus succeeded his father Clodius, and reigned 10. years.  
4 Hildericus the first reigned 26. this is called of many Childericus.  
5 Clodoveus reigned 30.  
6 Childebertus reigned 45. years.  
7 Lotarius or Cotarius 5. years.  
8 Heribertus reigned 9  
9 Hilpericus or Chilpericus 23. for mark whom Beroaldus, Ruffinus, and others do name Chilpericus, that same doth Functius name Hilpericus, & so of Cheribertus Functius he nameth Heribertus.  
10 Lotarius 2. the son of Hilpericus 14. years.  
11 Dagobertus succeeded his father, and reigned 14. years.    

CHAP. V.  
From Clodoveus the 2. who began his reign 645. unto the reign and government of Charles the great, the patron & only mirror of France, by whom chief the French men flourished, in famous renown, and in whom all the laws, relics and monuments are established.  
Now I will go forward with the histories of France, and speak of Dagobertus, who when he had reigned 14. years died, Aemilius saith, 16. years: for he reigned 2. years in Austrasia, & is buried in S. Denis which he himself had builded the second of that name, and the twelfth king, after Pharamundus succeeded. This was called Lewis, the first 
Lewes the first.  of that name. This time reigned king of the Goths Sisenandus, who was by them and of Dagobertus advanced to govern the Goths. The Emperor Constantinus surnamed junior was by his stepmother Martina poisoned after he had reigned four months, for that she practised to have her son Emperor, who reigned with his mother two years: and then the treason of Martina was found, which 
Martinas treason found, & after punished  was in this sort revenged: his nostrils were cut, and his mother's tongue was taken out: and so were both, lest again they might be forgotten and be received to the Empire, banished from Constantinople.  
By this time died Sigibertus king Clodovaens brother, who adopted before his death Ildebertus the son of Grimoaldus, supposing that he should have no heir of his body: but his wife being with child when he died, had a son named Dagobertus, who was sent to a Monastery in Scotland secretly to be brought by Grimoaldus: for which cause Clodovaeus waged 
Dagobertus scent to a Monastery by Grimoaldus.  war with Ildebertus the king, and with his father. Ildebertus was slain in the field in battle, and his father taken and put in prison in Paris, where he died: at what time Clodovaeus appointed his own son Childericus king in Austrasia. This 
Ildebertus slain.  time in France the famine was such, that the king Clodovaeus ooke all the gold and silver which his father Dagobertus had set up in Saint Dennis and other places, and all the treasures 
Aemil. l. b. 2.  out of the Temples in France, to help the poor of France.  
After Clodoveus had reigned seventeen years, succeeded Clotarius the third of that name (he died and is buried with his father in S. Dennis) and in Beroaldus table named Dagobertus 
Clotarius the 3. of that name.  the second, who reigned four years. After whom succeeded his brother Theodoricus, who was in the first year of his reign banished out of his kingdom for his incontinency. After him Hildericus, Theodoricus brother was elected king 
E●…l. de reg. Franc.  of all France, he reigned 12. years: Beroaldus saith five, he was slain in hunting, by one Bodillus, whom the king had before most cruelly caused to be bound to a stake, and to be whipped with rods: which he requited to the king with death. 
Theodoricus by Bodillus slain in hunting.  Which news being heard of, Theodoricus the king's brother being before as you heard banished, returned from a Monastery, and took again the kingdom of France, and reigned fourteen years. The kingdom of the Saracens had not only vexed and molested the East kingdoms, but also afflicted 
The Saracens held wars in divers countries.  and persecuted the West countries, and had divers and sundry battles with the Emperors, the Goths, and the Longobards, and are now become nations most mighty and strong in all the West, of whom read Diaconus de gestis Longabardorum.  
After these things reigned Clodovaeus the third of that name, who reigned four years, after whom Hildebertus Clodovaeus 
Clodovaeus.  his brother succeeded, and reigned eighteen years: but here some of the good and the best writers do disagree 
Hildebertus.  for the state of France, aswell for the names of their kings, as also for the history itself, as some following 
Read Tilius chron. de reg. Franc.  Tritemius, and some imitating Paulus Aemilius, that one Chronicle cries against another.  
During the reign of Hildebertus, Muhamad the Saracen invaded Armenia, and entered into Africa: for now the kingdom of the Saracens grew so mighty and so strong, that they troubled all the Nations of the world, as you may read in their histories.  
This time reigned over the langobards Chimibertus, and over the Goths Vitiza: for these two kingdoms flourished now in Germany, and began to match the Empire. After this reigned king in France Dagobertus the second of that name, four years after whom, Lotharius Dagobertus his brother reigned two years: some say seven years. 
Chil●…ericus by the aid of Martellu, was crowned king of 〈◊〉.  Beroaldus in his table affirmeth, that for these two years France had no king therein crowned, but Interreges were appointed: after which Chilpericus surnamed Daniel, by the aid of Carolus Martellus was crowned king of France, and reigned five years. After him governed Theodoricus, 
〈◊〉 Cala. 20.  surnamed Cala, the son of Dagobertus the second, he reigned fifteen years.  
Anastasius the second, surnamed Artemius, held the Empire for two years: and after, Theodosius the third of 
Gizid.  that name other two years. This time Gizid the twelfth Amiras, who reigned four years, and his son Euelid after him, played their parts in Asia and in Europe, as sometime the Scythians were wont to do: they laid siege to Constantinople, 
The Sarac●…ns by cold and hunger driven from Constantinople.  but were thence expelled by hunger and cold, and with all their whole navies were burned and destroyed upon the seas.  
In the time of this Theodoricus, the Cities of Italy began a new regiment under Dukes: every City elected and made a choice of one governor, under whom, and to whom they 
The government of exarchy in Italy altered.  lived as to their king, laying aside the last kind of government, called magistratus exarchatus. This time the Scots and the Picts quieted themselves within their limits, and spared their often invasions into England: at what time Ceolulphus reigned in that part of Englaud called Northumberland. With 
Beda this time lived.  this king Beda a learned man amongst the Britain's, was in great reverence and honour, and dedicated to him the history of the Church in English, and by Bedas means, Ceolulphus delivered 
Ceolulphus became a Monk.  the government to his uncle Egbertus, and became a Monk.  
In the time of this king the Saracens which inhabited in divers parts of Africa and Spain, were driven thence forth to the number of four hundred thousand by Edo, at what time they invaded France, and were so miserably persecuted every 
Edo and Abdimarus two kings of the Saracens.  way, that they lost Abdimarus their king, with a great number of the Saracens: but more is written of this in their own history.  
Now to Hildericus the third of that name, surnamed Stupidus, the son of Theodoricus Cala, who reigned nine years, and after was by consent of all the princes of France deposed 
Hildericus surnamed Stupidus.  from his kingdom, and in his place governed eighteen years Pipinus: during which time Hildericus lived privately and secretly in an Abbey.  
By this time died Carolus Martellus a great Prince of France, and lieth buried among the kings at S. Denis. Of whose valour, fame and courage not only in France, but every where, Read of this Noble Martellus, and of his divers worthy and 
Martellus died  renowned victories over the Saracens in Paul. Aemilius in the beginning of his 2. book: after whom succeeded Carolomanus which then yielded all his signories and titles of dignities unto Pipinus: who presently thereupon called a Parliament of all the Princes and Barons of France, to 'stablish laws and 
Pipinus the first anointed.  decrees for the receiving of the Roman religion, and allowing of the dignity of the Pope into France, for the which Pope Steven created king Pipine one of the Roman Patricians: this king grew so great in France, that the Saxons sought his friendship, promisig to aid him at all times with three hundred horsemen to any exploit. In the time of king Pipine Salim a great Prince of the Saracens with eight hundred 
Salim.  thousand Saracens invaded Cappadocia without any great exploit done: this time the Turks issued forth of their Caspian holds and invaded Armenia, and after commenced war with the Arabians in France. 
The Pope's authority first allowed in France.   
After that Pipinus had quieted the state of France, and was confirmed by the Pope to his kingdom: for he was the first that allowed the authority of the Pope in France: and after that Thassillo king of Bavaria had yielded himself to the crown of France, and that the wars of Aquitania was ended, when Nauserius their governor was slain by his 
Read Pau. Aemilius lib. 3. of Charles the great.  own soldiers: then Pipinus died, after whom succeeded Carolus the great, who reigned in France six and forty years.  
It is read that in every country or kingdom, some men are noted chief one excelling another, and among these few gallant and famous, one is ever preferred in all countries, of whom they hold and brag of, their antiquity, their laws, kingdoms, their chief conquests, and victories generally they do attribute to one above another: as for example here I set down.  

Among the old Assyrians.  
Nymrodes.  
Belus.  
But specially Ninus.   

Among the old Egyptians.  
Vexores.  
But specially Sesostris, the Hercules of Egypt.   

Among the old Persians.  
Darius Histaspis.  
Artaxerxes Mnemon:  
But especially Cyrus.   

Among the Greeks'.  
Miltiades, Photion, biades, Pelopidas,  
Pericles, and divers others: above all, Themistocles.   

Among the Romans.  
Titus Manlius.  
Val. corvinus.  
Coriolanus, and Camillus with others, yet one julius Caesar above them all.   

In Spain.  
Amongst all other jolly fellows Viriatius most commended, & of late, Charles the fift.   

And so in France.  
Francus.  
Marcomirus, and Pharamundus.  
Yet Charles the great, the only man that advanced the name of France.   
This king after his first entry into France, took Aquitania and Vastonia under his hand, and after went into Italy, being 
Charles the great advanced the fame of France.  thereto requested by Hadrian then Pope of Rome, where he waged sharp wars with the langobards, whom he vanquished and quite destroyed both them and their government out of Italy, where they reigned 204. years after their 
I followed in all points Paul. Aen●…lius from Pharamundus, until Henry the first, and from thence I followed Arnol. Fernonus, unto Lewes the 12. the two only best writers of the French.  first entering into Italy: in the which voyage he not only confirmed that which king Pipinus his predecessor had before granted to the Pope Stephen, but also chargeth and commandeth that all the rites and ceremonies of the Roman religion should be used and solemnised within all the kingdom of France.  
After this he returned into France, & made a voyage with an army into Spain, and took many towns and cities of the Saracens, wasted and spoiled, and did great harm in Spain, and did the like annoyance after his coming home into Germany: for he subdued the Saxons, and brought the Bohemians under the crown of France. After this, he made wars against the Huns, which endured well nigh eight years. This king ended many broils and quarrels in divers countries, and withal he had so enlarged the kingdom of France, and brought all places and all nations subject to France, that he was by his good success and great victories had over divers regions, called Carolus the great: and for that the government of Carolus the great was such, that almost all the Northwest kingdoms were either made fearful of France, or paying tribute, or some service to France: so that Carolus by his greatness every where, and by his favour with Pope Leo, was by the means of Leo created Augustus and made Emperor, and the Empire brought from Rome into France, from thence into Germany, where it remaineth by the name of the Emperor 
The empire of Rome brought to France by Charles the great.  of Almania, the third remove of the Empire: for first from Rome to Constantinople, where it continued for a long time, and from thence removed to Germany, and last into France.  
I will set down the names of all the kings of France, from Clodovaeus the 2. & the 12. after Faramundus, until this Charles the great, the 12. king of Gallia, as I found them in Functius and in Beroaldus table: for Pharamundus began his reign in France in the 299. Olympiad, and in the year of our Saviour 420. and reigned as here you may read in this table.  

1 Clodovaeus 2. reigned after his father 17. years.  
2 Lotarius 3. succeeded and reigned 4. years.  
3 Hildericus the 2. reigned 14. years.  
4 Theodoricus succeeded his brother Lotarius, and reigned 14. years.  
5 Clodovaeus 3. 4. years.  
6 Hildebertussucceded his brother Clodovaeus, & reigned 18. years.  
7 Dagobertus the 2. called alsoin Functius Clodovaeus 
Though Clodovaeus the 2. of that name be the 12. king in number after Pharamundus, yet because of the division of the histo●…e I begin from him as from the first unto Charles the great.  reigned 4. years.  
8 Lotarius 4. of that name and brother to Dagobertus reigned 7. years  
9 Theodoricus surnamed Cala, son to Dagobertus, the 2. reigned 15. years.  
10 Hildericus surnamed Stupidus 9 years.  
11 Pipinus surnamed the short, came after Hildericus, being deposed from his kingdom and reigned 18.    

CHAP. VI  
From Charles the great, the only king of France in fame, of whom all the states of France hold their laws, monuments, and other ceremonies belonging to their inaugurations, crowning, and their several pomp: of his wars and victories against the Saracens: of his divers conquests every where, and of the taking of the Empire into Germany.  
Charles' the great, the twenty three king of France, who was made Emperor, and created Augustus by Pope Leo, and the Empire brought thereby to France, and into Germany: for until this time the Empire remained in the East part called imperium Orientale, which was Constantinople, and removed into France 
From Pharamundus to Clodovaeus the 2. and from him to Charles the great.  and Germany, where it is called imperium Occidentale. Hitherto I have set down the names of the kings of France lineally from Pharamundus the first king of Gallia, which reigned in the year of Christ our Saviour 420. until Carolus the great the 23. king after Pharamundus, who being both Emperor and king, governed France forty six years. This succession of kings continued 408. years: so that from the first coming of the Frenchmen out of Scythia, which was in the 85. Olympiad, twenty years before the twenty one jubilee, until this Charles the great, which was in the 814. year of Christ, from Marcomirus unto Francus, 106. Olympiad, whhich is 424. years: during which time they were called Neumagi Marcomanni and after 
I use not these Olympiads for any just number of years, for that there was error in them.  Sicambri until Francus, from Francus unto Pharamundus 113. Olympiad, which is 452. years, during which time they were called Franci: from Pharamundus to Charles the great 393. years, at what time they were first called Galli: so that from Antenor, who married Cambra the daughter of king Belinus the Britain, until Charolus the great are 1270. years. By this time the kingdom of France waxed so mighty, that Carolus was made Emperor by Leo the Pope, as I said before. Now France by means of his great fortune favoured so 
Charles the great made Emperor of Rome.  much Pope Leo, that Rome by France, and France by Rome became strong.  
The Popes of Rome after this time by means of their religion received into France, into Spain, into Britain, into divers parts of Germany, and into other kingdoms of Europe, began again to revive their Empire under the Pope, and brought the Emperor subject to the Pope, made kings and princes to creep to the Pope, and enticed all Europe under 
Popes flourished after the Emperors.  his cross, yielding homage and paying tribute unto him, as to their chiefest and only Monarch of the world: for before the Pope's time the Emperor of Rome subdued and conquered all nations, and forced all kingdoms to pay tribute unto Rome.  
Now the Pope subdued the Emperor, and made him his general lieutenant: after the Emperor he substituted the king of France, and the king of Spain martial of the field to fight for him, that he became so great, that though he called 
The greatness of the Popes of Rome.  himself servus servorum: yet would he be counted and esteemed lord of lords: for he would bind, and he would lose, he would curse, and he would bless, he would forgive sins, and pardon offences: he kept the keys of heaven, and of hell. Who ruled like lords, and commanded like kings, but the Pope and Mahumet, of equal antiquity and of like nature? the one in Arabia the other in Rome, two monsters of the world, and two enemies of Christianity, whom we leave a while and turn to France, where the Empire remained this time. 
The kingdoms of the North began now to flourish.  And for that the kingdoms of the Danes, of the Suevians, of the Norwegians, and other nations of the North begin now to flourish: and also, for that the state of France are now become acquainted with all writers as divers Chronicles are extant thereof, I will only therefore set down briefly their kings and their names from Carolus the great, until the time of Lewes the 12. of that name: rather for that the histories of France are now familiarly known by reason of their wars, and of the greatness of their kingdom, then while they were yet strangers by the name of Neumagi first, and after Sicambri, and then Franci, and last Galli. Beside other names, as Cimbri with 
Beroaldus lib. 4.  the Romaus, Galatae with the Greeks', after called Gaulgreekes in Asia, Belgae while they dwelled in Germany, Armeni while they 
Gaul greeks.  were in Armenia, and Scythae before they came out of Scythia. But how so ever writers vary in their names, they agree that they were called Celtes, Galli, and Franci, which name they held from Francus time, because they were of long continuance: all other names were given to them according to the countries that they dwelled in.  
But let us return to Charles the great, who after he had reigned 46. years he died, after whom his son Lewes surnamed 
Lodovicus pius succeeded his father Charles the great, both in the kingdom, and in the Empire.  the Godly, succeeded and governed France 26. years. This was also crowned Emperor after his father, by Pope Steven the fourth of that name: at what time Michael surnamed Curoplates was Emperor of Constantinople, who sent ambassadors to Lewes for conclusion of peace: for the Saracens about this time took Crete and possessed it, and vanquished in two or three battles the Greeks', and subdued many towns in Asia. This king Lodovicus now consecrated Augustus, appointed his three sons to have several governments: 
Tilius de reg. Francor.  the one called Lotharius whom he sent into Italy as a king to rule and to order the States of Italy: the second son named Pipinus he sent to govern in Aquitania: the third after his own name Lewes, whom also he sent as king over the Noricanes. After Lewes died, his son Lotharius succeeded and held the Empire 15. years, until his brethren commenced 
The great slaughter in the civil wars of France between brethren were such, that all Carolus stock was well-nigh extinguished  war against him, and such terrible and bloody wars, that all France was weakened thereby, and all the blood of Carolus extinguished: for in these wars were slain above 100000. of the flowers of France on both sides. But in fine they agreed amongst themselves, that Lotharius should hold the Empire and govern over Italy, and other nations in the East, and Carolus (surnamed calvus) should be king in France, and the third son should possess in Germany and in Hunnia under the name of a king.  
This Carolus calvus reigned king in France 38. years: he 
Carolus calvus.  imprisoned close in a monastery his brother's children, which was Pipinus and Lewes. After this, Carolus died in Mantua, being poisoned by Sedechia a jew, and his own Physician: then succeeded Lewes surnamed Balbus who reigned two years, and 
Lewes' surnamed Balbus.  was created Emperor by Pope john in France. He had two sons by his concubine, named Lewes and Charlemagne, they both succeeded their father as kings of France: Lewes died in 
Lewes the third, and Carolomanus the 27.  the fourth year of his reign, and Charlemagne in the fift year. After whose death, the Danes and the normans invaded France, and filled all France with blood. Carolus the third of that name surnamed Crassus, after these two brethren, reigned 
Carolus surnamed Crassus the 28.  five years, Beroaldus saith 7. years.  
About this time the Danes gave sundry battles in England, and were often vanquished, but still they continued their wars until they made a conquest of all the East parts of England. This time Odo the son of Robert duke of Anjoy reigned 
Odo the 29.  in France, and governed it 9 years: In whose time the school in the University of Oxeford was builded by Alfredus king of Northumberland, in the year of Christ 895.  
By this king the Floure deluce was first appointed in the ensign of France, than Carolus (surnamed Simplex) reigned 27. 
Carolus Simplex.  years: this was the son of Balbus.  
But to avoid tediousness, (according to my promise) I will pass over the rest of the history, and of the names of the rest of the kings of France until Lewes the 12: for I may not stand long to entreat of every country (for that I writ of 
Lewes the 12.  many countries,) only touching the antiquities of kingdoms, their continuance, their beginning and ending, the time of their government, and the names of their governors, committing to your view this compendious abstract of all Chronicles, and all their histories, which would make infinite volumes to be read in those Chronographers that 
I follow Tilius table chief in setting down the kings of France  largely wrote of them.  

31 Rodulphus duke of Burgundy, and after king of France, reigned. 2. years.  
32 Lewes, who fled into England with his mother named Oginia, returneth now into France, and reigned with Rodulphus 10. years. But he reigned king in the whole. 27. years.  
33 Lotharius the son of Lewes the 4. by Gerberga the sister of Otho the Emperor, he reigned 31. year. In whose time the kingdom of Polonia began, in the year of Christ 963. 
The kingdom of Polonia.   
34 Lewes the fift of that name reigned. 1. year.   
Hitherunto have reigned from Faramundus 34. kings: now reigned after this Lotarius these many kings, which you see 
Read Aemil. lib. 1.  here under written in this table, which hitherto continued in the line of Francus: and now I will set down the first king of 
Hugo Capetus the first king of those that were naturally borne Galli.  those that were naturally borne Galli, the third name of the kings of France.  

35 Hugo Capetus reigned 9 years. This was the first king borne of those that were called Galli: for hitherunto the lineal succession of Francus endured.  
36 After him his son Robert reigned 34. years. In the beginning of whose time the kingdom of Hungary began. 
10. Tilius de reg. Franc.   
37 Henry the son of Robert succeeded and reigned after his father. 30. years.  
38 Philippe the first of that name, and son to Henry reigned 49. years. In whose time began the kingdom of Bohemia.   
In the time of this Philippe the first, two most famous men and worthy Captains took their voyages, the one named Godfrey of Bullen, with an army from France into the holy Land which was jerusalem, so called after Christ's time on earth: 
Jerusalem called the Holy land.  this war is called bellum Sacrum the sacred wars, against the Saracens. Read Tilius Chronicles of the French kings, where you shall find a Catalogue of the nobles, peers, and gentlemen of France, and of divers other countries that went on that voyage with Godfrey of Bullen to Jerusalem: the other Captain came to England, William the bastard of Normandy, afterward called William Conqueror, of whom our English chronicles can testify. But I will briefly pass over the kings.  

39 Lewes surnamed Crassus reigned 28. years.  
40 Lewes surnamed junior. 43. years.  
41 Philippus Augustus surnamed Deodatus 43. years. In whose time the jews were banished out of France.  
42 Lewes the eight of that name. 4. years.  
43 Lewes the ninth, surnamed Holy. 43. years. 
Both Functius, Beroaldus, and Tilius agree in placing these kings in this sort.   
44 Philip the 3. surnamed Audax, son to Lewes. 9 15. years.  
45 Philippus the 4. surnamed Pulcher the fair, and son to Philip the third, reigned 28. years. In this king's reign began the kingdom of Ottoman the Turk.  
46 Lewes the 10. surnamed Vtinus, king both of France and of Navarre, reigned almost 2. years.  
47 Philip the 5. surnamed Longus, reigned 5. years.  
48 Carolus Pulcher king of France and Navarre 7. years.   
Now after this, Philip the first of the house of Valois began, in the 1328. year of our Saviour, whose line hath continued even from this Philip of Valois the first king of that house, until Frances Valois last king of France, and the last of that stock, which continued 263. years: whose names successively are here set down in Tilius Chronicles, as followeth.  

49 Philip of Valots the first king of that name. 22. years: 
The house of Valloys began.   
50 Whose eldest son named john was the first Dolphin of France, which to this day doth continue. He reigned after his father king of France. 14. years.  
51 Carolus the 5. surnamed the wise, reigned 18. years. Whose brother named also Philip was made duke of Burgundy. About this time john Wicleve opened much falsehood yet unknown of Papistry, both disputing & writing against it.  
52 Carolus the sixth, surnamed Bene amatus reigned 42. years: this ordained first the 3. Floure deluce. This time reigned in England Richard the second.  
53 Charles the seventh reigned 38. years. This king commenced war against England, at what time Henry the 5. reigned, who subdued all France, and was crowned king in Paris.  
54 Lewes the eleventh reigned 23. years.  
55 Carolus the eight reigned 14. years.  
56 Lewes the 12. reigned 17. years in France, being the 1500. year of our Saviour Christ: Read of this king Arnoldus Ferronus all his third book which he only wrote of this Lewes the 12. At what time reigned in England Henry the 7.   
Thus far briefly Iranne over the state of France, omitting many things willingly and wittingly, which I particularly 
I have followed Paulus Aemilius, and Al●…. Ferranus, since Faramundus unto Lewes the 12. and have also conferred both them with Tilius Chron. Before Faramundus by Tritemius.  touch in the history of Spain: for I took not in hand to write at large, or to set forth great volumes of superfluous histories, but only (as I said before) to note the antiquities and first beginning of kingdoms, and to mark the errors of profane histories in many things, dissenting from Moses, from Daniel, and from the Prophetical writings, who opened all Chronicles: for they could not agree in the chiefest points of all true Chronicles, neither the Romans in the building of Rome, from whence they ground their histories: neither the Greeks' by their Olympiads: neither the Persians of Cyrus' time, neither Spain in their account of A. E R. A: neither the Arabians of their Hegyra. In fine, unpossible it is to find the truth of Antiquities in profane writers, without conferring of the same with the Sacred histories of the Prophets, who revealed the truth of time by their jubilees.    

A BRIEF FOR BRITAIN.  
SEeing that I have written of other countries, I can not tell how to answer my countrymen well, if I should not also somewhat speak of the Britain's, though in truth many have sufficiently written of the coming of Brutus unto this land, of his kingdom and succession of kings and continuance, which though of some denied, which do now as they then did in the time of Halicarnassaeus: 
Sempron. de Ital.  who after he had travailed his histories from Sempronius, Fabius Pictor, and from M. Cato, and proved evidently the 
Fabius Pictor de aureo seculo.  coming of Aeneas into Italy, of his kingdom and posterity in Alba longa until Romulus, being 17. descents after him: yet 
Mar. Cato de originibus.  some gens invidiosa Traianis (as Halicarnassaeus calleth them) seemed not to allow the history, though they knew it themselves, & also read it by so many proved, because they would 
Berosus and Manethon wrote unknown histories.  be named antiquaries, and the credit of the histories should come from them.  
Such was Polidor Virgil in his history of Britain, such was Berosus in the history of Hetruria, (being two strangers) and such was Manethon to write of Spain. So there were among the jews Talmudists, who among other matters which they 
Talmudists fabulous.  wrote (for they were the only men among the jews) would also by this credit that they had among the people, writ what they listed, that they became thereby very fabulous in their histories. So among the Egyptians their superstitious priests filled their books with lies: and so of divers other countries, men wrote rather fables than histories of their countries. But these are rejected from sound approved authors, tanquam Mithici: 
The priests of Egypt, Mithici.  for in reading of histories I find nothing so ready as errors in antiquities of countries, and in original of nations.  
And surely it is not to be wondered at, concerning the antiquities of time, even from the beginning of the world, and the late beginning of writers from Cyrus' time, or rather Alexander's time: for in the first age from Adam to the flood, no 
No profane writers known before Cyrus' time.  truth is had nor known but only by Moses in the Genesis, and 1650. years from the flood unto the time of the Olympiads, men wandered in no true account of time, nor of histories, (excepting that which is written in the books of Moses and the Prophets) nothing seemed sound nor certain, but conjectures and feigned fables, as in the history of the Chaldeans, Assyrians, 
The uncertainty of profane histories.  Egyptians, and divers other nations, many things are written which is named Mythycum very licentiously and to liberally: and after the time of the Olympiads, how untrue profane historians wrote until daniel's time, who seethe it not?  
Since which time, a brief of all true chronicles is set down by the Prophet in describing the 4. beasts and their natures, 
Daniel a true Chronographer for the 3. last Monarchies.  signifying thereby the Monarchies of the world, their government and their continuance, the only ground from whence all writers make good their histories. But let no man write of his country with more affection than truth will warrant him for his proof, as it seemeth Berosus did of Chaldea, Manethon of Egypt, Ctesias of Persia: for that they may easily be corrected by any late writer that is seen in the Sacred histories (and yet they were men of singular authority and credit in histories of their countries) who by conferring Prophetical histories with their profane writings, men find nothing more than fables of antiquities, and errors in am of true histories, not knowing the Centre of all certain Chronicles, I mean the Prophetical histories.  
But have with them for my country also, being contented to be excused with them by Livi, In tanta rerum vetustate, multi temporis errores implicantur, etc. For no doubt as Greek histories 
The Greeks' histories more fabulous than the Latins.  are more uncertain than the Latins, of whom josephus saith, that they had nothing to brag of, but their lies, every man setting down in writing his opinion, rather than studying the truth of the history. But as occasion shall serve me, so shall I speak of them and of others. In the mean time I marvel much how some men are more bend without either reason or authority, to reprove that which in true Histories is approved.  
Many of the best Roman writers seemed to be ignorant of that which they knew, and yet would take no notice thereof: they would not have urbem omnium gentium, & Imperiorum dominam to be builded by any of Aeneas stock, or any offsprings of the Trojans: neither would they allow any part of Italy to be inhabited with the Grecians, whom the Romans 
Fab. Pictor de orig.  mortally hated. They claim their antiquity from Noah by the name of janus, who came from Scythia Saga presently after the flood into Italy: and after janus from Saturnus and from 
M. Cato de or●…g. Ital.  Cameses. This Sempronius, Mar. Cato, and Fabius Pictor seem fully to prove, and they stand to it stoutly: notwithstanding 
Semp. de diu. Ital.  they have as many Greek writers against them in proving the contrary: affirming, that the Grecians, Arcadians, Lacedæmonians, Achaians, and Pelasgians first inhabited Italy. So Myrsilus 
Myrsilus de bello Pelasgico.  in the whole book which beginneth thus, Italiam primùm coluere Graeci, etc. proveth the Grecians to be the first inhabitants in Italy. After Myrsilus followeth Dionysius Halicarnassaeus in like order and proof, as he that readeth Halicarnassaeus, 
Halicar. lib. 1.  readeth Myrsilius: and after Dionysius, Herodotus who doth not only fully warrant Myrsilus and Dionysius, but also concludeth with more warrants of his own. This controversy riseth between the Grecians and the Romans, about the antiquity of Italy: the Greeks' calling Italy, Spurcam, spuriam & novitiam, and the Romans naming Greece, Mendacem & fabulosam.  
The like controversy grew between the Egyptians and the Scythians in those days, and the like now about the coming of Brute unto this country, whose coming hath been 
Contention between the Scythians and the Egyptians.  received and confirmed by succession of kings from Brutus to Cadwallader. And after the kings, the line and stock of Brutus unto this day 2700. years, sed nihil magnum somnianti: for they can reprove without authority, but they will not allow proofs with authorities: such is their credit with some people, as Pythagoras was with his own scholars, who thought Pythagoras' speech a sufficient warrant to prove anything, only alleging 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. I doubt there be many Pythagoreans, that 
Pythagoras' authority with his scholars was no more but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  stand too much in their own conceits, some dreaming the word Britania to be Pritania, some imagining the Britain's to to be Picts, and that the original of the Britain's should be from the Picts, and many such other reasons, rather fables, wherein there is neither agreement of time, which is to be noted, nor affinity with speech, neither likeness of names, nor any things else like: for the Pictes came but the last day to Armorica, which is little Britain in France, with one Roderick their captain from Scythia, and not with Aeneas 
Picts invaded Britain.  from Phrygia, to seek where they might have place to inhabit. I confess that these Pictes and Scots, invaded Britain, and made often eruptions into Britain in the time of Constantine the great, iovinianus, Theodosius, and many other Emperors: but they were repelled, and compelled with many a good beating to retire. I should better allow the opinion of those that say, that the Pictes are Scots: for with the Britaines the Picts by no likeness may be resembled neither by time, nor by tongue.  
I will leave the Picts for the Scots, whose kingdom was subdued and translated into Scotland, by Kenedus king of the Scots, where I leave them. Many licentious writers have been, and are in the world, not only in matters of antiquities, but in other matters also. Who will believe Polidor a stranger in Britain, before Giraldus a singular learned man borne in Britain? who had travailed as many countries as Polidor did, and therefore was in great credit with Rich. the second: who who will believe a foreign late writer before Gildas the Britain, that wrote of his country in Claudius Caesar's time? If neither Giraldus, nor Gildas, nor any other ex bardis Britannis are allowed, let Ponticus Virunnius, let Iu. Caesar in his Comment, 
Pont. Virunnius  whosaid they were ex eadem prosapia, be allowed.  
For the truth thereof I doubt not but I shall write as true as the Frenchmen shall do of France, the Hispaniard of Hispaine, and so of the rest: I mean, of the Saxons, of the Greeks', 
Brutus from Italy.  and of the Romans: and my reason shallbe as probable for the landing of Brutus in this Island from Italy, as the Italians shall prove janus to come from Chaldea into Italy, or as the 
janus from Chaldea.  Frenchmen shall prove Marcomirus to come from Scythia into Germany, and so in time to come into France, and so to 
Marcomirus from Scythia.  hold the name of Francus.  
I will not speak of Caetubales, Hiberians, Hesperians, nor of the old Celtiberians, afterward called Spaniards, who had their name of Hispanus: neither will I speak of the ancient stock of Brutus while yet they dwelled in Crete, and after in Phrygia, and after that in Albalonga, and last in Rome, but of the coming of Brutus unto this land the son of Silvius, the son of Ascanius, the son of Aeneas, and from the name of the Britaines since that time, of the which if any man doubt, he may aswell doubt of the antiquity of the Latins, of the Albans, and last of the Romans, which all did issue and proceed of the house of Aeneas: for imperij Romaniorigo Aeneas, as is proved by Halicarnassaeus, which affirmeth that Romulus the first king of the Romans was the seventeenth king out of the body of Aeneas lineally descending: for after Aeneas died, being at his death king of the Latins three years, after whom succeeded his son Ascanius, and builded a town hard by 
Albalonga builded by Ascanius.  the hill Alba, and named it Albalonga, leaving his father's wife Lavina in that City which Aeneas builded thirty years before Ascanius builded Albalonga: where during his life Ascanius kept his Court, and it became the king of Alban Palace: at what time the names of the Latins were changed to the kings of Alba, which endured four hundred years and 
Read Dyonis. Halicar. of this history lib. 1.  odd, until Tullus Hostilius the third king of Rome conquered them: so that the right line and blood of the kings of Alba descended also from Aeneas by succession, from the father unto the son, until Romulus' time, as Halicarnassaeus saith: whose names are set down orderly in Annius chronicles, and in Berosus, with whom Dyonis. Halicar doth in all points agree, as well for the continuance of time, as also for their sure naming of their kings which reigned between Aeneas and Romulus.  
So doth M. Cato in his fragments, men of great credit in other histories, & to be scant in the Britain history allowed, hinc livor, the cause thereof I take it in some rather negligence than ignorance: for in truth the Physician must study to ease his patients, the Lawyer to please his client, the Divine to feed the souls: so that few have time to study histories. Yea 
Halic. lib. 1. Origo Romani imperij Aeneas.  many that read histories, are to seek in histories other ways then the histories of England: but I will return to Aeneas which is as Annius saith, Imperij Romani origo, and therefore I will begin from the coming of Aeneas into Laurentum in Italy.  
Now as concerning the coming of Aeneas into Italy, his toils and travails, read Helanicus an old ancient writer. My only purpose is to set down the true histories of the Britain's, having that name from Brutus, even as the Frenchmen were named of Francus, and the Hispaniards from Hispanus.  
If you read Fab. Pictor de aureo seculo, and Portius Cato, you 
M. Cato de frag. origo.  shall find the kindred and predecessors of Romulus the first king of Rome so plainly to come out of the very house and stock that Brutus the first king of the Britaines came out of: so that the last king of the Latins, I mean Aeneas, and his son Ascanius the first king of Albalonga, are of that antiquity and continuance in Italy, as Brutus is in Britain, now called England. For as Romulus and the kings of Rome, and after the Emperors and the Romans were offsprings of the kings of the Albans and Latins, and the Albans and 
The Romans. come from the Troyans'.  Latins offsprings of the kings of Troy: so is it proved that the Romans came from Troy: for Ascanius was grandfather unto Brutus, who first came into this Isle named then Albion, but by Brutus after named Britain. Some take this for fables, certain it is that the beginning of antiquities seem fabulous, for that the errors of time have obscured many things, as is proved of the Roman histories, whom the Grecians never knew nor never heard of: for neither Thucydides, nor Xenophon, two of the greatest writers in the flourishing state of 
Romans not known to the Grecians before Alex. time, nei ther the Grecians to the Persians, until Xerxe, time.  Greece, yea and late after the foundation of Rome 360. years, neither Herodot after them made any mention of Rome.  
Even so the Grecians were to the Persians, and the Persians to the Grecians most ignorant, not one knowing another before Xerxes with his huge army thought to invade Greece: for these be the words of Strabo, Nec Graeci Persas, nec Persae Graecoes agnorunt. And as for France and Spain they were taken but for two cities, the one named Gallia, the other Hesperia, as josephus 
Strab. lib. 15.  affirmeth.  
Many men writ very fables of their countries, as Berosus, if it be Berosus, being a Chaldean priest, wrote of the Chaldeans mere fables, and more licentious of the kings of Assyria, without any warrant of truth, not knowing the Scriptures, 
Berosus.  where the best and soundest warrant of Chaldean histories are to be found. In like sort Ctesias the Persian wrote of his country 
Ctesias.  23. books both vain and foolish in setting forth the antiquity, government, and greatness of the king of Persia, then is truly proved by true account of time, as Plutarch 
Manethon.  affirmeth. So Manethon an Egyptian priest, wrote so many lies of his country of Egypt that accounteth 340. Pharaoh's successively from Amasis the first Pharaoh, unto Amasis the last Pharaoh: but he is reproved to his face by josephus in both his books against Appion the Egyptian, and a schoolmaster of Alexandria: 
joseph. lib. count App. on.  yet Manethon found great fault in Herodot for his fables and lies of Egypt.  
But let controversies pass, all countries have their fables mingled with truth: and so I will return to the histories of 
The proof of Brutus coming into Albion more plain then of Francus into France, or of Hispanus into Hispaine.  the Britain's, whose certainty and truth is as sound, and as true to be proved, as either France, Spain, or any other country: whose continuance was without change of name for longer time, than many bragging kingdoms, whose laws, whose kings, whose country unconquered longer than any of them both, easy to be proved by all sound writers: for Spain was conquered and subdued first by the carthaginians, and Africans: secondly by the Romans: thirdly by the Vandals: four by the Goths: and fifthly by the Saracens, who possessed almost all the kingdom of Spain for 800. years. 
Read Annius de frag. Hispaniae of the sundry names of Hispaniards.  So may it be said of the change of their names: as Catubales, Iberians, Celtiberians, Hesperians and Spaniards, which during the time of this change, served the carthaginians, the Romans, the Greeks, the Goths, and the Saracens. The Britain's never 
The Britain's never changed their names.  changed their names since Brutus' time, which is 2700. and odd years, which no one kingdom of the world can say so much, though in some part it was subdued by the Romans, and then by the Danes, and last by the normans: yet they reserved their names unchanged, & all the whole country of Camber the second son of Brutus unconquered, which of late is called Wales, their ancient name unchanged, and their language uncorrupted.  
So may I speak of the Frenchmen which were called at 
The divers & sundry names of the French men.  their first arrival from Scythia into Germany, Neumagi: then were they called Sicambri: thirdly Franci: and four Galli. So were the Persians, Elamites, Artaeans, and after Cephancs, and last of all Persians: so Egypt was called Oceana, Nilea, Aerea, and last of all, Egypt. To conclude, there is no nation that I can read of, but were subject to divers names, & thereby known, 
The Persians and the Egyptians were by divers names called.  saving only the Britain's, which continue unto this day: though the Danes began to call them Welsh, as they call all strangers Welsh, which was 1800. years & odd, as the reigns and government of the kings of Britain do manifestly prove. whose names I need not to write, for that they be set down to your view in tables printed with the pictures of all the kings of the Britain's: Now after  

1 Brutus.  
2 Locrine.  
3 Madan.  
4 Mempricius.  
5 Ebrancus and  
6 Brutus, surnamed   
Viridescutum, and so forward until Rudacus' time, the 20. king 
Britain divided for 50. years into four kingdoms.  after Brutus, at what time the kingdom was divided into four parts, and governed by four several kings for fifty years: Rudacus king of Cambria, which is Wales: Pinnor king of Loegria, which is England, Saterus king of Albania, which is now Scotland, and Clotenus king of Cornubia, now Cornwall: all the kingdom after fifty years came to Dunwallus, Clotenus son, about 700. years after Brutus, and continued until Elidurus the third, for the space of a 182. years.  
And after Elidurus the third, it continued the reign of 
From Elidurus unto Belinus the great 185. years.  thirty three kings from Elidurus until Belinus the great, 185. This Belinus was uncle unto Cassibelane, who reigned king in Britain when julius Caesar came into Britain, about a thousand and thirty years after Brutus: so long was Britain unconquered, which as I said before: for the spite of Androgeus to Cassibelan, he wrote his letters to Caesar after the first great overthrow of Caesar: of which Lucan the Poet saith.  
Territa quaesitis ostendunt terga Britannis Romani, etc.  
This Androgeus then Duke of Troynovant, now called London 
Androgeus the only cause of Caesar's victory.  since king Luds time, promised his aid and help with all the Britain's which he could make, if after the conquest he should by Caesar be restored to govern the Britain's: but Caesar by this means brought the Britain's to pay tribute to the Romans, yet reigned kings in Britain from Cassibelan lineally unto Cadwallader for seven hundred years and odd: 
The kings of Britain continued 1800. years.  so that Britain was governed from the first king unto the last for a thousand eight hundred and odd years, as Guidonius affirmeth.  
But for that the kings of Britain are by all their names named, their successions & continuance of time written in divers Chronicles of England: beside Doctor Powel of late hath written of their civil wars, of their kings, their laws, and 
In Caesar's stock proceeded from gens julia.  governments, that I need not further to write herein: my desire is no less to satisfy those that will with reason and authorities be satisfied, then was M. corvinus a learned Roman Orator, willing to please Augustus Caesar for the setting forth of his family and his house, in proving gens julia, which was the stock of the first Emperor julius Caesar his uncle, to descend lineally from Ascanius. The history is written in corvinus de progeny Augusti, in whose time corvinus flourished; whom Augustus desired to travail and to set 
Augustus Caesar desirous to know his genealogy.  down the genealogy of his stock, that being so fortunate an Emperor as he was, in subduing almost all the kingdoms of the world, and captivating them as Provinces under the Empire of Rome, he might know also whence gens julia came, that he might assure himself of the certainty of his house.  
To satisfy this Emperor Augustus being thereunto by him entreated, corvinus briefly divided the whole earth into three several parts, Asia, Europe, and Africa: In this Asia the great is Asia the less contained: in the which Country is a Region named Phrygia, into the which one Dardanus a great prince of Crete that had the daughter of one Teucer given 
Dardanus married the daughter of Teucer.  him in marriage, came with a great multitude of young men and soldiers to inhabit about the time that Moses died, where he builded a great City, and named it after his own name Dardania, and the inhabitants therein were called Dardanians.  
The fame of this king Dardanus grew so great, that Teucer his father in law came from Crete, with a number of gentlemen to visit his daughter unto Dardania in Phrygia, where Dardanus reigned three years, after whom succeeded Ericthonius 
The successions of all the kings that reigned in Troy.  75. years: after Ericthonius succeeded Tros the king of Dardania, which reigned sixty years, by whom Dardania was named Troy, after the king's name: after Tros succeeded Ilus, who reigned 54. years, after whom succeeded Laomedon, and reigned 36. years: and after him reigned his son Priamus named 
Dionys. Halicar lib. 2.  Alexander in histories the sixth and last king of Troy: in whose time Troy was destroyed by the Grecians. This Messala setteth down in his history, how Aeneas after the wars came into Italy, and married king Latinus daughter, succeeded as heir of 
Aeneas married Latinuses daughter.  the king in his kingdom, from whose body lineally descended these many kings: whose names only I will set down for that I have in the history of the Latines written of their continuance and of the time of their government until Romulus.  

1 Aeneas.  
2 Ascanius.  
3 silvius. 
Dionys Halycar Annius, & M. corvinus, set down these kings in this sot.   
4 Aeneas Siluins.  
5 Latinus silvius.  
6 Alba silvius.  
7 Capetus silvius.  
8 Capis silvius.  
9 Calpetus silvius.  
10 Tiberinus silvius.  
11 Agrippa silvius.  
12 Alladius silvius.  
13 aventinus silvius.  
14 Procas silvius.  
15 Amulius silvius.  
16 Numitor silvius which was both grandfather by the mother side & uncle by the father side unto Romulus.   
M. corvinus wrote unto Augustus the whole history of the kings of Alba, until Romulus' time, and proveth plain in his book, that the noble Emperor Augustus proceeded from the house of Aeneas, that gens julia came lineally from the body 
Augustus Caesar lineally proceeded from Aeneas.  of julo, which was the surname of Ascanius: some affirm the contrary. Yet corvinus, an ancient antiquary living in the time of Augustus, and writing his book to Augustus at the earnest request of the Emperor Augustus, affirmeth all this to be, which Halicarnas. in all points alloweth: but what is to prove the Britain's to come from the Troyans'? or to prove Brutus to come to England, as much & more it maketh proof, that Brutus came to this land, as Aeneas came to Italy: the one is proved by a number of Roman writers, the other by so many of both Roman and Britain authors, and yet Aeneas is by some enrious writers denied to come to Italy, as Brutus is to come to Britain, of whom Dionys. Halic. saith, Scriptores partim ignorati, partim invidia dissimulati de adventu Aeneae in 
Dionys. Halicar lib. 〈◊〉.  Italiam.  
The history of Aeneas, and the history of Brutus, after the destruction of Troy, is one of the most ancient histories of the Gentiles, though in some it be fabulous, as all profane histories be in many points: yet from these Troyans', as from the first original of their kings and Emperors, both the Romans and the Frenchmen are by some of their own best writers proved: of whom Aemilius writes of their antiquity.  
It is most likely that every Country hath more care of it self then of other countries, and rather French writers are to be believed in the histories of France, then foreign writers: so of the Romans, of the Grecians, and of all other countries as Myrsillus saith, Plus vicinis quàm remotis, & multò plus genti ipsi quàm extremis credatur: and yet who seethe not, but both the Romans, the Grecians, the Frenchmen, and all nations, advance their countries with best histories, and pass 
Diodor. lib. 2.  lightly over many histories that makes against their Countries? But as Diodorus Siculus describeth Britain, by the name of Britain, to be fertile and plentiful in corn, cattle, iron, with divers other commodities: so doth Strabo commend the Britain's to be people far bigger and taller than the Frenchmen are, in these words: Britannorum statura supra 
Strab. lib. 4.  Gallos' procera, etc. and after he reporteth of certain Britain's which he himself saw at Rome in the time of Augustus Caesar, of bigger bodies, and of taller stature than any Roman, by half a foot: for saith Strabo, Vidimus puberes Britannos longissimi corporis nostris indigenis semipede celsiores.  
But to be short, as it was among the jews permitted to the Talmudistes to write their country histories, to the Indians 
Talmudists.  Gymnosophists to write of India: the old Gauls committed the old records and Chronicles of their Countries to their 
Gymnosophists.  wise men called druids: the old Hispaniards, during the 
druids.  time of their kings, and long after even unto the Romans time, had the antiquaries called Turdetani, to write the Chronicles 
Turdetani.  of their Countries: and even so among the old Britain's were called Bardi, to record their antiquity and their histories, men of like credit and estimation among the Britain's, 
Bardi.  as were these before named in their Countries: without whose consent and council if any man wrote concerning the state and antiquity of their country, he should be punished according to the custom of the Country. It is easily spoken, there was no Troy: but all countries have allowed it, time hath confirmed it, both Greek and Latin histories have written of it.  
It is soon said, There was no such Brutus: but continuance of time, succession of kings, possession of the country do prove the contrary. If neither Geraldus being of the time of Richard the second, neither Gildas long before Geraldus, living in the time of Claudius Augustus the Emperor, both singularly learned, if neither consent of time, succession of kings, the antiquity of the history, nor the affinity of tongues, which no Grecian can deny, (for we hold the ancient names of rivers, towns, mountains, and other monuments even from Brutus' time in the self same tongue that Brutus spoke.)  
Let them give some credit to Pont. Varunnius, julius Caesar, who said, Gens ex nostra prosapia est, being proved by M. corvinus, and Halicarnassaeus, lineally to descend from Aeneas. What should I write more? invidia serra animae: and truly is that spoken, that three good virtuous mothers had three wicked vicious daughters:  

Familiarity the mother of contempt.  
Peace and quietness, the mother of idleness.  
And Truth the mother of hatred.   
Yet in spite of that scorpion, Su●…s ex merito quemque tuetur honour. The history of Belinus the great, whose daughter named 
Belinus' the great.  Cambra was married to Marcomirus son, the first king from whom the Frenchmen since their coming to Germany flourished by the name of Sicambri, after the name of Cambra the Britain: the history of Brenus his brother are well known with foreign writers: so of Rodericus the great, of Leoninus the 
Rodericus the great.  great, who are in the Britain history as much commended, as Pompey the great, or Constantine the great among the Romans: 
Leoninus the great.  for as Pyrrhus said, Italy was not to be subdued but by Italians, neither Rome but by the Romans: even so the Britaines were not to be overthrown but by Britain's.  
And here I end.