A RELATION OF CERTAIN things in SPAIN, worthy of Observation:  
Set forth by STEPHEN MAN, one of the Yeomen of his majesties Chamber.   printer's or publisher's device 
GOD IS MY HELPER  
●mprinted for john Browne, a●● 〈◊〉 ●o be sold in S. Dunstanes Church- 〈◊〉 in Fleetstreet, 161●   

To the right Honourable, George, Marquis, and Earl of Buckingham, viscount VILLIERS, Barron of Whaddon, Lord high Admiral of England, justice in Eyre of all his Majesty's ies. Forests, Parks, and Chases beyond Trent, Mr. of his Majesty's ies. horse, Knight of the most noble Order of the Garter, and one of his majesties most honourable privy Counsel.  
Right Honourable Lord:  
SInce your Lo. Virtues are such, as they have a Title to all men's labours, both by your honourable apceptation and favour, as your value, and judgement of them: It is an honest ambition of my humbleness 〈◊〉 to add something to the heap is daily offered to your altar, with protestation, that nothing is brought thither with sincerer hands than this small gift of mine own collections in Spain: which if they retain but a good odour in your receiving, and that your Honour will take the mind wherewith they are done, it will be a grace, that shall ever enable my industry, to the study of serving and honouring your Lordship, in the name of your Lordship  
most bounden, Stephen man..   

A RELATION OF CERTAIN Things in SPAIN, worthy of observation.  

The Orders Military and their Knighthoods and Revenues.  
THere belongeth to the Order of S. james, 94. Knighthoods, and all yield yearly 3280312 Ducats.  
The Knights of this Order, wear a cross of Scarlet or coloured Velvet, or one of Gold hung in a chain: they have for their patron S. james, and their rule hath been drawn from S. Augustine.  
The order of Calatrava hath 50. Knighthoods, and all yield yearly 1300634. ducats.  
They follow the rule of S. Bennet, and wear a scarlet Cross, or crimson velvet, or a Venero of Gold.  
That of Alcantara hath 58. Knighthoods, and all yield yearly, 1120269. ducats.  
They follow the rule of S. Bennet, and wear a Cross of the making of that of Calatrava, although it be green; and of all these Orders and of those of Christ, and Montesa, his Majesty is perpetual administrator.  
There belongeth to that of Montesa Origmaria de Valencia thirteen knighthoods, and yield yearly, 230. Ducats.  
The Cross of this order is of Scarlet, or Velvet, they follow the rule of S. Bennet.  
That of Christ is of Portugal, and the Cross is of colour, and a white streak in the midst of it. His Majesty gives the Knighthoods, and some the Duke of Braganca; the number of the Knighthoods are not known, nor what they are worth.  
To the order of S. john, although it is not in Spain, belongeth 129. Knighthoods, besides los Prioratos, and they yield in all yearly, 9110250. ducats.  
Amongst the Grandes, there is no pre-eminence but only of the Admiral and Constable, the others seat themselves in the public Acts, as it happeneth, without any superiority.  
The Admiral of Castille may enter into the Council with his Cloak and Rapier, and seat himself at the left hand of the Precedent of Castille at all times when he pleaseth.  
The Duke of Medina Celi every year on Twelve day delivereth a memorial unto his Majesty, claiming the Kingdom of Castille as heir of Henrig and the other Kings; which is remitted to the Royal Council, and there is never made any more dispute of it.  
Biscay is excepted; when the King enters there, he is to have one leg uncovered.  
It is not permitted to proceed against any of the Grandes, nor their first begotten, without express order from the King in writing; to whom when as any such thing happeneth, they put in sureties, and in the mean time there comes order from the King what shall be done.   

The Knights of the golden fleece which are in Spain.  

HIs Majesty.  
The Duke de Alua.  
The Duke de Ossuna.  
The Duke de Arios.  
The Duke de Medina Celi.  
The Duke de Escalona.  
The Duke de Cardova.  
The Duke de Montalto.  
The Earl de Oropesa.  
The Marquis Espinola.    

Charges which his Majesty is at.  

THe vice Roy of Naples.  
The vice Roy of Portugal.  
The vice Roy of Navarre.  
The vice Roy of Valencia.  
The vice Roy of Cerdena.  
The vice Roy of Sicilia.  
The governor of Milan.  
The chief General of the Sea.  
The General of the Galleys of Spain.  
The General of Sicilia:  
Of Genova:  
Of Portugal.  
Master General of the field of Spain.  
Mr. General of the field of Portugal.  
General of the Cavaliers of Spain.  
General of the Cavaliers of Milan.  
Vice Roy of Peru.  
Vice Roy of Mexico.  
Vice Roy of the East-Indies.  
Vice Roy of Mallorca.  
Governor of Galicia.  
Vice Roy of Cataluna.  
Governor of Flanders.  
Governor of Oran.  
Mr. General of the field of Flanders.  
General of the Cavaliers of Flanders.  
General of the Artillery of Flanders.  
General of the Armada of the Oceansea.  
The Royal Admiral thereof.  
General of the Galleys of the Plate.  
General of the Fleet.  
The Admiral thereof.  
The Ambassador of Rome.  
Ambassador in Germany.  
Ambassador in France.  
Ambassador in England.  
Ambassador in Flanders.  
Ambassadors in the Signories:  
In Venice.  
In Savoy.  
In Genova.  
In Florence▪  
In Ferrara.  
In Parma.  
In Mantua.  
In Luca.  
In Vrbina.    

Men and women servants belonging to the Queen.  

THe chief Lady of the Chamber;  
twenty Ladies, and their servants.  
The Nurse of the Prince and Infants, eight Chambermaids.  
Five masters of the Princes.  
The Landres of the King's body.  
Landres for the Princes.  
Two guardians of the rest of the women.  
Six Ladies of honour.  
Four Assistants of the Chamber.  
The Landres of Estate.  
The Mistress of the work.  
The chief Keeper of the jewels, two inferior ones.  
Four maids of Estate belonging to the Ladies.  
The high Chamberlain.  
Five Chamberlains more, twelve inferior ones.  
The chief book-keeper of the wages.  
Four assistants.  
One Secretary.  
One Treasurer.  
One Secretary of the Chamber.  
The chief housekeeper.  
Four Assistants.  
Two Physicians of the Chamber.  
Six of the Family.  
One Chirurgeon.  
Six gentlemen of the Society.  
Eleven Esquires.  
Twelve keepers of the Ladies.  
One that keepeth the sick Ladies.  
Four doorkeepers of the Ladies.  
Four messengers.  
The superior and inferior Tapestry keepers.  
The Master of the hall of the Ladies.  
The dancing Master.  
Four keepers of the Plate.  
Eight Chamberlains.  
One Book keeper.  
The Master of the Music.  
Of all the Artists of the Court there is one belongeth to the Queen, and hangeth her Arms in his shop.    

The Queen's kitchen.  

ONe Steward.  
Two Overseers.  
One Overseer of the maid servants.  
A Carver.  
The chief Cook.  
Four officers of the kitchen.  
Four waterbearers.  
Six porters of the kitchen.  
One butler of the bread.  
Another of the victuals.  
Another of the King's bread.  
Another for the vulgar.  
A Dispenser.  
The Pastie-maker.  
A Clerk of the fruit and wood.  
The broth-maker.  
The sauce-maker.  
Two servants to assist the sauce-maker.    

Cavallaerica of the Queen.  

THe chief Master of the Horse.  
His Lieutenant.  
One Overseer.  
A Secretary.  
Four Furrieles.  
Three Horse-curers.  
Thirteen Lackeys.  
22. of those that provide Mules when the King removes.  
20. servants of the Cavaliers.  
Ten Coachmen.  
Ten servants belonging to the Coachmen.    

The Queen's private Chapel.  

THe Confessor.  
The chief Almnor.  
Two assistants.  
The chief Taper-keeper.  
Two inferior ones.  
One that keeps the Host.  
Two young men of the Oratory.  
Here the King's chaplains say Mass when they are nominated, and do it by turns.    

The service and servants of the King.  

THe high Chamberlain.  
Five inferior ones.  
Gentlemen of his Chamber, with a gilded key, of no certain number.  
Gentlemen of the King's diet.  
Gentlemen of the house.  
Secretary and keeper of the writings of his Majesty.  
24. Pages more or less with their Master and Tutor.  
The chief bookkeeper of the wages.  
A Treasurer.  
A Paymaster.  
The high Poste-master.  
The chief Harbinger. 3. inferior ones.  
The chief keeper of the jewels.  
Ten jewel keepers more.  
Two Physicians belonging to the Chamber.  
Eight belonging to the house.  
The keeper of the books.  
Four of the Royal house.  
Ten continual ones.  
Fifty Monteros of Espinola, which are Guardiens of the Chamber.  
The chief Tapestry Master and inferior ones.  
Six Chamberlains of the beds.  
Six assistants and inferior ones.  
Eight Porters.  
The chief Waterman & his inferiors.  
Four Horse Riders,  
The chief Snuffer of the Candles.  
Six inferior ones.  
Of all the Artists of the Court, there is one of the King, and placeth the King's Arms in his shop.    

The Kings Guard.  

A 100 archers, borgons & flemings,  
100 Spanish Halberdiers.  
100 Halberdiers of Switsers.  
The old Guard being Horsemen, are 50. Spaniards.  
The old Foote-guard are 50. or more.    

Armoury of the King.  

THe chief Armourer.  
Ten Officers of the Armoury.  
Ten inferior ones.  
Six servants which cleanse the powder.  
Four Porters of the Armoury.  
Four Kings of Arms.  
24. Trumpeters.  
Eight Drummers, 16. inferior ones.    

The service of the King's diet.  
THe Gentlemen of the Chamber, serve his majesties Table by turns, as the Ladies do the Queens; and hath once again so many services of meat as the Queen hath.   

Offices belonging to the Huntsmen.  

THe chief Huntsman.  
Six more.  
10. Masters of the Crossbows.  
Eight Huntsmen more.  
10. a horseback.  
The Servants of the Hounds.  
4. Huntsmen of the wild Chase.  
13. Hare-hunters.  
14. a horseback with every one his Grey hound.  
12. that wind the horn.  
Four Huntsmen of the Bull.  
Six keepers of the Nets and Engines belonging to the hunting.  
4 Assistants.  
4. Keepers of the Hounds.  
All these, besides the Horsemen which serve his Majesty, are together a horseback when the King rideth a hunting.    

Officers of the Cavallerica.  

THe chief Master of the Horse.  
His Lieutenant.  
4. Equal with him.  
8. Grooms of the Stable.  
A bookkeeper.  
Two overseers.  
10. Riders.  
24. Lackeys.  
6. Horse-curers.  
4. Coachmen of his Majesty.  
20. Coachmen for the Commons.  
20. Providers of the Mules when the King removes.    

The Chapel Royal.  

THe chief chaplain.  
His majesties Confessor.  
The chaplains of the Altar.  
The chaplains of honour, who sit, and are covered with their Copes. 

There is three sorts of them, the first is of the house of Castille, and the King pays them: the second is of the Crown of Arragon, and the Crown pays them: the third is of the Orders of S. james, Calatrava, Alcantara, S. john, Christ, and Montesa: and these are paid by the Masters of the tables of these orders. All which are to be chosen by the King equal in degree.    
One Master of the Chapel.  
60. musicans.  
A Tenent of the Mr. of the Chapel.  
Two Masters of the Ceremonies.  
Two Organists.  
Six children of the Oratory.  
One chief Almnor, & two inferior ones.  
One chief Taper-bearer, and three  
Assistants.  
The Hoste-maker.    

The Order of the Royal Chapel.  
IN the Royal Chapel none are covered unless it be one of the Grandes, Archbishop, Bishop, or Ambassador of a King, Crown, or Venice, and the chaplains of Honour with their Copes. At the right hand of the chief Altar there is a Bench richly covered, the face towards the body of the Church, on the which sit the Bishops which are present at the divine service, at the foot of the Altar there is a seat for his Maty. and a Cushion for his knees and elbows which are always agreeable with the furniture of the Altar, except the King mourn.  
Lower without the Archof the chapel, there is a great Bench covered with Tapestry, where the Grandes sit.  
At the other side on the left hand of the Altar, there is a seat for the Bishops and chief chaplain: a little lower, right over his Maty. there is a seat for the Nuncio and other Ambassadors.  
Lower without the Arch, before the seat of the Grandes, stand two, one behind the other, and uncovered, for the chaplains.  
Behind the seat of the Grandes and chaplains, there stand uncovered all the Knights, men of renown, gentlemen and servants of the Ambassadors, which go to Mass to the Chapel, and to hear the divine service.  
Between the curtain of the King, and the seat of the Grandes, there is a seat appointed for the High-Chamberlaine, who sitteth covered, although he be not one of the Grandes, in that place, by reason of his office; & behind him stand two Archers of the Guard.  
near the Curtain Royal stand the Masters of the Ceremonies; these advise of the dignity which is found in the Church, and bring to his Maty. the Evangelists and the Pax to kiss them, and the four Chamberlains go before the Dignity, and return therewith unto the foot of the Altar, and then return to their places, which is behind the Ambassadors, and there stand; and having no dignity, one of the chaplains carrieth the Missal and the Pax.  
His Majesty gives way to the great Prior of S. john, to enter in the Curtain Royal, and seateth himself in a seat behind his Majesty.  
Before the Altar stand four echayres of state; in the lowest, the Queen, Prince, and Infants hear Mass: and this chair or seat is close shut, and so they cannot be seen. In the second is the Music, and likewise there are some seats, whereon there sit some Knights & men of renown, which come there to hear the divine Service; the which sit and are covered, because that is not reputed for the Chapel, and it is lawful for every one to sit and be covered.  
In the other two seats above, sit the Ladies and waiting gentlewomen of the Queen and other Ladies which go to the Chapel, and it is hard to enter by the quarter of the Queen, and there is no other entrance.  
On Twelve day his Maty. offers in remembrance of the three that came from the East, three silver Cups, which are given to three Monasteries of poor Nuns.  
The day his Maty. came to full age, he offereth so much in Crowns.  
On holy Thursday his Maty. washeth the feet of certain poor men, as the Pope doth at Rome, and commandeth them to be clothed and food to be given them. If the Nuncio be a Cardinal, there is a seat set for him in the Chapel Royal, as for the King; and the like for whatsoever Cardinal right over against that of his Majesty.  
When his Maty. goeth to the Chapel, the Guard of the Spanish and German Halberdiers are placed in rank from the gate of the Hall of the Guard, unto that of the Chapel. The Spaniards at the right hand, and at his return the Germans have it. In the midst go the Furrieles of the Chapel, and then the Knights and Gentlemen which accompany him, and after them the chief of the house with their staves; and then the Grandes two and two, and then the Prince of Savoy when he is at Court, and then the King; after him the Nuncio and Ambassadors in their orders, & then the horsemen and chief Chamberlains, and after them come in troops, the Archers: if there be any Cardinal in the company, he goeth at the left hand of his Majesty, and at the coming out, they observe this order.  
His Maty. goeth out uncovered until the midst of the Chapel, and there he covereth himself, and walks two steps, and presently desires the Prince his cousin that he would be covered; and walking two paces more, returns to the Ambassadors, and desires them to be covered; and coming to the shadows of the Gates of the Church, desires the Grandes to be covered.   

The manner how the Kings eat in public.  
ON the chief feast days, their Maties. are accustomed to eat in public, as at Easter, and Twelfetide; and the service of the Queen in public upon such days is as follows.  
The Table is set upon a place somewhat high from the ground, richly covered, and at the upper end is the service of his Majesty: and upon the first napkin they put two loaves, one very big and white, & the other somewhat brown, whereof his Majesty most commonly eateth.  
And at the bringing in of the meat, there goes before it three Corporals of the three Guards of the Archers, Halberdiers, Spaniards and Germans; then the Mace-bearers with their Maces of silver and gilt, with the arms of Castille and Leon.  
Then the Chamberlains with their staves, and after them the high Chamberlain, with his long Staff upon his shoulder; then the meaner sort with meat, all encompassed with those of the Guard, and the high Chamberlain covered. And in the mean time the meat passeth, all those which in the mean time do pass, are to be uncovered, and the Guard have a care to advertise the same; and so in the place or hall where the dishes or meats of the King stand or any part thereof, or the Cup wherein they drink, not any body is to be covered, unless it be one of the Grandes or the high Chamberlain.  
The meat being set on the Table by the high Chamberlain, the Queen comes, and being set at Table, it is permitted that some enter which are desirous to see them eat.  
It concerns the Ladies, three every day by their turns, to come and serve the Table; the one uncovereth the dishes in their order, and delivers them in the hands of the other, who delivereth the dish to the Queen; and her Maty. is silent, and delivers the dish to the other, and she makes thereof a small dish for the Queen; and then she delivers the dish in the hands of some of the inferior ones, who carries the same away. These three Ladies which serve, stand with their napkins upon their shoulders, and are very gallant.  
One chaplain of honour is always found ready there to bless the Table, and is accustomed to command the dishes to be delivered to the Queen.  
When her Maty. will not have any such dish, than she lifteth up her head, and presently it is sent away; and at every dish the napkin is changed, and the number of the dishes is from 15. upwards at public meals.  
When her Maty. pleaseth to drink, she makes a sign with her head to one of the Ladies which serve the Table, and there is another Lady which doth assist her to give the meat; and then one of the four Chamberlains doth accompany one of the inferior ones to the gate of the Buttery: then he who keepeth the Buttery, delivereth to one of the meaner sort a silver plate with a covered Cup full of water; for the Queen drinks no Wine. Then he accompanied with the said Plate; goeth to the Chamberlain, who with another doth accompany it, where the place is, where the Lady is, who is to give her Majesty the drink.  
Then the Lady falleth down upon her knees at the feet of her Maty: then taketh off the cover of the Cup with two fingers of her left hand, and with the other two foremost she taketh the plate; and then with her right hand she taketh the cup, and poureth in the plate a little of the water, and drinketh it; & then putteth the cup again on the plate, and putting it in her right hand, with the left she covereth the cup again, and taking it again in the left hand, she gives it to her Maty. and presently with her right hand she uncovereth the Cup: and when the Queen hath drunk, the Lady covereth the Cup in rising up, and having done her reverence, she delivers it again to the inferior one.  
At the coming of the fruit, the Chamberlain cometh with the same Company as is aforesaid, with the advice of one of the Ladies which serve the Table, and the meaner sort bring it, & give it to one of the Ladies which put it there; in the mean time they take away the meat from the Table, and give it to the meaner sort, who carry it away. At the time when her Maty. eateth, the Grandes which are present stand covered, leaning to the wall, and the Ladies which do not serve that day, stand in the same piece, conferring with their Gallants; for at that time it is lawful for them, & those which do serve are wont to turn back sometimes upon occasions to salute their friends.  
In the mean time, her Maty. eateth and dinner passeth, on such days they sound in the yard of the Palace with drums and trumpets.   

The manner of the Kings eating.  
THe like Ceremonies are used when the King eateth in public in his quarter, but only that in stead of the Ladies, Gentlemen serve the Table every one in his turn, & the same serve the meal on such days in stead of the Pages, all uncovered, and with their cloak and rapier; only the high Chamberlain is covered by reason of his office. Moreover the King's Table is served with the Assembly of the Town house, and the four Kings of Arms with their rich Coats, with the Arms of Castille and Leon, and the Mace bearers with their Maces of silver and gilt, with the same Arms: there are divided two for the King, and two for the Queen, and also accompany the meat with the Corporals and Grandes.  
When their Maties. eat in public together, all this is joined, ordered with the same order without any deduction.   

How the Kings take Coach.  
THey advertise before hand with Trumpets, & Drums when their Maties. come forth, and presently the horsemen make themselves ready, and the other persons which are to go in the company; and their Maties. being come, they bow down, bringing the King to the Queen, accompanied with the Noble Men and Ladies of honour.  
At the entrance of the Coach, a Knight lifteth up the boot, and the high Chamberlain takes his Maty. by the Arm, to assist him into the coach. His Maty. coming to the boot, takes off his Bonnet, and saluteth the Queen, and lets her go in first, and sitteth at the right hand; then presently the King goeth in, and the Chamberlains and master of the horse go in another Coach, which goeth before.  
Then the chief Lady of the Chamber, and the other Ladies go into other Coaches; and the Gentlemen which serve them, every one helpeth his Lady into the Coach, and afterwards they horse themselves.   

Ordinary charges of the Kings and Queen's house.  
FOr the Horsemen every month four thousand ducats.  
To the furnishing of the house one month with another, five hundred ducats.  
To the shop of agreement, three thousand Rials every month.  
For wages yearly, one hundredth forty and four thousand ducats.  
To the Merchants of agreement yearly, eighteen thousand ducats.  
To the choristers of the Chapel monthly, 000120. ducats.  
To the keeper of the jewels yearly, five thousand and four hundred ducats.  
For the charges of the Tapestry yearly, one hundred forty and four thousand ducats.  
For the ordinary Plate of his Majesty yearly, one hundred forty and four thousand ducats.  
For the expenses of the Queen, one hundred and twenty thousand ducats.  
For ordinary Alms yearly, are seven thousand and two hundred ducats.  
For the expenses of the high Postmaster yearly, two and forty thousand ducats.  
For the expenses of the Snora Infanta a Nun, yearly, three thousand ducats.  
To the Treasurer of the Queen for expenses of such things as her Majesty and others eateth between meals, is yearly six and thirty thousand ducats.  
For the Chamber of the King yearly, four & twenty thousand ducats.  
For the expenses of the chief gentlewomen of the Queen's Chamber yearly, six thousand ducats.  
For the expenses of the Prince of Spain, yearly, six and thirty thousand ducats.