COUNT. mansfield's DIRECTIONS of WAR. GIVEN TO ALL HIS Officers and Soldiers in General. warrior figure with dog ♂ LONDON, Printed by Edw: Allde for Richard Whittaker, and are to be sold at his shop in Paul's Churchyard, at the King's head. 1642. TO The High, Mighty, and invincible CHARLES Prince of Wales: the Right Honourable GEORGE Duke of Buckingham: and JAMES marquis Hambleton; with the rest of his Majesty's Honourable and faithful Council for War. THe Sun is all one both to the Poor & Rich: even so (saith Socrates) ought a Prince not to have respect to the person, but to the matter: Whereupon myself being not worthy, in respect of Prudence & Experience, to rank with the least or meanest member of your Heroic Counsel, yet daring to compare with the Greatest in my loyal meaning, fidelity and best wishes; respectively to his Majesty, your Highness, with restless prayers for the prosperous proceeding of your true Noble designs; prostrate at your Highness' feet, do present these Directions for War, not to direct your Heaven-directed Counsels, but only as a pious pledge of my hearty devotion, to acquaint you (for your better satisfaction) with the order of such Martial Discipline, as the Foreign Friends of Great Britain in these tumultuous times do exercise: their Motions, Standing, Marching, Fight, Tiring and Retiring. In a word, the whole Art of Arms, taught and delivered by this illustrious and renowned Figure of Fortitude (who first revised and approved the same written) is here exemplified; which I submissively commend principally to the Patronage of your Princely Highness, the most remarkable object of Honour: beseeching his Divine Majesty, that like a most politic and magnanimous General, you may transcend not only this Right-valorous Director, but even Alexander Magnus in Military Actions and Directions, and be Carolus surnamed Maximus: but much more Fortunate in diuturnal fruition of your Conquests and Inheritance: And that as you are the Glory of your Royal Father's age, (according to Zeno's testimony) being right Virtuous and Religious; so you may long survive and continue the chief Column and Comfort of his Kingdoms; and no less Defend the true Catholic Faith: wherein the greatest Guider of all Hearts direct mine, firmly to persever, and make me ever ready and most willing (as at this present) to hazard myself and all that is mine in its Cause, as one that resteth: Most humbly Devoted, To your Highness: Your Graces: And the rest Respectively In any Honourable Service W. G. The Table. The Office of a Regiment and their Duties. THe Office of a Colonel. Page 1. The Office of a Lieutenant Colonel. pag. 3. The Office of a Sergeant Maior. pag. Idem. The Quarter Masters Office. pag. 4. The Office of a Provost of a Regiment. pag. 5. The Office of a Captain of Foot pag. 7. The Office of a Lieutenant of a Company. pag. 10. The Office of an Ensign. pag. Idem. The Office of a Sergeant of a Company. pag. 11. The Office of a Corporal of a Company. pag. 13. The Office of a Lanspreado. pag. 17. The Office of a Drum. pag. Idem. The Office of a Troop of Horse. Captain of Horse. pag. 19 The Lieutenant of Horse. pag. 20. The Cornet. pag. 24. The Quarter Master his Office. pag. 26. The Trumpet. pag. 27. Corporal of Horse. pag. 27. The Dignity of Soldiers in their Files. Of the Ordering of a Foot Company, and of the Dignity of each Soldier in their File: with the manner of Exercising now used. pag. 30. The Dignity of Leaders. pag. 33. Of Distances. pag. 37. The General Motions which the Company or Troops are to observe. pag. 39 Countermarch. pag. 45. These following Motions are to be performed, both Standing and Marching. pag. 50. Motions Standing and Marching. pag. 53. THE OFFICE OF A REGIMENT AND THEIR Duties. The Office of a Colonel. EVery Colonel is to Command over all his Officers, Captains and others, and all Soldiers or men of War of what degree soever, that doth put themselves, or are by superior Authority put and ranged under his Regiment: and all such, as are to obey his commandment, and obey him as fully as they would do the chiefest Commanders. Also, he shall see all Orders, Commandments, and Directions, which are delivered him by the public Officers of the Army, for Guards, Marches, Lodging, or any thing else; for matter of justice or for ordering the Troops, and furtherance of the service duly executed or performed, within his own Troops. Further if he himself do find any Mutiny, or discontented humours tending to mutiny, extreme outrage, or disorder; or shall by any of his Captains, Officers, or Soldiers, be informed of any such, he shall forthwith advertise the General thereof; And if he find any other fault, negligence or swerving, either from the Directions given, or the policy of the Army set down, he shall strait way acquaint them, by whom such directions did or was to come unto him or some other superior Officer, if he can conveniently acquaint him with it, and shall produce the party so offending, with the witnesses and proofs, that order may be given forthwith and justice done: and if he fail to give in this information of any thing he knows or hears of, he shall be thought deeply faulty; or if any such thing pass without his knowledge, he shall be thought of worse government than were fit for a man of his place and charge. Also in Lodging, every Colonel is to lodge as near as can be in the midst of the Quarter assigned for his Regiment, because so he may give direction for the whole. In March, the Colonel shall be at the end of his Troops that is nearest the Enemies (that is to say) in the head of his Regiment, going towards an Enemy, and in the Rear going from them; and he is not to stir from thence unless it be for the ordering of his Troops or some extraordinary occasion. Also once every week the Colonel shall call together all his Captains, and shall inquire of all offences in his Regiment, and examine the nature and quality of them to prepare the Causes, for a more short and easy hearing in a Marshal Court. All Colonels shall repair to a Martial Court as often as they shall be warned, and shall be assistant to the Lord Martial in all causes that shall be there in question, or belong to the justice of the Army. The Office of a Lieutenant Colonel. THe Lieutenant Colonel, when his Colonel is present, is to assist and obey him, in seeing all directions performed that are delivered by any public Officer, or such as shall be within the authority of a Colonel himself to command; and in the absence of his Colonel, he shall have the same authority the Colonel hath. He is to lodge ever on the right hand of his Colonel's lodging, as near the end of the Quarter as conveviently may be. In Marching and Imbattelling, whensoever his Colonel is in the head of his Regiment, he shall be in the rear of all that Regiment, and when his Colonel shall be in the rear he shall be in the head. The Office of the Sergeant Maior. IN the presence of his Colonel or Lieutenant Colonel, he shall be an assistant to them or either of them, in seeing all Orders and Directions executed and performed, and in the absence of them both to have the same authority, that the Colonel himself shall have. He shall lodge on the left hand of his Colonel, as near the end of his quarter as conveniently may be. In Marching and Imbattelling, he shall keep as near the midst of his Regiment as he can, but in the Flank, and so as he may best overlook the order of his march or imbattelling. He is to come to the Sergeant Major of the Army to receive the Word from him, if there be no extraordinary cause to hinder him: and when he hath received the word from him, he is to deliver it over to the Sergeants of the Regiment, and to all those to whom it doth appertain and to see them executed. Every Night he is to visit all the Guards of that Regiment, and to keep account of the turns of the Watches, Marches, and sending Troops upon service, to the end both the labour and the honour may be equally divided. The Quarter Masters Office. IN all changes of lodging he is to attend the Quarter Master general, and to take the place by him assigned for the quartering of the Regiment, in such form as the Quarter Master general shall direct him; and then he shall appoint lodging to the Colonels, and to the Officers, according to the places they are to take in the Regiment, and he shall not only give the height, the breadth, and the length of the Quarter to the furrier of every Company, but also the distances from the Trench, if it be not an out Quarter, and the distance of one Company from another, and when the Companies shall lie in Towns and Villages, he is likewise to keep proportion and follow the directions of the Quarter Master general: he shall lodge the Sutler's of that Regiment, in the hindmost part of the Quarter, such a distance as the Quarter Master general shall appoint. His place is to lodge on the backside of the quarter, behind the lodging of the Lieutenant Colonel. The Office of a Provost of a Regiment. HE shall see all Proclamations, Orders, or decrees, that shall be published by the Provost Martial of the Army, likewise published in the Regiment whereof he is Provost. Also, he shall safely keep all Prisoners committed to him, and once a week to give a note to the Provost Martial of the Army, of all the Prisoners which is in his charge, and of the causes of their Commitments. Further, he shall oversee all the Victuallers of the Regiment, that they sell not their Victuals either at unteasonable prices or unlawful hours, and shall on the other side be watchful, that no wrong be done unto them; and if any be, that forthwith the party doing wrong be brought before some Officer that hath authority to yield redress, and to that end he shall go about the Quarter once every forenoon, and every afternoon once, and once in the dead of the night, if it may be conveniently performed. Also, he shall have an Account given him every night by the Victuallers, what victuals are in the Quarters, and he shall carry or send those notes to the Provost Martial of the Army. When prizes or booties are brought in, after the Provost Martial hath divided the said prey or booty to every Regiment, the Provost of each Regiment shall divide them to the Companies. It is his duty to see all the Quarter kept sweet and clean, all garbage and filth buried, and to suffer nothing that may annoy the Quarter, within such a distance as shall be appointed him by the Provost Martial of the Army. He is to lodge in the midst of the Victuallers of the Regiment. He shall come to the Carriage Master for direction where the baggage of that Regiment shall March, where they shall assemble, and what ways they shall go, which directions he shall see performed: After he bathe given the first place to the Colonel's baggage, he shall marshal the rest by turns, as the Companies shall march. Also, he shall see the ways made for the Carriage, and the carriage accompanied with men sufficient, and with Instruments to help or mend any thing that is amiss in the ways, or carriages; or if any carriage shall be unable to go, he shall provide that it be no stop or hindrance to the rest. The Office of a Captain of foot. HE hath proportionably the same commandment over his Company, that a Colonel hath over his Regiment; and so all his Officers and Soldiers are to obey him. When he receiveth his Company and his Arms, he is to choose his men, and to sort them to their Arms, as he shall think fit: provided, that he make his ablest men, armed men, and Musquetiers: if he be to arm them himself, he shall make the one half Pikes, the other half Musquetiers. He shall choose his Officers, such as others have had in the like place heretofore, and are of experience and good government, or such as have made themselves known to be fit for the like. He shall divide his Company into three Corporalships. He shall take care, and labour to teach all his Soldiers the carriage and use of their Arms, to keep their orders in marching or imbatelling, to understand all manner of motions and sounds of the Drum; to this end he shall have usual times of Exercising, which shall be once aday at the least, till all his men be perfect. In marching with his company alone, he shall be in the head of his company going towards an Enemy, and in the rearward, coming from an Enemy. In Marching with a Regiment, he is to receive his directions from the Sergeant Mayor of the Regiment, and to martial his several sorts of weapons, as he shall be by him directed: and shall appoint to every division of his Company, such an Officer as the Sergeant Mayor of the Regiment shall direct. And for the place, it shall be where the said Sergeant Maior shall assign him. In imbatailing, he is to order his Troops as the Sergeant Mayor of the Regiment shall direct, to be himself where his Colonel or superior officer shall command him. In lodging, he shall take his quarter assigned according to his degree and place in the Regiment, and shall see it built and ordered according to the directions his superiors hath received; and that there be devisions, both of the quarter into squadrons, and the squadrons into Comradoes or fellowships. He shall have his quarter kept sweet for healthfulness, and quiet for order, especially in the night. If his whole company be appointed to march, he shall draw out his company, and stand in Arms ready to march before his quarter, attending the directions of the Sergeant Mayor of the Regiment. When he is brought to the place of his guard, he is to take directions of the Sergeant Mayor of the Regiment, for placing of his Corps-de Guard, setting his Sentinels, and sending forth his Round, and to see the directions given him performed. He is not to abandon his guard till he be relieved, and whatsoever is discovered, or brought to that Corp-de guard where he is, shall by him be sent to the Captain of the Watch, and he shall still make good his guard, if he be not commanded by a superior Officer to retire. If he hear of any mutiny or discontented humour tending to mutiny, outrage, or any disorder committed by any of his company within his quarter, he shall forthwith advertise his Colonel; or if he be not in the way, some public Officer of the Army and that he arrest and bring forth the party offending, with such witnesses and proofs as are to be produced, of which if he fail and know it, he shall be held very faulty, and if such things escape him, he shall be held unworthy of his place. He shall see on the other side, to those of his Company that do better than their fellows, advanced to place, and encouraged accordingly; and do right to all of them, both in the pay and in all things else that are due unto them, and shall as fare as in him lieth, take care of the sick and hurt men. In matter of service, he shall do all that is commanded him (by any superior officer that hath authority) in the best sort he can, without either exceeding his Commission, or doing less. Lastly, when he is alone with his Company, he shall be very vigilant and careful, both in marching and lodging, and if he be put to any extremity, yet he must look to make account, and therefore he shall do the utmost, both by judgement and valour to free his Troops. The Office of the Lieutenant of a Company. WHen the Company is present, he shall be an assistant to his Captain in seeing all directions performed, that are commanded by a superior Officer, all such as his Captain hath authority to command, and in the absence of the Captain, he shall have the same authority the Captain hath. In Marching, if there be no company but his own, he shall be at the one end of his company, when the Captain is at the other end: and if the company march with the Regiment, he shall take such place, as the superior Officers that have authority shall assign him. In lodging, he shall be placed on the right hand of his Captain, as near the end of the quarter as conveniently may be, and shall in all services, and at all times help to keep the Soldiers in Discipline and obedience, and shall perform all things commanded him, which are necessary to be done by him, with valour and judgement. The Office of an Ensign. WHen his Captain or Lieutenant are present, he shall be assistant to them, or either of them, and in their absence have the same authority the Captain hath. In Marching, he is to catry his Ensign, and take such place as shall be assigned him: and if his Company be alone, he shall either upon entering his quarter, going out of his quarter, going upon his guard, or upon sight of the Enemy, carry his Ensign advanced and flying: and if he march with a Regiment, he and all the other Ensigns of the Regiment shall do as the Ensign Colonel doth. In Fight, he shall ever carry his Ensign advanced and flying, without offering to use it in any kind of offence, being the sign for the Company to gather by, and therefore to be preserved: for which cause for his defence he is to use his Sword. If he march with other Ensigns, he shall take such place as shall be assigned him. The Ensign shall never turn his face out of his order, start from any danger, nor forsake his Ensign upon pain of death. Whensoever the Drum shall beat for the gathering of the Company together, he shall be in the place, and shall see the Ensign well guarded, and be ready to march, or do any thing for the service. The Office of the Sergeant of a Company. IF all the three forenamed Officers be out of the way by any accident, than the eldest Sergeant is to command the Company as next in place. In assembling the Company, he shall set every man in his place, and if any be missing, he shall seek them out, and have power to correct them: and if any be defective and not to be found, he is to acquaint his Captain or Officer with it. When the Company is assembled and set in order, he shall march in the out side, where he may best see the order of march observed: and to make the places of Sergeants more certain, the eldest Sergeant shall march in the right Flank, and take care from the Ensign forward; and the youngest Sergeant on the left Flank, and take care from the Ensign backward. Though he is to understand the use of all Arms usually carried, and all things else that belongs to a Soldier, yet he is especially to make himself able to direct and lead Shott, because if his Company be alone and have any fight, he is by custom to conduct the Shott, in which case he is to follow the directions given him by his Captain; or in his Captain's absence, by any of his superior Officers. And for his more particular directions how to lead his Shot after that he hath brought them up to that ground, and in that number and order that his Captain or superior Officer hath directed him, he shall have every man come up close to him, and see him take his level and discharge to a good purpose: as also he shall fee the Shot keep their order, as well in going on as in retiring; if he be found with other Troops, he shall follow the directions of him that commands the Troop, and carefully look to the order of that part on which he is assigned to attend. The eldest Sergeant shall lodge in the skirt of the Quarter right behind the Captain, and the other Sergeant in the same sort right beyond the Lieutenant, and in the Quarter they are both to visit the Soldier's lodgings, and to see them orderly and quiet. He is also to fetch the Word from the Sergeant Mayor of the Regiment, and deliver it to his Captain, Lieutenant, and Ensign, and to the Corporal that is of the Watch; if the whole company watch, he is to attend, and to see the places where the Sentinels are put out, and to visit them all: if they watch by Squadrons, than he shall lead the squadrons to bring them to their Guard, where he shall attend upon any extraordinary occasion by the appointment of the Captain of the Watch; and whilst he is there, he is to advertise the Captain of the watch, of any extrordinary discovery or accident of any importance. He shall deliver such Munitions either of victuals or of war to the Corporals of the Company, as he shall receive or fetch from the Sergeant Major of the Regiment. The Office of a Corporal of a Company. THough it very seldom happen that he hath charge of the Company, yet if such an accident should fall out, that all the superior Officers were absent, than the command doth belong to him. To his place belongeth properly, the command of one Squadron of the Company, which he is to divide into Comradoes or Fellowships, to see all that are within that squadron well exercised in their Arms, to keep them and wear them Soldierlike, to deliver munitions of Victuals or Arms, to govern the Watch, work, or Service; and to take care in every respect, that they do the Duties of good Soldiers. When the Drum beateth to the gathering of the Company, the Corporals are immediately to be in readiness themselves, and to call together their Squadrons, with the which they shall repair to their Colours, and if any of their Squadrons be wanting without leave, they shall give notice thereof to their Captain, and shall prosecute the said absence to the punishing of them. He shall have at the least, a third part of the Company under his Squadron, which being divided into Files, he himself shall be Leader of the chief File, and with the same, always to take place on the right hand of his Squadron, which shall be compounded of one of the two sorts of Arms now in use: Pikes, and Muskets. He shall not (in case of any default by absence) leave the place void & unsupplyed, unless the same fall out to be the Leader or bringer up, whose place shall be ever supplied by the next. In Marching and Fight, the Corporal of the Company hath no command, but of the File which each of them leads; They are to see to the opening of their Files and Ranks, and to the doubling of the same, to follow the sound of the Drum, and to observe every other Motion that shall be commanded by the chief Officer; always provided, that he start not out of his place, nor use any command of himself. When the Squadron is to Watch, he shall at the sound of the Drum assemble them and repair to his Ensign, and shall see them fully furnished of their Arms, Powder, Match, Bullets, and all things else, that shall be necessary to the Arms they carry, whereof they shall be supplied by the Sergeant of the Company. He is to be lead by his Sergeant to the place of his Watch, and from him to receive the Word and Directions, in what manner and where he shall place his Sentinels, as well by day as by night, which he is to see performed. His Sentinels being placed, he is to let none pass his Guard without the word, unless the Captain of the watch or the Sergeant Major, to whom after he knoweth them, he is to deliver the Word, the first round only. In taking the Word, he is never to go further forth then to the Sentinel next his Guard, and when the outermost Sentinel giveth him warning of the approach of any, he is to make his Guard stand to their Arms, and to take three or four out among them, and so attend their coming, having given direction to his outermost Sentinels for that end, to let them pass; when they are approached near him, he is not to advance out to them, but to call out one of the company, if more than one come together to him, and so receive the Word from him, within the defence of those three or four Soldiers he took with him, who shall have their Pikes charged, and their Matches cokt, till such time as the Corporal hath received the Word, and gives them order to let them pass. He shall so divide his Sentinels, that every man's task may be alike; he shall see them changed at due times, and shall now and then visit them unlooked for; he must warn his Sentinels not to give false Alarms, but with as silent noise as is possible, to advertise his said Corporal; who upon any extraordinary occasion, shall make his Squadron stand to their Arms, and give notice of the danger discovered to the next Guards, and to the Captain of the Watch. He shall make good the place of his Guard, till he be called from thence, and not suffer any of his Squadron to leave the same till he be relieved; and he shall fulfil on his Guard, all Commands that shall be published for the entering or going forth of the Soldiers. At the coming of the relief, he shall put his Squadron into Arms, and stand ready to receive them, and when his Sentinels are relieved, march to his Quarter. If during the time of his Watch, any of his Squadron shall have offended, he is to Commit them, and to acquaint his Captain and chief Officers therewith. If by any occasion of the Companies remove, he be drawn from his Guard before the 24. hours be expired, and that the Company lodge again within the said time, then shall the said Corporal with his said Squadron, be in readiness to watch out the residue of the time, in such place as he shall be appointed. Lastly, as the Corporal is next in degree to the Sergeant, so in behaving himself well, he may pretend to the place of a Sergeant, when by any accident it shall be void. The Office of a Lanspreado. NExt to the Corporal is the Lanspreado, who in the absence of the Corporal, is in every respect to do his Office; his own proper place is to lead the left hand File of the Squadron, and to have of his own, and the Files adjoining, the same care for the observing of their Orders, as is specified in the Corporals Office. The Office of a Drum. THere aught to be two Drums in a Company, and both perfect in every necessary sound thereof, who by turns are to do all the services belonging to the place; and therefore in Field or in Garrison, one of them is ever to give attendance in the Quarters, though the Company should at any time be freed of their duty. The Drum having warning to beat to the gathering of the company, shall go sounding from one end of the Quarter to the other, twice, and shall repair to his Ensigns lodging. When the Company marcheth, one of them shall sound by turns: they shall one relieve the other. When the Company shall be joined with others, the Drums shall take place by the appointment of the Drum Major, and shall sound the same point, and observe the same time that the Drum doth that is next to the Colonel or chief Officer. It is the office of a Drum, when any of the Company are taken Prisoners, to inquire after them, and to carry their Ransom, which he may boldly do, after he hath received a Passport from the General, or chief Commander of Army or Garrison, where the Company is. When he is come near to any place of the Enemies, he is to sound thrice, and not to approach too near, till he be setcht in by some of the Enemy; he is only to make his arrant known, and not to discover any thing of the state of the place whence he is sent, that may be prejudicial to it: and to take as much notice as he can of all such things as concerneth the Enemy, which at his coming back he shall discover to the General or chief Officer. It is his duty being in Garrison and have the main Guard, not to go off without leave of the Captain of the Watch, and to be there all Night to beat an Alarm if need require, for which use he must be perfect to practise on his sticks, because the Enemy shall take no notice thereof. He must beat the Relief in the Morning after day break, and to set the Parado, and at Night to beat Tapto before the Patrole go above. The Office of a Troop of Horse. Captain of Horse. THe Captain of a Troop of Horse, must take pleasure to be neatly Armed and well mounted, to give thereby an example to his Soldiers to do the like: he must take care that his Soldiers be practuall in performing their Duties, and observing Military Discipline, as he himself must be in observing Orders, and executing the directions that are given or sent him from his Superiors; not failing of the hour appointed him to be at the place assigned, with his Company. He shall take care to teach his Soldiers the use of their Arms, and see them perfect therein, and also that they keep their orders in Marching or Imbattelling; that they understand all motions which the Horse are commanded to learn, as also the sound of the Trumpet, to which end, he shall have his times of exercising his men whilst he is in Garrison. In all occasions he is to be first on Horseback, to see his Company kept up in their full number, and replenished with all able Soldiers, to be able to distinguish from the rest, that are of most valour and courage, as also to be ready to assist and advance them in all occasions: so also is he to cashier and dismiss from the Company, such Soldiers as he finds fearful, lazy, and unfit for Service. Furthermore, he is to have (if it be possible) two or three Soldiers in his Company, that are expert in the Country and ways thereof especially being in a frontier place, that upon all occasions he may have Guides of his own at hand, and ready to serve him; to which men, he ought to give something extraordinary above the rest. In Marching to his Guard or though any place, he is to be in the head of his Company before the Cornet, as also going towards an Enemy. In Lodging, he is to lodge in the head of the Troop. In Imbattelling, with other Troops, he is to take such place, as his superior Officer do assign him. When the Lances are joined with Cuirassieers, or Harquebusiers, the Captain of the Lances commands the other, and in his absence, the Captain of the Cuirassieers; in both their absence, the Captain of the Harquebusiers. The Lieutenant of Horse. IT is necessary, that the Lieutenants of Horse, should be men of great experience, ability and valour, such as have been nourished & brought up amongst the Cavolery: ordinarily those that are advanced to these places, are such Soldiers, that in occasion have given better proof of their own persons and valour, than the rest; that have passed through the other inferior degrees to that charge, having been Corporals or Cornets. He is to be assistant to the Captain, in the execution of all directions and orders; and in the absence of the Captain, to command the Troop, many times having all the difficulties of affairs and occasions laid upon him, in regard that the Horse troops, are often given to young Genetletlemen of Noble houses, that of themselves have small experience. The Lieutenant must be strict and severe to his Soldiers, making them do their duties, and whatsoever else is necessary (precisely and punctually) and also to take care, that they look diligently to their Horses, and to their Arms. He marcheth always in the Rear of the Troop, taking care that the Soldiers follow the Captain in their order and due distances, and that they disband not from the Troop. In occasions of Fight, the Lieutenant is to keep himself firm in the Rear of his Troop with his Sword in his hand, to encourage the Soldiers to do their duties: and seeing any of them turning or shrinking, to fly from the Troop, let him kill him, to give encouragement to the rest. But if in the absence of his Captain there be presented any occasion of fight, or that he be to march through suspected places, the Lieutenant must advance up to the Front into the Captain's place, leaving in his place behind some Officer reform, or some other person of valour in whom he hath confidence, which may discharge the duty of a Lieutenant. The Troop marching ordinarily, or passing through any place, or going to the place of Arms to the Parado, the Lieutenant must in no sort take the place of the Captain, but remain always behind as aforesaid, because the Lances and Carasiers have their Cornets, who always march in the head, and lead the Troops. But in Troops of Harquebusiers that have no Cornets; the Lieutenant in absence of his Captain, is to take his Captain's place in the head of the Troops, be it in marching, fighting, or drawing to the place of Arms, as to all other places, sending to the Rear two of his best Corporals, to do the office of the Lieutenant; himself now and then notwithstanding turning towards the Rear, to see if the Soldiers march in order as they should. He must read and write, that he may keep a List of the names and surnames of the Soldiers of his Troop, so as any order being sent him by writing, or receiving Letters from his superiors, he be not constrained to show them to others: he must also know the ability and sufficiency of each Soldier, to the end, that there being any occasion to send them out to any place, he may know whom he may best use and employ. The Troop marching to the guard, and being approached near unto the place, the Lieutenant is to go before to view the court of Guard; and by the Lieutenant, who is to be relieved; be informed of the place of Sentinels, both of the day, and of the night, what the ways are he must beat: and of all other things that by order he is to do it in that place. The Lieutenant is bound to place the Sentinels himself, and to visit them oftentimes, sparing no diligence, keeping himself in particular, continually armed, and his Horse bridled. The Troop being lodged in any village, the Lieutenant must take the Billets of the quartermaster of the Troop, and afterwards distribute them himself to the Soldiers, with as much order and contentment to them as he can before the Cornets lodging, who is to make an halt or stand there with the Troop, and attend the foresaid distribution of the Billets, to the end that upon any occasion, or when any Alarm happens, the Soldiers may know whereto come together, and join themselves to their Cornet: if they shall tarry longer than one day in a place, the Lieutenant is to visit the Horses, to see how the Soldiers govern themselves, and that they indamage not their Hosts; which if he find, to remedy, making the Captain acquainted with every thing: and when afterwards they do dislodge, the Lieutenant must command their fires to be put out, and see it performed. Going to lodge in any Village or Fort, or to be in Garrison, that the Lieutenant ought so to accommo date the extraordinary reformed Officers, and others according to their merits: In all places where they lodge more than once aday; the Lieutenant shall write the names of the Soldiers upon the Billets, and shall keep a Register of those Billets, that when their Hosts shall come to make any complaint, he may readily find their names, and chastise them as he sees cause. When the Troop is to march, and that the Trumpets sound to horse, the Lieutenant must be first in order and on horseback, taking care that all the Soldiers do the like with diligence: and if he find any of them negligent in this point, be it either through an ill custom, or of purpose to loiter behind and pillage the houses, he must punish them presently with all severity, for an axample to others. It is necessary for the Lieutenant to have knowledge of the country and of the ways, there happening many occasions that he is to send out to discover, and beat the coasts about; the commodity of Guides not being at all times found. In case the Troop be charged by the Enemy, the Lieutenant with some few Soldiers, being best mounted, must stay behind. Cornet. THe Cornet in the absence of the Captain and Lieutenant, commands the Troop. In marching, he goes always in the head of the Troop (yet behind the Captain) who must suffer no man to march beyond the Standard, or to be equal with him. In occasion of fight, the Cornet of a company of Lances shall take his place on the left hand of the Captain, and equal in front with him, and going to the Shocke together with him, must endeavour to break his Cornet or Standard upon the Enemy: which Standard falling so to the ground, he is not to take care to take it up; and if any man shall take it up and restore it him again, he must not put it again upon his Staff: nor no new in the place, without the permission of the General. In occasion of fight with foot, the Cornet of Lances must likewise break his Standard upon the same foot, but neither upon Foot nor Horse that is turned and running away. The Cornet of Cuirassieers in marching goes before the troop with his Cornet, as also when he presenteth himself in the place of Arms, and when he is to salute, he is to do it in the same manner as the Cornet of Lances doth. In the time of fight, the Cornet of Cuirassieers, is to take his place in the middle of the Troop, leaning behind him the two third parts of the Troop, and the other part that is before, must be those that be best armed, and the best men. The Cornet ought to keep a List of the names of the Soldiers of the Troop. In all occasions of Mutiny, discord, and disputes, he is presently to inform his Captain and Lieutenant, and to be assistant to the Captain and Lieutenant, or either of them, in seeing all directions performed, that are commanded by a superior Officer; as also, all such as the Captain hath authority to command. The Quarter Master his Office. THe Quarter Master is to fetch the word every night, and the directions from the Sergeant Mayor of the Horse: he is to distribute the Billets among the Soldiers, and was wont to dedeliver out their pay unto them, which now is given out by the Lieutenant of the Troop, though in my opinion not so well; for it were much better, that the Captain or Lieutenant should call the Quarter Master apart, appointing him the manner how he should pay the Soldiers, to leave the discharge of it to him; which without doubt would give greater contentment, because the Soldier in this point of his account, may speak more freely with the Quarter Master, than the other Officers; who by this means also, are delivered from a great many harsh replies, which they must ordinarily receive from the Soldiers, to the diminishing the respect they ought to bear them. He is to attend the Quarter Master General, and to take his orders from him of lodging the Troop, carrying with him one or two Soldiers, appointed him by the Lieutenant, that he may the better advertise the Troop where they shall lodge. In the absence of the Cornet, Lieutenant, and Captain, he is to command the Company. Trumpet. THere aught to be two Trumpets in every Troop of Horse, who ought to be diligent to sound precisely at the times appointed: one of them is to be ever with the Cornet upon all occasions. When the Troop doth march, they go before the Captain in the head of the Troop, and in fight in the flank of the Troops. In Lodging, the one lodgeth with the Captain, the other with the Cornet. Going out of their lodging, either on foot or on Horseback, they are never to leave off their Trumpets, but always to have it by them. They are employed in Messages for Prisoners, and other occasions to the Enemy, and therefore aught to be intelligent men and well governed, that they may be able to discover, and at their return to give an account of any advantage of disorder or important things, they are able to learn among the Enemies; as also to keep themselves so as they discover nothing that may offend their own party. Briefly, many important services may be drawn from them, and good use made; provided they be discreet. Corporal of Horse. THough there have been some, who are of opinion, that it is not necessary to have a Corporal in a Troop of Lances and Cuirassieers, notwithstanding I find this Officer necessary; for by the means of a Corporal, the duties are better distributed; and they themselves go forth with the Lieutenant to assist him to place his Sentinels, when it is the Soldiers turn of their Squadron to do it: and in sudden occasion of sending out a number of Soldiers, the easiest way is to command a whole Squadron to the service: their lodgings also are made, and distributed with more facility: especially when the Troop is not lodged altogether in one place, and when there are few houses to be distributed; the houses being distributed, so many to a Squadron, the Lieutenant gives the Billets thereof to each Squadron, whereby he is to lodge his Soldiers. In Troops of Harquebufiers, we use no Corporals; and they are of better esteem, because they have ever been there: and the Hargubusiers going many times in small Troops; the Corporals have therefore ordinarily more employment than the Lances or Cuirassieers. The Troops of Harquebusiers do ordinarily battle (least rude) and serve for the Vandguard, it belonging to them to send forth their Avaunt Curriers; which charge is given to one of the Corporals, which must be a man of good experience; that he must be able to know how to acquit himself in a charge of that importance. If it be necessary to guard a Passage or place of importance, the custom is to send a Corporal with his Squadron thither. In occasions of fight, we are wont to send out Corporals with their whole Squadrons to the skirmish, after the Lieutenant is first gone out for that purpose: for he is always the first. The Corporals ought to read and write, because they are to keep a list of the Soldiers of their Squadrons, to the end he may distribute unto them equally their Duties. The Captains are conformable to allow unto the Corporals, an half part of the forage; and give them the tenth part in a hundred. The Dignity of Soldiers in their Files. Of the Ordering of a Foot Company, and of the Dignity of each Soldier in their File: With the manner of Exercising now used. FIrst, it is meet for diverse good respects, that your men be divided into Companies, and the Soldiers of these Companies, into their Files. Now a File consisteth of ten Soldiers armed alike, whereof every one knoweth his place, all of them standing in a direct line downward, and behind one another, and comprehended between the Leader and the bringer up. It is likewise necessary, for the giving of due strength and reciprocal proportion, that the men of each sort of Arms be so indifferently divided, both for the number and quality of the men, that in every of the said Files there may be an equal distribution, both of the better and worse sort. This may be done, (the number of men being first known, and how many of each sort of Arms you have) by choosing first out of every of the said sorts, so many of the best men as the whole number will make Fyles through, so many second, and so onwards, still choosing of the better sort, till the tenth man be chosen. The men thus chosen shall be divided in manner as followeth: The first choice, because they are men of best worth, shall stand in the Front, and command the rest of the File, and these men are to be known by the name of Leaders. Those of the second choice, because they are next in account, are to stand in the Rear or last place of the ten, and are to be known by the name of Bringers up. Those of the third and fourth choice, are to take the fifth and sixth places in the File, and are to be known by the names of Middlemen; to wit, the fifth, the Leaders middle-man, the sixth, the Bringers up middle-man. The fifth, sixth, and seaventh choice, to be ranged in the second, third, and fourth places. The eighth, ninth, and tenth choice, to be in the seaventh, eight, and ninth places: by which description it falls out, that the tenth and last place of men (reckoning from the first downward) taketh the ninth place of the File. These men thus divided into Fyles, it will be necessary for the effecting of these things, that be required by this Discipline; That as the Soldiers have their places in the Files according to the worth of each man, so the Files themselves should have their particular degrees and places; to which end, the Companies shall likewise consist of ten Files, which shall take their places one by the other in Front and Rank, as the Soldiers in every File did before in Depth. Following which course, the first File shall stand on the right hand of the rest; the second File in Dignity, shall stand on the left hand, outermost of the tenth. To be considered, whether it were not better to reckon your degrees at the 8. th', 9 th', and tenth File. The third, and fourth in Dignity, shall take the fifth, and sixth places, being in the middle places of the ten. The fifth, sixth, and seaventh, shall stand in the second, third, and fourth places, reckoning from the right hand toward the middle File. The eight, ninth, and tenth File, in the seaunth, eighth, and ninth places, from the left hand File to the middle File; So that in every File, the tenth and last man in Dignity standeth in the ninth place, reckoning from the Leaders downward: & the second in value, the tenth and last place. So among the Files, the tenth, which is the File of least account, taketh the ninth place, reckoning from the right hand File, which is the first in Dignity and account; and the second in Dignity holds the tenth place, being the outermost on the left hand, as the first is on the right. These ten Files, I would have known still by their degrees of Value: as first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seaventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth, and not by the places they stand in when they are ranged, which notwithstanding may serve guide the men to their places, because they never change their standings. The Dignity of Leaders. ANd as the Soldiers in every File shall take no place till their Leaders set forward, at which time they are all to follow successively, as they are to stand in the file that the last man may fall hindermost; so none of the files shall take place till the first file hath taken his, and then the rest as they are to stand the one by another to take their places, so that still the outermost file to the left hand, is to take his place last: which manner being observed and duly executed, 2. 6. 10. 8. 4. 3. 7. 9 5. 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. Front Leaders. men are ranged in an instant, without any confusion or help of Officers. Now as in Fyles the duty of the Middle-man is to keep those before him in a right line, 1 0. 5 0. 9 0. 7 0. 3 0. 4 0. 8 0. 10 0. 0 6. 2 0. The Dignity of men in their File. and for the Bringer up to do the like, to the middle-men and those before them; As also, if diverse files be joined in one body together to keep in even rank with the others; so are the Leaders of the Files also, in the Front to keep even with themselves, and with the other Troops when any march in or Front with them, and to observe like distances in their files, and to take care either Marching or going to Charge, to keep such Distances in the body they make; as may be best for ease, and for the safety of the men, wherein the two outmost files are to use the greatest observance. The Files being ranged, the four chief Leaders (to wit) the right, lest, and the two middle Leaders, are to take care that the Front be kept even, and that the Distances in all motions, together with the Motions themselves, be duly observed; which is easily performed when these sour keepe even: for the right Leader and his middle Leader, may see that the three Leaders betwixt them do their duties, and the left hand Leader with his middle Leader, the other three betwixt them. Now resteth to teach, what be the other particular Duties of the Leaders, Bringers up, and Middle-men of the Files; as also what the Duties of those Leaders, who in the Body of the ten Files are to do their Office to the Body, as the others are to every file apart. The Leaders of the file ought to be as followeth: As he is the Chief of the ten, so is he to be respected and obeyed by them in these things: they are to show themselves in their Arms when bee requireth it; aswell because it is his Office to see them kept clean, as to teach them the true use of their Arms: to acquaint them how every one is to take his place in the file, to make them perfect in all manner of Duties, as March, Motions, Fight, Works, Distances, and Measures: as also to instruct them in the understanding of all Commandments, by Drum or by voice, or by any other Signal appointed: as also how to behave themselves in making their Quarter, and making their Cabins, wherein he himself when he is joined with other files, is by his own due observance of the Directions given, to show them the way, and make himself their example. The Bringer up, as he is the second in worth, so ought he to be the second in estimation, and to be held as the Lieutenant of the File (not only to assist the Leader in every thing of his Duty, and in his sickness or absence to execute his Office) but to take care also, his file being ranged with a Body of Fyles, that his file keep his order duly, especially, that half that is next him: for the Bringers up are of special use in March, Motion, and Fight, as also the Middle-men; in part because they stand aptly for the governing of the File, having every disorder in their eye: And if by the turning the Front to the Rear, there be occasion to resist in the Rear, or by Deuiding the one half (as it falls out many times) both in Front and Rear, then is he in all things to demean himself, as is before mentioned in the Duty of Leaders. As for the Middle-men, they are not only for Distinction sake, (though it be the chief end) but are upon the Deuiding of the body, sometimes to do the duty of Leaders, more often of Bringers up, because they close the Rear of each Division, and are to see those of their files before them do their Duties; But if the Body be to bend all his force forwards, then is the Middle-man of the fist place to Discharge himself, as is before mentioned, and to see that the three Soldiers before him do their Duties by keeping their Orders, filling and supplying the places of the slain Soldiers before them, and the Enemy being broken, it is their Duties to stir them up to follow the chase sharply. The Middle-man of the sixth place, is upon the time of a Charge, to leave a little space betwixt the other Middle man and himself, unless it be thought necessary to support the first Shocke of the Enemy, by standing closely joined. In Fight, both Leaders, Bringers up, Middle-men, and all the rest in general, are to keep their Distances in File and Rank, diligently to be silent; and attentive to the voice of the Commander, to observe the measures of March and Skirmish duly, not to bend their Weapons or offer Fight before they may well do it, as also not to forbear it or perform it lazily when time serveth, not to leave his place through Cowardice or sense of slight hurts, to succeed willingly and readily in the empty place before him, the Soldier that possessed it being slain, or grievosly hurt, and no longer able to resist: not to leave their places for the carrying away of their fellows that are hurt; not to step untimely, or press over hastily to the Fight, either exceeding the measure of the March, or before the Soldier before him, by giving back, show that he cannot make his place good any longer. This shall satisfy at this time for the Duties of the Leaders, Bringers up, and Middle-men, with the rest of the Files in a Company; we will now go forwards to the Distances and Motions, with which they are to be acquainted. Of Distances. The distances are all to be reckoned from the Sentinels of the soldiers: that is, from the midst of the space between the one man's feet, to the midst between the other man's feet, that orders with him. FOr avoiding of confusion, it shall be good to set down before we go any further, what Distances you are to observe between the Ranks & the Files; which I would have only three (to wit) open order; order, & close order: your first Distance is your open order, when your men both in Rank and File, stand removed six foot in square from one another; which Distance you are always to range your Troop, when you will exercise your Motions. Your second distances is your order, which is, when the Soldiers in their ranks and Files, stand three foot removed asunder, which is used when you will imbattaile your Troops, and lead them against the Enemy, or when you come to stand, or mean to wheel the Body: For when you march, you are to observe three foot between the Files, and six between the Ranks, unless you march with your Pikes advanced, in which case you may keep your meaner order of fix foot in square. Because the measure of this Distance cannot be taken so justly by the Eye, we take the distance of six foot between File and File, by commanding the Soldiers to stretch forth their arms, and stand so removed one from another, that their hands may touch, and for the Ranks we make account, we take the same Distance of six foot, when the butt end of the Pikes do almost reach the heels of those that march before them. Your third and last distance, is your close order, when the Files join shoulder to shoulder; and the ranks come up to the Swords point, which is of use in some kinds of motion; but chief when you will make the Troops seem less, or in the passage of some strait, or when of neces forced to break through an Enemy, or when you receive a charge of Horse, or of Foot, that purposeth to break through you. We take the second order or distance of 3. foot from File to File, by bidding the Soldiers to set their arms akenbowe, and join themselves so close, that their Elbows meet together; and the Ranks when they come up almost to the swords point. When you mean to charge, you must advance your Pikes, and close your ranks, to the distance of three foot; and when the signal or word to charge is given; then the ranks must close to the Swords point; but this closing of the Swords point, is to be understood, of the five first ranks, which makes up half the depth of the body; for though the whole body doc advance their Pikes, and close their ranks, to the distance three foot; yet upon the signal of charge, the five last ranks shall neither couch, or charge their Pikes; nor close to their close order, unless there be an express command for it, which command, as I said before, is never to be delivered, but when a great Shocke is given or sustained; and than it is of use, for the holding and sholdring forward of the foremost five ranks: and as I take it, will be performed with ease and strength, whilst their Pikes are advanced; for it were bootless for those to bend, that are without reach of an Enemy, besides the advantage in the use of these five ranks: if you should be charged in the Rear, or upon any other occasion, and therefore in this sort would I have the last five ranks, with their Pikes advanced, to attend the opportunity of fight. Both the heavy Armed, and the light Armed, are to be made acquainted with these distances; there are also other Distances, which I would have the light Armed accustomed to: and those likewise are of three sorts, as the former, which I would have distinguished by the great, the mean, and the less: of your open orders, the great thirty foot between File and File, the mean twenty foot, and the less fifteen foot: but though the ranks always observe three foot; only the men in the Files are to side, or stand stooping, either to the right or left hand Diaginall to the distance: the Files are ranged, in either 3. feet, 2. feet, or 1 ½ feet to the hand required, or shall be demonstrated in his place, where I purpose to declare the use of these Distances, and my meaning herein: your Musketeers are never to be closer, than your mean order of three foot in square, because they are to have a free use of their Arms. The General motions which the Company or Troops are to observe. NOw that I have framed the Body, in manner as you have seen, & particularly enlarged every part thereof, with the distances to be used and observed in all occasions; I may boldly proceed to the orderly moving of the same, which I would gladly so effect, that the whole Body or Troupe should move as nimbly, and with as small confusion, as the body of man: which by the due execution of that which follows, may be in many performed. But before I proceed to deliver the Motions themselves: I find it requisite to give these three rules, which you are ever to observe. 1. All commands are to be delivered in the Front wheresoever it be. 2. Whensoever the Flank is made the Front; the shot that are now in the Front, and the Rear, shall remove and fall upon the Flanks, the right to the right, and the left to the left. 3. Whensoever these words of direction (as you were) are propounded: it is meant thereby, that you are to return by the contrary hand, to the place from whence you came; as for example: if you did turn to the right hand, you are to return as you were to the left hand, and so in all other motions. The motions of Troops are twofold, of the whole, or of part; of the person of a Soldier in his station, or of the limbs of the body, constituted into Ranks or Files; and these either of keeping or leaving the place they stand in: In that of keeping their places, the men only turn their bodies, the way which is commanded them: in that of leaving their places, the whole body moveth into an other place or a part thereof: which motions for the better understanding, we will distinguish the Ranks and Files. By Ranks, the body changing his place, but so as the Leader of the corner File of that hand, to which the body wheeleth, turns his body only that way the Manaple moveth, unless in doubling of Ranks wherein it is changed but in part, or by countermarching, which may be done, and the place kept: This is moving by ranks, which is to be used, when we desire to keep near to our first station. By Fyles, howsoever each man in his own place may alter, or the men in their Files may change their places; the Body or maine, keepeth the proportion still, unless you make of the Flank the Front, wherein though the Maniple retaineth his order and so much ground, yet not the same ground. The motions of the person in his proper place are commanded by these terms of direction: (to wit) to the right hand: to the left hand: and to the right or left hand about, or to the Rear. The motions of the limbs, is properly so termed, when only some of them do move, and the rest do stand: as in these words of command; Ranks to the right or left hand double: Fyles to the right or left hand double, Ranks close forward; Ranks open backwards, Files to the right or left hand close, or open to the distance you will have them. To the Right hand. If you will make the right Flank the Front, then are you to say, To the right hand: at the delivery of which words, the Soldiers are presently to turn their faces that way; and so your command will be performed. To the Left hand. In like sort, if you will have your left Flank the Front, you must say: To the left hand; and presently they will all turn their faces towards the left flank: When you will restore them back again to their first aspect, you must say; As you were. By the right or left hand to the Rear. When you will make the Rear the Front, then are you to say; By the right hand about: or, by the left hand about, or to the Rear: at which words every Soldier is to turn his face to his backside. Ranks close. When you will close your Ranks, you must say, Ranks close, which is always to be understood, that all the Ranks move at one instant close forwards, to the first rank of Leaders, which is, to stand firm. Ranks open. When you will open your ranks, you must say, Ranks open; by which is always understood, they are to open backward, unless an express commandment to the contrary. Files to the right or left hand close. So likewise, if you will close the Files to any distance, you must say, Files to the right or left hand close, to what order you please, and then all of them turning their faces to that hand given, move jointly and wholly together, saving the outmost File to that hand you close, which is to stand firm till the Troop have gotten his distance, and if you will restore them, than you are to say; As you were. When the commandment is given for the altering any of the Distances by Fyles, Files close. without any express mention, to which hand they should open or close, Then the whole Troop is to edge indifferently, and at an instant to both hands, towards or from the middle space between the two middlemost Leaders. The words of commandment are Fyles close, Files open. Fyles open. There be two sorts of doubling: The one by Ranks, the other by Fyles, and both these are performed diverse ways as shall be showed. When an Enemy goeth about to disclose you with the over-breadth of his body, it will be necessary for you then to increase or double your Front, which may be done either by Ranks, when every second rank cometh between the distances of the Rank before it, and that either to the right, or to the left hand: Doubling of Ranks to the right or left hand. The word of Directions are: Ranks to the right or left hand double. Middle-men to double their Ranks, or Front to right or left hand. Or by the Middle-man when the last five Ranks do march up through the spaces between the Files, till the bringers up, middle-men be even in front with the Leaders: The words of command are; Middle-men to the right or left hand: Double your front. Or by the bringers up by Induction, which is, when the bringers up do advance through the distances between the Files; and next after them, the next last Rank, and so the rest successively, till the bringers up be in the rank with the Leaders, and their Middle-men with the Leaders middle-men, and so the second, third, Bringers up to double their Ranks on the Fronts. and fourth ranks from the front. The words of direction are; Bringers up to the right or left hand, double the front. Or by division, when the last five Ranks do turn their faces, the one half in their files to the right hand, and the other half to the left hand, and so march forth from both the flanks, till they have gotten such a proportion of ground or distance, as is answerable to the order the first five Ranks do stand in; and then presently without attending any further commandment, they turn their faces again towards the front, and march upon both flanks, till they come even with the front; Middle-men by Division double the Front. The words of command; Middle-men by division, double the front. Middle-men double the body. This also may be performed to either hand without deuiding of the ranks, by the marching forth only of the whole five ranks together: But in this case, the Shott on both flanks, or on either, must edge outward, till they have given the Pikes a full distance to come up between them and the foremost five ranks of Pikes: The words are, Middle-men double the body. Double the Front by the Hankes. Or by rank to either flank, which is, when the second rank is drawn out even with the rank before it: The words are; Double the front by the flanks. Or by half ranks, when every second rank divideth itself, and increaseth the former upon each side. Doubling of Fyles. When you will have the Body of greater depth; than you must cause the one file to mingle with the five other, either to the right hand or to the left; which is termed doubling of files; and is performed after this manner. Doubling of Files to the right or left hand. If to the right hand, then is the outermost file to the right hand to stand, and the Leader of the second file, shall side behind the Leader of the first file: and so of all the rest of the second file, behind those of the outmost file successively: so as the bringer up of the second file, shall come to stand behind the bringer up of the first file, and so likewise all the other files, by every second file: So that the second, fourth, sixth, vl, and tenth, shall stand within, or go into the first, third, fifth, seaventh and ninth: all which in a known number of files may be done at once without confusion or disorder. But because this manner of Doubling, in the very orderliest & best performance, cannot but break the Body, by reason of the disjoining of Fyles: I would rather put the one half of the Files behind the other half, which may be speedily performed, either by the advancing of falling back of the one half part of the Files: the words of Direction are; File upon file. But if you desire to keep the same ground, then let the one half part of the file in the Body which is to Double, close their Ranks forwards towards the Leaders, to half the Distance they were in before the Commandment was given: And the other half part of the files in the Body, to shorten their Distances toward the Rear, or Bringers up, to half that they held backwards: By which means it will fall out, that the Leaders of the half which is to double, will stand a little beyond the Bringers up of the other half: and by Edging of their files behind the other half, may easily perform your Direction; The words of Command are these, Fyles double the Body to the right or left hand. Countermarch. Countermarches are twofold, for either we Countermarch the Ranks, or the Files: and these either by changing your ground, or keeping still the same ground. But though to show the diversity of them, the kinds are distinguished by Ranks and Files; yet in the practice you are to nominate neither, but are to say: To the right or to the left hand Countermarch. Countermarch and lose ground. Counter-marching of Ranks and altering of Ground are thus affected: When the Command is delivered, the Leaders turn, and pass through the Distances between thc files; and when they are passed as fare beyond, the next Rank turns after them, and so successively the rest in due distance Marching out after their Leaders, till they have taken another like place from the Bringers up, equal to that they did possess, or otherwise pass on further at the discretion of the Commander. The use is, when the Enemy shows himself upon your Rear, and you desire to confront him with your best men; the words of Direction are: To the right or left hand Countermarch and pass: if you will keep the same Ground, than thus: The Leaders upon the Word given must turn as before and March through the Distances of the files, till they come between thc Distances where the Bringers up stand; and so the rest successively. After them the Middle-men, the ranks of the second Middle-men standing firm, till the five first Ranks have possessed the place between the last five, and do by that means double them. Then the Middle-men to the Bringers up without attending any further Command, shall march till they have gotten the distance of the Ranks, which done, they shall take their place right behind the Leaders Middle-men: so the rest likewise successively, Marching out after one another to the same distance, & shall turn & take their places till the Bringers up get the places the Leaders marched from, & the Leaders the places where the Bringers up stood: The words of direction; To the right or left hand Countermarch and stand: The very same is done otherwise thus: Assoon, as you have given the word Countermarch, and the Leaders begin to turn; at the same time and instant all the Body shall move forward, and the Ranks advance successively one after another, still turning after their Leaders as they come up to the place from whence they moved, and following them till the Leaders have taken the place of the Bringers up, and the Bringers up be come into the places of the Leaders; The words are: to the right or left hand Countermarch. Countermarch by Fyles. The Counter-marching of Files, for the manner of it is nothing different from the former of Ranks; Only, when you will Countermarch your Files, you must first bid them, to the right hand or left hand, and when they are turned towards that flank from whence you meant to Countermarch, you must say; To the right or left hand Countermarch. The use is, when you will pass your Musquetiers all to one flank, or any Maniple or Maniples to any other Quarter of the Army, either from the right hand to the left, or to the middle Battle, or any contrary. When you will Wheel the body or Maniple to the right hand, you must command the right hand File to stand firm: Wheeling the Body. then Command them to the right hand; and all of them shall turn their faces that way, so as the whole Body will front towards the right flank. Then say, Files to your order: and all of them shall close forward toward the right file, at the distance of 3. foot, and this perforformed, bid them; Front as they were: Then say, Ranks to your Order: and all the Ranks shall close forward to 3. foot. And this being effected, Command the right Leader to stand firm like the fixed foot of a Compass; and all the rest plump together, to Wheel to the right hand about him, as the Centre, which will bring the Front from the usual aspect to the right flank. Now as the body Wheels, so the right Leader must observe to turn his body by Discretion in his place, keeping his aspect even with the aspect of the rest of the Leaders as they wind themselves: and thus your Directions will be accomplished. The same things to the contrary must be likewise observed; when you will wheel to the best Flank; If you will bring the aspect of the Front towards the Rear, than you must give them the half turn, by wheeling one quarter turn more than you did before. If you will return the Body into his place again, you may wheel it round, by giving it one half turn more, having once already had an half turn; which will bring that Aspect back again that way from whence it was first moved: But if the Body have made but a quarter turn to the right hand, then before you wheel them back, you must say; To the right hand. And all of them will turn their faces that way: then bid the Leader who was the right hand Leader, and is now become the left, to stand firm; And the rest to wheel back again about him the quarter turn: then let them Front as they were, and so your first Rank of Leaders hath gotten the place, from whence at first it wheeled; Then say, Ranks open backward. And when the Ranks have taken their first places and Distances, then say; Files to the left hand open: so all the Files turning their Aspect towards the left flank, march from the right hand Leader (who hath his place already, and therefore is to stand firm) till they have taken all the first places and Distances, and then they must Front again as they were: And thus they are restored to their first Ground and Order. When you intent to wheel a single Company, you must Double their Ranks before they wheel, in regard the Body is but small; but in a Division or greater Body, you close both Rank and File to the Order of three foot, omitting to Double. The same Precepts are to be used to the contrary hand, if you be wheeled to the left flank. Now we will say somewhat of Exercising the Pike, before we come to the Musketeer: The punctual handling of the Pike which every man is to be practised in, because it is common, we will omit, and proceed to the terms of Direction; which are these: viz. Advance your Pikes. Order your Pikes. Shoulder your Pikes, and slope them. Charge your Pikes. Order your Pikes. Trail your Pikes. Cheek your Pikes. These following Motions are to be performed, both Standing and Marching. When you Charge and March, your Body must stand still a while till you see your Pikes are all couched over their Leaders shoulders, then March forwards. CHarge your Pikes. Shoulder your Pikes. To the right hand Charge. Shoulder your Pikes. To the left hand Charge. Shoulder your Pikes. To the Rear Charge. Shoulder your Pikes. Stand. Order your Pikes. They must observe when they Charge standing, to fall back with the right leg, and Marching, to set forward the left: When you Charge to the left hand stand firm with the right leg, & only turn a little on your left heel. Now for the Musquetiers, because some Motions there are proper and belonging to them only For the handling the Musket and the Postures: we will omit them, and only tie you in the Exercise to these three terms of Directions, which include all the other particularities. Make ready, Present, Give Fire. Your Musquetiers must observe in all their Actions to turn to the Right hand; and that they carry the mouths of their Muskets high, as well when they are Shouldered as in Priming; as also when they hold their Pans guarded, and come up to give fire. All Skirmishes and Fights, are performed one of these three ways: either by Advancing, or Retiring, or by the Flank. In Advancing towards an Enemy (if they Skirmish not disbanded) they give fire by Rank, after this manner. Two Ranks must always make ready together, and advance ten paces before the Body; at which distance a Sergeant (or when the body is great) some better qualified Officer is to stand, even with whom the Musquetiers are to come up, which they are to perform, one Rank still one after another; the second Rank observing still to keep their Muskets upon their Rests, and to guard their Pans till the first have discharged and be fallen away; & then presently after them, the second Rank is to give fire and fall away after the first Rank, falling even behind the other Ranks in the Rear, and falling up after them: whilst the first two Ranks come up and give Fire, the two next are to make ready, and to advance forwards as fare as the afore mentioned Officer, and no further, as soon as ever the two first are fall'n away; and they are to do all things in the same manner they did before them, and so all the other Ranks by twoes, one after another. When they have presented, no man must be suffered to Discharge his Musket, till the word (Give Fire) be given, and then the whole Rank must be taught to Discharge handsomely and altogether, no man being permitted to take his aim higher than the Girdle or the Middle of a man. When you will acquaint them to give Fire, retiring from an Enemy, you must do it in this manner: As the Troop marcheth, the last Rank makes ready; and being ready, turneth at an instant to the right hand, Presents and gives Fire; which being performed, they March one after another, a good round pace towards the Front; and there place themselves together before the Soldiers; as soon as the aforesaid first Rank is turned to Discharge, the Rank next it makes ready; and when the foremost is Marched away, the second comes up after the same manner the former did, Presenting, giving Fire, falling away, and performing all things in the same sort the former did, so successively the rest one after another. We give fire by Flanks, thus; The outmost File next you must be Commanded to make ready, Marching still along with the body till such time as they be ready; & then they are to turn at the Signal given upon the Enemy, & give Fire altogether at one time: when they have Discharged, they stir not but stand firm, keeping their Ground, and Charging their Muskets again. Now as soon as the foresaid File turns to give Fire, the outmost next it must make ready, always Marching along with the Body, till the Bringer up be past a little beyond the Leader of the File that gave fire last, and then the second outmost File, must turn altogether and give fire, doing as the first did; and so all the rest of the Files successively one after another. A Sergeant, or if the Troop be great, some better qualified Officer, shall stand at the head of the first file, and as soon as the second file hath given fire, he is to lead forwards the first file, and so the rest one after another, till he hath gathered up the whole wing of Shot; and then he shall join them again in equal front with the Pikes. Another way of skirmishing is this; all the whole wing of Musketeers makes ready altogether, and the first rank without advancing, gives fire in the place it stands in, and speedily as it may; yet orderly falls away, all the ranks doing the same, one after another successively. Now last of all, we will repeat the terms of directions, which are these: Motions standing and Marching. Files right yourselves. Ranks right yourselves. Silence. To the right hand: As you were. To the left hand, As you were. By the right hand to the Rear, As you were. By the left hand to the Rear, As you were. Ranks to the right hand Double, As you were. Ranks to the left hand Double, As you were. Middle-men to the right hand Double the Front. As you were. Middle-men to the Left hand, double the Front. As you were. Bringers up to the Right hand, Double your Front. As you were. Bringers up to the Left hand, Double your Front. As you were. Middle-men by Division, Double your Front to the right hand. As you were. Middle-men by Division, Double the Front to the left hand. As you were. Middle-men to the Pike or to the Sword, Double the Body. As you were. Ranks by the Flanks, Double the Body to the right hand. to the left hand. As you were. Half Ranks by the Flanks, Double the Front. As you were. To the right or left hand, Countermarch. As you were. This is for the Ranks; but when you will Countermarch your Flanks or Files, you must first bid them to the right or left hand; upon which directions, they will turn their faces to the flank you desire to have them turned; and then say as you did before in the Countermarching the Ranks. To the right, or to the left hand Countermarch. The same also is to be loosed in the other Countermarches, which are these; viz. To the right hand Countermarch and stand. As you were. Before you wheel the Body, you shall use these words; Fyles, close to your mean order, or to 3. foot. Ranks close to your mean order, or to 3. foot. Advance your Pikes. Slope your Muskets. To the right hand, Wheel. To the left hand, Wheel. To the Rear Wheel. After you have wheeled to the right hand, to wheel back again, must be ever to the contrary hand you wheeled first. Front as you were. Ranks open backward. Files open. If before the first wheeling, they closed co the right hand, than they must open to the left hand: and so the contrary. Front as you were. FJNIS.