THE STRATAGEMS of jerusalem: With the martial laws and military discipline, as well of the jews, as of the Gentiles.  
By Lodowick LLoyd Esquire, one of her majesties sergeant at Arms.  Sap. 7. 
candour lucis aeternae est sapientia.  
LONDON Printed by Thomas Creed, 1602.   

TO THE RIGHT Honourable Sir Robert Cecil Knight; Principal Secretary to the Queen's most excellent Majesty; Master of the Court of Wards and Liveries, One of her highness most Honourable privy Council, and Chancellor of the University of Cambridge.  
ALexander the great (right Honourable) thought long to write the strange sights he saw in India, to Aristotle the philosopher in Macedonia, Caesar made haste to write the celerity of his victory in Pontus, to his friend Anitus at Rome. The like desire is in myself, with no less longing to make my labour known to such honourable friends, as will both accept and defend my travail herein; Of whom I made choice of your honour, to dedicate the Stratagems of jerusalem, as unto one that is furnished with stratagems, wisdom, and knowledge, of whom I may say, as Plato spoke of such like, Consilium eius est, qui rei cuiusque peritus. Such wise and grave councillors the Lord ever provided, to attend on godly and virtuous Princes, as eyes and ears, to prevent both home and foreign stratagems of enemies, as Chusai with David, to prevent the wicked purpose of Absalon; and Nathan with Solomon, to find out the treacherous intention of Adonias. The Lord left not the wicked Samaritans' unprovided of Prophets & councillors, yea even among Infidels and Pagans the Lord stirred up Daniel to counsel Nabuchodonozer in Babylon, & joseph to counsel Pharaoh in Egypt, that they might confess & acknowledge God to be the Lord; therefore well said Solon, Non quae suavissima, sed quae optima, sunt consulenda: It is not the consultation of the Romans with their soothsayers, that made their Empire so to flourish, nor of the Persians with their Magis, that got the Monarchy of the Assyrians to Persia. All stratagems, victories, & good counsel cometh from the Lord, so wisdom saith, I dwell with Princes in council, and am among them that seek wisdom & knowledge. Plato the Philosopher could so say, Omnis consultatio quiddam sacrum est: and Aristotle his scholar, called council of Princes, Divinissimum consilium. The kings of Persia, when they admitted any into council, took their fignet, & laid it on their mouths, as a seal of silence, saying, Anima consilij secretum; so Alexan: did to his councillor Ephestion; Neither could any be of council in Persia, but such as were in council most secret, & in government most wise & prudent. The cause why Demosthenes was so esteemed amonng the Athenians, was his wisdom & policy often to prevent the force & stratagems of Philip of Macedon. The cause why Vlixes was judged more worthy of Achilles' armour then Ajax, was his experience and council to Agamemnon in the Grecian wars. So it may be well spoken of Nestor, who was preferred before all other Greek Captains, for the like cause, Multitudo enim sapientum sanitas orbis terrarum est, saith wisdom. It was not the counsel of the Nymph Egeria to Numa, which was ridiculous, but the wisdom & policy of Numa, thereby to establish his laws, much commended. Neither the counsel of jupiter in the Capitol to Scypio, which was foolish, but the policy & practice of Scypio, thereby to animate his soldiers, much extolled. But no council, no policy against the Lord, no wisdom nor Stratagem to overthrow a king or a kingdom, but the sins of the king & the kingdom. So could Cratippus the Philosopher, to that effect answer Pompey the great, Fata per causas agunt; So could Phaetenissa the Witch answer Saul at Endor, Fatum pietatis appendix; So could the Idol of Apollo answer Augustus Caesar at Delphos, the one willing to know what should become of the kingdom of Israel, the other of the Empire of Rome. But such busy ambitious brains, like Cornel. Lentulus, that dreamt, he should be the third Cornelius that should govern the Empire, were banished out of Athens by the law Ostracismus, & such might not come in Rome in gowns or in long cloaks into the Senate house, by the law of Cincius. Many have Jacob's voice, but they have Esau's hands, like Balaam, Qui vocem non mentem mutant. These dissembling Gibeonites were found out by joshuah; these bragging Ephraimites were tried by pronouncing the letter Schiboleth. None can resist the set purpose of the Lord, who could hinder Moses of his triumph in the midst of the sea? or let joshuah to set his trophy in the midst of the heavens? even he that commanded the seas to be divided, and commanded the Sun to stand over Gibeon, and the Moon over Aialon; to whom justly belong all stratagems, victories, trophies, and triumphs.  
Your Honours always ready at commandment, Lodowick Lloyd,   

To the courteous Reader.  
ALphonsus king of Cicile (gentle Reader) was ever wont to say, Optimos consiliarios esse mortuos, meaning wise and profitable books, both at home and abroad. Lucullus one of the greatest captains among the romans, and Philopomen of no less fame among the Grecians; the one by reading Euangelus books, the other by reading Xenophon, became excellent soldiers. In so much that Cicero wondered that Epaminondas being such a singular Philosopher, should become so famous a Captain. A great stain in M. Corilianus and in C. Marius, (though otherwise stout and valiant) not to be learned. Caesar's Commentaries are at this time as much esteemed among the Turks, as Homer's Illiads were in ancient time among the Grecians. If these Polymarchies and camp-masters confess, that by holding a pen in the one hand, do profit as much, as by holding a sword in the other, or rather more; If Fabius weakened Hannibal more by delays, than Marcellus did by the sword; If Fabritius wearied Pyrrhus more by counsel, than all Rome could do by their wars, than it is truly said, that Plura auspicijs & concilijs, quam telis & manibus geruntur. So that sometimes that saying of Cicero is true, Cedantarma togae; an other time the saying of Lysander is as true, Sileant leges inter arma. So all Empires ought to be, Non ●…olùm armis decorata, verumetiam legibus ornata. Therefore Alexander Severus used both the sword and the pen, as well in decreeing of his laws at home, as in managing of his wars abroad, Consilijs togae, & militiae literatos adhibere. I speak not of such books which Plato compareth Adonijs hortis, fresh and full of savour in the morning, and withered and decayed at night, like the Elephants of India at their first sight in Asia, were so wondered at, that Antiochus the great, having but two, named the one Ajax, the other Patroclus, the names of two Princes: but when these Elephants became so common in Rome and in Asia, that they were in every Consul's triumph, they were called but Boves Lucanias; a great change from the names of Greek Princes, to be named oxen of Lucania. Books are no otherwise; for in ancient time, when books were yet rare, they were fellows and companions with Kings & Princes in courts, it so seemed by Alexander the great, who could not sleep before he laid Homer with his dagger under his pillow; and by Scypio African, who would not from Rome to Carthage, without either Panetius or Polybius in his company: and now books being common, are so little regarded, rather bought for their golden titles which the Printer giveth them for his sale, then for the matter therein by the Author written for the Reuder, much like to Mithridates' sword, whose scabbard was far more precious and richer without, than the blade within. Of such books Plato speaketh, Qui subitò & uno die nati, celerimè pereunt, therefore seldom seen in sight are most in request. The Ebaine tree which Pompey the great brought in his triumph into Rome, was more wondered & gazed upon, than all the brave shows of the triumph beside: So few wise words out of a wise man's mouth, are more esteemed then heaps of words out of an unwise mouth, like the Abderites Ambassadors, more desirous to hear few words out of Zeno the Philosopher's mouth, then of all the Athenians beside: and therefore Pau. Aemilius, after he had subdued the king and kingdom of Macedonia, wrote no more to the Senators, but Victus est Perseus. Caesar, after he had conquered king Pharnaces, wrote no more words, but Veni, vidi, vici: Like the Lacedæmonians, whose writings and speeches were so short and brief, that they would answer either Ambassadors, friends, or foes, by writing or by mouth, in two or three words. And so with the like few words, I refer myself to the gentle disposition of the reader, rather to excuse my travel in courtesy, then to accuse my goodwill wrongfully.  
Lodowick Lloid.   

The first Book of the Stratagems of jerusalem.  

CAAP. I.  
Of divers Battles and Combats. Of several marks of divers nations upon the good and bad. Of the calling of Abraham, and of his praise and travel.  
THe whole BIBLE is a Book of the Battles of the Lord, and the whole life of a man a military marching to these Battles between the seed of the woman, & the Serpent, which Battle was first fought in heaven between Michael and his Angels, and the Dragon and his angels, at what time Satan was overthrown and cast out of heaven with all his angels with him.  
The second Battle was in Paradise, fought between the seed of the woman, and the seed of the Serpent, where likewise Satan was overthrown, for than it was promised that the seed of the woman should tread down the Serpent's head, thereby perpetual war was publicly proclaimed in Paradise, to continue between the seed of the woman and Satan, and therefore are the battles of the Lord innumerable, in respect of number, for that every living man must fight in this battle in his own person for his own life, and invincible in respect of power and force: for all battles and victories are of the Lord, yea even amongst Infidels and Pagans. Which if the Hebrews had so acknowledged it, and had marched truly and faithfully in the Lords battles, they should have acknowledged this to have been their true Oracle, that all victories come from the Lord, and not from the arm of man. Then the Hebrews might have known, that Egypt where they had been bondmen and slaves 430. years, was given to them for a pray from the Lord, by the hands of Moses and Aron, and after Egypt, the Canaanites, Edomites, Moabites, Ammonites, Philistines, and divers other nations were also given into their hands, they might have acknowledged that the overthrow of 39 Kings was no small booty to such simple men, 
39 Kings overthrown by Moses and joshua.  as were no soldiers by education, but brought up as shepherds from Abraham's time to Moses.  
But they forgot the great armies and legions of Frogs, Flies, Grasshoppers, and such armies which the Lord provided to fight for them, while yet they were bondmen in Egypt, where they had ten victories, and ten triumphs, some in the midst of the land of Egypt, some in the midst of the Court of Pharaoh; and some in the midst of the red sea, to the wonder, and terror of the whole world. The Hebrues might likewise have known, that the Chaldeans were given to the hands of the Assyrians: the Assyrians to the Persians, the Persians to the Macedonians, the Macedonians to the Romans.  
Yet all these miraculous victories, which the Lord gave the Hebrews over so many Kings and Countries, could not make them to acknowledge the author thereof, but what victories soever the good kings of judah got by serving of the Lord, that the evil & wicked Kings both of juda & Israel lost by their Idolatry and contempt of the Lord, until they themselves were rooted out of their Country, slain and overthrown, and their Kings taken & carried captives, the one by Salmanasser to the Assyrians, the other by Nabuchodonozer into Babylon, of whom you shall read more, of them and of their wars hereafter.  
And now I think it most convenient to speak somewhat of divers several combats, which is the 
Of combats.  strongest and only battle, for in this battle every man must first overcome himself, and after be ready armed to fight with Satan and his soldiers, the only enemy of man, against whom all men are 
The vow of Cherim.  bound by the vow of Cherim, to fight the battles of the Lord. We are commanded to be as subtle as Serpents to prevent the subtle stratagems of Satan with spiritual weapons, who from the beginning against the Lord in heaven, and against man in Paradise practised his policies, this is the old Dragon which Michael threw down out of heaven, this is the serpent which the seed of the woman subdued in Paradise, this is that ghostly enemy which practised his stratagem by his servant Pharo in Egypt, not only by making a law and decree first to kill the Hebrews children, and after by a second decree to drown them in Nilus, lest he should be deceived in the first, but also with a like stratagem by his servant Herod to kill to the number of 14000. young Infants in Bethelem and in juda, among the which he sought Christ: therefore we are commanded to be strong and valiant, as the Lord commanded not only joshua, David, and others of his own servants, but also Nabuchodonozer and Cyrus.  
In these kind of battles or combats, every man must be armed with such spiritual weapons, as is by Paul the Apostle appointed, to resist the violence of so great an enemy, who doth not only assault us abroad, but in our chambers, yea in our beds, we must therefore wrestle with this enemy as jacob wrestled with the Angel, for the which he was named Israel: as job wrestled with Satan, for the which the Lord called him his servant job: Or as David did with the Giant Goliath, for the which he was anointed King of Israel.  
In these kind of combats the Prophets & Martyrs of the Lord win many victories of Satan and his soldiers, as Esay that was sawed in pieces by Manasses in jerusalem, jeremy that was stoned to death at Taphnis in Egypt by the people: Ezechiel whose brains were beaten out in Babylon, and infinite numbers of the Martyrs of the Lord, which fought in these battles of the Lord with legions of devils, and armies of spirits, and got glorious victories, and were crowned not with the Olive of Olimpia, nor with the Laurel of the Romans, but with Crowns and Garlands made of the tree of knowledge, and of the tree of life, crowns of immortality, and garlands of eternity.  
These might say with Paul, We have run a good race, and fought good combats, far greater combats than Romulus had with Acron, and yet it was for two kingdoms: greater than the combat that Artaxerxes had with his brother Cyrus for the great kingdom and Empire of Persia, or the combats between Hector and Ajax, where many Kings and kingdoms were overthrown: but the only combat which makes every soldier stout and valiant, was by the seed of the woman who rescued Adam from the bonds of Satan, and 
Adam rescued by the seed of the woman.  restored him to liberty, and wan a greater victory to Adam, than Adam had lost to Satan: this is the strong armed man that is spoken of in the Gospel of Saint Luke, that did bind Satan and 
Luke. 11.  took his rich spoil out of his claws, restored to Adam his life and liberty, with a condition to stand out and resist Satan, and to fight stoutly against Satan in these combats and battles of the Lord, for Adam was first a murderer of his children, before he had children, and Adam was the cause that Christ was slain for him, thereby to save him and his children.  
Under this strong armed Captain, all men must march armed to fight the lords battle, as Elias did, who marched himself against 450. false Prophets of Baal, in combat of life & death, whom he overcame and slew for their Idolatry, at the brook Kyson.  
In like sort marched Elizeus and led the whole Army of Benhadad from Dothan to Samaria blind 
Elizeus leadeth the Army of Benhadad blind from Dothan to Samaria.  among their enemies, for Benhadad king of Syria had sent to bring Elizeus from Dothan to Damascus, as Achab sent Captains with 50. soldiers to take Elias in mount Carmel, but Elias commanded fire from heaven to destroy them, as he destroyed Baal's Prophets: thus the Prophets of God are for their victories over Kings crowned, for the Lord raised among all Nations some faithful servants of his to fight in these combats, as joseph in Egypt, Daniel in Babylon, job in the land of Huz, and many such, were crowned victors, and triumphed over Satan, for none shall be crowned saith Bernard, but he that obtaineth victory, none obtaineth victory but he that fighteth, no man fighteth but with him that is his is enemy: so the Lord reserved as he said to Elias, 7000. in Israel, that never bowed, nor bended knee to Baal, for the Lord hath marked his people in all Countries with the letter Tau in their foreheads.  
So he marked the Hebrews in the land of Gosen, to be saved from the plagues in Egypt, the Angel also was commanded of the Lord to mark the door posts of the houses in Egypt with the sprinkling of the blood of a lamb, as a mark to spare his people.  
So the Lord commanded his Angels to go 
They that mourned in jerusalem were marked with the letter Tau.  through the whole City of jerusalem, that those that wept and lamented for jerusalem, should be marked in their foreheads with the letter Tau.  
The Lord also charged those Angels that had power to hurt the earth and the sea, not to hurt the earth until the servants of the Lord were sealed and marked in their foreheads.  
Paul as himself said, bore the marks of the Lord 
Paul's mark.  jesus in his body, opposing the marks of those stripes which he bore for his master Christ, as a mark of his Apostleship against the outward circumcision of the jews, these were external marks by the Prophets set down in the old Testament, but in the new Testament, the servants of the Lord were marked, with the blood of the Lamb Christ jesus, a true mark of our salvation.  
There is a Nation in the East Country, dwelling 
jacobites mark.  in some part of Armenia called jacobites, both circumcised and baptized, that are marked both in their forehead and in their breast with the character or likeness of the cross.  
The wicked also have their inward and outward marks: Cain had his mark, not outwardly seen by men, but inwardly so felt of Cain, that he 
cain's mark.  oft did wish to die, and could not, for that was his mark, that whosoever killed Cain should be seven fold punished.  
Esau had also his mark, and such a mark, that all the Edomites that came of him had also Esau's mark, 
Esau's mark  whose mark was that he could not repent though he sought it with tears.  
So had the false Prophets their marks, as the messengers of Satan, to speak lies to the people: and so Heretics had their marks, for blaspheming the name of the Lord, denying one article or other of our faith.  
I leave these inward marks to such as be marked in conscience with hot Irons, & come to the external mark of the Romans, who marked men condemned to die, with two letters, Cappa & Thita, as marks of death: and those that should be saved with T. and a. 
Turneb. lib. 24. cap. 12.  as marks to live: this letter Tau was used in many Countries for a mark to live: so soldiers that escaped 
The marks of divers nations with the letter Tau.  the dangers of wars, were likewise marked with this letter Tau. As among the Romans by the decrees of Honorius and Arcadius, both Emperors of Rome, the soldiers were marked upon their arms. The Thracians were marked in their foreheads, whereof they were so proud, and rejoiced so much of these marks to terrify their enemies, like the old Britain's who painted themselves, that they might seem terrible in their wars. Of these marks of soldiers I shall have occasion to speak of, when I entreat of military discipline to soldiers, omitting now further to speak of letters written in servants foreheads, of rings on bondmen's feet, and hairs of the head half shaved. Of which Appulius writes, 
Appul. lib. 9  Frontes literati, Pedes annulati, etc. So that among divers nations they were marked on the breast, foreheads, hands, and arms.  
As the Syracusans burned their servants in the forehead with the print of a horse, to be known as bondmen, so the Sameans burned the Athenian soldiers taken captive in the wars, in the forehead with the print of an Owl. And in like sort the Athenians burned the captive soldiers of Samana in the 
Alex. Neapolit. lib. 6. cap. 18.  forehead with the likeness of a ship.  
Among the Lacedæmonians, and in most part of Greece, it was not lawful for bondmen to wear hair neither on head nor face.  
Among the Romans for 454. years, there was no Barbers seen nor known: Pub. Tycinius was the first that brought Barber's f●…om Sicilia to Rome: and 
The time that Barbers were first seen in Rome  Scypio African was the first that shaved his beard in Rome.  
It is written that Caesar the first Emperor of Rome, so hated hairy heads, that wheresoever he met them, he caused the hinder part of their head to be shaved that they might seem bald, because he was bald himself.  
Philip king of Macedon understanding that one 
Philip.  of his Captains died the hair of his head & beard, disgraded him from his place. The like did Archidamus 
Archidamus.  king of Sparta, when he saw one with coloured hair, exhorting and animating the people, forbade him strait to speak, saying he could not have a true tongue, that had a false coloured head: yet both Pyrrhus and Hannibal in Italy coloured their hairs, but it was a stratagem to deceive the enemies that they should not be known.  
I come to speak of greater marks, the marks of calling of God's people, both of the jews and of the Gentiles: For as Abraham was the first man of 
Abraham the first man marked.  the stock of the Hebrews, that is called the Father of the faithful, so was he the first man marked among the Hebrews, to confess the name of the Lord, to whom the first promise was made, who being admonished by an Oracle at 75. years of age to leave the Chaldeans, removed to Carres a City of Mesopotamia, where he buried his old father There, from thence Abraham removed, and went to dwell in the land of Canaan, where so great a famine began, that Abraham with his wife were forced to fly to Egypt, where likewise he doubted that the beauty of Sarah 
Gen. 12. Abraham feared Abimelech and Pharaoh for his wife.  should put him into much peril and danger, and therefore he named her his sister and not his wife, for he feared Pharaoh, as he feared Abimelech king of jerar, saying to his wife Sarah, I know thou art a fair woman, and therefore they will destroy me for thy sake, for I know the fear of God is not in these places.  
But the Lord delivered Abraham from all this care and fear, and vexed both king Pharaoh and Abimelech for their wicked thoughts, and intention against Sarah: with such terror and fear by visions, and vexations both of themselves & of their people, that they were warned by their own Oracles, to reverence and to honour Abraham as a Prophet, after which time Abraham continued in Egypt 3. years, taught the Egyptians true religion, and read Astronomy 
Abraham read Astronomy in Egypt  so long there, in the which Science he being instructed in his own Country among the Chaldeans, the first learned Nation and Empire of the world.  
Of this Abraham, Berosus the Chaldean writer 
joseph. lib. 1. de Antiq. I●….  reporteth these words: Post dilwium decimae aetate apud Chaldeos, erat quidam justiciae cultor, Vir magnus & syderalis scientiae peritus. And Damasenus also reporteth that Abraham dwelled in Damascus, that at the time of josephus, not only his name was much spoken of, but also his house well known where he dwelled in Damascus, and therefore we will speak something of the Hebrews, of whom Abraham was the first Father of the faithful. I am not ignorant that Heber was the first of the Hebrews name before Abraham. In those days seldom was seen any battle, for the first and greatest only battle among kings that we read of at that time, was the battle at Siddim, which was fought in the time of Abraham.   

CHAP. II.  
Of the Battle at Siddim, where four kings were overthrown by Abraham, and Let rescued.  
IN this Battle met nine Kings together to join battle, four against five, the king of Shinaer, the king of Ellasar, the king of Elam, and the king of the nations, against the five kings of Pentapolis: In this battle were Rephaims, Emims and Horims, Giants, which lived of theft and robbery in mount Seir, and in other places: yet in this battle the five kings of Pentapolis, were overthrown by the four kings and fled, and Let the Nephew of Abraham, was taken prisoner in this battle by the Assyrian kings, beside they took all the wealth and substance of these five kings for a spoil to the soldiers, they were such kings at that time, as had the whole Empire of Asia between them four. 
Abraham rescued the five kings, and Let his Nephew.   
Abraham hearing this hard news of the overthrow of these kings his neighbours, & of Lot his nephew, used this stratagem, made straight after them in the night time with his only household servants, which were three hundred and eighteen, came suddenly, and set upon them, fought with them, overthrew them, and chased them to Dan, where Abraham gave them another battle, recovered Lot, the men, the women captives, and all the wealth of the five Cities called Pentapolis, and delivered all the wealth to the kings of Zodom and Gomorrah, the owners thereof, and kept no part to him nor to his soldiers.  
This was a battle of the Lord, that Abraham being but a private man with his household servants overthrew four of the greatest kings of Asia, for in these battles of the Lord numbers are not respected. As Gedeon marched with three hundred Soldiers, 
The victory of Gedeon over the Madianites. jud. 7.  against the Madianites and Amalekites, who were like Grasshoppers in number, and like sands of the sea in multitude, yet were they overthrown, chased and slain an infinite number by Gedeon, and his three hundred soldiers: with the like stratagem as Abraham did the Assyrians.  
So David with four hundred soldiers marched after the Amalekites after they had burned Ziclags, 
David rescued his two wivess. 1. Sam. 30.  and had taken David's two wives with all the rest captives, slew & overthrew them, and rescued his wives at Bezor, with all the men, women, cattle, wealth, and all the spoil which the Amalekites took away from Ziclags. But yet David according to his manner, would never begin battle before he had consulted with the Lord, commanded Abiathar the Priest to bring him the Ephod, and was assured thereby of the victory over the Amalekites at Bezor, as Gedeon was of his victory over the Madianites.  
So Abraham rescued Lot his Nephew, at the battle of Siddim, where Melchisedech king of Salem, for the victory thereof met Abraham, & entertained him & his soldiers with great liberality, & Melchisedech offered gifts unto Abraham, and sacrifice unto the Lord, with thanks for the victory, and Abraham gave Melchisedech 
Gen. 14.  tithes of all the spoils he had by the victory, and delivered it to the king of Zodom, and the rest of the kings their wives, and all the men and women captives which the four kings took away, and Abraham refused to take the worth of a shoe latchet at the king of Zodoms' hand, lest he should say I have made Abraham rich. So that Abraham was in his own person in the first and greatest battle, where nine kings met in battle: after this Abraham returned to Canaan, and dwelled in Hebron, until Zodome and the rest of the five cities were destroyed with fire from heaven in the sight of Abraham, who but few years before defended Zodom from the four kings of Assyria.  
And at that time Abraham stayed the Angels, as they went to destroy Sodom, under the oak of Mambre, 
Three Angels feasted at Mambre with Abraham.  where he feasted them, and entreated them on the behalf of Zodome, that if ten godly men might be found in it, the city might be saved, but none was found there but just Lot, at this very time under the oak of Mambre Isaac was promised to Abraham, for so the Lord named him at that time, Sarah his mother being 90. years old. 
Four were named before they were borne.   
So Samuel was borne of Anna his mother, so jacob, and so joseph his son were borne of barren women, as Isaac was, four also were named before they were borne, Ishmael the son of Abraham by Agar, Isaac, Solomon, and josias.  
Now again to Abraham, after Lot was rescued by him, Lot dwelled again in Zodom, among reprobates 
Tantae virtutis est, quantae & difficultatis bonum esse inter malos. Bernar. Epis. 25.  and wicked ungodly men, being named just Lot, hard it was for Lot to live honest or just among such wicked Zodomites, and yet in Zodom Let saved himself, but in Zoar Lot was overthrown: Abraham could rescue Lot at the battle at Dan from 4. kings, the Angels could save Lot from the fire & brimstone in Zodom, yet could not Lot save himself from drunkenness in Zoar, so fowl a fact by so just a man may not be much spoken off.  
Hence grew the first beginning of the Moabites and Ammonites, enemies unto God, so much may be spoken of Ishmael Abraham's son, by Agar, who 
Ismaelites would not be called Agareni of Agar, but Saraceni of Sarah.  grew so great & so mighty on earth, that they would not be called Agareni from Agar the bondwoman their mother, from whence they took their beginning, but they would be called Saraceni, as borne of Sarah the true wife of Abraham, & as the Ammonites and Moabites were left to plague the Hebrews, as pricks in their sides, and needles in their eyes, so the Saracens & Turks are now left to plague the Christians with sword and fire.  
Before the battle at Siddim, no battles in a manner have been fought, but what was by Nimrod done, who lived within a hundred & thirty years of the flood, at what time people lived, not knowing the name of a king, until Nimrod grew so mighty and so great, that he brought the people under subjection, in such fear and awe of him, that they rather worshipped him as a God, then obeyed him as a king, whereof Nimrod waxed so proud, that it grew to a proverb, that if any Monarch or King should wax too insolent or proud, he should be noted & named hic alter Nimrod, for now Nimrod having obtained the Monarchy into his hands without resistance, he called the people together to make a Tower from the 
The Tower of Babel builded by Nimrod.  earth unto heaven, to revenge the injuries of his predecessors, and to defend himself & his Empire, and to resist the violence of any further deluge: He for want of men to fight withal on earth, made a Tower that he might ascend up to go fight with the host of heaven.  
So Cyrus imitating Nimrod, having subdued all 
Cyrus' army to Scythia.  nations and kingdoms about him, went for want of men to fight against him, to fight against women into Scythia.  
Alexander also imitating Cyrus, after he had subdued 
Alexan. voyage to India.  all men, and that no king would fight against him, he went unto India to fight with Elephants.  
Leaving Nimrod to build his Towers in the air, Cyrus to fight with women in Scythia, and Alexander the great to fight with Elephants in India, we come to Ninus, who took upon him to be the first Monarch 
Ninus the first Monarch.  over the Assyrians, 150. years after Nimrod, who after he had joined his force with Aricus king of Arabia, he went with his army against Babylon, subdued it, and brought it into Assyria, led his army unto Armenia, gave battle to the Armenians, subdued them also, took their king Barsanes, and went 
Barsanes. Diodor, fic●…. lib. 3.  conquering all the kingdoms about, until he came unto Medea, where the king fought with Ninus, and the battle was equally fought of both parts, but after that in another battle, Ninus overthrew the Meads, and took their King in the battle, and hanged him, his wife, and his seven children, in his 
Farnus K. of the Meads.  own kingdom.  
So that within seventeen years, Ninus subdued all Asia, and became so great, that if the authors write truth, he had such an army as none is read to 
Seven hundred thousand.  have the like, especially at that time when the world was not populous, within 50. years after the flood.  
Before Ninus, the Greek, nor the Roman writers, make no mention of any war or battle, who proceeded forward and marched (after he had conquered Arabia, Medea, and Babylon) unto the Bactrians, and fought with Zoroaster their king, who is said to have first found the Art of Astronomy and Magic, but this Zoroaster was slain in the field by Ninus, and Ninus himself slain with an arrow as Orosius saith: others say that he was slain by his wife Semiramis. It is written of this Zoroaster, that when all 
Zoroaster laughed at his birth. The first Idolatry by Ninus.  other Infants weep at their birth, he laughed.  
In Ninus time, we read of the first Idolatry in scripture, and that by Ninus himself, who set up the Image of Belus his father, in a Temple which Ninus made & dedicated to his father Belus after his death, in Niniveh, where all the countries and people, came to worship and reverence the name of Belus, which grew in such credit in Asia, and the East kingdoms, that there was no law, nor religion, but what by Baal's Priests and Baal's Prophets were allowed.  
And at that time that Nabuchodonozer reigned in Babylon, a thousand years after Ninus, Baal was so reverenced and honoured in Babylon, that if any man should speak words against Baal, or not kneel to him, or worship him, should die for it. So was Sydrach and his fellows thrown into a hot fiery furnace to be burned. So was Daniel thrown into a den to be devoured of Lions, but neither Lions nor fire had power to hurt the servants of the Lord.  
This Baal was the only Idol in the East country, until Elias found out the shifts of the false Prophets of Baal, in the time of Achab King of Israel, who first nourished Baal's prophets in Israel: After Elias, Daniel found out in Babylon the falsehood of Baal's priests, how they cozened Nabuchodonozer, for his great allowance, of bread, wine, and meat.  
Leaving Belus to be the first Idol, and Ninus the first Idolater, after whom little mention is made of 
Baal the first Idol.  the most part of the kings of Assyria, saving a catalogue of their names, though the greeks (as their manner is) speak more than needs of them, for the which Berosus the Chaldean writer doth much reprehend them for it, and Plato their own country 
Plato in T●…meo.  man called them children, for that they are addicted unto fables, and not given to learn antiquities: but letting the Assyrians to sleep in silence, I will return to the marching of the Hebrews, under Moses out of Egypt.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the calling of Moses and Aaron to lead the children of Israel out of Egypt.  
THe Hebrews which were 430. years' bondmen & slaves unto Pharaoh in Egypt, until they multiplied to be such in number, as Pharaoh doubted either to let them go out of Egypt, lest they joined with the Africans, or with the Assyrians, to war upon Egypt, or else lest the number of the Hebrues should be so multiplied in Egypt, as they might overthrow Pharaoh in his own kingdom: and therefore Pharaoh kept them in slavery and bondage, vexing and molesting them, and withal decreed a law to put himself out of doubts, and his kingdom out of danger, that all the male children of the Hebrues 
The male children of the Hebrues were thrown to Nilus.  borne in Egypt, should be presently murdered after their birth, with a great charge given that they should be slain, his fear was such, that it did not content Pharaoh, but lest he should be deceived with killing of them, he made another law that they should be drowned in the River Nilus.  
But Pharaoh determined, and God disposed, for the Lord revenged the house of Israel upon Pharaoh, 
The tyranny of Pharaoh.  with ten horrible and terrible plagues, and at last Pharaoh the king, his peers, and the most part of the nobles of his land, and almost all his kingdom, were drowned in the red sea to an infinite number, and as Orosius saith, more of the Egyptians were drowned, than the number of the Hebrews that came out of 
Oros. lib. 1. cap. 10.  Egypt, yet there is no just number written by josephus, who ought best to know it.  
As the Egyptians were compared to the Romans 
A comparison between the Egyptians and the Romans.  for their cruelty, so were the Hebrews compared to the Christians for their punishment, the jewish Synagogue to the Christian Church, and as the Hebrews were plagued by the Egyptians 430. years in Egypt, so were the Christians so long afflicted and persecuted throughout all the Empire of Rome, but as Pharaoh and all Egypt were destroyed for their vexations of the Hebrews, so Rome, and the Empire of Rome, was plagued for their bloody persecutions against the Christians, and therefore every several plague in Egypt, shall be compared to every several persecution in Rome.  
The Lord now being armed to manage war with the Egyptians, and to revenge the wrong of his people the Hebrews, he appointed his soldiers ready, and divided them into several troops and bands.  
He hath an army above in the heavens, the Sun, the Moon, and the Stars, he hath another army in the air, lightning, thunder, hailstones, and such 
The armies of the Lord in Egypt under Moses.  soldiers: another in the waters, whales, crocodiles, serpents, and such monstrous creatures in the seas. Another in the wilderness and woods, as Lions, Bears, Wolves, Tigers, and the like beasts. Yea the Lord hath his armies in ditches & lakes, as Frogs and Toads, and hath also his army even out of the dust & ashes of the earth, Lice, Flies, and vermins, The Captain that the Lord appointed over these armies was Moses, which was but a shepherd, to daunt the courage of Pharaoh, who at the commandment of the Lord, marched to Egypt with these legions of soldiers, to take his people from the bondage of Pharaoh, threatening wars unto Pharaoh, and yet not without conditions of peace, according to the law of arms, if Pharaoh would let his people peaceably depart out of Egypt, with bag and baggage.  
Moses (to whom jehovah appeared in the bush burning) was commanded to take the charge of the Hebrues, and lead them from Egypt to the land of Canaan, Moses obeyed the Lord's commandment, yet accused himself of some imperfection he had in his speech, and therefore had Aaron his brother for his Orator, who having done the Lord's commandment in Egypt to Pharaoh, their message was rejected, and had no audience at Pharaos' hand.  
Then was Moses commanded by the Lord, to stretch his rod upon Nilus, and upon all the rivers of Egypt, 
The first plague.  the pools and standing waters, that they might be turned into blood, so that the Egyptians were constrained to drink of that bloody river Nilus, the just judgement of God upon Pharaoh, who thirsted for blood, to drink blood, like so Tomyris Queen of Scythia spoke to Cyrus, whose head she caused to be cut off being slain in the field, and to bathe it in a great tun full of blood, saying, drink Cyrus of that blood which thou didst ever thirst for. So Pharaoh in like sort was forced to drink of that bloody river, where before time he commanded all the male children of the Hebrews to be drowned, and where Moses himself being but three months old, so long his mother kept him secretly unknown unto Pharaoh, but Amri Moses father, much fearing that he, his wife & family should die for it, according to the decree that Pharaoh made, committed him to God's providence in Nilus, by whose providence Moses was saved, to be a captain over his people, to lead them out of Egypt, to plague Pharaoh, and to revenge the 430. years' calamities & miseries of the Hebrues in Egypt, upon Pharaoh & his kingdom, with ten such terrible plagues, as was never heard or read of before, like in all points to the ten cruel persecutions, which continued in all the Roman Empire during the reign and government of ten Emperors, which persecuted the Christians in Rome, as Pharaoh plagued the Hebrues in Egypt.  
This first plague of the Egyptians, may be compared to the first persecution of the Christians, under that 
The comparison of the first plague with the first persecution.  cruel Emperor Nero: at what time there was nothing in Rome, nor in Italy, but as in Egypt, for as Nilus & all the rivers of Egypt were turned into blood, so in Rome in every street, was nothing but shedding of christians blood, under the tyranny of Nero, by whom Paul, Peter, & divers others of the chief members of the church, were most extremely persecuted, some beheaded, some hanged, & some burnt, so that (beside his vehement persecutions to the Christians) few escaped the cruelty of Nero, otherwise he spared none, no not Seneca his master, nor his mother Aggrippina, but Nero like his cruel uncle Caligula, wished all Rome to have but one neck, that he might with one stroke cut it of, for he caused Rome to be set on fire, & to burn 6. days to resemble the burning of Troy, where he in his tower Maecenatian beholding the great flames of fire, recited merrily certain Odes of Homer, touching the burning 
Orosi. lib. 7.  of Troy.  
Thus from one tyranny to another, he passed all men in tyranny, that as the fish that was in Nilus, and all the rivers of Egypt, died & stank in the rivers, so the Christians were murdered & persecuted by Nero, whose bodies likewise stank for want of burial: but as Nero without mercy or respect slew all, spared none, and at last slew himself, being proclaimed 
Nero slew himself.  by the Senators of Rome a traitor to his Country, thus Nero lived and ended his life with blood, and for that he could kill no more, he killed himself, in whom also ended the whole stock and family of Caesar.  
So Abimelech the base son of Gedeon, slew his seventy brethren to usurp the government by destroying the lawful sons of Gedeon, or like proud Hamon, who sought with all means possible to destroy Mardocheus, and all the jews within the hundred 
Ester 3.  and seven and twenty Provinces of Persia. So Nero sought the destruction of the Christians, within all the Empire of Rome: Achab was not so greedy to have his wrath and anger satisfied upon the Prophet Micheas, nor jezabel upon the Prophet Elias, as 
3. Reg. ca 19  Nero was to have Paul the Apostle and Peter slain in Rome, who filled all the streets of Rome with the blood of Christians, as Manasses king of juda filled all the 
4. Reg. ca 21  streets of jerusalem with innocent blood: so that Nero could not be satisfied, until he had ended his tragedy, killing his mother, his wives & his sisters, and after himself, as Mithridates' king of Pontus had done before him. 
The second plague.   
The second message of Moses was to command Pharaoh to let the Hebrues depart out of Egypt, which being refused & denied, the Lord used a stratagem, began to vex them with a second plague, with an ugly army of Frogs, which assaulted Pharaoh and his country so fiercely, that all the Rivers and all the land of Egypt were covered over with loathsome Frogs, Pharaos' Court, his privy chamber, his victuals, 
An army of Frogs.  upon every man these Frogs scrawled, climbed upon Pharaoh, his Peers, his States, and upon all his people, without respect of persons they spared none, that all the force & strength of Egypt, could not resist the force & violence of these simple creatures, but were constrained to forsake their houses, their beds, and to seek to escape these filthy Frogs, who left no secret place unsought, but the Hebrews 
Exod. 8.  in the land of Gosen were free from these plagues.  
Pharaoh being dismayed and fearful to see such ugly sights & terrible stratagems, was forced to yield himself to Moses the Captain and leader of this army, at what time Moses had his second triumph in the midst of Egypt. This was the second victory and 
The second triumph of Moses in Egypt.  triumph, which the Hebrews had in Egypt, by an army of Frogs, weak soldiers of themselves, but there is nothing so weak that the Lord cannot cause to overcome the greatest power of man. Yet Pharaos' heart was so hardened, that he answered Moses message from the Lord, Quis est dominus? Who is the Lord saith Pharaoh, most blasphemously, much like to the blasphemy of Nicanor, who doubted of 
The blasphemy of Nicanor punished.  the Lord being in heaven, and demanded of judas Machabaeus, Is there a Lord in heaven, that can command you to keep the Sabbath day? But I have power on earth to execute the king's commandment Nabuchodonozer, besides him there is no Lord in heaven nor in earth, that can defend you out of Nabuchodonozers hand, but that tongue which blasphemed the Lord was cut off, and cast to the souls of the air to be eaten: the head and the hand that fought against the Lord, were cut off, he being slain in the battle by judas Machabeus, and hanged upon the Temple in jerusalem.  
This second plague may be well resembled to the 
The comparison of the second plagne with the second persecution.  second persecution under Domitianus the Emperor, who, with no less cruelty persecuted the Christians in Rome, than Pharaoh did the Hebrews in Egypt, or as Nero his predecessor did in Italy, but as in Egypt all men fled from their houses, their beds, their tables, to seek some rest from the Frogs, so in Rome and in Italy, the poor Christians fled every where from place to place to hide themselves in secret caves and dens, to escape the cruel sword of this swelling toad Domitianus, who excelled Pharaoh in tyranny. Pharaoh said, Quis est dominus? Who is the 
The horrible blasphemy both of Pharaoh, and Domitianus alike.  Lord? I know not the Lord. But Domitianus named himself Lord, and god Domitianus, and by a decree commanded so to be named of all men in Rome, and throughout the Empire of Rome: and therewithal caused his Image to be set up in the Temple at jerusalem.  
This cruel and blasphemous Emperor Domitianus, 
Domitianus Image set up in the temple as jerusalem.  so persecuted the Christians, and so vexed the whole Empire, that not only the Citizens of Rome, but also all Italy, sought other places in other countries as banished men, to seek to avoid the sword of this bloody Emperor, who passed Pharaoh in blasphemy, and Nero in tyranny, but his end was no better than Nero's, for as Nero slew himself with his own hand, so was Domitianus in his own house murdered & slain 
Domitianus slain in his own house by his servants.  by his own servants, for he that killeth many, must of some be killed, and so Domitianus was, for blood is revenged with blood, and is one of those four sins that crieth up to heaven for vengeance: but Rome was ever full of blood between their foreign wars abroad, and their civil wars at home.   

CHAP. FOUR  
Of the third and fourth plagues of the Egyptians, compared with the third and fourth persecutions of the Christians.  
Moyses' again after two denials, marcheth with his army against Pharaoh to his third battle, which was with more 
The third plague.  simple and weak soldiers, than the second battle was: for the Lord commanded Moses to smite the dust of the earth with his rod, that all the dust of the earth became Lice throughout all the land of Egypt, 
Exod. 8.  and these were the armies of the Lord, the which crept upon every man, and upon every beast, and went as in battle ray, and well instructed soldiers, upon Pharaoh, his Lords, and his Courtiers, and over all the land of Egypt, this army spared no place, feared no man, but the land of Gosen, and the Hebrews there dwelling.  
To this were jamnes and jambres, and all Soothsayers 
jamnes and jambres.  and Charmers of Egypt publicly forced to say, that it was digitus dei, the finger of God, and Pharaoh after them, was (as afore twice) now the third time constraited to yield to Moses, but still without grace or repentance. Thus every victory had his triumph, and every triumph was solemnized without either a stroke given, or a sword drawn, but with a white rod in Moses hand, so that it seemed rather a combat between Moses and Pharaoh, than a set battle between the Hebrews and the Egyptians.  
The third persecution under Trajan in Rome, in all points is to be likened to the third plague under Pharaoh 
The third persecution.  in Egypt, for the blood of the Christians in Rome, and the plague of the Hebrews in Egypt, cry for equal vengeance and justice upon wicked Tyrants and murderers unto heaven. Though Trajan was wrote unto by Pliny the second, to admonish him to mitigate the vehement persecutidus of the Christians, certifying Trajan that the Christians lived soberly and quietly, not offending the Roman laws, but by professing their religigion and the name of Christ. Notwithstanding Pliny 
Pliny to Trajan.  could do little good with his Letters to Trajan the Emperor in the behalf of the Christians at Rome, no more than Philo could do with his persuasions to Nero, for the jews in Alexandria, though Philo himself being learned and grave, and of great authority with the jews, spoke in person to Nero, and yet Appian the Egyptian, 
Philo was not heard of Nero.  being but a schoolmaster in Alexandria, a man of no reputation, had audience of Nero, which was denied to Philo, so much Rome hated the Christians, & Egypt the Hebrews, that their plagues & persecutions may well be compared together, for still persecution increased in Rome, in so much that the Christians that were dispersed & scattered in every place for fear, were so persecuted, that under Trajan and under Sapor King of 
Sapor King of Persia.  Persia, infinite slaughter was made of the Christians, and every where, where the Roman Emperors ruled, th●… was but sword and fire, but the more the Christians were persecuted, the more they were increased, the more they were hanged, slain, and burned, the more were they multiplied, and encouraged through faith, to esteem little or nothing these tyrants, or their tyranny, which might move the Romans as well to say, that it was Digitus dei in the third persecution, as the Egyptians did confess in their third plague.  
For if the Egyptians had observed how the Hebrews in the land of Gosen, had never heard, or seen, or felt any plague, being in one Country, and at one time, nor so much as a dog among the Hebrews miscarried, or if the Romans had but considered the works of the Lord, how he increased the Christians to surmount the slaughters of the persecutions, and strengthened the Christians to conquer the cruelty of these Tyrants, that as the Hebrews multiplied in Egypt to the overthrow of Egypt, in spite of Pharaos' killing & drowning: so the Christians multiplied in all the Roman Empire, for all their slaughter and destroying of the Christians.  
But no amendment appeared in Pharaoh by the three former plagues, then marcheth Moses forward with his fourth Army, commanding with one message still; thus saith the Lord, Let my people go, 
The fourth plague.  or else to be afflicted with the fourth plague, with the like simple Army of soldiers, as before in the second and the third, for great swarms of flies came into the Court of Pharaoh, and into all the land of Egypt, so that all Egypt was corrupted by this infinite multitude of flies, but in the land of Gosen, (to the great wonder of Pharaoh and his people) were none of these soldiers seen: for the Lord had separated the land of Gosen where his people the Hebrews dwelled, that they should not be touched either with Frogs, Flies, or Lice. Pharaoh, and all his kingdom of Egypt, man and beast, were so bitten and infected with these swarms of Flies, and wearied with these soldiers, 
The fourth yielding of Pharaoh to Moses.  that Pharaoh again yielded to Moses, and requested Moses to do sacrifice for him unto the Lord, and promised Moses that Israel should go out of Egypt.  
Notwithstanding he kept no promise, but still hardened his heart, and provoked the Lord to plague him, his court, and his kingdom. It seemed the Egyptians hated the Hebrews mortally, being thus persecuted with such horrible plagues, that they still yielded, but never repent. But no plague, no calamity, could move Pharaoh to yield obedience to the lord, neither acknowledge his name, but still saying Nescio dominum, but by means made to Moses to remove these plagues from him, yielding ever the victory to Moses, but never yielding his heart to the Lord.  
In Rome, in Antioch, in Alexandria, in Caesaria, and every where else where the Romans had any government, the jews were given to be devoured of wild and fierce beasts, as Lions, Elephants, and Tigers, and to 
The fourth persecution.  fight upon public theatres to solemnize the triumphs of Vespasian & Titus. And therefore were the Hebrues well compared to the Christians, for their manifold plagues and miseries, and the Egyptians to the Romans for their tyranny. Yet the Hebrews had some odds 
The fight of the jews with wild beasts.  more than the Christians had, for they might fight on public shows & upon theatres, with Lions, Elephants, and wild beasts, which Titus sent from jerusalem to Rome, to beautify his father Vespasians triumph to the number of 16000 jews: but the Christians with present death, with all the tortures that could be invented, executed upon them.  
I may not forget Pharaoh in Egypt, for his well deserved plagues, the violence whereof he could not resist, nor defend himself from these armies in his privy chamber. For that it was the Lord's battle, as jamnes and jambres, and the charms of Egypt before did confess.  
So Nabuchodonozer confessed, after he was taken from 
The yielding of tyrants.  the throne of his kingdom in Babylon, to live among beasts in the field.  
So Manasses confessed after he was taken captive from his kingdom in judah, to become from a king a bondman in Babylon.  
So julian the Apostata was constrained, after he threw into the air a handful of his heart blood, to say, Vicisti Galilee: and so all blasphemers and tyrants confess, that the Lord is God, when they are punished and plagued, and cannot resist it, and yet Pharaoh in Egypt would not confess that it was the finger of God, as jamnes & jambres did, neither acknowledging the Lord to be God, as Nabuchodonozer and Manasses did, neither yielding the 
Blasphemers confess the Lord to be God.  conquest unto the Lord as julian the Apostata did, and therefore Moses is sent unto Pharaoh to denounce unto him the fifth plague, and to give Pharaoh the space of a whole day to think on it, assuring Pharaoh, the next morning it should come to pass, unless he would let his people go.   

CAAP. V.  
Of the fifth and sixth plagues of the Egyptians, compared with the fifth and sixth persecutions of the Christians.  
BEhold the fifth plague by the hand of the Lord upon Pharaoh, and upon his 
The fifth plague.  cattle, his Horses, Asses, Camels, Oxen, and Sheep, with a mighty great murrain, so that all the cattle of Egypt died, and of the cattle of the Hebrues died not one. Pharaoh being with this astonished, more fearful of these plagues and losses, then careful to avoid punishments, or mindful of repentance, not acknowledging God to be the Lord, sent to the land of Gosen to know whether any of these plagues happened among the Hebrews, being instructed and certified that there was nothing in the land of Gosen but love, mirth and joy, none of their cattle, nor of their beasts died. It is the nature of wicked men to envy virtue and godliness, in good men.  
Yet Pharaoh revolted from the Lord, and refused his mercies often offered, though aforehand he knew, and Moses told him, that the next day the Lord should bring this fifth plague to pass. And so before the waters were turned into blood, before the Frogs, the Lice, and the Flies, who like armed soldiers Phalanges wise assaulted Pharaoh, of the which he was warned before by Moses, but yet it moved not Pharaoh for all this to repentance, though Pharaoh was often astonished, and moved to yield victory, yet not to embrace penitency, far worse than Esau who would have repent, but could not, 
Pharaoh and Esau compared. The fifth persecution.  though he sought it with tears.  
This fifth plague may fitly and well be compared to the fifth persecution under Sept. Severus, for as in Egypt both man and beast died of the murrain, so under this cruel Emperor, as well by bloody persecution, as civil wars, every where blood was shed, beside the Roman legions of soldiers were slain, that the slaughter was infinite. For like as in Egypt their horses, asses, oxen, camels, and sheep, and all their beasts were slain with a mighty great murrain, so the Roman generals, their colonels, captains, and all kind of soldiers were slain, as well in Rome and Italy, as every where throughout the Roman Empire, as well with wars, as with divers sicknesses & diseases, yet not ceasing to persecute the Christians, according to their custom, but the martyrs of the Lord, the soldiers of God increased still in number in every country.  
Such ever was the providence of the Lord, that Septimius 
Septimius and Antiochus murdered.  & the like, were either murdered & slain in their country, or else banished & died out of their country as this Septimius did, or as the great Antiochus Epiphanis did being the only enemies of God's people, tyrannising against judah, forcing them with sword & fire, to forsake God, their religion & laws, strangling men, hanging some women with their children about their necks, other women they cast down headlong over the walls, with their babes hanging at their breasts; making search for the books of Moses, and burning all that he could find written of the law of Moses, profaned the temple, sacrificed swine's flesh against the law of the jews, compelled the jews to eat swine's flesh, to forsake circumcision, and to adore his gods, his tyranny was such, that the Samaritans 
The tyranny of Antiochus against the jews. 1. Machab. 6.  sent unto him messengers for very fear, denying themselves to be jews, but a people coming out of the Meads and Persians, (therein they said the truth for they were not true jews) requesting Antiochus that the Temple which they builded in Mount Garisim, should be named the Temple of jupiter, and that they would be governed by Appolonius and Nichanor his Lieutenants, and become Antiochus servants.  
Yet the Lord raised those in judah that esteemed not his threatenings, weighed not his commandments, 
joseph. li. 12. cap. 13.  feared not his tortures; for so the Lord said to Elias, that he reserved 7000. that never bowed nor bended knee to Baal, which kept the laws of the Lord, as Mattathias and his five sons in Modin, and divers other in judah, not weighing Antiochus nor his Lieutenants.  
When this cursed and cruel Antiochus saw how little the jews weighed his threatenings, and how they 
Antiochus at his death confessed the great wrong he did to jerusalem and judah.  still increased in number, and how forward they were in their religion, he thereby fell sick, and confessed, that the evil that he did to the Temple of jerusalem, and to the inhabitants of judah, was the cause that he must die in a strange land: for before, Antiochus had proudly promised to make jerusalem a grave for all the jews burial, we leave Antiochus dead out of his Country in Persia, and turn to Moses in Egypt.  
This was ever the commandment of the Lord to Moses, rise, and stand up before Pharaoh, and say thy 
The sixth plague.  wont message, thus saith the Lord, let my people go. Yet nothing moved Pharaoh, but as a sworn enemy against the Lord, stiff necked and hard hatred, refused all graces and mercies offered: and therefore Moses was commanded to take the ashes out of the furnace, & to sprinkle it up into the air before Pharaos' face, & straight out of the same ashes there broke out sores with blains, botches & swellings both in man & beast: so that jamnes and jambres, & all the Sorcerers of Egypt could not stand before Moses, for they themselves were plagued with botches & biles, which Manetho an Egyptian historiographer falsely feigned a fable, that these blains and botches which the Egyptians had to be a leprosy on the Hebrues, naming 
The fable of Manetho of Moses which he named Osarphis. Tisithes.  Moses Osarphis, a Priest & a lawgiver over the Hebrues. Yet Cheremon named him Tisithes, one contrary to another, and both contrary to the truth, and as josephus saith, both Manetho and Cheremon affirmed, that what Moses had done concerning the miracles in Egypt to be done by Magic. So Pliny held the like opinion, that Moses 
Pliny his opinion of Moses.  was a great Magician, and did all those miracles before Pharaoh in Egypt by Magic. Pliny had no cause so to say, for Nero the Emperor which was instructed with the best Magicians of all the East kingdoms, which Tiridates king of Armenia brought with him to Rome: yet it helped not Nero at his need, neither the Emperor julianus Apostata being well learned and thoroughly instructed in Magic: It could do him no good, no more than jamnes and jambres to Pharaoh. And therefore I will set down the true History of Moses written by josephus, a grave & a learned jew, and a governor of all the country of Galiley, far to be preferred before Appian an Egyptian Schoolmaster in Alexandria. Who after their 
joseph. lib. 2. contra Appionem.  fabulous lies most impudently blasphemed their Temple, affirming an Ass head all of gold, by the jews most religiously worshipped and honoured in their temple: which was found in the time of Antiochus Epiphanis, when he sacked jerusalem & spoiled the temple. We will pass over these false Egyptians writers, & come to Moses.  
This sixth plague is likened to the sixth persecution under 
The sixth persecution.  Maximinus, a most cruel Emperor, being puffed up with pride & insolency, and wearied with vulgar persecutions, proceeded forward to persecute Bishops, Doctors, and other learned Christians that professed the 
Euseb. lib. 3. cap. 37. Polycarpus.  name of Christ, as Polycarpus Bishop of Smyrna, Ignatius; and such he spared no degrees within the Roman provinces: but as the Egyptians were plagued with sores, botches, blains and biles, so he vexed the Christians with sword, fire, and extreme tortures. And as nothing could move Pharaoh in Egypt to acknowledge the Lord to be God; so nothing could move this tiger Maximinus, to acknowledge Christ to be the Lord, but without mercy and compassion persecuted & afflicted the Christians.  
Thus not only the Emperors of Rome tyrannised against Christians, but also the kings of Syria, little inferior to the Romans in tyranny, against whom the Lord did not only stir men, but women & children to contemn their threatenings, and to despise their cruelty, as Antiochus king of Syria commanded caudrons & brazen pots to be heated, straightly charging that he that spoke but a word with Moses law, should have his tongue cut out: this could not terrify a woman with her seven sons, who one after another, denied the eating & sacrificing of swine's flesh, the defiling of their temple with Images, refusing to forsake the laws of Moses, and in this to live and die.  
The king strait commanded that the tongue of the eldest brother should be cut out, to pull the skin over his 
The persecution of the seven brethren. 2. Machab. cap. 7.  head, to pair off the edges of his hands & feet, and after these tortures, while yet there was any life in him, to be fried in the hot cauldron, and that in the sight of his mother, and his other six brethren, assuring them, that they should suffer the like torments one after another, unless they would forsake the religion & laws of the jews, eat swine's flesh, and offer sacrifice of swine's flesh unto jupiter, upon the altars at jerusalem & Samaria, but they esteemed the least jot of their law, more than the greatest tortures, that either the Emperors of Rome which persecuted them, or the kings of Syria which tyrannised over them, could invent, saying that they would only obey the laws which the Lord gave unto them by Moses, and not the commandment of the king: then were the other brethren one after another put to death with the like tortures as their elder brother was, in the sight of their mother, who spoke to her children these words, My sons I neither gave you breath nor soul, nor life, and as you regard not yourselves, to die for the laws of the Lord, so shall the Lord restore unto you, your souls & your lives to live for ever. And thus were theyto rtured to death, one brother after another, and the mother after her sons. And now I will return to Pharaoh.   

CHAP. VI  
Of the seventh and eight plagues of the Egyptians, compared with the seventh and eight persecutions of the Christians.  
And Moses was sent with his seventh message to Pharaoh, saying; How long will it be before thou submit thyself to me, saith the Lord? But Pharaoh being marked with cain's mark, who could not die, though he would fain die, or like Esau, who would repent & could not, though he sought it with tears. So Pharaoh though he yielded victory to Moses, yet could not he yield his heart unto the Lord, but refused the offers of the Lord, and despised his mercy, and therefore Moses was commanded to vex Pharaoh with the seventh plague, which 
The seventh plague.  he executed upon Pharaoh with thunders, hail & lightnings, fiery soldiers of the Lord, this smote the herbs, & broke the trees of the field, this smote all the land of Egypt, both man & beast, the thunder, the rain, the hail and the fire mingled together, so hurtful, and so grievous, as there was not the like in Egypt, since it was a nation: and yet the land of Gosen where the Hebrues dwelled neither hard thunders, nor saw fire, lightnings nor rain.  
But Pharaoh still against his promise, stayed the Hebrues in extreme bondage in Egypt, and yet with terror and fear of the punishments, requested Moses and Aaron to cease the horrible thunders, and fiery lightnings, which being ceased, Pharaoh ceased not to sin upon sin, neither gave he himself to seek the Lord, for all the terrors of so many plagues past.  
The Macedonians at any Eclipse of the Moon would be so frighted and terrified, though the natural cause were opened unto them of the defects thereof by many 
Livi. 35.  of their Captains, yet would they not but against their will, at the Eclipse time enter into battle.  
So the old Romans were so amazed that they took the ebbing & flowing of the sea, to be wrought by some 
Q. Curtius lib. 4.  divine power of the gods. So Scipio confessed at the besieging of Carthage, and said to his soldier, Ducem sequimini Neptunum. Though the Romans and the Macedonians confessed the Eclipse of the Sun & Moon, and the ebbing and flowing of the Seas to be the works of God, yet Pharaoh confessed not the wonders which Moses did in Egypt.  
This cruel marching of Pharaoh against the Hebrues in Egypt, resembleth much the cruel persecution under 
The seventh persecution.  Decius Emperor of Rome, under whom reigned still persecutions of the Christians, as under others his predecessors. But the Lord so plagued the Empire at this time, even from the East unto the West, with plagues, and divers such sicknesses, as not only the earth was infected, but the air corrupted, with such slaughter of man and beast by sickness, that there wanted in many places of the Empire, men alive to bury the dead, justly 
Great plagues and sicknesses upon the Romans.  plagued and punished, so that between the cruel persecutions of Christians, in Antioch, Caesaria, and Alexandria, and the multitude of the Romans that died, made the ground of Rome and Italy to stink, as Egypt stunk with their bloody water and dead frogs, and as in Pharaos' days, the Hebrews so multiplied in Egypt: for all Pharaos' tyranny, so likewise the Christians increased in Rome, and every where in the Roman Empire in spite of the Roman Emperors, though they sought every way to devour them with sword and fire.  
Moses is sent again to Pharaoh, and to say, let my people go, behold to morrow will I bring grasshoppers into thy land, and they shall cover the face of the earth in every place, and quarter of Egypt, that the earth cannot be seen, and they shall eat the residue 
The eight plague.  which remaineth unto you, and escaped the hail, they shall eat all your green trees upon the field, and shall fill your houses, and all your servants houses, and these threatenings, and cominations of Moses could nothing move Pharaoh, and yet dissembled like an hypocrite to Moses saying, I have sinned against the Lord, and against you, forgive me therefore, and 
Hypocrisy of Pharaoh.  pray for me, it is to be wondered that Pharaoh and all Egypt would suffer such horrible plagues for the Hebrews, to them a strange nation, whom they mortally hated, and yet stopped and stayed them in Egypt, against the law of Mena and Bocoris and custom of Egypt, and against the custom of all countries.  
The Lacedæmonians by Lycurgus' law would not admit any stranger to stay in Lacedaemon. In Athens Pericles made a decree, that no stranger might dwell in Athens, but such as were banished for ever from their 
Pericles made a decree in Athens against strangers. Strangers not long entertained in Carthage.  Country, those only might stay in Athens, bringing their gods and their goods with them.  
Likewise the carthaginians could not abide strangers, for those that sailed into Sardinia or to Hercules pillars, escaped hardly the carthaginians hands, for that they would suffer no stranger to dwell in their territories.  
So also in India no stranger might stay among them past three days, so strait were strangers looked unto in all Countries, that the Romans would not admit any mercenary soldier being a stranger in their wars.  
The Hebrews suffered no stranger to dwell among them, to use foreign religion, & therefore it was not lawful for the Samaritans to come to jerusalem, nor for the Samaritans to converse themselves with the jews.  
Yet Pharaoh against the laws and customs of all countries, and against the law of his own country, admitted strangers, his own enemies to dwell in Egypt. Pharaoh as I said before, had Esau's mark, could not yield, and let these strange Hebrews go.  
How fitly this eight Egyptian plague, resembleth the eight Roman persecution under the Emperor Valerianus, 
The eight persecution under valerianus.  who like as Antiochus compelled the jews to forsake the Lord, their laws, and religion, so Valerianus constrained the Christians to Idolatry, and forced them to forsake the religion of Christ, commanding by his Letters sent to his lieutenants, and generals, every where to burn, to kill, and to murder all the Christians that professed the name of Christ, so odious was the name of the Christians among the Romans, as the name of the Hebrews among the Egyptians.  
And like as the grasshoppers in Egypt, did waste, spoil, and eat all that was left untouched and unspoiled by the plague of hailstones and lightnings before, so this bloody Emperor Valerianus left no place unsought to persecute the remnant of the Christians, (which his predecessors could not find) with sword and fire, until he himself was taken, & his army overthrown by Sapor King of Persia, who took him and kept him in prison all his life time in bondage, and slavery, using him as a block to mount on horseback, things hard and strange to the Romans, to have their Emperor in such slavish service, & to become a vassal and a block for Sapor King of Persia, to lay his foot upon his neck to go on horse.  
And was not the great Turk Pazaites overthrown, and his Army slain at Mount Stella by Tamberlane, a 
Valerianus the Emperor of Rome used as a block by Sapor king of Persia.  rude and barbarous Scythian, and himself taken, and kept in a cage under his table, and carried him in that cage in all his wars, during tamberlane's life, so that the great Emperor of Rome died as a block for King Sapor in Persia, and Pazaites the great Turk died in tamberlane's cage, as a captive in Scythia. So Pharaoh in divers battles was overthrown by Moses, and used as a block, and at last drawn as it were by a cord like a dog, by Moses from Egypt, into the red sea, and there to die as you shall read in the two next plagues that follow.   

CHAP.  
Of the ninth and tenth plagues of the Egyptians, compared with the ninth and tenth persecutions of the Christians.  
MOses is sent from the Lord to Pharaoh, and commanded to hold out his hand unto heaven, that there was darkness 
The ninth plague.  upon all the land of Egypt, & such palpable darkness, that neither fire, candle, torch, or any light, might give them light, it was such palpable darkness that the Egyptians might feel it, and this darkness continued three days long, that one might not see an other. Yet Pharaos' heart was so hardened, that now in his fury and rage, he commands Moses and Aaron to go out of 
The dissimulation of Pharaoh.  his sight, threatening them with death if they came any more before him, though in the last plague he requested Moses and Aaron to pray for him, and to forgive him his sins, but then were his words full of dissimulation, and his repentance full of hypocrisy: he could say, I have sinned, but he could not say, I have repent, and beforie for his sins.  
The ninth persecution under Aurelianus in Rome, may thoroughly be likened to the ninth plague under 
The ninth persecution.  Pharaoh in Egypt. The like threatenings of speech, and the like words that Pharaoh used to Moses and Aaron in Egypt, the like used Aurelianus against the Christians in Rome: but it contived not long, for he was slain as others his predecessors were. And as for the great palpable darkness in Egypt, so was it in Rome, when their mind was more dark than darkness itself. The Egyptians hated not the Hebrews so much, as the Romans hated the Christians. For Pilate the Roman precedent in jerusalem, which gave sentence on Christ to die, and saw many miracles done by him, sent Letters to his master Tiberius the Emperor, and to the Senators, reciting the miracles 
Christ denied among the Romans.  that Christ had done before he died, saying he was worthy to be canonised & placed among the Roman gods, which all the Senators with one consent denied, though Caesar requested them first, and threatened them after, yet Christ was not allowed to be a Roman God.  
Tiberius without effect of his good motion died, & so did that wicked Emperor Aurelianus, in the midst of his cruel persecutions. After whom succeeded a good valiant Emperor Flam. Claudius, & so valiant that he vanquished the Goths; the Illyrians, and Macedonians, whereby in Rome he was so honoured, that the Senators sent to him 
A golden target sent by the Senators.  a golden Target, which afterward was set up in the show-place, and a golden statue to stand in the Capitol, but he died too timely of a sickness at Sirmium.  
After him succeeded his brother Aurel. Quintilius, a good moderate Emperor, equal, or rather to be preferred before his brother, but he was slain within 18. days after he was elected Emperor by the soldiers. These good Emperors only I name, for that persecutions were ever executed by cruel Kings and Emperors.  
But these cruel Emperors, as they cruelly destroyed 
The evil end of cruel Emperors.  others, so cruelly were they destroyed after: as some of them were killed by their own hands, as Nero, some murdered by their own servants, as Domitianus, some suddenly slain riding by the high way, as Decius', some banished died in strange Countries, as Severus: others died captives in bondage and slavery, as Valerianus did in Persia: others eaten with cankers & worms, as Maximinius, others murdered one after an other, as Aurel. Tacit. and Florianus. Thus were those Emperors slain and murdered that cruelly persecuted the Christians.  
The Lord being determined now to finish his plague in Egypt, and to bring his people away, willed 
The tenth plague.  every man and every woman to borrow of their neighbours, jewels of gold and silver, for Moses was very great in the land of Egypt, with Pharaoh, and with the people: for before this, Pharaoh had appointed Moses General of the Egyptians, against the king of Aethiopia, which I wrote in the History of Moses. Yet said the Lord, I will bring one plague more upon Pharaoh, and upon Egypt, and after that he will let you go hence, for all the first borne of the land of Egypt shall die, even from the first borne of Pharaoh that sitteth on his seat, until the first borne of the maid servant that sitteth in the mill.  
The Lord knew at that time how to save the Hebrews in Gosen from all the plagues in Egypt, and to 
The Lord useth all things by means.  save Noah from the genial deluge in the Ark, to save Lot from fire and brimstone in Zodome, and to save the Christians from the destruction of jerusalem in Pella.  
As this tenth plague was the greatest, and the heaviest, so the tenth persecution was the greatest, and the 
The tenth persecution.  longest, under Dioclesian in the East parts; and under Maximianus in the West, either of them persecuting and afflicting with such slaughters of martyred Christians, that for the space of ten years, for so long continued the tenth persecution, there was nothing but the wont bloody persecution, sword and fire, by the commandments of both these Emperors with most extremity to be executed, and as under Nero the first persecution began, so under Dioclesian it ended. For the Church of God so flourished, the Christians so increased, and the godly martyrs so multiplied, that these tyrants were weary to persecute them any longer.  
At that very time, when persecution ended under Dioclesian, than heresy began to spring under Satan: 
When persecution ended, heresy begun.  for when one stratagem of Satan faileth, he practiseth an other.  
Now Arius marcheth with his Antitrinitary crew, and set themselves in battle against the Lord, with horrible and blasphemous weapons, and as the Poets feign, the Giants set themselves in battle against the Sun, the 
Arrius the first of his sect.  Moon, and the Stars, so this crew of heretics set themselves to fight against God the Father, the Son, and the holy Ghost, some denying Christ by nature to be Cod, but only of accidental participation of divine properties as Arius.  
Some affirming that Christ took his beginning of the Virgin Mary, denying the divine nature of Christ, as Samosatenus and Photinus.  
Others imagined that Christ had not a true and natural body borne of the Virgin Mary, as the Marcionites 
Euseb. in many of his books especially in the fourth at large, writes of these masters. Saturninus.  and Manichees.  
The Ebionites affirmed Christ to be naturally born of a woman gotten by man. I will omit to speak of Simon Magus, and his disciple Menander, of Cerdon, and his disciple Martion, and of Saturninus, and a number more of this crew, who deny one Article or other of our Christian faith, confounding the divine nature of the Trinity. These heretics possessing divers seats, as Arius in Alexandria, Saturninus in Antioch, Photinus in Lions, and so of the rest, which being the very blast and breath of Satan, have brought into their heresy many kings and princes of Asia and Europe, but all these heretics were by general council confuted and condemned.  
The Nicene council condemned Arius and his partners which denied the deity and divine nature of Christ, this council held under the Emperor Constantine, where 318. Bishops met together to confute Arius and his heresy.  
The second council at Constantinople, under Gratianus the Emperor, against Eudoxius and Macedonius, denying 
The 4. general counsels.  the holy Ghost to be God.  
The third council at Ephesus under Theodosius the great against Nestorius, affirming two sons, the one of God, the other of man, denying the mystery of the incarnation of Christ.  
The fourth council at Chalcedon under Martianus against Eutiches, who confounded the natures in Christ for the unity of the three persons.   

CHAP. VIII.  
Of the marching of the Hebrews from Egypt under Moses and Aaron, toward the land of Canaan. Of the life of Moses in Egypt, and of his victories against the Aethiopians.  
NOw Moses and the Hebrews being discharged out of Egypt, where they had been in bondage and miseries many years, and were called Hicsos, now they march like soldiers of the Lord 
Hicsos.  under Moses and Aaron, towards the land of Canaan: but mark the hardness of Pharaos' heart, for while the Hebrews were in Egypt, being extreme enemies unto Pharaoh, yet Pharaoh endured ten horrible and terrible plagues, before he would let the Hebrews go out of Egypt, until he was bridled and hooked by the nostrils as Senacharib was, and compelled to let the Hebrews go. Yet Pharaoh with his wont hardened heart, with all the power and force of Egypt followed 
The marching of Pharaoh after the Hebrews.  after, being two hundredth thousand footmen, fifty thousand horsemen, six hundredth chosen chariots of the kings own army, a sufficient army against weaponless and unarmed men. Notwithstanding he had infinite number of footmen, horsemen, and chariots, out of all parts of Egypt, assuring himself, by this multitude he would make a full end of the Hebrews, having this advantage, the sea being before the Hebrues, the mountains on either side them, and Pharaoh with all the force of Egypt at their back, a narrower strait as Pharaoh supposed, than the Greeks had against the Persians at Thermopyla, and there Pharaoh thought to end his long desired tyranny upon the Hebrews.  
It was to be wondered that after ten great victories in Egypt, gotten against Pharaoh, by no other weapon then with a rod in Moses hand, durst not look Moses in the face, & after these victories in Egypt, durst follow Moses, having six hundred thousand Hebrews marching in his camp, this was the time appointed of the Lord to do with Pharaoh that which Pharaoh thought to do to the Hebrews, for the Lord commanded Moses to hold up his rod, and to stretch out his hand upon the sea, and to 
A stratagem of the Lord.  divide the seas, to let the Hebrues go through on dry ground, and to suffer the Egyptians to follow after, until the Lord commanded Moses again to stretch out his hand upon the sea, (a divine straragem of the Lord) to 
The drowning of Pharaoh in the red sea.  let the waters turneupon the Egyptians & overwhelm them. So the Lord by water saved the Hebrews his people, and by water drowned the Egyptians his enemies.  
Yet Appian most impudently affirmed Moses to have done what he did by Magic, whom the common people in Egypt named Tisithes, and joshuah Peresephes'. Appian allegeth Manetho and Cheremon two Egyptian 
Appins' impudent lies against Moses  writers, to prove his fond assertions.  
Pliny also held that opinion that Moses was a great Magician, and did many miracles in Egypt through Magic, yet it is more lawful for Pliny that wrote of so many things, to lie in some things, then for Manetho a poor schoolmaster in Alexandria, or for Cheremon, two fabulous writers of the Egyptian history only.  
The best Magician that helped himself at need, was Appollonius Thianeus, who being accused of capital crimes before Domitianus the Emperor, being demanded 
Appolonius Thianeus.  by the Emperor what help he could do now to himself by his Magic, nothing said he but this, and vanished 
This story is reported otherwise in the life of Apollonius.  away out of the emperors sight, so much could not jamnes and jambres do to save themselves from the botches & blains, which as they say was done by Moses Magic in Egypt. And therefore I think it best to set down the true history of Moses, before yet he was called by the Lord to lead the Hebrews out of the land of Egypt into Canaan.  
Moses the son of Amri, was of the tribe of Levi, and the seventh from Abraham borne in Egypt, brought up by Thermutes king Pharaos' daughter and heir, in this child Moses she delighted so much, being brought up in all the learning and knowledge of the Egyptians, that Moses pleased Thermutes so well, that she moved her father having no male child but herself, that it might please the king to make Moses her adopted son, lest Thermutes also should be barren, and want an heir to possess the crown. This being agreed upon between Pharaoh and his daughter, Moses grew great in Egypt, 
The education of Moses in Egypt.  favoured and well beloved amongst all the Egyptians.  
It happened at that time that the Aethiopians had war with the king of Egypt, having won two great victories over the Egyptians, spoiled and wasted Egypt unto the very city of Memphis.  
The Priests of Egypt being instructed by the Oracles of Ammon to choose an Hebrew captain, to lead their army against the Aethiopians, the king being informed 
Moses chosen captain for Pharaoh.  of this Oracle, spoke fair to his daughter Thermuthes through the persuasion of the Priests, who used the like policy to have Moses slain among the Aethiopians, as 
joseph. lib. 2. cap. 5. de antiq. judaic.  Saul used to have David slain among the Philistines, Thermutes perceiving the danger of her father's kingdom, which fell unto her by succession, would know of Moses secretly his mind therein, Moses being therewith contented, the king's daughter brought Moses before her father and the Priests, to whom Thermutes in this sort spoke: Is Moses the man whom before this time you found by Oracles, should destroy Egypt, and now you find by the same Oracles, to have that man to be your captain to save Egypt?  
But the Priests forgot not when Thermutes laid the diadem upon the child's head, which Moses being but 
Moses death sought by the Priests of Egypt.  a very child, with both his hands took the diadem from his head and threw it to the ground, and treaded it under his feet; whereat the Priests of Egypt were so astonished, that they told the king, that that child should be the overthrow and destruction of Egypt, they all counseled Pharaoh to take away the fear of Egypt, and the hope of the Hebrews.  
Notwithstanding Moses, as he was by the providence of God preserved, saved from killing & drowning being a child, so likewise then was he kept from the envy and malice of the Priests, and of the Egyptians, who sought to kill him, as the jews thought to kill Paul, but as Paul prevailed over the jews, so Moses prevailed over 
The victories of Moses in Aethiopia.  the Egyptians, and marched forward with this Hebrew army towards Aethiope, gave them two great battles, overthrew them, chased them, and daunted the courage of the Aethiopians, that they were brought lower by the Hebrews, than the Egyptians were before by the Aethiopians.  
The Aethiopians thus being brought low, Moses brought his army, and besieged Saba, the chief city of Aethiope, at what time the king of Aethiope his daughter named Tharbis, having hard such great report of Moses fortitude and prowess, went up on the walls of the city, to behold the army of the Hebrews, where she saw Moses manfully and valiantly fight before his army, she much admired his courage, and wondered at his prowess, doubting much the destruction of her country, she sent some of her chief servants unto Moses, by whom she opened her favour & her love towards Moses, offering herself to him in marriage, and to conclude peace between the Aethiopians & the Egyptians, which Moses accepted upon her oath, that the city Saba should be yielded up into Moses hand, and peace concluded 
The marriage of Moses to Tharbis.  between Aethiope & Egypt, which presently was yielded up, and the marriage performed, notwithstanding Moses at his return to Egypt, his service was more maliciously accused and suspected, then thankfully accepted, such hatred & malice grew in Egypt towards Moses, by means of the Priests, and the king himself suspected him for his greatness, and success of his victories over the king of Aethiopia, that Pharaoh doubted that Moses might do the like in Egypt: by these means traps and snares were laid to destroy Moses, that Moses was in such fear of his life, & the rather for that he killed an Egyptian that abused an Hebrew; that he was forced secretly to fly through the wilderness unto the Madianites, where he married Zephora, jethro his daughter, and there 
joseph. lib. 2. cap. 5.  continued forty years, from whence he was called by the Lord to lead his people from Egypt to Canaan; whose greatness then was more known then before, as is set down in Exodus, so that Appian with his Egyptian Authors, with their feigned fables against Moses, are worthy to be scoffed at for their impudent lies, for Moses was 
Appians lies.  brought up with Thermutes the king's daughter, & heir of Egypt, and married to Tharbis the king's daughter of Aethiope. But let us omit Appian with his fellow liars, and come to Moses, marching with his Hebrew camp.   

CAAP. IX.  
Of certain military laws and marshal exercise of the Hebrews, under Moses in the wilderness.  
AFter that Pharaoh and the Egyptians were drowned in the red sea, the Hebrews had such rich spoils by their dead bodies found on the sea shores, that now the Hebrews became from poor shepherds called Hicsos in Egypt, to be rich soldiers, that neither Philip 
Hicsos.  king of Macedonia, had such spoil in Delphos, nor his son Alexander in Babylon, nor Nabuchodonozer in jerusalem, as the Hebrews had of the spoil of the Egyptians upon the shore. For now the Egyptians pay them their hires for the service and bondage of four hundred and thirty years.  
So Philo said, that the borrowing of jewels of silver and jewels of Gold, was nothing else but to pay 
Philo.  the due debt unto the Hebrews, for their long bondage and service.  
So Rupertus said, the wages and hires which the Egyptians kept so long unjustly from the Hebrews, by an honest guile the Hebrews obtained their long detained due, for the Lord commanded the Hebrues 
Exod. 12.  to borrow Gold and silver of the Egyptians: and the spoil which is gotten of the enemies is due by the law of arms.  
The Hebrews marched under Moses with Egyptian weapons, with songs of hymns and Psalms, for the victory unto the lord Myria Moses sister, the women and virgins of Israel, with viols, haps, and tabrets, and with great melody, gave thanks unto the Lord, so that it was afterwards a custom among the Virgins of Israel to sing Psalms and Songs, to thank the Lord for their victories, and withal to advance the fame of the Generals and Captains, as they did to Saul and David.  
The Lord sets down certain martial laws to Moses, to govern and to rule his people, commanding him to make two silver Trumpets, to assemble the army, to call the congregation, and for the removing of the Camp, and charged the sons of Aaron 
The law of arms.  to sound out the trumpets in any service, only the Priests were appointed by the law to sound the trumpets, & to carry the ark, which was their office for ever.  
When thou goest out with the host against thy enemies, keep thee then from all wickedness, be clean from pollution in the night, for the Lord may not abide in the host any soldier that is any way unclean, before he be washed with water, and purified, and when a soldier must serve the necessity of nature, among other weapons he must have his paddle staff to dig the earth, 
The 2. law of arms.  and after to cover his excrement, for the Lord would have his people pure and holy both in soul and body, for the Lord walketh in the midst of the camp among his soldiers.  
The Hebrues were also commanded when they went to any battle, that the Priest should stand before the whole army, being called together with the sound of a trumpet, to exhort the army, and to encourage them to fear nothing the multitude of their enemies, but to fight valiantly the battles of the Lord, assuring them that the Lord would be their Captain, and go before 
The 3. law of arms.  them, and therefore not to doubt of the victory. So the Lord promised, and said to Moses, I will go before thee to Egypt against Pharaoh.  
So the Lord said to joshua, that he would go before him and his army to jericho.  
So the Lord with the like words spoke to Nabuchodonozer, when he went against jerusalem.  
And even so he spoke to Cyrus, when he went against Babylon, All battles & victories are mine saith the Lord.  
As the Lord promised, not only to Moses, to joshua, and to others, but also to Nabuchodonozer & Cyrus, Heathen Princes to go before them in his own battles, and therefore the Heathen kings made their soldiers believe, that the Gods taught them stratagems to overcome their enemies.  
Archidamus used a stratagem against the Arcadians, commanded secretly in the night time, certain horses to go round about his camp, and in the morning he showed his soldiers, the steps of the horses, saying that it was Castor & Pollux, that would be ready in the next battle to take their parts, and to fight with them against the Arcadians.  
So did Epaminandas, he caused the armour which did hang in the temples, and were dedicated to their Gods, 
Front. lib. 1. cap. 11. The strata gems of Archidamus, Epaminandas and Pericles.  secretly to be taken down, by this stratagem he persuaded his soldiers, that the gods promised to be in those armours themselves, to fight in the battle.  
Pericles' General for the Athenians used the like policy, caused a comely tall man of great stature, all in purple, to sit on a high stately chariot, drawn with goodly white horses, standing in a thick wood consecrated to Pluto, where both the armies might behold him, until the sign of the battle were given, than he called to Pericles, and willed him to go forwards, and said, that the gods of Athens were at hand, by this stratagem Pericles got a great victory, for the enemies fled before the battle began.  
The Gentiles & the Heathens believed & confessed that all victories & good success, came to them by serving of their gods, and all their overthrows & calamities fell upon them by offending their gods, so much stood the Heathens in awe and fear of their gods.  
And like as joshua, josaphat & David, returned to give thanks to the Lord, with viols, haps & trumpets for 
joshua etc.  their victories, so the Lacedæmonians with trumpets and flutes, crowned with garlands made of all kind of flowers, and with a song to Castor & Pollux for any victories which they had obtained. 
Castor and Pollux.   
The Romans also and the Grecians, not only with building of Temples and Altars, but with the great sacrifice Haecatombae did please their Gods for their victories.  
In Hercules' Temple in Sparta, the Armours that were hanged up and consecrated to Hercules, seemed to make 
Cic de diuin lib. 2.  a sound and and a noise, and at Thebes in the Temple of the same Hercules, the gates of the Temple being shut, were suddenly of themselves opened, and the shields and the targets that were hanged up in the roof of the Temple dedicated to Hercules, fell down & were found upon the ground, which foreshowed to the soothsayers the destruction both of Sparta and Thebes. Now to the Hebrews.  
The Lord commanded that he that buildeth a new house, and had not possessed it a year, should be spared from war. 
joseph. lib. 4. cap. 8.   
He that planted a vineyard and not received the fruits thereof should also be spared from war.  
And he that betrothed himself to a wife, and had not married her, might in like case be spared from war.  
After the Priest had ended his exhortation to the soldiers, the General of the Army proclaimed that if 
The law of Arms.  any timorous or faint-hearted soldier were within the Army, he should return home, lest he through his cowardliness should disanimate or discourage the rest of his Army.  
Hence the Gentiles had the first instruction to use the like long after this time, for the law of Arms which the Lord gave unto his people the Hebrews in the wilderness, were in all countries of the Gentiles afterwards imitated in all their wars. 
The Priest's Faecials in Rome.   
As among the romans the priests Faeciales in like sort as the Hebrews exhorted and encouraged the Romans manfully to fight for their Country, repeating the law of Arms of the Hebrews.  
So the Athenians before they commenced any battle, 
The Priests Nantes in Athens.  their Priests called Nantes stood before the army, made a speech to the soldiers, of the just cause of their wars, and would be further instructed by their Oracles to know of their victories.  
The Persians likewise would take no war, nor battle in hand, before they had consulted with their 
Magis in Persia.  soothsayers, which were their wise men called Magi.   

CHAP. X.  
Of the camp of the Hebrews, of their exercise in the wilderness, and of the whole Army, divided under four principal standards: and of placing of the Ark in the midst of the Camp.  
THe Lord commanded at the setting out of the Army unto the battle, that the Ark should be carried by the Levites, which Ark signified the presence of God, & the figure of Christ, at what time Moses used always these words, at the lifting up of the Ark, rise up Lord & 
The removing of the Ark.  let thy enemies be scattered, and let them that hate thee, flee before thee. And when the Ark rested, Moses always said these words, Return (o Lord) to thee many thousands, when the Ark was carried, a cloud covered the Ark, and where the cloud stayed, there the Ark would rest, and when the cloud removed, the Ark was also to be removed, for by the removing of the cloud, the Ark was also to be removed.  
The Lord commanded in the wilderness of Sinai to Moses and Aaron, with the twelve Princes of the Tribes of Israel, to take muster, & to number them that were able to go to the wars from twenty years upward, hence from 
1. Number.  the Hebrews, the Gentiles took their instructions in numbering, and mustering their soldiers. Moses numbered 
The numbering and mustering of the Hebrew Army by Moses.  the people, and found six hundred three thousand five hundred, & fifty able men to go to wars in the camp of the Hebrews, beside the Levites which were appointed to attend the Tabernacle.  
For the Levites were numbered three several times, the first time they were numbered at a month old, when they were consecrated unto the Lord: The second time at 25. years old, when they were appointed to serve in the Tabernacle. The third time at 30. years old, to bear the burdens of the Tabernacle, and to serve in the Tabernacle until 50. years, and then to cease from bearing such heavy burdens, and painful service. But after that, they should minister in the Tabernacle, singing hymns & Psalms, instructing, counseling, & keeping of things in order.  
After that Moses had brought the Hebrews from Egypt, instructed them with military discipline, & given them martial laws, than the Lord would not have Moses to bring his people strait way to the land of Canaan, but to lead them too and fro in the wilderness, to keep them in continual exercise, & to teach them military discipline 
The Hebrews were left in the midst of their enemies to practise Arms.  by the law of Arms appointed, for they might within 3. days as Philo writeth, have passed from Egypt to the land of Canaan, but that the Lord would have them to endure labour, & to be exercised in martial discipline to become good soldiers, & therefore suffered the Amalekites, Moabites, Edomites, & the Philistines to be with them as needles in their eyes, & thorns in their sides, being their professed enemies, to war, to fight, and to keep them still in practice and exercise of arms.  
The Lord suffered the Camp of the people to wander too and fro in the wilderness backward & forward, to learn to endure cold and heat, and all kind of hardness, removing their camp too and fro 42. mansions, 
42. Mansions.  before they came to the land of Canaan.  
Cai. Marius perceiving his soldiers ready to yield for want of drink, showed them a River behind the enemies, 
Stratagems of Marius and Cyrus.  saying: if you will drink, you must drink in yonder River, that I showed you, either you must win it of your enemies or lose it.  
Cyrus' King of Persia brought his soldiers to a certain wood, and caused them all day to hew down 
Front. lib. 1. cap. 2.  trees, until they were weary, the next day he prepared for them great feasts, and liberal banquets, and in the midst of their good cheer, Cyrus demanded of them, whether they thought better of their pain and travel in hewing of wood the day before, or of their feasting and banqueting that day: they preferred feasting before hewing of wood. But said Cyrus, you must come to the one by the other, unless you fight valiantly & overcome the Meads, you cannot enjoy the pleasures and good cheer of Persia.  
So Moses brought the Hebrews to the wilderness, and said: you must take pains, and exercise military discipline, to learn to fight with the Canaanites, Edomites, Moabites, & Philistines, the enemies of the Lord, before they should pass over Iorden, and enjoy the pleasures of Canaan, the land of milk and honey: for as these Nations were left as pricks and needles to vex the Hebrews, so Satan is now left, to vex, to tempt, and to be an enemy to God's people withal the stratagems he can.  
No doubt the Chaldeans, the Assyrians, the Persians, and other Nations, had their first military discipline from the Hebrews, and were taught to exercise their soldiers to endure labour, as it seemed the Gentiles used it by imitation from one Empire to an other.  
Moses being the only general of so great an Army, being continually vexed and molested, without any under officers to aid him, the Lord taught him, and after his father in law jethro, to choose from among the whole 
70. Governors chosen under Moses. Exod. 18.  army 70. wise, religious, valiant, and just men, to rule and govern the people, as magistrates, and officers under Moses, to guide & lead them into all service. For among the Hebrews no General was chosen without consultation of urim and Thummim, after Moses and joshua's time.  
Mark the discipline and martial laws of the Lord to his people. The Hebrews were commanded every man to stand in his place, & under his standard, throughout 
The Levites tents about the tabernacle.  the whole Army of the Hebrews, but the Levites should pitch their tents round about the Tabernacle, who were three and twenty thousand in number, and when any victory was gotten by the Hebrews over the enemies, the first part of the spoil was yielded to the Levites who attended the tabernacle: the second to the soldiers that fought in the field: the third to them that remained in the camp.  
The whole Army was divided under four general 
The four standards of the Hebrews.  and principal standards. The first standard under judah, the second standard under Reuben, the third standard under Ephraim, the fourth standard under Dan.  
Every Tribe should stand, and camp by his standard, and under every standard were three Tribes, & over the three Tribes, three captains, and the number of the soldiers of the three Tribes under their Captains.  
The Tribe of judah had seventy four thousand and six hundred soldiers under their Captain.  
The Tribe of Isacher had four and fifty thousand and four hundred soldiers under their captain.  
The Tribe of Zabulon had seven and fifty thousand and four hundred soldiers under their captain. These three Tribes were appointed to stand by the standard of judah, and the whole number of the host of judah, were 
The tent of judah on the East.  one hundred, four score, and six thousand, and four hundred soldiers under their three captains, and the standard of the host of judah was appointed to camp on the East side of the Tabernacle.  
Of the South side of the Tabernacle, was the standard of the Tribe of Reuben, the Tribe of Simeon, & the Tribe 
The standard of Reuben on the south side.  of Gad, with their three captains, and the whole number that marched under the standard of Reuben, were one hundred, fifty one thousand, four hundred and fifty soldiers, and this was the second principal standard.  
The third standard of the camp of Ephraim was towards 
The standard of Ephraim on the West side.  the west, with the Tribe of Ephraim, the Tribe of Manasses, and the Tribe of Benjamin, with their several captains, and the whole number that marched under the standard of Ephraim, was one hundred, eight thousand, and one hundred.  
The fourth standard of the host of Dan was on the North side of the Tabernacle, with their three Tribes, 
The standard of Dan on the North side.  the tribe of Dan, the tribe of Asher, and the tribe of Nepthali, with their three captains, and the whole number that marched under the standard of Dan, was one hundred, fifty thousand, and six hundred.  
In this most solemn and royal sort marched the camp of the Hebrews 40. years in the wilnernesse under these four principal standards, where their garments and clothes were not worn, nor any thing they had 
The marching of the Hebrew c●…po.  decayed, heaven gave them bread, the food of Angels, Manna, and every rock in the wilderness gave them drink, the Lord fed them, otherwise they were simply and slenderly provided for so great an army, but marching in the wilderness amongst serpents, & venomous beasts, and yet without danger or harm, but had all things at their wills that were necessary to the wars, from the Lord.  
Notwithstanding all these blessings, the Hebrews wished still to have stayed in Egypt, and made divers proffers of return, at any touch or trial of them, they longed for the flesh pots of Egypt, of which they made often mention, of the onions, melons, and garlecke, but they made no mention of the slavery, bondage, and servitude, which they endured for 430. years in Egypt.  
If you look into the majesty & state of the Hebrew camp, of the presence of the ark, of the placing of their 
The state of the Hebrew camp.  standards, of the solemnity of their marching, & of their orders & laws, & that in a wilderness, where they had neither castles, towns, cities, or forts, to defend then; and 
Xerxes' great Army  yet they far excelled Xerxes with his innumerable army, in his voyage against the Greeks, the sailed on land, & marched on seas, & much doubting whether Hellespont had sufficient room, and Greece had land enough for his soldiers, or the air had place enough to receive his shot.  
The Hebrew Camp far exceeded Alexander the 
Alexander.  great, (who after he had subdued all Greece, and the Persians) took in hand to conquer the whole world, and wept because he heard there was two worlds. Yet neither Xerxes, nor Alexander the great, might be compared with the Hebrew Camp for state and majesty, every Tribe marching under his Captain and every Captain under his standard, every standard placed to stand about the Tabernacle, and the Tabernacle was placed in the midst of the camp, because it might be in equal distance from each standard, that all might 
The Tabernacle placed in the midst of the camp.  indifferently have recourse to the Ark, where the Lord instructed Moses, and instructed him from the mercy seat, for at the door of the Tabernacle it was commanded to Moses what he might do, and how he should govern the Army, for the custom of the Hebrews was, to run to the Ark, as to their only Oracle, where the presence of the Lord was, to cry and to call for help at the Lords hand in their most danger and greatest calamity.  
As the Ark was made by Noah to save himself from the deluge, in such form & fashion as the Lord had commanded, 
The Tabernacle 30. cubits long, and 12. broad. Exod. 26.  the length, the breadth, & the height: so was the Tabernacle made by Moses, in which the Ark was placed, in such proportion as the Lord commanded Moses, that the tabernacle should be 30. cubits long, & 12. broad, the Ark 2. cubits & a half long, & a cubit & a half broad. 
A cubit of the greeks two foot, of the Romans a foot and a half.   
After the use of the Tabernacle, the Temple was appointed, where Solomon and the Priests were instructed to manifest the word of the Lord unto his people.  
The Gentiles also ran in any danger or doubt, as to jupiter in Hammon, to Apollo in Delphos, to Baal, and other such Oracles, where their wooden Idols and gods gave false answers. And where the Hebrews (as I said before) had no provisions for their wars, either in towns 
Chief and strong forts of the Gentiles.  or Cities, nor any place to fly unto but the Tabernacle, where the Romans in any danger might defend themselves in the Capital. The carthaginians to their strong fort Byrsa. The thebans to their Castle Cadmea. And so the Argives to their strong fort Larissa. And the Syracusans to the Castle Acradina. These were the forts of the Gentiles.  
Besides the Gentiles had their treasures and their money laid up in strong holds and forts.  
As Tygranes king of Armenia, kept his treasure in 
Tygranes.  Bambinsa & Olena, two strong castles, to war with the Romans.  
jugurth king of Numidia, kept his money in two of his 
jugurth.  strongest cities called Capsa, and Thola, to war with the Romans.  
So likewise Mithridates' king of Pontus, kept his treasure 
Mithridates  in Ptera, to war against the Romans. So the kings of Macedonia, and all the kings of Asia, had their treasures and store houses to war against the Romans.  
The Hebrews had no such store houses prepared, nor money laid up, nor provisions ready, but their food was such from the Lord that they wanted nothing, and yet they conquered more kings, and subdued more countries, than all they.   

CHAP. XI.  
Of the manner and order of the Gentiles, and of their principal standards. Of the setting up of the Tabernacle, and the dedication of the altar by Moses.  
Having spoken something of the Hebrew camp, of their several marching 
The standards of Egypt.  under their standards, I think it not amiss to set down the orders & manners of the marching of some of the Gentiles in their camps for variety of matters, and for that men may see and understand how far inferior were all the nations 
The Hebrews named of the Egyptians Hicsos.  of the world to the poor Hicsos the Hebrews. And first of the Egyptians, who carried in their proper standard into any battle the Image of that Idol which they worshipped in that city, as in Heliopolis an ox, in Memphis a bull, in Arsinoe a crocodile, and so in other cities, cats, calves, serpents, such as they worshipped in the temples, such they carried as their ensigns to the field.  
The Persians carried in the first and principal standard, the Image of the Sun, which the Persians call Mithra.  
In their second standard they carried the picture of 
The standards of Persia. Viget. lib. 2. cap. 6.  the eternal & sacred fire which they call Orimasdes.  
In their third standard they carried a golden spread-Eagle.  
The old Romans when their Empire grew strong had five principal standards, which were carried before their military legions. The first standard before the legion was an Eagle, this was chief, in the second was carried 
The standards of the Romans.  the picture of a Wolf, in the third the picture of Minotaurus, in the fourth the picture of a horse, in the fifth the picture of a boar.  
The Athenians carried in their standard the Image 
Athenians.  of an Owl, which was likewise printed on their coin with the face of Minerva.  
The thebans carried in their standard the picture of 
Thabans.  Sphinx into any battle.  
The Cymbrians carried before their armies in their standard unto the field the picture of a brazen bull, so did they in the Cymbrian wars against Marius the Roman Consul.  
The old Germans used to carry the picture of lightnings 
The old Germans.  to lead their armies into the field in their standard.  
Sometimes great kings for their proper standards in their wars, carried the pictures of divers and sundry beasts and fowls, as Osiris the first king of Egypt, a dog. 
Anubis.   
Cyrus also the great king of Persia, gave in his ensign a cock, as Themistocles did, for the day before Themistocles had battle with Xerxes, by the crowing of a cock he was sure of victory.  
julius Caesar gave in his ensign an Elephant, for that he vanquished juba king of Mauritania, who bore an Elephant 
Caesar.  in his ensign, and so Porus king of India, bare in his ensigns the picture of Hercules.  
The Hebrues might better have claimed the Sun in their ensigns then the Persians, as joshua, for that the Sun stayed over Gibeon, and the Moon over Aialon, at joshua's commandment, until he had full victory over the Amalekites, and therefore he might aswell have the Image of the Sun in his ensign being alive, as he had it set on his grave being dead. So might judah, Gedeon, David and others, which had the son of God, the star of jacob, & the lion of judah in their standards & ensigns.  
Because we may omit nothing that the Lord commanded Moses concerning the setting up of the tabernacle, and the dedication of the altar, the twelve Princes of the Tribes of Israel, at the setting up of the tabernacle, 
The setting up of the tabernacle.  after the tabernacle was anointed & sanctified, brought their offerings before the Lord, six chariots covered over, and twelve oxen, one chariot for two Princes, and for every one of the Princes an ox, which they before the tabernacle offered to the lord, which were delivered to the Levites. So for the dedication of the altar, after it was anointed & sanctified, these twelve Princes offered their offerings before the altar, every prince offered a silver 
The dedication of the altar.  chargior of an handreth & thirty shickels weight, a silver bowl of seventy shekels, a cup of gold full of Incense, a young bullock, a ram, a lamb of a year old, and a he goat. This was the manner of the setting up of the tabernacle, and dedication of the altar.  
Hence grew the building of temples, the dedica●…on of altars, oblations and ceremonies among the Gentiles and Heathens, to dumb Idols & wooden gods.  
It was ever the property of Satan like an Ape to counterfeit, and seem to imitate the laws of the Lord.  
There was nothing so rife among the Gentiles as temples and altars, which made Paul full of anger to see 
The multitude of altars in Athens.  so many altars in Athens, and especially one dedicated Ignoto deo to an unknown God.  
Athens excelled all Greece for the number of their gods, and of their altars, for they had an altar in Athens to lust, another to shame.  
They had also strange kind of altars in Delos, one to Apollo, made only of the right horns of all kind of 
Strange altars in Delos.  beasts, and an other altar made of the ashes of the sacrificed men and beasts, like Belesus, who raised up a promontory in Babylon, of the ashes of the city of Niniveh destroyed, to give light to passengers that sailed by Babylon 
Diod. sic. li. 3. cap. 7.  on Euphrates, in the which ashes Belesus carried secretly all the wealth, gold, silver, and all other rich metals melted of Niniveh into Babylon.  
Numa Pomp. a very profane religious king, put up 
The laws of Numa.  a temple to Faith, another to Terminus, and decreed a law, for that Terminus was the god of peace, and a judge of meres and marks between neighbours, that whosoever would plough any of his neighbours marks, and meres, both he and his oxen should be sacrificed and slain to god Terminus, upon the very mere where the offence was done: This temple which king Numa builded to Terminus, was made uncovered and open above, as the greeks did use to build their temple to jupiter, 
Hypaethra. Open Temples above in the top.  and to Anfidius, which the Greeks called Hypaethra, both the Romans and the greeks thought it not fit, that that these gods should be honoured and served in close & covered temples, and upon their altars no sacrifice of blood should be offered, but according to Pythagoras' laws, fruits, cakes, honey, flowers, and such because they were gods of peace.  
Again the Romans, the greeks, and the Egyptians, used in old time to build temples out of the cities to those gods that should watch & guard the cities from 
Temples builded of the Gentiles.  the enemies. And therefore Romulus builded a temple to Vulcan out of the walls of the city of Rome: so his successor king Numa, builded two temples, the one to Bellona, the other to Mars, four miles from the gate Ca●…ena, out of Rome.  
The Athenians to that purpose as the Romans did, builded a temple to Hercules out of Athens, named Cynosarges. 
Cynosarges.  Neither would the Egyptians allow the temple of Esculapius to be in any city of theirs, neither would they allow any temple to Saturn, or to Serapis, within the city, supposing by their watching & guarding abroad they might live more safe and sure from the enemies.  
So among other Gentiles, temples were builded to the gods of fear, of poverty, and of old age; because 
Superstitio●… fondness of the Gentiles.  they might pray to these gods to escape the wants and misery of poverty and old age: and thus the Gentiles took pattern of the jews who had so many Synagogues, and but one Temple, for the jews afterwards became so Idolatrous as the Gentiles, that (as jeremy said) every city in judah had a god, & every where in groves and hills were several altars, that mount Olivet 
Mount Olivet.  thereby was called the mount of corruption, because they had made altars under every grove, and under every green tree, to honour their Idols. But now let us return to the Hebrues under Moses in the wilderness.  
Moses leading the army of the Hebrews in the wilderness from Egypt, marched with six hundred thousand, and having divers battles given him by the king of Arabia, by Arad king of the Canaanites, by Zeon king of the Ammorites, and Og the king of Basan, & after them having battle with the king of Madianites, and the king of Moabites, whom he conquered before joshua had charge of the army, and because the battles of the Lord were most miraculous in Egypt, gotten by a white rod, by the which Moses obtained ten victories, and ten triumphs, 
The victories of Moses over divers kings.  over the Egyptians in Egypt. So Moses in the wilderness had the like success, not by devised stratagems of their own heads, but by following the commandments of the Lord, which are the only stratagems of all victories.  
After that Moses had brought the Hebrues out of Egypt into the wilderness, as to a school to instruct them in military discipline, and to be acquainted with martial laws, to arm themselves ready soldiers to fight the Lords battles, at joshuahs' commandment, who in the battle at Riphidim was against the Amalekites, at what 
The battle of Riphidim.  time Moses, Aaron, and Hur, went up to the top of mount Horeb, and Moses held up the rod of the Lord in his hand and prayed for victory, for the battle continued until Sun setting, and when Moses hand was weary, Aaron and Hur held up Moses hand between them, and joshua prevailed, overthrew Amelech, and all his army, & wan a great victory, for Moses prayers and joshuahs' sword, were both means by the Lord's appointment to obtain the victory, for while Moses hand was up the Hebrews prevailed, and when he let down his hand Amelech prevailed, this great victory was commanded by the Lord to Moses, to be written in the book of the law, for a remembrance of so great a victory. And all other victories which they had aswell against Pharaoh before they came out of Egypt, and against the Canaanites before they passed over Iorden, were obtained by stratagems of the Lord, in the behalf of his people, which the Lord had determined to place in Canaan.  
King Arad hearing of the great overthrow that the Hebrues gave the Amalekites, their friends and neighbours came with a great army, and fought against the Hebrues, and for that the Hebrues served not the Lord, 
The battle at Horma.  and were thankless for the last victory, king Arad prevailed, slew, and took of them many prisoners. When the Hebrues cried unto the Lord, and made a vow to destroy the Canaanites, if they might have the victory, the Lord upon their promise & vow delivered the Canaanites, their king Arad, their cities and towns, and 
The overthrow of the Canaanites and Arad their king, by the Hebrues.  the people, unto the hands of the Hebrues, that the Canaanites were slain & utterly destroyed, this was the battle of the Lord, for the Hebrues vanquished king Arad, and the Canaanites, according to their vows which they made to the Lord.  
These were lawful vows to destroy the enemies of the Lord by the vow of Cherim, of which vow the Lord himself is the author, the Lord himself determined and commanded the Hebrues to destroy the Canaanites as his enemies.  
So the Prophet published a commandment saying; Vow unto the Lord & perform it: the same Prophet saith; Thy vows are upon me (o Lord) I will render praise unto thee, having that which I required, I am 
Psal. 56.  bound to pay my vows of thanksgiving, as I promised thee (o lord)   

CHAP. XII.  
Of the vows and feasts of the Gentiles. Of espials sent to the land of Canaan by joshua, with divers other Stratagems.  
IN all Countries of the world, as well the Gentiles as the jews, were wont to make vows unto their Gods, with prayers and promise to perform those things which they vowed, if their gods would grant victories in wars against their enemies, or health to their Kings and Princes, or to remove any plague or sickness from the people.  
The Persians when they vowed any thing to the Sun, the King with his council called Magis, ascended upon a high hill or mountain, where they made two piles of wood one upon an other for sacrifice, and upon the same pouring wine, milk, honey, frankenscense, 
The vows of the Persians.  with other sweet odours, for a sacrifice to the Sun, the King himself with his soothsayers called Magis, with their song Theogonia, fired this pile of wood, for the Kings of Persia would offer no sacrifice without their Magis were present, nor the ancient kings of Rome, without their soothsayers, which they called Augurs.  
The Egyptians used when they vowed, to bring the swords, the shields, the rotten ships & chariots, with all 
The vows of the Egyptians. Appian. de bello punico.  the armours & ensigns of war of the enemies unto one place, laying them all upon a pile of wood, the general holding a firebrand in his hand, kindleth the pile of wood, the soldiers standing about the pile according to the Egyptian manner, with songs, mirth, and joys for the victories.  
In like sort the old Gauls burned and sacrificed 
Caesar. lib. 〈◊〉. de bello gall●…  to Mars and Minerva as the Egyptians did, their targets and old armours.  
No victory was had among the Gentiles, but some of the spoils thereof were burned and sacrificed to their Gods, some hanged up to honour and beautify their Temples. So Alexander the great sacrificed & consecrated some of the spoils of his victory over tire to Hercules. 
Plut. in Coriliano.   
The Romans after any victory, hanged up some of the spoils thereof in the Temple of Castor and Pollux, the Egyptians in the Temple of Vulcan, according 
Livi lib. 1.  to the old ancient law, Vulcano armaius esto.  
The Grecians when they prayed for victories to 
The vows of the Grecians.  their Gods, they promised and vowed to present their Gods with Images, statues, chains, jewels, crowns, and garlands, with songs of Paeana.  
The Romans also promised and vowed to jupiter and to Mars, to build them Temples, to make them places to sacrifice the tenth man, and the tenth beast taken in the wars, and to keep an annual feast in the Capital, in memory of their victories. This vow (the Dictator, 
The vows of the Ro manes.  Consul, Praetor, & the high Bishop going before them) was made in the Capital, before they went to the wars. For both the Romans and the greeks upon any great victories obtained, celebrated the great feast Hecatombeon.  
The Athenians for any prize they brought into the 
The feast Bendidia.  Haven Pyroea, celebrated a feast, where many Orators and great Captains came once in a year to solemnize this feast, for in sea victories Athens excelled all cities of Creece.  
The old Romans had an ancient feast called Consualia, in memory of Romulus' watchword Talassa, at the 
The first Consualio.  ravishment of the Sabine virgins.  
They had an other feast called Anoyllia, in memory of Mamurius Targets that he made in Rome, like the 
Ancyllia.  Nymph egeria's Target which she gave to Numa Pomp.  
The Romans had an other feast in Rome, called Tubilustria, in the which the magistrates met in the Capital, 
Tabilustria.  and celebrated a solemn sacrifice unto Vulcan, with sounding of Trumpets about the city, to purge the city of their crimes and offences against their gods.  
The Athenians had divers feasts, they had one in memory of Theseus, for his victory over the Amazons: an other in memory that he brought divers men out of Achaia to dwell in Athens, being strangers, who celebrated 
The feast Metoichia.  an annual feast to honour Theseus, as Milciades had a feast in memory of his victories at Marathon.  
Themistocles had an other feast for his victory over the Persians at Salamina. And Thrasibulus for his victory 
The feasts of the greeks in memory of their captains.  over the thirty tyrants at Athens, these were the tyrants that used such cruelty, that made the children of Athens to dance in their father's blood.  
The like feasts they used in Achaia, in the city Cycionium, yearly in the honour of Aratus victories.  
A feast celebrated among the Roman youths, called Agonalia, wherein they contended about mastery in all kinds of exercise, for trial of agility, courage and strength, 
The feast called Agonolia.  having thereunto many kinds of crowns and garlands appointed for rewards unto the victors, imitating the manners and orders of war, in scaling of walls, in assaulting of forts, in fight of battles, and such other military discipline, that some were crowned with Laurel, some with Pine, some with oaken boughs, every victor bearing in his hand a branch of Palm, in token of victory.  
In Syracuse also they held an annual feast to honour Timoleon, in memory of many benefits and 
Timoleon.  great victories that he obtained to the Syracusans.  
For among the Grecians and the Romans, divers feasts were celebrated, and triumphs solemnized, in memory of victories to stir up, and kindle young soldiers minds to embrace arms, and to imitate the examples of their predecessors.  
Having spoken something of the vows and feasts of the Gentiles, we must return to the Camp of the Hebrews, marching under joshua, being ready to pass over the River jordan, who sent certain espials 
Espials sent by joshua to Canaan.  to view the land of Canaan, one of every Tribe, twelve in number, that should instruct him of the state, situation, strength, and manners of the people, which being returned after forty days, with such fearful news, of their strong and lusty men, of their walled Cities, strong Forts, huge and monstrous Giants, of the strength and invincible situation of the Country, that brought the Army to such terror and fear, that they were more willing to return to Egypt, then to go forwards to conquer the Canaanites, until Caleb overthrew their 
Caleb.  speeches, and found great faults in his fellows and consociates of his journey, to disanimate the Army.  
It doth much amaze soldiers, to see or to hear terrible reports, for at that time the people were ready to stone Caleb and joshua, to force them to fight against such 
Fearful reports in wars are dangerous.  a strong Nation, fearful reports to terrify the soldiers, were ever dangerous, and therefore wise Generals and Captains invented and framed many subtle stratagems to conceal and hide the multitude of enemies, to keep terror and fear away from the soldiers.  
Tullius Hostilius used a skilful stratagem to animate his soldiers against the Fidenates, who stood in fear as well of the multitude of their enemies before them: as also the report they heard of Messius General of the Albans, lying in some secret ambush for his advantage, being indifferent to set either upon the Romans, or upon the Fidenates. Tullius the Roman General perceiving 
The Stratagem of Tullius.  the terror of his soldiers, spurred his horse forwards before the Army, and told them, they need not to fear Messius, for he was gone, neither to fear the enemies, which being a scattered Army, to make themselves seem a great multitude, were more ready to fly then to fight.  
So jugurth in his wars at Nunudio against Cai. Marius, 
Front. lib. 1. cap. 12.  spurred his horse forwards & road to every part of the battle, crying aloud in Latin as he road from place to place in the battle, go on forward soldiers, I slew Cai. Marius with my own hand, whereby the Nunudians were so animated and encouraged to fight the more lustily, that jugurth by that stratagem obtained a great victory over the Romans.  
Val. Levinus the Consul in his wars at Tarentum against Pyrrhus, used the like stratagem, showing a bloody sword in his hand, saying to his soldiers that it was the blood of Pyrrhus whom he slew with his own hand, thereby to move the soldiers to greater courage, & to fight more manfully.  
soldiers ought not to be terrified with the multitude of enemies, with slaughters of their Armies, whereby Cities, Towns, and Countries revolt to the enemies, 
Varro.  as at the battle at Can, the report of Varro the Consul, of the overthrow of the Romans, caused all the city of Capua to revolt to Hannibal.  
Again the report in Praeneste, of the overthrow of Sylla by Telesinus, at the battle of Antemna, and of the 
The battle of Antemna.  marching of Telesinus towards Rome, with all his whole Army, it so affrighted Offella one of Sulla's Colonels, that he at that time besieging Praeneste, thought to raise his siege, hearing such hard news of Sylla the General.  
Skilful Generals and wise Captains used ever to 
Milciades & Themistocles  cover and conceal the multitude of enemies, as Milciades, Themistocles, and other Greek captains kept the innumerable multitude of the Persian Armies secret from the soldiers. So did Mardonius conceal from Xerxes the great slaughter of the Persians in Greece.  
The Romans being besieged by the Gauls, many of the chief Romans, to the number of a thousand, fled into their Capitol. The Gauls having possessed the City of Rome for seven months, expecting the yielding of the Capitol, the Romans also within the Capitol having well-nigh consumed their victuals, used 
The Romans stratagem.  this stratagem, to throw loaves of bread in every place out of the Capitol, in such abundance, though at that time they wanted provision of bread, that the Gauls were amazed, suspecting they had provision enough to hold out that they presently fell to composition with the Romans.  
The Thracians being besieged on such a strait hill where their enemies could have no access to come unto them, and ready to die for famine, used this stratagem, to feed certain beasts with wheat and cheese, and to let the beasts go down towards their enemy's 
Front. lib. 3. cap. 15.  Camp, which being taken of the enemies and killed, they found wheat and cheese in the bowels of the beasts, (thinking thereby that the Thracians had been well victualled and provided) removed their siege.  
Clearchus the Lacedaemonian, understanding that the Thracians had carried sufficient provision of victuals for 
Clearchus.  themselves up to the mountains to their Camp, the Thracians sent their Ambassadors, still expecting when Clearchus for want of victuals would remove his siege. Clearchus knowing that the Thracian Ambassadors 
Front. lib. 3 cap. 5.  were coming, used this stratagem, commanded one of the captives to be slain, to be divided in pieces, and to be distributed between him, and other ten of his captains in his pavilion, in the very sight of the Thracian Ambassadors, the sight whereof made the Thracians so astonished and thereby to yield, thinking that they that could feed on such food, might continue too long for the Thracians to endure it.  
But the Son of God gave himself to be slain for his soldiers, to be their spiritual food, to feed them both in body and soul, to weary Satan which still continueth his siege against jerusalem.  
I shall have occasion to write of more stratagems hereafter, and therefore I return to the battles of the Hebrews against the Canaanites.   

CHAP. XIII.  
Of the great victory had over five Kings, in the plain of Moab by joshua. Of their unthankfulness afterward, & disobedience, and of their marshal punishment therefore.  
A Great battle was fought in the plain of Moab, commanded by the Lord unto Moses, where five Kings of the 
Reba, Eui, reckon, Zur, & Hur.  Madianites were slain, their names you may read in the margeant, all their villages and cities burnt with fire, all their people slain with the sword, the Hebrews took all the spoil and all the pray both of men and beasts, and Moses was angry with the Captains of the host, for sparing the women, as Samuel was with king Saul, for sparing Agag king of the Amalekites, and 
Disobedience punished.  Elizeus with Achab for sparing Benhadad, and caused all women that had known men carnally to be slain with the sword, and to save those that were virgins that knew no man, which were two and thirty thousand, whereby it appeared that innumerable was the slaughter of men, women, and children, in this battle, where two and thirty thousand virgins were found and reserved to live, whereby also the spoil and pray was very rich in this battle to the Hebrews. In this battle was not one slain of joshua's soldiers. All the Captains and Colonels of the Army came before Moses, saying: thy servants have taken the number of all the men of war which are under our authority, and there lacketh not a man of us.  
This was a stratagem of jerusalem in the battles of the Lord, that not one man died of the army in so great a victory.  
The Lacedæmonians rejoiced much that Archidamus had obtained a great victory, got great spoil, and slew many of his enemies without the losing of one of his 
Archidamus  soldiers, and therefore called it Bellumsine lachrimis. Yet the Hebrews (for their three former victories at Riphidim, at Horma, and in the plain of Moab) were unthankful unto the Lord, and murmured and rebelled 
The unthank fullness of the Hebrews.  against Moses and Aaron, and after against joshua & Caleb, as at Taberah, where they so murmured against Moses their General, that the Lord was so displeased with 
Nomb. 11. ca  them, that he executed martial laws upon them: for the fire of the land burned them, and consumed the utmost part of their Army because of their disobedience.  
Moses sister Myria, for that she spoke against the General, and began to rebel in the camp, martial laws were 
Nom. 12.  executed upon her, she was not spared for that she was Moses sister, nor Moses himself when he had offended the Lord at the water of Meribah: she was made leprous, and shut out of the host seven days, until she had due punishment for her seditious mutiny, and prayers made by Moses before she was received into the host.  
Again, Coreh, Dathan, and Abiron, conspired and rebelled against their General, with two hundred and 
Martial punishment.  fifty soldiers that were famous in the Congregation, and men of renown, but the law of arms was most 
Nomb. ca 16  terribly executed, the ground clave asunder underneath them, and opened her mouth, and swallowed them alive with all their treasures and wealth, and all their families.  
Again, they murmured against joshua and Caleb, that the whole multitude would have stoned joshua & Caleb, so severe was the Lord against his own people the Hebrews for their disobedience and murmuring, that he 
Six hundred thousand died for disobedience in the wilderness.  used martial laws upon them, that all they that came out of Egypt, six hundred thousand, for their disobedience against the Lord, and rebellious mutinies, from time to time, from place to place, at Horeb, at Taberah, at Massa, at Riphidim, at Meribah, died in the wilderness: for the Lord accepteth obedience more than sacrifice.  
And therefore Noah for that he obeyed the Lord in making the Ark, saved himself and his family from the deluge.  
Abraham, for that he obeyed the Lord, and was ready to offer, and to sacrifice his son Isaac, the whole world was blessed in his seed, therefore the Lord said to 
Gene. 6.  Solomon, If thou do all that ever I shall command thee, thy throne shall be established for ever in jerusalem. 
3. Reg. 9   
The Lord commends the Rechabites for their obedience to jonadab their father, because jonadab said, Non 
jere. 35. Obedience of the Rechabites. 1. Machab. 2. Great obedience of creatures to God. Psal. 148.  bibetis vinum.  
Mattathias & his children answered Antiochus messenger, saying; We had rather obey the laws of the Lord given to Moses and to our fathers, then to obey the king. So the seven brethren answered that they had rather die, then disobey the laws of the Lord.  
The Prophet saith, Fire, hail, snow, Ice, obey the commandments of the Lord, he commands seas and winds, and they obey the Lord, he commanded ravens to feed Elias, and they obeyed. 
3. Reg. 17.   
Cyrus' King of Persia obeyed the Lord, for Cyrus 
Cyrus. Lib. 1. Esdr. 1. cap.  confessed that he was commanded to set forwards the jews to build up the temple in jerusalem, and as obedience is unto the Lord most acceptable, so is disobedience even in the least things extremely punished.  
He that gathered sticks upon the Sabbath day was stoned to death. And the man of God for that he eat 
3. Reg. 13.  bread in Bethel against the Lord's commandment, he was devoured of a lion, and jonas the Prophet, for that 
jonas 2.  he fled from the presence of the Lord, he was thrown for his disobedience into the sea and swallowed up of a whale. And Moses the servant of God, with that rod that struck the rock that water gushed out, with that rod which divided the red seas, that turned all the rivers and waters of Egypt to blood, that turned all the dust of Egypt into Lice, & brought Frogs, Flies, Grasshoppers, and wrought so many wonders in Egypt, yet for that 
The offence of Moses & Aaron at the water of Meribah.  Moses disobeyed the Lord at the water of Meribah, the Lord was so offended with Moses & Aaron for their incredulity and disobedience before the people, that the Lord told them that they should not enter into the land of promise, and that Moses should die in mount Nebo, and Aaron his brother in mount Hor, such was the exact justice of the Lord, and his severe punishment against wilful and disobedient people, that he spared none, no not Moses his own servant, Aaron his own Priest, jonas his own Prophet, nor Israel his own people.   

CHAP. XIIII.  
Of the martial laws and military discipline of the Gentiles.  
IN all Countries, among all Nations where military 
The martial law of Egypt.  discipline was not observed, there martial laws were executed. As among the Egyptians the Soldier that broke military rules, to forsake the rank, to go out of the camp, and would disobey the chief magistrates, officers & captains of the army, and would any ways offend the martial laws, he should be displaced from his place, were he either Sergeant, Lieutenant, or any other officer, and be placed in the meanest place of the army; and if he should bewray the counsel of his captain, or speak any thing against the general, he should have his tongue cut off, and sowed upon his helmet.  
Among the Persians there was a martial law written, that if any cowardly soldier should steal secretly from the camp, and become a vagabond or a runagate from place to place, he should (being taken) be clothed 
The martial laws of Persta.  in a woman's apparel, and be chained fast with an Iron manicle upon his hands, sitting with both his legs in a pair of stocks, in the midst of the camp, to be flovat, and scoffed at of all the whole army, which in like sort the Thracians observed) and after he should be taken for a woman and not for a man.  
The Romans were somewhat more severe against 
The martial law of the Romans.  disobedient soldiers, especially against seditious & fugitive soldiers, and against them that forsook their standard, and turned their backs to the enemies, and from the camp to flee to the enemy, these amongst the Romans were punished with death.  
The law in Sparta was, if any soldiers of theirs should in any great and shameful faults in the wars offend, they should be so noted and defamed, that they might 
The martial law of Lacedæmonians.  not borrow so much as a cup of water, or a brand of fire with their next neighbours, nor light a candle, besides it was not lawful for any man that met them in the streets, to speak to them. These punishments far differ from the former punishment of the Lord, fire from heaven, the opening of the earth, the throwing into the seas, devouring by lions, & such of which I shall speak in another place.  
Now to the marching of jerusalem under joshua, to whom a charge was given of a new army which was borne in the wilderness, after their fathers came out of Egypt, to whom the Lord said, Moses my servant is dead, as I was with Moses so will I be with thee, and will never leave 
The charge of a new army given to joshuah.  thee, nor forsake thee, be strong and bold, fear not, and show thyself stout and valiant, therefore observe and do, according to all the laws which Moses my servant commanded thee. What is spoken here to joshua, was spoken after joshua to judah; and after judah to Gedeon, to David, and others, so careful was the Lord over his people, that they should not choose them a General without the consultation of urim & Thummim, to guide and govern the army to fight the battles of the Lord.  
So among all nations in all ages, they were very careful to have and to choose wise, stout, and skilful Generals. For as the Roman captain Fabritius said, that it was Pyrrhus' skill that overcame Levinus the Consul, and not the Epirotes the Romans, and besides the strange sight of the Elephants, which the Romans never saw before that battle at Heraclea, which the Romans called Boves Lucanias. Fabritius thought it a scorn that the Romans should be overthrown by any nation in the 
Commenda●…n of Generals.  world, if they had discreet, valiant & stout generals. The like imaginations the Romans supposed, that they were overthrown at the battles of Trebeia, Trasimen & Cans, either by the subtle and deceitful policy of Hannibal, or else for that their gods were offended with them; and not by the strength of the carthaginians nor the Africans.  
But Pyrrhus after four years wars with the Romans, 
Pyrrhus' forsook Italy. Elephant's first seen in Rome.  was constrained to forsake Italy after his overthrow at the battle of Arusina: & to leave his Elephants behind to beautify Curius Dentalus triumph, which was the first sight of Elephants in Rome: for before nothing could be seen in Rome in former triumphs; but cattles of the Volscians, flocks of beasts of the Sabines, broken weapons and old armour of the Samnites, coaches and coverings of the old Gauls.  
Hannibal the greatest enemy that ever the Romans 
Hannibal.  had, yet after seventeen years wars, he was forced to retire from Italy to Carthage, and there in his own country to be overthrown at the battle of Zama by Scypio African.  
Hannibal so straightly besieged the city Casselina, that the Romans could by no means send a convoy to relieve the soldiers, the Romans devised this stratagem, to fill certain tons, some with flower, and some with meal, and to let them go down upon the river Vulturnus, but the river being chained over by Hannibal, this stratagem was prevented.  
In another stratagem the Romans deceived Hannibal, 
Front. lib. 3. cap. 14.  they scattered infinite numbers of Nuts, and let them go down with the same self river Vulturnus, which neither Hannibal himself, nor his chain could prevent, so that the soldiers of Casselina were relieved and refreshed for a time with these Nuts.  
Such a stratagem used▪ Hircius to relieve the poor Roman soldiers in Mutina, being besieged by Mar. Antonius, who wanted chiefly salt, Hircius let go infinite numbers of great close bowls made like little tuns, full of salt, to swim down the river Saniturnus, & so relieved Mutina.  
So should we use such stratagems against Satan, that if Satan should overthrow us in the first, we should arm ourselves with spiritual weapons to overthrow him in the second. Again to joshua.  
The Lord commanded joshua to march forward to vanquish the Canaanites, because the conquest might not be assigned unto man; the Lord commanded joshua & all the strong men of wars to go round about the walls of jericho once a day for seven days, and seven priests to bear seven trumpets of Rams horns before the Ark, and to compass jericho the seventh day seven times, and then commanded the priests to blow the trumpets, and all the men of war without shot or sword, to shout with a loud & great shout, and then the 
Amiraculous overthrow of jericho. joshua cap. 6.  walls of jericho should fall flat down to the ground, this was the lords stratagem at his battle, at which time joshua saw a man stand over against him with a naked sword in his hand, who being asked of joshua what he was, said, I am the Prince of the lords host, and am therefore comen now to be a Captain of the lords people, and joshua bowed himself & worshipped him, and thereby acknowledged him to be Christ the son of God.  
Now joshua being instructed of the Lord what to do, the priests and the warriors by joshua (the walls being fallen flat down) went unto the city, destroyed both man and woman, young and old, ox and sheep, with the edge of the sword, & after burned the city with fire, and joshua cursed that man before the Lord that would build up jericho again to the destruction of himself and both his sons.  
That captain that went before joshua to the battle at jericho, and was present at the fall of jerichos wall, went likewise before Cyrus, as himself said to Cyrus, I will go before thee to Babylon, and I will break their brazen gates, and crush in pieces their iron bars, I will humble the glorious people of the earth in thy presence. 
Es●…. 10.   
The same captain spoke to Nabuchodonozer as he spoke to Cyrus, I will send Nabuchodonozer as the staff of my wrath, and the rod of my punishment, and he shall tread my enemies down like the mire in the streets, so that all victories come from the Lord, even to all good kings and to tyrants.  
After the overthrow of jericho, the Lord commanded joshua to besiege the city of Ai, where he slew all that dwelled in Ai, and left not one to live, and took their king alive, and hanged him on a tree until the evening, 
The destruction of Ai.  and the city was burnt, and twelve thousand slain, for the Lord said to joshua, stretch out the spear that is in thy hand towards Ai, in token of the victory. Now mark 
Signs given of victories.  the victories of the Lord in his battles, the victory at Riphidim, was had by holding up of Moses hand, the victory of jericho, by sounding of Rams horns, the victory of Ai, with the lifting up of joshuah spear, the victory at Aphec by shooting of joas Eastward, the victory over the 
The victories of joshuah & others in the Lords battles.  Madianites by Gedeon, with the sounding of trumpets and breaking of pitcher pots, these are stratagems which are often seen in the battles of the Lord.  
So also the Lord strengthened many of his people, to vanquish & overcome their enemies in several combats, one man to overcome many, as Sampson with the jaw bone of an ass slew a 1000 Philistines. Samgar with an ox goad slew 600. Philistines. David with his fling & little stone, slew the monstrous & blasphemous Giant Goliath. Who knoweth not, that Moses rod, joshuahs' spear, Gedeons' pitcher pots, Sampsons' jaw bone, Samgar's goad, or David with his sling & little stone, had been but weak means to overthrow so many enemies, had not the Lord strengthened the means by the men. These were battles of the lord, which were not fought with swords, shots, nor weapons, but armed with spiritual armours, and fought with weapons of faith, & vanquished their enemies. But such victories were only granted to the soldiers of the Lord, the people of Israel, which victories at that time were to them only peculiar.  
The great victory which the Lord gave unto Samuel by means of thunderbolts, lightnings, and earthquakes, that thereby the Philistines were so amazed, that Samuel unlooked for, fell upon them, slew them, overthrew 
1. Reg. 7. cap.  them, and chased them till they came to Cortaeos', which is Bethgar, such stratagems useth the Lord against his enemies, as thunderbolts, lightnings, and earthquakes.  
Mar. Aurelius having wars with the Germans and Sarmatians, his Army being like to be lost for water, requested 
Mar. Aurelius. Euseb. 1.  the legion of Christian soldiers to pray unto their God for help, and they were heard of the Lord, the Emperor confessed the goodness of God, naming 
Legio fulminea.  him jupiter, at what time their enemies were stricken with lightning and fire, that they perished, and therefore these soldiers were called Legio fulminea, the legion of thunder, by the Emperor himself.  
Cornelius, a Captain of an Italian band in Caesaria, a just and a devout man, was by an Angel warned to go to joppa to be baptized of Peter, and to become from a Heathen, a Christian Captain, to fight in the battles of the Lord.  
So likewise the Centurion, which was at the death of Christ jesus in jerusalem, seeing the miracles that were then done, confessed him to be the Lord, and glorified God: these two were called both to be Christian Captains.  
In the battle that judas Machabaeus had with Gorgias the governor of Edumea, where the victory fell to Machabaeus, 
In. Machab. Deut. 7.  they found under the coats of them that were slain, jewels consecrated to the Idols of the jamnites, but as the Lord commanded the Hebrews to burn such Idolatrous jewels, destroy their gilded Images, and the gods of the Gentiles, and not to take the silver and gold that is on their gods, as Achan did against the law at the City of Ai, and died for it by the law.  
I will proceed for to show, in old time in what sort and after what manner every Nation entered into battle.  
I think it not amiss, as well for variety of matters to please the reader, as also of their divers and strange 
The simplicity of soldiers in old time.  fashions of their coming into battle, being than not acquainted with so many sundry shots, with such Armours of proof, but with the sword and shield, the spear and lance, yet every Nation devised stratagems and strange means to terrify the enemies, and to obtain victories.  
The ancient Greeks used in their wars the skins 
Homer. Illiad.  of sea dogs for their helmets, and for great plumes of feathers which soldiers use now to wear, they used the manes and tails of horses.  
The Africans came to the battle with leopards & horse skins. The Aethiopians & the Scythians, with Fox skins. The Troglodytes with Serpent's skins. The Cydones with Goat skins. The Massagets with barks of trees. The people called Geloni, with the skins of the slain enemies in the field. The old Troyans' came to the battle 
The strange fashions of divers nations in their wars.  with horns of oxen and ears of horses on their heads, and all to terrify the enemy. The old Britons used to paint their faces to look grim and terrible upon the enemy, and to seem cruel and fierce soldiers in the battle. The Thracians used Fox skins for their helmets, and painted their faces with such marks as might make them seem terrible to the enemies, like the old Britons.  
The people of Mauritania came unto the countries of their enemies with Elephants & lions skins: so the Arabians upon camels, and the Indians upon Elephants came unto the wars, which before Alexander's time were not seen in Asia, neither before Pyrrhus' time in Rome, which the Romans at the first sight thought strange, but after they had subdued Africa, these strange beasts, elephants, camels, lions, & such, were in Rome, as in India or 
Veget. lib. 3. cap. 24.  in Africa, and used in Rome so familiarly and commonly upon the theatres to fight with other beasts & with men.  
And yet Pyrrhus as I said before, was the first captain that brought Elephants to Lucania in Italy, where being 
Pyrrhus' brought Elephants to Lucania in Italy.  overthrown in his last battle at Arusnia by Curius the Consul, at what time four Elephants were brought to Rome, which were so strange among the Romans, that they called them Boves Lucanias, the great oxen of Lucania, but within fifty two years after, Metellus in his victory at the battle at Panormus, sent to Rome 104. Elephants, 
Plyni. lib. 8. cap. 2. &. 6.  or as Plyni saith, a hundred, forty and two.  
The ancient kings of Egypt were wont to wear on 
Veget. lib. 1. cap. 20.  their helmets, the likeness of divers kinds of heads of beasts, either the head of a Lion, of a Bull, of a Dragon, or such, which the Grecians imitated, and after them the Romans.  
In many Countries they used to wear on their helmets the likeness of Lions, Wolves, Hearts, Dragons, Dogs, Eagles, and other such beasts and fowls, as pleased the Generals or Captains to wear for a terror to the enemy.  
For in the Cymbrian wars against Marius, it is written in Plutarch, that the Cymbrian horsemen ware on their helmets the likeness of monstrous and terrible 
Plut. in Mario.  beats wide gaping, and open mouthed, thinking thereby to fear their enemy.  
And what enemy soever he slew in the field, might by the law of Arms take the Swords, Targets, Helmets and all other weapons of the enemy, and hang them up as Trophies at the doors and gates of his house, the rather to move others by the sight thereof, with greater desire to arms, as the Belgeans were wont sometime to cut off the head of the slain enemy, and to take off his bloody garments, and to hang them upon posts and trees, as trophies of victories.  
Now after the old and ancient manners and strange habits of divers nations going into wars, as you have 
The account of the Hebrews for their soldiers.  read of the Africans, Arabians, and Indians, so also in numbering their soldiers, you shall read the manner of divers nations, when they sent their soldiers to any battle, and first of the Hebrews, who brought account to joshua of the soldiers slain and not slain in battle.  
The custom among the Persians was, that the soldiers that went to the wars should every one take a shaft out of his quiver, and write his name thereon, and throw 
The custom of the Persians' for their soldiers going to wars.  the same unto great chests before the chief magistrates, and that the soldiers that returned from the wars again alive, should take their arrows from the chest, that the Persians thereby might know the number of their lost soldiers.  
In like sort the Romans recorded the names of their soldiers in writing tables, that they might know at their return from the wars by their names written, how many were slain in the wars. For among the Romans 
The manner of the Romans for their soldiers.  there could be no greater reproach to the General, then to be ignorant of the names of all his captains, officers, and magistrates of the field: and also not to be acquainted with the name of any well deserved soldier.  
Cyrus therefore King of Persia, and Mithridates King 
Cyrus could name all the soldiers in his army.  of Pontus, were both much honoured and much esteemed of their soldiers. Cyrus' for his skill and art of memory, for he could name all the soldiers in his Army. And Mithridates for his knowledge of tongues, for he could speak two and twenty languages to all those nations 
Mithridates could speak 22. languages to his soldiers.  that served under him.   

CHAP. XV.  
Of divers battles and victories which joshua had at jahaz, at Edrei, and over five Kings at the battle at Gibeon.  
THe Hebrews proceeded forwards in their wars against the Canaanites, for the Lord said to Moses, Go to Sehon king of Amorites, provoke him to battle, and conquer his land, for that he denied passage to Moses Army, to go through his land to the land of Canaan: and therefore the Lord gave Sehon King of the Amorites unto Moses hands at the battle at jahaz. And the 
The battle of jahaz.  Army of Israel destroyed all the Cities of the Amorites, with their King, men and women, from the River of Arnon unto Gilead, there was not one City that escaped, the Lord had cursed Canaan, and therefore he commanded to spare none. 
Deut. 28. 3.   
In like sort in the battle at Edrei, the Lord delivered Og King of Basan the Giant into Moses hands, as he did Sehon King of the Amorites, and the Hebrews smote the king and all his people, destroyed three score strong 
The battle of Edrei.  walled and fenced Cities, the Hebrews destroyed all the Country of Argob, and all the kingdom of Og in Basan, which was called the land of the Giants, and possessed from the Biver of Arnon to mount Hermon. Og king of Basan remained only of the Giants, for the Lord said unto Moses, I will send the fear and dread of thee upon all the Nations under heaven, so that when they hear of thee, they shall tremble and quake for fear of thee.  
As Sehon king of Hesbon denied passage to Moses to go through his land to the land of Canaan, so the Citizens of Ephron denied judas Machabaeus passage through 
Ephron destroyed.  their Country, though he sent with peaceable words unto them, as Moses did to Sehon king of Hesbon before, that he might pass through their land, doing no harm, but they denied him his request, whereupon he besieged Ephron, took it, destroyed it, and spoilt it, and slew as many as were males within the City.  
divers kings assembled themselves against joshua, hearing how joshua and the Hebrews had conquered two great Cities, jericho and Ai, five kings came together to fight against joshua at Gibeon, for they feared exceedingly the report of the great battles and wonders, 
Five kings joined against joshua.  that Moses before joshua, had done unto the Arabians, Madianites, Amalekites, & others, for the Lord promised to send the fear and dread of the Hebrews upon all people under heaven, and all the Nations of the world should tremble and quake at the fame and great glory of the Hebrews, and therefore came these five kings 
The victory of joshua at Gibeon.  with all their Armies most strongly against joshua, but it was the battle of the Lord, for the Lord discomfited them before the Hebrews, and slew them at Gibeon with a great slaughter, and the Hebrews chased them from Gibeon to Bethoron, and the five kings fled with the rest that were unslain, but the Lord cast great stones down from heaven upon them, that more of them died by the stones that fell from heaven, than the Hebrues slew with the sword in the field, and the five kings that fled into a cave in Makedah, were brought before joshuah, and he called the captains and chief men of the Army, and commanded them to set their feet upon the necks of these kings, signifying unto them, that they should so overcome all nations, and vanquish all their enemies in the battles of the Lord.  
This joshuah did to encourage his captains, in the setting of their feet upon the five kings necks, that conquerors may do what please them of kings conquered.  
So did Sapor king of Persia use Valerianus the Roman Emperor, as a block to lay his foot upon his neck, to 
Sapor. Oros. lib. 7. cap. 22. Tamberla●…nus.  mount on horseback. The like did Tamberlane to the great Turk Pazaites at mount Stella, where he overthrew him, and took him prifoner.  
There also Pompey the great overthrew Mithridates K. of Pontus before, where Tamberlane gave the overthrow to the great Turk, took him, and kept him in a cage under his table, and carried him about with him to his wars.  
Observe how the kings of the Canaanites, Edomites, Maobites, Ammonites, and Philistines knit themselves together against the Hebrews, feeling in themselves such inward fear of them, as the Macedonians, the Persians, and all Asia were fearful of the Romans, as you 
monarchs.  read before of Mithridates' king of Pontus, Tygranes king of Armenia, and jugurth king of Numidia, and yet prevailed not, for the Lord had determined to take the Monarchy out of the Macedonians hands, & give it to the Romans, as he gave it before from the Persians to the Macedonians.  
Cratippus the Philosopher could say so much to Pompey the great, after he was overthrown by Caesar at the battle of Pharsalia. Pompey being desirous to know what should happen of the Empire of Rome, Cratippus answered 
Cratippus saying to Pompey.  that all Kingdoms and Empires are fatal. And as Sirach saith, Regnum non trasferetur, nisi ob in justitiam regni & regis, so the kingdoms & monarchies of the world passed one unto another by the Lord appointed.  
Now joshua proceedeth forward to his last battle at the waters of Merom, where divers and sundry kings gathered together with all the force and power they had to fight with joshuah, with as many people as the sand that is on the sea shore, for multitude of men, horses, and chariots, for in this battle all the kings joined their force 
The last battle and victory of joshua over the Canaanites.  and power together against joshuah at the waters of Merom, for to fight against the Hebrews, but the Lord gave them into joshuahs' hands, for they were so slain that they fell before joshua, and fled before the Hebrews unto Sidon, and unto the valley of Mispech. Such a great victory did the Lord give unto joshuah over these kings, that the Sun stayed over Gibeon, and 
The sun stayed over Gibeon.  the Moon over Aialon, until joshuah had full victory over the Canaanites, having subdued one and thirty Kings. These are the stratagems of the Lord in the behalf 
The Moon over Ailon.  of jerusalem.  
What stratagems hath not the Lord used to save his people from their enemies, environed with so many nations against them in the wilderness, and ready to be devoured of so many Kings about them in Canaan, for the Canaanites thought it more strange, that joshua should come into the land of Canaan with his poor Hebrew Army, called Hicsos, in scorn among the Egyptians, than the Babylonians thought of Cyrus to come to Babylon with his most invincible Persian Army, or the Carthagenians of Scypio, to come to Carthage and Africa with his Roman army. Both Cyrus & Scipio used stratagems to win these victories.  
Decius Brutus being so straightly besieged by Mar. Antonius at the city Mutina, to whom Hircius the Consul devised a stratagem, to write certain letters upon 
Front. lib. 3. cap. 13.  lead, and to send them tied about soldiers necks that swum down the river Scultenna to Mutina, by the which he was certified of the Consul's mind.  
Another stratagem of Hircius, who tied certain letters about tame Doves necks, which he kept to that purpose hungry without meat and in darkness, which were sent by some of his soldiers in the night time, as 
Stratagems.  nigh as they could to the city Mutina, and then to let them fly, the Pigeons being hungry fled strait to the Towers and high buildings of the town, which were brought to Brutus.  
Brutus being now instructed with this stratagem of Hircius, used the like himself, to feed Pigeons within the city Mutina, and to let them flee, which were for a time carriers of letters between Hircius the Consul, and Brutus.  
It is not read that the Hebrues revolted during the whole time of joshuah, the Hebrues needed not to doubt of victories, if they would serve the Lord, having the Ark in the midst of their camp, where the Lord presented himself to give them Oracles, and therefore they might boldly commence war, or enter any battle, being emboldened by the Lord, as he promised to Moses and to joshua that he would go before them with such miraculous stratagems, some in the seas as against Pharaoh, some in the Sun & Moon as against the Canaanites: some with fire from heaven as against Baal's false prophets and priests. Some with the opening of the earth in swallowing rebellious jews. And other such stratagems with stones, lightning and thunderbolts, to destroy the enemies of jerusalem.   

CHAP. XVI.  
Of the order and manner of the Gentiles, how they brought their wives and concubines, how they ware their best apparel, and how they brought the dearest and preciousest jewels they had in the sight of the camp before they entered into any battle, because they should more manfully and courageously fight.  
THe kings of Asia soldiers when they went 
The soldiers of Asia.  to fight any great battle, they brought into the field their most dearest things and preciousest jewels which they ware about them; to signify how willing & glad they were, to offer their lives, and all that they had in the defence of the country of Asia.  
The Persians brought not only into the field, their 
The soldiers of the Persians.  jewels, treasures and wealth, but also their wives & their concubines, which the Persians esteemed and preferred before all the treasures of the world, that by looking on their wives and concubines, they should the more be encouraged & kindled manfully to fight for their country, for their wives, and for their concubines.  
The Roman soldiers used to put all the money and gold they had in bags sealed, and to lay them under 
The stoutness of the Romans.  the principal standard of the General, as pawns and pledges that they would fight the battle lustily and valiantly like Romans.  
The Lacedæmonians the only soldiers of Greece; before they would go to any battle they would wash 
The Lacedæmonians.  themselves, wear the best apparel they had, they would trim their beards and comb their heads, and therefore called Comati milites, & entered into any battle as though they should go to the games of Olimpia, or to the plays of Histmia, but all these nations could not bring such a treasure, nor such a jewel into the field as the Hebrues did, which was the ark where the presence of the Lord was, and continued with them in the midst of the camp.  
Now after all these victories over the Canaanites, josuah returned to Gilgal, where the Camp was, and where the Ark remained, to give thanks unto the Lord for so many great victories he had over so many kings, and so many nations.  
After that joshuah was dead, the manner of the Hebrues was to consult with the Lord, and to take counsel by urim and Thummim of their further proceedings and choosing of a General, to lead & govern them in their war, as the like in all countries were used.  
The judges of Greece called Amphictions, assembled together for the whole state of Greece, to consult of martial 
Amphictions.  causes, and matters concerning the state, in the temple of Neptune at Trozena.  
So among the Latins, before the Romans time, they met at the woods Ferentina, to decree and determine of matters of wars: after the Romans had subdued the Latins, they agreed upon all causes of wars in the temple of janus in Rome. 
The temple of janus.   
The Lacedæmonians when they had any wars in hand, they met in the temple of Diana in the confines of Laconia, with the Messenians and others, to conclude of great warlike causes, and to provide for their Generals.  
The Aetolians would allow no decree, nor no law 
Consilium Panaetolium.  passed unless it were done in their counsel house Panaetolium, with the consent of the whole state.  
So the Senators of the Athenians met in Panaegiris; 
Panaegyris.  to consult of warlike causes, there was no country or city in Greece, but they had their Senate and Council house to determine of wars, and other matters of state concerning their Country, for at that time all Greece was in arms one city against another through civil wars. As among all nations, they ever sought wise, stout, discreet and godly captains, for the whole force of the army dependeth upon a wise, resolute and stout captain. And therefore the carthaginians and the Africans 
Xantippus sent from Sparta to Carthage.  sent in any great wars to Sparta, for a Lacedaemonian captain. And so the carthaginians had Xantippus sent to them for their General.  
So the Tarentines sent for Pyrrhus to be their General 
Pyrrhus.  against the Romans; skilful Generals were so esteemed in Greece, that the Athethians made Phocian twenty several times their General, and Pericles nine 
Pericles.  times. That made the Achaians to appoint Aratus seven 
Aratus. Pelopidas.  times their General. So the thebans made Pelopidas thirteen times their General. And the Achaians made Philopomen eight times their General. So that it 
Philopomen.  was not hard among the Grecians to find skilful Generals that knew how to overcome their enemies, though not by force and multitude of many soldiers, yet with stratagems and policy of few. As by the stratagem of Leonidas at Thermopyla, and the stratagem of Themistocles at Salamina, with few Grecians overthrew many thousands of the Persians.  
The greeks for that they were wise, politic and learned, far exceeded the Romans in stratagems, especially Agesilaus and Epaminondas, two great noble captains, 
Agesilaus and Epaminondas.  whose greatness was such, that the one envied the other, as much as Caesar envied Pompey, or Pompey Caesar, though the Romans far excelled the Grecians in arms, yet were the Romans inferior to the Grecians in policies and stratagems, the Romans accepted no treachery to overcome their enemies but by arms, they refused to give money to Timocheres Pyrrhus' Physician, 
Timocheres.  though he offered to Fabritius to poison his master for money, for Fabritius thought it an infamy to the name of the Romans, any way to accept treachery, therein they far excelled the Grecians or Macedonians.  
For Philip king of Macedonia, got as many victories 
Phillip's speech.  by corruption and fraud, as he did by arms, and therefore he was wont often to say, that there was no city so invincible, but an ass loaden with gold might enter in through the strongest gate of that city, nor no wall so 
Byzantium now called Constantinople.  high but a ladder of gold might scale it, so Philip took Byzantium, and so Lysimachus Philip's successor, took Ephesus.  
Conon General of Athens, having overthrown the 
Conon's stratagem.  Persian navy in the I'll of Cyprus, he caused his own soldiers to put on the armours and clothes of the Persians, whom he overthrew, and placed them in Persian 
Front, lib. 4. cap. 4.  navies, and sailed to Pamphilia, to another Persian army on the land, the Persians doubting nothing seeing their own ships, and their own soldiers, as they supposed, Conon landed with his Grecian army, clothed with Persian garments, and gave them such a battle at the river Eurimedon, that he obtained by this stratagem two victories over the Persians, the one on sea in Cyprus, the other on land at the river Eurimedon.  
The like stratagem used Epaminondas upon a Feast day, in one of the cities of Arcadia, the women & virgins of the city coming to solace themselves abroad, Epaminondas caused certain of his soldiers to be clothed in women's apparel, in like garments as the women of Arcadia had, and to go and mingle themselves among the citizens of Arcadia, and entered the town among other women, as though they had been citizens wives, and in the night time slew the watch, and opened the gate to let Epaminondas and his army come in.  
As Epaminondas used Arcadian garments to deceive 
Epaminondas.  the Arcadians. So Conon used Persian garments for a stratagem to deceive the Persians. So Hannibal deceived the Tarentines with hunter's garments, like the Tarentines. 
Front. lib. 3. cap. 2.   
So the Gibionites deceived joshua, but we must deceive Satan with a contrary garment, we must put off the old garments of the first Adam, and put on the garments of the second Adam, which is Christ. If we mean to obtain victories over Satan, we must put on our wedding garment, if we mean to come to the banquet.  
Note also the custom and manner of the Gentiles, 
The old custom of the Romrnes and the Persians in choosing their kings.  aswell in choosing their Generals (as you heard) as also in choosing their former & ancient kings, some by flying of fowls, as the old Romans choosed Numa Pomp. some by neighing of a horse, as the Persians choosed Darius: others by swiftness and agility of the body, as in Lybia: others by strength, qualities, & comeliness of person, as among the Meads. So the Aethiopians, if they 
Alex. Neopol. lib. 4. ca 23.  wanted one of the king's stock & his name, they made a choice as the Meads did, of one to be their king of a most comely parsonage, that excelled in strength & in qualities. So because the Israelites would have a king, and were weary of those governors that the Lord set over them, the Lord commanded Samuel to anoint Saul to be 
Saul.  their king, who was the tallest and the goodliest man in all Israel from his shoulders upwards. And so Xerxes 
Xerxes.  (though an Infidel) among ten hundred thousand men which he brought in his army from Persia against the Greeks, was the only tallest and goodliest man of all his host, and so in many countries among divers nations, they made such choice of their generals & of their kings, that they should be such men as should have Bonum animi and bonum corporis, fit and apt qualities both in mind and body to rule and govern an army.  
But so did neither the Grecians nor the Romans: 
Agesilaus ●…ame.  for Agesilaus was lame, and had one leg shorter than the other. Darius' king of Persia had one hand longer than another, Hannibal for two eyes had but one: & Caesar for 
Darius' long handed. Caesar's baldness.  his baldness was fain to cover it with a garland oflawrel: yet lame Agesilaus for his many victories 〈◊〉 warlike know ledge, was called Agesilaus the great. Hannibal with his one eye was the only captain of his time of all men reputed called Hostis Romanis, & Caesar (though bald) yet had not his peer, nor his equal in martial exploits, captains that far excelled these goodly and tall kings Saul & Xerxes, and far exceeded those comely & tall captains, whom the Meads, the Aethiopians & the Lybians were wont in old time to choose to be their kings.  
And as the Lord is indifferent in bestowing his good gifts upon the simplest & meanest that serve him, aswell as upon the comeliest and goodliest men, for the Lord hath no respect to the parsonage of men, as we read in sacred scripture.  
Moses was goodly & tall, fair of complexion, and of 
Moses tall and slender. Phryg. in vita Moses. joseph. Gen. 39  yellow hair, and a servant of the Lord. Absalon, the comeliest & best made man from the crown of his head to his toe, and yet the servant of Satan. joseph the son of jacob, the fairest & best favoured in Egypt, a godly servant of the Lord. Saul the tallest man in all Israel from his shoulders upwards, yet served not the Lord. So the gifts of nature appear upon the good & the bad as you heard.  
So may it be said of Elias a Prophet of the Lord, being rough and hairy, so we read of him & of Esau, rough 
Elias rough and hairy.  & hairy like Elias, but a reprobate of the Lord, for so the Lord said; jacob have I loved, and Esau have I hated. In fine, Elizeus was bald, for so was he mocked and called baldpate, but a bear came out of the wood & devoured 42. children in Bethel for calling the prophet bald pate. 
4. Reg. 2. ca   
David the least of his brethren, not able to carry Saul's armour to fight with Goliath, and yet valiant enough to kill Goliath, and to bring his head to Saul.  
Zachaeus so little a fellow, that he could not see Christ among the press of the people, but climbed a fig tree, where Christ saw him, & bade him quickly come down, This day will I dine in thy house said the Lord to Zacheus. So that David being but of little stature, Elias rough and hairy, and Flizeus bald, yet three chosen Prophets of the Lord. Now to the marching of jerusalam.   

CHAP. XVII.  
How judah was elected to be the third judge of Israel, by urim and Thummim, of his battle at beseech. Of Ehud, Deborah & Gedeon with their victories, together with certain stratagems as well of the jews as of the Gentiles.  
AFter joshua died, judah was appointed the third captain over the Israelites, by the judgement of urim 
judah the third captain over Israel.  and Thummim, elected & chosen to be the leader of the whole army of Israel: the Lord from the beginning had appointed judges and governors to lead his people from Egypt to the land of Canaan, as Moses, joshuah, & after joshuah, judah now the third captain, who fought the battle of the Lord in Bezeck, and slew ten thousand of the 
The battle at Beseck.  Canaanites, and the Perezites, and took Adonizebech, not a king, but a tyrant.  
This king was by the just judgement of the Lord, used in like sort as he used other kings, for the thumbs of his hands and of his feet were cut off, as he most cruelly cut off the thumbs of the hands & of the feet of seventy kings, which he kept and fed with the crumbs 
The tyranny of Adonizebech.  that fell from his table, for so he confessed himself, that as he had done, so the Lord rewarded him, for he was brought to jerusalem and there died.  
Hannibal well nigh played the like part, who used the poor captive Romans in like sort being weak & wearied, 
Lu. Flor. li. 2. cap. 6.  he cut off their thumbs & pared the soles of the feet of a great number, and so left them that they could neither stand nor go.  
Fabius Seruilianus, equal or rather before these tyrants in tyranny, after he had vanquished a great number of the barbarous people of Scythia, and had taken 
5. Oros. ca 4. A cruel act of Fabius the Roman.  captives (jure deditionis) very many, yet contrary to the faith and nature of the ancient Romans, he cut off both the hands of five hundred of the principallest soldiers of them, and left the poor Scythians without hands, as Hannibal left the Romans without feet.  
Thrasibulus being a tyrant for his tyranny, sent one 
The sign of Periander sent to Thasibulus.  of his chief men to Periander, another tyrant to consult and to be advised by him, how he might live without fear and danger, he being a tyrant among the Milesians. Periander brought the messenger of Thrasibulus to a ripe corn field, where with the staff he had in his hand, he did beat the ears of the corn, and turned to Thrasibulus messenger, and said no more, but commend me to thy master. Thrasibulus after he heard what Periander did, knew his meaning was that he should destroy & kill all the chief men & citizens in Milesia, if he would live in safety. That tyrant must needs fear some, of whom all men stand in fear.  
This was such a dumb stratagem which Periander taught Thrasibulus, as Torquine the proud taught his son Sextus, by a servant which he sent to his father, whom 
Dyonis. lib 7. cap. 4.  Torquine brought unto a garden, where with his staff he beat the head of poppies. This was a dumb stratagem which Torquine sent to his son, whereby he knew his father's mind, slew the chief Citizens, and betrayed the Town to his father.  
Though the Israelites fell to Idolatry after joshuahs' death, who (during the time of joshua) served the Lord, and never forsook him, yet the Lord at all times, though they always offended him, delivered them from their enemies, when they cried unto him for his aid and help. So being now vexed with their evemies, the 
The stratagem of Ehud judge and general of Israel.  Lord sent Ehud as a judge and Captain, to lead them and to govern them as their General, being a stout and a valiant Captain, who was wont to say to his soldiers, follow me, went boldly to Eglon king of the Moabites, & used this stratagen, told the king that he had some 
judges. 3. ca  secret from the Lord to tellhim, whereupon the chamber being avoided, and the door shut, he out with his dagger, slew Eglon the king, and came out and shut the door after him, and after slew ten thousand Moabites 
Eglon king of Moab slain.  at that time: yet Ehud was lefthanded, and unable to fight, and therefore it was a stratagem of the Lord.  
jabin king of Canaan, an other enemy of the Israelites, sent his general Cisera, a mighty captain, with nine hundred chariots of Iron, and a huge Army of soldiers, to fight against Israel, yet the Lord still provided for his people, and delivered the Canaanites into the hand of Deborah, a woman, and Barac; even the whole Army 
The victory of Deborah over Cisera at Meroz.  of the Canaanites, at the battle at Meroz, where even the stars (in their courses) from heaven fought against Cisera, as Deborah confessed in her song of thanksgiving to the Lord for the victory.  
For all the battles that the Lord had fought for Israel, yet they sinned more, and so offended the Lord, that they were delivered seven years into the hands of the Madianites for their wickedness, that Israel made themselves dens and caves in the Mountains for fear of the Madianites and Amalekites, whose tents were as thick as Grasshoppers in multitude, so that they, their cattles, and their camels were without number. Yet the Lord, when Israel cried for help, raised up sound judges, as Othoniel, Ehud, Barac, and Deborah, 
What kind of men were generals and judges among the Hebrues.  who overcame their enemies, and had many victories over them, but still Israel offended the Lord, and therefore the Lord left Sidonites, Canaanites, and Philistines to afflict and vex the Israelites, for that they still offended the Lord. He left these Nations among them with their gods and Idols, that should be as snares unto Israel, and as thorns in their sides, and needles in their eyes to try them, and to force them to call upon the name of the Lord.  
The Hebrews as they offended the Lord, so were they punished by the Lord, who often gave them over into their enemy's hands, for their rebellious sedition and disobedience, and therefore the Lord made choice of a wise and discreet general, whom he strengthened to 
Gedeon choose judge in Israel.  rule his people, sent his messenger to Gedeon a husbandman threshing his corn, to be their captain before them, who with the three hundred soldiers that laped the water by putting their hands to their mouths, as the Lord had commanded him by that sign, and had appointed the number for him to take the Lords battle in hand, & to let the rest which were one and thirty thousand and seven hundred return to their home, which were by proclamation discharged. The generals that the Lord made choice of to rule his people, were but shepherds, herdmen, and husbandmen, as Moses, joshua, Gedeon, Saul, and David, and of the like men he made choice for his Prophets.  
Gedeon obeyed the message of the Lord, & called at the Lords hand for strength and courage to fight his battle, and after divided the three hundred men into three several bands, and used this stratagem, gave every man a 
Gedeons' stratagem.  Trumpet in his hand, with an empty pitcher, and lamps within the pitchers, signifying by these weak means which the Lord used, that the whole victory should come from the Lord, and not from man. So Gedeon their general coming to the side of the enemies with his three bands, he commanded all the soldiers at once to sound all the trumpets together, to break their pitchers, and to shout & cry, the sword of the Lord and of Gedeon, the enemies were so frighted, & the Lord set every man's sword upon his neighbour, and caused the Madianites to kill one an other. He made the Moabites, the Ammonites, & Edomites, in like sort one to destroy an other. They took in that battle two Princes of the Madianites, called Oreb and Zeb, whom they slew and brought their heads to Gedeon from beyond Iorden, as they fled from the sword of Gedeon. The slaughter was an hundred and twenty thousand that were slain with three hundred men as the Lord had commanded.  
Observe the stratagem of Gedeon, who commanded his three hundred soldiers at once to sound all the trumpets together, to break their pitchers, and to shout and cry, the sword of the Lord and of Gedeon. It so amazed the Madianites that the victory was Gedeons'.  
joshuah in like sort was by the Lord commanded, after he had carried the Ark round about jericho seven times upon the seventh day that the Priests should blow the rams horns, and all the soldiers to cry aloud, and to shout out all together at once, that the walls of jericho fell.  
With a stratagem also joshua deceived the king of Ai, who came out of the City to fight with joshua, who took upon him to fly from the king, but having laid ambushes upon the way and about the Town, the Lord gave both the Town and the King to joshua's 
josua. 8.  hand.  
So did the Israelites deceive the Beniamites with the like stratagems as joshua did, who took upon them to fly, to draw the Beniamites from the City to the high 
jud. 20.  ways, until they were compassed round about with the Israelites, who destryed 25. thousand and 100 men.  
These are divine stratagems, and to be attributed unto the Lords doings.  
Pericles general of the Athenians, besieging a certain City in Greece, who upon the sudden in the night time, caused all the Trumpets to be sounded at once, and all 
Pericles' stratagem.  the soldiers to shout and cry as loud as they could: it so terrified the Citizens within, that they ran from all parts of the City unto that place where Pericles commanded the trumpets to be sounded, and that loud cry to be made, thinking thereby that the enemies had entered 
〈◊〉 lib. 3. cap. 9  the City, Pericles without resistance made an entry into the City in an other place.  
Antiochus used the like stratagem against the Ephesians, 
Antiochus' stratagem.  commanded certain Rhodians which were of his Army to shout out loud, and to make a sudden out cry in the dead time of the night, their fear and terror was such, that all went to defend that place of the Town, and left the other side of the Town without defence to let Antiochus enter in.  
Luc. Cornelius after he had besieged and taken many Towns in Sardinia, he used this stratagem, to take a populous strong City, made a great number of his soldiers to hide themselves in ambush, he having but few soldiers, provoked them of the Town to come out, feigning himself to fly, the enemy following with great fury after. Luc. Cornelius with all his hidden soldiers returned upon the sudden with such a terrible cry, that the enemies turned their backs and fled to the Town, and the Romans followed after them close at the heels, and entered the Town with them all together.  
So Pompey the Consul, General for the Roman Army in Albania, perceiving the enemies both in horsemen 
Front. lib. 2 cap. 3.  and in footmen to be far more in number then the Romans, practised this stratagem, placed his footmen behind the horsemen, being in a strait, and commanded his horsemen to cover their helmets, lest by the sight of the helmets they should be seen of the enemies, and to take upon them to fly to draw the enemies forwards into the midst of the Army of footmen, and then the Roman horsemen to turn back, and divide themselves, and to set on both sides of the enemies. By this stratagem Pompey got a great victory over the Albanians.  
Iphicrates the Athenian, compared an Army in this sort, the light horsemen to the hands, the men of arms to the feet, the battle of footmen to the stomach and breast, the captain to the head.  
But the Hebrews for all the victories of joshuah, of judah, and of Gedeon, were still unthankful, and wrought wickedness in the sight of the Lord, for all the battles that the Lord fought for them, they were so well acquainted with the gods of the Gentiles, yea they served the gods of Acron, the gods of Sydon, the gods of Moab, and the gods of the Philistines, and forgot the 
The unthankfulness of the Israelites  god of Israel, they served strange gods, and attributed victories unto their Idols, and honoured them, and gave no glory unto the Lord of Israel, and therefore the Lord gave them over, and sold them to their enemies and were eighteen years sore tormented and vexed by the Ammonites and Philistines, and the enemies, proudly went over Iorden to fight against judah, against Benjamin, and against the house of Ephraim, but they cried unto the Lord according to their custom in extremity, and were answered by the Prophet from the Lord: Let the Gods whom you serve, save you, and whom you trust unto defend you, for you weigh not me, neither will I defend you, and then they put away their strange gods from among them.  
Thus the Israelites did not only rebel upon the death of joshuah, but also upon the death of judah, Ehud, 
The Israelites forget their victories.  Deborah, and others, neither did they esteem the victories which they got by Deborah a woman, and by Gedeon a Husbandman, who with three hundred soldiers slew a hundred and twenty thousand, but ever forgetful and unthankful to the Lord, more willing to return to Egypt to be slaves unto Pharaoh, then to stay in Canaan to serve the Lord.  
The name of Leonidas was famous among the Lacedæmonians, for his victory at Thermopyle, where Leonidas with three hundred, overthrew twenty thousand 
Leonidas.  of Xerxes' Army, being innumerable.  
The Athenians gloried much for their great victory at Marathon by Milciades and Callimachus, having 
The victory at Marathon.  but 10000 Grecians in their army, overthrew the general of king Darius' Army, and made a great slaughter of the Persians, to the number of two hundred thousand.  
The Romans brag much of the victory of Marius, 
The Romans.  with few soldiers over the Cymbrians at the river of Xextas, of Sylla over Mithridates at the battle of Orchomenon, and of Lucullus over Tigranes' king of Armenia, being three great victories, with infinite slaughter, with the loss of few Romans.  
The very Schythians can boast and brag of the overthrow 
The Scythians.  of Cyrus, having two hundred thousand in his Army, and that by a woman, which increased the fame of the Scythians, to the greatest infamy of the Persians.  
All Nations can brag and boast of their victories, and be thankful unto their Idols, and to their gods, with sacrifices, with vows, with games and plays, with rearing of Altars and building of Temples, but the Hebrews and the people of the Lord, who 
The unthankfulness of the Hebrews.  had greatest cause and occasions to remember their victories and triumphs that they had over so many Kings and so many Nations, before they came to the Land of Canaan, by fire, hailstones, thunder, and great stones from heaven, and though the Lords presence went before them in the Ark, and the Ark among them in the midst of the camp, yet were the Israelites stiff necked people, ever offensive to the Lord, seditious against their leaders, and envious one towards an other, so the Lord cried out against them, and said: I have nourished and brought up children, and they are fallen away from me, the Ox knoweth his Lord, and the Ass his masters stall, but Israel knoweth 
Esai. 1.  not me, wicked children, sinful people, a froward generation, which are overladen with blasphemies. Nothing could instruct them to obey the Lord, neither the Ark of covenant, neither the Tabernacle of Moses, neither the pillar of fire, where the Lord appeared 
The Ark of couenan●…t.  unto them, and after the use of the Tabernacle, neither the Temple of Solomon, nor the Prophets to whom the Lord manifested himself in jerusalem, yea even in Samaria among the wicked Samaritans they had the Prophets of the Lord, Elias and Elizeus to instruct them.   

CHAP. XVIII.  
Of jeptha's victories over the Ammonites and Ephraimites, the civil wars, the tyranny of Sylla and Marius in Rome. Of the slaughter of the Philistians by Samson, the revenge of pulling out his eyes, and of the battle of Saul at Michmash.  
NOw after Gedeon, the Lord sought out jeptha, being fled and chased by his brethren from his country, to the Land of Tob, from whence he was called by the Lord (who always appointed a general over Israel while they served him) to lead his people against the Ammonites, which the Lord delivered into jeptha's hand.  
At that time jeptha made a rash vow to the Lord, 
Jeptha's rash vow.  (that if he should have victory over the Ammonites) that which came out of the doors of his house, when he returned home in peace shallbe the Lords, and he will offer it up a burnt offering. He foolishly performed that which he rashly vowed. Though some of the Rabines 
The opinion of some of the Rabines of jeptha's vow.  do excuse jeptha that his daughter died not, but was separated to dwell by herself from common conversation in a solitary place, to bewail her virginity, according to the custom and manner of the virgins of Israel, to live in prayers, and to consecrate herself unto the lord. Yet some of 〈◊〉 best divines, as Augustine & Ambrose, which both were of a contrary opinion that she was sacrificed according to jeptha's vow. But the Lord gave the victory to jeptha over the Amonits, with the overthrow of twenty cities, and with exceeding great slaughter.  
jeptha again after his first victory over the Ammonites, 
jeptha the General, threatened to be burned. judg. cap. 12.  had another victory over the Ephraimites, who envied the former victory of jeptha most ambitiously, as they before did unto Gedeon, threatening to burn the General in his house, whereupon jeptha with all the men of Gilead gathered themselves together against the Ephraimites, overcame them, and slew two and forty 
Forty two thousand slain of the Ephraimites.  thousand of the Ephraimites, the greatest cause of this slaughter was, that the Ephraimites called the Gileadites, runagates of Ephraim. And yet both the Ephraimites and Gileadites were Israelites, much like to the battle between Silla and Marius, being two Romans, who for mere malice one towards another, continued their civil wars ten years: in the which were slain a hundred and fifty thousand Romans, five and twenty slain that have been Consuls in Rome, threescore that had been in Rome, in the office called Aediles, & well-nigh two hundred Senators slain, equal in number almost to the slaughter of Hannibal, for Consuls, Senators, Praetors, and other magistrates.  
Cinna then Consul, with his Roman legions, and Marius with his banished men & fugitives, entered the city of Rome: at what time Sylla was with his army in Greece, slew many of the chief citizens of the Senators, and of divers that had been Consuls, that when the heads of these slain men were presented to Cinna & Marius at their banquets, it was commanded by Cinna the Consul, that some 
The tyranny of Cinna and Marius.  should be set up in the market place, some in the Oratory, & some in other places. Such was the ti●…āny of Marius then in Rome, that the rest of the Senators that were left unslain, sought to escape the hand of Cinna, the cruelty 
〈◊〉.  of Marius, the rage of Fimbria, and the force of Sertorius, 
Oros. ca 19 and 20.  and to fly to Sylla in Greece for succour. At whose return Marius with his confederates fled from Rome, where Sylla played a part of a second tragedy, destroying all that he knew or heard of to be Marius' friends, setting down in his first proscription fourscore of the chiefest of Marius side, besides Marius himself, Carbo, Norbanus, and Scipio, who had been all Consuls of Rome. Marius' being at that time in his seventh Consulship, and died in the beginning of it, but too late to his country, yet left Sertorius, Carbo, Cinna & others, to plague his country after him, But as before I spoke of jeptha's victories, & of the sacrificing of his daughter, so now I think good by comparisons to show the manner and custom of the Gentiles in the like.  
The report of Jephtha's sacrificing his daughter, came (as it seemed) first from the land of Canaan into Greece, 
Iphygenia.  whereby Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia in the city of Aulis in Boeotia to please Diana. For their voyage to Troy, and after ten years wars in Troy after victory had, they slew Polixena king Priamus' daughter, upon 
Prolixena.  the grave of Achilles, for a sacrifice to Neptune for their safe return from Troy to Greece again.  
So Ericthius king of the Athenians, sacrificed his daughter as Agamemnon did, to have a victory over Eumolpus, general of the Thracian Army.  
It is not only a common thing among the Gentiles to sacrifice their servants and their children to their Idols, but also among the Hebrews, as Achab, Manasses, and other kings of Israel, offered their sons and daughters for sacrifice unto Molech, and as jeptha sacrificed his 
Molech.  daughter according to his rash vow, so Saul king of Israel 
The oath of Saul.  would have slain his son jonathan, to perform his foolish oath. These kind of sacrifices only unto Idols, are otherwise then the sacrifice of Abraham, being commanded by the Lord to offer his only son Isaac, which was the true type of Christ jesus the only son of God, 
Differences of sacrifices.  but these wicked Idolatrous kings Achab & Manasses, offered their children to dumb Idols and wooden gods, not following Abraham in sacrifice: they far differed from jeptha, he vowed to sacrifice his daughter to the Lord, and not to Idols, and jeptha differed far from Abraham, in that Abraham's faith was accepted without sacrificing of his son, and jeptha's affection was rejected though he sacrificed his daughter; for so the Lord himself testified, saying: I have no pleasure in your feasts and sacrifices, neither do I delight in your new moons, how much less is he pleased with the kill of an innocent virgin, as jeptha did? These bloody sacrifices of Achab and Manasses, were not like the sacrifice 
jud. cap. 6.  of Gedeon, which was but a Kid, a few cakes made but of an Epha flower, a piece of flesh in a basket, and a little broth in a pot, this sacrifice did the Lord accept of Gedeon, under the oak of Ephrah, as a sign of his victory against the Madianites.  
The Lord strengthened Samson to plague the Philistines sundry times, burning their corn and their vineyards, killing a thousand of them at once with the jaw 
judg. 15.  bone of an Ass, and destroyed the five Princes of the Philistines, and above six thousand Philistines besides, 
The revenge of Samson upon the Philistines for his eyes. judg. 16.  by pulling down of a house upon them, their wives, their children, their friends and their servants, at a banquet.  
Because Samson being molested & vexed by means of his wife Dalyla, to whom he trusted too much as many do, by opening his secrets where his strength lay to his wife, who betrayed him to her own brood & stock the Philistines, who came and took him, bound him, and put out his eyes, at what time the five princes of the Philistines so rejoiced, that they gathered themselves together to offer sacrifice unto Dagan their god, for that 
Dagan.  Dagan delivered Samson into the Philistines hands as they supposed, being merry and glad they sent for Samson to this great feast, where they offered solemn sacrifice unto their god Dagan, to laugh and scoff at him, that at that feast so many Philistines came to see Samson, that three thousand for want of room, were forced to take their place upon the roof of the house.  
Samson being aggrieved that he offended the Lord, prayed unto the Lord that he might be revenged upon the Philistines, and the Lord strengthened Samson, that he revenged their scoffs, their flouts, and the pulling out of his eyes, upon the princes of the Philistines Dagans' servants, that Samson sacrificed himself unto 
Sampsons' sacrifice.  the Lord, slew & sacrificed them unto their god Dagan.  
Many armies have been taken, slain & overthrown in the midst of banquets, as the Syrians were at the besieging of Samaria, making merry in their tents & banqueting, were forced to fly, and in their flight to be slain. So was Simon the high Priest at jerusalem with his two sons slain at a banquet, by the stratagem of Ptolomeu who married Simons own daughter, after he had received them into his house, and were merry at their banquet. So Tryphon slew jonathan, and both his sons. So Ishmael being received of Godoliah into his house and well entertained, Ishmael slew Godolias in his own house, too many such stratagems are extant.   

CHAP. XIX.  
Of the Priesthood taken away from the house of Elie, and government of judges taken from Samuel and his posterity: and of the first election of kings in Israel, and of Saul the first king, and his battle at Michmash.  
AFter Samson the last judge in Israel died, Eli was appointed high Priest to govern them, who (though a godly man himself) yet brought not up his sons in virtue & in the fear of God, therefore the Lord rebuked Eli, and 
The Priesthood taken from the house of E●…i.  said to Samuel, I have sworn that the wickedness of Eli his house shall not be purged with sacrifice nor offering for ever, for the Lord took away the priesthood from Eli, and from his house, for the transgression of his children.  
Likewise the Prophet samuel's sons, for that they followed not their father's steps, but looked after lucre, 
1. Reg. 2. cap.  and took rewards, were reprehended for corruption 
joseph. lib. 6. cap 3. de Antiq. The government taken from the house of Samuel. 1. Reg. 8. cap.  and bribery. For Samuel being old not able for age to execute his office, he appointed both his sons to be judges in Bersabe, but they loved rewards and bribes, and therefore the people complained to Samuel of his sons refusing to be governed by them, but would be governed by a king as other nations were.  
Therefore was the Priesthood taken away from the house of Eli, for the wickedness of his children Ophnes' and Phineis'. So was the government taken from Samuel and from his house for ever, through the corruption and bribery of his sons, joel and Abiah.  
Who would think that so good a King as David should have so wicked a son as Absalon, that killed his brother Ammon in his own house, and sought the crown of judah even from his father's head, a murderer of his Brother, and a notable Traitor to his Father.  
Who would think that good king Ezechiah should have so wicked a son as Manasses to succeed him, that sawed the prophet Esay in the midst, and filled the streets of jerusalem with blood?  
And again, who would judge but Solomon being the only wisest king of the world, having a thousand Queens and concubines, yet had but one son Rhehoboham, 
Ten Tribes forsook Rhehoboam.  that he was so brought up to offend the people, that ten of the twelve Tribes forsook him, and went to jeroboam his father's servant?  
Such was the care of kings among all nations, that Philip king of Macedonia, was glad to have a son born in Aristotle's time, by whom he might learn to know 
Philip of Macedon.  how to be a king, and of whom Alexander the great himself was wont to say, that he was as much bound to Aristotle his master for his learning, as he was to Philip his father for his birth.  
And therefore Cyrus commanded his son Cambyses, at his going to wars to Scythia, to follow the counsel of Croesus, to be ruled and governed by him: For Cyrus knew Croesus to be so wise, that by naming of 
Cyrus.  Solon's name, he saved his own life.  
In like sort king Antigonus commanded his son 
Antigonus.  Helenus, to be advised and counseled by Aratus, whom he knew to be a great learned man & a noble captain, for that he was chosen to be seventeen times General over the Achaians.  
The cares of the kings of Persia was such for their children, 
The kings of Persia.  that they made choice of four principal men in all knowledge to instruct them and to bring them up.  
The first schoolmaster should teach them the service of the gods, with their sacrifice and ceremonies.  
The second should instruct their children, in the ancient laws and customs of the kings of Persia. 
Gemma Platonis.   
The third should bring them up in sobriety & temperancy, to vanquish lust and incontinency.  
And the fourth should learn them to be valiant and hardy, and to be acquainted with military discipline.  
And therefore Alexander the great brought up three 
Alexander.  thousand Persian youths in the martial discipline of the Macedonians. And so Sertorius brought up all the 
Sertorius.  noble men's sons in Hispaine in martial discipline of the Romans.  
This much I thought good to write of the good bringing up and education of children, for by the wickedness of Eli his sons, and corruption of samuel's sons, the Priesthood was taken from the one, and the government taken from the other, and therefore Israel 
Israel cried for a king.  cried for a king, thereat Samuel was much displeased, but the Lord said unto him, hear the voice of the people, they have not cast thee away, but me that I should not reign over them: yet saith the Lord, Tell them the nature of a king, that he will take their sons to run before his chariots, to ear his ground, to gather in his harvest, and the king will take their daughters, and make them dressers of his ointments, his cooks, and bakers, 
Samuel expoundeth to the people the nature of a king.  the king shall take the best of their fields, of their vineyards, and of their olive trees, and give them to his servants, he shall take the tenth of their seed, and of their vines, the best of their men servants, and maid▪ servants, their young men and their asses to do his work, yet (though Samuel told all this to Israel from the Lord) they would have a king, much like the fable of the frogs.  
The frogs would have a king, being refused of many, they came to the stork, and would have him to be their 
The frogs would have a king.  king, which he accepted, he got him a block, as a seat to sit on, to hear their causes, and to give judgement, but when the frogs came before their king to complain, he began with his bill to prick them, and after to wound them, that some were wounded, some slain, & some made haste away. So Samuel spoke to the Israelites to that effect, as they found in Saul, jeroboam, Achab, Manasses & others such wicked kings.  
The Apology of jothan, may be now well mentioned, who spoke in a parable to the Sychemites, that the trees 
Reg. 9  would have a king, but the vine, the fig, and the olive trees refused to be their king, then would the trees have 
The appology of jothan.  a bush or a gorsse to be their king, who did accept of it. This bush or gorsse would easily take fire, and burn all the Sychemites in Sychem, and did not Abimelech so? after he killed 70. sons of Gedeon his brethren, he destroyed Sychem, and slew all the Sychemites, and sowed 
Plyni. lib. 13. cap. 7.  salt in that place to make it barren for ever, for salt as Pliny saith, makes ground barren and unapt to bring any thing.  
When the Philistines heard that Israel had a king, 
The battle of Saul at Michmash.  they gathered themselves together to fight against Israel, thirty thousand chariots, six thousand horsemen, and the footmen were like the sand by the sea side in multitude, and they pitched their camp in Michmash, and the Philistines seemed so many unto the Israelites, that the Israelites hid themselves in holtes, in towers, caves, rocks, and pits, and many of them fled over Iorden, yet the Lord delivered the Philistines into Jonathan's hand, 
The victory of jonathon.  Saul's son, that Israel might know that victory consists not in multitude, nor armour of men, but only in the arm of the Lord, and therefore jonathan smote the Philistines, and the Lord turned every man's sword upon his fellow, so that there was a very great overthrow, and the battle continued until they came that fled for fear of the Philistines from mount Ephraim, and now followed the enemies unto Bethaven, & the victory was great which Saul got over the Philistines.  
Saul in this battle did bind the soldiers by oath, not 
The rash law of Saul.  to eat till evening, and cursed him that would eat any food till night, for jonathan tasted a little honey with the end of his rod, and Saul his father would have put him to death, saving that the soldiers rescued and delivered him, for the Lord had given a great victory by jonathan over the Philistines.   

CHAP. XX.  
Of the victory of Saul at jabesh Gilead, and after how he was overthrown by the Philistines, and slew himself in mount Gilboa, and of the reward of divers treasons.  
AFter the battle at Michmash, Saul had an other victory over the Ammonites, where the Ammonites were slain at jabesh 
The victory of Saul.  Gilead, & the Lord prospered Saul, and endued him with such virtues as were meet for a K. yet Saul disobeyed 
Sa●…. cap. 5.  the Lord, being commanded to destroy the Amalekites, and slay both man and woman, 
The disobedience of Saul.  both infant and suckling, both ox and sheep, both camel and ass, yet he spared Agag king of the Amalekites, and the fat beasts and the lambs, the sheep, and the oxen that were good, against the commandment of the Lord, and therefore Samuel reproved him, and told him that the Lord had rejected him, and that his kingdom should be given to an other, and upon Saul's disobedience, Samuel was commanded to anoint David king over Israel, so Saul won the victory, but lost his kingdom and his life in the next battle.  
Saul being forsaken of the Lord for his disobedience, the Philistines prevailed against him in divers battles, for Saul was more desirous to kill David the servant of the Lord, then to destroy the Philistines the enemy of the Lord. But David was reserved, and ordained to fight the battles of the Lord, & to destroy the Amalekites, the Philistines, & the rest of the Lords enemies, whom Saul spared, being commanded to the contrary: therefore the Lord gave Saul to the hands of the Philistines, at the battle in mount Gilboa, that the Israelites fled, and fell before the Philistines, and the three sons of Saul were slain, and Saul himself sore wounded.  
Such was his cruel life seeking to kill David, that he had a desperate death, for he slew himself with his own sword, seeing the battle so sore against him, his sons 
Saul slew himself in mount Gilboa.  slain, his soldiers killed, and all the rest of his army fled.  
This was the end of Saul the first K. of Israel, like the end of Zedechia the last king of Israel. And when the Philistines came to the spoil of them that were slain, they found the body of Saul and his three sons in mount Gilboah slain in the battle, and they cut off Saul's head, and stripped him out of his armour, and they laid up his armour 
Sam. 51. cap.  in the Temple of their god Astaroth, and hanged up his body on the wall of Bethshan in token of victory and triumph, and they sent the head of Saul unto the land of the Philistines, that they might show it in their cities, and publish it in the Temples of their Idols among the people, and after to set up Saul's head in the Temple of Dagon. This was the end of Saul, whom the Lord raised 
Saul's head set up in the temple of Dagon.  from keeping his father's asses, to be a king over his people, for not obeying the commandment of the Lord: thus ever the Lord punished disobedience in Saul, in Rehoboam, Achab, Manasses and Zedechiah, that the Lord delivered jerusalem, and the kingdom of judah to the hands of Nabuchodonozer king of Babylon.  
Saul being now slain in mount Gilboa, the Amalekite which brought to David Saul's crown and his bracelets, and told David that he himself slew Saul, (which was a lie, for Saul slew himself) thought to have a great reward for such good news, but David commanded him to be slain.  
The like reward had Rechab and Banah, that brought isbosheth's head unto David, who disguised themselves as Merchants to buy wheat, and went to isbosheth's house 
Traitors had ever like rewards.  who slept on his bed at noon, and they slew him, took his head with them, and presented it unto David at Hebron, supposing they should be better rewarded then the Amalekite was, but David rewarded them in this sort, that their hands and their feet were cut off, & hanged up over the pool in Hebron.  
The recompense of such treacherous servants were ever so rewarded, as Bessus the only chief captain under 
Darius' head brought to Alexander.  Darius, who after he fled from the battle at Arbela, was slain by Bessus, and his head cut off, and brought unto Alexander, who thought to be advanced for his treacherous service, but Alexander commanded that he should be tied to the tops of two young trees bending to the ground, that he by the swinge and lifting up of the trees might be torn in pieces.  
So Septimius and Achillas commanded by Ptolomeus king of Egypt, to kill Pompey, and to present his head unto Caesar from him, though Pompey before time had restored Ptolomeu his father to his kingdom in Egypt, and Septimius had been Pompey his soldier in divers wars, yet they slew him most treacherously in his boat at Pellusium, and cut off his head to please Caesar, but they were rewarded of Caesar as Bessus was of Alexander, for the king was slain, and his kingdom given to Cleopatra his sister.  
When Antigonus saw Pyrrhus' head presented unto 
Treachery in●…y rewarded.  him by his son, though they were both enemies, and in the field in armour one against an other, yet he covered Pyrrhus' head with his hat, discommending the cruelty of his son, with such a reward, that he made his 
Caus●….  blood run about his ears, saying: how durst thou like a savage beast bring Pyrrhus' head from his body being dead, whom no prince or captain in Asia or in Europe durst in the face meet in the field alive?  
Yet most men think that treachery is allowed though traitors be not accepted. I do not think but the head of Darius brought to Alexander by Bessus, and the head of Pompey to Caesar, were as grateful as Cicero's head was to Marc. Antonius, brought by Popilius: or as Marc. Crassus' 
Treason hath better success than traitors have  head sent by Surena to Horodes: for thereby had Alexander the kingdom of Persia, & Caesar the Empire of Rome, treason hath better success than traitors have. To this effect spoke jezabel to jehu: Had Zimri peace which slew his master Elah? as though she should say, can traitors 
jezabel.  have good success? but she was rewarded by jehu, (for that Naboth was stoned to death by her means for his vineyard) as the rest were.  
Even cruel Sylla the Roman, the enemy of Marius and all his well-willers, and especial of Sulpitius, Sulla's mortal foe. Yet when Sulpitius' servant would have betrayed Sulpitius his master unto Sylla, Sylla caused him to be thrown headlong down from the rock Tarpeia.  
So much the old Romans hated traitors and treasons, that when Viriatus an other Hannibal, and a great 
Traitors odious to the old Romans.  enemy of the Romans, for 14. years space, gave divers overthrows to some Roman Praetors & Consuls, as Cai. Vetulius, Cai. Plantius, and others, that he waxed so proud and insolent of his victories over the Romans, 
Oros. lib. 5. cap. 4.  that he hanged up the Roman Ensigns on high hills and mountains, as trophies to show his victories over the Romans, but Viriatus was betrayed and slain by some of his soldiers, by means of Caepio the Consul, against the manners of the old Romans, which never allowed treachery, thinking to have a great reward of the Romans for his treachery: but they according to their 
Viriatus named the second Hannibal.  manners, sent him back bound unto Hispaine, as a traitor to his captain and country, as they did to Timocheres, Pyrrhus' Physician, who offered the Romans if they would to poison his master Pyrrhus. 
Timocheres.   
So Camillus sent the schoolmaster of the Phaelicians (who brought all his scholars being noble men's sons to betray the Town) back naked before his scholars, every scholar having a rod in his hand to whip his master, for betraying their fathers, their friends, 
Camillus.  and the city: so that neither Viriatus servant that slew his master, neither Pyrrhus Physician that would have poisoned his master, nor the schoolmaster that would betray his city, could get any rewards at the Romans hands for treachery. Now to David, whose example of wars and victories upon the Amalekites, Canaanites, and the rest, as in this the next book shallbe mentioned.   
The end of the first book.   

The second Book of the Stratagems of jerusalem.  

CHAP. I.  
Of David the second King of Israel, and his great victories and good success which he had in all his wars against the Canaanites, Edomites, Moabites, Ammonites, Philistines, and others.  
David a man whom the Lord found to his own heart, a second joshuah of Israel, he fought many battles of the Lord, and won many victories: for when the Philistines heard that Saul was dead, they sought for David to fight with him, and David asked counsel of the Lord before he would take any battle in hand, which made his victories so many, and himself so famous, that all his enemies feared him. So should all Kings, Generals, and Captains, hold that rule for a principal part of their charge, and not to commence war without a just cause, and lawful means to be executed.  
josias had no good cause to fight with Necho king of Egypt, who commanded his soldiers not to fight with 
Unjust and unnecessary wars.  josias, but against Charchemish, a city of the Assyrians.  
So the King of Syria charged his soldiers to fight with none but with Achab king of Israel, at what time josaphat king of judah was spared, and therefore returned safe and sound to jerusalem, by the counsel of the king of Syria.  
Had josias followed the counsel of Necho king of Egypt, as josaphat followed the counsel of the king of Syria, josias had saved his life as josophat did.  
David fought with the Philistines, smote, scattered them, and slew them, that they fled before David's face 
The battle of David at Baal Pharazim 2. Sam. cap. 5.  in the valley of Giants, which is, the plain of division, because of their victories, and there they left their Images and Idols, and David burned them, much like to the jamnites, who carried the Images of their Idols in their bosoms to the battle, and tied them about 
jamnites.  their necks, for they were so found after the jamnites were slain: as in ancient time the Egyptians carried their gods and their Idols, painted on their Ensigns and Banners into the field, as their standards.  
Again, the Philistines gathered their force against 
The victory of David at Rephaim. 2. Sam. 5.  David at Rephaim, which is called the valley of Giants, and David overthrew the host of the Philistines, & chased them from Geba unto Gazar.  
another battle of the Lord against the Philistines fought by David, and he again subdued them, & took the strong city of Gath, which they called the bridle of bondage, out of the hands of the Philistines. This city 
Gath the bridle of bondage.  kept the country round about in subjection and bondage. Thus all wise and skilful generals ought to imitate David herein, to seize by all warlike policy upon those strong cities and forts that can command the country.  
So Hannibal thought himself sure of Rome, having gotten Capua and Tarentum, two of the strongest cities in Italy into his hand. So the Romans having gotten Syracuse, 
Policies of Generals.  doubted not to take Carthage: and having Carthage in their hands, they soon conquered all Afrique: and having Africa, they made no account to win Asia: for at that very time the best soldiers of the world were in the West kingdoms. For Antiochus the great, the greatest 
Antiochus.  king at that time in all Asia, was soon overthrown by a Consul of Rome.  
So David went forward in his victories, after he had gotten the strong city of Gath, he smote Moab, and measured them with a cord, he slew them & cast them down to the ground, he overcame whom he would, and saved whom he listed, so that the Moabites became David's servants, and brought him gifts and presents, that the Lord made David famous throughout all the world.  
During the time of David's wars against the Canaanites, and other nations their associates, there was no great war then among the Syrians, neither in any part of Asia, and especially in Europe, which was scant 
Europe scant inhabited in David's time  thoroughly inhabited in David's time, and therefore there was no such war to be written of, as was then between the Israelites and the Canaanites, in the time of David. For as joshua slew the Canaanites, and gave the possession of the land unto Israel, so David rooted them out, slew their giants, and brought all the land tributary unto Solomon his son, who governed Israel forty years in peace and quietness without war.  
Hadarezer king of Zobah, hearing of the name and 
Hadarezer.  fame of David, went to establish his borders by the river Euphrates, with a great army with him, where David gave him battle, fought with him, overthrew him, and took from him a thousand chariots, seven thousand horsemen, and twenty thousand footmen. David destroyed all the chariots, and hought all the horses, 
The number i●… less in the 2. of Sam. cap. 5.  but reserved an hundred chariots for himself, so that the Lord was with David wheresoever he went, and whatsoever he took in hand.  
The Aramites hearing what great overthrow Hadarezer king of Zobah had by David, came from Damascus with a very great army to succour the king of Zobah: for they knitted themselves against Israel with all their force and power, but they had the like welcome, as the Philistines, the Moabites, and the king of Zobah had. David slew of the Aramites two & twenty thousand, & David 
The Aramites & Philistines brought under David.  put a garrison in that part of Syria where Damascus was, and the Aramites became David's servants, and brought him presents & gifts. David so plagued the Aramites, which are also named Syrians, that they bore such mortal hatred to judah, for they ever joined themselves after with the Ephraimites against ' the Tribe of judah.  
Observe the martial proceedings of the Israelites, to put garrison in every strong City and fort where they had subdued. So by these means David and joshua before him, brought the Moabites, the Edomites, and the Philistines, and all their enemies round about to be under their government. So after David all nations did the like (a principal point in all good Generals to strengthen themselves with garrison in strong places.)  
Herein the Remanes excelled all nations, that wheresoever, or whosoever they subdued, there they placed 
The Roman governors over divers provinces.  Roman Magistrates to govern. As Scypio and Pompey the great did in Asia, Titus and Sylla in Greece: this made the Romans to be feared and dreaded among all nations of the word. For after the romans had subdued the carthaginians, they made Carthage a province to be governed under a Proconsul of Rome.  
After they had subdued Numidia and Lybia, they were made provinces, and governed under a Consul of Rome.  
So Egypt and Mauritania, were in like sort governed under Roman Precedents.  
So Sardinia, Cicilia, Achaia, and many others, were made Praetorian provinces, and governed under the Romans.  
But we will proceed forward with the wars of David, every where under his General Abishai, joabs 
1. Chron. 18.  brother, who slew eighteen thousand of the Edomites in the salt valley: and he put garrion in Edom and all the 
Garrison in Edom.  Edomites became David's servants, so that David's enterprises and his battles, which he fought against the enemies of the Lord, had (wheresoever he went) good 
2. Sam. ca 12.  success. David ever used martial laws upon the Lords enemies, when Rabbah was taken by joab, he was presently commanded by David the king, to put all the people to cruel death, and for that they were malicious enemies unto the Lord, he put them to such tortures, as under saws, Iron harrows, Iron axes, and cast them 
Martial laws.  into the tylekilne, so cruel and grievous were the punishments of the Lord upon the cities of the Ammonites.  
The fame of David grew so great, that all the kings about him envied him much, that Hamnon king of the Ammonites prepared an army against David, understanding that David would revenge the injury he did unto his Ambassadors, whom David sent to Hamnon of mere kindness and courtesy, the cause was that David's Ambassadors, by the King of Ammon, and the counsel of his Princes and Lords, had the half of their beards shaved, and their garments cut off in the middle even unto their buttocks, and so sent them away, which among the Israelites was the greatest reproach 
The law of arms broken.  that might be. Thus the Ambassadors of David against the law of arms were disfigured, to make them odious unto others, but they were commanded by David to stay in jericho, to avoid the obloquy of so fowl a fact until they were provided for.  
Alcibiades General over the Athenians, laying siege to the chief city of the Aggregentines, which was so strongly every way defended with forts and trenches, that Alcibiades devised a new stratagem, and thereby sought means to have a convenient place of parley to talk with them before he would lay siege to the town, which being granted, Alcibiades appointed certain captains, while he held the Aggrentines in parley of peace, to take the city. 
Alcibiades & Jonathan's stratagems.   
jonathan after that jud. Machabaeus his brother was slain in the field by Bacchides, and after that the children of Amri took john, Jonathan's brother, he used this policy to revenge his brother upon the marriage day of a daughter of one of the noblest Princes of Canaan. jonathan & his men hid themselves, and lay in ambush 
1. Mac. 9  under the covert of a mountain, that when the children of Amri came out of Medeba, with timbrels, Instruments of music and great pomp, jonathan set upon them, slew the most part, and the rest fled, so that their marriage was turned into mourning, and the noise of their melody to lamentation: thus jonathan revenged his brother at Medeba.  
Cymon the son of Milciades, a noble Greek Captain, 
Cymons stratagem.  at the besieging of a city in Caria, used this stratagem to burn the temple of Diana, which goddess the 
Front. lib. 3. cap. 2.  Carians most religiously worshipped, the temple being builded without the walls of the town, all the city ran to defend Diana's temple from burning, Cymon with his Athenian army, entered and obtained the city, while they were busy about the temple.  
The like policy used Demetrius to deceive jonathan, who hearing that jonathan came in the night time with his men armed, Demetrius and all his army feared and 
Demetrius' stratagem.  trembled in their hearts, and kindled great fires in their Tents, and fled away, which jonathan suspected not that they fled, because they saw the fire burning in the tents, and so Demetrius by this strageme of fire passed over the 
1. Machab. 12.  flood Eleutherus, and escaped from jonathan.  
Many such stratagems have been used by fire to deceive the enemy, as Hannibal by fire tied to Oxens horns in the night time against the romans: Samson by tying of firebrands to Foxes tails to burn the corn of the Philistines. So Absalon used the like stratagem against joab, with many such.  
Now having heard that joabs chief captains came in, & that David was comen over the river Iorden, five kings came against joab, and pitched their tents before Medeba, 
The battle at Medeba.  a city of the Tribe of Reuben, but when the battle joined together, the Ammonites and the Aramites fled and fell before Israel, so that the victory was joabs, and yet had they two and thirty thousand chariots, and five kings set in battell-raie to fight against David, but it was the Lord's battle, and therefore too few if they had had ten times as many. And therefore the Aramites & the Ammonites were sore grieved at the good success of David, that they gathered their whole force and power together; and sent messengers beyond Iorden, to draw all the enemies of Israel to fight another battle against David, and David hearing of their great armies, came over Iorden to Hel●…, and fought with 
The number of the chariots and men are otherwise set down in the 〈◊〉. of Sam. ca 10. and 18.  them, and the Aramites fled before him, and David destroyed of the Aramites seven hundred chariots, forty thousand footmen, and killed Sophach General of the host.  
David at length made a general conquest of the Philistines, destroyed the Ammonites and their chief city Rabbah, slew their King and Princes, and cut the people in pieces with saws, with harrows of Iron, and with axes, and David requited fully the spiteful & malicious wrong they did unto his Ambassadors. And as joshua brought them over Iorden, and placed them in 
A full conquest over the Canaanites by David.  Canaan, and destroyed their enemies before them, and gave the Hebrews the possession of Canaan, so David rooted these nations out, and made a full conquest of them, and left Israel in peace and quiet to his son Solomon, and Solomon to his son Rehoboam, so that the 
Tributes to the kings of Israel by David's means.  Edomites, Moabites, and Ammonites, became David's servants, and paid tribute unto Solomon, during his whole life.   

CHAP. II.  
Of tributes paid to the kings of Egypt. And what manner of tributes the old Romans and Persians received. The rewards of adultery.  
SO joseph made a law in Egypt, that the first part of all the land of Egypt should be as a yearly tribute paid unto Pharaoh, so that joseph enriched Pharaoh by means of the yearly tribute, and saved 
Tributes to the kings of Egypt by joseph.  Pharaos' life and all Egypt by God's providence and his wisdom, that at that time he was called in Egypt, Pater patriae, but soon forgotten in Egypt, as was seen after in the tyranny of the Egyptians towards Joseph's children, and the whole stock of the Hebrews.  
Victories and overthrows by wars gotten, imposed 
Stevech. come. in Uiget. lib. 3. cap. 5.  such tribute as pleased the conqueror. For among the Romans before their Empire grew great, the Lucanians paid for their tribute but swine, the Brusians oxen; the Frizians the skins of oxen: others paid divers kinds of wine, others wax, others fish, and such like.  
And as the old Romans tributes were but cattle, 
The old Romans tributes and triumphs.  corn, wine, fish, and such, so were their triumphs had over the Samnites, the Volscians, Sabines, Tarentines, and old Gauls, but the weapons, armours, coaches, garments, chattles, and such like of the enemies.  
To the Persians, while yet the Monarchy was in Persia, the Aethiopians paid but Ebanye, ivory, Elephants teeth, Frankincense, and certain measures of base gold every third year. So the Capadocians paid to the Persians for yearly tribute five hundred Horse, two thousand Moils. So likewise the Towns and small Villages about Babylon, were to provide and feed the dogs of the king of Persia. But 
Tributes paid to the Persians.  the City of Babylon itself, paid for tribute to the king of Persia, Artabas plenas argento certain accounts of money every day.  
The Arabians likewise paid to the King of Persia certain measures of such sweet odours, as the country did abound, as Frankincense and such like.  
These were but small tributes, as swine, oxen, corn, wine, fish, in former time which the Romans had, in respect of their tributes had over Asia, Africa, and Europe afterwards, which commanded not only corn, navies, horses, soldiers and armours, but also after this, a far greater tribute began in the time of Paul: Aemilius, who after he had subdued the Macedonians, and Persius their king, the Illyrians and their king Gentius, he imposed upon the Macedonians and Illyrians half the tribute which they were wont to pay to their former kings.  
So Scypio African after he had conquered Hannibal at Zama, and brought the carthaginians to such composition 
Composition between Scipio and the carthaginians.  as pleased himself, to pay two hundred talents yearly for fifty years, with such conditions that the carthaginians should depart from Sardinia and Cicilia, to restore the Roman soldiers which Hannibal brought captive with him out of Italy, and to deliver 
Appian. in Lybico.  up their Elephants and all their navies (ten excepted).  
To such greatness grew the tributes of the Romans by their victories, that Hispaine and Carthage were to pay yearly stipendiary tributes, not only in 
Veget. lib. 3. cap. 3.  money, but also horses, corn, navies & armours, and to maintain stipendiary soldiers. And among all other conquered nations by them, they had in their cities and towns places called Cripta, for corn and provisions 
Horre●… Romanum.  for soldiers, but especially in Egypt, which was for their provisions called the storehouse or barn of Rome.  
But now to the victories of David again, which after he had reigned twenty years king quietly in jerusalem, he lost two great battles, in the one he lost seventy thousand, and in the other battle he had well-nigh lost both himself and his kingdom: in the first battle David committed great faults in setting out his power, his glory, his victories, and his greatness, and most ambitiously to command joab to number all Israel from Berseba even unto Dan, as though power, strength, and victory came from him, and not from the Lord. Here David consulted not with the judgement of urim and Thummim, and therefore he lost the victory, and Satan gave him a buffet.  
David again in the second battle was overthrown by provokement of the former enemy, not only to look 
The offences of David.  upon the beauty of Bethseba from the roof of his house, but also to send for her, and lie with her, and to hide the first wicked great fault, he committed a greater, he sent Letters to joab his captain, to put Vriah, Bethsebas husband in the front of the battle to be slain: in this battle also David did not call for the Ephod, nor asked counsel of the Lord, as he was wont to do, therefore Satan gave two such great buffets to David, that he lost the field and two victories one after an other: of these buffets and stratagems Paul speaks, that he was buffeted of Satan, lest he should glory too much by revelation showed unto him. Moses also had a buffet of Satan at the water of Meribah, for his incredulity, that the Lord said unto him, that he should not enter into the land of Canaan, but die in mount Nebo. job also had a buffet in the land of Huz. Satan useth many such stratagems, whereby he giveth many such buffets.  
If Moses, job, David, Paul, and others, were thus buffeted by Satan, who can think himself free from the stratagems of Satan? we must therefore watch, if we will not be deceived, and we must fight if we think to have victory, our battle is not against flesh 
Ephes. 6.  and blood, but against power and states of heavens, against the prince and ruler of darkness, and against spiritual enenemies.  
But the Prophet Nathan was sent to David, to open unto him the rewards of adultery and murder, & that the sword should not go from David's house, the banishment, the punishment and misery that should fall upon 
The rewards of adultery and murder  him for offending the Lord. First his son died gotten in adultery by Bethseba; the ravishment of his women by his own son Absalon; the incest of his daughter Thamar by her brother Ammon; the murdering of David's eldest son Ammon, by his brother Absalon; and 
The tragical end which David saw on his children  the rebellion of his son Absalon against his father the King.  
Thus David saw the just judgement of the Lord, and the tragical end of his children, for offending the Lord. Even David that subdued so many nations, that got so many victories, that fought with a bear, with a lion, and with a giant, and subdued them, is now subdued by a woman; had David after these victories so much temperance and chastity at the sight of Bethseba, as he had faith and courage at his combat with Goliath; he had conquered both alike; but the Lord punished 
2. Reg. 16.  David and his house.  
The son of Emor for that he violately abused Dina Jacob's daughter, her brethren took at it such a spite, that Simeon and Levi, Jacob's sons, went and slew Sichem 
Dina Jacob's daughter.  and his father Emor, and all the men within Sichem, and took Dina their sister away with them. 
Gen. 34.  Thus the gadding abroad of Dina to Sichem, to see the manner and fashion of the Sichemites, was the cause of the overthrow of Sichem and the Sichemites.  
The going of the Sabine virgins to the feast of Consus, to see plays in Rome, were ravished and taken by 
The Sabino virgins.  the Romans, to the number of six hundred, were the only cause of the wars between the Sabines and the Romans.  
In Siloth likewise on that day the feast of the Lord was kept, the virgins of Siloth came abroad to dance, to 
The virgins of Syloth.  sing, and to play, the Beniamites caught the maids of Siloth, to the number of 200. and brought them to the land of Benjamin. So the abuse of one woman, the Levites wife, by the Beniamite, cost sixty four thousand men's lives and more, in Israel.  
For by the taking away of Viriah's wife by David, Israel was plagued with the death of seventy thousand men, and the taking away of Menelaus wife from Greece, cost the lives of many millions of men, and the wars of ten years between the greeks and the Troyans'.  
And for that the time of the taking away of Vriahs' wife by David, agreeth with the history of the taking away of Menelaus wife by Alexander, otherwise called Paris.  
After the death of David, and Solomon his son, the kingdom of Israel was established upon Rehoboam Salomon's son, he forsook the law of the Lord, and rejected his father's wise and grave counsellors, and followed 
The sacking of jerursalem and many cities of judah by Shesak.  rash young men's counsel, and therefore the Lord raised Shesak king of Egypt against Israel, and he came with twelve hundred chariots, three score thousand horsemen, and his footmen were without number: for from Egypt came with him the Lybians, the Troglodytes, and 
2. Chron. cap. 12.  the Aethiopians, he took the strong cities of judah and jerusalem, and all the treasures of the Lords house, and all the treasures of the king's house, and he carried away two hundred targets and three hundred shields of gold, which Solomon made, and returned to Egypt with a great spoil, because Rehoboam forsook the Lord, and therefore was forsaken of the Lord. The temple that Solomon his father builded, was spoiled by the negligence of Rehoboam, Salomon's son.  
This was the first victory that was had over jerusalem by Shesak king of Israel: and here began the first battle of the civil war between the kings of judah, and the kings of Israel: and such civil war if you consider 
The first battle of civil wars between judah and Israel.  the slaughter between judah and Israel, and the continuance of their wars, you must needs confess that in one battle between Abiah and jeroboam, were more slain of the Israelites, then among the Romans in forty years: to talk of the Romans civil wars, which was forty years between Sylla and Marius, between Caesar and Pompey, and last between Octavius and Marc. Antonius: or the civil wars of the greeks, called the Peloponesian war, which endured seven and twenty years, it was nothing in respect of the murder and blood between judah and Israel, for in the civil wars of the Romans, histories do not record above the 
500000. Israelites slain.  deaths of three hundred thousand Romans. Where in this battle, being the first civil battle between jeroboam king of Israel, against Abiah king of judah, at what 
2. Paralip. cap. 13.  time was slain in the field five hundred thousand of king jeroboams soldiers in one battle; which neither Tamberlane nor Xerxes (though they could match them in number, yet could they never match them in slaughter.  
For as the Romans were full five hundred years in conquering the Sabines, the Latins, the Vients, the Fidenates, the Samnites, Tarentines, Hetruscans & others, from Romulus' time to Scypio African, before the Romans could be Lords of Italy.  
The like may be spoken of the Israelites in conquequering the Moabites, Ammonites, Amalekites, Philistines, and others, from Moses time unto David, well-nigh five hundred years, and as the Romans held their Empire, so long a time as they were in winning of it from Scypio African, who conquered Hannibal and Italy, unto the Emperor Probus, which was five hundred years, at what time the whole Empire fell by degrees to decay.  
So Israel as they subdued their enemies, from Moses to David, five hundred years, as you read before: so after 
The comparison of the Hebrews with the Romans.  David by civil wars of judah and Israel, unto Zedechias time, which was five hundred years, they lost both the kingdoms judah and Israel; the one taken captive by Salmanasser unto Niniveh: the other by Nabuchodonozer unto Babylon: so that now the land of judah called the land of milk and honey, is become Atheism, subject to Pagans & Infidels, which continued from Abraham the 
The sin of Israel.  first father of the faith, until Titus Vespasian, two thousand and odd years, and all through disobedience and contempt of their Lord and God.  
Even so the Romans which were wont to be called lords of the world, whose Consuls at that time ruled and governed the most kingdoms of the world, are now left without King, Emperor, or Consul, and many cities in Italy at this day preferred before Rome, now governed by the Pope a Bishop, as jerusalem is governed by the Turk an Infidel: so that in all things the Romans 
The enemy of Rome was Italy.  and the Hebrews may be compared: for as the greatest enemy that ever Rome had, was Italy, and the dangerousest foes that the Romans had were Italians: for the Gauls, the Cymbres, the Carthaginians, and the Africans, 
The enemy of judah was Israel.  vexed not the Romans as the Italians did, their own country men and next neighbours. So judah had no enemies but the house of Israel. So Israel had no enemies but judah, for jerusalem could not away with Samaria for their two Idols, the one at Dan, the other in bethel, so Samaria could not brook jerusalem for the great solemnity of Salomon's temple.   

CHAP. III.  
The great battle between Abia king of judah, and jeroboam king of Israel, where 500000. were slain on jeroboams side. Of the victories of Asa and josaphat kings of judah, over Zerah king of Aethiopia, & over the Edomites, Ammonites, and Maobites.  
AS it seemed by the long oration which 
Abiahs oration in mount Zemaraim.  Abiah made to jeroboam and his army upon mount Zemaraim, before the battle joined together, to dissuade them from the battle, saying: that the Lord had given the kingdom over Israel to David, and to his house, but jeroboam contemned Abiahs counsel, and thought by his policy and subtle stratagem to have overcome the host of judah, but he himself was deceived, to the loss of five hundred thousand of his soldiers, that his power and force failed, that he was not able during his life to prevail against judah; for jeroboam had gathered to increase his army, all lewd, idle, and wicked unthrifts, to fight this battle against Rehoboam the son of Solomon, like Cinna in Rome, that made open proclamation, that all bondmen, 
2. Chron. 13.  wicked doers, and banished men, should come to Cinna the Consul, & they should be restored to their former liberty 
Cinna.  & freedom, and thus Cinna gathered all the lewd and wicked men within all Italy: he then being Consul, taking part with Cai. Marius, against his other fellow Consul Octavius, which held with Sylla, slain at that time, & a number more of the citizens of Rome, but 
The cruelty of Marius and Sylla in Rome.  between Sylla and Marius, one revenging upon an other fomi●…g in their country's blood, that all the streets of Rome. anne of blood. These two Marius and Sylla began the first Roman civil wars (as jeroboam and Rehoboam did) and yet were they both compared to Scypio African, for their victories to their country, though they were compared to Hannibal for the harm & hurt which 
Oros.  they had done to their country.  
Had jeroboam hearkened to the counsel of Abiah king of judah, upon mount Zemaraim, he had saved five hundred thousand Israelites which were slain at the battle.  
If the Beniamites had taken counsel of their brethren the Israelites, and to yield unto them the wicked men 
judie. 20.  that abused the Levites wife, the whole tribe of Benjamin had not been destroyed. It was the overthrow of judas 
Good counsel not obeyed.  Machabaeus by Bacchides at the battle of Laisa, for that he would not be persuaded by his friends to refrain the battle for that time.  
Had the Prophet jeremy been heard of Zedechiah and the princes of judah, Zedechiah had saved the lives of his own children slain in his sight, and had likewise saved his own eyes in his head, which presently were pulled out, after he saw his children slain, and himself carried captive and blind unto Babylon, jerusalem destroyed, and the kingdom of judah subdued by Nabuchodonozer: so it may be said of Saul refusing the counsel of Samuel, and so of josias disobeying the counsel of Necho.  
After the great victory that judah had over Israel, by Abiah king of judah, his son Asa fought with Zerah, king of Aethiopia, an Infidel, who brought an host of ten hundred thousand men, & three hundred chariots from Aethiope to judah, and came to Maresha a city of judah; 
The great victory of Asa king of judah over the Aethiopians.  & Asa the king of judah came with an army of five hundred and four score thousand into the valley of Zephatah, and both the kings set the battle in a ray.  
But Asa began with prayers, & cried unto the Lord by prayers for the victory, putting no trust in his own power, or policy, neither fearing the strength of the multitude of his enemies, & so with full confidence in the Lord, he set upon the Aethiopians, & the Lord smote them before Asa and before judah, that the Aethiopians fled, and the army of judah followed, and pursued them unto Gerer, for the Lord had stricken the Aethiopians with such fear, that there was no life in them, that the slaughter was exceeding great, & the spoil exceeding much, of camels, sheep, and cattle. And Asa after the victory which he had given him by the Lord, returned to jerusalem, and gave the Lord thanks, who giveth all victories, so as all good kings and generals ought to pray to the Lord before they enter into battle, so ought they also to give thanks after the battle, for their victories.  
This victory was a requital and a full revenge upon the Aethiopians, for the sacking and spoiling of jerusalem, and of the great slaughter of the people by Shesak king of Egypt.  
In like manner as Abiah began with prayers before he began to battle, so did king Asa his son follow his father's rule and order in seeking help and aid at the Lords hand, which every King, General, or Captain should do. So josaphat Asas son did when it was told him that the Moabites, Ammonites & Edomites 
Good kings prayed for victories.  came with an infinite number to fight against him, he set himself to seek the Lord, and to ask counsel of him, and all judah with him prayed unto the Lord, to aid and strengthen him to fight the Lords battle, whereby he got a marvelous victory over his enemies, for 
The victory of josaphat. 2. Chron. 20.  before he went into the battle, josaphat caused a Psalm of thanksgiving to the Lord to be sung before the men of arms, and so entered the battle, and the Lord laid ambushments and showed such stratagems against Ammon, Moab and Edom, that every one helped to destroy another, and the Lord turned every man's sword to kill his fellow.  
Where the Lord leadeth the army the victory is soon gotten, so josaphat putting his whole trust & confidence in the Lord, slew all his enemies that none did escape, and the spoil was such of gold, of silver, and precious jewels, that they were three days in gathering and in carrying the spoil away, and then they assembled together after the victory by josaphat's commandment to give the Lord thanks for the victory, and called the place where they got the victory Berachab, 
Beracha.  and they returned to jerusalem with viols, haps, and with trumpets.  
These three battles of Abiah, Asa, and josaphat, were battles of the Lord, and as the Lord had done at that battle at Michmash to jonathan, so the Lord did now at the battle at Beracha to josaphat, and so the Lord in all the battles of the good kings of judah and Israel showed always his divine stratagems for the defence of jerusalem, as in Egypt by Moses against Pharaoh, by Elias at the brook Kyson against Baal's prophets: by Elizeus at Dothan, against king Benhadads' soldiers.  
The Gentiles in like sort, commence no war, enter 
Gentiles.  no battle before they sing a song unto their gods: as the Lacedæmonians brought up only in war from seven years old, used before they went to the wars, to 
Plut. in Licurgo.  make solemn sacrifice to the Muses & to the goddess Fear, with a song to Castor & Pollux. The Thracians sing a song to their god Mars, and brag much of Mars for that he was borne in Thracia.  
Others made vows when they went to any wars. As among the Romans, their wives, their children, and 
Veget. lib. 1. cap. 6.  their friends, should make vows, and cause the same to be written in tables, and to be set on that gate, through the which they went out of the city to war, that upon their return home they might see and read their vows and perform them.  
The three hundred Fabians, which were slain at the 
Three hundred Fabians.  battle at Crimera, the gate that they went through out of Rome then, was ever called after that Porta Scelerata. So did the Romans likewise call the field, where one of the Vestal virgins called Minutia, for her incest & carnal 
Minutia. Oros. lib. 3. cap. 9  fault, was buried in the field was called Sceleratus Campus, according to the Roman laws made for the Vestal virgins that so offended.  
We leave the profane marching of the Romans and the greeks, and we will return to the marching of Israel under king Asa and king josaphat his son, who both by prayers obtained great victories, as all the Israelites prevailed more by prayer then by fight. As by prayer joshua made the Sun to stand still over Gibeon, and the 
Prayers both commended and also compared.  Moon over Aialon. By prayer Elias made the clouds to fall & rain. By prayer Moses made his enemies to fly. Elizeus raised the dead to life. Solomon obtained wisdom. So long as the Lord taketh not away thy praying, so long he doth not take away his grace & mercy from thee, for a wicked man cannot pray well, and he that prayeth well cannot live wickedly. And therefore prayers are compared to Sampsons' hairs, for as Sampsons' strength lay in his hairs, so our strength lieth in prayers.  
Ester prayed to have that to come to proud Ammon, 
ester's prayers.  which Ammon wished to have done to Mardochaeus, and the poor jews.  
judith prayed at the striking, and the cutting off, of 
judith's prayers.  Holofernes head, which blasphemed the Lord, and would prefer Nabuchodonozer before the God of Israel.  
Susan prayed unto the Lord for her innocency against 
Susanna's prayers.  the false judges at Babylon, that accused her of incontinency, and they were stoned to death by means of Daniel.  
We read also of jud. Machabaeus, a noble captain of 
jud. Machabaeus.  the jews, that he never entered into any battle before he prayed, yet was he in twelve set battles, and in every one obtained victory saving at the last, at what time some write he prayed not, where he was slain in the field by Bacchides, and his people overthrown.  
As you heard of good kings by prayers that wan victories, so also shall you hear of wicked & Idolatrous kings, as Achas who caused an Idolatrous Altar to be 
Achas.  made in judah, like the Altar at Damascus, and consecrated his son in fire, and offered him to Moloch.  
In like sort the king of Moab supposing his Idol Chemosh to be angry with him, slew and sacrificed his eldest son, that should have reigned next after him King, and offered him as a burnt offering to his God Chemosh upon the walls of the Town. As Achab and Manasses Kings of judah did sacrifice their children in the valley of Hynnon to Moloch: for Achab was one of the first kings that brought the name of Baal into Israel; and maintained between him and his wife jezabel, four hundred and fifty false prophets of Baal.  
Achas had good king Ezechias to his son, but Achas the father walked not uprightly before the Lord, 
The Idolatry of Achas.  as his son Ezechias did, but made molten Images for Baalim, and burnt Incense in the valley of Benhynnon, sacrificed his sons and burned them with fire, and offered them unto his god Moloch, and sought help at the gods of Damascus, at Chemosh god of the Moabites, Milcombe god of the Ammonites, and other strange gods: and therefore the Lord gave him over, and delivered him into the hands of the king of the Aramites, and he smote him, and slew a great number of his soldiers, & brought many prisoners of judah with him to Damascus.  
Again, the Lord delivered Achas into the hand of 
Six score thousand slain.  the king of Israel Phaekah, and he slew in one day six score thousand in judah; and took two hundred thousand prisoners of women, sons & daughters, and brought them into Samaria with all the spoil. The Edomites slew of them of judah, a great number, and carried many captives away: Mark what mischief happeneth where an evil king doth reign. The Philistines also invaded the cities of judah, and took Aialon & Gederith, and other cities of judah, and thus were they vexed by 
judah vexed by the Aramites. etc.  the Aramites, Edomities, and Philistines, and by the Israelites being their own nation; for that Achas king of judah forsook the Lord, and sought help at strange gods, and not at the hands of the god of Israel.  
After wicked Achas, the good king Ezechias his son succeeded, he was to commence a battle with Senacherib, who blasphemed the Lord, and threatened destruction to jerusalem, but the Prophet Esay had instructed Ezechiah, that this was the Lord's battle, & that he would be revenged upon the blasphemy of Senacherib, for proud Ashur challenged the Lord into the field to fight with him, saying, what god could take judah out of his hand? he numbered the kings and their gods which he and his fathers destroyed, and with horrible blasphemy persuaded the king of judah not to trust to his god, but to yield unto him; but the lord did put his hook in his nostrils, and his bridle in his lips, as the Lord had told Ezechiah 
The blasphemy of Senacherib punished.  the king, by Esayas the prophet, that Senacherib with all his army should not come to jerusalem, nor shoot an arrow there, for the battle is mine saith the Lord. And he sent his Angels that night which destroyed all the 
Chron. ca 19  princes, all the captains, and all the valiant men of Ashur, and all the whole army of Senacherib, to the number of an hundred, four score and six thousand, without the drawing of one sword of judah, and Senacherib fled with ten men with him, some think that Nabuchodonozer was one, but I think time will not so allow, for he was at that time but a very child. But Senacherib fled to Niniveh, where he was slain in the temple, praying before his Idol Nisroch, whom he preferred before the living God, & that by his two sons (the just judgement 
Adramelec & Sharaser.  of the Lord for his blasphemy) to be slain, before his own god, before whom he worshipped and prayed when he was slain by his own sons; and thus we see in all just battles when we serve the Lord, & trust only in him, that victories come not by man, but by the Lord.  
josaphat a good king had joram an evil king to his son, 
josaphat.  a murderer of his brethren.  
Ezechias a good king in jerusalem, had Manasses to his 
Ezechias.  son, a wicked Idolater, who filled all the streets of jerusalem with blood.  
josias a good godly king, had to his fonnes joachas and joachim, who were taken captives by Nabuchodonozer into 
josias.  Babylon, for their transgressions and sins, at what time Daniel was taken captive, and many other gentlemmen of judah; even jerusalem whom the Lord had defended from 
2. Reg. ca 17.  the sword of Senacherib, and from all the kings of Egypt and Ashur: yet when the sins of jerusalem were ripe, it was delivered into the hand of Nabuchodonozer, to be carried captive into Babylon, as Samaria was to Niniveh by Salmanasher, one hundred thirty and three years before judah's captivity.  
After Ashur had taken the ten tribes of Israel away, he brought from Bethel, from Cutha, from Anah, and from Amath, strange people, and placed them in the cities of Samaria, in stead of the children of Israel, and of these 
The Samaritan woman  people came the Samaritans, of whom mention is made often in the gospel, with whom the jews would have no society, for so the woman spoke to Christ at Jacob's well, that why he being a jew, should ask water of a Samaritan.  
This time Zedechiah the king gave no hearing to the Prophet jeremy, who forewarned the king of their destruction 
jeremy and Micha both stricken & put in prison.  to be at hand, for the which the Prophet was imprisoned, first by Fashur high bishop of the temple, who smote jeremy and put him in the stocks, struck him as Zedechiah the false Prophet struck Micha, who was after 
jere. cap. 20.  commanded by Achab to be imprisoned as jeremy the 
jere. 18.  Prophet was, and by means of the nobles of judah to king Zedechiah. jeremy was imprisoned in a dirty dungeon, jeremy notwithstanding spared not to tell them, that they should die an horrible death, and should lie as dung upon the earth, and no man to bury them; whereat they were so moved saying, let us not regard his words, and let us cut out his tongue.  
The citizens of Anathot commanded jeremy not to preach unto them in the name of the Lord, & if thou do thou shalt die.  
jeremy's speech was performed to the overthrow of 
jere. 11.  the whole kingdom of judah, neither could it be otherwise, considering they sinned still against the Lord, and the long civil wars between themselves, which continued so long from jeroboams time, who caused Israel first to sin, unto the last king of Israel.  
Elias after he had destroyed two captains one after another, with their 50. soldiers severally with fire from heaven, & after he had subdued 450. of Baal's Prophets, after all these great conquests, and many other such, he feared so much one woman, that for very fear he fled 
Elias.  from place to place from her, & being weary of his life, he lay under a juniper tree, wishing to die, and prayed to God that he might die, complaining unto the Lord that there was none left of the Prophets of the Lord but himself, but he was answered by the the spirit of God, that there was seven thousand more in Israel that yet never once bended their knees unto Baal.  
The like may be spoken of jonas, being like Elias 
jonas.  weary of his life, he sought means to forsake his Country, and to fly by sea to other Countries, but the sea could not brook him, but delivered him to be devoured of a wh●…, and the whale could not keep him, but was compelled to vomit him up from the bottom o●… his b●…y to go to preach to Niniveh, so that Elias 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 die under the juniper tree, and jonas would 〈◊〉 be thrown and drowned in the Sea, ●…leane contrary to the purpose and providence of the Lord.  
E●… 〈◊〉 ●…ly of his life to see the Prophets of the Lord so destroyed and jonas to see his labour in preaching profit nothing, that he should be ●…pured a false Prophet, the Lord not destroying the City after forty days according to his word, but sparing it in mercy as he did pity the gourd in mercy.  
After the Lord had given great victories to many of 
4. Reg.  the kings of judah. to Asa over Zerah king of Aethiope; to josaphat over Shesak king of Egypt; to Ezechiah over 
joseph. lib. 7. ●…ap. 6.  Senacherib, yet judah still forsook the Lord, though Ie●…emy told them from the mouth of the Lord their destruction, when they rather threatened then believed.  
But neither joachim, nor Zedechias, would neither hear, nor believe the Prophet, and therefore the Lord delivered them both into Nabuchodonozers hands, the one was slain in jerusalem, and his body commanded to be cast out of the city, and to be left unburied like an ass: the other Nabucho. took prisoner, and caused his own children & all his chief friends to be slain in his sight, and after he saw this tragical sight with his eyes, Nabuchodonozer being then in Rebla, before whom Zedechia was brought, after he reprehended him for his perjury and treachery, and accused him for his falsehood, caused his eyes to be put out, and so bound in a chain and carried prisoner to Babylon, where he lay and died in prison, being the last king of the line of David, and the twentieth king after Saul.  
There was a mighty king in Damascus over the Syrians called Adad, who after many great battles with David, was subdued in a great battle at Euphrates. This Adad was so great for his great victories among the Syrians, that they named every king after his name Adad, to the number of ten, and the tenth king was that Benhadad which besieged Samaria in the time of the Prophet Elizeus, whom this king Adad could no better favour, then Adad his predecessor could favour David, or king Achab did Elias.  
After this great victory David imposed tributes upon the Syrians, as he did before upon the Idumeans, 
joseph. lib. 7. cap. 6.  Moabites, and others, he returned to jerusalem, dedicated and consecrated as a trophy of his victory, the armours and rich spoil of Adad, king of the Syrians, in jerusalem to the Lord.  
So the Philistines used the body of Saul, slain in mount Gilboa, after they had sent his head to the Land of the Philistines, and hanged his body on the wall of Bethshan, they would be sure to lay up his Armour in the temple of their god Ashtaroth, according to the customs and manners of the Gentiles: for they used to hang the armours and spoils of their victories in their Temples to their Gods.   

CHAP. FOUR  
How Achab though a wicked king had two great victories against Benhadad king of Syria, who had 32. kings in his armies. Of divers great blasphemers punished. Of the Idolatry of Israel. And of the prophesying against jerusalem.  
BEnhadad king of Aram, assembled an army against the Lord, having two 
32. Kings came with Benhadad against Achab.  and thirty kings, which were governors and rulers of provinces, with horses and chariots without number, came and fought against Achab king of Israel, a most wicked king. And yet the Lord seeking to win this wicked king, as well by victories now, as by miracles before, sent a Prophet to 
1. Reg. 20.  Achab; promising him over Benhadad king of Aram a great victory. For the army of the Syrians were so many, that Benhadad sent a Herald unto Achab, commanding him to deliver up to his hand Samaria, and all the cities of Israel, or else he would come with such an army, that the dust of Samaria should not be enough for every soldier a handful; much like Xerxes' king of Persia for his vaunts and brags, who doubted that the sea Hellespont had not room enough for his navies, nor Greece had land enough for his armies, nor the air wide enough for his shots, but Xerxes was answered by Demarathus 
Achabs' words to Benhadad.  the Philosopher, as Benhadad was by Achab: Let him not brag that putteth on his harness, as he that puts it off, but the king of Syria bragged as Xerxes did before he won the victory, for the Lord gave the victory to Achab, and such a victory by slaughter, by chase, by taking of men, horses and chariots, that the king of Syria fled and escaped narrowly with few horsemen that were his guard, and said that the gods of Israel were the gods of the mountains, & therefore they overcame us, & challenged a battle with Israel in the valleys, where they assured themselves of victory; thus they blasphemed the Lord in their fury, but to their loss & great overthrow.  
The blasphemy of Rabsacis, & of his master Senacherib king of the Assyrians, saying to king Ezechiah, let not thy god deceive thee in whom thou hopest and puttest thy trust; was not he slain praying before his god Nesroch in Niniveh, by his own two sons?  
The blasphemy of Nabuchodonozer, saying: What God is he that is able to take you out of my hands? was not he punished with the loss of his kingdom, and to live among beasts like a beast, and not like a king, until he acknowledged the Lord?  
The blasphemy of Holofcrnus, saying there was no god but his master Nabuchodonozer, was not his head 
divers great blasphemers punished.  cut off by judith a woman, & put upon the walls of Bethulia?  
And likewise the blasphemy of Nicanor, which said: is there a God mighty in heaven that commands to keep the Sabbath day, and I am mighty on earth that commands the contrary? but his head, his hands, and his blasphemous tongue were cut off, and hanged upon the pinnacles in the temple at jerusalem.  
And so the blasphemy of the Scribes and pharisees, saying, that Christ the Lord did not cast out devils by his own virtue, but by the power of Belzebab, but the Lord left not them unpunished.  
The blasphemy of Benhadad, saying, that the Lord was the God of the mountains only, not God of the valleys: 
2. Reg. 8.  was not he strangled by Hazael his own servant, in his own house, and in his own bed?  
Yet the Syrians prepared such a number for the second battle, after they had escaped hardly from the first battle, that they filled all the country, and the children of Israel were like to little flocks of Kids in respect of their number: but the Lord sent his Prophet to Achab, saying: Because the Syrians have said that the Lord is 
The second victory of Achab over Benhadad.  the God of the mountains, and not God of the valleys, behold, this great multitude of men, and Benhadad the King himself, withal the two and thirty Kings beside, will I deliver to thine hand, and he shall know that I am the Lord as well of the valleys as the mountains.  
And so the Lord brought it to pass, that in that battle an hundred thousand footmen were slain of the Syrians, and seven and twenty thousand that fled from the field to Aphec to save themselves, were killed by the fall of a wall that crushed them to death, and Benhadad the King fled to the city, from chamber, to 
The great victory of Achab over Benhadad at Aphec.  chamber, and hid himself, according to the Prophets saying, until many of his chief Princes that escaped hardly from the battle, came with sackcloth about their loins, and ropes about their necks in token of submission, to entreat Achab king of Israel for the life of Benhadad, which he granted, contrary to that which he was by the Lord commanded for to do as Saul did by Agag king of the Amalekites, so Achab did by Benhadad, but it was told Achab by the Prophet, that his life should go for his life, and his people for his people.  
This Achab a wicked and Idolatrous King had such two great victories for that the Lord always would have Israel to forsake their calf in bethel, and their Idolatry to Baal in Samaria, but sin was written in the 
The two great victories of Achab.  table of their hearts, and graven upon the edges of their Altars, with a pen of Iron, and with an Adamant claw said the Prophet, that there was nothing among 
jere. 17.  them more precious than woods thick trees, groves, mountains, hills and fields, for altars to serve their Idolatrous 
jere. 18.  wooden gods, so greatly they offended the Lord that he asked the Heathens, if any heard such horrible 
The Idolatry of Israel.  things as his people had done, yea the Priests to whom the law was committed, the Prophets which wanted not the word of the Lord, and the grave wise Senators.  
So that Israel would not be instructed, neither take warning by the Prophets, before the final end and sudden destruction of jerusalem by Nabuchodonozer king of Babylon, though the Lord commanded the Prophet Amos to strike the lintel of the door, that the posts 
Amos 9  might shake, signifying the threatening of the Lord against Israel.  
So was Ezechiel commanded to take a brick and to purtray the city of jerusalem upon the brick with a sharp knife, to signify the destruction of the people and of the city; and the ●…ame self Prophet showeth the destruction 
Ezechi. 24.  of jerusalem by Nabuchodonozer king of Babel, by a parable of a seething pot, and the day was commanded to be written by the Prophet. jerusalem the the valley of vision, so named, because of the Prophets 
The valley of vision.  which were also called seers. The Lord said that he would bring such a plague upon jerusalem, that the ears of them that should hear it should glow, for I will send many fishers to take them, & many hunters to hunt them from all mountains and hills, and out of the caves of stones saith the Lord.  
Yet though jerusalem was so severely prophesied 
jerusalem.  by Amos, Ezechiel, and other Prophets, to be destroyed, yet they were comforted by the Prophet jeremy again, 
jere. cap. 16.  that they should return from their captivity after seventy years, and rebuild jerusalem.  
And as by jeremy by hiding of his leather girdle by the river Perah, as the Lord had commanded him, signifying 
jere. 13. 33.  that by the rottenness of the girdle jerusalem should be rebuilded after seventy years. And by the self-same Prophet they were assured by his buying of the field Anothot, and by the hiding of his writing of possession thereof, in signs and tokens of their liberty again, and that jerusatem should be builded again, and inhabited: this was but the second overthrow of jerusalem by Nabuchodonozer.  
This was like Noah that preached the destruction of the world by a deluge, before the deluge, and yet married 
Noah.  a wife, much like to the Prophet jeremy that preached the destruction of jerusalem, and yet bought lands.  
The Prophets used many of these signs as eye-witnesses to confirm their memory better, and to expect with more faith the words of the Prophets.  
The Prophet jeremy proceedeth forward to denounce the overthrow of those proud kingdoms, that rejoiced 
jere. cap. 51.  much at the destruction of jerusalem, as Egypt and Babylon, and all the evil that should come upon Babylon, jeremy wrote it in a book, & sent Sheraiah with his book to read it, and when he had done reading, jeremy commanded him to bind a stone to the book, and to cast it into the midst of the river Euphrates, and then to say, thus shall Babylon be confounded; thus the Prophets used besides their prophecies to add some action to make the words the more to be remembered.  
So also the Prophet Ezechiel prophesied against Egypt, and against their great cities, saying: The sword of the Lord shall come to Memphis, to Pellusium, and to Alexandria, I will overthrow Memphis saith the Lord, I will destroy 
Ezechiel.  Pellusium the strength of Egypt, and I will make a great slaughter of all the men in Alexandria.  
For as Babylon was taken, Maradach overthrown, and Bel confounded, so was the strength of Egypt, & the arm of Pharaoh destroyed without any recovery of their Empires again, but so was not jerusalem.  
Nabuchodonozer in like sort as he overthrew jerusalem, and made a conquest of the country, even so his great city of Babylon was carried by Cyrus away into Persia, within seventy years after he took Zedechiah the last king of judah captive in Babylon: so Egypt was taken by the Persians, and last by the Romans.  
But jerusalem as you heard by jeremy, should not be so destroyed, but should be defended against all her enemies, and the Lord shall destroy all nations that come against jerusalem, for the Lord hath delivered Israel out of the fiery furnace of Egypt, and from all the stratagems of the Heathens. I will make the Princes of judah like 
Zach. 12.  coals of fire among the wood, and like a firebrand in the sheaf, and they shall devour all people round about them, saith the Lord.  
The four horns which Zachary saw, which scattered jerusalem, judah, and Israel, but the Lord appoints 
Zachary.  Carpenters and Smiths, with mallets and hammers, to break the horns of those enemies, for jacob the Patriarch prophesied that the sceptre should not depart from judah until Siloh should come, so that after the destruction of jerusalem under Nabuchodonozer, to the last destruction of the same under Titus, jerusalem continued her government, according to the prophesy of jacob, so that neither force, power, nor strrtagems could prevail against jerusalem.   

CHAP. V.  
Of Semiramis stratagems in India, and of Tomiris in Scythia. Of the victories of Alexander the great. Of Pyrrhus' wars in Italy, and of the overthrow of Xerxes' army in Greece, by Leonidas at Thermopyles, and by Themistocles at Salamina.  
THe stratagems which jerusalem used in the battles of the Lord, were nothing like to the stratagems of the great Monarchies and Polymarchies of the world, who reposed their trust in their dumb Idols and wooden gods, and in multitude of men and beasts, as Semiramis did, a woman of great fame and report in histories, willing to excel men in martial actions, took her voyage into India, with such innumerable armies, that Staurobates king of India was so frighted with the report thereof, that he caused all his Elephants to be brought and to be set in the most show to terrify the Assyrians, that it made the Assyrian army more willing to return back, then to go forwards.  
Semiramis perceiving that the Assyrians were affrighted and amazed, at the sight of so many Elephants, and that the king did purposely set his Elephants in sight to amaze the Assyrians, which was the order of the Indian's to terrify all Princes with the sight of their Elephants: 
Semiramis stratagem in India. Diod. sic. lib. 3. cap. 5.  she used this stratagem, caused 300. thousand great oxen to be slain, and their skins to be stuffed & filled with hay, and to be framed in form and fashion like Elephants: in every one of these she put in a Camel, and a man upon his back, which she placed in the forefront of the battle to terrify the Indians, and their king Staurobates, for (as Semiramis thought) the Indians supposed that all the world could not bring more Elephants into the field then the Indians could.  
After these feigned elephants, she placed such an infinite number of camels behind the army, that the sight thereof much terrified Staurobates & his army, that Semiramis by this stratagem got two great victories in India. But after these feigned elephants were betrayed by one of Semiramis Captains taken in the wars, who by torture confessed the secrecy of Semiramis stratagem, that she was glad to leave India, and to return to her Country.  
Even so Tomyris Queen of Scythia, to requite Cyrus' stratagem, by a banquet which he made purposely to deceive the Scythians, feigned to fly for fear, and left his tents full of wine and good cheer, and suddenly returning, found the Scythians banqueting and feasting, and so charged with wine, that they were more ready 
The victory of Cyrus in Scythia.  to sleep then to fight; whereby Cyrus slew Sargapises Tomyris son, with two hundred thousand Scythians.  
The like stratagem used the Lord against the Aramites, when an Ass head was sold in Samaria for fifty sickles, that such plenty was in Samaria as Elizeus said before, that the Aramites left their Tents with all provisions, and fled without any show or likeness to be done against them, but this was a divine stratagem by the Lord.  
Tomyris after her great loss which she had by Cyrus of her son and her people, caused trenches, deep ditches, and sharp stakes to be made secretly, and placed 
Tomyris stratagem against Cyrus.  armed soldiers in the same, being in narrow & strait places, dissembling that she was not able to give a second battle to Cyrus, but feigned herself to fly, and all her army 
Tomyris Stratagem.  with her, to draw the Persians after her, until she brought them unto these trenches, ditches, & narrow places, where she had set in wait an innumerable multitude of armed Scythians round about Cyrus & hisarmy, which upon the sudden fell upon the Persians, & slew two hundred thousand of them, that there was not one left alive to bring tidings unto Persia of Cyrus' death; & thus Cyrus the great king of Persia was overthrown with all his army by Tomyris Queen of Scythia, a woman, with the like stratagem as he overthrew Tomyris before.  
Samson who overthrew 6000. of the Philistines at one time by the fall of a house, at an other time slew 1000 
Iud 16.  of them with a jaw bone of an ass, who burned their ricks and their corn, destroyed their vines, & plagued them every way. Yet this Samson was taken, bound, his eyes pulled out, sold and delivered to the Philistines his enemies, by a stratagem of a woman, Dalyla his wife.  
Moses being chosen general over the Egyptians against the Aethiopians, hearing by reports of the dangerous passage through the wilderness from Egypt unto Aethiope, devised a stratagem to pass through the wilderness full of 
Moses stratagem.  noisome serpents, where Moses must needs pass through, he made certain chests of bulrushes, & carried out of Egypt with him a number of the birds called Ibis, which bird to kill in Egypt was a capital crime by law made, for that they were so beneficial to Egypt, whose natural hatred is such against serpents, that when serpents assaulted Moses in the wilderness, he would let out his birds Ibis who assaulted them, chased them, & slew them, that Moses by this means passed safe through the wilderness, to the wonder of both the Egyptians & Aethiopians, and thereby had two victories over the Aethiopians.  
Alexander the great, twelve hundred years after Semiramis taking his journey with his Army into India, where, when his army saw so many Elephants set in battle ray, along upon the river of Ganges side, it so amazed the Macedonian army, that they told Alexander that they came not to fight with beasts but with men, so fearful at the sight of the Elephants, that the Macedonians would go no further: Alexander being of invincible courage that nothing could fear him, without stratagems, but of mere magnanimity, requested the Macedonians & the Persians that were in his army, not to leave him their king to such shameful reports, as the sight of a few Elephants might terrify Alexander the great and his invincible army.  
The Argyraspides his principal soldiers, having persuaded the most part of the army to avoid shame & infamy, and to stick to their captain Alexander, whose only request was to have them altogether at once to shoot at 
Alex. his victory over king Porus.  Porus King of India, which being persuaded hardly thereunto, were forced for shame to perform the request which Alexander sought at their hands, which they performed, that so many shots lighted upon the king at once that he fell to the ground from his Elephant, and the Indians fled, supposing their king to have been slain.  
Thus Alexander got the first victory in India, made a great slaughter, took their king, being sore wounded, & delivered him to his generals & captains to cure: and Porus was substituted a king under Alexander in India.  
Alexander had not such a booty in India by taking king Porus, as he had by Darius in Persia: the greatest treasure which Alexander brought from India were a few Elephants, which were not before Alexander's time seen in Asia: Alexander had such treasure in Susa, being but one city in Persia, that he found above 40. thousand talents of gold & silver in the king's treasury at Susa uncoined: 
Diod. sic. lib. 17.  he found beside, nine thousand talents of gold in Dariks', which were with Darius' name stamped on it. A-  
Alexander also found in Persepolis the chief city of Persia, twelve hundred thousand talents of gold & silver, 
The infinite treasure which Alexander found in Persia.  which were from Cyrus' time, ready always kept for the wars, for the yearly revenues of Persia were kept in Persepolis.  
It is written that Alexander the great found such a marvelous treasure in Persia, that he loaded ten thousand Moils, and three thousand Camels, with the gold and silver of Persia only, and the king's warderobes. At what time he was requested by one Thais a Courtesan of Athens, of singular beauty, that the great palace of king Xerxes might be destroyed and burned, to revenge the 
Xerxes' palace burnt in Persepolis.  burning of Athens, and the injuries which Xerxes did in Greece, that it might be said afterwards that a woman of Athens, requited the wrong which Xerxes did to Athens, with the burning and destroying of great king Xerxes' palace in Persepolis. Yet got Alexander more fame by the Elephants he brought out of India into Asia, by the overthrow of king Porus, then by all the wealth he had 
Elephants the only strength of India.  in Persia by subduing of Darius, for as Elephants were the only strength of the Indians against Alexander with his Macedonian and Persian army, and of the Africans against Scypio, and others of the Roman armies.  
So in Asia in many places Camels were their only force in field. So Mithridates furnished his wars against Lucullus with Camels. So did Antiochus the great against Scipio. So also it is written of Croesus, that the sight of his Camels was such, that the horses overthrew their riders, that Croesus wan by his Camels great victory.  
All the Arabian kings used Camels in their wars, 
Front. lib. 2. cap. 4.  as the Indians & Africans used Elephants, for Camels were as plentiful in Arabia, as Elephants were in India.  
After Alrxander the great, Antigonus used Elephants, after Antigonus Pyrrhus, who grew so great a soldier after he had vanquished Demetrius king Antigonus son, that he brought from Epire to Lucania in Italy twenty Elephants, to fight with the Tarentines against the Romans, at what time Elephants were first sent in Rome, as I said before: but in Hanibals time after Africa was subdued by the Romans, African Elephants were as common at Rome in a manner as horses (though not so cruel in fight as the Indian Elephants were) yet seldom used by the Romans in any of their wars, but rather used in triumphs.  
Leaving these Elephants, & a little to speak of Thais, a Courtesan of Athens, who was no less desirous to become famous upon some conquest over the Persians, then was Semiramis Queen of Babylon over the Indians.  
If the desire of fame be thus in women found, how much more in men? and therefore Scypio African would 
Plyni. lib. 7. cap. 30.  have the picture of Ennius the Poet put up in the Capitol, for that Ennius wrote that while Africa was subject to the Romans, and as long as the Roman Empire should flourish, so long the name of Scypio should flourish.  
Pompey the great gave to Theophenes a whole city because he wrote much of the name and fame of Pompey, and Alexander the great thought Achilles to be most happy, for that his wars and victories were advanced 
Cic. pro Archis.  by Homer, and the same Alexander (hearing Anaxarchus alleging a place of Democritus his master, that there were many worlds) wept, for that he had not won half a world; thus great men sought ever to have their name advanced on earth.  
Hannibal being called from Italy into Africa, after his brother Asdrubal was slain, to resist Scipio African General over the Roman army at Carthage, Hannibal before he returned from Italy, caused triumphant arches and pillars to be set up to advance his fame, in many places of Italy, in the which he caused to be engraven his 
Hannibal's trophies in Italy.  great victories, and the number of all the Senators, Consuls, Proconsul's, Praetors, Roman knights & captains, which he vanquished and slew at the four great battles, Tisinum, Trebeia, Thrasimen and Can, which were set in Greek & Punic letters, for a memorial of his being in Italy.  
Pyrrhus, after that he had given two overthrows to the Romans in the behalf of the Tarentines, had the third overthrow himself, and such an overthrow, that of twenty Elephants which he brought with him from Greece to Italy, he brought none back from Italy again unto Greece.  
Yet Pyrrhus caused an Epilogue of his victories and fame to be written & set up in the temple of jupiter at Tarentum, 
Oros. lib. 4. cap. 1.  in these words; Qui antehac invicti fuere hos vici, victusque sum ab ijsdem, the stout Romans which were by none before overthrown, I overthrew, and was again by the Romans overthrown, but being blamed by his chief captains that he confessed himself to be overthrown, said; I so overthrew the Romans, that I dare not answer them another battle, lest I should have no more men come out of Italy, than I have Elephants.  
The Romans in the wars against Pyrrhus in Italy, 
The Romans stratagem against Pyrrhus.  were once or twice overthrown by means of Pyrrhus' Elephants, but the romans thus annoyed in the first and second battle by the Elephants, invented this stratagem, to fling down bundles of broom-stalks or hemp, besmeared with pitch, tar, and brimstone, being set on 
Oros. lib. 4. cap. 2.  fire from the walls upon the Elephants and the soldiers in the Turrets.  
Upon these Elephants were strong Towers made of wood, upon every tower was 32. men placed that fought in them, besides the Indians that ruled them, but by the foresaid stratagem they were all overthrown, saving 
Curius Detat. his triumph.  four which were brought to Rome from Lucania, to set forth Curius his triumph, but in the time of Hannibal to provoke these Elephants to fight, they used to show them the blood of grapes & mulberries. So did Antiochus 
1. Machab. 6  in his wars against the jews.  
In Italy, between the Tarentines and the Lucan's a great battle was appointed to be fought, in the which battle Archidamus king of Lacedemonia, taking part with the Tarentines was slain in the field by the Lucanians. 
Archidamus slain in Italy   
This Archidamus was the son of great Agesilaus, he had gotten divers victories in Greece his own country, & that victory especially over the Arcadians called the teareles 
Bellum sine lachrimis.  battle, and yet this king died in Italy, being called from Greece to aid the Tarentines.  
So Pyrrhus in the like, was almost taken by the Romans, but he was driven to forsake Tarentum, and glad to his loss to fly from the Romans, though he was the most renowned warrior in the world at that time, and to say that the Romans had their Pyrrhus, as Hannibal said after 17. years wars with the Romans, that the Romans had also their Hannibal, and that Rome could hardly be subdued but by Romans, for both Pyrrhus and after him Hannibal, found the Romans to be an invincible nation.  
For after that Cineas Pyrrhus' Ambassador had returned from Rome, being demanded of Pyrrhus of what state the romans were in Rome, what rules, what laws, and what kind of government the Romans had.  
Cineas answered that the Senate of Rome appeared to him a counsel house of many Kings, and every man seemed to him in Rome to be such as King Pyrrhus was in Epyre.  
At that time Pyrrhus said to Cineas, were I king of Rome, or had I Roman soldiers, I should soon be an 
Pyrrhus' speech of the Romans.  other Alexander. For Pyrrhus was by Hannibal adjudged to be the second soldier at that time in the world after Alexander.  
Pyrrhus' was a man so full of courage and valour, that when he was challenged into a combat by a General of the Army, and though he was wounded in the battle, yet bloody as he was, he could not endure the challenge, but answered his challenger, and killed him.  
Marc. Servilius for private challenges in combats excelled all, who had been a Consul, and had fought in his own person 23. challenged combats of life and death, and slew as many as he fought withal.  
For among the old Romans and the Grecians, (when two armies met together) they used to challenge 
Devers kinds of combats.  combats to save blood, between one and one, as Marcellus and Britomarus: between three and three, as the Horatians and Curatians, between three hundred and three hundred, as the Lacedæmonians and the Argives.  
Forat the great battle between Marcellus the Roman Consul, and Britomarus King of the Gauls, who challenged Marcellus to fight a combat between them both in the battle at Chastidium to spare blood, and to yield the conquest where the victory fell.  
The combat being performed, and the king slain by Marcellus in the field, both the armies joined their forces 
The battle of Chastidium.  together, and fought it out, that four score thousand were slain of the Gauls, and their King, which honour happened to none of the Romans beside, but to Romulus, who killed Acron King of the Caeninians in the like combat, and also to Cornel. Cossus, who slew Tolumnus general of the tuscans.  
The Romans were so joyful of this victory of Marcellus, that they caused a massy cup of gold to be made of the spoil, and to be sent to Apollo Pythian in Delphos.  
So did Xerxes the great king of Persia, in his voyage against the Grecians, drank a cup of wine to Neptune, and after his draft threw the cup into the midst of the sea, as a sacrifice to please Neptune, yet had not he such good success as Romulus and Marcellus had, for at 
600000. bushels of corn daily spent in Xerxes' army.  that time Xerxes levied so great an army into Greece, that six hundred thousand bushels of corn was daily spent in Xerxes' Army, thinking to conquer all Greece with terror and fear of such an Army, for that Greece at that time was busy in setting forth their olympical feast. He came to Thermopyla, where he was met by Leonidas 
Herodot. li. 7.  a noble Greek, with six hundred Grecians, and 
Cic. de finibus. 2.  was put to flight with the loss of twenty thousand Persians.  
This was one of the most famous victories and rarest battles that ever the Grecians had over the Persians, though the battle at Artemisium and Salamina, by Themistocles, and the battle at Marathon by Milciades, were far greater battles, with such slaughters as Xerxes lost three hundred thousand Persians, yet none was fought with such a resolute courage, as noble Leonidas did to the last man at Thermopyla.  
Such was the courage of Leonidas, that when it was told him, that the Army of the Persians were innumerable, 
Front. lib. 4. cap. 5.  and so many that they covered the Sun as it were with a cloud with the multitude of their Archers, we shall fight the better said Leonidas, in the shadow.  
Xerxes' Army being overthrown first by Leonidas at Thermopyla, and after by Themistocles at Artemesium, after much slaughter of the Persians, Themistocles soldiers thought to take away the bridge, to prevent 
Themistocles stratagem.  those Persian soldiers, that sought by flight to escape through the bridge.  
But Themistocles forbade the contrary, saying, I had rather have the Persians willing to depart out of Greece, then to force them desperately to fight in Greece against their wills: this time used Themistocles a subtle stratagem, he sent to Xerxes a secret messenger, and feigned himself to be Xerxes' friend by the messenger, and told him what danger he was in, unless he would make haste out of Greece.  
Many used these kind of stratagems, as Caesar did against the Germans, and Agesilaus against the thebans, 
Front. lib. 2. cap. 6.  for it was one of Pyrrhus' precepts left to his soldiers in writing, not to resist the violence of the enemy, being desperately urged to fight.  
The like stratagem used Lu. Martius, General over the Roman army against the Africans, having compassed round about the army of the Africans, that either they must fight valiantly, or die. Martius knowing well that all men will fight desperately in extremities, commanded his soldiers to give them way enough for passage, and to hide themselves out of sight, and presently to fall upon them in their flight disordered, so that the poor Africans being glad to fly, were miserably slain of the Romans, without any slaughter of the Romans.  
Clau. Nero after he overthrew the African army, and their general Asdrabal, coming to Italy to aid Hannibal his brother, but being prevented, his army was overthrown and slain, and his head cut off and sent to his brother Hannibal on a pole for a present, which so daunted Hanibals courage and his army, that he had no longer 
Front. lib. 2. cap. 9  list to stay in Italy, than Xerxes had to stay in Greece.  
So Lu. Sylla sent the heads of Marius captains which were slain in the field, upon poles to discourage his enemies, being besieged by Sulla's captains at Praeneste.  
The very like did Arminius general of the Germans, 
divers stratagems.  caused the heads of those soldiers that he slew in the field, to be sent & cast in the trenches or rampires of the enemies, strange sights, and strange reports, doth much discourage the enemies: for Q. Sertorius stabbed a soldier, for that he said that Herculeus one of his great captains was slain in the field, lest he should discourage the soldiers: these are kind of stratagems which great captains use, to terrify the enemies, and to encourage their own soldiers.  
So jugurth said that he killed Caiazzo, Marius with his own hand in the wars of Numidia. And Levinus said, that he killed Pyrrhus with his own hand in the wars at Tarentum: but these were words to encourage their soldiers, but it fell out otherwise, that jugurth was taken by Marius, and sent to Rome prisoner from Numidia, and Levinus the Consul overthrown by Pyrrhus at the city Heraclea, by the river Cyris.   

CHAP. VI  
Of military discipline and reward of soldiers among divers nations.  
IN all nations military discipline was so taught, and martial laws so observed, that if they deserved by their good service any preferment, though he were but a mean soldier, he should not lose the honour and dignity of his advancement, to rise by degrees from the lowest soldier unto the highest captain, and so in like sort by faults and offences committed, they should be disgraded and casseerd from their government and regiment, and be punished further by the laws military for them therein appointed, which I will entreat of, when I come to speak of every several country, of their wars, battles, and victories, than you shall find the several military discipline agreeable to the skilfulness of the captain, the greatness of the victory, and the nature of the place.  
It should seem that all nations of the world had their first instruction from the Hebrews, as well their military 
The original of military discipline from the Hebrues.  discipline, as martial laws, for the Lord commanded Moses first in the wilderness to muster the people from twenty years upwards, and likewise Moses commanded joshuah to muster the Hebrews to fight against the Moabites, for that the Moabites denied them passage through their country into the land of Canaan.  
Among the Persians imitating the Hebrews, their youths from twenty to fifty should be brought up in wars, and no longer by the Persian law might they continue in wars, but had their maintenance and preferment 
Golden girdles given by the Hebrues and by the Persians to their soldiers as rewards of service.  after to live at rest, & to teach the young youths of Persia military discipline, having after their long service golden girdles given them by the king, to show their good service to their country, and their credit with the king of Persia.  
The like law among the Scythians was duly observed and carefully examined, that no soldier past fittie six years old should be chosen a fit soldier for the wars, though both in Persia and in Scythia, two nations 
The order and law of the Scythians.  ever in wars one with the other, their captains and officers were men of knowledge, counsel & authority, to instruct the army by whom they should be governed.  
So also the later Romans being Polymarchies, and camp-maisters of the world, having brought all kingdoms & countries under their government, were not ignorant of all foreign, external martial laws, and military discipline, but followed the Persians and the Scythians in instructing of their soldiers, making choice of the fittest, and youngest men, from twenty to fifty, to serve the commonwealth. Though Camillus in his 
Old soldiers of Alexander and Caesar much esteemed.  wars against the Latins and the Volscians, and Alexander the great in his wars against the Grecians and the Persians made choice of skilful and old soldiers, which were brought up in wars before with Philip of Macedon his father; to be in his Campe. So likewise did Caesar honour much his old soldiers.  
In later time the kings of Syria used to send collars of gold, robes of purple, and to be called the king's friends, to the chief captains of the jews, so the jews were wont to send to the Romans, and to the Lacedæmonians, targets & crowns of gold to be in league & favour 
Collars of gold, etc.  with the Romans, so that all nations sought favour and friendship at the Romans. So the carthaginians sent to the Romans gifts & rewards for captains & generals.  
The Roman soldiers that were of courage, and known as Praetorian, legionary or manupular soldiers, were rewarded with such gifts and presents, as they were in all countries preferred and advanced from one office to another, esteemed & extolled, with sundry kinds of gifts & rewards, as crowns & garlands, some crowns 
Crowns and garlands of the Romans.  made of Laurel, some made of myrtle, some of Popley, some of Olive, and some of Pine, some made of Oaken boughs, for those that had saved cities or citizens.  
There were in the later time of the Emperors, new 
Suet. in vita Calignlae.  kinds of crowns invented, by the Emperor Caligula, made, some like the Sun, others like the stars, called Exploratoriae coronae, Tribunes and great Captains had bracelets and golden rings.  
The Romans wanted no variety of crowns & garlands, beside money, lands, and other gifts. Besides there were certain special crowns & garlands called Murales coronae, made like the walls of a city, for those that scaled 
Murales coronae.  walls, as Cicinnanus; for others that besieged forts, as Corilianus, crowns were made of green grass, called Coronae graminea: for those that saved cities, or by sea fight, crowns made like a ship, called Coronae navales were given, as to Lu. Varro, by Pompey the great, in his wars against the Pirates. Such crowns & rewards were chiefly by the general appointed by the law of arms, to be given 
Aulus Geli. lib. 5. cap. 6.  to such soldiers that had either scaled walls, besieged forts, saved cities, or by sea fight. For even as the Consuls & Generals might claim a triumph by their victories, so might the Colonels, Captains, and gallant soldiers, claim their garlands, & military rewards for them for their service appointed. It was lawful for any Roman knight to come with his horse in his hand before the Censors 
The custom of the knights of Rome.  of Rome, declaring every captain under whom he served, what countries he had been in, and having declared an account of his victtories and service, requesting to be dispensed with for going any longer to the wars, according to the custom of the knights of Rome, he might with licence of the Censors take his ease according to the law.  
So Lucullus gave over after he had gotten many victories & triumphs, and much enriched Rome & himself, took his rest & quietness according to the law of the Romans, though after he was in scoff called by Pompey the great, the Roman Xerxes, for his great fare, and idle 
Xerxes' Romanus.  life in Rome, yet he escaped thereby the tragical end of Pompey, whom Lucullus called the great Agamemnon, to requite the name of Xerxes by Pompey given unto him, he also escaped the tragical end of Caesar, who would not take his rest before he became Perpetuus Dictator, to be slain in the Senate. So also of Crassus, who could not stay in Rome being the wealthiest man in Rome, and thought no man wealthy, but he that could keep an army of his own charge, but would go seek for more wealth into Asia, to be slain in Parthia, & to have gold melted in his mouth, being dead among the Parthians in reproach of his avarice, as Cyrus had his head bathed in blood in Scythia, in reproach of his tyranny.  
Had Scipio when he had joined Numantia unto Carthage, and vanquished Hannibal, followed Lucullus in taking his ease, after his great victories. Had Cicero himself 
Foresight i●… great wisdom.  after he had quenched Catelines conspiracy, quieted himself, no doubt his head had not been brought by Popilius to Mar. Antonius. Haddit M. Crassus been not moved with the sight of Lucullus triumph, stayed in Rome, & taken his rest as Lucullus did, his head had not been sent to Herodes by Surena. But I will return to military rewards of the Persians, among whom divers military gifts were appointed for soldiers.  
The king gave them a golden girdle, and rings of gold that had either by policy or manhood gained fame by service, whereby they were known to be in the king's favour, and therefore to be accepted and reputed among the Persians as gallant soldiers, in any province of the Persians.  
Among the Romans and the old Gauls, as among 
Ulpian. de infamia militum.  the Persians, the greatest honour that they could give their soldier, was to give them girdles, and the greatest infamy and dishonour that might be, was to lose their girdles from them, which was as great a dishonour, as to take their spears out of their hands, or their horse from under them.  
The Kings of Persia herein followed the Hebrews, for in the time of Absalon in his wars against his father in the wood of Ephraim, where he hanged by the hair 
2. Reg. 18.  of his head between two oaks, at what time joab would have given the messenger that brought these tidings, 
In David's time girdles given to soldiers.  ten sickles of silver and a soldiers girdle, if he had killed Absalon; and therefore girdles were given to soldiers among the Hebrews, in the time of the kings of Israel, before the kings of Persia.  
Among the Hebrews before the time of the kings, after they came to the land of Canaan from Egypt, the soldiers had lands, towns, cities, countries, and what spoil soever they gained by the sword, for all that they won in the land of Canaan, and other countries, was equally divided between the Hebrew soldiers and the twelve tribes.  
The Kings of Asia so esteemed the old and chief soldiers of Alexander the great, called Argyraspides, that 
The honour of the soldiers Argiraspides in Asia.  they sat in counsel with the kings of Asia, as judges over other soldiers, to direct and instruct them in military discipline, and after if occasion required, to correct them for military faults, and martial offences, having their allowance out of the king's treasury: for these captains after the death of Alexander the great, contemned to serve under Antigonus, Seleucus, Demetrius, or Lysimachus, which during the time of Alexander, were named but Argyraspides themselves.  
In Egypt the chief and ancient soldiers called Calasiries, had after good service done, besides their martial 
The allowance of the kings of Egypt to their soldiers Calasiries  allowance, a certain proportion of bread and flesh, and a measure of wine, by the king appointed in several cities and garrisons of war in Egypt, to instruct the Egyptian youths in martial affairs.  
Even so the Aethiopian kings, imitating the manner 
The Aethiopians.  of the Egyptians, observed the like law, their old & chief soldiers being bruised and broken in the wars, called Hermothibij, with a certain proportion of allowance of bread and flesh.  
The Grecians very careful to maintain their good 
The judges Amphictions consulted of the public wars in Greece.  soldiers, they met together at the temple of Neptune in Isthmos, and there the judges of Greece, called Amphictions did consult, & with judgement discern, & thoroughly examine the deserts and service of every well deserved soldier, with such rewards & gifts as were appointed for them accordingly by martial law. The Amphictions as you heard, were wont twice a year, in March and September to meet, the one in Isthmos, the other in Trozaena, wherein the one seven cities appeared, and in the other twelve, to consult of martial causes.  
So that it was not lawful among the barbarous Scythians, that any soldier should claim or challenge any 
The Scythians law for soldiers.  martial reward by the law of Scythia, unless he had brought an enemy's head slain by himself in the field, upon his spear unto the camp, and presented it before his captain, he might not be partaker of any booty or pray among other soldiers, without some exploit done worthy of it.   

CHAP. VII.  
Of provisions and maintenance of soldiers. Of the honourable burials of them that were slain in the field, and of divers Monuments.  
AMong all Nations of the world, the greatest care they had was to provide means to maintain soldiers, that Solon made a law in Athens, that the 
The law of Solon for soldiers.  rewards due unto those valiant soldiers that died in the wars, should be distributed unto their children, being alive, and those gallant Captains that died in the field, should be honourably buried, with pillars and arches set upon their graves, and their names written upon them in Ceramicus and such other places.  
This law of Solon was revived two hundred and three score years after by Alexander the great, who so 
120. knights buried in the field Adrasteis by Alex.  much honoured and advanced the worthiness of martial men, that he caused to be buried in the field Adrasteis, one hundred and twenty knights, that died valiantly in the field, and caused strong arches, and pillars of marble to be made over their graves, with their statues and Images, and their names written upon them, with their due commendation as an honourable monument of their perpetual fame.  
Lycurgus law was, that no dead man should put his name in brass, in ivory, or otherwise upon his Tomb, 
Alex. Neapolit. lib. 6. cap. 4.  unless he had been slain in the field like a valiant soldier, fight for his country.  
These Funeral monuments were used long time before the greeks among the Hebrews, who used to set up pillars and monuments on the graves of the dead, the ancient Fathers did it to testify the hope they had of the resurrection, not as the Gentiles did it, for pomp and pride of their triumphs and victories, but as monuments and virtuous visions.  
jacob after his vision had in his dream, took the 
Bethel the house of God.  stone that he had laid under his head, set it up, and made a pillar of stones in that place, and after he had anointed the same with oil, which was the first anointing 
Gen. 25.  we read of in scripture, he named it Bethel, which was Luz before, which name continued 
Bethaven the house of iniquity.  until jeroboams time, 784. years, at what time jeroboam erected a golden calf to be worshipped, and therefore was named Bethaven, as mount Olyuet, for that it 
Osee. 10.  was full of Images, Idols, and Altars in the time of the Kings of judah, was named the mount of corruption.  
After this, jacob when his wife Rachel died at the birth of her son whom she named Benoni, which jacob 
Monuments of virtuous men.  after his wives death called Benjamin, on whose grave he pitched up a pillar of stones, as joshua had the picture of the Sun on his grave.  
So Samuel took a stone and pitched it between Mazphah and Seine, and called the name thereof the stone of help, as a mark and a trophy of victory which 
The stone of help.  the Israelites had over the Philistines. Yet Absalon following the Gentiles, of very pomp and pride reared up a pillar, saying: I have no male child, and therefore 
2. Reg. 18.  I will pitch up a pillar as a monument to have my name in remembrance, and he called it after his own name Absalon's pillar, to have his name great.  
There was ever care in former age of holy men's burials, long before Ceramicus in Athens, or the field of Mars 
Ceramicus in Athens.  in Rome, these places were appointed, where Greek and Roman captains were buried with their pomp and 
Mars field in Rome.  pride together.  
Abraham the Patriarch had care for the burial of the faithful, and bought a field therefore in Hebron for the 
Abraham bought a field for his burial.  burial of him, his wife Sarah, his children, and posterity.  
So jacob did command his son joseph to bring his body from Egypt to Hebron. The like charge gave joseph to his children when he died.  
We read of certain kings of the Gentiles, who had such care of their burial, as Menedes king of Egypt, imitating Abraham, appointed a place of burial for himself & the kings of Egypt that lineally succeeded him, of his name and stock, which continued the reign of 17. kings successively after king Menedes.  
In like manner Perdica king of Macedonia, showed to his son Argaeus a place, where he himself and his posterity 
The care of burials of the Gentiles.  after him should be buried, for he was instructed by an Oracle, that as long as they buried the kings of Macedonia in that place, the kings should continue in one stock and family, which continued three hundred and three score years, until the time of Alexander the great, who died in Babylon out of Macedonia, and was buried in Alexandria in Egypt.  
This much I wrote to prove the Hebrews to be fathers of all antiquities; and now to Athens, and to their soldiers, where with such care they were looked unto after any victory that their hairs should be curled, and 
The hovor of the Athenians to their generals for victories.  trimmed up with silver fillets, others were crowned with a knot like the roll that women wear on their heads, others were decked with garlands of myrtle. In this the Athenians seemed equal to the Romans, that they brought all the Images and statues of their gods, and all the whole state of Athens with such solemnity & pomp, came crowned with Olives, Myrtle, and ivy, to meet the conqueror at their gates with the song of Paeana, at what time the Orators & Poets contended upon theatres to excel one an other in the praise of the conqueror and his captains, as they did of Demetrius, and others.  
For among the Grecians divers places of exercise were appointed for Orators & Poets, as at Theseus grave, & at Helicon, where some in Comedies & some in Tragedies, contended for victories, where Sophocles was judged to be victor in his Tragedies over Aeschylus, for the which he was rewarded with a Buck Goat.  
Again in the second games and plays the Poets met in the City of Elis, where Menander was overthrown by Philomene in the contention of Comedies, for the which Philomene had in reward a Bull.  
So Theopompus, Isocrates scholar, had the garland given him by consent of all the judges.  
Hesiodus in verses contended with Homer, & had at that time only the garland given him, for the victory thereof Hesiodus wrote an Epigram upon a pillar, in memory of his victory over Homer in Helicon.  
Among all these Poets & Orators, there was one woman 
Alex. Neapolit. genial. lib. 6. cap. 19,  called Corinna, so excellent in verse, that she was named Musca Lirica, and contended with Pindarus the Poet in Thebes in verses, & had 5. several victories, for the which victories she was 5. times crowned with garlands.  
And because Corinna shall not be alone without fellows, Arete, Aristippus the Philosopher's daughter, shallbe the second, who after her father's death ruled and governed 
Cic. de natura. deoz. li. 1.  Aristippus scholars, & read philosophy in Athens.  
So Leonitum as a third fellow, though light, yet so learned, that she durst write & that in Attical phrase against that great Philosopher Theophrastus.  
Agamemnon's General of all Greece in the wars of Troy, so rewarded Ajax for a combat that he fought with Hector hand to hand, with the sacrificing of an ox with gilt horns; and rewarded Achilles for that he killed Hector 
Alex. Neapolit.  in the field, with ten talents of gold, twelve horses, and seven fair women of Lesbian, that was the old custom 
Achilles.  and manner of ancient time in that country to reward such champions.  
So Themistocles was crowned with a crown of the sacred Olive tree, and gratified with a rich triumphant 
Themistocles honoured of the Grecians.  chariot by the Lacedæmonians, for the delivery of Greece at the battle of Marathon, from the invasion of the Persians.  
Horatius Cocles had a statue of marble to him erected in the palace of common meetings, for that he resisted the army of the Hetruscans, being but himself, standing on a bridge of wood over Tiber.  
The reward of soldiers among the Scythians was, to drink out of the King's cup, as oft as they had brought 
The manner of the Scythians to honour good soldiers in the field.  an enemy's head to the camp, and might by the law of Scythia make claim to drink of the king's cup, as oft as any soldier slew an enemy in the field, and brought his head to his captains tent.  
It was the manner and custom among the Scythians, that the king's cup should be carried up & down in the field to honour those noble captains that had well deserved by service to drink out of it.  
So among the Indians the soldier that had brought the head of an enemy to his captain, should have for his reward, a black horse, & a black bull, which colour was far more esteemed in India then any colour else.   

CHAP. VIII.  
Of triumphs, trophies, and victories, and of military laws, and advancing of soldiers.  
NO victory was gotten in Rome, without feasts, sacrifices, and triumphs made, to animate the generals, captains, and soldiers, valiantly to stand in the face of their enemies. For Pompey the 
The 3. triumphs of Pompey.  great in his three triumphs over Africa, Asia, and Europe, carried captive three hundred, thirty, and nine kings, kings children, princes, peers, and noble men, brought as prisoners and pledges with him to Rome. In this Pompey was compared by Plutarch to Alexander the great, for his triumphs over three quarters and parts of the world.  
Others brought in their triumphs withal pomp and solemnity, crowned with Laurel and with Olive garlands, the forms, likenesses, and pictures of mountains, hills, woods, cities, towns, and rivers, situated in those regions whom they conquered.  
Lu. Cornel. Scypio, after he had put Antiochus the great 
The triumph of Scypio Asiaticus.  to flight, he carried into Rome in his triumph, the likeness & form of an hundred and thirty cities & towns which he conquered in Asia, and therefore was surnamed Asiaticus.  
Luc. Sylla in like manner carried in his triumph 
The triumph of Lu. Sylla.  all the Cities of Greece, which were set out very lively in large ensigns, and painted bravely in banners and flags.  
So did Marcellus carry the city of Syracuse in his triumph set out on long tables.  
So did Caesar carry the likeness and form of the river Nilus, and the river of Rien in long tables painted, 
Caesar's triumph.  with the picture of Scypio and Cato.  
Pau. Aemilius triumphed over Persius' king of Macedonia, and his children, whom he conquered, and brought them captives and prisoners into Rome. In this triumph Aemilius brought all the old ancient monuments 
The noble triumph of Pau. Aemilius.  of the Kings of Macedonia, and the greatness of Alexander's Empire, which was brought by Alexander from Persia to Macedonia, was trodden under foot in one or two victories, and the Empire carried by Aemililius, from Macedonia to Rome.  
In this triumph of Pau. Aemilius, the rich armours of all the Macedonian and Illyrian kings, than all the plate, cupboards, and jewels of the ancient kings of Macedonia, were carried in chariots, after followed four hundred princely crowns of gold, which the cities of Greece sent to honour Aemilius victory, and to beautify his triumph, in the which triumph such wealth and treasure was brought to Rome by Pau. Aemilius, as far exceeded the triumph of Scypio Asiaticus, who carried in his triumphs the pictures of Towns and Cities of Asia painted in tables, or the triumphs of Caesar, who brought but the likeness of hills, mountains, and rivers: or of Pompey the great, who brought in his several triumphs 339. kings, kings children, princes, peers & noblemen, yet none of these were equal to Pau. Aemilius, in respect of the wealth he brought in one triumph to Rome, who brought all the treasure & wealth of two kingdoms, Macedonia and Illyria, not in show, but in substance.  
Others brought in their triumphs, the Images and statues of the kings which were slain, or otherwise died before they could be taken captives, as Lucullus brought the statue or picture of Mithridates, set out and painted very lively in ensigns.  
Scipio carried in his triumph at Carthage, the Image 
The Image of Asdrubal.  of Asdrubal, Hannibal's brother.  
So Augustus Caesar brought the Image of Cleopatra to Rome in his triumph, after she slew herself to bear 
The Image of Cleopatra.  company with her friend Mar. Antonius.  
Others brought in their triumphs kings alive, as 
juba brought in triumph to Rome.  jul. Caesar brought king juba and his son with all their treasures of Mauritania, in great triumph and pomp into Rome.  
Marius' brought in his triumph jugurth, with all 
jugurth.  spoils and wealth of Numidia, with all the solemnity that could be.  
Yet in the infancy of Rome, before Rome grew to any greatness, the first kings triumphed on foot into the city, as Romulus, who though he triumphed over king Acron whom he slew in a combat challenged, yet he being a king carried upon his shoulders the rich spoils 
The combats of Romulus' Cornel. Cossue and Marcellus.  of the same king, being set in order upon a young green bough of an oak, as trophies of triumphs, without either horse, coach, Elephant, or brave shows, and yet his triumph was for two kingdoms.  
So did Corneli. Cossus, who slew fight in the field hand to hand, Tolumnus General of the Tuscans.  
And so did Marcellus, who likewise slew with his own hand Britomarus, king of the old Gauls, before they were called Frenchmen, this honour happened to none of the romans besides, but to these three, for Rome yet was scant heard of out of Italy.  
Vechoris king of Egypt, by Herodot called Sesostris, for example's sake of courage & fortitude of soldiers, and to kindle their minds to attempt great exploits in wars, he used when he had overthrown a valiant Army, and manly soldiers, he would set up a marble pillar, 
The manner of Sosostris triumphs.  and upon it the picture of a man in brass, with a naked sword in his hand, as a trophy in triumph of his victory over hardy men: and if he had vanquished but a cowardly company and timorous soldiers, he would cause to be put up the picture of a naked woman with a Glass in her hand and a comb, to disgrace the soldiers which he had conquered, signifying they were timorous, cowardly and womanish soldiers.  
For honour and reward of military discipline of all kingdoms and countries, were invented by wit, and by law confirmed, to set up monuments of fame to great conquerors and noble Captains, to stir up young men to embrace Arms, and to exercise martial feats.  
As Pericles in Athens had nine several trophies for 
Pericles' trophies.  nine several victories, and upon every one his name written.  
So Sylla for his victory against Archelaus had a trophy 
Sulla's trophies.  set up, and his name written with these words, Victoria & Sylla.  
Domitius Aenobarbus, and Fabius Maximus, for their victories against the Allobroges, were the first among 
The trophies of Dom. anobarbus and Fab. Max.  the Romans that builded up high towers of stone and pillars of wood, and hanged the enemy's armours & weapons thereon, as trophies & monuments of their victories.  
Sicinius Dentatus, to signify his singular commendations, 
Sicinius Dentat. Rewards for ser●…ce.  had for his noble exploits in divers wars, eight golden crowns, four civil crowns, three scaling crowns called Murales coronae, four score & three chains, eighteen pure spears, and had a hundred three score bracelets given him in rewards & gifts, for his brave service in several battles.  
The like praise had Manlius Capitolinus, who besides four civil crowns, had twenty six military rewards: and before he was seventeen year's old, wan two rich spoils of the enemy. So forward to win fame and become famous were the old Romans.  
The old Romans used to honour them that saved a citizen's life with a garland of oaken boughs, for so was Corilianus by the Dictator Titus Largius, at the last 
Corilianus.  battle of Torquine the proud, crowned with a garland of oaken boughs.  
Besides these crowns, garlands, chains, bracelets, rings, and armour, given by the General, they had certain military garments, and certain acres of ground, 
Lexagraria.  divided between worthy and well deserved soldiers by the law Agraria, appointed to encourage the soldiers to hardiness.  
Alexander the great so esteemed the Tribune of the soldiers, that he would admit none in the place under three score years old, unless he had been of great skill, long experience, and a man of good and long service, 
Plyni lib. 33. cap. 1.  to whom Alexander the great admitted to wear golden rings, as a reward of a military honour, neither was it lawful to any Roman citizen, unless he were a Senator, or of the order of knighthood, to wear golden rings in ancient time.  
This officer called Tribunus militum with the Romans, was named with the Lacedæmonians Harmostes, an officer of the care and charge of service, as the Tribune 
Harmostes.  or the Colonel of soldiers, and might not continue in that office past six months, as long as the Dictator of Rome was to enjoy his office.  
And when the Emperor, Prince or General, would allow and commend the office & place of the Tribune to a grave skilful Captain, he would put a naked sword 
The form and manner of making of Tribunes.  in his hand, signifying his authority over the soldiers, repeating the words of the law of arms before the whole army, set down in these words; Milites quibus iussierunt, Parento, eorumque Tribuni sunto.  
The same form used Trajan the Emperor in his time, when he appointed Zura a Tribune over the Praetorian soldiers, giving a sword in his hand saying; Accipe gladium, quem prome etc. If I use this government 
Dio. in Traiano.  well, use it for me, If I do evil, use it to destroy me.  
None might be with the Romans admitted to be Tribunes of the soldiers, unless he had been before a leader of the band called Cohortes, neither might any man be taken Harmostes among the Lacedæmonians, unless he had been a Captain, or a leader of the band called Agema. 
Agema.   
In all countries the honour of arms was advanced, and the skilful soldiers so esteemed, that one nation practised how to excel another in feats of arms.  
As among the nations called Auctyles, people of Lybia, 
Auctyles.  who practised to fight in the dark with their enemies, to excel others, they became so prompt & ready, that they made no difference between night and day, either to fight on horse or on foot.  
The people called Arij dwelling in Russia, delighted 
Ar●…  so much to fight in the dark with black shields, and black apparel, for that one should not see the other.  
So we read of the Lacedæmonians, because they would excel others, they would in the dark night go to the field, and learn to fight in the dark one with the other, to excel others in martial knowledge.  
jugurth when he would enter battle with the Romans, he would make choice of his time in the evening, 
Front. lib. 2. cap. 1.  that if his soldiers should be overthrown, they might better escape, and hide themselves in the night time, then in the day time.  
So Mithridates kings of Pontus, fled from Pompey the great in the night time to save himself, but 40000. of his soldiers were slain.  
The soldiers notwithstanding of Athens, might not by the law of Solon go out of their chamber in the night 
soldiers might not walk in the night time in Athens.  time without light, such differing of military discipline was between Athens and Sparta, for the busy-headed Orators at Athens, often troubled and moved the best captains to seditions, and therefore Solon's law was observed, so that no captain might go abroad in the night without light.  
In like sort the Parthians (as the Athenians) were by 
Parthians.  law commanded not to fight in the dark.  
The Persian king had beside the soldiers called Homotimi, others which were ten thousand chosen soldiers, of the best and chiefest men in all Persia, named Turmae immortales, the immortal band, a thousand of these were elected to be the king's chief guard, called 
Mellephori the kings guard of Persia.  Mellephori, these had chains, bracelets, rings, and girdles of gold, and only commanded to attend upon the king's person, and were such soldiers in Persia, as the guard of Romulus called Celeres, were with the Romans.  
With the Lacedæmonians their chief and strongest soldiers called Neodomadae, which Sparta ever kept 
Neodomadae chief soldiers of though Lacedaemonian.  in store, as their only stay in any great battle, against the Persians, these plagued the Persians, and therefore called of the Persians Gardates.  
The Turk hath in his principal band called janizari, one thousand, two hundred chosen men of the 
janizari chief soldiers of the Turks.  greatest skill, and longest experience in war, which is among the Turks, called Robur & Medu●…la Turcici excercitus, instituted by Amurates, the second of that name, and resembling much the Macedonian Army called Phalanges, for the Turk imitateth the Macedonians, as the pattern of their military discipline in all martial exploits.  
For as that little kingdom was much renowned by the fame & fortune of Alexander the great, who brought the Empire from Persia to Macedonia, so was that kingdom and other kingdoms, by civil wars between his captains destroyed within few years after Alexander.  
Now it followeth after we have spoken of the honour and triumphs of nobles, captains, and skilful soldiers, and after the gifts and rewards of good soldiers, to speak of the punishments due to such idle insolent soldiers, that were seditious & rebellious within their camp.   

CHAP. IX.  
Of several military punishments by martial laws, both of the jews and of the Gentiles, in divers kingdoms and countries.  
divers punishments by divers great notable captains were inflicted upon rebellious, seditious and cowardly soldiers, As first of the punishment of the Hebrews, as Chore, Dathan, and Abiron, 
Chore, Dathan, and Abiron.  were so punished for their disobedience, that the earth swallowed them up alive, and many of their complices, to the number of two hundred and fifty.  
Achan for stealing of the Babylonian garment at the 
Achan punished.  city of Ai, he, his wife; his children, and all his family, was burnt to death at the commandment of joshua, so severe the law of the Lord was against disobedient soldiers in divers places of the wilderness, as at Massa, Riphidim, and Meribah, that it spared not Moses General of the army, and the servant of the Lord, it far excelled the punishment of the Gentiles, beside in the wilderness they were stung and bitten with serpents, and venomous beasts, as also they were left among the Canaanites, Amalekites, and others, that should be as pricks in their sides, and needles in their eyes, to punish them.  
So the soldiers that obeyed Moses, joshua, and others, were rewarded with all good blessings, with Manna and Quails from heaven, and drunk of every rock.  
Besides, Moses was commanded to lift up a brazen Serpent in the wilderness, that those that were stung, bitten, and dangerously hurt by Serpents, by looking on the brazen serpent should be healed. Thus were the Hebrews forty years in the wilderness, where their 
The brazen serpent.  shoes were not worn, their apparel, nor their garments changed, and thus were the soldiers of Moses both punished for their faults, and rewarded for their service. Now to the punishment military of the Gentiles.  
The Romans which excelled all Nations for their liberality in rewarding good soldiers, and for their severity in punishing evil soldiers, had such cruel several laws to inflict punishment, as far exceeded all people.  
As Fabius Maximus, was so severe for his military punishment, that he would cut off the right hand of any mutinous or seditious soldier within the camp.  
Aufidius Cassius, being Consul and General in the field, would cut off both the hands & the feet of those soldiers that so offended, saying, that they should have no hands to fight with the enemies, nor feet to go to the enemies.  
Even so Scipio African commanded those soldiers that were seditious, to be devoured of beasts, and 
Seditious and mutinous Roman soldiers punished.  Paul. Aemilius commanded them to feed Elephants.  
So jul. Caesar thought no punishment sufficient for those that were seditious among their fellows in the camp, and fled from the camp to the enemies. The Romans would not suffer the least offence in a soldier unpunished. It was Caesar's rule and order that his soldiers should come as brave to the field as himself, that no man knew the difference betwixt Caesar and his soldiers. It was not so with Agesilaus, as great a captain 
The difference between Agesilaus and Caesar.  accepted among the Grecians, as Caesar was among the Romans, and as much feared of the Persians and of all Asia, as Caesar was feared among the Gauls and all Europe.  
Agesilaus went as simple among his soldiers, as the basest soldier he had. Many great captains imitated Agesilaus in all his discipline military, who only among the greeks for his victories and greatness of mind, was called great Agesilaus, whose stratagems were notable; for that noble captain and great soldier Agesilaus having wars with Tysaphernes, the king of Persia his 
Front. lib. 1. cap. 8.  general, feigned himself to remove his camp, and to go to Caria, by which stratagem he enticed Tysaphernes to follow after him, Agesilaus in the mean season entered into Lydia, sacked cities, slew many, and carried much of the King's treasure, and of the wealth of Lydia, into 
Stratagems.  Greece. Many the like stratagems used Agesilaus against the Persians.  
Antigonus' king of Macedonia, compelling the Aetolians into a narrow strait siege, ready to famish, and being advised that the Aetolians would come out desperately 
Front lib. 2. cap. 6.  to fight, and valiantly to die, before they would either yield or be famished, commanded certain of his captains to draw back, and to hide themselves, to give them an open passage to fly, and in their flight to set upon them.  
Epaminondas with his Thaeban Army, being ready to strike a battle with the Lacedæmonians, used this stratagem, to make his soldiers believe, that the Lacedæmonians, 
Front. lib. 1. cap. 11.  if they should have victory, had decreed to kill, and to make an end of all the thebans, and to bring their wives and children into servitude and bondage to Sparta, to make his Thaeban soldiers to fight more valiantly for their country, for their wives, and for their children.  
So Christ jesus doth instruct us to fight the battles of our salvation against Satan, with all our hearts & minds, lest he should bring us in perpetual servitude, not to Sparta, but unto Gehenna.  
Marcellus used those soldiers that began to fly from the battle, and for fear forsook their standard. Marcellus brought those at the next time, and placed them 
Marcellus military punishment for soldiers  in the forefront of the battle, either there to die like men in the battle, or else to recover the shame and ignomy that they had sustained in the last battle before.  
Appuis Clau. appointed those fugitive soldiers that would first fly, and turn their backs to the enemy, to be brought bound before the whole army, and to number 
The law of Decimation.  them, and after to take every tenth soldier by Decimation, & to kill them with clubs in the open sight of the army. Many Roman generals used this punishment according to the ancient law of Decimation.  
Alexander the great caused two captains that kept a castle, committed to their charge by Alexander, for that they fought not in their place, the one was slain with the other being bound to a post, and shot to death by 
Front. lib. 4. cap. 6.  captains with arrows. Yet Alexander was of that gentle and mild nature, that when he saw one of the soldiers shaking, and ready to die for cold in the winter time, and cold weather, Alexander sitting in his chair at the fire, made him sit in his seat and warm him well, saying: If thou were borne in Persia, and hadst sat in king Cyrus' chair, thou shouldest die for it, but not so in Macedonia, to sit in Alexander's chair.  
The like humanity was in Xenophon, being on horseback, who commanded certain of his soldiers, to take a hill hard by, one of the company murmured, 
Front. lib. 4. cap. 6.  and said, it is easy to command on horseback, Xenophon presently lighted, and made that base murmuring soldier to ride in his place, and he marched on foot up the hill before his soldiers, until the Army was ashamed, and forced him to take his horse again from the soldier, whom the soldiers reviled and railed on, beating and buffeting him.  
Bochoris decreed a military law against offensive 
Diod. sic. lib. 2. cap. 3.  soldiers in Egypt, that would not obey their Captain or forsake their standard, or any way were seditious, they should be removed from the place where they served, and become again as base soldiers as they began. 
Bochoris military law in Egypt.   
Also if there were any soldier that would betray any secrets of the Camp to the enemies, he should have his tongue cut out of his head by the law of Bochoris.  
juba King of Mauritania, for the like offence, for that certain soldiers of his Army fied from their company to their tents, caused them to be hanged up on a gibbet, in the midst of the camp.  
The Persians thought it no greater infamy to their soldiers, then to break the law of their country, the 
The Persian punishment.  penalty whereof was, that the idle, slothful, and cowardly soldiers, should bear on their backs a knowna strumpet, or a common woman, through the whole camp in the sight of all the Army, open faced and bareheaded, because he might be known for ever after to be a defamed ignominious soldier, and therefore Scypio in his wars against the Africans, and Artaxerxes in his wars in Persia, forbade by the laws made, that no woman should follow the camp, least soldiers should 
Women banished from the camp of Persia.  be among women out of the way, when they should be in the way to fight in the field amongst men. Yet Alexander the great, and Alexander Severus the Roman Emperor, allowed women to follow the camp.  
Among the Lacedæmonians, the only skilful soldiers of Greece, the judges called Ephori, made a law in 
Ephori.  Sparta, as the Ariopagites made in Athens, or as the officers Censores did in Rome, against vagabonds, runagates, and idle soldiers. 
Ariopagit●….   
Among the Macedonians it was not lawful for any man that was not Miles adscriptus, and had not taken a military oath to be a soldier in any war that the Macedonians took in hand: neither might a soldier unsworne be admitted to fight or draw his sword against the enemy, so careful than was old age to keep the order of military discipline, and martial laws.  
The law among the Syracusans was, that the General of the horsemen did write the names of those soldiers in tables that disordered themselves, or troubled 
Syracuse.  others of the Army, that they might be punished after the battle, with such punishments as was appointed for them by the laws of Syracuse.  
The people called Daci, had a law writren in their country, that when their soldiers had not fought stoutly 
Daci.  or manfully, they should lie with their heads downward, towards the bed's feet, without pillow or bolster, and be at their wives commandment, and their heads to lie at their feet, if they should break this law, their wives might have an action against them in law.  
Aurelianus the Emperor so severely charged the Tribunes & Colonels, that in any case they would punish those soldiers, that would either steal a lamb, or pullet, either grapes from the vine, or pluck ears from the corn.  
Observe among all nations, the punishments and severities of offences, and that by the rudest nation of the world. As among the barbarous Scythians, tamberlane's severity was such, that a poor woman complained of one of his soldiers, that he took a piece of cheese and a little milk, and after refused to pay, Tamberlane 
tamberlane's severity.  caused the army to stay at the complaint of the woman, and to march before the woman's face, until she found that soldier, he caused his body to be ripped, and opened in the sight of all the Army, and when he saw milk and cheese in his maw, he said to the woman, behold, I have made this soldier to pay well for thy cheese and milk, & so will I make others that so offend.  
another example in Tamberlane, being presented by a poor husbandman with great treasure which he found in a vessel as he was digging in his own ground, Tamberlane demanded whether his father's name and Image were upon them, causing the superscription of the money to be read; being answered that it was Caesar's the Roman Emperors, he said, them they be not Tamberlanes, and commanded that none of the soldiers should rob or spoil the poor man of the benefits of his good luck by his travel.  
This was that great Scythian Tamberlane, that had six hundred thousand footmen, & four hundred thousand horse against Pazaites the Turk, and gave him battle at mount Stella, a place more famous, for that there Pompey 
Pazaites subdued and taken by Tamberlane.  the great overcame Mithridates' king of Pontus: there Tamberlane overthrew the Turks, & took Pazaites their Emperor, kept him, & fed him in a cage under his table, whom he carried afterwards in a cage every where in his wars. The like infamy happened to one of the Emperors of Rome, by Sapor king of Persia, who kept him all the days of his life as a block to mount on horse. 
Ualerianus.   
But Sesostris king of Egypt, did far pass the Scythian 
Sesostris.  and the Persian kings in his victories, for he carried those kings and princes whom he subdued, bound round about his coach from country to country, from region to region, as in a great triumph, wherein Sesostris gloried much.  
And yet all these three came short to Adonizebech, who kept seventy kings under his table, whose toes and thumbs he cut off. Thus cruel tyrants have the like punishment oftentimes, as others were by them punished.   

CHAP. X.  
Of certain noble Roman Captains, compared with Greek Captains. Of the force of eloquence, the commendations of divers great Captains, and their stratagems.  
PLato saith, that from great minds, great virtues, or great vices do proceed, and so it seemed in many noble and heroical men, as well of the greeks, as of the Romans, as Alcibiades might well be compared to Lu. Sylla, and Demetrius with Mar. Antonius, all alike given to virtue and vice, friends and foes to their Countries, and yet all four valiant and wise, whose fortune seemed not much unlike in all their victories.  
Plutarch therefore very fitly compareth some Captains of the greeks with the Romans, as Lucullus compared with Cymon the Athenian, both of equal fortune 
Comparisons of certain Roman captains with the greeks.  in great victories, the one in Asia, the other Persia. Mar. Cato, surnamed the Demosthenes of Rome, compared with Aristides surnamed the Just in Athens.  
So Hannibal is well compared to Philip of Macedon, for false, subtle, deceitful, & crafty stratagems, they weighed 
Plutarch in Alcibiad.  not how they conquered, so they might conquer, they were in no wise to be trusted unto either, by their promise, or by their oaths: so far differed Philip from his son Alexander, that what Alexander won, he won it only by magnanimity, and Philip by fraud.  
Demetrius after many victories of Ptolomeu king of Egypt, and an other victory by sea in the I'll of Cyprus over the same king: the third victory against Cassander king of Macedonia at Thermopyle in Greece, this Demetrius grew so fortunate and great, that Seleucus, Ptolomeus, Lysimachus and Pyrrhus, four mighty kings, envying Demetrius greatness, conspired against him, and joined their force together, for they all feared and doubted his courage, and envied the greatness of his fortune.  
Demetrius marching on with a great army to besiege Athens, Crates a Philosopher, careful of his Country, and fearful of Demetrius lest he should destroy Athens, the school of learning, and the eye of Greece, 
The force of eloquence.  met Demetrius upon the way with his Army, whom he so entreated with sweet persuasions, & eloquent words, that the fury of Demetrius was mitigated by Crates the 
Crates.  Philosopher, that he raised his siege, and departed from Athens.  
So Demades the Orator in like sort did persuade Alexander the great, ready with his army to plague and to 
Demands.  destroy all the cities of Greece.  
So did Arius the Philosopher persuade Augustus Caesar to spare the city of Alexandria. 
Arius.   
So had Cicero well-nigh persuaded Caesar from the battle 
Cicero.  at Pharsalia, with such pithy force of eloquence, with such vehement words, that Caesar's countenance changed, and his body so shook, that the book which he held fell out of his hand.  
Cyrus' spared Croesus for Solon's sake; and Alexander spared Thebes for Pindarus sake; the force therefore of eloquence is such, that Philip king of Macedon ever doubted the tongue of Demosthenes more than the strength of the Athenians. But again to return to Demetrius, whose greatness grew so great in Macedonia, in Asia, and in Greece, that in sumptuous building of ships, framing of all sorts of engines of battery, this Demetrius excelled all Kings of his time: For Aeropus King of Macedonia, delighted only to make fine tables and lamps: Arsaces' King of Parthia, in making their arrows heads keen and sharp: Attalus King of Asia, in planting of physical herbs: but Demetrius might be 
The greatness of Demet.  compared for his engines of batteries, and his princely practice, to Archimedes himself, being the only Geometrer of the world at that time, whose death Marcellus lamented more, than he rejoiced for the winning of Syracuse.  
For when Archimedes was slain in his study, and Syracuse taken by Marcellus soldiers, he sought no longer time to live, but till he had ended certain Geometrical 
Cic. de Natura. dear. lib. 3.  conclusions which he had invented, for Marcellus that noble Roman feared more the Geometrical engines of Archimedes, than all the force of Syracuse, and therefore Pythagoras when he found any new skill in Geometry, he strait offered sacrifice to the Muses.  
Demetrius grew so great in Greece, that at a general assembly of the states in Greece, he was chosen Lieutenant general of all the Grecians, where none were but four before him. Philip king of Macedon, and his son Alexander the great: before them, none but Agesilaus and Agamemnon, and yet died Demetrius a yielded prisoner to Seleucus, whom Demetrius in his greatness was wont to call but keeper of the Elephants.  
Demetrius laughed them to scorn which called any other prince king, but Antigonus his father, and himself. The orators in Athens contended in orations who should exceed in preferring new titles of honours to Demetrius. In so much they decreed that the month Munichian 
Demetrius' picture carried in the triumph of Peplon.  which is january, should be called Demetrion, and their feast Dyonisia, should be called Demetria, and that Demetrius and his father king Antigonus, should have their pictures carried with the pictures of jupiter and Minerva in the triumph of Peplon, in the holy banner of Athens. This was the marching of Demetrius greatness to die a prisoner.   

CHAP. XI.  
Of the war like marching of divers noble Captains, with their famous victories and stratagems. Of the cruelty of Mithridates against the Romans. Of Marius, and his revenge over the Cymbrians.  
TWo other great marchings of Epaminondas & Agesilaus, the emulation between these two Captains, was the cause of the overthrow of Sparta, in the battle at Leuctres, by Epaminondas: at which battle Cleombrotus the king, with all his captains and chiefest of the Lacedæmonians was slain, and that noble Greek Cleomenes, was slain at the kings foot, with a thousand of the most valiant Spartans' about him, at that time there was a great feast at Sparta, when this news came to the Ephories of the victory of the thebans. This battle was thirty years after the overthrow of Athens by Lysander the Lacedaemonian, and now the overthrow of Sparta by Epaminondas the Thaeban. 
Epaminondas fame.   
These two cities were named the two eyes & the two legs of Greece: and yet Sparta could not abide Athens, nor Athens abide Sparta: there was never such a victory heard of in Greece, that the stout Lacedæmonians, the most skilful soldiers & warlikest people of all the Grecians, should have their king slain in the field, and the chief captains and citizens of Sparta.  
In this battle Pelopidas being neither General nor governor, but Captain of the holy band, deserved as much honour and glory of this victory as Epaminondas 
Pelopidas commended.  did, being then General of the whole army, and governor of Boeotia, & this great overthrow of the Lacedæmonians, fell justly through the malice & envy that Agesilaus their king bare to the thebans, being thereunto moved by the stout answer of that most noble Captain Epaminondas, giving no place to king Agesilaus greatness, nor to his stout Lacedæmonians.  
Pelopidas the Thaeban, laying siege to two great cities of Greece at one time, wrought this stratagem, caused four Captains to come all crowned with garlands of myrtle on their heads, having brought some of their own soldiers, as feigned captives to Pelopidas, and withal caused a whole wood, which was between the two cities to be burnt, as though it had been that city 
The stratagems of Pelopidas.  which they besieged, which so terrified the town, that upon the sight of that fire, they yielded to Pelopidas.  
Epaminondas being ready to enter battle with the Lacedæmonians, his seat where he sat, after he rose 
Front. lib. 3. cap. 8.  up, fell down, which the soldiers took for no good sign, which he perceived, and said; We are forbidden to sit going about to win victory. We must watch and 
The stratagems of Epaminondas.  pray, we must not be idle, for Satan is most busy, when we think ourselves most sure: We must say as Epaminondas said to his soldiers, Vetamur sedere, so Christ speaks unto us, Videat qui stat nè cadat, You that stand, take heed lest you fall.  
Another famous victory at Mantinaea the chief city of Arcadia, the glory thereof fell to the thebans, by the prowess and courage of Epaminondas their General, and yet died he of a wound he had in that battle.  
When Epaminondas died, died the honour and glory 
Epaminondas praise.  of the thebans, for before him no great fame was heard of Boeotia, and after him nothing esteemed, so little he weighed glory, as he weighed wealth, and so little he esteemed wealth, that when Epaminondas died, he wanted money to bury him. In so much that Cicero said, 
Cicero.  that he wondered that so great a Philosopher and so singularly learned, should become so noble a captain that all Greece preferred him for both.  
Many sought to imitate Epaminondas, for Philopomen 
Philopomen imitated Epaminondas.  followed Epaminondas steps in all his actions, but chiefly in three things: he followed his hardiness to enterprise any thing: he followed Epaminondas wisdom to execute all great matters; and followed his integrity from corruption, bribery, and taking of money, hereby came Philopomen to be the most renowned captain of all Greece in his time.  
Philopomen was eight times General of the Achaians, being then seventy years old, for Philopomen delighted from his youth in war and martial exercise, and loved always soldiers and arms, for he was in his time one of the best, and one of the last Captains of Greece, and therefore reputed a better Captain for war, than a wise governor for peace. For at the battle by the river of Larissus, Philopomen being General of the Achalans against the Aetolians, where he slew Demophantus General of the Aetolians, in a combat fought between them both in the sight of the army, and after overthrew the whole host.  
Philopomen grew so great in Greece, that the name of Philopomen made the Baeotians to fly for fear from the siege of Maegara, and made the Spartans' after he had razed the town to forsake Lycurgus law, and compelled the Lacedæmonians to follow the Achaians manner and customs. The Grecians so loved and so esteemed this 
Philopomen a noble captain.  Philopomen, that Titus Flaminius, envy him for his fame and greatness in Greece, being then Consul of Rome, and had restored all Greece to her former liberty.  
Philopomen turned all curiosity and dainty fare, to 
Plutarch. in Philop.  brave and rich armour, to gallant and warlike horses. Philopomen was the last famous man of the Grecians, after whose death Greece decayed. He was wont in his youth to read Homer's Illiads, and especially Euangelus books of the discipline of wars, for by reading and talking he became an excellent soldier.  
So Lucullus by talking with soldiers, by reading of books, and by exercising of military discipline, became one of the noblest Captains that the romans had: for at the battle at the river of Rindacus, he gave the overthrow to Mithridates soldiers, that forty thousand were slain in the field, fifteen thousand taken, and 
The victory of Lucullus.  six thousand horse of service, besides an infinite number of beasts for carriage, the overthrow was such, that they which came from the city Appolonia, had as great a spoil 
Plutarch. in Lucullo.  while both armies were a fight, as Lucullus and his soldiers had after the victory was gotten.  
Lucullus fought with Mithridates another battle at the river Granicus, where Alexander the great gave the first battle to Darius' king of Persia. Here also Lucullus in a very great battle fought with his Roman army so 
Appian. in lib. Mithrid.  fiercely and with such courage, that both the river of Granicus and the river of Asapus ran all of blood: and the number that were slain of Mithridates soldiers as mentions are made, were well-nigh three hundred thousand men of all sorts of people.  
This Mithridates was the greatest enemy that the Romans had after Hannibal, and yet Hannibal and all Africa was subdued within seventeen years by the Romans, and that most noble captain Pyrrhus, who fought with the Tarentines, Samnites & others, against the Romans, he was driven out of Italy within four years, but Mithridates endured the fury of the Romans forty years, until he was weakened by Sylla, wearied by Lucullus, and at last subdued by Pompey the great.  
Mithridates' king of Pontus, fearing much the power and policies of the Romans, frequented hunting, that he used no house in town or country for seven years, that thereby he was able to endure any labour and to prevent any stratagem of his enemies.  
So did Sertorius, with many other Roman & Greek 
Xenoph. lib. de venatione.  captains, that Xenophon maketh a catalogue of their names that became noble soldiers by hunting.  
Hannibal laying siege to Tarentum, being agreed with one Eoneus a Tarentine for a certain sum of money to betray the city Tarentum, Eoneus used this stratagem by the counsel of Hannibal, to go out a hunting in the night time, for fear of the enemies, and to bring to Livius 
Stratagems of Hannibal.  the governor of Tarentum, bucks, boars, and such other wild beasts, as Hannibal himself delivered unto him, who taught him the stratagem. Hannibal seeing that Eoneus was nothing suspected, for that he used hunting, caused African soldiers of his to be clothed like these hunters, and to enter with these hunters into Tarentum, who assoon as they entered into the Town, killed the watch, and opened the gates to Hannibal to come in.  
Lysimachus king of Macedonia used the like stratagem, 
Lysimachus.  laying siege to Ephesus the chief city of the Ephesians, having corrupted one Mandro an arch pirate for money, who often used to come to Ephesus with a ship loaden with pray to relieve the Ephesians, and by his often coming, being not suspected, brought certain Macedonian soldiers fast bound to his ship, as Captives taken to please the Ephesians, which afterward betrayed and delivered the town to Lysimachus.  
So did Marcellus take the city Syracuse, by soliciting 
Marcollus.  of one Sosistratus a Syracusan, whom he wan with money to be his friend, who counseled him to be ready, and to come under entreaty of peace upon the Syracusans feast day called Epicides, by this means through the counsel of Sosistratus, Marcellus obtained Syracuse.  
This great Roman enemy Mithridates' king of Pontus, so hated the Romans, that he gathered together all the poor banished Romans, scattered every where 
The cruelty of Mithridates against the Romans.  in Asia, Roman merchants & others, busied about their traffics, & caused them to be slain, to the number of 50000. in one day, to satisfy his wrath upon the Romans.  
Lucullus had also two of the most famous and renowned victories over two of the most mightiest & greatest 
Two great victories of Lucullus.  princes of Asia, Tigranes' king of Armenia, & Mithridates' king of Pontus, at mount Taurus: for Tigranes' army as Lucullus himself wrote unto the Senate, was two hundred three score thousand men; of the which number above a hundred thousand footmen were slain, and few of all the horsemen were saved, and the king driven in his flight to throw his Diadem to some of his friends, who was taken with the Diadem and brought to Lucullus. It is written by plutarch that the Sun saw not the like overthrow.  
So Lucullus revenged the great spite of Tigranes' king of Armenia: and Mithridates king of Pontus, for the spite and hatred they bore to the Romans, as Cai. Marius' revenged upon the Cymbrians, and Almains, and as Camillus revenged upon the Gauls.  
Ca Marius revenge was such and that in time, for that the Cymbrians, Teutons, Ambrons, Tygurins, and Germans, 
The revenge of Marius over the Cymbrians.  had conspired and joined their force together, after the overthrow of both the Consuls, to the slaughter of fourscore thousand Romans, that they jointly marched together towards Rome, at what time Cai. Marius and Luctatius his fellow Consul gave them such a meeting, that two hundred thousand of them were slain, four score thousand taken prisoners, Lugius & Boiorex two kings slain in the battle, besides innumerable that fled from the battle, & hanged themselves on trees, and for want of trees, they tied slipping halters about their necks, unto the horns and feet of their oxen, and pricked them forwards with goads, that they might tread & trample them under their feet until they were killed, besides the horrible cruelty of the women, which was most terrible, in strangling their young babes with their own hands, they cast them under their Cartes wheels, and between the horses legs, and at last slew themselves. At what time Marius for his great fortune, victories and service, was called Pater patriae, the father of the country.  
After Marius had been seven times Consul in Rome, 
Marius' seven times Consul.  and called the father of the counrey, which was so great a name among the romans, that none but Romulus, Cicero, and himself had it, and had showed himself a valiant noble captain, in divers and sundry great battles, and wan many victories, besides the victories over the Cymbrians, Teutons, and the rest, over the Spaniards, Numantines and Africans, open proclamation was made by the Senate throughout all Italy; that they should apprehend Marius, and either kill him wheresoever they found him, or to bring him before the Senators of Rome alive. This was the end of Marius marching, which if you compare him with Sylla, you shall find them both firebrands to their country, for the harm they have done to their country, and yet both great benefactors to their country before their civil wars. For Sylla was either another Hannibal in doing harm to his country, or another Scypio in doing good to his country And as concerning Marius, Scypio himself spoke, that he was the only next man that should do great good, or great harm to the Romans after Scypio.  
The like words spoke king Antigonus of Pyrrhus, that if Pyrrhus should live till he were an old man, he should prove so great a captain, that he should be feared of all nations.   

CHAP. XII.  
Of the manners and form of wars, denounced by the Prophets of the Lord, against the Canaanites and other nations which were enemies to the Hebrews.  
THe order and manner of the Prophets by the Lord commanded to denounce wars to the Canaanites, Edomites, Ammonites, Philistines, and all other nations that were enemies to Israel, was in this sort.  
The Lord commanded the Prophets as his heralds, to denounce war after this manner: 
Ezechiel. 35.  Set thy face against the Idumeans, and say, behold (o mount Seir) I come against thee, and will stretch my hand out against thee, I will make thee desolate, and waste all Idumea.  
And so against the Egyptians, Ezechiel was commanded as an herald from the Lord, to set his face against that dragon Pharaoh, to publish war, and to say, I will 
Ezechiel. 32.  water with thy blood all the land of Egypt, and as Nilus overfloweth Egypt with water, so will I make the blood 
How the prophets denounced wars to the jews & to the Gentiles.  of thy Army to overflow Nilus.  
Against tire in like sort Ezechiel was commanded with the like words: Set thy face against tire, & say, behold (o mount tire) I will come upon thee, and will bring Nabuchodonozer king of kings against thee, and will make thee a desolate city. 
Ezech. 26.   
So likewise as the Prophet Ezechiel was commanded by the Lord to publish war against the Idumeans, the Egyptians, and against tire, so against Gog and Magog the Prophet was sent with the like words, for it was the charge and commandment of the Lord to all his prophets, being his Heralds, to proclaim war against the great monarchs, and Polymarchies of the earth, enemies to his church and to his people, as to the Chaldeans, the Assyrians, Egyptians, Africans, Lybians, and Persians, showing unto them their destruction before the sword of the Lord came upon them.  
So the Lord sent Moses his first Prophet and his Herald, long before this time, to Pharaoh in Egypt with the like words as he did to these Prophets now, they spared not jerusalem nor Samaria, but they had their message told them by the Prophet. And so much of the manner and form of the publishing and denouncing of war by the Lords Heralds, his Prophets. And now likewise to show the manner and form of the Gentiles in denouncing of war by their Heralds.  
The Gentiles in old time proclaiming their wars against their enemies in several sorts, as the Romans by 
The manner of the Gentiles in proclaiming of wars to their enemies.  their Priests called Faecials, which were first instituted by Numa Pomp. and after appointed by the Romans to be their heralds, both for war and peace: for the law was written in these words. Belli pacis, faederum induciarum, or atorum faeciales judices sunto. The chief of them was called Pater Patratus, being crowned with a garland made 
Au. Gelius. li. 16. ca 4. noct. Attic.  of Verbena; who went with four of them to the confines of the enemies, reciting the just cause of the wars, which were it not by the enemies satisfied & answered within 33. days after, the Faecial Priests being sent from the Senators and Citizens of Rome, should throw after the word spoken, a bloody dart or an iron spear, into the enemy's lands, proclaiming war against them (jure faeciali).  
But if the Romans had their wars far from Rome, the Faeciall Priests should go out of the city through the gate Carmentalis, to the Temple of Mars, in the which Temple there was hanging a bloody spear upon one of the pillars of the Temple, called Columna bellica, and from that place should the Faeciall Priest throw that 
Columna bellica.  bloody dart towards those nations whom they denounced to be their enemies: then after this, the Consul, Proconsul, 
Viget. lib. 1. cap. 6.  or Praetor, should go to the Temple of Mars, and take the Targets called Ancyllia in his hand, and after prick the Image of Mars with his spear or lance, and say, Mars Vigila.  
The Persians also used this ceremony, to throw a 
The Persians  bloody dart towards the confines of their enemies, thereby denouncing war, either to have land and water 
Amian. li. 19 histor.  by yielding, or else to abide war.  
The manners and customs among the Grecians, when they went to publish war, they used to send their 
The Greekes  Herald to the confines of the enemies, & after the just cause of the war being publicly declared, unless they were Perius sanctum legatorum, satisfied, the greeks sent a Ram to the enemy's confines, to signify that they were ready armed for their enemies; for the sending of the Ram with the greeks, did signify as much as the throwing of the bloody dart, or Iron spear with the Romans, for the Romans were instructed in martial discipline by the greeks, as the greeks were by the Persians, and the Persians by the Egyptians.  
The old Gauls used this manner of order, that their Senators called druids, called a council of the chief 
The old Gauls.  men, which should be all armed, and therefore called among them the armed council, and after consultation had between these Priest's druids, and the armed council, that whatsoever was agreed upon between them, there of war or peace, was established for a law.  
The Scythians had strange customs in defying their enemies, and in proclaiming of war, they did send by Ambassadors to Darius' king of Persia, a bird, a mouse, a 
The Scythians  frog, and an arrow, signifying thereby, that unless the enemies would fly away like a bird, creep away like a 
Front. lib. 3.  mouse, or swim away like a frog out of Scythia, that an arrow should pierce them through.  
wars being proclaimed by the Lacedæmonians, warlike people, the herald should carry in his hand a vine twig, wreathed about with wool, which the enemies, 
The Lacedæmonians.  if they would accept and receive upon conditions by the herald opened, it should be a full bond of peace, otherwise a denouncing of war, and withal, the herald threw the vine twig out of his hand, as in defiance.  
The carthaginians though they could never abide the Romans, yet used they the self-same ceremonies, (Hastae proiectio) as the Romans did in pronouncing 
The carthaginians.  of their wars.  
There was a strange manner and custom among some nations, when they proclaimed war, they would send a herald with a present to their enemies, wrapped round about with the likeness of snakes, which if the present would be upon conditions accepted, they would take away the snakes, and deliver them the present: if otherwise, the herald would deliver the enemies the 
The old Corinthians.  snakes in defiance, and bring the present away: this manner of defiance against their enemies, the old Corinthithians used, with others.  
Now that you read the manner and form of proclaiming of wars among divers nations, you shall also observe divers fashions and ceremonies touching composition of peace, for both proclaiming of war, and concluding of peace were in all authority, Per vi●…faciale, but altered in ceremonies.   

CHAP. XIII.  
Of the manner, and divers ceremonies in concluding of peace.  
THe concluding of peace of divers nations, was in this sort, those that were sent as Heralds to proclaim war, were again sent as Ambassadors to entreat for peace in divers Countries, for as blood was sought by wars, so by blood peace should be reconciled.  
For as you heard the Lord did threaten war long before war came, to the Hebrews, the Chaldeans, Assyrians, and the rest, by the Prophets and his Heralds, and before these nations punished the first age for their sins with an universal deluge over the whole world (eight persons excepted) and after made a league of peace, and gave the Rainbow as a sign in the heavens, 
The Rainbow.  not to destroy the world any more with water, and when the people again transgressed his commandments, the Lord commanded his Prophets to threaten the Hebrues, the Chaldeans, and Assyrians, denouncing war to punish them, as you heard of the Egyptians, the Sodomites, & others, with a condition of peace to continue between him and his people, which was written out in the law of Moses.  
This league was signified & confirmed also with the blood of a lamb, as the blood of covenant between God and man, the true type & figure of the lamb Christ jesus, which gave us everlasting peace by his blood in the new 〈◊〉: this peace was proclaimed to the Shepherds in the field at Bethelem by legions of Angels, which came down from heaven singing, glory be to 
Luk. 24.  God on high, & on earth peace towards men. This peace Christ repeated to his disciples, saying, Peace be unto you, this peace he brought into the world, this peace he left with his people in the world, which the world cannot give, for there is no peace to the wicked faith the Lord.  
The ceremonies of every nation in all countries in concluding of peace, was generally by blood, and as it were confirmed by an oath in supping each others blood, or by dipping in of their swords, arrows, flintstones or wool. 
The manner and ceremonies of all nations in concluding of peace.   
As the Meads drew blood out of their arms, the Lydians out of their shoulders, the Arabians out of their fingers: that by sucking and licking of each others blood they thought it the soundest and surest testimony of peace and friendship that could be.  
The Armenians used to draw blood, every man out of his thumb, & that every man should lick an others 
Radamistus & Murates.  blood, in witness that all should live in peace and love thereafter: so did Radamistus king of Hiberia, with Mitrates' king of Armenia.  
But in the place where the Scythians concluded peace, they had a great bowl of wine before them, and 
The Scythians.  there every man letting a vain to bleed into the bowl of wine, & then dipping a sword and an arrow into this bowl, drank one to another this mingled wine and blood, in token of peace and friendship between them.  
In like manner the Carmanes, people in Persia, when 
The Carman's.  they met together at a banquet, they would strike a vain in their forehead to draw blood, to mingle their blood with wine, & to drink that one to an other, which was among them the greatest oath, & the surest bond of love that could be.  
The ceremonies of the Arabians, when they were to be agreed with their enemies, they would drawbloud with 
Arabians.  a sharp flintstone out of their fingers into a dish, & therein dip white wool, & certain small thin stones, with the which stones & wool, they would rub and die their garments, to continue as a perpetual league of peace between them.  
The old and ancient manner of the Persians was, to bring their wives, their children, & their dearest friends, 
Persians.  and at their banquets, calling their hospital gods to be their witnesses, and their friends then present, to be as pawns, and pledges of their faith & peace, by drinking one to an other.  
The Thracians and the Egyptians also had their ceremonies in contracting conditions of peace, which was, to 
The Thracians.  drink wine out of an ox horn one to an other, being an old ceremonial custom among them of great antiquity: for without drinking out of that ox horn, no composition of peace could be taken in Egypt, or in Thracia, for the horn was an ancient monument reserved for that purpose.  
Clearchus' general of the Lacedæmonians, at what time the Persians and the greeks were at composition 
Clearchus.  of peace, Clearchus sacrificed a bull, a wolf, a boar, and a ram, and in the blood of these sacrified beasts, the greeks dipped their swords, & the Persians their lances, as a full record before the gods of peace and amity.  
Aristides labouring much for universal peace among 
Aristides.  the greeks, after long civil wars, at the concluding of the peace, he threw hot fiery Iron bowls into the sea, praying unto the gods, that as those fiery bowels were extinguished by water; even so they that would break this league of peace, and live in Greece with all their friends and confederates, should be rooted out of Greece, or quite destroyed in Greece.  
Had Agesilaus been so willing as Aristides was with Epaminondas, when all Greece came to Lacedaemon, to 
Agesilaus.  make a general peace, Sparta had not been so plagued at the battle of Leuctres, where King Cleombrotus was slain, and a thousand of the best soldiers and citizens of Sparta.  
Fabius Max. being sent by the Romans, as an Ambassador 
Fabius Max.  to the carthaginians, used these words: I bring you here in the lap of my gown, war or peace, whereof you must make present choice.  
The like embassage the Roman Popilius carried from Rome to Antiochus Epiphanis, opening the whole cause 
Popilius.  of his embassage. Antiochus seeming to cast off time with delays, Popilius made a circuit with his rod round about him, saying: you must answer the Senators of Rome before you go out of this round circuit, whether you will have war or peace: so valiant and stout the Romans ever were, that they offered peace and war together, and the enemies to make the choice.  
Now having opened the manner & order of denouneing wars, and concluding of peace, before I proceed forward to military discipline taught in all countries, and among all nations, I will set down the manner and order how divers nations were wont in old time to yield and to seek peace at their enemies, being in the enemy's hands without hope of life, and ready to be overthrown.   

CHAP. XIIII.  
The manner of yielding among all nations. Of divers battles and victories, and how the Romans and the greeks esteemed their weapons.  
THe manner of yielding of divers nations in old time was, either in the field to their enemies, or else by entreaty of peace, 
The manner of yielding.  they should come in base and simple apparel to offer their lands, their waters, their livings, their cattles, their Temples, and their Cities.  
So the Egyptians came with poor simple garments, without weapons, to seek peace at the enemies, and to yield themselves, their Priests carrying their gods before them with sacrifice.  
So the citizens of Alexandria came to yield themselves to Caesar.  
So the jews came out of jerusalem with their high Priest, to meet Alexander the great, yielding unto him 
josep. lib. 2. cap. 8.  all dignity and honour, submitting themselves unto him.  
So the Gibeonites came to joshua, feigned themselves 
joshue. 9  Ambassadors, took old sacks upon their asses, and old clouted shoes upon their feet, and said unto joshua, we be thy servants, we be come from a far country; so joshua consented unto peace, made a league with them, and suffered them to live.  
So the Sabine Ambassadors when they came to yield themselves to the old Roman kings, were demanded by Torquin: Do you & your people come to yield your selves 
Liu. lib. 1.  to me & my people at Rome, your lands, your waters, your cities, your temples, your wealth, your liberties, and all that you have? the Ambassadors answered we do, and I king Torquine accept and receive your yielding.  
The greeks likewise came as the Egyptians did, in sad mourning apparel, and offered boughs of Olives, 
The yielding of the Greeks  and branches of Laurel to the enemies, as signs and tokens of submission, in yielding and in seeking of peace.  
The Persians manner was to offer land and water to the conqueror, as a sign of yielding, for so the Persians 
The manner of the yielding of the Persians.  sought of others, when they took wars in hand, before they conquered, which was their pride & brag. But the Athenians according to the law of arms put the Persian Ambassadors to death; for that they sought land & water, before any war was denounced, or battle given.  
The Assyrians also according to their wont manner, 
Assyrians.  when they come to yield themselves, their Priests come with their labels, mitres, and holy ornaments, to seek peace at the enemy.  
The Syrians came to yield themselves with halters about their necks to Achab to entreat for peace for Benhadad their king, who said a little before that the dust of Samaria was too little for every one of his soldiers to have a handful.  
With the Frenchmen and Spaniards, it was their custom and manner to yield to their enemies in showing their hands and arms naked to the enemy.  
The Lacedæmonians, when they sought peace and yeeded to the enemies, they threw their shields away 
The Lacedæmonians manner in yielding themselves to the enemies.  from them, and took the enemies by the hand, saying Herbando, a word of yielding.  
For in all military discipline among all nations, and by martial laws of all countries, those that were forced to seek peace & yield themselves to the conqueror were to be accepted (jure deditionis). Yet the Romans could 
Viget. lib. 2. cap. 14.  scant away with yielding soldiers, for those Roman soldiers that yielded themselves to Pyrrhus, were not redeemed by the Romans, especially soldiers that yielded 
Eutrop. li. 2.  in armour, were never after accepted as romans, and the soldiers that fled back from the enemies to his fellows in the camp, should be met by the way and slain by their own fellows, so that the romans would never grace a yielded soldier.  
So Philopomen said, hearing certain Grecians much commending a valiant captain for his courage and policy; Can you said Philopomen, so commend a valiant 
Philopomens' speech of the Romans.  captain that yielded himself, and was contented to be taken prisoner alive? I like the Romans said Philopomen, that would never pay ransom for a Roman captain taken alive in battle, and yet they would ransom the body of a captain slain in the field to bury him.  
Yet at the battle of Pharsalia, after Pompey and his captains fled, and his army scattered, the rest yielded to Caesar, holding their targets on their heads, and delivering their weapons to Caesar.  
So much the Romans esteemed their targets, that laying them upon their heads, though they yielded their swords, their spears and other weapons to Caesar, yet would they not yield their targets but together with their heads.  
So did the greeks esteem their targets, that the 
A soldier to lose his target in the field was death in Greece.  Lacedæmonians mad●… law, that that captain or that soldier that had lost his shield in the battle, should lose his life after the battle.  
And therefore the women of Lacedemonia commanded their children when they went to wars, holding up, and showing a Target in one of their hands, saying: Aut cuns hoc redeas, aut super hoc moriaris: either to die upon their shields and targets in the field, or to bring with them their targets from the field.  
So odious were coward soldiers in Lacedemonia, that the women of Sparta would meet their sons that 
The saying of the women of Sparta.  fled from the battle, and hold up their clothes, saying: where will you fly you cowards? will you creep again into your mothers belie?  
Of all nations, only the Lacedæmonians and the old Germans, were so severe against those that lost their shields in the battle, that among the Germans they should not be allowed to come to any public council, 
Cornel. Tacit.  nor be admitted to come to the Temples, or to the Church, to hear service.  
Though there was punishment appointed for soldiers that lost spear, lance, or any other military weapon, yet not capital punishment, which was only by law appointed to those soldiers that lost their shields, 
Enemies finding their targets.  for that both the greeks and the Roman captains had their names written within their shields, and therefore they thought it most ignominious, that 
Their shields much esteemed among the Romans and the Grecians.  their shields should be lost, lest their shields should brag of their names, which made that worthy Captain Epaminondas, being wounded to death at the battle at Mantinaea, to inquire if his Target were safe, which being delivered unto him, he took it and kissed it, and said: now Epaminondas dieth not, 
Oros. lib. 3. cap. 2.  but beginneth to live, for I have two daughters of mine, Mantinaea and Leuctres, to celebrate the fame of Epaminondas, which subdued the stout Lacedemodians, subject unto the thebans.  
Scypio Affricanus looking on a soldiers target which was most brave and most richly adorned, said I much 
Front. lib. 4. cap. 1.  commend thee to make most of that which defendeth and saveth thy life most often.  
So Marius and Catulus both Gonsuls of Rome, in their wars against the Cymbrians, their soldiers, each one had his captains name, and his own name written on his shield and other military weapons, that by looking on their captains name they might do the greater service to honour their captains.  
So ancient was the fame and honour in old time given to targets and shields among the Grecians & the Troyans', that the name of Neptune was written in the shields of the Grecians, and the name of Minerva on the shields of the Troyans'.  
I will therefore speak something of the Grecian wars against the Persians, before I entreat of military discipline, and I will mention but four principal special victories, which the Grecians had over the great kings of Persia, for that the Grecians may not be thought to esteem their targets for nothing.  
The first and most renowned victory of the Grecians 
Plut. in Aristide.  over the Persians, at the battle of Plataea, where of six hundred thousand fight men, which Mardonius General of the Persians had in his camp, there was 
Oros. lib. 2. cap. 8.  slain two hundred thousand Persians, and Mardonius himself slain by a Spartan soldier under Pausanias.  
In memory of this victory, there is a common assembly 
The Grecians victory at Plataea.  of all the states of Greece at Plataea, where the Plataeans make a solemn sacrifice unto jupiter protector of their liberty, for those noble Grecians that were slain at Plataea, with chariots laden with branches of fir trees, with nosegays & garlands of triumphs, than followed a black bull, and some young noble gentlemen, that carried great bowls full of wine, and others carried pots full of milk to power upon the graves of those dead noble captains that died for their country, others carried oils, perfumes, and sweet odours in glasses. After this followed the General, holding a funeral pot in the one hand, & a naked sword in the other, unto the graves 
The funeral ceremonies for those captains that died in the battle at Plataea.  where these noble captains & gentlemen were buried, that were slain in that battle, and there the General washed the pillars, arches & Images of those noble valiant Greeks that were wrought upon them: then anointed them with oils, sweet savours, & after beautified them with sweet flowers & nosegays, & crowned them with several kinds of garlands. In this solemn sort the General took a great bowl of wine, holding out his hand towards the graves, saying; I drink to you noble captains and valiant gentlemen that died in the defence of Greece.  
Alexander the great upon the grave of Achilles, used a funeral sacrifice, not altogether unlike the Grecians manner, caused himself with divers of his company to be 
Alex. Neapoht. lib. 5. cap. 26.  washed, and after to be anointed with ointments, with garlands of myrtle upon their heads, and in solemn procession to go round about Achilles' grave, all naked, six hundred years after Achilles' death.  
So Trajan the Emperor in Alexandria used the like funeral sacrifice upon Alexander's grave 400. years after Alexander's death, after the Roman manners & custom, with garlands & crowns made of flowers upon his grave, with sacrifice of frankincense & other sweet odours, in the very same house in Alexandria, where Alexander dwelled, for he died at Babylon, & was buried in Alexandria his own town.  
They used the like funeral ceremonies in the feast 
Parentalia. Alex. Nepolit. lib. 3. cap. 12.  called Parentalia in Rome, which was celebrated with beans, pulses, wafers and dry figs, laid upon a bare flint stone, on the grave of their dead parents, or their great friends and next kinsmen, which grave they decked with flowers, nosegays, and all kind of sweet herbs, 
Lemuralia.  and garlands, going about it naked, and after sitting about the grave of the dead banqueting & feasting, much like to the feast called Lemuralia, where among the Grecians they drink to the souls of the dead.  
The jews held an annual feast called Purym, in memory of their deliverance from the malice of Ammon, 
A feast of the jews called Purym.  who had obtained from king Ashuerus licence to destroy all the jews dwelling in 127. provinces in Persia, upon that very day that Ammon thought to kill the jews and hang Mardocheus upon a gallows which he made of ten cubits high, was Ammon himself withhis ten sonshangd upon the same gallows which he made for Mardocheus.  
But to return to the victory at Marathon, for the which victory strife grew between the Lacedæmonians & the Athenians, at what time Milciades was General for the Athenians, & Pausanias for the Lacedæmonians, but the victory was by Aristides & by all men given to the Plataeans 
Herodot. lib. ult.  to end the strife. This battle of Marathon was in the morning, and in the evening of the same day was the battle and victory at Mycala, though some hold opinion there was some distance of time between them.  
Upon the very day that Lu. Crassus was slain by the Parthians at Carras, and his Roman army overthrown: 
Alex. Neapolis. lib. 4. cap. 20.  upon that very day few years after were the Parthians overthrown by Pub. Ventidius, which so revenged Crassus with such a slaughter of the Parthians the Pachorus the eldest son of the king was slain. And upon the very day that the Cymbrians gave the overthrow to the Roman Consul Caepio, and his army, upon that very fame day Marius afterwards with terrible slaughter of the Cimbrians requited it.  
Again the second victory which the Grecians had over the Persian navy by sea at Salamina, at what time armed men were seen in the air that did reach out their hands from the I'll of Aegina towards the Grecian galleys, also songs were heard in the air in the praise of Bacchus, and flames of fire were seen in the Element, with many more wonders which appeared towards the City Eleusina, this was one of the most glorious and greatest victories that ever the greeks had, chiefly gotten by the policy and cunning of Themistocles the Athenian.  
Artemidord, Queen of Alicarnassus, came to aid 
Some call her Artemisia. Oros. lib. 2. cap. 10. Hrodot. lib 8.  the Persians against the Grecians, as Pentheselia Queen of the Amazons came to aid the Troyans' in their wars against the Grecians, but the one died in Greece taking part with the Persians, and the other died in Troy in the quarrel of the Troyans': yet some writers affirm that Artemisia was not slain in Greece.  
In this battle Xerxes' king of Persia had a thousand ships of wars, of the which he lost eight hundred of 
The victories of Themistocles over Xerxes & his army.  them, and his Admiral called Ariames' taken, the wisdom and foresight of Themistocles in this battle was honoured of all the Grecians, for it was equal to the famous battle at Plataea, for renown and fame, though not so great a victory, and yet Themistocles being but a young man, at the battle at Plataea under Callimachus and Milciades, two noble captains of Athens, showed himself so valiant that all Greece much commended his courage. Themistocles was ever wont to say in his youth, that the fame of Milciades victories & triumphs, would not suffer Themistocles to sleep, nor to rest in his bed.  
So likewise was Themistocles the cause of the most renowned victory of the greeks over the Persians, by sea at Artimisium, where Xerxes with all his whole navy was overthrown.  
This victory made Themistocles to be so honoured of the Grecians, that the Captains after sacrifice done, gave him an Olive branch in token of victory, and 
The battle at Artenisium.  they sent three hundred of their lusty youths to accompany Themistocles. His renown grew such by this victory, that when Themistocles came to the next feast of the olympical games, all the people cast their eyes upon him, clapping their hands, and showing him unto 
Plut. in Themist.  strangers that knew him not, but Themistocles only at Artemisium, was the original cause of the saving of all Greece, and did then most advance the honour and glory of the Athenians, and was after battle done honoured above all the Grecians, and also all the Grecian captains, having upon the Altar of their sacrifice, sworn that Themistocles best deserved the glory of that victory, yet was he banished from Athens, though his victories were so great over the Persians, as Hanibals victories were over the Romans.   

CHAP. XV.  
Of strange apparitions in the air, and prodigious miracles. Of seven signs seen before the overthrow of jerusalem, with the last destruction thereof. Of divers great Captains by the Lord appointed to favour jerusalem and the jews.  
MAny strange apparitions were seen in the air in many places of Greece, before the victories which the Grecians had over the Persians, and before the victories which the Africans had over the Romans. And first at the battle of Salamina, as you read before, where flames of fire were seen in the element, songs were heard in the air in the praise of Bacchus, and armed men were seen in the air, as you read before, that did reach out their hands from the I'll of Aegina, towards 
Strange apparitions in the air.  the Grecian galleys.  
So at the battle at Thrasymen, at Arpos, the likeness of bucklers were seen in the heavens, and the Sun seemed to fight with the Moon at Carpena; and two Targets sweat blood at Sardinia; and at the very battle itself, such earthquakes happened, that towns and rocks fell to the earth, mountains were carried from one place to an other, and the rivers ran backwards, yet in the battle itself it was neither known nor felt of the Romans, nor of the Africans: for among the Romans seldom happened any earthquakes without great loss or harm, either by overthrowning of towns and cities, 
Val. Max. lib. 1. cap. 6.  or loss of victories, as the Romans supposed; and yet in the second African war, 57 earthquakes happened among the Romans in one year; also an ox spoke, & said, Caue tibi Roma. In Piceno it reigned stones. In Cicilia two Targets sweat blood.  
At the city Antium in Italy, blood flowed out of the ears of corn, & many such prodigious signs, and yet not so many as were equal to the Romans calamities, during the time of the second punic war, but it was ever the greatness of the Romans to be most valiant in their greatest affliction. And as in the second Punic war an ox spoke, so in the time of Torquine the proud after his overthrows in 2. battles, a dog spoke, & a serpent barked.  
At the destruction of Constantinople by the Turks, a great 
Alex. Neapolit. Genial. lib. 3. cap. 15.  multitude of dogs were seen in the air, after which followed a great number of divers kinds of beasts, in manner and form of light armed soldiers; after them followed an other company of beasts with spears & targets; another company of beasts divided in troops on horse; after them followed a mighty monstrous man, of a terrible stature, riding upon a terrible horse, which appeared 3. hours over the city Comun, & vanished away a little before night.  
Strange apparitions & meteors have been in many battles seen in the air, eclipses of sun & moon, earthquakes & such, besides many visions seen, & many voices yielded. Pub. Vatinius a Roman Praetor, late walking out of Rome, there met him Castor and Pollux, unknown to Vatinius, 
P. Vatinius. Cic. de natura deorum. 1.  like two goodly young gentlemen on white horses, who told him that the Consul Aemilius had taken Persius K. of Macedonia, & overthrown his whole force, the self-same day. Vatinius reciting the same to the Senate, was presently committed to prison, until letters came from Pau. Aemil. unto Rome from Macedonia, certifying the Senators of their victories, & taking of Persius the same day the Vatinius told them.  
In the wars that the Lucanians had against the Romans, the likeness to a man of exceeding great stature, appeared to the Romans, & spoke these words, Gradus victoriae factus, 
Valer. Max. lib. 1. cap. 6. de mirac.  & after these words passed through the midst of the enemies, & vanished away; at that time the Romans got the victory, slew 20. thousand, & took 23. ensigns.  
Camillus in his wars against the Vients, after the people were destroyed & the town taken, the general Camillus commanded the soldiers to carry the Image of juno 
Livi. 5. & Valer. Max. lib. 1. cap. 8.  from Veients to Rome, and being demanded of one of the soldiers in a jest whether she willingly would remove from Vients, and come to Rome, the Image suddenly answered I will: which words so amazed the Romans, that they with all honour brought her to Rome, and builded a temple to juno in mount Aventine, where she was honoured as one of their chief gods among the Romans.  
Thus the Romans imagined that all their victories were had by means of their gods, & therefore brought as many gods as they could to Rome, and yet when Pilate wrote from jerusalem to Rome, to his Lord and master Tiberius the Emperor, to have Christ allowed to be one 
Pilate wrote to Tib. Caesar  of the Roman gods, Pilate was flatly denied, though the Emperor himself persuaded the Senators, of many miracles that jesus had done in jerusalem, but the Senate would not allow jesus to come to Rome among their gods.  
josephus writes, that at the destruction of jerusalem, there were many signs seen in the air, and voices heard in the earth, before the City was destroyed, and the Temple burned, signifying the calamity which was at hand.  
The first sign was a Comet, like a sword, hanging in the air over the City of jerusalem, which continued a whole twelvemonth, contrary to the nature of a Comet, which was not seen to continue past six months.  
The second sign was a lightning that shined in the night time, about the Temple, and about the Altar, as light as day, & this light continued the space of half an hour, of the which some judged well, some otherwise.  
The third strange sight was, that an ox being brought up on the feast day to be sacrificed, brought 
Seven signs seen before the destruction of jerusalem.  forth a lamb, which terrified the people, & made them much amazed.  
The fourth miracle was, that the great brazen gate on the East side of the Temple, being locked and strongly barred, opened of itself, which could scarce be shut with the force of twenty men.  
The fifth sign was, that after the feast days, a little before Sun setting, were seen Iron Chariots, and an host of armed men hovering round about the city in the clouds.  
The sixth upon the feast of Penticost, when the Priests went according to their manners, into the temple to celebrate divine service, they heard as it were some noise or stirring, and after they heard a voice that said, Migremus hinc, Let us remove from this place.  
The seventh and last, and the strangest sign of all, one jesus a simple man, seven years before jerusalem was 
joseph. lib. 7. cap. 12. de bello judaic.  destroyed, cried out, Vox ab oriente, a voice from the east, a voice from the west, a voice from the four winds, a voice against jerusalem, and against the Temple, and a voice against all this people.  
Thus went he still through all the streets of jerusalem, with these words in his mouth, Vae jerosolymis, though he was whipped and scourged, and brought before the Roman Precedent Albinus, yet he used all one words, woe to the City, woe to the Temple, and woe to the people; thus he cried out for seven years and five months, and at the last words which he spoke, Vaeautem mihi, a stone came from the wall and killed him.  
This is written of josephus, who was a Tetrarch in Galiley, and fought many battles with his country against the Romans until he was taken by Titus, and brought with him to Rome, where he wrote of the antiquity of the jews twenty books in Greek, & wrote seven books of the jewish wars, and was as much esteemed in Rome, as Berosus the Chaldean was in Athens; but the jews little esteemed Nabuchodonozer in the last destruction by jeremy and Ezechiel before prophesied, they following the counsel of such false Prophets that both prophesied and promised victory to Achab, when he was slain, and his army overthrown: so they said that the Babylonians should not come within jerusalem, and they were believed, and jeremy imprisoned; so now for all these signs seen, and for all that Christ prophesied the destruction of jerusalem, & wept upon mount Olyuet for the same, yet the jews believed no prophesy, weighed not the Romans, no more than they weighed before the Babylonians.  
The like prophesy was found in Cataldus book, Bishop of Tarentum, being long time before dead, who appeared in a vision to a Priest in Naples, and willed the 
Alex. Neapolit. lib. 3. cap. 15.  Priest to dig in such a secret place and to bring a book written by Cataldus, being so found in a table of lead nailed, and to show it to the king, where he found the calamities and eminent destruction of Neapolis.  
In the twelfth year of Nero the Emperor, Vespasian was sent with an army to subdue the jews, which could not be quiet, but rebelled ever against the Romans, whom the jews mortally hated, though the Romans had so many Precedents under them to govern the jews, as Pilate, Petronius, Festus, Albinus, and last of all, Florus.  
Yet they would not be brought to subjection. And after Vespasian had conquered all Galiley, where Fla. josephus was appointed Tetrarch, who was taken in this war, and all the whole Country beyond Iorden, as Gadara, Macherunta, Hiericho, and other cities, jerusalem he gave to his son Titus to lay siege to it, and Vespasian went to Alexandria, and from thence to Rome; leaving Titus to subdue 
The last overthrow of jerusalem by Titus and Vespasian.  the jews at jerusalem. For upon the very day that Christ died upon the Cross in mount Golgotha, on the same very day eight and thirty years after, was jerusalem taken, and destroyed quite to the ground by Titus, the Temple burned, eleven hundred thousand slain with the sword and famine, an hundred thousand sold publicly as slaves, and sixteen thousand were sent to Rome, to beautify his father's triumph, as josephus an eye-witness doth report.  
The jews looked not for their destruction so nigh at hand, they observed by tradition of some of their Rabines, that their Messias should come about the time of Augustus, as a magnificent mighty king, & not as a poor man, the son of a Carpenter, whom the jews whipped and scourged, for that he took upon him to be the son of God, & made himself Messias, the jews little thought that he was the Messas, when they cried to Pilate to have him crucified in Golgotha, saying: his blood be upon us, and upon our children.  
The greedy desire and expectation of the people was such, that many took upon them to call themselves the 
divers feigned themselves to be the Messias.  Messias, as judas Galileus, and an other called Atonges a shepherd: but above them all, one Barcozba had divers followers, & was received for their Messas thirty years, but when they saw that he could not defend them from the Romans, they would no longer accept him for their Messias, but slew him.  
Titus proceedeth forward to destroy the jews, but especially the Priests, the Scribes, & pharisees, on whom he had no mercy, saying, that they chiefly aught to die with the sword, sithence the temple was burnt with fire, they only being rebellious and seditious, and the cause of the destruction of the city. Titus spared none of the stock of Herod.  
In this wars of Titus were ten of the learned Rabbins slain, whose names I thought good to write, as I found them written in Genebrardus Chronicles.  

Rabbi Simeon been Gamaliel.  
Rabbi Ishmael been Elizei.  
Rabbi Hanina been Tedarion. 
〈…〉.   
Rabbi Husiphith.  
Rabbi Eleazar been Samaa.  
Rabbi juda been Dama,  
Rabbi Isbak Scribam.  
Rabbi juda been Hachinas.  
Rabbi juda been Baba.  
Rabbi Askiba.   
These ten Rabbins were slain by Titus, which the jews record in their latter Talmud for ten martyrs and after jerusalem was thus destroyed, Titus appointed Rabbi johanan been Zachai, governor over the remnant of the jews in Ahua, Byther, Oza, & other pla●…es as Nabuchodonozer did appoint Godoliah governor of the rest of the jews when he destroyed jerusalem, in the time of Zedechia the king.  
Titus also left Bonia, a younger brother of Fla. josephus, to govern other places in judah, and he returned with his prisoners and captives which he brought with him to Rome, to beautify his father's triumphs and his. This was the fifth and last overthrow of the jews, & destruction of jerusalem.  
First by Shesac King of Egypt, in the time of Rehoboam; secondly by Nabuchodonozer, in the time of Zedechias, 
jerusalem destroyed 5. ●…mes.  the last King of judah: thirdly by Antiochus: fourthly by Pompey the great: and five and last, by Titus and Vespasian.  
Thus the jews that subdued all nations before them, and conquered all the Kings about them, that in the time of joshua & David, all the earth trembled at the naming of the jews, whose government continued from Abraham to Vespasian, two thousand years and more, though for a time, while they were in Egypt 430. years, little spoken of, until the Lord raised them, & so strengthened them under Moses and joshua, that first they overthrew Pharaoh and his kingdom, & after subdued the Canaanites, Edomites, Moabites, Ammonites, Philistines, and the Syrians, which of the Hebrews were called Aromites, the strongest nation upon the earth at that time, which were subdued notwithstanding by David.  
Thus the jews which were as famous, and feared as much in those days, as the Romans were in the time of their Consuls, are now so destroyed, and their country subdued like wandering banished men, without king, law, or country.  
The cause whereof was the sin of jerusalem, which would never acknowledge the goodness of God towards them, nor his miracles and his mercy wrought amongst them, they refused his grace offered, and persecuted him most violently to death. Yet Dionysius Areopagita and his fellow Appollonius, in the city of Eliopolis in Egypt, they both observed by the Eclipse of the Sun, at the very hour the son of God suffered, more than the rebellious jews did, for all the blessings and mercies which they had received, they cried out still unto Pilate, crucify him, his blood be upon us, and upon our children.  
These learned Heathens openly confessed in Egypt, that either the son of God did suffer death, or else the 
Dyonisius & Appollonius.  frame of the whole world should be dissolved, these two Heathens confessed and named him to be the son of God, but the ungrateful jews called and named him the son of joseph the Carpenter, in contempt of him, and therefore it is convenient to set forth the great goodness of the Lord in a brief and a short catalogue, what the Lord hath done to Israel, since he brought them out of the furnace of Egypt, where they were bondslaves under Pharaoh, 430. years, even from the first coming of Abraham into Egypt, until Moses brought them out of Egypt.  
For after Esau & jacob had divided their father's possession, Esau went to dwell in Edumea, and jacob took for his part Canaan, where he dwelled and his children, until jacob went to Egypt with all his family to his son joseph, which was 215. years after the being of Abraham in Egypt, and 215. years before Moses brought the children of Israel out of Egypt into the land of Canaan, at what time the law was written & given to Moses in mount Sinai, to govern the people; and after the law was given, 
The Tabernacle was made.  the Tabernacle was commanded by Moses to be made in the wilderness, which should stand to them for a Temple to serve the Lord, and after the Tabernacle, the Ark was made, where the tables of the law were commanded by Moses at his death to be kept, where Moses governed the whole army of the Hebrues forty years before they went over Iorden.  
And Moses before he died, he delivered the army of the Hebrews into the hands of joshua, with a charge from the Lord, under whom they passed into the land of Canaan, after whose death they began to be rebellious & seditious. Yet the Lord favoured them, & sent them stout 
joseph. lib. 5. cap. 5. 6. 7. 8.  and wise governors, as judah, Ehud, Barac, jephtha, Gedeon, and Samson, yet still rebelled they like Idolatrous people against the Lord, that they were weary of that government, and rejected Samuel & his government, and would have a king: the Lord denied them nothing, and they had kings to rule them: during which time of kings, Idolatry presently crept in, that the lord & his laws were forsaken, and Baal with his prophets & priests accepted. Hence grew civil wars between the 12. Tribes, ten against two, that of one kingdom they made two; so that there was nothing but slaughter and blood, between the house of Israel & the house of judah: and that strait after Solomon's death 500 thousand were slain in mount Zemaraim of the king of Israel's side, by the king of judah.  
Again such a slaughter of the king of judah's side by the king of Israel, that two hundred thousand of women and children were taken prisoners in Samaria, so that they wasted and spoiled one another in such sort, that from a happy & populous people, by forsaking their Lord and God, they became a most miserable & Idolatrous people to serve strange gods. For during the time of David which was 40. years, the kingdom of Israel was the most famous & renowned kingdom of the world. For so the Lord spoke, I will make the Princes of judah, like coals of fire among the wood, and like a firebrand in the sheaf, and they shall devour all people round about them. So David brought all the kings & nations about, subject & tributary unto Israel, whose happy whole government was such, that at his death he left a hundred 
100000. talents left by David to Solomon to build the temple.  thousand talents to his son Solomon to build a temple to the Lord, which he himself had determined to build, but that the Prophet Nathan warned him from the Lord that he should not, for that he was a man of blood, but that Solomon his son should build him a house.  
This kingdom of Israel being so happy (as you heard) in king David's time, and in Solomon's time, so glorious a temple builded, and so richly furnished unto the Lord, that in Solomon's time, such plenty was in jerusalem, money was no more esteemed than stones in the streets, yet presently upon Solomon's death in the time of Rehoboham his son, the state of jerusalem was so obscured & altered, 
joseph. lib. 8. cap. 8.  that the city was sacked, and the temple robbed, with great slaughter of people by Shesac king of Egypt, so that the wealth and treasure of jerusalem and of the temple, was carried by Shesac into Egypt.  
Again the kings of Israel became so Idolatrous, that there were no gods among the Heathens, but they were as gods worshipped in Israel, so that they were far worse than the Grecians or the Romans, who would allow no 
joseph. lib. 9 cap. 14.  strange gods to reign neither in Athens nor in Rome, and therefore for that they forsook the Lord, the Lord forsook them, and gave them over, and their kingdom to the Assyrians, by the hand of Salmanasser, and so Samaria and other towns in Israel were inhabited by strangers.  
So the kings of judah after Israel within 133. years after, were carried captives into Babylon by Nabuchodonozer, yet the Lord gave them not over, but brought 
Three great kings of Persia favoured the jews.  them within 70. years after again to jerusalem, & stirred up Cyrus, Darius, and Artaxerxes, three great kings of Persia, to favour and to aid them with licence to return to their country, to inhabit jerusalem with money and much treasure, to build up the Temple, redelivering unto them all the rich vessels of gold and silver, which Solomon left in the Temple at his death, and which Nabuchodonozer took away from the Temple, and brought to Babylon.  
After Cyrus and these kings of Persia, the Lord stirred up a great Heathen Prince Alexander the great, who 
Alexander reverenced the high priest in jerusalem  when he came to jerusalem, lighted off his horse, and came to meet the high Priest, and reverenced him with great obeisance, where were read unto him the prophecies of Daniel, where it was found that a Grecian 
joseph. lib. 11. cap. 8.  Prince should subdue the Persian kingdom, which Alexander acknowledged to be himself, and therefore went into the temple & sacrificed to the God of Israel, and not only freely granted to the high Priest whatsoever he would ask, but commanded him to ask what he would have him do, & the high Priest asked nothing but that the jews that dwelled in Babylon, in Medea, and in other countries about under his government, might enjoy and live according to the laws of their country, which Alexander granted, besides his great and liberal gifts which he bestowed upon the Priest & the temple.  
Nabuchodonozer used himself otherwise then Alexander did against judah, for he commanded Holofernus, to spare no people, no kingdom, saying, Non Parcet oculus tuus ulliregno. The terror of Holofernus army thereby 
judith. 2. and 3.  was such, that they came out of every city crowned with crowns on their heads, and lamps in their hands, to receive him with all kind of music, and with dancing & songs to please him, yet could they not mitigate the fierceness of his fury.  
After Alexander the Lord stirred up Pthol. Philadelphus, so to favour the Israelits, & to love their laws, that 
joseph. lib. 12 cap. 2.  he had the laws of Israel written in the Greek tongue in Alexandria, and released many prisoners and captives of the jews, to the number of 120000. (which Ptol. Lagus his precessor had brought from judah to Egypt,) with as great bountiful rewards & gifts, as Alexander did.  
So Zeleucus showed such favour to the jews dwelling in Antioch, in jonia, & in Ephesus, that he granted to them the liberties & laws of their country.  
After Zeleucus the Lord stirred up Antiochus the great, being before a great enemy of the jews; & after Antiochus many of the kings of Asia, so to favour them, that all the cities of Asia where the jews dwelled, should suffer them to live according to the laws of their country, and 
joseph. lib. 1●… cap. 3.  to enjoy the benefits of the same, and though many of the Assyrian kings troubled and molested them with great wars, which joined themselves with the Samaritans to subdue the kingdom of judah.  
Yet the Lord raised up the house of Assamonias, Mattathias to resist the violence of the Assyrians, and after him his son Iu. Machabaeus, who slew of the enemies, Edumeans and Assyrians, that sought the overthrow 
joseph. lib. 12 cap. 9  of his country, two hundred, thirty six thousand, and seven hundred, in the defence of jerusalem, and after 
1. Machab. 3. cap.  him his other four brethren forsook not the laws of the Lord for all the tyranny of the Roman Emperors and the Assyrian Kings.  
But the jews from time to time so revolted from the Lord, that Aristobulus the son of Hircanus, made 
Aristobulus first king of the jews after their captivity.  himself a King 481. years after the return of the captivity of the jews from Babylon, but he enjoyed his kingdom but one year after he famished his mother and killed his brother, for in judah their kings had no better succession than the kings of Rome had, though in both the kingdoms, they made great means to become kings. After this Aristobulus, there was no king among the jews until Herod, who was made by the Senators 
joseph. lib. 13 cap. 19  of Rome, with the consent of Augustus Caesar, and Mar. Antonius, both Emperors of Rome, under whom judah was a Province.  
Yet one false Alexander a jew, most subtly adopted himself, being very like to Herod, to be of the stock and family of Herod, and brother to Aristobulus, and thereby 
Pseudalexander.  claimed to be king of judah, saying, that he was Herod's son, as false Philip feigned himself in Macedonia, 
joseph. lib. 17 cap. 14.  to be Persius' son king Philip's brother, and as the common people there reverenced false Philippe in Macedonia, so likewise in all parts of jury was this false Alexander 
Pseudophil lippus.  carried in coach from City to City, with all the reverence and honour that could be, as though he were their true and lawful king, but being brought to Rome before Caesar, who found by the hardness of his hands, and rudeness of his behaviour, that he was not brought up like a King's son, and therefore Caesar having found his falsehood, bound him all his life time as a galley slave, and commanded all his counsellors and conspirators to be killed with the sword.  
This house continued until the last destruction of jerusalem.  
So that the jews after Christ his death, being every where afflicted and oppressed, from Babylon were forced to fly to Zeleucia, the chief City in all Syria, 
Affliction of the jews.  which Zeleucus Nicanor builded; a Town where Greekes, Macedonians and Syrians dwelled together: there also the greeks and the Syrians conspired together against the jews that there dwelled, and slew treacherously of them to the number of 50000.  
So sedition also began between the jews in Alexandria, and the Egyptians: in Samaria between the Samaritans and the jews, and all the jews which dwelled 
joseph. lib. 9 cap. 14.  in Rome, in Sardinia, & other places of the Roman Empire, were from thence banished.  
These jews had not so much as a place to rest upon the earth, but were scattered like rogues & vagabonds every where, without credit or love, without Prince, Priest, law or religion, (the just judgement of the Lord) for their blasphemy against the son of God, saying: his blood be upon us and our children. Thus the jews whom Moses & Aaron brought out of Egypt, to the number of six hundred thousand, died all in the wilderness, for their rebellious mutiny.  
Moses and Eleazar (after Aaron's death) numbered 
Moses numbered the people.  the people in the wilderness, where all the other died, and they found six hundred thousand, seventeen hundred and thirty able and sufficient men for the wars, and yet not one of them which Moses & Aaron numbered in the desert of Sinai after they came out of Egypt, saving 
Num. 26.  joshua & Caleb, but died in the wilderness, for disobedience and stubbornness, ever preferring the cucumbers, melons, onions & garlicks of Egypt, before Mamna, quails, and sweet water which they had from every rock in the wilderness, where neither their clothes were worn, nor their shoes spent for forty years, yet Egypt which should be a hell to them, was their paradise.  
The ten Tribes of Israel reigned in Samaria 240. years, seven months, and seven days, during which time they neither obeyed the laws of the Lord, nor heard the Prophets that forewarned them of these calamities which were to come, and therefore the Lord gave them over, & they were taken prisoners, & their last king Osea, & brought captives by Salmanasser unto Niniveh.  
So the kingdom of judah and the house of David was likewise taken by Nabuchodonozer in the eleventh year of Zedechiah, the last king of judah, who was 
Zedechia taken captive.  taken captive, his noble men & his children slain in his sight, before his eyes were plucked out, and after led in a chain unto Babylon, where he died in prison 133. years 
joseph. li. 10. cap. 2.  after the kingdom of Israel was destroyed by Salmanasser, that was the cause of his miserable end, for the contempt he had to the Prophet jeremy, disdaining either to hear him, or to read his book, for before any king reigned in Israel judges by the Lord appointed, ruled 370. years, the kings of judah after Solomon's death reigned 395. years, which agreeth well with josephus account.  
And so of the continuance of the Bishops or high Priests, even from the building of the temple of Solomon (Sadoc being their first high Priest or Bishop) were seventeen high Priests or Bishops in jerusalem, by succession of the children after their fathers.   
The end of the second book.   

The third Book of the Stratagems of jerusalem.  

CHAP. I.  
Of the care and diligence which Kingdoms and Countries took in military discipline to exercise their soldiers.  
THe Romans most careful in all military discipline, in no wise trusted strangers, but every Roman soldier should take a military oath by the Colonel.  
The Persians' also, were in this point 
No mercenary soldiers allowed by the Romans or the Persians.  like the Romans, for not admitting of mercenary soldiers: seldom is found any constancy or soundness in mercenary soldiers, as by too many examples the Romans and others found.  
jugurth by treachery of few Thracians that served the Romans in Africa, in the night time betrayed the 
Sallust.  Romans to jugurth, and made a great slaughter of them.  
In like sort the Thessalians were treacherous to the Athenians whom they trusted, but they forsook the Athenians 
Thucid. 1.  at the battle of Tanagra, whereby through their falsehood and treachery to the Athenians, the victory fell to the Lacedæmonians, therefore neither the Romans nor the Persians trusted any mercenary soldiers, for mercenary soldiers and strangers are not to be trusted, for they do not only forsake their friends in any 
Livi. 21.  danger, but join with the enemy for any advantage. So did the Gauls in the wars of Carthage, slew the watch of the Romans, and fled to Hannibal.  
The law of arms in every country should hold and maintain the crown & dignity of the prince by the sword, so most necessary it is, that subjects should be looked unto with great care and provision to maintain the 
Care of countries for soldiers.  willing, forward, and good soldiers, & due punishments and sharp corrections for evil, lewd, & wicked disposed men, careless of their country's good. How careful every commonwealth hath been of this, you shall read first of every kingdom & country several punishments by law appointed, & after of the rewards, honour, & dignities of good soldiers; of which Plato saith: Omnis respub: paena & Praemio continetur.  
Agesilaus therefore appointed gifts and rewards to draw and encourage his soldiers to shoot, to throw the dart, the sling, to ride, to run, and with diligence and care to keep them severely from faults & offences, and to exercise them in martial feats, which kind of 
Agesilaus his exercise for his soldiers.  exercise among the greeks was most commonly used, called Pentatlon, in the games of Olympia & Isthmia, to honour Hercules and Theseus, two protectors and principal captains that loved soldiers.  
Alexander the great was so severe in martial laws towards his soldiers, that if any soldier or captain should lie, or be any way proved a liar, he should be deprived 
Antigenes banished for a lie.  from his office and place of service, & banished from his camp: for so was Antigenes, though a valiant captain otherwise, yet was both casseerd & banished for making of a lie.  
Alexander after he had banished all bakers, cooks, brewers, and such like from his camp, said, that marching in their armour in the night, they should provide them a dinner, & a stomach to eat their dinner against the next morning, & as for a supper, he said they should not look for wine nor flesh to sleep after it, but for bread, 
Alexander his laws & exercises for his soldiers.  and he would provide for water, which is the only food of a soldier, and the most necessary care of a general. Hereby his soldiers being brought up by Philip king of Macedonia his father, were hardened with continual pain and travel, and long exercises of wars, that Alexander with an army of thirty thousand, after he had vanquished Darius' king of Persia, he proceeded forwards without any resistance, but by yielding of all the Kings of the East countries. It is not read that Alexander used any stratagems as his father Philippe did.  
The like hardiness and courage was found in Masinissa king of Numidia, being four score years old, that he in the cold winter and hard frost, bareheaded, would march before his soldiers over mountains, through 
masinissa's hardiness in marching.  woods and desert places, with such pain and travel, with such hunger and thirst, as he being a king and a captain, marching before, heavy and laden with armours, the soldiers were kindled with great courage to follow after, being driven thereunto for very shame, to imitate such a valiant captain. Well therefore Lysander 
Lysander.  said, that a Lion before three hundred dears, was better than a timorous Dear before three hundred Lions. And as well did Iphicrates the Athenian captain compare the whole band of an army to the whole body of a 
Iphicrates.  man: for as the head governeth & ruleth the whole body, so the General ruleth and governeth the whole army.  
Fabius Max. would never suffer his soldiers to be either slothful or idle, but before they should take any ease, he would still remove his whole camp from place 
The diligence of Fabius Max. to his soldiers.  place, to keep his soldiers in exercise of service, and to avoid sluggishness and idleness, which idleness was the first beginning of Hannibal's ruin in Italy, and as after followed the whole overthrow of all his African Army in Campania, for they still took their ease and pleasure in Capua without military travel of exercise.  
For we read that Epaminondas that famous Thaehan captain, finding one of his soldiers idle and sleeping in his tent, did run him through with his spear, and turning to his army, said, we left this soldier as we found him.  
The like did 〈◊〉 Caesar, finding one of his army asleep caused him to be bound to a post, and he himself with his Lieutenants and Captains, shot him to death, speaking loud to his captains and soldiers, we must purge our army with the sacrifice of such dead soldiers; for said Caesar, Frater evim mortis somnus est.  
Therefore Scypio African was wont to say to idle lazy 
Scypio's saying to his soldiers. Veget. lib. 3.  soldiers, that the soldiers that would not have their swords and spears embrewed with the blood of the enemies, like valiant soldiers should be diggers and delvers like slaves in their shirts, with dirty mattocks and spades, in lieu of swords.  
And so Caesar said, that the soldiers that could not use their swords and shields, should use the mattock and spade.  
Bochoris decreed a military law against slothful 
Bochoris laws. Diod. sic. lib. 12.  and idle soldiers in Egypt, that would not obey their captains, or forsook their standard, they should be reremove from the place where they served, and become agrarij milites, base soldiers as they began first, and if any soldier would open any secrets to the enemies, he should have his tongue cut out of his head by the law of Bochoris.  
The fat and full fed soldier among the Romans, that neither could nor would take pains on foot or on horse, the captain might take his horse from under him, and give him to an other.  
So Agesilaus did in the Peloponesian wars in Greece, 
Agesilaus military discipline.  for when he saw young brave soldiers of Asia in his camp, which had more pride in their apparel, then care of their service, more like to women then to men, Agesilaus took their brave and fine apparel from them, and gave it to those soldiers that better deserved it, and forced them to serve very bare and naked, until they knew better how to become soldiers.  
So the Romans used to take the spears from those soldiers that were given to idleness and slothfulness, though before through service they won them, and deserved them. They also used to open a vain upon the forehead of a wild, rash, and disobedient soldier, to let him bleed to become sober.  
The Gauls used to put a mark upon the soldiers girdle, which if the soldier through idleness would not keep himself within that mark, he should be straightly 
Caesar. lib. 5. de bello gallic.  kept in prison with thin diet, until the mark of his girdle would serve him.  
The old Gauls had an other law, that he which came last to the muster should be slain in the presence of the multitude, for that he seemed unwilling to come, & to be with the first to answer for himself and for his country.  
It was so also among the Romans, that he which would not answer to the first call at any public muster of soldiers, should be noted as a great offender to his country, and banished out of his country, as a man not borne nor fit for his country.  
Eumenes a noble captain, a soldier of Alexander the great, to take that sluggishness from his soldiers that grew by idleness, did acquaint them with travel and pain to keep them in breath, sometimes marching forwards 
The exercise of Eumenes to his soldiers.  fair and softly, and then retiring with great haste upon the sudden, much like to the Parthians in their fight, taking upon them to flee for fear from the enemies, to draw the enemies after them, and then to return upon the sudden again to fight with their enemies: so did Eumenes by his soldiers, which made them ready in service as well backwards as forwards, which many captains used as stratagems.  
Fabius Max. thought good to reclaim the faults of an evil and ignorant soldier by lenity and gentleness, and wished no captain to use his soldiers more sharply than the husbandman used his Fig trees, Olive trees, and wild Pomegranates, which by pruming 
Fabius Max.  and good handling of them, do alter their hard & wild nature.  
Charondas made a law to punish those soldiers that loitered in their country, and refused to go to wars for their country, and also those soldiers that were in the wars, that broke any martial order by leaving their ensign and their company, the soldier that so offended, should be clothed in a woman's apparel, and be brought into the midst of the camp, and there to stand in the sight of all the army three several days together. So Artaxerxes used cowardly soldiers in Persia with the same self law as Charondas did.  
And therefore Attil. Regulus passing with his Army from Samnium to Lucerna, met with the enemies unexpected: 
Frent. lib. 4. cap. 1.  his soldiers being taken upon the sudden, began to fly, Regulus commanded certain of his captains to kill those soldiers that fled from the enemies.  
The old Romans for the greatest punishment they had for their slaves in Martius Corilianus time, was, to carry a limmer on his shoulders, that is fastened to the axle-tree of a coach called Furea, and compelled to go up and down in that sort among his neighbours, and after to be called Furciser.  
Certain military punishments by law of Arms set down: Castigatio, Pecumariaemulctae, numerum indictio, militiaemutatio, gradus dciectio, ignominiosa missio. I will 
Modesti. de re militari.  spare to put them in English because they are in English mentioned before.  
If any be desirous of more military punishments, let him read Vegetius, the third book and fourth chapter, where he setteth down that if a soldier being punished for any offence by him committed, should contrary his Captain or the Colonel, by resisting or staying 
Military punishment for soldiers.  his captains hands, or by breaking the staff or the stick wherewith he is punished, he is by martial law displaced from the place he serveth in, and quite removed from the camp.  
If any soldier resist correction, & lay violent hands on his Captain or Colonel when he is corrected, he is to suffer capital punishment, which is death by martial law appointed.  
Augustus Caesar commanded those soldiers that offended in the camp, with slothfulness and idleness, which framed not themselves like soldiers, to carry upon 
Augustus' Caesar.  their backs Decempedam, a perch or pole of ten foot long, sometimes to carry turfs in their shirts barelegd 
Decempede.  and barefooted, to be flouted and scoffed of their company.  
Sertorius for that he saw a number of soldiers negligently omit military discipline, he caused them to be 
Sertorius.  whipped and scourged in the midst of the Camp, threatening death for the least fault the next time they offended. For said Sertorius, In bello bis peccare non licet.  
Genutius the Consul, disauthorised and purged his 
Genutius.  camp of four thousand soldiers, whom he found slothful and negligent in the army, and brought them to open public punishment.  
Cyrus therefore after he had conquered the Lydians, knowing them to be soft and effeminate soldiers, suffered none of them to be in his camp.  
Among the Carthaginians, the Lacedæmonians, and they of Crete, a law was made, confirmed by Plato 
Plato.  in Greece, that no soldier might drink wine during the time of their wars, which made Marius to speak to his Army, perceiving them to be very thirty, we must break our thirst in yonder River after the battle.  
Pittacus a singular wise man, made the like law in 
Pittacus.  Mittelena, as Plato made in Greece, that the soldiers that would drink wine, might receive double punishment without pay.  
Among the Romans severe laws were made against wine drinkers, and executed not only upon soldiers by the General, but also upon the women in Rome by their husbands, as Egnat. Metellus punished his own wife.  
If any soldier should go any where out of their camp, and be found without sword and weapons about him, 
Cornel. Tacit. lib. 2. Ueget. lib. 3. cap. 8.  he should be accused of a capital crime, & hardly escape death, unless it were the first offence of a young soldier.  
Those soldiers that cast up banks, made trenches and ditches, might not be without weapons about them, though they were but agrarij milites.  
So used Marius, and after him Caesar, they made their soldiers to work with their swords on their sides, and mattocks in their hands.  
So did the jews for fear of the Samaritans, and others, build up jerusalem and the temple, having their weapons in one hand, and working with the other.  
Scipio Aemilianus, at the wars of Numantia, perceiving that his under captains and his officers forgot the military discipline of the old romans, which was that women should not follow the wars, and many other 
The wars at Numantia  abuses and enormities which were suffered in the camp without looking unto, and therefore Scipio purged all his army of all idle & lewd company with whip & scourge, that might hinder service & infect the army.  
So did Cyrus the great king of Persia, with the like care keep his soldiers from slothful idleness, commanding his Generals & Captains to exercise their soldiers with pain & travel, to suffer hunger & cold 
Cyrus' discipline to his soldiers.  without meat or drink, before they would certify their captain what military exercise either on foot, or on horse they had done.  
And after that Cyrus had conquered the Lydians, knowing them to be false and treacherous fellows, very cowards & timorous soldiers, he dismissed them from his camp, and suffered them not to stay among his soldiers, because they should not infect soldiers, nor corrupt military discipline.  
For that the martial disciplines of the romans were such as I thought good to make a catalogue as I found them in the Commentary upon Vegetius, virgis caedi, vite verberari, linguae abscissio, this kind of punishment used the Egyptians, by a law confirmed in Egypt, to cut off the soldiers tongue that betrayed any counsel to the enemy: the fourth punishment among the Romans was Manuum amputatio, to cut off the hands of those soldiers that were found stealing or filching in the camp. The fifth punishment was Crurum exectio, 
Polib. lib. 6.  the breaking of the legs of those soldiers that forsook their standard, and so to leave them without legs 
Tacit. lib. 3. anual.  to stay behind, because when he had legs he would not follow his standard.  
Another punishment they had called Decimation, 
Val. max. li. 2 cap. 7.  for offences among the soldiers unknown, the tenth man by lot as it fell upon him should die throughout the whole company: this punishment Decimation, was invented first by Appius Claudius, which long endured among the Romans, and most frequented.  
The seventh punishment was for them that fled to the enemies, and returned to be eaten and devoured of beasts.  
So Scipio African punished some Roman fugitives.  
Another punishment among the Roman soldiers, was to be stoned to death, so was Posthumius stoned in his Tents.  
Another punishment among soldiers, was to be shot to death the soldier being tied to a stake. This punishment used Caesar, Alexander the great, and many other Generals in divers countries. To be short, Sepultura privari, sub crate necari, carpento trahi, and many other such you may read in Viget. lib. 3. cap. 4.  
In this the romans differed from the Persians, 
Mercenary soldiers.  hardly would the Romans trust any mercenary soldier, or suffer any stranger as a soldier to be within their camp.  
The Persians imitating the great king Cyrus' counsel, who ever thought it best to choose a soldier, as a a man would make choice of a good horse to travel far from home, and to spare his own people the Persians, until extreme necessity forced wars, clean contrary to the Romans who never used but their own Roman legions, though they subdued the Macedonians, the Persians, and their kings, yet the Romans would not use their martial discipline, which made the Romans to vanquish all nations, and to rule over all countries.   

CHAP. II.  
Of the provincial regiments of the Romans. Of their rule and government over the greatest kings of the world.  
THe Romans every where most renowned for their fame, in a manner Lords of the whole earth, after they had conquered all nations & kingdoms under them to pay tribute to the Empire of Rome, and had appointed governors and regents to govern under them in every country: Some under Consuls, some 
The governments of the Romans.  under Proconsul's, some under Precedents, some under Praetors, and some under Knights, and after they had divided these kingdoms & countries, some into principalities, some into provinces, some into Toparchies, as 
Sex. Ruffinus.  Syria, some into Tetrarchies, as Paphlagonia. Some into Tribes, and some into Ethnarchies, as France: Gasgoyne and Britain were divided into eighteen provinces, and governed under Praetors.  
Hispaine in six provinces, two of them under Consul's government, the other four under Proconsul's.  
Macedonia was divided into seven provinces, Thracia 
Macedonia.  into six, and Illyria into seven provinces.  
This might seem strange, that Consuls of Rome being but one city, should rule & govern so many kingdoms, that after they had subdued Africa & the most part of Europe, before they came to Asia, and had established Africa & Europe under Roman governors. And as by the death of Alexander the great, all the East kingdoms were left without a king, that they that were 
Division between the successors of Alexander.  then but Alexander's Soldiers, divided all the kingdoms of the East as booties and preys between them, Macedonia to Antipater, Egypt to Ptolomeu, Asia the less to Antigonus, and so other kingdoms were divided between others of Alexander his soldiers and they that could agree under one captain, as fellows, friends, and soldiers of one country, fell to civil wars within themselves, that one destroyed another, that by this means the Romans subdued the kings of Asia, as they subdued the kings of Africa and Europe.  
After the Romans had subdued Italy, their countrymen and next neighbours, they granted to the Volsces, the Tyrrhens, the Samnites, Lucan's, Tarentines & Tuscans, the Roman law called Ius Latij.  
So did the Romans in Cicilia, which was the first people subdued, and made the first province under the Romans, they had jura Latinitatis.  
In Carthage, Leptis, and divers other cities in Africa 
Liberties and freedoms allowed by the Romans.  and Hispaine, they had their freedom & liberty again, and the laws of Italy granted them by Alexander Severus the Emperor: so that in Africa were fifteen Roman cities, where no magistrate might govern but a Roman citizen, and that Per ius Latinitatis.  
The like law made Pompey in Armenia & in Pontus, 
Romian magistrates governed in Asia and in Africa.  and other cities of Asia, that Roman magistrates should govern them, as they did in Hispaine and in Africa.  
All Hispaine were so subject to the romans, that thirty towns were made free to use their liberties and laws, & named Roman cities in one part of Hispaine, and one hundred & twenty towns that paid annual stipend 
Alex. Neapolit. lib. 2. cap. 27.  to the Romans.  
The Athenians, Thessalians, and all Greece, were restored to their laws & liberties by divers Emperors of Rome, as by Pau. Aemilius, Ti. Flaminius, Lu. Silla, & others. But other kingdoms and countries were not so: For though the Romans excelled and exceeded all nations in prowise, in conquests and victories, yet made they all kingdoms and countries their friends and confederates which they subdued. So was Masinissa king of Numidia, 
Masinissa.  ever a friend to the Romans against Hannibal while he lived, and at his death made the Roman Empire his heir.  
And Attalus king of Asia, for the friendship that he 
Attalus.  found with the Romans, committed his kingdom into the Romans tuition, and made also the Empire of Rome his heir as Masinissa did.  
And though the Cappadocians were a free nation governed by their own law, yet sought they freedom and liberty of the Romans, and would be governed by them only forsaking their own liberty, so that they were ruled as the Egyptians were by Roman knights, for that the Roman knights and the Senators were of equal power at that time.  
For no Consul, Proconsul, Praetor, or such as had sergeant or Tipslaves before them, might in no wise come into Alexandria or any part of Egypt, for that the Romans had an old prophesy, that their dignity and iurisdicton should cease in Alexandria, and also in Egypt, when any Roman officer came to Alexandria, having sergeant with Maces before them.  
The Romans being now Lords of the most part of Africa, Asia, and Europe, grew so proud of their fortunes, of their triumphs, their victories, and greatness 
Ambition in Rome and in Athens.  far from Rome, that they through ambition and envy, began one to spite an other in Rome, so that there was nothing in Rome but as it was in Athens, seditions, tumults, envy and malice: and as jugurth spoke of Rome, that it was Vrbs venalis si haberet emptorem, a town soon sold, if it had a chapman. So Demosthenes spoke of the three monsters of Athens, the people, the owl, and the 
Populus, Nectuo, & ●…aco.  dragon: these were the causes that overthrew Rome and Athens.  
The Israelites in like sort as the Romans before they conquered the Canaanites, they agreed and joined their force together, and the Lord prospered their wars when they served him, that from joshuahs' time, who brought them and gave them the possession of the land of Canaan, unto David's time, who settled the Israelites as the Lords over the Canaanites, that the Moabites, Ammonites, and other nations about paid tribute to David, and to his successors, and that there was no king, no nation, but feared and trembled at the name of Israel.  
And as you heard before of the civil wars of the Macedonians between Alexander's servants, and of the Romans, so Israel likewise fell to civil wars, which 
Israel.  was the cause of the destruction of the Persians, the Macedonians, the Romans, the Israelites, and others: for the Hebrews being the only auntientest people which were brought up in the military discipline of the Lord, their law giver, and General of their Army, under whom Moses, joshua, David, and others, kept and executed the same, whose fame grew so great thereby, that all the kings and captains of the earth trembled thereat.  
The Gentiles in their wars with their enemies, took not only counsel of their Oracles and Soothsayers, but also made their simple soldiers to believe, that they were instructed by some divine power sent from jupiter, or from Apollo.  
As Sertorius, a captain no less famous in Africa, than Sylla was in Asia, which did by a white hind use many stratagems, whom he taught to follow him every 
Sertorius white hind.  where, even into his bed chamber, making his soldiers to believe, that he would consult with this white hind in some secret place, before he would take any wars in hand, and after he had consulted with this white hind, he certainly assured his soldiers of victory, this he used to encourage his soldiers in all his wars in Africa. Hereby he overthrew Cotta the Consul in a battle on the sea: and also overthrew Domitius 
Front. lib. 1. cap. 11.  the Roman Proconsul in Hiberia, and constrained Metellus to his loss many times to yield, until Pompey the great came with his legionary army from Rome, to aid Metellus against Sertorius, with whom Pompey had somewhat to do before he overthrew Sertorius.  
Thus he encouraged his soldiers in Africa by reason of his white hind, as Lucius Sylla did practise many such Stratagems in Asia, who did make his soldiers believe by looking on the picture of Apollo, which he carried about his neck in a little close tablet, that he was instructed by Apollo to take such battles in hand, that Sylla would make his soldiers believe the victory should be his.  
So Cai. Marius in his wars against the Cymbrians, carried in his coach an old woman of Scythia, named Martha, by whom he had often secret conference, and persuaded his soldiers that all the victories he had, was by the instructions of this Martha, which Marius made 
Marius' policy.  his soldiers believe she was a prophet, and therefore not to doubt of any battle, but to have victory.  
Scipio African in like manner would take no public matter in hand before he had gone to the Capitol and consulted with jupiter, whereby the soldiers were persuaded, and he also informed them before he entered 
Scipio his stratagem to his soldiers.  into any battle, that they need not doubt of victories, for so he himself was instructed by a messenger from jupiter. Thus were the soldiers of the Gentiles blinded with their own superstitiousness, that they would believe their captains in any thing they spoke, that their laws were made, and victories were gotten by the false oracles of their Idols.  
So Sertorius did by his white hind. Sylla by consulting with Apollo. Cai. Marius with his prophetess of Scythia, and Scypio African by his messenger from jupiter, these means which they used as stratagems was to persuade their soldiers forwards, with more 
Val. Max. lib. 1.  courage to take the battle in hand, so religious were the Gentiles towards their Gods, that they thought nothing could happen amiss if their gods were well pleased.  
Diagoras the Philosopher was therefore banished out of Athens, because he confessed that he doubted 
Dagoras the Philosopher. Cic de natura. dear. lib. 1.  whether there were any gods or no.  
So was Archilocus banished from Sparta, for that he said, I had rather lose my shield then my life.  
The Israelites were charged not to use these Idolatrous means, and forbidden to seek foreign helps, either of the Egyptians, or of the Babylonians, Romans, or Syrians, but of the presence of the Lord in the Ark, and from the mercy seat to take their answer what they might do, and after the use of the Ark, in the 
Israel consulted with idolatrous Oracles.  Temple of Solomon at jerusalem: but the Israelites after consulted with Milcom and Moloch, the gods of the Gentiles, and the house of Ephramites joined their force with the Syrians, and sought help against judah.  
It seemed by the instructions of the Gentiles to their soldiers, set forth in their laws of Arms, that they were most careful to have them brought into such strait observations, by obedience to their chief generals and officers: for it was no small reproach nor little shame, but for ever public infamy among the Romans, 
Military punishment of the Romans.  for any soldier, captain, colonel, or any other officer, to be disauthorised & rejected from his former dignity of service, to disarmor him of his weapons, to take his horse from under him, to be unspurd, to take his spear out of his hand, his shoes from his feet, his girdle from his middle, to give him barley for wheat, to go barefooted, and to begin again to be Agrarius miles, to be a mean soldier, so severe were the Romans against disobedient soldiers.  
It was an ancient law among the old Romans, that the Captains and Centurions that fled from their company should stand with their garments lose, and their swords drawn in their hands in the midst of the camp, which was one of the greatest & infamousest punishments among the Romans for a Roman captain.  
The penal law they had in Sparta against those that 
Plut. in Licurgo.  fled from the battle, they were compelled to wear old tattered rags, and to shave the one side of their beards, 
A penal law in Sparta for soldiers.  and to be reviled and flouted of every man that met them, that it was not lawful for them to give any word of answering.  
And if they were captains, or any great officers in the field, they should wear an old patched gown of divers colours, they should bear no office in the commonwealth after that time, they might have no man's daughter to marriage, neither would any marry their daughters, but as men left to live in shame without any credit, forsaken and refused to come into any Spartans' company, for every man lived in that warlike town Sparta as in a camp, where each soldier knew his allowance, and what he had to do: for the bondmen called 
Helotes.  Helotes, did till their ground, and yearly yielded them certain revenues to maintain their wars, for Sparta was not walled as other strong cities be, but walled with valiant soldiers, ready always in armour to fight with their enemies, for as the Romans said Membra militum arma, so the Lacedæmonians said, Vrbis maenia milites.  
The Lacedæmonians of all people so honoured martial discipline, that they studied nothing but to endure 
How the Lacedæmonians march to their wars.  all labours, to sustain any pain, and to be ready always to fight, and when they marched in battle ray to any set battle, they put their garlands of flowers on their heads in the very face of the enemy, and sung a song to Castor and Pollux, commanding their warlike instruments to sound, and to agree with the Ditty of their song called Pirricha, and so with motions and gestures of their bodies in their armour, they marched forwards 
Perricha.  towards the enemy, wearing tawny short cassocks, lest 
Enoplia.  the enemy should see any blood upon them.  
The Massagets went also unto any battle in such coloured cassocks as best resembled the colour of blood, 
Massagets.  lest the sight of blood should terrify some cowardly faint hearted soldier of their army.  
The Aethiopians held a clean contrary opinion to the Massagets, they went into the wars all in white 
Aethiopians  colour, because they might the more be encouraged by the sight of blood to revenge blood, and as the Aethiopians would often say, that blood should be revenged when they saw their blood.  
Artaxerxes king of Persia, came with an army of nine hundred thousand, all in red jackets, against his brother Cyrus, to the battle of Conoxa, where Cyrus gave him battle with a great army, all in white cassocks.  
So also sundry nations came into the field with divers coloured shields and targets, as Alexander the great 
Veget. lib. 1. cap. 18.  his soldiers came all with white silvered shields, and therefore called Argyrasipides. 
Argyraspides   
The Roman Emperor Alex. Severus, came with golden gilted shields, and therefore called Chrysoaspides: 
Chrysoaspides.  the Romans came with divers coloured shields, but never with white, unless for the first year to young soldiers.  
The carthaginians never used any other shields but white, and the rather because the Romans refused white 
justin. lib. 14. histor.  shields, for the Romans and the carthaginians could never agree.   

CHAP. III.  
Of the form and manner of military oaths in divers countries ministered unto soldiers.  
AFter the mustering and numbering of soldiers, and their names written in tables, they were also sworn before they went into any wars.  
The Persians for that they preferred the faith of their soldiers before any profit, they were compelled to swear by the Sun, sometime by fire, called their god 
The Persians oath.  Orimasdes, to obey and follow the commandments of their Generals, according to the martial law of Persia.  
Among the Romans a military oath was not only ministered unto the soldiers to obey the direction and correction of the Consuls, but also the Consuls and Praetors themselves were sworn, before the Senators 
Consuls displaced.  of Rome, that they should attempt no battle without full instruction from the Senators, for many Consuls, Praetors, and Generals, have been displaced from their Consulships, for not obeying the orders of the Senators.  
The same observation of oaths as well of captains as of the soldiers, were ministered to the soldiers by the magistrates in Sparta, called Ephori, though the Lacedæmonians in their wars against the Messenians, regarded as much their altars, their gods, and their faith, as the Athenians did against the Maegarians, who caused their soldiers to take an annual oath, to waste, to spoil, and to destroy, and to do as much harm as they could to the Maegarians.  
The Aethiopians and Egyptians made their soldiers to swear by the names of those noble dead captains, whose service alive did most advance their country, whose bodies they preserved with all sweet odours in glass, in their sumptuous tombs.  
The Thracians and the Scythians, laying their stand 
The Thracian oath.  upon the sword of Mars, make their soldiers swear in solemn sort, to perform true service to Mars & to their country.  
When King Artaxerxes would have Hipocrates the Physician to be sworn towards him, and offered him a 
Hypocrates. Plut. in vita catonis.  great sum of gold, Hipocrates swore unto Artaxerxes, that he would never serve under a barbarous King that should be an enemy to the greeks. This oath was observed ever after of all the Physicians of Greece.  
The oath that Benhadad king of Syria swore unto Achab king of Israel was, thus the gods do unto me, 
Benhadads' oath.  if thou dost not deliver me all thy treasures, and yield thyself unto me, the dust of Samaria shall not be enough for every one of my soldiers to take a handful.  
As you heard of the Lacedæmonians against the Messenians, and of the Athenians against the Maegarians, so the Thessalians weighed so little their oaths, that in the Peloponesian war they fled from the Athenians 
The Thessalians oath.  unto the Lacedæmonians, making no account of their oaths before made to the Athenians, like the Parthians which made no account of a military oath in wars.  
Notwithstanding the infidelity of the Thessalians, the Parthians, and others, I think it convenient to set down the old ancient form of the Romans, when they ministered oaths unto their soldiers or otherwise. The Romans would swear by jupiter, laying their hands upon the altar and on the sacrifice, saying these words: If I say otherwise then truth, or deceive any man, so jupiter throw me out of Rome, as I throw this stone out of my hand.  
The same words in effect did Scipio African use to Lu. Metellus, and to other Romans after the great overthrow of the Romans at the battle of Can, hearing that Metellus and his company had determined to forsake Italy, and to take sea, Scypio African went purposely unto Metellus lodging, whom he found very resolute in their purpose, Scypio drew his sword naked upon them, saying: I swear unto you, that during Scypios' 
The oath of Scypio African.  life, I will not forsake Rome nor any part of Italy, neither will I suffer you nor any Roman citizen to depart out of Italy with my life; If I do, jupiter confound me, my house, my family, and all that I have in the world. 
Veget. lib. 2. cap. 5.   
This was Scypios' oath to Metellus, after that Hannibal had overthrown the Romans, and so urged Metellus and his company to swear the same oath, and so to join their force together against Hannibal; for after the great victory of Hannibal at Can, his fortune by degrees began to quail, for Mar. Livius and Clau. Nero, both Consuls ' of Rome, hearing that Asdrubal General of the Africans came with a great Army unto Italy to aid his brother Hannibal, met him upon the sudden, and gave him battle at the River Metaurus, with the like overthrow as was equal to the battle of Can, for Asdrubal was slain, 
Hasdrubals head sent to Hannibal his brother.  and his head cut off and sent to his brother Hannibal for a present by Claudius Nero, and fifty six thousand men of his Army slain, and his Camp taken, upon the which overthrow, Hannibal was sent for presently, to come from Italy to Africa.  
After this great battle Hanibals force and fortune began to be weakened, and he made means to Scypio for peace, and great Carthage began to alter and change, and yet were they most angry with Hannibal, for that he counseled them not to follow their vain hope of any victory, but rather to entreat for peace at the Romans. But Carthage could not abide the name of Rome, nor Rome Carthage, and therefore forced Hannibal to take the battle at Zama in hand, which was 
The battle at Zama.  the last battle and the utter overthrow of Hannibal and of all the carthaginians.  
The Africans and the carthaginians almost like the Romans, laid their hands on the Altars of their Country gods, and on the sacrifice, holding in 
Livi. lib. 31.  the left hand a lamb, and in the right hand a flint stone, saying: If they otherwise spoke then truth, 
Carthage.  or that they should deceive any man to their knowledge, so they wished that jupiter should strike them as dead, as they did strike the lamb with the flint stone.  
The latter Romans made their soldiers to swear by the name of the Emperors, as the soldiers swore by the name of Vespasian, and by the name of Augustus.  
So the Emperor Caligula swore by the name of Drusilla in Rome. 
Drusilla.   
So joseph swore by the life of Pharaoh in Egypt, yet it was not permitted for women in Rome, to swear by the name of Hercules. 
Hercules.   
The ancient greeks in their most solemn oaths, were wont to come to the temple of Ceres Tesmophore, and there after sacrifice done, to put on a purple rob upon the goddess Ceres, holding lamps in their hands lighted, and there to swear before the goddess Ceres, 
Tesmophore. Alex. Neapolit. lib. 5. cap. 10.  in a manner the like words, as the Romans did of jupiter.  
Both Euripides and Aristophenes, charged the Spartans, that they observed neither their oaths, neither 
Aristocrates.  their faith, nor their altars, and named their king Aristocrates in his wars against the Messenians, to be as false as the Thessalians were.  
Among other nations they swore by waters, rivers, and wells, as the Indians swore by the water of Sandaracina: 
Massagetes.  the Massagets by the River of Tanais.  
Many Philosophers swore Per genium Socratis. Many Pythagorians swore Per quaternionem, which with them 
Pythagorians oath.  was the most perfect number.   

CHAP. FOUR  
Of the last overthrow of Hannibal at the battle of Zama, by Scypio African, of his going from Africa to Asia to Antiochus the great, and from thence to Prusias king of Bythinia.  
HAnibal before he came out of Italy, seeing his force declining, after he saw his brother Hasdrubals head thrown into his tent, said, I ever thought Carthage unlucky, and I know it should be destroyed, but I requited the romans before my brother's head was cut off, at the battles of Trebeia, Thrasymen, and Can, with the loss of three hundred Roman Consuls & Senators heads, for Hannibal sent at that time after the victory of Can to Carthage, three bushels of 
Three bushels of gold rings.  gold rings, which were had from the slain romans in the field.  
After that Hannibal was overthrown by Scipio at the battle at Zama, he fled to Antiochus the great, whom he persuaded with all means possible to take wars against the Romans, being so weakened and brought low by Hannibal, at which time Antiochus began a new war upon the Romans, whom they feared at the first beginning as much as they did Hannibal, for before he had wars with the Romans, he had conquered and subdued the most part of Asia, and all which Zeleucus had subdued before him. And Antiochus waxed so strong that he subdued many barbarous and warlike nations, that thereby he was called Antiochus the great, and 
The overthrow of Antiochus at the battle at Magnesia.  became so proud, that by Hannibal's means he must needs war with the Romans, by whom he lost divers victories, and lost all that he wan before, & was quite subdued by the Romans in the battle at Magnesia, and driven to be well contented to live with very small territories, without kingdoms or countries, within the precincts of Mount Taurus.  
Of this Antiochus, might well be spoken, what Antigonus spoke of Pyrrhus, who compared him to a dice 
The saying of Antigonus.  player, who will not give over until he lose all his winning.  
Hannibal after he fled from Africa, being overthrown by Scipio, went to Antiochus the great, whom he persuaded to take wars against the Romans, to whom Hannibal taught many stratagems, among the which he taught him to throw little vessels full of Adders and Vipers into the Roman navies on sea battles, to hinder not only the soldiers from their fight, but also the sailors from their business.  
The same self stratagem did Hannibal show to Prusias king of Bythinia, to whom he fled after Antiochus the great was overthrown by the Romans. This Hannibal and his brother Asdrubal, the one in Italy, the other in Hispaine, so afflicted and plagued the Romans, but it was well requited by the two Roman brethren Scipio 
Front. lib. 4. cap. 7.  African, and his brother Scypio Asiaticus, both upon Africa and upon Asia.  
Scipio Asiaticus in Lydia, in a battle against Antiochus the great, (after great tempest and rain which continued a whole day and a night together, that both 
Antiochus the great overthrown by Scypio.  man and beast seemed weary) was counseled by his brother Pub. Scipio African, the next morning to strike a battle against Antiochus, though it was by the Roman laws a day forbidden to fight, and by his brother's counsel, Scipio Asiaticus obtained a great victory over Antiochus the great, which was the first king among the Syrians, called Antiochus the great, and thereby Scipio was surnamed Asiaticus, after the overthrow of Antiochus, as his brother Scipio was surnamed Affricanus, after the great overthrow of Hannibal.  
So Cn. Pompeius was called Pompey the great, after the overthrow of Sertorius and his complices in Hispaine.  
So Alexander was called Alexander the great, after he overthrew Darius, and obtained the Empire of Persia.  
This good success of these victories had by the Romans, only by the means of Scipio African, who drove Hannibal out of Italy into Africa, and out of Africa into Asia, and brought all the Cities of Italy under the obeisance of the romans, neither Scipio would give Africa or Carthaginians over, before he saw Carthage burnt before his face, yet all the Captains of Carthage when nothing did profit them, after 
The burning of Carthage.  the matrons and women of the City had shaved all their heads and brought their hairs unto the captains, as the Massilians and the Rhodians did the like, to make Gables for their Navies, and Match for their shots, and yet when they saw it would not hold, than all the Town locked their gates, and brought all their goods and treasure to the midst of the Town, and burned them, and themselves, before they would yield to the Romans, in the sight of Scipio, who with tears bewailed the unfortunate estate, and lamentable end of Carthage, burning before his face, for the space of seventeen days, saying to Polybius, Veniet illa dies qua Troia nostra peribit.  
After all this service of Scipio, he died banished out of Rome, as Hannibal died out of Africa. In Rome after Scipio, began Marius to be great, and so great, that he was chosen seven several times Consul 
Marius' seven times Consul in Rome.  of Rome, under this Marius, served Lu. Sylla, a young gallant Captain, and grew by degrees in Rome so great, that he went against fifteen Generals of his enemies, who had four hundred and fifty Ensigns of footmen, well armed in the field against him, as Sylla himself reporteth it in his Commentaries written to Lucullus, but he wan the victory. This time said 
Carbo's words of Sylla.  Carbo, the head and chief of all Marius faction, the only enemy of Sylla, that Sylla was like a Fox to deceive his enemies, and like a Lion to fight with his enemies.  
Sylla fought with captains of greatest power and overcame them. What king living then in the East was of such power as Mithridates, of such courage as Lamponius, of such stoutness as Telestinus the Samnite? This Sylla after the overthrow of these three, by force of arms got many victories in Asia and in Greece, and became as 
Sylla and Marius the firebrands of Italy.  great as Marius was in Rome: and they both grew so great, that one could not abide the name of the other: hence grew factions and partake in Rome, between Sylla and Marius by civil wars; That as the Giliadites suffered not one Ephraimite to pass over Iorden, that could not pronounce Shchiboleth, so none might live in 
Shchiboleth.  Rome, but those whom Sylla either spoke unto, or Marius reached his hand unto. Such was the hatred between them both, that Rome could not contain Sylla and Marius, together at one time, no more than Rome could endure Pompey and Caesar, and yet in the midst of their civil wars, Marius saved Sulla's life against Sulpitius' mind, but Marius and his son were after overthrown by Sylla.  
So Caesar saved Brutus' life in the battle of Pharsalia, against Mar. Antonius' will, but Brutus was one of the chief conspirators that killed Caesar in the Senate house.  
So Brutus saved Mar. Antonius' life, at that time when Caesar was slain in the Senate against Cassius will. But 
Brutus.  Mar. Antonius never gave Brutus over until he slew him at the battle of Philippus. And thus Marius was overthrown by Sylla, whose life he saved. So was Caesar slain by Brutus, whose life Caesar saved: and Brutus by Mar. Antonius, whose life Brutus saved.  
But after Sylla & Marius rage was past, Pompey, which Sertorius called Sulla's boy, when Pompey was a young captain under Sylla in Africa, this young captain Sulla's boy, subdued all Sertorius captains, Marius, Carinna, Caelius, and Brutus. After them, Pompey overthrew Scypio the Consul, and after Scypio, Carbo, who had been three times Consul in Rome.  
After that Pompey had subdued all Sertorius captains, and at last Sertorius himself, he took king jarbas, who 
The martial exploits of Pompey.  fought on Domitius side, one of Sertorius captains, and brought him prisoner to Rome in his triumph.  
So that within forty days, Pompey overcame all the Marian's, which took Marius' part, which were enemies to Sylla, subdued Africa, and established all the affairs of all the kings and kingdoms of all that country, that Sylla named him Pompey the great. Yet Sylla saw Pompey's greatness grow on so fast, that he went about to hinder Pompey's triumphs: which Pompey spoke to Sulla's face, that men honour more the sun rising then the sun setting.  
Pompey having been neither Praetor, Consul, or Senator, had his triumph granted him against the law, when he was but 24. years of age.  
Pompey gave an other overthrow to Sertorius captains, at a set battle hard by the city of Valentia, slew ten thousand men of Sertorius soldiers, and at that battle 
The victory of Pompey as Valentia.  Pompey slew Herennius and Perpenna, both notable soldiers, and Sertorius Lieutenants, and so obtained the victory, and ended all this war, for the most part of Sertorius captains were slain in the field at that battle.  
Yet had Pompey his hands full with Sertorius at the battle of Lauron, a noble and valiant captain on Marius' side, and one that galled Pompey more than all the rest, for Pompey could do no good though he saw the city of Lauron burnt before his face, where Sertorius showed himself a most skilful and valiant captain.  
In like sort at the battle hard by the River Sucron, Pompey had his hands full with Sertorius, where Pompey was forced to take his horse, and driven from his horse, 
The battle at Sucron.  to fly, and in his flight to forsake his horse, & to take his feet, and to leave his horse for a pray to Sertorius Africans soldiers, being so rich a spoil to stay the enemies, who fought for the horse, and let Pompey go.  
The Gauls having a great battle to fight with Attalus king of Asia, delivered all their gold and silver to be kept, that if they were driven to fly, they should scatter the gold and silver upon the way, that by staying the enemies 
Front. lib. 2. cap. 13.  to gather up the gold & silver so dispersed, they themselves might escape.  
The like stratagem used Mithridates king of Pontus, to save himself, who fled from the enemies that followed hard after him, who left a Mule laden with gold 
Mithridates' stratagems and others.  and silver, a booty which Mithridates knew would please the Romans, to stay them, and to save himself from Lucullus soldiers.  
So did Triphon king of Syria (to escape from king Antiochus horsemen) scattered money every where on the 
Triphon.  way, to stay Antiochus' soldiers that Triphon might escape, so did Alaricus king of the Goats and others, save themselves by the like policies.  
Few great captains hardly escaped with their lives from divers dangers and perils.  
Sylla hardly escaped from Telesinus at the battle of Antemna, and Caesar himself after he had lost 32. Ensigns, 
Antemna.  & a thousand of his best soldiers, escaped hardly the hand of Pompey at Dirachium, and after in the battle 
Dyrachium.  at Munda in Africa, from the Pompeyans.   

CHAP. V.  
Of Pyrrhus' war against the Romans, of divers stratagems, of the marchings of divers nations, of the overthrow of Torquine last king over the Romans, of the praise of Porsenna and Mutius Scaevola.  
Pirrhus' the great captain in the battle hard by the river Siris, after he had given to Levinus the Consul, a great overthrow 
Pyrrhus.  before, and made up a trophy in the temple at Tarentum to jupiter, yielding thanks for his victories, being demanded of the Tarentines to have one battle more with the Romans, sith he had subdued the Romans in two battles before, he answered: If I stay to give the third battle to the Romans, I shall have never a soldier to return from Italy to Epyre.  
Thus Pompey under Sylla, Sylla under Marius, Marius under Scypio, and Scypio under his father, whom he rescued in the battle at Can from the Africans, as Alexander the great rescued his father Philip at the battle at Cheronea, being but eighteen years of age, as Scypio was, when he rescued his father at Can.  
While Pompey flourished in Rome after Sulla's death, that all the Roman Empire rung out Pompey's fame.  
Caesar practised among the Gauls his secret ambition, which was such, that he went as a Roman captain with his army far from Rome, to practise his stratagems, where he conquered the Gauls with the weapons of the Romans, 
Caesar's ambition against Rome.  and won the Romans with money of the Gauls, few in Rome knew this, but such as he fed with money in Rome to be his friends.  
Hence grew the malice and envy betwneene Pompey and Caesar, for Pompey could not abide his equal in Rome, nor Caesar his superior. 
Plut. in Caesare.   
Caesar was suspected to be confederate with Catiline in his conspiracy, not only to overthrow the state of the Commonwealth, but also to destroy the whole Empire of Rome, for the which cause Cato and Piso fell out with Cicero, for that he then being Consul, had not bewrayed Caesar, when Cicero well might 
Plut. in Cicero.  have done it, for many saw the greatness of Caesar far from Rome before he came to Rome, they saw his courage and mind to be invincible, his martial skill to be singular, that such was his conquests over the Gauls in ten years, that he took above eight hundred Towns, and having such an infinite number of enemies, of thirty hundred thousand soldiers, Gauls, Germans, Teutons, and divers others, he slew of them at several times above ten hundred thousand.  
So that Caesar's praise, his wars, his battles, his victories, 
Caesar's praise.  and conquests, had excelled all the strongest kings and princes of Europe, had he not only showed himself an enemy to his Country in the battle at Pharsalia, where Pompey the great, the Senators, and the most part of the noble men of Rome were slain, overthrown, and taken.  
Had Caesar been in the time of Hannibal, of whom Scypio demanded, who had been, and were the greatest captains of the world, to whom he answered, Alexander 
Scipio's demand of Hannibal.  was the first, Pyrrhus the second, and Hannibal himself the third. Then Scypio demanded of Hannibal, what if Hannibal had subdued Scypio? He answered that then Hannibal should not have been the second, nor the third, but the first. For what Pyrrhus could not bring to pass in four years, nor Hannibal in seventeen years, 
Caesar's celerity in his victories.  that could Caesar bring to pass within threescore days, he was Lord of all Italy, Emperor of Rome, and conqueror of all the Roman Empire, and therefore worthily to be preferred before Pyrrhus or Hannibal, had he spared his country.  
Such was the celerity of Caesar's victories, over Pharnaces king of Pontus, at the battle by the city of Zela, that he wrote but three words to his friend Anitus to Rome, from Pontus, Veni, vidi, vici.  
Again, he took three camps in one day, and slew fifty thousand of his enemies, and lost but fifty of his soldiers for all the force of king juba, Cato, Scipio, and Affranius.  
The soldiers of Epaminondas, perceiving that the wind blew away the label, which hanged as an ornament about Epaminondas spear, and lighted upon the grave of a dead Lacedaemonian, at the which sight the thebans were so frighted, until Epaminondas said unto them merrily, Ah worthy soldiers, this signifieth the 
Epaminondas stratagem.  overthrow of the Lacedæmonians, and forewarneth them of their burial. These wise stratagems by noble captains, were to remove fear and terror from soldiers minds, which were so superstitious at the sight of any toy to doubt of victories.  
Scipio African sailing from Italy into Africa, at his going out of his ship had a fall, which not a little moved the soldiers, who took it for a sign of no good luck, 
Front. lib. 1. cap. 12.  he perceiving by his soldiers that they were amazed and astonished at his fall, spoke unto them presently with a merry countenance and said; Ludite milites, Africans oppressi, Be merry soldiers I have overcome Africa, and so by this stratagem he turned their doubts & fear into boldness and stoutness.  
As Scipio spoke Affricam oppressi, I overcame Africa, so likewise we may speak through Christ that eternal Scipio & staff of salvation, who overcame not only Africa, but the whole world, & the prince of the same Satan.  
The very like chance happened to Caesar, who as he went to take shipping, had the like luck as Scipio had, and lest his soldiers should think it a sign of hard luck, he used this stratagem, embraced the earth fast and said; Terra, te teneo matter, which was interpreted by his soothsayers that he should conquer many lands and countries through victories.  
Caesar after all his great fortunes and victories which 
Caesar was in 52. pitched fields.  he had in two and fifty pitched fields and set battles, entered with his last triumph of ovation, after four great triumphs had before over foreign enemies, being Consul, Dictator, and Emperor, by his sword, made a kind of triumph of ovation from mount Albanus to the Capitol, five months before the Ides of March, which time Spurnia the soothsayer willed Caesar to take heed of, at what time Caesar was slain in the Senate house.  
This was not to be called a triumph, because it was done in the time of civil discord, for that in civil wars among the Romans, it was decreed by the Senate, 
No triumphs in civil wars at Rome.  that no Roman might triumph over another Roman, so it was also among the thebans, Epaminondas might not triumph over the Lacedæmonians for his victory at Leuctres.  
Sylla might not triumph over Marius, neither Caesar over Pompey, nor Octavius over Mar. Antonius. Yet Caesar against the law triumphed, and carried the pictures of Cato, Petronius, & others, but refused to carry the picture of Pompey, because he knew it would offend many of the Romans, and the rather for that Caesar gave his daughter julia in marriage to Pompey.  
Caesar after these his conquests, was named the first Emperor of Rome, the Romans having had before seven kings, which ruled two hundred and fifty years, after king's Consuls, which continued five hundred years. For Valerius Publicola, the first Consul after the 
The battle between Torquine and Publicola.  kings, in the battle between the wood called Arsia Sylva, and the meadow Aeswia, where two and twenty thousand & six hundred Romans were slain, where Torquine the proud was overthrown.  
In this battle Brutus one of the Consuls died, who not by chance, but of set purpose, sought to encounter with Aruns, king Torquines' eldest son, to execute the deadly malice they bore each other, that fight so desperately with such fury that one killed another dead at once.  
The first triumph of Publicola being the first Consul: he had this liberty granted him, that the door of his house should open outwards into the street, which was never seen in Rome before: but the greatness of this favour came from Greece to Rome, and Publicola had the first honours and liberty thereof, and the first 
The first funeral Sermon in Rome.  funeral sermon that ever was in Rome, was made by Publicola for Brutus his fellow Consul slain in this battle. So that the name of Torquines' was as odious in Rome, as the name of Tyrants, that the Romans never suffered any King to govern after Torquine the proud, neither could they abide ever after the name of a king.  
In the second battle that Torquine prepared to recover his kingdom, he went to the city Clusiu●…, and had king Porsenna to promise him his aid, in whose behalf, he sent his Herald strait to summon the Romans to receive their king, but being by the Romans stoutly refused, Porsenna proclaimed open wars, in the which wars, after much slaughter of the Romans, 
Porsenna.  the city of Rome had been taken, and Torquine restored again to his kingdom, had not Horatius Cocles, and the noble act of Mutius Scaevola been, who had determined fully to kill king Porsenna, and missing the king, killed the 
Mutius Scaevoa.  next unto him, supposing him to be the king: which being reprehended therefore and tortured, holding his arms in flames of fire, spoke boldly unto king Porsenna's face, that there were three hundred Romans sworn to do the like enterprise as he did, and had sworn Porsenna's death, which made him to forsake Torquine, and Torquine to forsake Rome, and to live as a banished private man fourteen years after, expelled from his kingdom.  
The Romans in memory of these enterprises caused two Images made of brass to be set up in the temple of Vulcan, to honour the name of Mutius Scaevola, and Horatius Clocles.  
Thus was Torquinius Superbus the last king of the Romans, for the ravishment of Lucretia Collatinus wife, put from his kingdom, and all the kings of Rome after 
Torquine driven from Rome.  him.  
And after the kings, the overthrow of the ten Commissioners called Decemuiri, for the like offence by Appius Clau. to Virginea, a Roman virgin, so that the kings of Rome lost their kingdoms for the ravishment of Collatinus wife, and the Decemuiri lost their place and offices for the ravishment of Virgineus daughter. 
Decemuiri.   
Therefore the glory and fame of the Romans grew by the Consuls, which increased more and more until Caesar's time, who because he was denied the place of a 
Caesar.  Consul with their good will, he became an Emperor against their will. We leave the Romans thus marching, from Kings to Consuls, from Consuls to Emperors; from Emperors without an Empire, and will speak of the marching of other kingdoms.  
The Scythians marched into Asia, and wan many great victories, possessed many strong Forts, gave divers 
The marching of the Scythians.  battles to the Egyptians & the Persians, and builded many cities in divers places, as well in Greece as in Asia, to whom Asia paid tribute for fifteen years.  
So marched likewise the Saracens into Africa, where 
Saracens.  they had so many great victories, that they wan and possessed the most part of Hispaine under their government, well-nigh eight hundred years.  
So the Turks marched into Europe, and got the Empire 
The Turks.  of Constantinople out of the Romans hands, to the lamentable loss of many countries, provinces, and cities: so the Turks marched upon the Romans, as the Romans marched upon others.  
Cyrus' the great king of Persia, having an hundred 
Cyrus.  and seven and twenty provinces, after his conquest of many kingdoms and nations, marched with two hundred thousand Persians to be slain in Scythia, and that by a woman: so Cyrus lost Persia, seeking to win Scythia, and lost his life to get more lands.  
Zerxes marching into Greece with such an innumerable 
Zerxes.  army, that they drank and dried up many rivers, as Scamander in Thessalia, the river Simois in Phrygia, Clidorus in Beotia, Lysus in Samothracia, & the river Menalia by Hellespont: yet he came from Greece home, to be murdered by Mardonius his servant, in his own kingdom.  
Alexander the great having subdued the most parts of the world, he also for want of men marched to India 
Alexander the great.  to fight with Elephants; and returned from India to Babylon, where he was poisoned by his own servants.  
Many such crooked marchings, were as well among the jews, as among the Gentiles.  
Saul the first king of Israel marched not as he ought 
Saul.  to have done, against Agag king of the Amalekites, and therefore was he slain with his three sons, in the battle at mount Gilboa by the Philistines.  
jeroboam marched not rightly to the battle in mount 
I●…boam.  Zemaraim, against Abiah king of judah; and therefore five hundred thousand Israelites were slain of his soldiers.  
The most part of the kings of Israel, because I need not to name, as Acha●…, Manasses, Zedechiah, & the rest, & many of the kings of judah, for that they marched not in the path of the Lord, but followed jeroboam, which made Israel to sin, and therefore marched with Ieroboa●… to their destruction.  
These marched not with Moses, who said to the God of Israel, We will not go hence, if thou go not before us. Nor with king David, who would take no war in 
The marching of the Lord his ●…aptaines.  hand before he had consulted with the Lord. Nor with Gedeon, who would not go to any battle unless the Lord had given him a sign before he went▪ so the captains of the Lord marched nowhere, attempted no war or battle without consulting with the Lord by urim & Thummim, or with some Prophet of the Lord.  
The Gentiles likewise would take no war in hand without consulting with their Oracles, as the Romans besought the gods of Carthage, promising them Temples, Altars, sacrifices & feasts, if they would forsake Carthage and come to Rome: and therefore the Gentiles were so superstitious and blind, that in many countries they would bind the Images of Hercules and Mars, lest they 
Hercules and Mars.  should forsake them and go to other nations their enemies, for no doubt it should seem, that either they read or heard of Moses books, how the Lord forsook the Israelites, and gave them over to the Canaanites; Philistines, and other nations about them, and how the Ark was taken from them by the Philistines. Here hence grew the blindness of the Gentiles, that the Ark being taken away from Israel, they feared also lest their gods should be either alured by fair promises, or taken away by strength of victories.   

CHAP. VI  
Of the manner and form of vows, as well of the jews as of the Gentiles for their victories in wars.  
A Bigail Nabals' wife, used a policy to please David, fearing 
Ge●…e. 32.  lest David would be revenged upon her husband for his churlish denial of relief to him and to his company, went after David with victuals, gifts and rewards, and pleased him with fair words, as jacob pleased 
Stratag●…  his brother Esau, who used the like stratagem to win his brother Esau, to send him gifts and rewards to please his brother, whom he much feared, for Esau promised to kill his brother jacob when his father should die.  
For jacob the Patriarch made a vow, when he went to Mesopotamia after his vision in Luz, which then jacob named 
The vow●… of jacob.  Bethel, and said, If God be with me, and help me this journey, and will give me bread to eat, and clothes to put on, he vowed of all things that the Lord would give him, that he would give the tenth unto the Lord.  
Jacob's vow is far more godly than Absalon's vow, for jacob sought but bread to eat, and clothes to put on, and safe reture again from Mesopotamia over Iorden, but rebellious Absalon sought the kingdom of Israel from his father David, by a dissembling vow, saying; I 
Arebellious vow of Abs●…lon.  will go and perform my vows, which I vowed unto the Lord in Hebron; which vow, he made his father the king believe that he vowed in jeshur in Syria, that if the Lord would bring him to jerusalem he would perform his vows in Hebron, this is a rebellious vow, like to the wicked vows of the jews, which vowed before they would either eat or drink to kill Paul.  
The Israelites after they were overthrown in a great battle by Arad king of the Canaanites, they vowed unto the Lord, that if the Lord would give Arad and 
Nom. 21.  the Canaanites into their hands, that they would truly serve the Lord, and destroy the Canaanites, their lands, and their cities. They bound the Lord to so many conditions, that if they should obtain victories, they promised him true service, and to fight manfully against the Canaanites.  
And again for another victory that the Lord gave them against the Canaanites, they vowed the tenth, and 
The vow●… of the Israelites.  performed their vow, the Hebrews wanted no victories upon their obedience & dutiful service to the Lord.  
jephtha in his war●…es against the Ammonites, vowed unto the Lord, if he should have victory over the Ammonites, 
judg. cap. 11.  that whatsoever first met him at his return from his victory, coming out of his house, should be a sacrifice unto the Lord.  
Asa king of judah vowed unto the Lord, as Abiah 
The vow of king Asia.  his father did, when Shesac king of Egypt came with an infinite number. Asa and all judah made a covenant to seek the Lord, promised & swore, that they that sought ●…ot the Lord, small or great, man or woman, should die; this with an oath he vowed, that judah rejoiced for the victory they had over Zerah king of Aethiope, with all his army of ten hundred thousand.  
jonas a Prophet of the Lord, when he fled from Niniveh to Tharsis, being in danger of shipwreck, he told the Mariners that he was the cause of the perilous tempest, 
Ion●….  and willed the Mariners to throw him into the sea, confessing the lot fell justly upon him, saying, I will perform the vow which I promised unto the Lord.  
So Anna vowed unto the Lord, and said, that if the Lord would bestow a man child upon her, she would 
Anna's vow, samuel's mother.  give him unto the Lord, and she vowed that neither razor or shears should come upon his head, and so performed her vow, and brought Samuel her son before the Lord.  
There was nothing so common among the Gentiles also, as vows, as you heard of the Hebrues, of their vows to the gods of Israel, so likewise among the greeks and the Romans, upon any conditions to be performed, they vowed a vow to their gods and Idols.  
The old Gauls having wars with the Romans, their General Aristonicus vowed unto Mars a rich massy chain of gold of the spoils of the Romans, if he might win the victory.  
Flamminius the Consul, & General of the Roman army, in the self-same war against Aristonicus, vowed likewise, 
Flammini●… vow.  if he should have victory, whereas Aristonicus vowed but one chain unto Mars, Flamminius promised all the chains that the Gauls had, & to put up a trophy, and to hang their swords, weapons, and armours, upon the trophy, to honour Mars.  
In like sort Marius, & Cai. Luctatius, Consuls of Rome; and Generals in the wars against the Cymbrians, lifted up both their hands to heaven. Marius' promised and 
The vow of Marius.  vowed a solemn sacrifice unto the gods of an hundred oxen; and the other Consul Luct. vowed to build a temple unto Fortune, if the Romans might have victory over the Cymbrians.  
At the last battle of Thrasymen, Fabius vowed being Dictator elected, against Hannibal, and promised to sacrifice all the profits & fruits that should fall the next year, of sheep, of sows, of melch kine, & of goats, between 
Fabius Max. vow.  the Calends of March, and the Ides of May, in all the mountains, champion countries, rivers, or meadows of Italy; & also vowed to build places of music, to have victory over Hannibal: such were the wicked & Idolatrous vows of the Gentiles; that theyneither spared land, life, nor living, to please their gods, they would have no wars, no battles, without consultations with oracles, or conference with sooth says, for they thought all victories came by performing, or not performing of vows.  
The Athenians hearing of the innumerable army of Xerxes, coming with such terror unto Greece, they sent 
The vow of the Athenians to Aeolus.  to Delphos, from whence they were admonished by the oracle of Apollo, to erect up an altar to Aeolus, & thereupon to sacrifice with prayers and vows, to please the winds, to plague the Persians, to scatter and overthrow the infinite navies of Xerxes.  
The greeks and the Romans used a vow called Haecatombae, in the which they builded an hundred altars, whereupon they offered to the gods a hundred oxen, a hundred sheep, & a hundred swine, & sometimes 
The vow called Haecatombae.  the Dictator's & Emperor's of Rome, the kings & generals of Greece, added a hundred Lions, & a hundred Eagles, to make their vows (as they supposed) of greater effect; this was chiefly done for the preservation of kings and kingdoms, Emperors and Empires.  
So Augustus Caesar would needs go to Delphos to learn of Apollo, who should reign after him in Rome, and what should become of the Empire, bestowing the liberal sacrifice of Haecatombae; was answered by Apollo, 
Suidus in Vita Augusti.  that an Hebrew child was borne, who commanded him to silence, and to give no Oracles, but willed the Emperor Augustus to depart with silence from his altar, and to hold with the people his credit.  
So Saul being rejected from the Lord for his disobedience, spoke to Samuel, yet honour me before the people.  
So rebellious Absalon, ro disgrace his father, and to please the people, wished that he were a judge, for that the people wanted a law, to minister unto them justice. Many such rebellious & ambitious men are in the world, which vow many things in their hearts, much like to Hamilcar, who caused his son Hannibal, being but a boy of 
Hanibals oath.  eight years old, to make a vow, & to take his oath to be an enemy, & to hold wars with the Romans during life.  
It was the manner among the romans when they made choice of their Consuls, to go up to the Capitol, and after sacrifice done, there to vow building of temples, of altars, and the decimation of the spoils gotten by victories.  
So Lucullus did promise and vow to Hercules for his 
Lucullus.  victories at the rivers of Rindacus and Granicus.  
So Pausanias' general of the Lacedæmonians, vowed 
Pausanias.  to Apollo for his victories at Marathon against Mardonius.  
These vows were so many and so divers among the Gentiles, that the husbandman vowed to Tellus for the seed sown in the earth, and the fruit thereof, to Silvanus for their oxen and kine, to Hippona for their horses and mares, to Castor and Pollux for their shipwreck, for labourers to Tutanus, for shepherds to Pa●…; for ●…uellers on long journeys to Hercules, for thieves to steal safely to the goddess Laverna. Thus the Gentiles served and obeyed their Idols, with vows and sacrifices, but as apes do counterfeit to imitate men, so Satan would 
Several vows.  seem to imitate the Lord.  
Such fond and foolish vows were used among the Gentiles, that if the Athenians would have victory over the Thracians, Erictheus the king must sacrifice his daughter; a stratagem of Satan.  
If Agamemnon would have sound return from Troy 
Stratagems of Satan.  to Greece, he must sacrifice Iphigenia his daughter, or if Marius would have triumph over the Cymbrians, he mustkil & sacrifice his daughter Calfurnia; the very drifts and shifts of the devil, & the oracles of Satan; & therefore in many countries they would bind their Idols with chains and bonds. So did they in Carthage bind the Image of Hercules with chains & bonds, lest (when the romans made their supplications and prayers to Hercules) he should forsake Carthage and come to Rome.  
In wicked men oftentimes the word of God is in their mouths, when the grace of God is not in their hearts, as in Balaam, who came with his full good will to 
Philos speech of the wicked  Balaac to curse Israel, but he was commanded against his will to bless Israel; and therefore that which Philo saith is true, of the wicked, Dona dei sine deo saepe sunt in impijs; for oftentimes false Prophets prophesy the truth, as Balaam and Cayphas did.  
Satan stands always among the Angels before the Lord, to have licence with his present service to seek whom he may devour, so that Satan is often a lying spirit in the mouth, (not only of false Prophets) but against the servants of God, as job, who, though Satan took from him his servants, his children, & his goods, yet his malice chiefly was against job; such stratagems he used before against the servants of the Lord, as Abraham, Moses, David, and others.  
There is an other kind of vow of the Nazarites, whose vows were but for certain number of days, of months, or of years: these Nazarites should abstain only from wine, or from any strong drink, they should let their hairs grow, and let no razor come on it, they 
The vows of the Nazarites.  should not violate themselves with any mourning for the dead: yet Samuel being a Nazarite, mourned for Saul, jeremy being a Nazarite, wept for the captivity of judah; and Christ himself the true Nazarite, wept for the city of jerusalem.  
The Monastical vows of Monks, Benedics, Franciscans, and Dominics, who would fain be Nazarites, but that they loved wine too well, and shaved their 
Monastical vows.  crowns too often: for they separated themselves from the world, vowed virginity, & yet had bastards, vowed many things, & performed nothing. These were superstitious orders of Franciscans, and not the vows of Nazarites.  
The Ethnics likewise suffered their hairs to grow, because they might dedicate it either to jupiter, to Apollo, to Mars, or to some of their gods.  
So did Theseus dedicate his hair unto Apollo, upon 
Theseus.  his father Aegaeus grave.  
So Achilles dedicated his hair upon the tomb of his 
Achilles.  dear friend Patroclus.  
So did Orestes consecrate his hair upon the tomb 
Orestes.  of his father in law Agamemnon, after he had killed him with the consent of his wife Clytaemnestra.  
So Euripides was of Archelaus king of Macedonia so honoured, that he lamented Euripides death in mourning apparel, and with a shaven head and beard.  
After the vows of jacob, of David, of Asa, and such godly men, after the vows of the Nazarites, and of the Rechabites, which was commanded from jonadab the father unto his children, and to their posterity, was kept unviolated three hundred years. These vows were of 
The Rechabites vows.  the Lord accepted; but for Heathen vows, which wilfully offer & sacrifice their servants, their children, & themselves, to Moloch, to satisfy the oracles of devils, speaking in dumb Idols, as unto Curtius that road sacrificing of a quick man, which made Curtius on horseback in armour, to ride into an open wide gulf in Rome, and Codrus king of Athens likewise in beggars apparel, to sacrifice themselves to satisfy the oracles. Yet Heliodorus was better advised, and more to be commended, being sent by Seleucus' 
Heliodorus.  king of Syria, to rob and spoil the Temple of jerusalem, after he was scourged on both sides with many 
2. Mac. 3. cap.  stripes by some divine power, having recovered his life by the prayer of Onias the high Priest, Heliodorus offered sacrifice unto God, and made his vows unto the Lord, which had granted to him his life, and thanked Onias, confessing the name of the Lord to be great in jerusalem.  
Antiochus after his flight from Persepolis in Persia, thought to revenge his wrath upon jerusalem, advancing himself, 
Antiochus.  that he would make jerusalem a grave of all the jews; 
2. Mac. cap. 9  but he was stricken of the Lord, that he promised and vowed (that whereas he had spoiled the holy temple before) now to garnish it with gifts, to increase the holy ornaments, to become a jew himself, and to preach the power of the Lord, through every place of the world.  
So Artaxerxes king of Persia so favoured the jews through the goodness of the Lord, that he called Esdras the Priest, and reader of the law of the Lord, and 
Artax. 3. Esdar. ca 〈◊〉.  willed him with all the jews that would go with him, to go to jerusalem, allowed them gold, and silver, and 
The favour of the kings of Persia to the jews.  cattle, to sacrifice unto the Lord, and to perform the vows which they vowed unto the Lord.  
So Nabuchodonozer, Cyrus, and Darius, were moved by the Lord to favour his people Israel.  
And therefore old Homer said, that the sacrifices and oblations, with all their vows and ceremonies which the Troyans' offered to jupiter, were nothing of him accepted, for that jupiter rather esteemed the vows and sacrifice of Agamemnon, and the oblations of the Greckes before king Priamus and his Troyans'.  
So the oracle of Ammon answered the Athenians, 
The oracles of Ammon.  that the gods esteemed more the vows and prayers of the Lacedæmonians, with the sacrifice of milk, honey, frankincense, cakes, and wine, (according to Pythagoras' rule) than the rich spoils and great gifts of the Athenians, with the great sacrifice of Haecatombae.  
So the Prophet answered the jews from the mouth of the Lord, I abhor your incense, I cannot away with 
The saying of the Prophet.  your new moons, your sabbaths and solemn days I detest, your ceremonies and fastings I hate, although you make many prayers, and offer many oblations, yet do I neither hear your prayers, nor accept your oblations.   

CHAP. VII.  
Of Oracles and soothsay, as well of the jews as of the Gentiles.  
THe Lord commanded in the laws of Moses, that no soothsaying should be among the Israelites, yet things containing of necessary causes, are not forbidden, for signs were asked of the Israelites, and given unto them of victories by the Lord.  
jonathas desired a sign of the Lord, and he had by the spirit of the Lord a token, that if the Philistines would say unto jonathas, come ye hither unto us, jonathas by that 
jonathas.  sign knew he should have victory.  
The like sign was given to Gedeon of his victory, by 
Sam. lib. 1. cap. 14.  a fleece of wool, that should be so full with dew, that the dew thereof filled a bowl with water, and dry upon 
Indic. cap. 6.  all the earth beside.  
Elizeus bad joas shoot eastward in token of his good 
Signs of victories given from the Lord.  success in Aphec. And again he bade joas smite the ground, and he smote the ground thrice, so many great victories against the Syrians he had.  
Samuel caught the lap of Saul's coat and rend it, saying: 
2. Reg. cap. 13  Thus shall God rend the kingdom out of thy hand 
Sam. 15.  and give it to an other.  
So did Ahiah the Prophet take the garment of jeroboam, and rend it into twelve pieces, saying: So shall the 
1. Reg. 11. Signs given by the Prophets.  Lord rend the kingdom out of Salomon's hand, and give ten of the twelve Tribes unto thee. These were signs given before hand by the Prophets from the Lord.  
A prophet of judah came to Bethel, and cried against the Altar of Bethel, and gave them a sign that josias 
3. Reg. cap. 13  which was borne three hundred years after, should offer Priests of the hill altars, and burn men's bones upon the altar, and this shall be a sign, the altar presently shall rend, and the ashes that are in it shall fall out.  
The being of jonas in the Whale's belly three days, 
jonas in the whales belly.  was a sign, as Christ himself said, that the son of man should be three days in the belly of the earth.  
It was lawful for the Israelites to call for the Ark, which was the presence of God & the figure of Christ, they would call for the Ephod, they would consult with urim and Thummim, before they took any battle in hand.  
The jews required a sign, the Grecians sought after wisdom, but Christ crucified unto the jews, was even a stumbling block, and unto the Grecians foolishness. For the greeks & Persians went for Oracles to Delphos, the Egyptians and Africans to Ammon, but the Hebrews were taught to come to the door of the Tabernacle, and after the use of the Tabernacle, to consult 
The Hebrews consulted with Urim and Thummim.  with urim and Thummim, to come to the Temple of Solomon, or to the Prophets, and there to be instructed what to do.  
The Hebrues took no wars in hand, unless they ●…ame to the Priest first, who would stand with his Ephod●…rment ●…rment before the Ark of the Lord, and there to be ●…ught what to do.  
So joshuah General of the Israelites, used to stand 
Nom. 22. and 27.  b●…re Eleazar the Priest, to take his instruction by urim and Thummim.  
So judah the successor of joshua, was chosen by urim 
judah.  and Thummim, to be a General of the Hebrew army.  
So did Samuel stand before the high Priest to receive he Oracle of urim and Thummim.  
The Hebrews were instructed by the word of the Lord in the mouth of the Prophet, or else they were answered at the mercy seat, or counseled by urim and Thummim.  
So soothsay & oracles were so had in reverence among the Gentiles, that nothing should be taken in 
superstitiousness of the Gentiles.  hand, neither in peace, nor in wars, without consulting with the soothsayers and oracles.  
So that at any Eclipse of the Moon, the Romans would take their brazen pots & pans, and beat them, lifting up many Torches and Links lighted, and firebrands into the air, thinking by these superstitious 
Veget. lib. 4. cap. 42.  means, to reclaim the Moon to her light.  
So the Macedonians were as superstitious as the Romans were at any Eclipse of the Moon.  
Nothing terrified the Gentiles more in their wars then the Eclipse of the Sun and the Moon.  
The like used the Thracians, when it thunders they take their bows and arrows, and shoot up to the clouds against the thunder, imagining by their shooting to drive the thunders away.  
Cabrias' the General of Athens, being ready to strike a battle on sea, it suddenly lightened, which 〈◊〉 terrified the soldiers, that they were unwilling to fig●… 
Front. lib. 1. cap. 12.  until Cabrias said, that now is the time to fight, wh●… jupiter himself with his lightning doth show a sig●…e that he is ready to go before us.  
So Epaminondas, at his going to battle it suddenly lightened, that it so amazed his soldiers, that Epaminondas 
Epaminondas stratagem.  comforted them and said; Lumen hoc Numina ostendunt, by these lightnings the gods show us that we shall have victories, but we may better say so throug●… our Lord and Saviour, than Epaminondas or Cabri●… sith we have the great light of the Gospel to lighten us and to go before us to attempt any war or to commence any battle against Satan and his armies, whose will is ever to destroy, though his power cannot. Cuius 
Gregor. magnus.  semper iniqua voluntas licet nunquam iniusta potestas.  
In Rome, the Dictator, the Consul, the Praetor, and other Magistrates, were to be removed from their offices, if the soothsayer saw any occasion by lightning, 
The Consuls of Rome, and kings in Sparta, deposed.  thundering, by removing of stars, by flying of fowls, by entrails of beasts, by Eclipse of the Sun & Moon.  
So that there was a law in Sparta, that every ninth year the chief magistrates called Ephori would choose a bright night without Moon light, in some open place to behold the stars, and if they had seen any star shoot or move from one place to another, strait these Ephori accused their kings that they offended the gods, and thereby deposed them from their kingdom. So did Lysander depose king Leonidas.  
So likewise the Romans were persuaded that their overthrow at the battles of Thrasimen, Trebeia, and Can by Hannibal, were, for that they supposed they offended the gods, either in not performing their vows, or in not doing of sacrifice, or else for the unskilfulness of their Generals. So did they suppose their overthrows by the Cymbrians to be by the unskilfulness and oversight of Quin. Scaepio, their General, but 
Quin. Scepio. Ca Marius.  Cai. Marius afterward revenged the overthrows of the romans, with the greatest overthrow that ever the Cymbrians had.  
By these means, the Consuls were oftentimes removed & displaced, from their offices of Consulship by the Senators as Varro, Mansinus, Levinus & others, as the kings, and Generals were in Sparta, by means of their magistrates called Ephori, such sure trust and confidence they had in their soothsayers, that without the counsel of soothsayers in Rome, or the counsel of Magis in Persia, or of the Ephori in Sparta, the kings of Rome, of Persia, and of Sparta, would attempt nothing concerning the state of the country.  
And therefore the Macedonians made a decree that no monument of triumph should be made within their kingdom, for that a Lion had raised up a pillar, which 
The superstitions of the Macedonians and Romans.  was set up in memory of a great victory gotten, they thought the gods to be offended with them, and therefore the decree was made.  
So the Romans after Carthage was destroyed, and after restored again, when the Romans had divided and measured their lands, and limited their meres and marks by the pole, for the romans to inhabit there, for that the marks & limits were bitten & gnawed with wolves, the Romans paused & stayed before they had consulted with Oracles.  
The first king of Rome Romulus, builded his kingdom by flying of fowls and soothsaying. 
Soothsaying by flying of fowls.   
So Numa Pompil. was chosen second king of Rome by flying of fowls.  
So Torquinius Priscus, an Eagle took his cap from his head, and fled up on high to the skies, and after descended, and let his cap fall on his head again, signifying thereby that he should be king of Rome.  
Pau Aemilius, Consul and General of the Romans in Macedonia, at what time he sacrificed unto the gods in the city of Amphipolis, it lightened, whereby he was persuaded, it pretended the overthrow of the kingdom of Macedonia, and his great victory and triumph of the same at Rome.  
Swallows followed king Cyrus going with his army 
Swallows.  from Persia to Scythia, as ravens followed Alexander the great returning from India and going to Babylon, but as the Magis told the Persians that Cyrus should die in Scythia, so the Chaldean Astrologers told the Macedonians 
Cyrus and Alexander forewarned of their death by soothsaying.  that Alexander the great their king should die in Babylon without any further warrant, but by the Swallows that followed Cyrus to Scythia, and by the ravens that followed Alexander to Babylon.  
By Swallows also lighting upon Pyrrhus' Tents, and lighting upon the mast of Mar. Antonius' ship, sailing after Cleopatra to Egypt, the soothsayers did prognosticate that Pyrrhus should be slain at Argos in Greece, and Mar. Antonius in Egypt.  
The Arabians, Carians, Phrygians, and Cilicians, do most religiously observe the chirping & flying of birds, assuring themselves good or bad events in their wars.  
Themistocles was assured of victory over king Xerxes 
Themistocles.  and his huge army by crowing of a cock, going to the battle at Artemisium, the day before the battle began, who having obtained so great a victory, gave a cock in his ensign ever after. So Iu. Caesar gave an elephant in his ensign, after he had subdued juba king of Mauritania.  
The Lydians, Persians and Thracians, esteem not soothsaying by birds, but by pouring of wine upon the ground, upon their clothes, with certain superstitious prayers to their gods, that their wars should have good success.  
Pau. Aemilius was assured of victory over Persius' king 
Cice. de divinatione. 1.  of Macedonia, by a word pronounced by his little girl Tertia, saying to her father that Persius the dog, and her playfellow was dead.  
Aristander the soothsayer in the battle at Arbela, being the last against Darius, was then on horse back 
Aristander.  hard by Alexander, appareled all in white, and a crown of gold upon his head, encouraging Alexander by the flight of an Eagle the victory should be his over Darius. Both the greeks, the romans, and the Lacedæmonians, had their soothsayers hard by them in their wars.  
Alexander the great had not rejoiced in his great victory over Darius at Arbela, and his conquests over kingdoms and countries, had he known he should have been poisoned in Babylon.  
Caesar had never taken the civil wars in hand against Pompey the great, had he known that he should have been murdered before Pompey's Image in Rome.  
Priamus had he known the slaughter of himself, his wife, his children, & the last destruction of Troy his city, had not resisted the Greeks, nor denied their lawful request in restoring Helen: and therefore said Cicero, Multò melius est nescire futura quam scire, Ignorance is better than knowledge of things to come: but these had no Ephod, no urim & Thummim, nor prophet to tell them of things to come, as joshua, David, Gedeon, and others had, and yet Alexander had his soothsayer Aristander, Caesar had Spurina, & Priamus was warned by his daughter Cassandra, but ever when they escaped one danger, they fell into another, as job said; Fugiet impius armaferrca 
job. 20.  & irruet in arcum aereum.  
So superstitious grew the Gentiles, with such abominable Idolatry, that in Persia by a cock, in Egypt by a bull, 
Superstitious oracles of the Gentiles.  in Aethiope by a dog, they took soothsaying, in Beotia by a beech tree, in Epire by an oak, in Delos by a dragon, in Lycia by a wolf, in Ammon by a ram, they received their oracles, as their warrant to commence any war, to enter any battle, or to attempt any enterprise.  
And therefore Alexander the great went to the oracle at Ammon, to know the success of his wars in India. And Lycurgus went to Delphos, to be instructed to make laws in in Sparta.  
Some went to the grave of Amphiraus, sacrificed a 
The grave of Amphiraus.  Ram, and covered the grave of Amphiraus with that Ram skin, and sleeping upon the same skin all night, all things should be showed to them by oracles.  
But to such men as come to dead men's graves to seek help, might be spoken that which Semiramis spoke to Darius' king of Persia. For Semiramis had written upon her grave, that what Prince soever had wanted money or gold, should open her tomb and be satisfied.  
Darius' being greedy of money opened her tomb 
Darius.  and found this sentence written upon a table, O covetous wretch, unless thou hadst been an unsatiable Prince, thou wouldst never have opened the grave of the dead for money.  
The like was spoken to Xerxes that opened Belus grave, and found nothing but an empty glass, with this writing on a pillar, If any would open Belus grave, and not 
Xerxes. Aelian. li. 13  fill the empty glass with oil, he should be unfortunate. Which being read of Xerxes, he willed strait to fill the glass with oil, which would hold oil no more than Belides buckets held water.  
Xerxes departed sad therefore, imagining some ill luck to come thereby, as within a while after it came to pass that he was slain in his own palace at Persepolis by Artabanus.  
The Prophets of the Lord, Esai, jeremy, and the rest, took no oracles from flying of fowls, from stars, and such, but from the mouth of the Lord, saying; Thus 
The oracles of the Prophets.  saith the Lord: giving more certain oracles to the Israelites, than the Persians, Egyptians, and Grecians, had by Swallows, Ravens, Eagles and Cocks.  
The Prophet David's manner was, when he went to any battle, to know of the Lord whether he should go or no against the Philistines, Canaanites, and other enemies of the Lord.  
So the Israelites would take no war in hand against the Beniamites, before they asked counsel of the Lord.  
When the Moabites denied joshua and his army passage 
Any stratagem in just war is lawful.  through the land, joshua was commanded by Moses to muster a thousand of every Tribe, and to give them battle. For it was lawful in just wars, to use any policies, stratagems and snares against the enemy, as Abraham did in rescuing Lot, made after the four kings, fought with them, overthrew them, and brought Lot back again to his own house (where he dwelled) in Zodom.  
And so Gedeon did to the men of Sucoth, and to the men of Phanuel, for that they denied to give some bread to relieve his three hundred fainty soldiers, at his return 
Gedeon.  from the victory, he tore the flesh of threescore and seventeen Elders, and chief men of Sucoth with 
Sucoth.  briars and thorns, and broke down the Tower of Phanuel, and slew the men of the Town, according to his promise before told. But let us return to the oracles and soothsay aswell of the Gentiles as of the jews.  
The Athenians in every public counsel that they took in hand, without their Priests called Nantes, were present in place, to sacrifice, and to offer oblations unto their Idols, nothing should be done among the Athenians.  
Among the Lacedæmonians in like manner the authority of soothsaying was such, that in all consultations among the Senators, they would conclude upon nothing in matters of doubts without warrant from their 
The credit of soothsayers among the Gentiles.  soothsayers.  
The credit and existimation of soothsayers was such among the Romans, that they could dispossess any Senator from the Senate, any Consul or Praetor from their offices, as is said before: for the soothsayers were called in Rome, Nuntij & interpetres iovis, the messengers of jupiter, and his interpreters.  
So the latter jews served and sacrificed to the Idols of the Gentiles, neither would they attempt any thing without oracles from Chemosh the Idol of the Moabites, from Nesroch the Idol of the Assyrians, and from Dagan the Idol of the Philistines; & yet Senacherib was slain praying in the Temple before his own god Nesroch, 
Idolatry of Israel.  by his own sons: and the five Lords of the Philistines, at the great feast which they made to their god Dagon, were slain by the fall of the house where they feasted. Yet Israel would take no example thereby, but forgot the law of the Lord, which they obeyed under joshuah, judah, Gedeon, and others, but they would have new kings, new laws to govern them, an other form of a commonwealth then the Lord had appointed, and a new kind of religion to serve strange gods, otherwise then the Lord had commanded them, and to seek help and aid of other nations, which the Lord forbade them, saying: The strength of Pharaoh shall be your shame, and your trust to the shadow of Egypt shall deceive you, neither the gods whom you serve shall save you, neither the nations whom you trust unto shall defend you.  
As the ethnics used dreams, lots, prophecies, oracles, soothsay, and charms, to instruct them in their wars, so Nabuchodonozer consulted with his oracles, asked counsel of the soothsayers, and observed the liver of a beast for the destruction of jerusalem: but they are cursed in God's book, that would use sorcery, or seek 
Ezech. 21.  help by any other means then by the Lord: for what have the faithful to do with Infidels, which were forbidden to go to jupiter at Hammon, or to Apollo at Delphos? where the Gentiles came to offer gold, pearls, jewels, chains, crowns, shields, targets, and Images, to hang there in the temple of Apollo, that Philip king of 
The rich spoil which Philip had in Delphos.  Macedonia at the spoil thereof, had as great a pray, as Alexander his son had of Babylon, or Nabuchodonozer of jerusalem.   

CHAP. VIII.  
Of sanctuaries allowed to the Hebrews, and of the multitude of sanctuaries among the Gentiles.  
SAnctuaries were privileged among all Nations, not only for soldiers that fled from the wars, and servants that fled from their masters, but also for those that by chance killed any man, or had committed such capital crimes without proof, these might be succoured in sanctuaries until the truth were known and proved, and therefore the Hebrews had six cities of 
Sanctuaries allowed by the Lord to the Hebrues  refuge by the law of Moses, where if any man had slain unwittingly or unwillingly a man, he might flee to any of these six Cities, as to a sanctuary of refuge, but they that had killed a man willingly, and had committed any capital crime purposely, should not only be taken away from the sanctuary, but be plucked away from the altar, as joab was for killing of Abner, and Adonias 
joab and Adonias taken from sanctuaries.  though he pretended treason before against Solomon, yet had he the privilege of the sanctuary for that fault by Solomon, but when he sought to have Abizaig to his wife, he was plucked from the Altar as joab was.  
Those that were lawfully succoured by Moses law in the sanctuary, it was not lawful for them that fled thither to return home, unless it were at the death of the high Priest, which was a shadow of the death of Christ, by whose death the regenerate turn to their eternal home.  
The Gentiles imitating the Hebrews, had too many licentious sanctuaries with the like liberty and privilege, in so much that in continuance of time, it grew, that Temples, Altars, Images of Emperors and Kings, and graves of dead men, were allowed for sanctuaries, as if any that would fly unto the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, and claimed by the right of a sanctuary to be defended, he was made free, and had his liberty granted unto him, and that continued a sanctuary from the time of Alexander the great, who amplified the Temple of Diana the quantity of a furlong, which temple was burnt before by Herostratus, 
The temple of Diana burned.  upon the very day that Alexander was borne, until the time of Augustus Caesar, three hundred years after Alexander, by whom the wickedness of that sanctuary was was abrogated and quite taken away.  
Cadmus (as some write) at the building of Thebes, was the first in Greece that gave any privilege to sanctuaries. 
The sanctuaries of the Gentiles.   
Others think that some of the posterity of Hercules erected up in Athens the temple of mercy, where every man might flee for succour, fearing lest they should be punished and plagued for the injuries that Hercules their predecessor did to others, and the Athenians made a decree, that none that fled to the altar of mercy should be pulled away.  
Romulus' imitating Cadmus at the building of Rome, for the increase of his city, granted impunity to all such wicked men that came to Rome, whose example all other Gentiles followed after, in so much that kings and kings sons fled unto sanctuaries: so great was the privilege of sanctuaries, that king Pausanias fled to the 
Kings fled to sanctuaries.  Temple of Minerva in Sparta, and king Cleombrotus fled to the Temple of Neptune in Taenero: and Adonias King David's son fled to the Temple in jerusalem.  
Likewise a soldier taken in the war, if he had fled from thence to the statue of any King, Emperor, or great captain, he was to have his liberty.  
The liberties and abuse of sanctuaries grew so great among all nations, that where sanctuaries were allowed chiefly, first for those that slew any man by chance against their will, for captive soldiers that fled from prison, & for poor distressed servants that were abused by their masters, in time it became dens for thieves, stews for wicked men and lewd women, that whatsoever was done, if they came to the Temple of Osiris in Egypt, or to the Temple of Diana in Thracia, or to the Temple 
Sanctuaries become dens for thieves.  of Venus in P●…hos, they were freed, & might there take their liberty, but poor Demosthenes was taken from the Temple of Neptune by the tyrant Archyas, and brought to Athens, before his only enemy Antipater. 
Demosthenes   
Sanctuaries grew so common, that not only soldiers, but also any offenders might flee from their liberties, 
The graves of dead men were sanctuaries.  especially in Greece, to the graves of Achilles, Theseus, and Ajax: in other places to the grave of Hercules.  
In other places, the offender, if he had fallen down at the feet of jupiters' Priest, of Mars, or of Vulcan, at the gates of their temples, he should go free.  
Though the old ancient Romans could not abide a soldier taken in the wars, they would neither redeem him, nor allow him sanctuary, yet Agesilaus king of the Lacedæmonians, allowed any temple of their gods, to 
Agesilaus.  be a sanctuary for soldiers that fled for succour.  
So did Cyrus proclaim sanctuaries for all banished, & bond men in Greece, & in all Asia; & levied thereby a huge army to fight against his brother Artaxerxes.  
So did Sertorius one of Marius' sect, proclaim sanctuaries to all the Roman fugitives in Hispaine & in Africa, that he as much harmed Rome, being a Roman borne, and now out of his country, as either Sylla or Marius did in their country.  
Having sufficiently spoken of these kind of sanctuaries, of their too much liberty that grew thereby in all kingdoms, as among the Hebrews by jeroboam, in the battle at Mount Zemaraim, among the Persians 
The abuse of sanctuaries.  by Cyrus at the battle at Conauxa, among the Romans by Cinna, and among the Africans by Scotorius, who all proclaimed sanctuaries and liberties to all fugitive and banished soldiers, we leave sanctuaries, which were appointed as a refuge for those that fled thither for succour and help, until the truth were known, and speak not of those that abused sanctuaries as a cloak of their tyranny and wickedness.  
You heard before how Adonias and joab were taken from the Altar, for they had abused the sanctuary; for the Lord commanded that his laws should be severely kept, and that no part thereof should be broken, for King Oza usurping the Levites office against the law, was stricken with sudden death, for the unreverent handling of the Ark, which was the Levites office.  
Ozias the King was stricken with leprosy, for burning 
Kings destroyed for breach of the law.  incense against the law, which was the priests office.  
Abihu and Nadab, Aaron's sons, for that they both took Censors in their hands, & put fire thereupon, and incense therein, & offered strange fire before the Lord, 
Malach. 1.  contrary to the Lords commandment, fire from heaven destroyed them, for the priests were commanded to take no fire but from the altar, neither might they offer unclean bread upon the Lord's table, nor sow cockles for corn in the Lords fields, for the Lord will be more sanctified in his ministers than others, and therefore he spared not Oza for handling the Ark, nor Ozias for burning incense, though they were both kings, for transgressing one jot of his laws.  
So severe was the Lord, that he punished fifty thousand 
50000. Bethsamites more slain.  Bethsamites, for looking into the Ark.  
It should seem that in Rome, Numa Pomp. in his profane religion, imitated the law of Moses: he instituted orders of Priests called Flamines, to jupiter and to Mars, he likewise instituted the Vestal virgins to attend the fire consecrated to Vesta, to whom Numa commanded, that if the fire by negligence were out in the lamp, they should take no other fire but from the heat of the sun.  
Numa also instituted the Priests called Aruales, much like to the old Priests of the Gauls called druids, or 
Numaslawes in Rome.  the Idolatrous Priests called Chemarims in Samaria, who served the golden calf under jeroboam, which made Israel first to sin: so religious a King was Numa Pomp. that Romulus soldiers, his predecessor, were by Numa Pompilius turned from soldiers to become religious, and made the old Romans believe, that the Nymph called Egeria, gave him rules and laws to instruct his people, with such sundry and divers ceremonies, as 
The Nymph Egeria.  Numa Pomp. himself devised, during whose reign of forty years, janus Temple was never once opened.  
He also decreed certain severe laws for those that offended in religion, and yet no Images were seen in Rome for 170. years, but ceremonial superstitious service of unknown gods, which Numa decreed then in Rome. And for to profane any of the holy mysteries of religion, was a sacrilege as well among the Grecians, as among the romans, for so Alcibiades was accused, that he had offended against the goddess Ceres and Proserpina, for that he counterfeited in mockery their holy mysteries, appareled himself in vestments, as the Priests of Ceres called Eumolpides were wont to do, with his Torchbearer and Verger before him, where none should be at this secret service, but priests holding torches in their hands, and women crowned with garlands made of the ●…ares of corn, and therefore Alcibiades for his contempt herein, was first banned and cursed by the Priests and Nuns of Ceres, & after his goods confiscated, 
The profanation of the ceremonies of Ceres by Alcibiades and Clodius.  and himself banished out of Athens by Eumolpides laws.  
In like manner Clodius was accused in Rome of the like sacrilege by Cicero, with as great invectives against Clodius for profaning of religion, as Cicero did against Catiline for his treason towards his Country. For Clodius was accused that he entered secretly into the mysteries of Flora against the law, whereby he was accused with Pompeia Caesar's wife, but it cost Cicero's banishment out of Rome afterwards by means of Clodius, when he became Tribune of the people, at 
20000. aware mourning apparel for Cicero in Rome  what time twenty thousand aware mourning apparel in Rome for Cicero: but it cost Clodius life by degrees, for Milo slew him, and Cicero pleaded with all the eloquence he had before Pompey the great than Consul, in the behalf of Milo, so that Alcibiades was banished from Athens, and Clodius slain in Rome for the profaning of their religion.  
For the like occasions grew wars between the Athenians and the Acarnanites, for that two young men of the Acarnanites, and others with them being not Priests, came to Athens, and entered into the secret 
Acarnanites.  mysteries of the goddess Ceres, against the law, which the Athenians took for a sacrilege, & therefore 
Livi. lib. 31.  they slew the Acarnanites.  
The Acarnanites being aggrieved with the Athenians, sought help of Philip king of Macedonia, against the Athenians, to revenge their wrong, who was always ready to take quarrels against the Athenians.  
So severe and strait were the Heathens in observing the laws of their religion & ceremonies of their gods, that even among the Scythians a rude and a barbarous nation, Anacharsis the Philosopher, for that he 
Anacharsis slain in Scythia.  altered the religion of Scythia being his country, and imitated the greeks in their ceremonies, he was slain in Scythia by his own country men.   

CHAP. IX.  
Of the reward of soldiers. Of honourable burial of Captains, and of ambition.  
TVllius Hostilius, the next king in Rome after Numa Pomp. changed peace into wars, and religion into arms; and made as many laws for soldiers, as Numa made for Priests.  
Yet Cicero was of opinion that the Romans wan more kingdoms rather by religion then by arms, for the Romans said Cicero were not equal in number 
Cicero's opinion of the Romans victories.  to the Hispaniards, neither in strength to the Gauls, nor in subtlety & craft to the Africans, neither in learning and knowledge to the Grecians, but only the Romans overcame these nations as Cicero said; Pietate & religione.  
Yet Vegetius affirmeth, that the Romans became 
Ueget. lib. 1. cap. 1.  Lords over all Nations through military discipline, which the Romans had from the greeks; and especially from the Lacedæmonians, to whom not only the Africans, the carthaginians and Sicilians, but also the Italians and the Persians, sent for skilful Generals and Captains, as the Syracusans had Gilippus a Lacedaemonian captain against the Athenians: and the Persians had Phocian the Athenian their General against 
Photion.  the Lacedæmonians.  
Antalcidas was therefore much offended with Agesilaus, 
Antalcidas saying to Agesilaus.  for that he taught the Persians to conquer Greece, by often and continual wars with the Persians, saying, you teach women to overcome men against Lycurgus laws.  
So the Lygurians grew warlike & skilful soldiers, by long fight & contending with the Romans. And so the thebans became skilful soldiers by continual wars with the Lacedæmonians, that Epaminondas overcame the Lacedæmonians at the battle of Leuctres, and brought the pride of Sparta under Thebes. Thus 
Sparta.  the warlike Lacedæmonians, whose aid and help was sought of all nations, are overthrown by their next neighbours the thebans: Even the Lacedæmonians, who thought it a shame, to follow the enemies that fled from them; and made a scoff of the Persians great armies, who thought neither jew nor Gentile equal to them, are now overthrown in their own country by their own country men. We leave the Lacedæmonians in their loss, and will speak of those great captains, that had the like care to bring up their soldiers as the Lacedæmonians had.  
Alexander the great, when any of his soldiers were maimed or hurt in the wars, that they could 
Alexander the great rewarded maimed soldiers.  no longer serve, either being hurt, or for their age, he liberally rewarded them, and sent them to Macedonia with his Letters unto Antipater, that they should be placed in the chiefest place of games and shows, with Garlands of flowers on their heads, to animate others to martial exploits, and to embrace arms.  
So liberal was Caesar to his soldiers, that he would have them go brave in apparel, and feed them with 
jul. Caesar.  gifts and rewards, and would often say unto them, win gold, and wear gold.  
Agesilaus used his soldiers with the like martial exercise, and instructed them in all military discipline, 
Xenoph. lib. 3. de rebus Graecorum.  that he appointed certain Armours, brave Targets, sword, and such military weapons that should be given to those Soldiers that should most exceed others.  
So Cai. Caesar caused not only the old warriors 
Viget. lib. 2. cap. 9  the Roman knights, to train up the Roman youths in martial discipline, but the Senators themselves, not only abroad, but privately in their houses, should be careful and diligent to see the young soldiers well instructed and brought up in warlike exercise. Well therefore said Epaminondas to his countrymen, If you will be Princes of Greece, Castris est vobis utendum 
Tacit. lib. 2. annal.  non palaestra, you must use Tents for wars, and not places to exercise wrestling, and such vain games, which made Alexander Severus the Emperor, to bring up his sons in warlike Tents far from any Cities, to become sober and temperate, without the sight of any thing that might entice them from their weapons.  
Hereby grew Titus to be so well beloved in 
Titus.  Rome among his soldiers, who being so liberal in his wars, that he was named of all men, Deliciae hominum.  
Fabritius also and Valerius, two noble romans, were more careful to enrich their soldiers then themselves. 
Fabritius.  So in all countries they made much of soldiers, and rewarded them with presents and gifts, as the Persians rewarded their soldiers with chains, bracelets, and golden girdles.  
The Greeks rewarded their soldiers with crowns, garlands, silver fillets for their hair, and money: the Romans with lands, livings, territories, and military garments, with such honours done to their captains slain in the field, that they made certain plays at weapons, that prisoners being condemned to die, should fight it out to death upon theatres, and after to be sacrificed 
The honour of the Romans and Persians towards their generals & captains.  on the captains graves, to honour marshal funerals.  
The Persians buried maimed soldiers to accompany their Generals and Captains to the grave when they died. This kind of killing and sacrificing of men, was to allure & embolden young youths to love arms, to use their weapons, to be acquainted, and to see bloody battles, aswell the manner of soldiers in wars, as also the cruel slaughter and terror of the wars, and to become from skilful soldiers, renowned captains, to deserve such honour alive and dead.  
So the greeks used to honour their dead captains, to buy condemned murderers and thieves, to be slain and sacrificed on their graves, to extol the fame of their 
Condemned murderers. sacrificed on captains graves.  valiant captains that died in the field: the Greeks were so careful, that they would not forget the beasts that served them long.  
Cymon the son of Milciades, a famous captain of Athens, for that his mares wan at the games of Olympia 
Cymons mares.  in the horse race thrice the garland, he caused his mares to be buried hard by his grave.  
And old Xantippus, for that his dog swam by the galleys side from Athens to Salamina, and died when he landed for very weariness, he buried him in the top of a cliff.  
The Romans in like manner would suffer no draft oxen that ploughed their lands, and carried their fuells to be sold, when they could not plough for age, neither might they in Athens by the law of Solon kill an old 
Alex. Neapolit. lib. Genial. cap. 11.  wearied ox for sacrifice, but should feed him in his age, so careful were the Romans and the greeks to recompense service, even unto beasts, that had laboured & done service unto man. For the Athenians made a law in favour of the mules that carried the stones to 
The moils in Athens.  the building of the Temple Haecatonpedon, that they should be suffered to graze every where without let or trouble of any man, if the greeks and the Romans so esteemed their beasts, how much more had they cause to relieve their old maimed soldiers.  
And therefore Hannibal was more detested & hated of his soldiers, that being so cruel and so covetous, he lost not only many of his own soldiers, but also many of his friends and associates forsook him.  
And so Persius' king of Macedonia, a most miserable covetous prince, who to spare his money, lost both his 
Covetous princes ever lost more than they won.  money, his kingdom, and his life.  
Posthumius for that he denied the spoils to the soldiers, which he promised, was stoned to death by his soldiers.  
So that Hannibal lost (through his covetousness and cruelty) to the Romans, what he wan by skill and policy of arms of the romans. This is the end of all unlawful wars, to be worse far than the beginning. 
Viriatus.  So was it with Viriatus, for his fourteen years wars for Hispaine, with Hannibal for his fourteen years with the carthaginians, and with king Mithridates for forty years wars with the kings of Asia against the Romans, but the Romans subdued all their countries, and all came under the Roman Empire.  
I remember Aristotle bringeth in a verse of Homer, in describing the affection of the desire & wrath of men, and saith, that anger to Achilles was as sweet as honey 
Achilles' wrath.  melted under his tongue, but the end of his anger and wrath was, that he was slain out of Greece in Phrygia, and to be buried in Illium.  
So sweet was covetousness unto Croesus, being the only wealthiest man in Rome, that it brought him from Rome to 
Croesus' covetousness.  be slain among the Parthians, the only enemies of the Romans.  
So revenge was to Hannibal, as sweet as wrath to Achilles, the one to satisfy his wrath upon the Troyans', the other to perform his vow & oath to his father Hamilcar 
Hannibal's revenge.  to plague the Romans, but both thereby died out of their countries, the one slain in Phrygia, the other poisoned himself in Bythinia.  
So to Pyrrhus, quarrels were as sweet, as revenge was to Hannibal, and therefore taking quarrels in hand every 
Pyrrhus' quarrels.  where, at last was slain out of his country in Greece.  
So may it be spoken of the ambition of Caesar & Alexander: 
Ambition.  the envy that Caesar had to Alexander's conquests was so great, that he much complained of himself being an old man, and yet wan no fame by his small victories, in respect of Alexander's great conquests being but a young man.  
So likewise Alexander exclaimed against himself, in respect of the fame & greatness which Homer gave to Achilles. Thus ambition was as sweet to Caesar, and to Alexander, as either wrath to Achilles, covetousness to Caesar, revenge to Hannibal, or quarrels to Pyrrhus.  
Therefore ambition was painted out in Heliopolis, a city in Egypt, without legs, because ambition might not climb, for ambitious men are not so glad and proud to see many that follow and obey them, as they are inwardly afflicted and grieved to see few not obedient unto them.  
In the same self city were the pictures of judges painted 
judges.  without hands because they should receive no bribes.  
And the pictures of princes painted blind without eyes, 
Princes.  because they might not see to favour their friends, and in the midst between these three pictures, was the picture of 
The Image of justice painted in Egypt.  justice painted without a head. The moral hereof is better to be liked than the law of Lycurgus, who ever thought ambition a necessary spur to prick men forward in causes of commonwealths, as Agamemnon was glad to see Ajax and Ulysses at variance for Achilles' armour; and Caesar 
Contention between Ajax and Ulysses.  was not sorry to see Crassus contend with Pompey in Rome. These men wanted no legs to climb, neither among the romans nor among the Grecians, nor yet among the jews.  
In Athens a law was made against ambitious men, that if any sought singularity, either by his wisdom, or by his wealth, or by favour of the people, he should be banished by the law Ostracismus out of Athens, as Themistocles was.  
So ambitious men in Rome to get love and favour of the people by the law called Lex agraria, were not only 
Cai. Gracchus slain.  banished out of Rome, as Themistocles was out of Athens, but sometimes slain in Rome, as both Tiberius and Cai. Gracchus were.  
And therefore Plato's opinion was, that he which began to be ambitious by any secret practice with the enemies, 
Plato's opinion against ambitious men.  to hurt his country, or made means to make wars of his own head, should be delivered into the enemy's hand, and therefore Asdrubal did counsel the carthaginians to give Hannibal into the Romans hands, because Hannibal hated the Romans, because he made war of his own private head, without the authority of the Senators of Carthage.  
And so Cato, Marcellus, and others, persuaded the Senators of Rome to deliver Caesar unto the Gauls, for the like cause, for that they suspected Caesar with Catiline, and ever found him ambitious and desirous of war, in Rome, and out of Rome: and therefore ambitious Generals and Captains are ever most dangerous, and most necessary to be looked unto.  
The ambition of the Israelites is not to be passed over, as Absalon through ambition under pretence of justice went about to take away the hearts of the people from his father the king, saying often, Oh that I were a judge of the land, that I might do justice to them that have matters in the law, and when any man came to do him obeisance, he took him by the hand, and kissed 
The ambition of Absalon and Adoniah.  him, and thus by degrees stole the hearts of the men of Israel from his father.  
Likewise Adoniah Absalon's brother, through ambition also exalted himself, and wan all his brethren 
2. Reg. 15.  the king's sons, and all the men of judah, the king's servants, that through ambition he occupied the kingdom, 
3. Reg. ca 1.  unwitting to his father the king.  
Hammon the Macedonian was so ambitious in Persia 
Hammon.  the king's court, that he could not abide the sight of Mardochaeus, because he would not bend & bow his knee unto him.  
Abimelech went to Sychem, and communed with 
The ambition of Abimelech.  his mother's kindred, for that he was a bastard to Gedeon, saying in the ears of the people, that it were better for them to have one, then to let the seventy sons of Gedeon to reign over them, for I am your bones and your flesh: so ambitious was Abimelech, that he went secretly to Ephrah, and slew the 70. sons of Gedeon upon a stone.  
Antipater was so ambitious in Athens, that he could not suffer the Orators to live in Greece, no more than Hamon could suffer the jews to live in Persia, but sent divers to seek and to search for them, that when Hiperides was found, he was commanded by Antipater to be punished with all tortures, to have him to reveal the secrets of Athens, and to confess the faults of Lycurgus, Demosthenes, Isocrates, and others.  
Demosthenes and Isocrates hearing of Hiperides great tortures, and thereby his death, and of the victory at the 
The Orators of Athens.  battle of Cranon, under that cruel king Antipater, which after marched with his army towards Athens, the one famished himself, the other poisoned himself, the rather for that the tyrant Archias should not bring Demosthenes alive to Antipater, who made great search for him, so Antipater most cruelly tyrannized with secret ambition against the poor Orators in Athens.  
Not only the Orators in Athens, but also divers Philosophers, as Cleanthes, Zeno, Empedocles, and others, 
Philosophers.  who in like sort to avoid Antipater's tyranny, slew themselves for very grief, to see Athens the school and nurse of learning, at that time so oppressed through ambition.  
The ambition of Sylla was such towards Marius, and Marius towards Sylla, that it overthrew well-nigh the Empire of Rome, between them and their confederates, that Sertorius, Carbo, and other Roman Captains, carried flames of ambition from Rome, to Hispaine and Africa, after whom war followed so fast, that Sertorius could scarce settle himself to gather an army either in 
The victories of Sertorius.  Hispaine or in Africa, but three Roman captains one after an other followed him at the heels, Cotta, to whom Sertorius gave battle, and overthrew him by sea, after Cotta, Phidius, whose army Sertorius overthrew, and caused Phidius to fly; after Phidius, Toranius, whom he slew, and the most part of his army; the fourth Metellus, who was driven by Sertorius to such a pinch, that had not Pompey the great comen from Rome, he had fared little better than the rest, who for a time both Pompey and Metellus had both their hands full to do with Sertorius.  
This is that Metellus which caused Scypio African to swear that he would not forsake neither Rome nor Italy his country, which he thought to do with many Romans 
Metellus.  more, after the great overthrow of the Romans by Hannibal at the battle of Can. This Metellus is that old woman, of which Sertorius said, that he had whipped Pompey Sulla's boy, had not that old woman Metellus comen, which being told Pompey, he answered, I had rather be Sulla's boy than Sulla's fugitive, as Sertorius is.  
Pompey himself within 34. years after, was forced to follow Sertorius steps, and to fly from Caesar, as Sertorius fled from Sylla: for Caesar followed Pompey from the field Pharsalia to Egypt, where Pompey was slain, as Pompey followed Sertorius from Rome to Africa, where Sertorius likewise was slain.  
Ambition therefore the secret serpent in every commonwealth, as you heard before among the Grecians, 
Aristides.  among the Israelites, and among the Romans, and yet in Athens there was one Aristides that resisted the ambition of Themistocles, and in Rome one Cato that reprehended 
Cato.  the ambition of Caesar, and in Israel one jothan that accused the ambition of Abimelech.  
But as the Philosopher said, the whole world is a commonwealth of contention, that if strife and contention 
Lycurgus law allowed ambition.  had no place in nature, the generation of all things should be at a stay, and therefore ambition and contention was allowed among the Lacedæmonians by Lycurgus law, as a spur to prick them forward to martial actions.  
Among the Athenians they thought it great policy, to keep men of state in equal authorities, lest any should excel, either in greatness, wealth, wisdom, honour, or credit among the people, and therefore Aristides was joined in all authorities with Themistocles, and 
Ambitious men banished from Athens.  Photion with Alcibiades, for Themistocles and Alcibiades were noted ambitious men in Athens, and Aristides and Photion known to be found and just, and if any seemed to seek singularity through ambition or otherwise among the Athenians, he should be banished out of Athens, by the law of Ostracismus.  
So likewise among the Romans, as among the greeks, nothing was so common as banishment, as in Athens, Aristides for his justice, Milciades for his victories, Photion for his good life, Socrates for his virtues, Solon for his sound laws.  
So the best deserved men in Rome, as Corilianus that saved the city of Rome, Scypio African that brought Carthage and Numantia into Rome; Metellus and divers others of the best Romans were banished by proclamation, 
Corilianus banished.  and sound of a trumpet out of Rome, and yet Corilianus being so unjustly banished from Rome to the Volscians, at the request and tears of his mother Veturia, and of his wife Volumnia, he refused to fight against the Romans, being General of the Volscians, & therefore was slain of the Volscians in the City Curiolis, which Corilianus before time won to the Romans, at what time he was named Corilianus, after the name of the city Curiolis, as all Roman captains were that won towns, countries, or cities: thus sparing to destroy his ungrateful country, Corilianus lost his life therefore by the Volscians, he might well have said, as Scypio African said at Linternum after he was banished, Ingrata patria non habebis 
The saying of Scypio.  ossa mea, Oh ungrateful country, thou shalt not possess my bones.  
Themistocles also being banished by the law of Ostracysmus from Athens, went to dwell in Argos, from Argos he was fain to fly to Corphu, & from thence to Asia, for 
Themistocles banished.  the king of Persia offered two hundred talents to him that would bring him Themistocles, for that Themistocles was the only enemy that destroyed so many Persians in Greece.  
But Themistocles understanding of the king's intention, for he supposed it the surest way to avoid the king's wrath, and to save his own life, to go and yield himself unto the king of Persia, where he was so accepted 
Myontium, Lamplacus, Magnetia.  that he had three great cities for his entertainment, and grew in such great favour with the king, that the princes and nobles of Persia so envied him, that they sought by all means to destroy him.  
But when Themistocles was required by the king, to lead a Persian army against the greeks, according to his oath, he thought that fact unworthy of the name of 
Plut. in Themist.  Themistocles, to bear arms against his country men the greeks, though he was banished from Greece, but resolved to die like a true Greek, reserving his love to his country, and his oath to the Persians, lest he should by any means seem to hinder the victories and triumphs of Cymon, at that time general of the Grecians, or seem any way to stain himself with a treacherous name against his country, after secret conference with his friends (whom he feasted) and sacrifice done to his gods, Themistocles died in Magnetia, as Cleomenes did in Egypt in the city of Alexandria, which when Cleomenes saw he could not escape the king's hand, to whom he bore mortal hatred, after much slaughter within the town, Cleomenes exhorted the rest of the greeks, being his company, which were but thirty in number, to die like men by their own hands, and not by the enemy, saying: Let not fortune triumph over fortitude. 
Plut. in Cleomenes.  Thus Cleomenes persuaded his company to die like noble Spartans', which they performed, for they slew themselves one after an other by their own hands. And thus after Cleomenes had reigned sixteen years king of Sparta, died as you have heard in the City of Alexandria in Egypt, as Themistocles died in Magnetia.   

CHAP. X.  
Of the comparison between the noble and wise Captains of both the Romans and the Grecians: of their sundry military kinds of triumphs and watchwords of Generals in their wars.  
PLutarch therefore compareth the state and lives of the Romans, with the Grecians, and matcheth them as well in likeness and qualities of nature, as also for their qualities of fortune, for their victories, for their triumphs, and for their benefits done to their country, & therefore compareth Agesilaus king of the Lacedæmonians to Pompey the great, Consul of Rome, & though 
Comparisons between the Romans and the Grecians.  Plutarch preferreth his country man the Grecian for his skill & martial knowledge, yet was he forced to advance Pompey for his victories and conquests, which was compared to Alexander the great, for his victories over the three parts of the world, Asia, Europe, and Africa.  
Pelopidas compared to Marcellus for their courage and prowess, for that the thebans called Pelopidas, 
Pelopidas.  the arm of Thebes, & for that Marcellus was called of the romans the sword of Rome, both of equal fortune, both of great prowess & courage, yet without advertisement, rashly and wilfully, overthrew themselves both alike.  
Pericles was compared to Fabius Max. for his grave government and wisdom, the one called the hand of 
Fabius and Marcellus ●…isedly 〈◊〉.  Athens, the other called the target of Rome, Fabius Max. for his wisdom, that by watching & long delays, wearied & weakened the force of Hannibal, that as the history saith, Cunctando rem restituit. Of these two noble romans Hannibal himself was wont to say, that Marcellus wearied him, and Fabius weakened him. Yet Plutarch compareth Fabius life with Pericles. 
Marcellus.   
The glory of Greece before by Milciades in the battle at Plataea, the great good fortune and success in wars of Cymon his son against the Persians, the noble triumphs and victories of Myronides, the noble & valiant acts and exploits of Leocrates, the many & valiant deeds of Tolmydes, made 〈◊〉 name of Pericles to be more famous in Athens, at what time Greece was in her greatest glory, 
Pericles surnamed Olympius.  and Pericles most flourished, who then was surnamed Olympius, for his wit & great eloquence, having nine several monuments of triumphs set up in Greece of his good fortune, and yet was Pericles supposed to be the cause of the Peloponesian wars; for his great hatred towards the Maegarians was such, that all the cities of Greece divided themselves, and held hot civil wars 27. years. The like may be said of julins Caesar in Rome.  
The great name and fame of Scypio in vanquishing Hannibal and the Africans, the valiant exploits of Marius over the Cymbrians and Teutons, the great victories of Sylla over Asia and Greece, the noble triumphs of Pompey over three parts of the world, made the fame & conquest of Caesar to be the greater, for Caesar performed that 
Pirrh saying.  which Pyrrhus said of Italy and Rome, that Italians must conquer Italy, and romans overcome Rome, as Caesar did.  
Next we compare Sylla the Roman, with Lysander the Lacedaemonian, two noble and valiant captains, 
Lysander.  that the one did what he would in Rome, the other did what he listed in Sparta, both good and beneficial to their countries, for their victories which they had against their enemies out of their countries, but both scorpions that scourged & plagued both their country and country men, that Rome and all Italy was plagued by Sylla, as Sparta and all Greece was by Lysander.  
Q. Hortensius ever boasted that he never took part in any civil wars. So said Asinius Pollio to Augustus 
Hortensius & Asinius pollio's sayings.  the Emperor, being willing to have him go with him to the battle at Actium, against Marc. Antonius, he answered and refused, saying, Ero praeda victoris. Yet the law of Solon in Athens was, that he which separated 
Velleius. 2.  himself and took no part in civil wars, Is domo, patria, fortunisque omnibus careto, he should be banished from his friends and from his country.  
Timoleon compared to Pau. Aemilius two noble captains and worthy members of their countries, the one so esteemed in Syracuse, that whatsoever Timoleon said, 
Timoleon.  was taken for a law among the Syracusans, the others fortune was so great in Rome, that he enriched the Roman treasury, with the wealth and riches of two kingdoms, Macedonia and Illyria, and brought to the Empire of Macedonia all the old monuments of the ancient Kings of Macedonia, and of Alexander the great unto Rome.  
Philopomen also was compared to Titus Quint. both great benefactors to their countries, both at one time in Greece: Philopomen being the last captain of the Grecians that defended Greece, and Titus one of the first Roman 
Philopomen the last captain of any fame in Greece.  captains that first subdued Greece, and after enlarged them, and restored to them their laws and liberties, at what time crows fell down to the ground by the sound of men's voices, when Titus proclaimed peace and liberty unto the Grecians at the games of Isthmia. 
Ish●…mia.   
And so likewise in Rome, when Pompey the great restored the Tribuneship unto the people which Sylla took away, the like happened, that the people being so many, and their joys so great, the sound of the people pearcced the air, that many crows fell down in the market place at Rome, as they did in Greece at the games of Isthmia.  
Having compared some Greek and Roman captains in their wars and victories, one with the other, it were not amiss to touch the sundry military instruments, and warlike sounds which all Nations used in going to the wars, and of their watchword in their wars.  
Among the old ancient romans they used the sounding of divers trumpets and horns together, going 
The old Remanes did sound trumpets in their wars.  to any war or battle with the Roman legions.  
The Egyptians cannot abide the sound of ttumpets, for that it doth resemble the crying of an ass: for there is nothing so odious among the Egyptians as is the noise of an ass; and so odious, that if any man do 
The Egyptians bade brazen timbrels and horns.  call a man an ass in Egypt, an action may be had against him by the law of Bochoris, they used brazen timbrels and horns for trumpets when they go to wars.  
The warlike Lacedæmonians sound neither trumpets 
The Lacedæmonians used flutes and pipes.  nor horns, when they go to their wars, but flutes, which yieldeth so sweet and plausible a sound, that they march proportionably with their feet, keeping measure with their instrument. This was set down to the Lacedæmonians by Lycurgus. 
Alex. Neapolit. lib. 4. genial.   
The Parthians in their wars use great hollow kettles and pans, and great brazen pots, and a number of little bells, like the lowing of many wild 
The Parthians used kettles, pans, brazen pots, and a number of little bells.  beasts, with such terror and noise to fear the enemies.  
The Lydians come to their wars with divers kinds of pipes, as howboys, recorders, bagpipes, and divers other such.  
The Cymbrians with divers kind of dried skins, drawn hard round about their chariots and coaches, 
Cymbrians.  in form and manner like great and huge drums, which they beat and strike, which makes such an horrible sound much like the great thunders.  
The Indians in their wars use cymbals and 
Indians.  Bells, for it was not lawful among the Indians to use Flutes, but in the King's house, when the King went to bed. As the king of Cicilia used haps, and chirping notes of birds to make the king sleep.  
Among the people of Crete, they used flutes and 
Creet●….  haps in their wars, and thus in all countries they used their proper warlike instruments when they marched into their battles.  
The Hebrues in the wars which they had with the Canaanites, used trumpets and rams horns, for Moses was commanded by the Lord to make two silver 
though Hobrues had in their wars silver trumpets and rams horns.  trumpets, and to sound them to call the army together, when they marched against their enemies. So was joshua at the battle at jericho, likewise commanded, that the Priests should sound rams horns. These Hebrew battles were the only examples to the Gentiles in their wars, for as the trumpets & horns are most ancient, so after among all nations, they invented divers warlike instruments, as in steed of trumpets in their wars, and divers kinds of variable sounds.  
The Phrygians sounded most lamentable and pitiful notes, the Lacedæmonians sweet & pleasant notes, the Lydians mournful and planctive, the jonians merry 
The diversity of sounding in wars.  & pleasant notes, the Dorians warlike notes.  
In so much that when Timotheus the trumpeter sounded that Dorian warlike note, Alexander the great straight called for his armour, it so kindled and inflamed Alexander's mind to arms.  
Hannibal never used sound of trumpets nor warlike notes, but secret stratagems, without further notice or knowledge to his enemies, but only his tents covered with red, the very self same day that he would have his soldiers ready to fight. It seemed that Hannibal imitated Alexander the great herein, who used to set up certain red banners and flags about his tents, in his wars against Darius' king of Persia.  
And Darius himself in the self same war against Alexander, had upon his tent the Image of the Sun, set in Crystal, that shined over all the whole camp, especially in the night time. So used the Romans aswell as the greeks in the sea fight, every captain to hang up in their ship some mark or other to be known: as 
Of tents and sails.  Lysander hanged up in his ship a brazen target, as a sign to be known to the rest of the navies.  
Brutus in his wars against Mar. Antonius at Philippus, had a round circle, that his navy might be known from others.  
Mar. Antonius in his battle against Octavius Augustus at Actium, gave purple sails to his Praetorian navies, as signs of his pride, and hope of his victories, but soon forsaken, for he was glad to fly, & follow after Cleopatra.  
Alexander the great, when he sailed to India, used divers colours of sails in his navies, whereby one captain might know the other, and himself in his own ship had purple sails.  
The romans used to have painted upon their ships banners and flags, the pictures, Images, and names of their Emperors and Generals. The Grecians used also to paint & write the names of their navies, according to the names of those Isles where they were made. Others the Image & pictures of their gods of the countries, as the greeks Neptune, and the Troyans' Minerva.  
Now that you have read, what military and warlike instruments all nations used in their wars, you shall also read the watchwords of great Generals & noble captains, which they used in their greatest wars.  
Cyrus' the great king of Persia, used this sentence for his watchword, jupiter belli socius & Dux.  
Clau. Caesar imitating Cyrus, used a whole sentence for his watchword to his soldiers, Virum vlscis●… decet.  
Others for the most part both of greeks and Romans, used only to give one word to their soldiers, as julius Caesar gave for his watchword in some battles, Victoria, in other battles his watchword was Faelicitas. In some other of his battles his watchword was, Venus genitrix. These were his usual watchwords in 52. set battles which he had.  
The Roman Consul Sylla in all the wars which he had in Asia and in Greece, his watchword was to his 
The watchword of divers noblo captains in their wars.  soldiers, Apollo.  
Cn. Pompeius in all his wars which he had under Sylla in Africa against Sertorius, his watchword was among the Romans, Pietas, while yet he was a young man, but when his victories and his triumphs grew great over Africa, Europe, and Asia, and that he was called Pompey the great, he gave his watchword to his soldiers according to his greatness, Inuictus Hercules.  
King Demetrius in divers wars which he had with many kings and princes, after his father king Antigonus died, he still used one watchword in all his wars against Zeleucus, Pyrrhus, Lysimachus, and Cassander: jupiter & Victoria.  
Antiochus' surnamed Soter, leading a great Army against the people Galatae, his watchword was, Benevalere.  
C. Caligula, a beast, and not an Emperor, gave accordingly a beastly watchword to his soldiers, Priapus & Venus.  
Other Emperors of Rome, as Sept. Severus, a noble captain, gave his watchword to his soldiers, Laboremus. And so Pertinax the Emperor, his watchword was Militemus. And the good Emperor Antoninus, his words was ever to his soldiers, Aequanimitas.  
After these comparisons between the romans and the greeks in all military discipline, it were also fit to compare some of their stratagems.  
As Darius' king of Persia, to escape the danger by flight which he was in, from the Scythians, used a stratagem, 
Front. lib. 1. cap. 5.  left dogs and asses barking and braying in his tents to deceive the Scythians: which the Scythians supposed by barking & braying of dogs and asses to have found Darius in his tents.  
The like stratagem used the Lygurians to escape the hands of the Romans, who bound divers wild oxen and buffs to certain trees to deceive the romans, which made such a roaring noise, that the Romans thought thereby the Lygurians to be in their camp and in their tents, when they escaped secretly away.  
Hannibal being most busy in plaguing Italy, Scypio African used a stratagem, passed with a great Roman 
Front. lib. 1. cap. 3.  army to Africa, to draw Hannibal from Italy: who was forced straight to follow after to succour the Carthaginians.  
The like policy used Themistocles to draw the army of Xerxes from the land into a sea battle, knowing the Athenians far unable to answer Xerxes' army on land, sent all the wives & children from Athens to Troxaena, and to other cities of Greece, and left Athens empty. The Persians hearing that Themistocles left Athens, followed hard after him, whereby Themistocles by this stratagem got a noble victory over the Persians at Salamina. Cities besieged, suffered as though they were ready to yield, and where they found the enemies so careless, that they expected nothing but yielding, they suddenly issued out with great fury, and overthrew their enemies. So did Furius the Consul, so did Caesar with the like stratagem: so did Labienus. So doth Satan when he finds men without watching and praying, living slothful and careless, and as men suppose in security, than Satan useth this stratagem, finding them unarmed, without spiritual weapons, overthrows them, takes them, and brings them as prisoners & captives to his tents.   

CHAP. XI.  
Of two overthrows of the Romans, by the Parthians and by the Cymbrians, and their General Crassus slain. Of divers other battles both of the Romans and the greeks, and of many Libraries destroyed by wars.  
THe Romainas flourished at that time with victories and triumphs over all nations, yet had some of the best of them many shameful overthrows: as Mar. Crassus' a noble Roman, equal in force and power to Caesar or to Pompey, after many great victories, was among the Barbarians and Parthians overthrown 
Crassus' slain among the Parthians.  by Carres, a famous city in Mesopotamia, and the more famous for that Abraham dwelled there, at what time many noble captains slew themselves for very shame and sorrow, after their General Crassus & his son were slain by Surena Lieutenant of the Parthians.  
This Surena was the second person next the king in Parthia, his greatness was such, that he had a thousand camels to carry his sumpters, a thousand men of arm●…s armed, two hundred Coaches of Courtesans, that his whole train made above ten thousand horse. Censorius, Octavius, Petronius, and divers other Roman Gentlemen slew themselves, and Surena after he struck off Pub. Crassus' head the son, and sent him to the king his master, in the very self same day was slain also Crassus the father. In this battle twenty thousand Romans were slain, and ten thousand taken prisoners, for he had seven legions in his army of footmen: and after that 
Crassus' head & his sons sent to the king of Parthia.  Surena had bathed Crassus' head in blood, and had melted gold into his mouth, to the great reproach of the Romans, he sent both the heads of Crassus & his son to Horodes king of Parthia, at which time the king of Parthia and his nobles, laughed and scorned the other captive Romans, making rhymes, verses and interludes of both Crassus' heads.  
This overthrow was one of the most ignominious that ever the romans had, saving the overthrow of Valerianus the Emperor, by Pazaites the Turk, whose army was quite overthrown, and himself taken prisoner, and used as a block for the Turk to go on horse.  
And another overhthrow which the romans had 
Oros. lib. 5. cap. 16.  by the Cymbrians & Teutons by the river of Rouen, where C. Manilius & Q. Scaepio were Generals of the Roman armies, had such an overthrow, that of four score thousand 
The overthrow of the Romans by the Cymbrians.  Romans, and of their associates scant ten escaped with their lives away, the news thereof made Rome so to quake, and the Senators to fear, that they were so amazed & so terrified, as they were at their overthrow at the battle at Can, but Cai. Marius fully revenged and requited upon the Cymbrians at the river Xextus the overthrow of the romans, with such a victory over the Cymbrians, that neither man, woman nor child escaped.  
In like sort was M. Crassus revenged upon the Parthians by Pub. Ventidius, vice-consul under Mar. Antonius, having done great exploits in subduing the inhabitants about mount Taurus, and also having won divers victories over the Parthians, a stout and hardy Nation, whom the Romans plagued sundry times in revenge of Mar. Crassus' death, which was the third man of reputation in Rome. Pub. Ventidius was suffered 
Pub. Ventidius tryiumphes over the Parthians.  to have both the triumphs under Mar. Antonius, who chiefly at that time was General of the Roman Army, appointed by the Senators and people of Rome. But Ventidius better deserved to have this triumph then Mar. Antonius, who began to esteem and attend Cleopatra more than his Roman Army.  
Ventidius won more victories over the Parthians, than any Roman Captain else did, and yet the romans had eighteen pitched battles against the Parthians, for the Parthians had eighteen kingdoms under them.  
These were stout Nations, and called their king, king of kings, as the Persians called their kings the great kings, and the Phrygians called their kings the greatest kings, which the Roman Consuls, could endure no great names but themselves, as Sylla, Lucullus, and Pompey, took the best hand, either going, riding, or sitting, of any king in Asia.  
Augustus Caesar also revenged on the Parthians 
Aug. Caesar.  Crassus' death, and brought again to Rome all the Roman Ensigns, and all that Crassus lost in Parthia, saving Crassus himself, his son, and the Romans that died there.  
The greeks in like sort as the Romans, after they had given divers overthrows, and gotten many great victories over the Persians, as at the battle at Artemisium, at the battle of Salamina, and at the battle of Marathon, where the Athenians won a famous victory over the Persians, who were led under Pisistratus a 
The victory of the Greeks at Marathon.  banished man out of Athens, not like Themistocles, who refused to fight, but like himself a tyrants son, though a Greek borne, yet he presented himself to Darius Hisdaspis, king of Persia, to lead his army into Greece, his country, where he was slain, and two hundred thousand 
Oros. lib. 4. cap. 14.  Persians at the battle at Marathon, by the Athenians for his welcome home, who were conducted under Milciades and Callimachus, two noble Captains.  
In this war flourished Themistocles, a young man, and was as much commended by the Athenians for 
The praise of Themistocles.  his prowess and courage, being so young, as Alexander the great was in the battle at Cheronea, or Scypio African at the battle at Ticinum. This young Themistocles was wont to say in his youth, that he could not sleep in his bed for the sound and report of Milciades triumphs.  
The greeks having so many victories and such good success in their own countries over the Persians and others, were as greedy as the Romans were to win other countries, & the greeks had the like luck with the Syracusans, as Mar. Crassus had with the Parthians, who in both the battles at Syracuse, the one by 
Not Demosthenes the Orator, bus a captain of that name.  land, the other by sea, were overthrown by the Syracusans, by the rashness of Demosthenes, who was General with Niceas in this voyage, being maliciously counseled by Alcibiades, to commence war against the Syracusans, but after these victories which the Syracusans had over the Athenians at the River Asinanius, where was the most cruel slaughter of the poor wretches the Athenians, even as they were a drinking, until Niceas fell down flat at Gilippus feet, and yielded himself, Demosthenes being taken 
The victory of the Syracusans over the Athenians  prisoner before, not Demosthenes the Orator, but an other Captain in Athens of that name, and having taken the residue of the Captains unslain, brought them together in troops, first unarmed them, & taking their weapons from them, hung them up as trophies, upon the goodliest young trees that grew by the rivers side, in token of triumph, than they put on triumphing garlands on their 
Plut. in Nicaea.  heads, having trimmed the horses in triumphant manner, leading all the horses of the enemies shaven, with some of the best captains in chains, entered into the City of Syracuse with great pomp, and after they had put all the Athenian captains to death, and had imprisoned the best, and sold the slaves and poor wretches as bondmen, and burned them in the forehead with the print of a horse.  
The Syracusans decreed a feast for ever to be celebrated (in memory of the Athenians) in Syracuse, called Asinarus, after the name of the River 
Asinarius feast.  where the victory was gotten, by the counsel of Euricles the Orator, with sacrifice to their gods. Niceas and Demosthenes, both Generals of the Athenians, killed themselves by a word sent to them by Hermocrates, to avoid the furious cruelty of the Syracusans. 
Niceas.   
Yet the Syracusans did not so much annoy the Athenians as the Lacedæmonians did, their neighbours and country men, in the great battle at the River of 
Aegospotamos.  Goats, where the Athenians were so overthrown, and the city of Athens itself was destroyed unto the very ground by Lysander.  
After Lysander had destroyed Athens, Antipater king of Macedonia at the battle at Cranon, which was the utter destruction of the greeks, the rather for that Philip 
The battle at Cranon.  king of Macedonia before had given a great overthrow to the greeks in the battle at Cheronea, by the means of Demosthenes, who would never have the greeks to yield, neither to Philip, nor to his son Alexander the great, and though Alexander after his father, thought to have made a full conquest of all Greece, and began with Thebes, took the city, and razed it to the ground, slew six thousand thebans, sold thirty thousand slaves, and spared none but such as were friends and kinsmen to Pindarus the Poet, whom Alexander loved no less, than Augustus loved Arius the Philosopher, for whose sake he spared the whole street in Alexandria where Arius dwelled.  
The misery of the thebans by Alexander brought down, made the Phoceans, the Plataeans, the Athenians, and all Greece, to quake for fear of Alexander; he spared Priests and religious people, and such as were kin 
The fear of Alex in Greece.  to any of the Macedonian Lords, and this did Alexander only to terrify Greece, and to bring them in subjection without further war: so that the victory of Antipater at the battle of Cranon, after that Philip and his son Alexander had brought Greece so low, broke quite the back of Greece, for Antipater so tyrannized over the Grecians, that he spared none, especially the Orators, by whose means only he knew Greece so long resisted kings.  
Yet neither Philip king of Macedonia, with his battle at Cheronea, nor Alexander the great with his victory over Thebes, neither Antipater's victory at Cranon, harmed Greece so much as their civil wars, which is the overthrow of all Commonwealths, and the decay of all states, whereof the example you may read.  
Octavius Augustus after he had vanquished Mar. Antonius, in their civil wars in a battle by sea at Actium, from whence Antonius fled into Egypt after Cleopatra, where Antonius and Cleopatra rioting in Alexandria, 
A battle at Actium.  feasting and dancing for few days, until Antonius hearing that Augustus followed him as he followed Cleopatra, despairing to have any longer peace with Octavius, 
Plut. in Antonio.  slew himself, whom Cleopatra buried, and after in short time slew herself, over whom triumphed Ostavius, carrying her picture from Egypt in his triumph into Rome, as Iu. Caesar his uncle in his civil wars between him and Pompey, carried the pictures of Cato, Petronius, and others in his triumphs, from Africa unto Rome, at what time the greatest, and most famous library of the world was burned, which Pio. Philadelphus had prepared and gathered together in Alexandria in Egypt, to the number of four hundred thousand volumes, at what time Philadelphus sent to jerusalem to the high Priest Eleazarus for the Hebrew Bible, and for seventy two 
The library of Philadelphus in Alexandria burnt.  learned men to translate it out of the Hebrew into the Greek tongue, which were all burned and destroyed, as well in the civil wars between julius Caesar & Pampey, as in the civil wars between Mar. Antonius and Augustus Caesar.  
The like library of Pisistratus in Athens, was destroyed by Sylla, who after he had subdued the most part of 
The library in Athens destroyed.  the cities of Greece, he laid siege to Athens, took it about midnight, with such a noise, number of horns, and sound of trumpets in order of battle, with their swords drawn making such an uncredible slaughter, that the greatness of that murder, and the number of the persons that were slain could not be known, the noblest men of the city were in such despair, that they made account to live no longer, because they saw such tyranny and cruelty in Sylla, that an infinite number slew themselves before they should come to Sulla's hand, at which time the learned libraries at Athens were destroyed quite and burned.  
The most famous library at Pergamus, gathered together of all the universities of the world, by the great diligence and industry of Attalus and Eumenes, kings of 
The library of Attalus & Eumenes in Asia destroyed.  Asia, of the which library one Euporion had the charge, by the appointment of Antiochus the great, which was also burnt and destroyed in the wars of Asia, between Antiochus the great and the Romans, which Antiochus by the persuasion of Hannibal, would take wars in hand against the Romans, supposing by his two Elephants, whom he named Ajax and Patroclus, to terrify the Romans with these beasts. Hannibal might have told him he had four score Elephants in his wars against Scypio 
Ajax and Patroclus.  African, and after Hannibal was overthrown, and his Elephants brought to Rome. Metellus at his victory at Panormus, sent to Rome a hundred four and twenty Elephants, and fifty years before Metellus, Pyrrhus was glad to leave four Elephants to beautify the triumphs of Curius Dentatus, and to forsake the Romans, and to fly to his country. Antiòchus the great might have known this well, either by himself, or by Hannibal, but being overthrown of the Romans, the library also of Pergamum was destroyed.  
Again, the most noble library at Rome began by Asinius 
The library at Rome.  Pollio, and finished by Mar. Varro, was such, that both these great learned men had their Images and statues set up in the market place at Rome, while yet they lived.  
If the Romans had been as desirous of books and learning, as they were of blood and spoil, Caesar might as well have brought the library from Alexandria to Rome, as he brought the pictures of Cato, Petronius, and others from Africa to Rome, or as Augustus brought the picture of Cleopatra.  
Lu. Scypio might as well have brought unto Rome the library of Pergamus from Asia, as to bring in long tables painted the form and likeness of 130. cities & towns, which he subdued and conquered in Asia.  
And so Lu. Sylla might have brought the library of Athens to Rome, as well as he did bring all the cities of 
The Ramans' only professed arms.  Greece set out and painted bravely in tables, banners and ensigns to advance his triumph, but the Romans esteemed nothing but victories, they weighed not for books, but for battles, they banished Mathematicians and Philosophers out of Rome, and out of all Italy, for the Romans professed only arms, and yet many of them were learned: for Cato though learned himself, yet he would have no Philosophy read in Rome, he much disliked that Carneades the Academic Philosopher, (who came as Ambassador from Athens to Rome) should tarry long there, lest the Roman youths that were desirous of learning and eloquence, would give over the honour and glory of Arms, and yet many of the best Roman captains were well learned.  
It was but the opinion of Cato, for Philopomen the Greek, by talking of wars with Captains, and by reading of Cincius and Euangelus books, became an excellent captain.  
Lucullus in like sort himself being learned as it seemed, for Lu. Sylla dedicated his commentary of 22. books unto Lucullus, who was as noble a Captain as any was among the Romans.  
Alexander the great would never sleep in his bed without the Iliads of Homer under his pillow.  
So Caesar's Commentaries at this time is no less esteemed with the Turks, than Homer's Iliads with the greeks.  
It seemed in those days that it was not hard to find famous and learned libraries, when so many learned and profound scholars wrote so much, as Callimachus wrote 
Callimachus  eight hundred books. Chrysippus a stoik Philosopher, wrote more than others could read, so many greeks 
Chrys●…ppus.  and many Romans, wrote all the days of their lives, but as you heard, the end of war, sword, and fire, consumes all, especially of civil wars.  
Some books are also mentioned of the Prophets and of the Apostles in their writings, which are not extant, 
Nomb. 21.  as the book of the battles of the Lord, the book of the Just, called jasher, and the book of the Chronicles of the kings of judah, often mentioned in the 
jos. 10.  book of kings.  
In the new Testament of the prophesy of Enoch, and the story of the body of Moses mentioned in the Epistle of Jude, but now not extant.  
These things are also declared in the writing of Nehemias, how he made a library, and how he gathered the Acts of the Kings, and of the Prophets, the Acts of David, 
2. Mac. 2.  and the Epistles of the kings.   

CHAP. XII.  
Of the breach of the law of Arms, of the treachery and murder that came thereby.  
THe Castle of Thebes called Cadmea, was taken by Phaebidas, a Spartan captain, before the thebans mistrusted any thing, for there was a league between the thebans and the Lacedæmonians, howbeit the Lacedæmonians against the law of arms, took the castle, and the captain that then kept the castle, named Ismenias, and sent him to Sparta as a prisoner. Pelopidas 
The law of arms brok●….  and others saved themselves by flight; and for that the Spartans' broke their league with the thebans, hereby grew great wars between the Lacedæmonians and the thebans, to the utter confusion of the Lacedæmonians, and the last overthrow of Sparta, at the battle of Leuctres, where Epaminondas & Pelopidas were victors.  
This overthrow fell justly to the Lacedæmonians, for that they broke their league and conditions of peace with the thebans, for the which it is lawful among all nations to commence war, so is it great wisdom for all nations to avoid the great harm that may fall by entreaty of peace.  
For under colour of peace many have practised means to war: so Metellus deceived jugurth with fair words tending to peace.  
Philip king of Macedonia, having a vain hope to have peace with the Romans, thinking thereby to repair his force, being before foiled by the Romans, was the second 
Livi. 32.  time vanquished by the Romans, thrice he rebelled, and thrice he was vanquished.  
This was not that Philip father to Alexander the great, who never kept conditions of peace, but false and treacherous in all his promises: he could be as rebellious as the last Philip, but not so soon subdued.  
Cotys, King of Thracia, under colour of a league, was with fair words alured to a banquet, where he was 
Tacit. 2. annal.  slain.  
It was the counsel of Archidamus, Agesilaus son, to talk of peace to the Lacedæmonians, & to provide for 
Thucyd. lib. 1  war, and therefore the Romans gave audience out of the city to any foreign Ambassador, especially in matters of peace, and after they would conduct the Ambassadors to shipping, to prevent practices and policies under colours of peace.  
The Romans in this imitated the Athenians, who entertained the Ambassadors of the Lacedæmonians in 
Oros. li 3. ca 2  like sort, but Rome and Athens were much deceived, for the cities of Italy often rebelled against Rome, and the cities of Greece against Athens.  
Much murder and slaughter was ever found in the 
Godolias.  breach of faith, and much mischief committed under colour of peace.  
Godolias being made governor by Nabuchodonozer over the rest of judea, after jerusalem was destroyed, was deceived by the fair words of Ishmael, who came with ten men with him that were sworn to him to do what he would have them to do in Mazphah, to the house of Godoliah, where he was well entertained, but Ishmael slew Godoliah, all the jews, and all the Chaldeys that Ishmael found weighting on Godoliah, and the next day after that Ishmael had slain Godolias, certain men came from 
jerem. cap. 41.  Sychem, from Siloh, and from Samaria, to the number of fourscore, which had shaved their beards and rend their clothes, with meat offering and incense to offer in the house of the Lord. And Ishmael went weeping out of Mazphah to meet them, and said; Come and go to Mazphah to see Godoliah the Governor, where Ishmael slew them in the midst of Mazphah, as he did Godoliah, in the one he deceived Godolias with fair words, in the other he deceived them with tears to come to Mazphah to see Godoliah, whom he slew all saving ten, and threw their bodies into one pit.  
Triphon, one of Ismaels' brood, after he had taken jonathan by deceit, he sent him to Ptolomeu, where he took Jonathan's children for hostage, and money for his redemption. So Triphon promised to deliver jonathan, 
Triphon.  but Triphon killed jonathan and his children against his faith, and promise, and the law of arms of all nations.  
Alexander king of Syria fled to Arabia, to be defended from Ptolomeu his father in law king of Egypt, but Zabdiel the Arabian slew him most treacherously, and sent his head to Egypt to Ptolomeu.  
Bacchides and Alcinus, Governors under the most cruel king Demetrius, slew threescore Assideans, that came to entreat Antiochus for peace, against the law of 
The breach of the law of arms.  arms.  
In like sort Nicanor thought to deceive Machabaeus, as Antiochus did, under colour and pretence to seek peace.  
Met. Suffetius, General of the Albans, promising by oath his faith and truth to the Romans, and that his friendship should not fail to be ready at the romans commandment, yet breaking his oath in the same, practising his treachery against the Roman army, he was bound to two tops of trees both hands and feet, 
Valer. max. lib. 7. cap. 4.  and terribly pulled in pieces by the trees.  
The breach of faith by the law of arms set down, was ever among the romans most severely punished: in so much that the Roman soldiers stoned Posthumius, for that he denied the spoil which he promised to the soldiers.  
The like is read, that the Ambassadors of the Lacedæmonians, being sent to the king of Persia, to have his 
Theucyd. lib. 2.  aid against the Athenians, being in league with the Lacedæmonians, were taken and brought to Athens, and by the Athenians slain.  
The Ambassadors of Carthage, and Macedonia, because they did conspire against the romans contrary to their league, were taken, and by the law of arms justly slain.  
divers Ambassadors were slain for breaking their leagues against the law of arms, as the Ambassadors of the Romans were slain by the Illyrians, the Ambassadors of the Athenians by the Persians, the Ambassadors of the Persians by the Macedonians, the Ambassadors of David king of judah by the Ammonites, not slain, but 
2. Sam. cap. 10.  ignominiously abused; for David sent his Ambassadors to Ammon the king to comfort him for the death of his father, in kindness & of good will, but they had half their beards shaved, and their garments cut off at their buttocks, & thus were they turned back in reproach without thanks to David.  
So were the Ambassadors of the Romans without cause against the law of arms, most injuriously slain by the Illyrians, who were governed under a woman, to the great reproach of the romans, but the Roman Ambassadors being thus slain, had their statues put up in the Oratory, and their names written upon 
L. Flor. lib. 2. cap. 5.  their Images, P. junius, & T. Coruncanus, but the Romans revenged it to the loss of their kingdom.  
Thus every where treachery and murder was committed in all countries, under colour of leagues and laws broken, and most time without either law or league, but with violence and treachery practised by many false stratagems among all nations.  
As Zopyrus practised by a dissembling stratagem to bring the Persians into the hands of Cyrus, though some 
Zopirus.  say it was Darius, by cutting & deforming his face, and mangling his body, in this pitiful sort coming to Babylon, 
Front. lib. 3. cap. 3.  saigning and dissembling that he had hardly escaped from Cyrus' army, promised the Babylonians to do them great service to revenge his wrong, if they would use his service. By these subtle and crafty means he brought Cyrus to be king of Babylon, of this Zopirus, Cyrus was wont to say, that he wished as many friends like Zopirus, as a Pomegranate had kernels.  
The like stratagem used the Grecian Sinon for Agamemnon in the wars of Troy, therefore Agamemnon said, he had rather have ten Nestor's, or ten Vlixes, 
Ten Nestor's, & ten Vlixes  than ten Achilles, or ten Ajax: for more doth counsel and policy profit in war, than force or courage, and therefore when Achilles died, Ajax made claim to his armour, as one that might claim it best by the law 
Ajax.  of Arms, claiming a combat if any one would say the contrary.  
Ajax being warned by his old father Telamonius, when he went with Agamemnon from Greece to Troy, to fight valiantly, & to ask at the gods hands good success and favour, but Ajax more proud than wise, answered his father, that slothful men and cowards seek help at 
Plyn. lib. 35. cap. 9  God's hands, but said he could overcome without God's help.  
Vlixes also made claim to Achilles' armour, saying, that his policy and counsel did profit more the Grecians in the wars at Troy, than the sword of Ajax. Agamemnon knowing how much policy and wise counsel availed in wars, gave to Vlixes the armour of Achilles, for Agamemnon said, had he had but ten such councillors as 
Cyrus and Agamemnon's wish.  Nestor was, he doubted not but soon to subdue Troy. So Cyrus spoke of Zopirus, and so Pyrrhus spoke of Roman soldiers, Plus praestant senes consilio quam inuenes armis.  
Thus the Polymarchies of the earth seek to conquer another world like Alexander, being not contented with one, and cover all the seas with their sails like Xerxes, 
Xerxes. Nimrod.  and to build castles high unto the heavens like Nimrod, who would build Babel to reach up to heaven, to revenge the injury done to his predecessors by the universal deluge, resembling much the battle of the Giants, who challenged jupiter, and the rest of the gods to battle: but though this be fabulous concerning the Giants, yet the building of Babel is written by Moses, that Babel was builded so high by Nimrod, both to avoid a second deluge, and to revenge his stock and family destroyed in the first: but the Lord saw their folly, confounded their works by a confusion of one language into many.  
Philo might ask a question aswell now, why the Lord did not overthrow the tower of Babel with wind, tempest, and thunderbolts, as he did ask, why the Lord did not destroy Egypt with Lions, Tigers, Bears and such. But as Philo answered his own question, that it was to 
Philo.  fright them with Frogs, Flies, Grasshoppers, and such simple vermins, to show his mercy, and to save them to repentance, and not to destroy them with wild beasts. And so with the like reason Philo, or any man for Philo, may now answer, that the Lord would not destroy the Tower of Babel with tempest and wind to destroy the people, but by dividing of one tongue into many, that they might acknowledge the Lord to be God, and to confess their own folly.  
If Nimrod had confessed his sin, and said I have 
2. Reg. 12.  sinned, as David spoke to Nathan the Prophet, or with Daniel, who said, Peccavimus, iniquitatem fecimus: or with 
Dani. 9  Nehemias, who said, I and my father's house have sinned, to whom the Lord showed mercy. 
Nehemi. 1.   
Wicked Pharaoh also said to Moses, I have sinned against the Lord, and the Lord is just, I and my people 
Exod. 9  are wicked.  
Saul said I have sinned, and have done foolishly. So judas the traitor said, I have sinned in betraying innocent 
1. Reg. ca 26.  blood, but the Lord accepteth not the feigned 
Math. 27.  confession of wicked men.   

CHAP. XIII.  
Of security of Generals in wars. Of celetitie in victories. Of divers dreams and names given.  
TWo much security was in Pompey his soldiers, after he had given two repulses to Caesar's soldiers at Dyrachium, as Caesar said himself, the victory might have been Pompey's, if he had followed his good fortune. So again if Pompey had followed his good luck, and had not stayed the Roman youths being fierce to go forwards at the battle at Pharsalia, he had put Caesar to greater danger than he was at Dyrachium.  
So Hannibal was touched with that fault by Hamilcar the African, that if he had gone forwards and brought his army after the battle at Can before Rome, as Scipio 
Security in wars hurtful.  after his overthrow of Hannibal brought his force before Curthage, Rome might have been in as great a danger as Carthage was.  
Nothing abused Pompey so much as his own captains, flattering him, and calling him the great Agamemnon, king of kings, by Domitius, Scypio, Spinther, and 
Pompey's parasites.  others, after the victory at Dyrachium, assuring themselves soon to overthrow Caesar's army, and contending in bravery for offices at their return to Rome, drawing lots who should be Consuls, Praetors, Quaestors, or high Bishop, which Caesar himself was at that time.  
It should seem that Pompey and his captains, made no doubt of the victory, for when his camp was taken, his tents and pavilions were full of nosegays, and garlands of myrtle, and their coaches all covered with flowers, their tables full of bowls of wine, as men more ready to do sacrifice for joy before the victory, then armed and prepared to fight for the victory, At Fortuna vitrea cum splendet frangitur?  
So also Tigranes' king of Armenia, was flattered with his Lieutenants, Captains, and other Parasites, who scoffed and flouted the Romans, they sported and made a May▪ game of Lucullus army, some dividing the spoil, and drawing lots before the battle began, much like to the Cherussians, the Suevians, and the Sycambrians, who gathered themselves together in a great army, they likewise like the Armenians, little esteeming 
L. Flor. lib. 4 cap. 12.  the romans, divided the Roman spoils between them before they fought for it: the Cherussians would have all the Roman horses, the Suevians would have all the gold & silver of the Romans, & the Sycambrians all the Roman captives taken prisoners in the wars. Thus had they fully concluded before the battle began, but it fell out otherwise, for Drusus the Roman Captain overthrew them, that their horses, their cattles, 
The victory of Drusus.  their chains, their gold and silver, and they themselves were a spoil and a pray to the Romans. Incerti exitus pugnarum & Mars communis said Cicero, it was ever found in all wars, that Nimia fiducia semper noxia.  
The like victory had Lucullus over Tigranes' king of Armenia, whose captains before scoffed and flouted 
The victory of Lucullus over the Athenians.  Lucullus army, dividing the Roman spoils before the battle began, but they were overthrown by Lucullus, to the slaughter of a hundred thousand footmen, and the most part of the horsemen slain, and the king himself hardly escaped: and for that so many were slain of the enemies, and so few of the Romans, Plutarch saith, that the Sun saw not the like overthrow, that such variety of shows were seen, of Chariots, Coaches, 
Plut. in vita Luculls.  and of infinite number of Cartes, that carried the spoils, of Armours, of Ensigns, of battering pieces, besides twenty cupboards full of silver plate, thirty cupboards full of golden vessels, eight moils laden with gold, a hundred and seven moils loaden with silver coin.  
Crassus, at the sight of this Lucullus triumph, was afterwards when he was Consul with Pompey the great, so beyond all measure most desirous with all celerity to take his journey against the Parthians, with more haste then good speed.  
In like sort the sight of Milciades triumph moved Themistocles in his youth to say, that he could not sleep in his bed, before he had obtained the like triumph, and so he proved among so many great captains in Greece, one of the greatest, for he was being but a young youth at the battle at Plataea, being the first battle and the first 
Themistocles celerity in his victories.  victory that the Grecians had over the Persians. He was also at the battle at Marathon, with more commendation than he had at Plataea, but in the battles at Salamina and Artemisium, all Greece gave him the honour and fame, the one by sea, the other by land: he did all things with such celerity, that Themistocles himself would say, that whatsoever happened to him well, happened by celerity.  
But it seemed that Themistocles with all celerity miss to borrow money in the I'll of Andria, though he brought two great and mighty gods with him from Athens, the one called the God of Love, the other the God of Force, requesting the Andrians to lend some money to please & to satisfy the want of their Gods.  
But he was answered by the people of Andria, that there were two as great goddesses with them in Andria, as there were in Athens, the which commanded the Andrians, neither to lend, nor to give any money to Themistocles gods, saying our goddess of Poverty weigheth not for love, neither doth the goddess of Impossibility weigh for force.  
The Lacedæmonians were not so religious as the Athenians were, for Agesilaus took another course than Themistocles did, when he wanted money, he went to the confines of Persia, to spoil and to plague the Persians, for the Persians ever feared the greatness of Agesilaus, 
Thirty thousand archers drove Agesilaus out of Persia.  and yet was he but a little lame man of stature, that he was satisfied with gold and silver to return to his country, that Agesilaus would often jest and say, that thirty thousand Archers did drive him out of Asia, which was the Persian coin, that was stamped with the print of an Archer: with these Archers the Persians caused oftentimes Agesilaus to return from Persia into Greece again.  
The like jest did Gilippus servant, he told the Ephories of Sparta, that his master Gilippus had under the roof 
An Owl printed in the coin of Athens.  of his house, more Owls than all Athens, for the coin of Athens was stamped with the print of an Owl, as the Persians was with the print of an Archer: for Gilippus had taken from his master Lysander much money, and hidden them under the shield of his house, and so by his servant was in a jest betrayed. Thus leaving Agesilaus with his Archers, and Gilippus servant with his Owls, I will return to Themistocles, to whom Marcellus shall be compared in celerity, of whom Hannibal said, that Marcellus could not be quiet, neither with good fortune, nor bad, neither victor, nor convicted.  
Scypio African with such celerity, after he had conquered Hannibal at the battle at Zama, soon subdued Carthage.  
Pau. Aemilius with great celerity subverted the whole Empire of Macedonia, and brought their king Persius and Gentius king of the Illyrians, both prisoners unto Rome in his triumph.  
Pompey the great used such celerity, that within forty days he vanquished all the Pirates, who had a thousand ships on the seas, and taken above four hundred towns, they robbed and spoiled all merchant ventures, 
Plut. in vita Pompey.  rifled and destroyed all the islands and towns upon the sea coast, and destroyed many Temples, they feared no force, neither weighed for kings nor subjects, and grew so strong, that they ruled both land & sea without law. But Pompey had such victory over them, that after the great slaughter in the battle at the city Coracesium, he took twenty thousand persons prisoners: and thus in less than three months Pompey ended and quite vanquished the Pirates. 
Celerity praised.   
Caesar in all his wars excelled all men in expedition and celerity, in the which he had such wonderful good success against Pompey in Pharsalia, against his son in Africa, against Affranius in Hispaine, against Cato in Utica, with such expedition, that he became as you read, being one that was denied to be Consul, to be Perpetuus Dictator, and the first Emperor of Rome.  
Clau. Nero the Consul, considering that Italy was plagued by Hannibal in Lucania, and by Asdrubal his brother in Vmbria, made such secret great haste, that before Hannibal knew he went out of his camp in Lucania, he was in Vmbria, and before Asdrubal knew he was in Vmbria, he was with his fellow Consul at the battle of Metaurus, where Asdrubal was slain, his army overthrown, and his head sent to his brother Hannibal in Lucania: so that by one Roman stratagem, the two great 
Polyb. 11. Front. lib. 1. cap. 1.  Roman enemies, Hannibal and Asdrubal, were overthrown, the one slain at the River Metaurus, and the other driven from Italy into Africa.  
Celerity upon deliberation is most necessary at all times, therefore the chief guard about Romulus' person, were called Celeres, for their quickness and celerity in executing Romulus' commandment.  
David king of judah had such resolute men called Cerethites about his person, ready with such celerity to 
Cerethites  effect any thing the king would command them, that when they heard the king longing for some water out of the well of Bethelem, they presently ventured their lives through the camp of the enemies, and brought water to the king from Bethelem, before the king miss them, but David sacrificed the water unto the Lord, and would not drink of it, because his men offered their lives for it.  
Caleb used such expedition, after he had viewed and traveled all the land of Canaan, that he returned within 
Caleb.  forty days to the Hebrew camp with a full resolution, persuading joshua to take the wars in hand.  
Ehud, one of the judges of Israel, who was wont to say to his soldiers, follow me, went fully resolved to Eglon king of Moab, an enemy of the Lord, and therefore slew him in his chamber.  
Many soldiers of the Lord, are resolved through faith, to effect many things with celerity and zeal: so 
Nomb. 25.  Phineas slew Zimri the Israelite, & Cosbi a Lord's daughter of the Madianites, for that they offended the Lord in the camp, and therefore Phineas thrust them through both with his spear. jehu, though a wicked man, yet much commended for his resolute zeal, for that he overthrew Achabs' house, 
4. Reg. 〈◊〉. 10  slew Baal's prophets, and destroyed Baal's temple and his altars.  
The great kings of the world are resolved to hazard their lives to win fame and glory, either by parasites or flatterers, moved thereunto, or by oracles of their Idols, or by visions and dreams especially, as Astyages king of the Meads dreamt that his daughter Mandanes which was Cyrus' mother, made water that overflowed all Asia. 
Astyages dreams.   
Astyages dreamt the second time, that a vine grew out of his daughter's womb, whose branches covered all Asia, therefore he called all his wise men and soothsayers of his kingdom together, to interpret him these two dreams, who told him that his daughter should have a son that should be such a king, that he should rule over all Asia, which made Cyrus so ambitious 
Herod. lib. 1.  and proud, that he could not be content with all the kingdoms of Asia, but must go to be slain in Scythia.  
The like dream saw Xerxes, before his voyage in to Greece, that in his dream he thought he saw 
Xerxes' dreams.  an Olive three crowned, whose boughs and branches covered the whole earth, and withal suddenly vanished 
Alex. Neapolit. genial. lib. 3.  away.  
The same Author writeth, that julius Caesar dreamt that he lay with his mother, and by these means he was flattered by his soothsayers, that he should subdue the whole earth.  
Even so Hamilcar General of the carthaginians, 
Cic. divini. 1.  thought he heard in his sleep a voice that he should the next night sup in Syracuse, but he was so glad of his speech, that he was deceived of his hope, and yet he supped in Syracuse, not as a conqueror but as a prisoner, but was deceived as Xerxes was by the hope of his crowned Olive, or as Caesar was by his mother.  
Hannibal after the taking of Saguntum, dreamt that jupiter should call him into council with the gods, where he was commanded to take wars in hand against the Romans, there he seemed that jupiter had 
Cic. divin. 1.  given him a captain to go before him, even from the 
Hannibal's dream.  council house, one of the company of the gods, and looking behind him, he thought he saw a terrible monstrous Serpent, which Hannibal in his sleep asked jupiter what monster that was, which was answered and said to be Vastitatem Italicae, the spoil and destruction of Italy.  
Homer and Virgil, both feigned that all kind of dreams pass through two sundry gates, the true dream through the horny gate, the false dream through the ivory gate.  
Yet we read in the sacred scripture, that joseph was exalted by expounding Pharaos' dream in Egypt, and so was Daniel, by expounding Nabuchodonozers dream in Persia.  
But joseph while yet he was amongst his brethren a young boy, dreamt, and told his brethren saying, we were making sheaves in the field, and lo, my sheaf arose and stood upright, and your sheaves stood round about and made obeisance to my sheaf. Then 
josephes' dream.  said his brethren shalt thou be our king, or shalt thou reign over us? They hated him before, for that his father loved him more than they, and for his dream they hated him the more.  
And joseph told his father and his brethren a second dream, saying; I saw the Sun, the Moon, and the eleven stars make obeisance to me, and his father rebuked him, saying; shall I, thy mother, and thy brethren, come and fall before thee? but yet his father noted his dream: but his brethren took such indignation against him, that they sold joseph to an Arabian merchant, 
Joseph's second dream  who sold him again into Egypt, where he came by expounding of Pharaos' dream, of the seven lean 
Gen. 37.  kine that did eat the seven fat kine, and yet were but lean, to be the second person, and the only ruler of Egypt under Pharaoh. Thither came his brethren constrained by a dearth in Canaan, to buy corn in Egypt, and after joseph being known, his father jacob, and all his household came. These were the Sun, the Moon, and eleven Stars: here his brethren performed the dream, honouring joseph upon their knees, as all Egypt did.  
In like manner Daniel being a captive of Nabuchodonozers, by expounding his dream, and his son Balthazers after him, was commanded to be clothed with purple, and to put a chain of gold about his 
Daniel by expounding of dreams.  neck, and by proclamation made ruler over the third part of the kingdom of Persia, and to be one of the three Princes that ruled the kingdom of Persia, of a hundred seven and twenty Provinces under King Darius. 
Dan. 5. & 6   
No doubt joseph was instructed by an Angel to expound the dream of Pharaoh, and Daniel to expound the dream of Nabuchodonozer.  
Angels did instruct men, minister unto men, rebuke sinners Angels comforted the afflicted, and foretold things, an Angel appeared to Zachary, who told him, that his wife should bring forth a son, and his name should be john. So an Angel appeared to the virgin Mary, and said she should have a son, and his name shallbe jesus.  
Abraham in the feast which he made to the Angels under the oak of Mambre, was promised he should have a son by Sarah, and was named by the Angels Isaac, laughing, for that his mother laughed, hearing she 
Isaac named  should have a child in her old age, being four score and ten.  
So was also Ishmael, Solomon, and josias, named long before they were borne.  
The old Hebrews took example, for that the name of Abram was changed by the Lord, and named Abraham, which signified the father of many nations.  
jacob likewise was named of the Angel, (with whom he wrestled) Israel, the prince of God.  
So the Hebrews gave such significant names of things to come upon their children, that when they remembered the names of their children, they should also remember the thing signified by the name, as Solomon was named jedidia, beloved of God, josias an oblation to the Lord, and so Ishmael the son of Abraham by Agar, Absalon the son of David, and others more, named of the Hebrews in like manner.  
Women only gave names to their children among the Hebrews, as Leah and Rachel, Jacob's wives, named 
Women among the Israelites gave names to their children.  the twelve sons of jacob.  
So Samson was named of his mother, and so also was Samuel named by his mother, for the Hebrew women gave such names to their children, as should contain something signified by the name, not following the father's name, but one only name, which the Hebrew women gave to their children.  
The Romans had three or four names commonly, contrary to the Hebrews, and besides three or four names which were proper unto them, they would purchase as many names as they could get, as Pub. Cornel. Scypio, had the fourth name Affricanuss for his conquest over Africa, and his brother Lu. Scypio, was surnamed Asiaticus, for the fourth name, because he subdued Asia.  
Lu. Q. Metellus, surnamed Numidicus, by his victories in Numidia. Mummius, for his victories in Achaia, surnamed Achaicus.  
So the Romans being glorious people full of their victories, would possess as many names as they could have, and being not contented with so many names, they would have the months of the year to be named after their names. So Iu. Caesar called the month Quintilis, after his own name july, Augustus the second Emperor, 
Months named after the names of Emperors.  called the month Sextilis, after his name August.  
So other emperors imitating them, as Nero would have the month of April after his name Neronius, and Domitianus would have October named Domitianus. Likewise Claudius would have May called after his name Claudius: and Germanicus would have September named Germanicus after his name. So the Grecians began to honour Demetrius in like sort, in so much they decreed that the month Manichion which is january, shallbe called Demmetrion, and their feast Dionysia which was dedicated to Bacchus, should be called Demetria, after Demetrius' name, and that Demetrius, and his father king Antigonus, should have their pictures set up & carried in the sacred banner of Peplon, where none but the picture of jupiter and Minerva were set and placed.  
Clearchus the tyrant would be called son unto jupiter, as well as Alexander the great, so king Antigonus, because he might be called Bacchus, he resembled 
Alex. Neapolit. lib. 1. cap. 28.  him outward in his habit, ware a Diadem on his head made of ivy like Bacchus, and for his sceptre, bare in his hand Thyrsus.  
The greeks also, most commonly had but one name, unless he had a name added unto it, either by some virtue or vice noted in him: as Pericles for his eloquence and sweet persuasion, was surnamed Olympius. Aristides for his integrity, surnamed the just.  
Antigonus for his liberality was surnamed Doson, and 
The surnames of great Generals and Captains in Greece.  yet reported in Plutarch, that he promised any thing, and performed nothing.  
So likewise the greeks named those that had any blemish on their bodies, as Antiochus surnamed Griphos for his great belly.  
Another Antigonus surnamed Gonatos, for that he had great knees. Demetrius, surnamed Polycrates, for his invention and skill of warlike engines as Elepolis, thereby as famous well-nigh as Archimedes: otherwise the Grecians used but one name.  
And although Agesilaus was a great soldier, for skill and knowledge in war so famous, that he was sent from Egypt unto Greece, for to be their General, and also among the Persians so feared, and among the Grecians so esteemed, and yet he was called but Agesilaus, without any surname of addition among the Grecians, neither other great captains of Greece, as Milciades, Themistocles, Cymon, and others, had no such surnames by their victories as the Romans had.  
The Hebrues also had but proper names, & some had 
Rabbi, juda been Dama. Rab. Si●… been Gamalael. Rab. Ishmael been Elizei. Genebrardus, lib. 2. cron.  their father's name added unto it, so our Saviour in the Gospel named Peter, Simon the son of jonas, so was it oftentimes spoken to Esay the Prophet, Esay thou son of Amos; so all the jewish Rabines were named after their father's names, as juda the son of Dama, Simeon the son of Gamaliel, Ishmael the son of Elizei, but among the old Hebrews as you heard, they were so named as pleased the mothers.  
The Egyptians used also Greek additions to their names, as Pto. surnamed Euergetes, for his good deeds and benefits to his country. Pto. surnamed Ceraunos, that is to say, lightning, for his quick dispatch.  
Pto. surnamed Aetos, an Eagle for his swiftness and celerity, and so Philadelphus, and other kings and great men of Egypt, added to their own proper names Greek surnames.  
The surnames of the last kings of Egypt began from a soldiers name, who grew so great among the Egyptians, that he strengthened and established the country, being subdued and overthrown before by the Persians, that the Alexandrians so honoured him after his 
Alex. Neapolit. lib. 1. cap. 2.  death, that all his successors the kings of Egypt, were called after his name Ptholomei; for as all the first kings of Egypt were called Pharaones, so were the last kings of Egypt called Ptolemy.  
So Arsaces a poor Scythian borne, a great soldier, 
Arsaces' the name of all the kings of Parthia.  with a great army of poor banished men of the Parthians, overthrew king Zaleucus, and restored the Parthians to their liberty, for the which benefits he was made king, and all the kings his successors, were named Arsaces after his name.  
These men seek name and fame on earth, where they have no city, nor place permanent, but houses made of clay, and forget to build immortality and eternity in heaven, they make sumptuous and durable tombs for their bodies, like the Egyptians, which make pyramids for their dead bodies to dwell for ever. Some again like the Agrigentines, which build them such strong houses as though they should live always, and yet eat & drink, as though they should die the next day. But we leave these builders that build towers in the air with Nimrod, and ivory houses with Achab, and would lose immortality with Ulysses, for Ithaca his country, and come to Paul, who would be loosed from the body and be with Christ, and with joshua to fix our triumphs and trophies in Heaven, with the everlasting joshua Christ jesus the son of God, who purchased unto us eternal habitations, and went in body before us to prepare for us a dwelling place: to him therefore with the father and the holy Ghost, be all honour, glory and praise, for ever.   
FINIS.   

A Table containing a brief sum of the whole Book.  

Matters contained in the first Book.  
Thirty nine kings overthrown by Moses & joshua page. 2  
Of divers combats pa. 3  
Of the vow of Cherim pa. Ead.  
Adam rescued by the seed of the woman pa. 5  
Elizeus leadeth the army of Benhadad blind pa. 6  
They that mourned in jerusalem, were marked with the letter Tau Ead.  
Of divers and several marks. pa. 7  
The time that barbers were first seen in Rome pa. 9  
Abraham the first man marked. pa. Ead.  
Abrahaham feared Abimelech and Pharaoh for his wife. pa. 10  
Abraham read Astronomy in Egypt pa. Ead.  
Abraham rescued the five kings, and Let his nephew pa. 11  
The victory and stratagem of Gedeon over the Madianites. pa 12  
David's victory at Bezor in rescuing his two wives. pa. Ead.  
Three Angels feasted at Mambre with Abraham pa. 13.  
Four named before they were borne. pa. Ead.  
The Ismaelites would not be called Agareni of Agar, but Sarazeni of Sarah. pa. 14.  
The Tower of Babel builded by Nimrod pa. 15  
Ninus the first Monarch. pa. ead.  
Alexander's voyage to India. pa. Ead.  
Zoroaster laughed at his birth. pa. 16.  
The first Idolatry by Ninus. pa. ead.  
Baal the first Idol pa. 17  
The male children of the Hebrews thrown to Nilus pa. 18  
The tyranny of Pharaoh pa. Ead.  
A comparison between the Egyptians and the Romans pa. 19  
The armies of the Lord in Egypt under Moses pa. Ead.  
The first plague of Egypt. pa. 20  
The comparison of the first plague with the first persecution under Nero pa. 21  
Nero slew himself. pa. 22.  
The second miracle and triumph of Moses in Egypt. pa 23  
The blasphemy of Nicanor punished. pa. Ead.  
Domitianus Image set up in the Temple at jerusalem pa. 24  
Domitianus slain in his own house by his servants pa. 25  
jamnes and jambres, Phoraos' soothsayers pa. ead.  
The third persecution under Trajan pa. 26  
Philo was not heard of Nero. pa. ead.  
The fourth army of the Lord in Egypt, was swarms of flies. pa. 27  
The fight of the jews with wild beasts pa. 28  
The yielding of tyrants pa. 29  
Pharaoh and Esau compared. pa. 30  
Septimus and Antiochus murdered pa. 31  
The tyranny of Antiochus against the jews pa. ead.  
Antiochus confessed the great wrong he did to the jews at jerusalem pa. 32  
The fable of Manetho and others, concerning Moses, whom he named Osarphis pa. 33  
The persecution of the seven brethren pa. 34  
The seventh plague of Egypt. 35  
The comparison of the seventh persecution under Decius, with the seventh plague. pa. 36  
Great plagues and sicknesses upon the Romans pa. 37  
Hypocrisy of Pharaoh pa. ead.  
Pericles made a law in Athens against strangers pa. 38  
The eight persecution under Valerianus pa. ead.  
Valerianus the Emperor of Rome, used as a block by Sapor king of Persia pa. 39  
The ninth plague of Egypt. pa. 40  
The dissimulation of Pharaoh. pa. ead.  
The ninth persecution under Aurelianus pa. ead.  
Christ denied among the Romans. pa. 41  
A golden target sent by the Senators pa ead.  
The evil end of cruel Emperors. pa. ead.  
The tenth plague of Egypt. pa. 42  
The tenth persecution under Dioclesian pa. ead.  
When persecution ended, heresy began pa. 43  
Arius with divers crews of heretics pa. ead.  
The four general Counsels. pa. 44  
The marching of Pharaoh after the Hebrews pa. 45  
The drowning of Pharaoh in the red sea pa. ead.  
Appians impudent lies against Moses pa. 46  
The education of Moses in Egypt. pa. 47  
Moses chosen captain for Pharaoh pa. ead.  
Moses death sought by the Priests of Egypt pa. ead.  
The victories of Moses in Aethiopia pa. 48  
The marriage of Moses to Tharbis, the king of Aethiope his daughter pa. ead.  
Appians lies pa. 49  
Philo his speech of the Hebrews. pa. 50  
The law of Arms set down by the Lord to Moses pa. 51  
The stratagems of Archidamus, Epaminondas, and Pericles. pa. 52  
Of the law of Arms pa. 53  
Of the Priests Nantes in Athens. etc. pa. 54  
The removing of the Ark. pa. ead.  
The numbering and mustering of the Hebrew army by Moses. pa. 55  
The Hebrews were left in the midst of their enemies to practise arms pa. ead.  
Stratagems of Marius and Cyrus pa. 56  
seventy governors chosen under Moses pa. 57  
The Levites tents about the Tabernacle pa. ead.  
The placing of the four standards of the Hebrews. page. 58  
The marching of the Hebrew camp. pa. 59  
Xerxes great army pa. ead.  
Chief and strong forts of the Gentiles pa 60  
The Hebrews named of the Egyptians, Hicsos pa. 61  
Of the several standards of the Gentiles pa. 62  
The setting up of the Tabernacle, and dedication of the Altar. pa. 63  
The multitude of Temples and Altars among the Gentiles. pa 64  
Superstitious fondness of the Gentiles pa. 65  
The victories of Moses and divers kings pa. 66  
The battle at Riphidim pa. ead.  
The overthrow of the Canaanites and Arad their king by the Hebrews pa. 67  
Of divers and sundry vows of the Gentiles pa. 68 & 69  
Of divers Heathenish feasts. pa. 70  
Espials sent by joshua to Canaan. pa 71  
Fearful reports in wars are dangerous pa. 72  
divers stratagems pa. ead.  
A Roman Stratagem. pa. 73  
The stratagem of Clearchus. pa. 74  
Disobedience punished pa. 75  
The unthankfulness of the Hebrews for so many great victories pa. 76  
Martial punishment pa. ead.  
600000. died for disobedience in the wilderness pa. 77  
The great obedience of all creatures to God pa. ead.  
The offences of Moses and Aaron at the water of Meribah pa. 78  
The martial laws in Egypt. pa. ead.  
The martial laws in Persia pa. 79  
The martial law of the Romans and of the Lacedæmonians. pa. ead.  
The charge of a new army given to joshua pa. 80  
Commendations of Generals among all nations pa. ead.  
Pyrrhus' forsook Italy pa. ead.  
Elephant's first seen in Rome. pa. ead.  
A stratagem of Hannibal against the Romans pa. 81  
A stratagem of the Romans against Hambal pa. ead.  
The overthrow of jericho by sounding of rams horns pa. 82  
Signs given of victories pa. 83  
Logio fubinnea pa. 84  
The strange fashions of divers nations in their wars pa 85  
Pyrrhus brought elephants to Lucania in Italy pa. 86  
The numbering of the Hebrews of their soldiers. pa. 87  
The manner and custom of the Romans and Persians, when their soldiers go to wars. pa. ead.  
The battles at jahaz and Edzei. pa 88  
Cyrus for his languages, and Mithridates for his memory. pa. Ead.  
Five kings joined against joshua. pa. 89  
The victory of joshua at Gibeon. pa. ead.  
Valerianus taken by Sapor king of Persia pa. 90  
Pazaites the Turk taken by Tamberlane pa. ead.  
Cratippus saying to Pompey. pa. 91  
The sun stayed over Gibeon. pa. ead.  
Stratagems of Brutus and Hircius pa. 92  
The divers orders of the Heathens going to their wars. pa. 93  
Amphictions judges of Greece. pa. 95  
Xantippus sent from Sparta to Carthage pa. ead.  
Conon's stratagem pa. 96  
Byzantium now called Constantinople pa. ead.  
The old custom of the Romans and Persians in choosing their kings pa. 97  
Description of Xerxes, Agesilaus, Caesar, Darius, and others. pa 98  
The battella●… beseech pa. 99  
The tyranny of Adonizebech. pa. 100  
A sign of Periander sent to Thrasibulus pa. ead.  
The stratagem of Ehud, judge of Israel pa. 101  
What kind of men were Generals and judges in Israel pa. 102  
Gedeon chosen judge and General in Israel pa. ead.  
Gedeons' stratagen against the Madianites pa. 103  
Stratagems of Antiochus & Pericles pa. 104  
Pompey's stratagem pa. 105  
The unthankfulness of the Israelites pa. 106  
The victory at Marathon pa. 107  
The Romans brag of their victory by Marius over the Cymbrians pa. ead.  
The Scythians brag of their victory over the Persians. pa. ead.  
The ark of covenant pa. 108  
jephtha threatened to be burned. pa. 109  
42000. of the Ephramites slain. pa. ead.  
The tyranny of Cynna and Maririus pa. 110  
Kings sacrificed their daughters to please their Idols pa. ead.  
Difference of sacrifices pa. 111  
The great sacrifice of Samson. pag. 112  
The Priesthood taken from the house of E●… pa. 113  
The government taken from the house of Samuel pa. 114  
Ten Tribes forsook Rhehoboam pa. ead.  
The care of all nations for education of their children pa. 115  
Israel cried for a king pa. 116  
The trees and frogs would have a king pa. ead.  
Jonathan's victory at Michmash. pa. 117  
The disobedience of Saul. pa. 118  
Saul slew himself in mount Gilboah pa. 119  
Saul's head set up in the temple of Dagon pa. ead.  
Traitor's rewards pa. 120  
Treason hath better success than traitors have pa. 121  
Traitors odious to the old Romans pa. ead.  
Uiriatus named the second Hannibal pa. 122   

Matters contained in the second Book.  
Unjust and unnecessary wars page. 123  
David the second king of Israel, his battles and victories. pa. 124  
Policy of Generals and Captains. pa. 125  
Europe scant inhabited in David's time pa. ead.  
The Aromites and Philistines brought under David. pa. 126  
The Roman Governors under divers Provinces pa. ead.  
David put garrison in Edom. pa. 127  
The law of Arms broken by the Ammonites against David. pa. 128  
Alcibiades and Jonathan's stratagem pa. ead.  
Demetrius' stratagem and others. pa. 129  
Tributes paid to Israel by the Edomites and others pa. 130  
Tributes paid to the kings of Egypt by joseph pa. 131  
What manner of tributes the old Romans and latter romans had pa. 132  
Tributes paid to the Persians. pa. ead.  
Composition of peace between the Romans and the carthaginians pa. ead.  
The sins of David punished. pa. 133  
The tragical end which David saw on his children pa. 134  
divers stratagems in ravishing of virgins pa. 135  
The first sacking of jerusalem by Shesac pa. 136  
The first battle of civil wars between judah & Israel. pa. ead.  
Five hundred thousand Israelites slain pa. 137  
The comparison of the Hebrews with the Romans pa. ead.  
The enemy of Rome was Italy. pa. 138  
The enemy of judah was Israel. pa ead.  
The cruelty of Marius and Sylla in Rome pa. 139  
Good counsel of the Prophets not obeyed pa. ead.  
The great victory of the king of judah over the Aethiopians. pa. 140  
Good kings prayed for victories. pa. 141  
The victory of josaphat. pa. ead.  
Three hundred Fabians slain at the battle of Crunera pa. 142  
Prayers commenaed & compared. pa. 143  
judah vexed by the Aromites. pa. 144  
The blasphemy of Senacherib punished pa. 145  
jeremy and Michah both stricken and put in prison pa. 146  
Elias fled from jezabel. pa. 147  
Two and thirty kings came with Benhadad against Achab. pa. 150  
Achabs' words to Benhadad. pa. ead  
divers great blasphemers punished pa. 151  
The second victory of Achab over Benhadad pa. 152  
jeremy preached the destruction of jerusalem pa. 154  
The four bornes which Zachary saw pa. 155  
Semiramis stratagem in India. pa. 156  
The stratagems of Cyrus and Tomyris in Scythia. pa. 157  
Moses stratagem pa. 158  
Alexander his victory over king Porus pa. 159  
The great treasure which Alexander found in Persia pa. 160  
Xerxes palace burnt in Persepolis pa. ead.  
Of Elephants and Camels used in wars pa. 161  
Hanibals trophies in Italy. pa. 162  
The Roman stratagem against Pyrrhus pa. ead  
Curius Dentat. his triumph. pa. 163  
Pyrrhus saying of the Romans. pa. 164  
600000. bushels of corn daily spent in Xerxes' army. pa. 165  
Themistocles stratagem against Xerxes pa. 166  
Of Roman stratagems. pa. 167  
The original of military discipline had from the Hebrews. pa. 168  
Golden girdles given by the Hebrews and the Persians. page. 169  
Of divers military rewards to encourage soldiers. pa. 169. 170  
The custom of the Knights of Rome pa. 171  
Lucullus named the Roman Xerxes, and Pompey called Agamemnon the great pa. ead.  
Foresight is great wisdom. pa. ead.  
Argyraspides, Alexander's soldiers pa. 172  
The Scythians law for soldiers. pa. 173  
The law of Solon for soldiers. pa. 174  
One hundred and twenty knights buried in the field Adrasteys, by Alexander the great. pa. ead.  
Of monuments pa. 175  
Bethel become Bethaven. pa. ead.  
Abraham provided for the burial of himself, his wife, and his posterity pa. 176  
The care of the Gentiles for their burials pa. ead.  
The honour of the Athenians to their Generals for victories. pa. 177  
Themistocles honoured of the Grecians pa. 178  
Pompey for his victories and triumphs compared to Alexander the great pa. 179  
The triumphs of Scypio, Lu. Sylla, & Pau. Aemilius. pa. 179. & 180  
The 3. great combats of Romulus, Cossus, & Marcellus. pa. 181  
The manner of Sesostris triumph. pa. 182  
The Greek and Roman trophies pa. ead.  
Sicinius Dentat, his reward to his soldiers pa. 183  
The form and manner of making of Tribunes pa. 184  
Auctyles people of Libya. pa. ead.  
soldiers might not walk in the night time in Athens. pa. 115  
Mellephori chief soldiers of the king of Persia pa. ead.  
Neodomadae among the Lacedæmonians, and janizari among the Turks pa. 186  
Of divers military punishments. pa. 187  
The difference between Agesilaus and Caesar pa. 189  
Stratagems of Agesilaus, Antigonus, and Epaminondas. pa. ead.  
The law of Decimation. pa. 190  
Bochoris law in Egypt. pa. 191  
Coward soldiers punished in Persia pa. ead.  
The punishment of cowards among the people called Daci. pa. 192  
Tamberlaines justice and severity. pa. 193  
Comparison of certain Roman captains with the greeks. pa. 195  
The force and persuasion of eloquence pa. ead.  
The greatness of Demetrius envied pa. 196  
Demetrius picture carried in the triumph of Peplon. pa. 197  
Epaminondas and Pelopidas commended pa. 198  
Philopomen imitated Epaminondas pa. 199  
Philopomen greatly commended. pa. 200  
The victories of Lucullus. pa. 201  
Stratagems of Hannibal, Lysimachus, and Marcellus pa. 202  
The cruelty of Mithridates against the Romans pa. 203  
The revenge of Marius over the Cymbrians pa. ead.  
Marius' seven times Consul. pa. 204  
How the Prophets denounced wars to the jews, & to the Gentiles. pa. 205  
The manner of the Gentiles in proclaiming wars to their enemies pa. 206. 207. 208  
The rainbow, a sign that the world should not be destroyed with water again pa. 209  
The manner and ceremonies of all nations in concluding of peace. pa. 210. 211. and 212  
The manner of yielding among all nations. pa. 213. 214. 215  
A soldier to lose his target, was death in Greece pa. 215  
The saying of the women of Sparta concerning cowardly soldiers. pa. 216  
Shields much esteemed among the romans and the Grecians. pa. ead.  
The victory of the Grecians over the Persians at Plataea. pa. 217  
The funeral ceremonies for those captains that died in the battle at Plataea pa. 218  
A feast of the jews called Purim. pa. 219  
The victories of the Grecians over the Persians at Salamina and Artemisium pa. 220. 221  
Many strange signs and apparitions in the air. pa. 222. & 223  
Signs seen before the destruction of jerusalem. pa. 224. & 225  
The last overthrow of jerusalem by Titus and Uespasian. pa. 226  
divers feigned themselves to be the Messias pa. 227  
The rabbins slain at the siege of jerusalem pa. 228  
jerusalem destroyed five times. pa. ead.  
The saying of Dio. Areopagita and Appollonius of the Eclipse of the Sun pa. 229  
100000. Talent's left by David to Solomon to build the temple pa. 231  
Heathen kings favoured the jews pa. 232. & 233  
Aristobulus first King of the jews, after their captivity. pa. 234  
Affliction of the jews. pa. 235  
Zedechiah taken captive. pa. 236   

The contents of the third Book.  
NO mercenary soldiers allowed by the Romans nor the Persians page. 237  
Of the care of kingdoms and countries in military discipline. pa. 238  
Alexander his laws and exercise for his soldiers pa. 239  
Massinissa's hardiness in marching pa. ead.  
Fabius Max. diligence to his soldiers pa. 240  
Bochoris military laws. page. ead.  
Full fed soldiers punished by the Romans pa. 241  
Agesilaus military discipline. pa. ead.  
The exercise of Eumenes to his soldiers pa. 242  
Military punishment recited by Modestinus pa. 243  
Laws of Plato and others against wine drinkers pa, 244  
The wars at Numantia. pa. 245  
Cyrus discipline to his soldiers. pa. ead.  
divers kinds of martial punishments pa. 246  
Provincial regiments of the Romans pa. 247  
Division between the successors of Alexander pa. 248  
Liberties and freedoms allowed by the Romans pa. ead.  
Roman Magistrates governed in Asia and in Africa. pa. 299  
Ambition in Rome and in Athens. pa. 250  
Sertorius white hind pa. 251  
Marius carried Martha his Scythian soothsayer pa. 252  
The policy of Scypio to his soldiers pa. ead.  
Israel consulted with Idolatrous oracles pa. 253  
Pennall laws in Sparta. pa. 254  
How the Lacedæmonians march to their wars pa. ead.  
The manner and habit of all nations in going to their wars. pa. 256  
Of military oaths ministered unto soldiers in divers countries. pa. ead.  
Oaths of the Romans and of the Grecians pa. 257  
Hasdrubals head sent to Hannibal his brother pa. 258  
The overthrow of Hannibal at the battle of Zama pa. 259  
Three bushels of gold Rings sent by Hannibal to the Senators of Carthage pa. 261  
The overthrow of Antiochus the great at the battle of Magnesia pa ead.  
The saying of Antigonus and of Pyrrhus pa. ead.  
The burning of Carthage. pa. 263  
Marius seven times Consul. pa. ead.  
Civil wars between Marius and Sylla pa. 264  
The divers victories of Pompey the great pa. 265  
Stratagems of great Captains that saved themselves by flight. pa. 266  
Scypios questions with Hannibal. pa. 268  
Caesar's celerity in his victories. pa. 269  
Epaminondas and Scypios' stratagems pa. ead.  
Caesar was in 52. pitched and set fields pa. 270  
No triumphs in civil wars at Rome pa. ead.  
The battle between Torquine and Publicola page. 271  
The first funeral sermon in Rome. pa. ead.  
The noble act of Mu. Scaevola and Horatius Cocles pa. 272  
Torquinus the proud driven out of Rome pa. ead.  
The marching of the Scythians, Saracens, and Turks pa. 273  
The marching of the kings of Israel pa. 274  
Arebellious vow of Absalon. pa. 276  
The vows of the Israelites. pa. ead.  
The vows of the Romans. pa. 277. 278  
The vows of the Athenians to Aeolus. pa. ead.  
Of divers several vows. pa. 279. & 280  
Stratagems of Satan pa. ead.  
Philos speech of the wicked. pa. ead.  
The vows of the Nazarites. pa. 281  
Monastical vows pa. ead.  
The Rechabites vows. pa. 282  
The Oracles of Ammon. pa. 283  
Signs of victories given by the Lord pa. 284  
The Hebrews consulted with Urim and Thummim. pa. 285  
The superstitious Oracles of the Gentiles pa. 286  
The Consuls of Rome, and the Kings of Sparta deposed. pa. 287  
Soothsaying by flying of fowls. pa. 288  
Cyrus and Alexander forewarned of their death by soothsaying. pa. 289  
Themistocles pa. ead.  
Aristander, Alexander his soothsayer pa. 290  
Superstitious Oracles of the Gentiles pa. ead.  
The greediness of Dacius and Xerxes of money pa. 291  
Any stratagem in just wars is lawful. pa. 292  
The credit of Soothsayers. pa. 293  
The Idolatry of Israel pa. ead.  
The rich spoil which Philip had in Delphos pa. 294  
Sanctuaries allowed by the Lord to the Hebrews pa. 295  
Sanctuaries allowed among all nations pa. 296  
Kings fled to Sanctuaries. pa. ead.  
The abuse and ill order of Sanctuaries pa. 297  
The breach of laws severely punished in kings pa. 298  
Numas religious laws in Rome. pa. 299  
The profanation of the ceremonies of Ceres by Alcibiades and Clodius pa. 300  
20000. aware mourning apparel for Cicero in Rome. pa. ead.  
Cicero's opinion of the Roman victories pa. 301  
Antalcidas saying to Agesilaus. pa. 302  
Alexander the great rewarded maimed soldiers pa. ead.  
The liberality of Captains. pa. 303  
Condemned murderers sacrificed on captains graves. pa. 304  
Greedy Princes ever lost more the they wan pa. 305  
Of ambitious Generals and Captains. page. 306. 307. 308  
The Image of justice painted in Egypt without a head. page. 307  
Plato's opinion against ambitious men pa. ead.  
Philosophers slew themselves. pa. 309  
The victories of Sertorius. page. 310  
Lycurgus law allowed ambition. pa. 311  
Ambitious men banished from Athens pa. ead.  
Themistocles banished. pa. 312  
Comparisons between the Romans and the Grecians. page. 314  
Pericles surnamed Olympus. pa. ead.  
Pyrrhus' saying of Rome. pa. 315  
Philopomen the last Captain of any fame in Greece. pa. 316  
Of divers kinds of trumpets in wars 317. 318  
Of divers tents and sails. page. 319  
The watch word of divers noble captains in their wars. page. 320  
Of sundry stratagems. pa. 321  
Crassus slain among the Parthians pa. 322  
The overthrow of the Romans by the Cymbrians pa. 323  
Pub. Ventidius triumphs. page. 324  
The victories of the greeks at Marathon pa. 325  
The victory of the Syracusans over the Athenians. pa. 326  
The battle at Cranon. pa. 327  
Alexander feared in Greece. pa. ead.  
Libraries destroyed pa. 328  
The library of Attalus and Eumenes in Asia destroyed. page. 329  
Ajax & Patroclus two Elephants, so named of Antiochus. pa. ead.  
The library at Rome pa. ead.  
The Romans only professed arms pa. 330  
The opinion of Cato pa. ead.  
Callimachus and Chrysippus, great writers pa. 331  
The law of Arms broken. pa. 332  
Fair words deceived many Captains pa. ead.  
Archidamus counsel to the Lacedæmonians pa. 333  
Much blood spent in breach of faith pa. ead.  
The breach of the law of Arms. pa. 334. 335  
Zopyrus stratagem pa. 336  
Ajax foolish answer to his father pa. ead.  
Cyrus and Agamemnon's wish. pa. pa. 337  
The great pride of Xerxes and Nimrod pa. 338  
Security in wars hurtful. pa. 339  
Pompey's parasites pa. ead.  
The victory of Drusus pa. 340  
The flatterers of Tigranes' King of Armenia pa. ead.  
The victory of Lucullus over the Athenians pa. ead.  
Themistocles celerity in his victories pa. 341  
30000. Archers drove Agesilaus out of Persia pa. 342  
An Owl printed on the coin of Athens pa. ead.  
The celerity and quick dispatch of great captains pa. 343  
Celerity praised page. 344  
Astyages dreams pa. 345  
Xerxes dream pa. ead.  
Hanibals dream pa. 346  
joseph envied of his brethren. pa. ead.  
Joseph's second dream. pa. 347  
joseph and Daniel expounders of dreams. pa. ead.  
Isaac named pa. 348  
Women among the Israelites gave names to their children. pa. ead.  
The surnames of great Roman captains pa. 349  
Months named after the name of Emperors pa. ead.  
The surnames of great Captains and Generals in Greece. pa. 350  
Arsaces the name of all the Kings in Parthia pa. 351  
The ivory house of Achab. pa. 352   
FINIS.