THE ROMAN HISTORY, CONtaining such Acts and occurrents as passed under Constantius, julianus, jovianus, Valentinianus, and Valens, Emperors. Digested into 18. Books, the remains of 31. and written first in Latin by Ammianus Marcellinus: Now translated newly into English. Whereunto is annexed the Chronologie, serving instead of a brief supplement of those former 13. Books, which by the injury of Time are lost: Together with compendious Annotations and Conjectures upon such hard places as occur in the said History. Done by PHILEMON HOLLAND of the City of Coventrie, Doctor in Physic. LONDON, Printed by Adam Jslip. An. 1609. TO THE RIGHT Worshipful, the Major, and his Brethren, the Aldermen etc. of the City of Coventrie. HAving entered heretofore into an English translation of the Roman History, compiled by T. Livius from the foundation of Rome-citie unto the Caesar's days; and then proceeded forward in their lives, to the death of Domitian, according as they were penned by Suetonius Tranquillus, I was of late earnestly moved by a noble Baron of this Kingdom, to travail on still, and follow the train of this argument, so far forth as I found extant in Ammianus Marcellinus, who had written at large from the end of the said Emperor unto the beginning of Gratianus. And albeit this enterprise seemed unto me more than difficult, considering the harsh stile of the Author, a Soldier, and who being a Grecian borne, delivered these Historical reports in Latin; the strange terms occasioned by the late alteration of the State under Constantine; the greater part of the original lost, which might have given light unto the rest; the prints so defective and faulty even of that which remained; and the want of others to tread out the way before me in other languages: yet could I not deny that honest request of so honourable a parsonage, whom I knew to be very studious, passing well learned, and judicious, (right commendable parts adorning true Nobility) but set in hand with this piece of work also, and finish the same in some sort, though I have not altogether therein pleased myself. And the better to give contentment unto the Readers (for now by this time I perceived it should come under the Press) I took me to a new labour, and like as the loss of the later part of T. Livius I supplied with the breviaries of L. Florus, so the want in the beginning of this Writer I made up with a Chronologie; to the end I might present unto my dear countrymen a continued narration of the Roman affairs, from the first infancy, to the venerable old age and declining days (that I may use Marcellinus his own words) of that eternal City. To explain likewise those unusual phrases and terms aforesaid, not obvious in former Historiographers, as also to open some obscure places, which here and there offer themselves, I thought not much of my pains, to annex thereunto certain brief Annotations and Conjectures of mine own: which if they yield not full satisfaction unto the Reader, may yet minister occasion to some better learned than myself, for to travail in that kind, unto whose censure and judgement I submit those my Supposals. These Endeavour of mine whatsoever I dedicate unto your Worships, the chief Magistrate and grave Senate of this City; and that for divers respects: First, your wise and moderate government of the place, wherein I have so many years conversed, hath afforded unto me both quiet repose and means also to follow my studies: Secondly, the affectionate love that ye have always borne to good literature, testified by courteous entertainment of learned men; by competent salaries allowed from time to time to such professors, as have peaceably and with discreet carriage bestowed their talents among you; by exhibition given to poor scholars in the University; by erecting also of late, and maintaining of a fair Library, not exampled (without offence to others be it spoken) in many Cities of the Realm: Lastly the experience I have already of your kind acceptance of my former Labours, though not exhibited unto you at the first hand, have emboldened or enforced me rather, immediately to entitle you in this, and under your name to transmit the same unto all others: not doubting that you will take this small gift in good worth, as a token of his unfeigned love and affection, who hath always prayed for your welfare, and wisheth not to live longer than he may see the prosperous and flourishing estate of your city. Your Worships in all dutiful respect, Philêmon Holland. ¶ GALLUS AND CONSTANTIUS. LIB. 14. CAP. 1. The horrible acts of Caesar Gallus, through his wife's instigation committed in the East parts. AFter the events of an invincible expedition achieved, whiles the hearts * or Factions. of both the * Magnentius the Usurper, and Constantius the Emperor, who in one field at Mursa lost 70000 between them. Pomp. Lat. sides were fainting, which sundry dangers and travails had sore quailed; before that either the trumpets gave over sounding, or the soldiers were bestowed in their wintering stations; such storms of fortune still raging, arose, as poured down a world of new troubles upon the State and Commonwealth, occasioned all by many wicked and horrible acts of Caesar Gallus; who from an exceeding poor and miserable condition, advanced in the very flower of his years (with unexpected honour) to princely dignity, and running out beyond the bounds of that authority which was conferred upon him, made foul work every where, and with extreme rigour marred all: For, presuming upon his nearness of kin unto the * He was cousin german to Constantius, even the son of his uncle great Constantinus the late Emperor's brother. blood royal, and the alliance which he had still with the name of Constantine, he bore himself very proud and insolent, ready (as it was thought) to have given some hostile attempt even against the founder of his own good fortunes, if he had been of greater power: whose cruelty was not a little enkindled and set on fire by his * Constantina, or Constantia. wife; who beside her unmeasurable pride, as being sister in the whole blood unto the * Constantius. Emperor, and by her father * the Great. Constantine before time joined in marriage with his brother's son king Annibalianus, was a very devil incarnate, inciting and incensing him continually, given as he was to cruel tyranny, and no less blood-thirsty herself, nor of a milder disposition than her husband: who both of them in process of time by little and little grown more skilful in doing mischief, by means of secret and crafty talebearers, such as lewdly used to make those things greater that upon slight grounds were discovered, ready also to * Dicentes, others read, Discentes, i. to learn and find out. report untruths and matters pleasing unto them, falsely raised upon innocent persons imputations and slanders, either of ambitious aspiring to the kingdom, or of practising wicked and naughty arts. Now, among other designments and deeds of a lower nature (for by this time their greatness surmounted the terms of mean delinquences) notorious above the rest was the horrible and sudden death of one Clematius, a nobleman of Alexandria: whose wives mother falling in hot fancy with him her son in law, and soliciting him wanton to company with her, when she could not obtain his love, was (by report) let in at a postern gate of the palace, and thereby presenting unto the Queen a rich jewel of great price, effected thus much, That by virtue of a writ or warrant sent unto Honoratus, than * Comite●● Oricutis under 〈…〉, lieutenant ᵃ general of the East, the said Clematius, upon deadly malice, without touch and attaint of any wicked act, not permitted once to open his mouth, or to speak for himself, should be killed. After this wicked part committed, which now was feared also in others, as if a licence had been granted unto cruelty, certain persons, upon obscure mists only of suspicions and presumptions were judged guilty and condemned: of whom, some suffered death, others punished with forfeiture of goods, and turned out of house and home as banished folk, having nought left unto them but plaints, moans, and bitter tears, lived only of contribution and alms. And thus, whiles in am of civil and just government, a bloody mind and will bare sway, wealthy and noble houses were quite shut up: neither was there required in all these heaps of enormities and troubles, any voice of an accuser, were he but counterfeit and suborned, that criminal matters might seem (though but in outward show) committed to the formal trial of Law (a course that very tyrants divers times have taken:) but whatsoever settled once in Caesar's irreconcilable heart, the same went currant for right and lawful, yea, and was followed hard even to present, execution. Moreover, devised it was, that certain unknown persons, such as for their baseness were of small regard, should be sent out of purpose through all parts of * Some call it at this day Aleppo. O●telius. Antiochia, to hearken after tales and rumours, with direction, to relate whatsoever they heard. These fellows in manner of travellers ranging from place to place, and covertly joining themselves close to men of quality and honour at their meetings, entering also in habit of needy and poor folk into rich men's houses, what ever they could learn or hear, being let into the Court secretly at the back doors, made report thereof; observing this one point jointly with one accord, some things to invent and forge of their own heads, and what they knew in deed, to make the same worse by the one half: but in any wise to suppress and conceal all the praises that came to their ears of Caesar; which many men were forced even against their wills to give out, for fear of calamities that hung over their heads. And otherwhiles it fell out so, that if the husband had whispered aught in his wife's ear, within a secret room, where no servitor at all, more inward and privy to his life, was present, the same should the Emperor be sure to know the morrow after; no less than if ᵇ Amphiaraus or Martius, renowned Divinors and Wizards in old time, gave intelligence thereof: and therefore, the very bare walls alone, made acquainted with any secrets, were feared. Now, this obstinate and settled purpose of his, to search into these and many such like matters, became of greater force, by reason of the Queen ever at his elbow to prick and proke him forward, who bearing herself shrewd and froward upon her husband's high estate, lay on him, still creaking and crowing, as one most sharp set and hotly bend to work mischief: whereas, out of that mildness which beseemeth a woman, she ought rather by good and wholesome persuasions to have reduced him into the way of truth and courteous humanity; as we have reported in the acts of the Gordians, That the wife of Maximinus that ᶜ cruel emperor was wont to do. To conclude, this Gallus after a new and pernicious example, feared not to put in practise the same foul and dangerous prank which Gallienus is reported to have attempted sometime at Rome, with the greatest dishonour and shame that might be: and taking some few in company, privily weaponed, he would in the evening walk here and there about the shops, hostelries, carrefours, and cross streets, busily enquiring in the Greek tongue (wherein he was very perfect) what any man thought of Caesar? And these parts played he boldly within the city, even where lights shining clear all night long, are wont to resemble the bright days. At length, being oftentimes known who he was, and perceiving now, that if he came thus abroad he should be discovered, he was not seen to go forth but openly by daylight, and that about his serious affairs, as he thought them. And these verily were the courses that he took, whereat many a man grieved and groaned at the heart. Furthermore, Thalassius, than * Praefactus Pratorio. Lord chief ᵈ justice, being in place, who also himself was of an arrogant nature, considering that this hastiness of his, to the hazard of many, still increased, did not by gravity or sage counsel mitigate his mood (as divers times men placed in high authority have mollified and assuaged the wrath and ire of princes) but by way of opposition and rebuke at unmeet seasons set him farther out, and made him stark mad, giving informations very thick unto the Emperor of him, aggravating his proceedings, and making them more than they were, yea and endeavouring (of what mind I know not) that the same should not be hidden: whereat Caesar within a while much more fell and enraged, erecting on high the banner, as it were, of self-will and frowardness, without regard either of other men's safety, or his own, ran on end still in manner of a swift stream, with irreclamable violence, to bear down and carry quite away all under him. CHAP. 11. War raised by the Brigands or Robbers of Isauria, whereof the events and issues were divers. NEither verily was this the only bane that plagued the East with sundry troubles and calamities: For, the Isauris (with whom an usual matter it is, oft times to rest quiet, and as often with sudden outrodes to disturb and confound all) from secret robberies, and those but seldom committed, broke out (while impunity fostered their boldness growing worse and worse) into grievous wars, stirring up verily their hostile and rebellious stomachs a long time by commotions without all rest; howbeit mightily moved by occasion of this indignity (as they gave it out) that some of their consorts taken prisoners, were at * Cogni, Bellonio Gognia, Postello. Conia. Leuncla●. Iconium, a town of * A Region within Cilicia. Ptolem. Pisidia, contrary unto the manner and custom, cast out to be devoured of ravenous wild beasts, at a public show in their Amphitheatre: and according to the saying of Tully, Like as even savage beasts, upon warning given, return for the most part unto the place where sometimes they have been fed; even so all of them, in manner of a whirlwind, being come down from the cumbersome and high mountains, repaired to the sea coasts, along the which, hiding themselves within the valleys, full of lurking holes, toward dark night especially, when the Moon was but new, and in her first quarter, and therefore yet not shining out in her full light, observed the * Na●tices. shippe-masters and sailors; whom when they perceived once to be laid along to sleep, creeping on all four among the anchor-gables, and then going softly for being heard, they conveyed themselves slily into the shippe-boats, and so stood hard by them ere they were aware: thus, while greedy covetousness gave fire unto their cruelty, having slain them all, and spared not so much as one * Cadentium. that yielded, they carried away rich merchandise * Me●ves op●mas vel utiles. , or gainful commodities; for, none there was to make resistance. But these pranks were not long practised: For, when knowledge was taken, that the sailors and merchant ventures were thus murdered and left dead in the place, no man afterward arrived at these roads, but avoiding them no less than the deadly cliffs of ᵉ Scyron, they sailed close along the coasts of * Cypri. Cyprus, whereas they lie opposite unto the rocks of Isauria. Therefore, within a while after, when they could find nothing thither brought, leaving the sea coasts, they went into Lycaonia, adjoining hard unto Isauria, and there within their thick grown Fastnesses and Fore-fences, after the manner of those that lie in ambush for such as pass by, they maintained and enriched themselves with the goods as well of the provincial inhabitants as the wayfaring folk. This broil raised the soldiers that lay in garrison within many towns and castles confining upon them, who endevoring all of them with might and main, to repel them, encroaching further still, and spreading thus all abroad, one whilekeeping together closely in squadrons, other whiles dispersed asunder, were overmatched by reason of their huge multitude: who being bred and brought up among the high and crooked mountains, carrying a great compass about, use nimbly to pass over them, as if they were plain places, and even, charging a far off as many as come toward them, with shot, and affrighting them with hideous cries and yell. And divers times our footmen being forced in the pursuit after them, to climb up steep rising hills, albeit that as their feet slipped from under them, by taking hold of shrubs and bushes, they got up to their very tops; yet among those narrow and unpassable straits, having no room to embattle and set themselves in array, nor yet to march on with sure and strong footing, whiles their enemies traversing their ground to and fro, tumble down pieces of rocks and crags from aloft, they made shift to get away down the hill with danger enough; or else, if they were driven upon extreme necessity, valiantly to fight it out, overwhelmd they were, and laid along with the fall of huge and weighty pieces. From thenceforth therefore, this due observation, with wary circumspection, was made, that ever as these robbers began once to make towards the high mountains, our soldiers knowing the disadvantage of the place, gave way and retired: but when they might be found upon the plain (which happeneth very often) having not the liberty either to stretch forth their arms, or to brandish and shake their darts which they carry, two or three apiece, their fortune was to be slain like dumb and silly beasts. Wherefore the same robbers, afraid of Lycaonia, for the most part a champain country, and knowing by many proofs made, that they should not be able to make their parts good with our men in a stable and set fight, through blind byways went into * 〈◊〉 Giravo & Alph. Adnan. together with Cilicia, it is 〈…〉 C●ramania. Bellemu●. Pamphylia, which had continued a long time verily without trouble, but yet for fear of wasting, spoiling, and murders, whiles soldiers ranged through all the quarters near adjoining, was fortified with strong garrisons on every side: whereupon speeding themselves in great haste, for to prevent all rumours of their remove, by exceeding celerity, trusting also upon the vigour and agility of their bodies, through winding lanes they got up (somewhat late though it was) to the hill tops. Now having overcome these dangerous difficulties, when they were come as far as to the banks of that deep and whirling river * Crionero. Marius Niger. Melas, which in stead of a wall fenceth the inhabitants on either side thereof, considering the time, & how the night grew apace upon them, they rested a while waiting for daylight: For they supposed, that when they had once gotten over the same without any one to hinder their passage, they should by any sudden and unlooked for incursion, be able to lay waist whatsoever stood in their way. But all the laborious and painful toil that they took, came to no effect: for after the sun rising, by reason of the big stream, narrow, and deep withal, they were disappointed of their passage over: and whiles they seek for small fish boats, or prepare to flit or swim upon floats set together and pinned in haste, our legions wintering then at * Chirisonda, or Candalor, a city in Pamphylia. Sideniste, came abroad, and with a speedy march affronted them, and having imbattelled themselves near unto the rivage, to join in fight hand to hand, most skilfully they made a fence before them with their targuets couched thick and close together: Some also that trusted upon their swimming, or adventured in hollow troughs and trunks of trees, secretly to cross over the river, they most easily killed. Whereupon when they had assayed many means and devises, even to their uttermost peril, and nothing availed, what with fear, and what with violent resistance, quite put beside their purpose, and doubting which way to take, and whither to go, they drew near unto the town Laranda. There having refreshed themselves with food and repose, now that fear was past, and set upon the rich towns, by help of certain companies of horsemen, which fortuned to approach near hand; not so much as assaying to make head again in the broad and open plain ground, they departed aside, and as they retired back, raised all the strength and manhood of the youth which was left at home. And forasmuch as they were sore distressed for want of food, they went to a place named Paleas, bending toward the sea, and fortified with a strong wall, where are laid up in store even to this day victuals usually, distributed among the soldiers lying in garrison, to defend all the costs of Isauria. This strong hold therefore they besieged round about for three days and three nights together; and seeing neither the place so steep could possibly be gained without danger of death, nor any good might be done with undermyning, and that no devise belonging to a siege took effect, they departed heavy, & ill apaid, with a purpose in the end, upon an angry mood, to enterprise exploits above their reach. Having conceived therefore a feller fit of furious rage, which despair and hunger together did set on fire, they reenforced their power, and in a heat unrestrainable, advanced forth, with a full resolution to destroy the mother city Seleucia, which Castritius a * Como●. lieutenant, ᶠ together with three legions of old beaten soldiers, hardened already in war services, defended. Now the captains of these said soldiers, advertised before hand by trusty espials of their coming, after the ordinary token or watchword given, led them all forth in arms, well appointed to make a quick and speedy sally; and having with great agility passed over the bridge standing upon the river * Saleso. Mar. Nig. or Salepho. Matth. Paris. Some call it at this day Del Ferro. Calycadnus, the mighty stream and waves whereof run hard by the very towers of the walls, they arranged them in order ready to fight: how beit not one of them set foot hastily forward, nor was permitted to encounter and join battle: for why, they stood in fear of the adverse power, so furiously set upon rage, being both for number superior, and ready also to run without all regard of life, upon the very pike and swords point. These Brigands then, having espied our army afar off, and heard the trumpettiers and cornettiers sound, stayed their march, and stood still a pretty while, and drawing forth their swords in threatening wise, afterwards went on fair and softly: against whom our soldiers continuing still resolute, ready to make head and encounter them with their displayed ranks, yea, and knocking their shields and spears together (which manner and fashion stirreth up in warriors both anger and dolour) with this their gesture now hard at hand, greatly terrified them. But thus sharp set as they were to give battle, their leaders reclaimed and drew them back, supposing it unseasonable and inconvenient to hazard themselves upon a doubtful piece of service, being as yet not far from the walls of a city, within the defence whereof they might be all fully secured from danger. The soldiers moved effectually with this persuasion, were brought back again within the said walls: and after they had locked up and made fast the gates on every side, stood upon the platforms, bulwaikes, and battilments, having every where in readiness stones and daits, to the end that if any one had ventured far forward, he might with multitude of shot and stones be beaten down and overthrown. Howbeit, this one thing mightily troubled those which were shut up within, because the vessels that used to bring corn along the river, were taken, whereby the Isaurians for their parts had plenty of victual; but themselves, having spent up already the ordinary provision of food and sustenance, wondrously feared the woeful and deadly miseries of imminent famine. When the news of these occurrents were flown far abroad, and intelligences thereof continually given one after another had made Gallus Caesar to starckle, for that the * or General. Master of ᵍ the Horsemen was greatly employed and busied very far off, Nebridius * Comes Orientis. Lieutenant general in the East, by commandment and commission directed unto him, having from all parts assembled his forces, sped himself with exceeding haste and diligence to deliver this city, so great and of such importance, from danger: which being once known, the foresaid thieves departed, without achieving any memorable exploit besides: and being scattered asunder (as their manner is) made toward their wields and desert mountains. CHAP. III. The violent Rhode into Mesopotamia of Nohodares the Persian, together with the Saracens: whose manners are lively depainted. THe case thus standing in Isauria, whiles the king of the Persians was encumbered with the wars of borderers, and busy in driving from his own confines and frontiers those most fierce and cruel nations, which of a certain wavering and mutable mind, many times in hostile manner assail him, and otherwhiles aid him when he warreth upon us: a certain great lord and nobleman, one named Nohodares, appointed so often as opportunity served to invade Mesopotamia, searched with great care and diligence into all parts of our territories, ready to break through with sudden violence, wheresoever he could find convenient place. And for that all the tracts and quarters of Mesopotamia, which used oftentimes to be disquieted, were kept safe with fore-fences and standing wards abroad, turning his journey on the left hand, he forelaid closely * ●xtimas parts. the utmost parts of * otherwise, Osi●ena. Osdruena, and entered upon a new device and stratagem, that little at any time had been attempted, which if he might compass, he would in manner of a lightning lay waste and consume all. Now the design which he projected was after this sort. A borough town there is named Batne in Anthemusia (built by the ancient Macedonians) not far distant from the river * Aferat, or ●rat. Euphrates, and replenished with wealthy merchants; where ordinarily every year toward the beginning of September there meet at a solemn Mart or Fair a multitude of people of all sorts and degrees, to buy and sell the commodities which the Indians and Seres send, together with much other merchandise that usually is brought thither by land and sea. This country, the foresaid * Nohodares. Captain purposing to invade, during those days appointed for this great concourse, and that by the way of the deserts, and green banks of the river * Giulap. in tabulis Geographicis. Hornuz. in Onuphrius. Abora, being discovered and betrayed by his own men, who in bodily fear for some foul and heinous fact committed, ran unto the Roman garrisons, went his way without any thing done, and afterwards sat still and stirred not. Howbeit, the Saracens, whom we are never to wish either for our friends or enemies, ranging up and down over the country, whatsoever came in their way, in a small time spoiled and destroyed, like unto ravenous Gledes and Kites, which if they have spied any prey from on high, quickly in their flight snatch it up, or if they seize upon it, make no long stay. As touching whose manners, although I well remember that I have related in the Acts of the Emperor Marcus, and divers times afterwards, yet will I now also briefly write somewhat of the same. Among these nations, whose beginning reacheth out unto the * or waterfalls. Cataracts ʰ of Nilus, and to the confines of the * or Blemyes. Blemyae ⁱ, they be warriors and martial men, all of like condition, half naked, clad as far as their groin with painted or stained short cassocks, by the help of swift horses and slender gaunt camels, ranging here and there, as well in peace, as in troublesome times: neither doth any of them ever lay hand to the plough, plant or dress a tree, nor get his living by tillage of the ground, but wander always they do from place to place, dissete far and wide asunder, without house and home, without any abiding seat and positive laws: neither can they any long time endure the same air, nor the tract of one and the same soil ever pleaseth them: the manner of their life is always in flight and flitting: and mercenary wives they have, hired by covenant and upon condition for a time; and for a show yet of matrimony, the wife that shall be, by way of dowry presenteth unto her husband a spear and a tent, after a certain set day ready to depart from him, if she be so disposed. And uncredible it is, with what heat both sexes of them are given over to fleshly lust: and so long as they live, they use so to rove and scatter themselves abroad, that the woman wedded in one place, is brought to bed in another, and leadeth her children far off, without any time at all permitted of rest and quietness. They feed generally of Venison, and great plenty of milk, which is their chief sustenance: also of many kinds of herbs, and what birds can be gotten by fowling: and for the most part we have seen them altogether ignorant of the use either of corn or of wine. Thus much of a dangerous and mischievous people. Now return we to our proposed text. CHAP. four The Massacres of Constantius Caesar, committed in the West, by the advice and endeavours of flatterers about him. WHiles these things thus pass in the East, Constantius keeping his winter at * Arelate. Arles, after he had set forth his stage-plays and ᵏ Circeian games with sumptuous furniture and provision, upon the * the x. of Octob. sixth day before the Ides of October, which made up the thirtieth year of his Empire, peising all strange occurrents with a very heavy hand, and entertaining what doubtful or false matter soever was presented unto him, as evident and truly known; among other things after he had caused Gerontius, a * comitem. captain ¹ of Magnentius his faction, to be sore tortured, awarded him to woeful exile. And like as a crazy and sickly body is wont to be sore distempered upon every light grievance, even so his base, faint, and tender mind, supposing whatsoever he heard spoken, was some practice or plot devised to the loss or danger of his life & estate, with the slaughter of innocent persons achieved a lamentable victory: for look what martial man, what honourable person or noble gentleman in all his train was but by some flying rumour charged to have favoured and maintained his * Magnentius. enemy's part, sure he was to have heavy chains hung upon him, and so was drawn and haled like unto a beast; yea, and though his very adversary or none at all followed hard upon him (as if it sufficed only that he was but named, presented, or accused) he had sentence pronounced against him either to suffer death, or to lose his goods, or else to be confined within some desert Island. This rigour of his was much more exasperate by information given of certain offensive crimes which were commonly divulged, sounding, as it was said, much to the prejudice of the imperial majesty; and his suspected anger, set on fire with flattering speeches (tending all to bloodiness) of such favourites as were next about him, ready enough to aggravate and multiply all occurrences, making semblance also of exceeding grief and sorrow, in case the prince forsooth should lose his life, upon whose good estate and welfare, as upon a twined thread, the whole world depended, as they with open mouth and counterfeit words gave it out. And therefore reported it is, that he commanded no man at any time (were he once adjudged to be punished for these or such like offences) to be called back upon the tendering, as the manner is, of a commendatory ᵐ testimonial; a thing that hard hearted and inexorable princes have been wont to do: and this mischievous or deadly vice, which in others sometime abateth and waxeth cooler, in him, as age came upon him, grew the hotter, whiles a company of claw-back flatterers egged him forward in his purposed course: among whom, the principal and of greatest note was one Paulus a ⁿ Notary, borne in Spain, who verily under a smooth countenance * or Chancellor. carried a close and secret nature: a man passing witty and subtle, finding out all the hidden ways to endanger folk. He being sent into Britain for to bring away with him certain martial men, who had entered into conspiracy and action with Magnentius, seeing they could make no resistance, after he had outrageously come over them in manner of a flood, suddenly seized upon the fortunes and estates of many more. Thus went he on still making much spoil and havoc, to the utter undoing of a number, imprisoning such as were free borne, and afflicting their bodies with bonds, yea and crushing some of them with manacles, whiles (forsooth) he patched and pieced many crimes and imputations together, that he laid to their charge, and all as false as might be: whereupon was committed such an impious and wicked fact, as branded the days of Constantius with a note of perpetual shame. There was one Martin that ruled those provinces as deputy * or justice. Lieutenant * Pro Prafecto. , who grievously lamenting the miseries of the innocent, and oftentimes beseeching him to spare the guiltless; when as he could not prevail, threatened to depart: to the end that this malicious inquisitor and persecutor, at leastwise for fear of it, might give over at length to draw and induce into open dangers a people naturally given to quietness and peace. Paulus, supposing that by this means his profession and trade would decay, as he was a shrewd artisan, and his crafts-master in wrapping and linking these and such like matters together, (whereupon he came also to be surnamed Catena, id est, a Chain) drew the said Deputy Lieutenant himself (who still protected them, whom the other as yet had spared) to bear a part in these common perils: and earnestly bend he was to bring him also bound with Tribunes and many others before the * Ad Comitatum Imperatoris, or to the Court. emperors privy ᵒ counsel. At which extremity of mischief so near at hand, Martin thoroughly provoked, caught up a * or Rapier. dagger, and assaulteth the person of the same Paulus. But for that his right hand * Haply for the gout, or some other infirmity therein. failed him, so that he was not able to give a deadly wound with the said weapon drawn, as it was, he stabbed himself into the side: and so by this unseemly kind of death departed he this life (a most righteous man) after he had attempted by some stay to ease the piteous cases of many. Which wicked parts thus committed, Paulus all imbrued with blood, returned to the prince's camp, bringing with him a number of prisoners, covered in manner all over with chains, as men dejected and plunged into miserable calamities and woeful sorrows: at whose coming were the * Eculei. Racks ᵖ made ready; the hangman prepared both hooks and wresting-vices: and of them, many were proscribed and outlawed, some banished, and other had their punishment by bloody stroke of civil sword: For, no man well can remember, that under Constantius any one went away quiet, whensoever these matters were but by way of whispering set a foot. During these troublous affairs, Orphitus governed the * Vrbem aeternam. City of Rome as q * Having civil jurisdiction as a judge etc. or L. justice. Praefect, bearing himself insolently beyond the bounds of the dignity conferred upon him: a wise man verily, and passing well practised in pleas and judicial proceedings, but nothing so well furnished and adorned with liberal arts, as a nobleman ought to have been: in the time of whose being in place, dangerous commotions were stirred up for scarcity of wine; the common people greedily set upon the use and expense whereof, is soon provoked to raise many tumults and insurrections. CHAP. V. The lively portraiture of the city of Rome, in her flower and youthful days of growth, in her full years and strength, in her old age also and crazy time full of diseases. Likewise, the description of the most miserable estate thereof under Constantius and Gallus. ANd for as much as I suppose some strangers, who happily shall chance to read these writings may wonder, what should be the reason that when my style is diverted to show those things that were done in Rome, I relate nothing but of seditions, taverns, and such like base matters: I will summarily touch the causes hereof, and not swerve by my good will one whit at all from the truth. What time as Rome began to arise with lucky presaging tokens even at the very first to worldly glory, like to live and flourish so long as men shall remain upon the face of the earth, to the end that she might increase and grow on still to an high estate by the firm league of eternal peace; Virtue and Fortune (which for the most part use to disagree) concurred both together: of which twain, if the one should have failed, she had never mounted to the pitch of that perfection. The people thereof from their very cradle (as one would say) and first infancy, unto the end of their childhood, which compriseth the space well near of three hundred years, endured neighbour-warres even round about their walls: and then, being once entered into the growing age and prime of their youth, after manifold travails and toils of war, passed over the Alpes, and beyond the sea: no sooner were they shot up to their vigorous years and perfect manhood, but from all parts of the wide world environed within the cope and curtain of heaven, they carried away victorious triumphs: And now inclining toward old age, and conquering divers times by the name only and fame that went of them, betook themselves to a more calm and quiet manner of life. Therefore, this venerable and renowned city, after she had subdued and yoked the proud necks of fierce and savage nations, and made laws (the only groundworks and everlasting stays or hold fasts of freedom) like a good and thrifty mother, prudent withal and wealthy, committed unto the * Or Emperors. Caesar's q, as to her children, the whole right and interest of the inheritance, to be managed & ordered by them: and long since, although the tribes sat still, the centuries were quiet, and no contention or strife rose about giving voices, but as if the peaceable and secure days of Pompilius his reign were returned again throughout all the quarters and coasts of the earth, honoured she was like a sovereign lady and queen, & in every place the reverend grey hairs of Senators carrying authority with them, and the name of the people of Rome became highly * Circumspect●●●. regarded & held in reverence. But this glorious show and majesty of their counsels and assemblies, is much blemished by the rude disorder & levity of some few, who consider not where they were borne; but as if the reins were let loose unto vices, are slipped quite aside into errors & wantonness. For, as Simonides the Lyrical Poet teacheth us, For him that would live perfectly happy, meet it is and requisite above all things, that his native country be glorious. Now, some of these there are, who making account that they may be eternised by Statues, are hotly affected thereunto: as if they were to gain greater guerdon out of works made of brass and copper, void of all sense, than from a conscience privy to good and honest acts: and the same (forsooth) they take order to be gilded all over: which honour was conferred first upon Acilius ʳ Glabrio, when by policy and force of arms he had vanquished king Antiochus. But how brave and goodly a thing it is, for a man despising these gauds and trifles of no worth, to mount and climb up the long and difficult ascents of true glory, as * Vates Ascraeus. Hesiodus the Poet saith, Cato Censorius hath showed, who being demanded, why among many noble personages he had not his own Image standing: I had leiffer (quoth he) that good men should move question, wherefore I have not deserved it, than (which of the twain is the worse) mutter softly among themselves, why I have obtained it. Others again, reposing the chiefest grace and glory that is, in caroches higher than ordinary, and in the superfluous bravery of sumptuous apparel, sweat again under their weighty and massy mantles, which they may fasten with very clasps to the shoulders, bearing out from the neck, having exceeding fine our wrought therein and passing through, and the same standing out from all places, and the left side especially: to the end, that these inner garments, thus beset with long jags and purfles, might shine again with variety of threads seen quite through, and those portrayed and shaped after many and sundry forms of living creatures. Moreover, there are among them such, as, unasked of any man, with a counterfeit gravity of countenance, extol their possessions and patrimonies infinitely above all measure, multiplying the yearly revenues and profits of their lands fruitful (as they think) by good husbandry, which they vaunt abroad and spare not, that they possess from East to West; ignorant as they be, how their ancestors, by whom this greatness of the Roman State reacheth so far, became so renowned in the world, not by their riches, but by most cruel and bloody wars; who differing neither in wealth, nor fare at their table, or homeliness of apparel from common soldiers, conquered all before them by virtue and valour. Hence it was, that the noble Valerius ˢ Publicola was buried by a contribution of money gathered for him: and the poor wife of ᵗ Regulus, together with her children, were maintained by the help and relief of her husband's friends: the daughter also of ᵘ Scipio had a dowry given her out of the Chamber of the city, when the nobility were abashed to see the flower of a big and grown virgin unbestowed, and ashamed at the long absence of her poor father. But now adays, if happily thou, a good honest man, come as a stranger unto one of these great moneyed men, that are so puffed up with pride for their full bags, to do thy duty by way of salutation, at the first thou findest entertainment, as a right welcome and wishedfor guest; and after many and sundry questions asked (whereby thou art forced to make some lies) thou wonderest, being never seen before, that this great man thus affectionately favoureth thee so mean a person: insomuch as it repenteth thee that thou hadst not seen ten years sooner these happy days, as a principal felicity. And thus presuming confidently upon such Roman courteous affability, if thou do the same the next morrow, thou art at a stand with thyself, as one altogether unknown and come of a sudden, whiles that wondrous encourager that heartened thee so much but yesterday, is in doubt a long time, who thou shouldest be, and from whence thou art come. But being at the length agnized and taken into the rank of friends, if thou show thyself ordinarily in his chamber of presence to do honour and reverence, intermingled with other waiters, for three years together, and be wanting as many for them again, thou returnest to abide the like services, not once demanded where thou wert, and whether thou didst depart out of the way; thou shalt to no * in stipite submitendo. purpose spend all thy life time in servile attendance and drudgery. Moreover, when preparation begins to be made for these long and unwholesome feasts, which are kept ordinarily after certain set times between, or the distribution of these solemn doles, or gifture banquets; put to question and debated it is with careful and serious deliberation, Whether it will be meet (excepting those to whom by course it is due) that a stranger should be invited? and if after full and mature consultation had, it be agreed upon, That it shall so be; such an one is called and admitted, who watcheth and waiteth duly before the houses of Chariottiers, or professeth Diceplay and Cheators craft, or else maketh as though he knew some more secret arts than ordinary: for, learned and sober persons they even of purpose avoid as unlucky folk and good for nothing. Over and besides, the ˣ Nomenclatores or beadles also, who are wont to set to sale these and such like vanities, receiving some piece of money for a bribe, foist in among the rest at suppers and dinners, certain base and obscure fellows in am of others. For, I overpass, lest I should proceed too far, their wasteful and excessive fare at the table, and the sundry allurements of pleasures; minding rather to speak of this point, that some of them drive their steeds apace (as if they were public post-horses of the State, with shoes, as they say, especially * Signatis (quod dicitur) calccu. marked to be seen, without fear of danger) through the large and spacious streets of the city, yea and over the stones turned up of the broken pavements: drawing after them at their tails great trains of the menial and household servitors, like unto crews and troops of preading brigands, leaving at home to keep the house not so much as Sannio, according as the * Te●ene●. Comical Poet saith: With which retinue of attendants and followers, many of their dames with their heads covered and in close chariots, course up and down over all the quarters of the city; and like as skilful captains, in arraunging of their battles, place first in the vanguard thick and strong squadrons to affront the enemy, then light armed soldiers, afterwards the archers and darters, and last of all in the rearward the companies of succours, ready upon any extremity to advance forward, and to charge: even so, according to the careful direction and dispose of those overseers and masters that have the marshalling of these city servants (otherwise to seek what to do) and make a goodly show with warders in their right hands, now as if the signal were given, close unto the front of the chariot marcheth all the sort of weavers and embroiderers; next unto whom goeth the black guard and kitchinree; then all the meinie one with another, with a rascal rabble of idle commons from out of the neighbour streets, joining unto them: in the last place, a multitude of gelded grooms keeping their ranks and files, the old ones foremost, and the boys behind, of complexion pale and wan; for their lineaments and making of the body, crooked and ill favoured: So that which way soever a man went, and beheld such companies of maimed and dismembered men, he might detest the remembrance of Semiramis that Queen in old time, who was the first that ever gelded the tender babes of male kind, offering violence, as it were, unto nature, and turning her quite back from her intended course: who at their very first beginning and nativity, by those primitive fountains of seed which they are borne with, showed in some sort by a secret ordinance the ways and means to propagate posterity. The case thus standing, those few houses which before time were frequented with serious students and professors of learning, swell now and overflow with the ridiculous toys of lithernesse, resounding with loud noise and shrill ringing, as well of wind-Organs as stringed instruments. Furthermore, instead of the Philosopher, a chanter; and in place of the Orator, a teacher of trifling and toyish arts is in request: and whereas the Libraries be shut up fast for ever like unto sepulchres, framed there be Organs, or water instruments, huge haps like unto chariots, Hautbois also, and no mean furniture for gesturing actors and stage-players. Finally, the world is grown now to this baseness and indignity, that when aliens and strangers were driven forth of the city by the head and shoulders for fear (not long since) of dearth and scarcity of victuals, yea and the students or professors of liberal Sciences (whereof the number was exceeding small) without any delay or breathing time, thrust out, yet were there kept still the followers of wanton gesturing wenches, such as were so indeed, or but counterfeits for the time, yea, and there remained behind three thousand such dancing wenches, not so much as once disturbed and troubled, together with their quires, and as many masters and teachers to them: and what way soever a man casts his eye, he may behold a mighty number of women with their hair all to curled and frizzled (who if they had wedded, might well by this time for their age have been the mothers of children at three several births) dancing and footing it upon the pavements, until they be weary again, wagging and winding themselves with many a turn about, whiles they express and resemble an infinite number of counterfeit forms that stage-plays have devised. Moreover, no doubt is made of this, that when Rome was in times past the dwelling place of all virtues, the Nobility and Gentilrie for the most part (if any strangers well borne and of good fashion, came thither) used with many offices of kindness and courtesy to keep them there still (like as the ʸ Lotophagi in Homer with their sweet fruits and pleasant berries.) But now, such is the vanity and pride of some, that they esteem all bred and borne without the walls of the city, to be base and of no worth, unless they be childless and unmarried folk: and incredible it is, what obsequious loating and courting there is at Rome sundry ways to such persons as are without children. And for as much as among them, as in the head place of the world, grievous diseases reign and rage in the highest degree, for the allaying and assuaging only whereof, no art of Physic is of any force; devised there is a preservative and helpful mean therefore, to wit, that no man should visit and see a friend, that suffereth such maladies. And among those few wary cautions and provisoes there is another effectual remedy ordained, namely, That such servants as have been sent to inquire how those of their acquaintance do that are held with this disease, they receive not into the house again, before they have cleansed their bodies with a bathe: so fearful be they even of an infection, that other men's eyes only have seen. And yet, as careful as they be in these points to save themselves, some you shall have (enfeebled otherwise, and much weakened in their limbs) if they be requested to a marriage, where gold is offered with hollow right hands, to go lustily and nimbly enough even as far as to * Spoleto. Spoletium. Well, these be the courses that the Gentry take. To speak now of the multitude, which consisteth of the base and poor commons; some pass all the night long in the wine taverns, others lurk within the shady booths and bowers of Theatres, which Catulus imitating the wantonness of Capua, in his Aedileship pitched and reared first: or eagerly play at dice, making a foul and unseemly noise with snuffing and drawing back their wind inwardly at their broken nostrils: or else (which of their delights is the greatest) from morning to night they abide till they faint again, in rain, or sunshine, inquiring diligently after the chief prizes or delinquencies both of charioteers, and also of horses. And a very wonder it is, to see so infinite a number of the common people with such an ardent mind and affection, depending upon the event of these chariot-running and contentions for the best game. These and such like vanities suffer no serious and memorable thing to be gone in hand with at Rome. Now therefore I am to return unto my text. CHAP. VI Gallus taketh pleasure in spilling of man's blood, and manageth all his affairs unfortunately, and by commandment from Constantius admonished hereof, maketh a tumult, whereupon ensueth horrible bloodshed in the East. CAesar now by this time having given the head unto licentiousness more and more, became burdenous and offensive to all good men: and from henceforth using no mean or measure, plagued all parts of the East, sparing neither honourable persons nor the principal Burgesses and nobles of cities, no nor the inferior commons. In fine, the chief masters of the reverend order and state of Antioch, by virtue of one writ ᶻ or warrant he commanded to be put to death, enraged & wood hereupon, for that when he out of season urged instantly to have a cheapness and low price set in the market, what time as a general scarcity was feared, they answered him in some hard and unreasonable terms, that it was not convenient: and died they had every mother's son, in case Honoratus, * Comes. lieutenant general of the East for the time being, with firm resolution had not withstood his proceedings. This also was no obscure and covert sign of his cruelty, that he took delight in bloody sports, and in the Cirque or show place joyed to see six or seven combats, otherwhiles forbidden, of champions wounding and killing one another, and to behold them all agore blood, as if (forsooth) he had gained some rich and great booties. Over and besides, his purpose forward enough of itself to do mischief, was set more on fire by a vile and base woman; which being let into the palace (as she required) had disclosed a conspiracy, and made known, That certain soldiers of the meanest reckoning and condition laid wait secretly for him: whereat Constantina much rejoicing, as if now her husband's life had been secured and safe for ever, rewarded her highly, and setting her in a coach, sent herforth at the palace gates into the open streets, that by these allurements she might entice others also to discover the like or greater treasons. After this, Gallus minding to make a journey to * or Hieropolis. Hal●pp●. Be●●nio. Hierapolis, to the end that in outward show he might personally be seen in a voyage, whereas the Commonalty of Antioch humbly besought him to remove the dread they had of famine, which for many and those weighty reasons was * Spera●atur. feared would shortly ensue, did not (as the manner of princes is, who of their large power and prerogative yield remedy from time to time of such local and public distresses) take order for any dispose, or that victuals should be transported out of the provinces bordering upon them; but unto the multitude (fearing the utmost extremities) appointed Theophilus * 〈◊〉 so called because he had Consuls ornaments he was a deputy 〈◊〉 under 〈…〉. the Precedent of Syria, who stood hard by for their governor, replying continually unto them in these terms, That no man could want food, if the Governor were unwilling thereto. These speeches incensed the boldness of the base sort. Now when scarcity of victuals grew still more and more, upon hunger and fury withal, at the instigation of one Eubulus, a man of much reputation among them, they set fire to his stately and gorgeous house, and burned it: and the foresaid governor, as being one delivered over unto them by an imperial judgement, they laid at and spurned with their heels, knocked well and sound with their fists, and when as he was half dead, piteously mangled and tore in pieces. After whose lamentable death, every man considering in the destruction of one, the like peril of his own person, upon this fresh example was afraid of semblable measure. At the same time Serenianus, late * Ex duce. Du● at the first was L. Warden of the inland Marches, and of less authority than Comes: how ever since the name is more honourable. Pancirol. in Notitiam. L. Warden of the Marches (through whose slackness and cowardice, as we have related before, * otherwise called Coelesyria. Coele in Phoenicia was harried and wasted) being accused of high treason, and justly indited according to law, (uncertain it is by what favour and mediation he could be acquit) was manifestly convicted, that he sent a familiar friend, with a cap (wherewith he used to cover his head) enchanted by the means of sorcery and unlawful arts, unto an idoll-temple where an Oracle was, to inquire expressly, Whether there were foresignified unto him the Empire firm and sure as he desired? And thus at one and the very same time there fell out a joint and twofold mischief: for that both Theophilus, a guiltless person, was cut off by an horrible accident; and Serenianus also, who had deserved the curse of all men, went away clear, as harmless and blameless, notwithstanding the public force of justice in manner openly gainsaid it. These pranks Constantius hearing of anon, and being informed of some particulars beside by the relation of Thalassius, who, as he understood already, was now removed and departed after the ordinary course, writing in very kind manner unto Caesar, by little and little abridged him of the means and maintenance he had about him, making fair semblant, That himself was much disquieted, for fear that the soldiers having little or no employment, and therefore commonly given to be tumultuous, should conspire and complot his destruction; and so commanded him to rest contented and take up with the trained companies of the Palatine ᵃ soldiers, of the ᵇ Protectores, together with the ᶜ Scutarij and ᵈ Gentiles: and charged Domitianus, late high ᵉ Treasurer, now Praefect or justice, that when he was once come into Syria, he should in gentle and modest terms set forward Gallus in his journey, who, as he had oftentimes heard say, made haste into Italy. No sooner was Domitian arrived at Antioch, whither he hastened with all the speed he could, in regard of this Commission, but passing hard by the palace gates, and contemning Caesar, whom it had well beseemed him to have given the seeing, on he went to the Praetorium ᶠ with a goodly pomp and solemn show: and pretending along time sickness for his excuse, he neither set foot within the palace, nor went abroad into the city; but keeping close, plotted many means to bring him to destruction, putting into his reports some unnecessary matters beside the purpose, which otherwhiles he sent unto the prince. At the last, being entreated and admitted into the * Counsel chamber Consistory ᵍ, without any circumstance of words by way of preface premised, inconsiderately enough, and bluntly: Be gone Caesar (quoth he) as you are commanded, and know this, That if you make any stay, I will cause forthwith all the provision for maintenance of yourself and of your palace to be carried away. With this peremptory speech and no more, thus malapartly delivered, he departed somewhat angry, and came not afterwards in his sight, although he was often sent for. Hereupon the * Gallus. other all in a fume and chafe, as one that suffered injuries and indignities, committed the said Perfect to ward, under the custody of trusty pensioners of his guard: which when Montius understood, being at that time * or Treasure: Questor ʰ, a man verily of a rigorous nature, but yet somewhat inclined to mildness, called unto him the chief of the Palatine trained companies, and spoke unto them in mild and gentle terms, saying, It was neither meet nor expedient thus to do: but, proceeding withal to other words in a chiding accent; That if they liked and allowed of this course, after the Statues of Constantine were cast down, they might with less fear certainly devise how to take away [the * or prefects. Emperors] life also. Gallus taking knowledge hereof, faring as a serpent at which some dart is shot, or stone flung, abiding his utmost hopes, and seeking to save himself by any means, commanded all his soldiers to assemble in arms, and when they stood astonished, he whetting & gnashing his teeth, Be priest (quoth he) right valiant men, to assist me in jeopardy together with you. Behold how Montius in a strange and unwonted humour of swelling pride, by these muttering words of his chargeth us as rebels and spurners against the sacred majesty of the Emperor: displeased for sooth and angry, for that I commanded in regard of fear only, the malapert and stout Praefect, who made himself ignorant what the course of the world and State requireth, to be kept inward. This said, the military men, very desirous many times of stirs and troubles, without any longer stay, first set upon Montius (whose lodging was hard by) a weerish old man and a sickly, and with hairy cords bound fast to his legs, drew him stride long without any intermission as far as to the * Praetorium praefecti, i, the house appointed for the Praefect. prefects Praetorium. And in the same gary braid they tied Domitian likewise with his head forward to a sled or ladder, and so harried and hurried them both together up and down all over the broad streets of the city. And now by this time that the knitting of their joints and limbs were plucked asunder, they clambering over their dead bodies, mangled and dismembered in most unseemly manner, as if now they had taken their fill of revenge, cast them soon after into the river. Now, these men so outrageous, desperate, and even wood again, one Luscus, governor of the city, whom suddenly they had a sight of, had incensed to attempt these wicked designs, and together with him Sthenelaus, captain or leader of the Porters, inciting & often calling upon them to the execution and quick dispatch of that which they had begun, who not long after was therefore burned quick. And because Montius, ready to yield up his vital breath, under their hands, that like butchers were tearing him in pieces, cried out divers times, and laid much blame upon Epigonus and Eusebius, without naming either their profession, or place & degree; much diligent search there was, What these persons should be? and that the business might not wax any thing cool, brought out of Lycia there was Epigonus a Philosopher, and out of Mysia Eusebius, having his surname of Piety, a quick and vehement Orator: whereas the foresaid * Montius. Quęstor had appeached and charged, not them, but certain masters of forges or worke-houses ⁱ, who promised armour, if haply any commotion and trouble in the State should arise. At the very same time Apollinaris, who had married Domitian's daughter, late grand * Agens paiarij curum. Seneschal, or steward of the palace, was sent from his father in law into Mesopotamia, a man out of all measure inquisitive among the military bands that abode there, Whether they received any secret letters of Gallus now projecting and plotting some higher designs? who having learned what had been done at Antioch, passed through Armenia the less, and went to Constantinople: and from thence being brought back again by the * Per protectores, or Squires of the Body. Guard-souldiors, was laid up fast, and kept close prisoner. Whiles these things were thus a working, intelligence was given of a royal rob woven secretly in Tyrus, but it was not certainly known who put it forth to be wrought, or for whose use it was provided. The governor therefore of that province for the time being, Apollinaris the father, for name's sake was brought in question, as privy thereto, and many others were gotten together out of divers cities, who had grievous imputations charged sore upon them of heinous and horrible crimes: and now, the trumpets resounding aloft intestine miseries and calamities, his turbulent spirit raged not covertly, as before time, but turned quite aside from the consideration of truth: and whiles no man inquired duly and by ordinary course into the truth of matters plainly charged upon men, or cunningly devised against them, nor once putting difference between the innocent and the guilty, all right and equity, as thrust out of the judgement places, was departed and gone quite: whiles also the lawful defence of causes was put to silence, there was nothing so rife as the * Carnifex. rapinarum sequester. hangman, sequestering of pillage, hoodwincking, punishing by the purse, and confiscation of goods every where throughout the East provinces, which I think it meet and convenient to reckon up, all save * Called now Azamia, and Mcredin, with sundry other names, by divers Geographers. Mesopotamia (set already in due place, when I treated of the Parthic wars) and Egypt, which of necessity I have put over to another time. CHAP. VII. The description of the East Provinces, all save Mesopotamia and Egypt. AFter a man hath passed over the tops of the mountain * Supposed to be the greatest in the world: and according to divers nations is known by sundry names. Taurus, which toward the East rise up a great height, * Turcomania and Fini●bia. Cilicia lieth far stretched out in length and breadth, a land enriched with all good things; and unto the right side thereof adjoineth Isauria, a fresh and goodly country in like sort, as well for plentiful vines, as abundance of corn and grain, through the midst whereof runneth the navigable river Calicadnus. And verily this region two cities (besides many other good towns) do beautify, to wit, * Salefica. Nigro. Seleucia, founded and built by king Seleucus, and Claudiopolis, which Claudius Caesar erected as a Colony. For the city Isauria being afore time strongly walled and fenced, and long since subverted as a rebellious place, and wholly set upon deadly mischief, is hardly able to show the tokens and remains, and those very few of the ancient glory that it had: But as for Cilicia that vaunteth itself of the river * Carasit. Launcla. Cydnus, ennobled it is by * Terassa. David's Chytrao. Tarsus, a fair and goodly city (the founder of it, by report, was Perseus, the son of jupiter and Danaë, or else one named Sandan, come out of Aethyopia, a wealthy man and a noble;) by * Azar, or Acserai. Anazarbus also, which carrieth the name of him that first built it; and by * Mamista. Clyca. Mopsutrehia, the habitation of that famous Prophet or Divinor Mopsus, who in his return from the warlike voyage and service of the Argonauts with the Golden fleece that they took away, wandering apart from the rest of his company, and arriving upon the coast of Africa, died suddenly: and from that time his heroic * or Relics. Manes, covered under Punic mould, as medicinable, and for the most part causing health, cure and heal sundry griefs and maladies. These two Provinces long ago in the pirates war, intermingled with bands of brigands and rovers, and by Servilius the Proconsul subdued and brought under subjection, became tributary. And these countries verily, scituat as it were in a promontory, are severed from that part of the world by the mountain * Monte Negro. Postello & Bell●ni● Amanus. But the frontier bound of the East stretching forth along, and straight forward, reacheth from the banks of the river Euphrates, unto the borders of Nilus, bounding on the left hand upon the nations of the Saracenes, and on the right, lying open to the roaring sea: which tract, or coast, Nicator Seleucus being possessed of, very much enlarged, when after the decease of Alexander the Macedonian, he held the kingdoms of Persis in right of succession: Seleucus, I say, a mighty and victorious king, according as his * Nicator. surname doth import. For making use to his own advantage, of the multitude of people whom he had ruled a long time in peace, of rude and rustical habitations he built cities, surely seated for much wealth and strength both; of which at this present, albeit they bear Greek names, imposed upon them according to the founder's pleasure, yet lose they not their primitive names quite, which the ancient erecters of them gave out of the Assyrian tongue. And after Osdroena, which (as hath been said) we have put apart from this description, first * Azor. Mar. Nig. Comagena, now called Euphratensis, greatly riseth up by degrees, a country well known by reason of three great cities, namely Hierapolis, old Ninus, and Samosata. Then lieth * Soria. Syria, spread abroad along a spacious and large plain: and this hath much renown by Antiochia, a city whereof the world hath taken knowledge, with which no other may compare as paragon, for affluence of commodities, as well homebred, as thither brought: by * Laudichia. Ortel. Laodicia also, and * Hamous. Bellon. Apamia, by Seleucia likewise, most flourishing cities all even from their first beginning. Next hereunto is Phoenicia, bending up toward the mount Libanus, a region right lovely and beautiful, adorned with great and fair cities: among which, for pleasantness and name excel Tyrus, * Said. Nigro. Sidon, and * Baruti. Berytus; and matchable to the same, * Camula. Nigro. Emissa and * Seham, or Siam. Damascus, built in ancient times. Now these provinces (which the river * Oronz. Orontes, as it environeth them, and running along the very foot and bottom of that high hill * or Casius. Larissa. Theveto. Cassius, dischargeth itself into the * An arm or part of the Mediterranean sea, thought to be the gulf of A●azzo. Parthenian sea) Cneus Pompeius, after he had vanquished Tigranes, took from the kingdoms of the Armenians, and laid unto the Romans dominion. The last of all the Syriae, is * Terra-Sancta, or the Holy land Palestina, stretched forth far and wide, having plenteous storeof grounds well husbanded, trim and gay, with certain excellent cities also, nothing inferior one unto other, but striving all as one would say by line and level, to be alike and equal: as namely, * Azor. Pineto. Caesarea, which * the Great. Herode founded out of the ground, in honour of * Augustus. Octavian the Emperor; * Hebron, sometimes, now Cal●l. Eleutheropolis, and * In times past Salem, Sichem, and Ephron. Haebr. Neapolis: in like sort Ascalon, Gaza, and julia, built in the age aforegoing. In these tracts there is no where to be seen a river navigable, and in most places hot waters of their own nature arise out of the ground, medicinable and wholesome for many purposes. But even these countries also, Pompey in like sort, when he had tamed the jews, and won jerusalem, brought into the form of Provinces, committing the jurisdiction over them to a governor. Close unto this adjoineth Arabia, reaching on the other side hard to the Nabataei; a rich land, flourishing with variety of trade and traffic, replenished also with strong castles and piles, which for to repel the out-rodes and invasions of neighbour nations, the men of old time in their watchful care raised along the straits and passages, in meet places, and advantageous. This region also hath among some towns, cities likewise, to wit, * B●tra. 〈◊〉. Bostra, Geraza, and Philadelphia, with strong walls most surely fenced. And this very country, trajan the Emperor, when he had given it the name of a Province and set a governor over it, enforced to yield obedience unto our laws, having many a time quelled and abated the swelling pride of the inhabitants, what time as he made glorious and brave war upon Media and the Parthians. Semblably, the Isle Cyprus, dissoigned afar off from the firm land, and full of havens, two cities among other towns standing thick, do make renowned, namely, Salamis and Paphus: the one in much request and reputation for the holy alta●s & shrines of jupiter, the other for the temple of Venus. Now the same Cyprus aboundeth in so great and so manifold plenty of all things, that standing in no need at all of foreign help, by the means that it hath of the own, is able to build a great carrack or ship of burden, from the very bottom keel beneath up to the highest topsails, and having rigged & furnished the same with all tackling thereto belonging, shooteth it to sea. Neither bash I to say, that the people of Rome invaded this Isle, rather upon a greedy mind to encroach, than any just title thereto. For, after that king Ptolemy, our confederate and ally, by occasion that our treasure went low, was by virtue of a decree, without any fault on his part committed, proclaimed * Proscribi. Outlaw, and thereupon he voluntarily made himself away by drinking poison; both it became tributary, and the spoils also thereof, as of an enemy state, were bestowed in a fleet, and brought into Rome city by Cato. Now will I come back again to the order of my history. CHAP. VIII. Certain persons, but principally Epigonus and Eusebius, by the commandment of Gallus are executed. AMid these sundry mischiefs and miseries, falling one in the neck of another, * Vrsicinus, he (on whom upon mine allegiance I was by the Emperor commanded to give attendance) being sent for from Nisibis, the keeping whereof he had in charge, was driven to look narrowly into the beginnings and occasions of these dangerous debates: a man gainsaying and repugning the flatterers that by whole troops barked at him, and one, that always had been a doughty warrior, both soldier and captain, but a mere stranger in law cases and troubles at the bar: who being much perplexed with fear of his own danger toward, when as he saw those suborned accusers and judges associate and joined with him, newly appearing and showing their heads out of the same pits; what matters were in plotting and devising, either under hand, or openly, he by secret letters informed Constantius of, craving means of aid and assistance, for fear whereof, the proud and swelling humour of Caesar so notoriously known might breathe out and be spent. But by this overmuch wariness and circumspection of his, he happened to stick fast among worse snares laid for him, as I shall show hereafter, whiles his envious concurrents packed and patched grievous matter to entrap him unto Constantius, a prince otherwise indifferent and moderate enough; but if any person whatsoever, base though he were, and unknown, had once put into his head some such matter as this, very cruel & implacable, & in this * Causarum titulo. matter of causes in trial unlike himself. Upon the day therefore appointed aforehand for these detestable inquisitions and examinations, there sat him down as judge for form and fashion, the * Magister equitum to wit, Vrsicinus. general of the Horsemen, with other assessors to him, who were taught their lessons, and directed what they should do: and assistant there were on either hand the Notaries, ready to carry in post hast what questions were demanded, and what answers were made, unto Caesar; by whose commandment, set wholly then upon cruelty, through the instigation of the queen, laying her ear otherwhiles out through the tapistry hangings, many, not permitted once to clear themselves of the crimes objected, nor allowed any defence, were cast away and undone. First therefore of all others, came to the bar Epigonus and Eusebius, laid hard unto and sore wronged for the affinity of their names. For I have said before, that Montius a little before his death blamed certain * Fabricarum tribanos. masters of the Forges, who bore these names, as having promised some means and helps to work revenge when time should serve. And verily Epigonus, a Philosopher in habit only and apparel, when he had by much entreaty craved favour in vain, after that his sides were tewed and gashed, yea and the fear of death was presented unto him, by a shameful confession avouched himself to be party and accessary in such plots and projects as never were, whereas he had neither seen nor heard anything, silly man he, as one altogether unacquainted in law matters and judicial proceedings. But Eusebius standing very confidently to the denial of the imputations laid upon him, notwithstanding he was * Suspensus. hoist ᵏ up aloft upon the rack, persisted long in one and the same state, crying out, That this was plain robbery, and no lawful judgement. Now whiles he called very instantly for his accuser, and the ordinary course of trial, as one skilful in the laws, Caesar informed hereof, and supposing this liberty and free speech of his to be pride, commanded him to be torn and mangled as an audacious and malapert slanderer: who being so rend and bowelled, as that he had no part of his body clear for to be tormented any longer, crying up to heaven for justice, and smiling under a grim and angry look, with grounded resolution continued steadfast and constant, not enduring to accuse himself nor any man else: and so at length, neither confessing nor convicted, together with his abject companion, was condemned to suffer death. And led forth he was to execution, with a fearless and unappalled courage reproaching the iniquity of those days, and following the example of that ancient Stoic Zeno, who having been tortured a long time, for to express some lies from him, plucked his own tongue from the very root, and with his spittle all bloody, spit it at the very eyes and face of the ˡ Cyprian king, as he questioned with him. After this, the royal garment abovesaid was sought for: and when the servants that died purple, upon torturing had confessed a little jacket for the body, woven without sleeves, there was brought in one named Maras, a Deacon, as the Christians term him, to give evidence: whose letters written in the Greek tongue unto the Master or foreman of a Weavers shop in Tyrus, were produced: wherein very urgently he called upon the said party, to have the piece hastened forward; but what piece he showed not. Finally, the same Maras, tormented even to danger of death, could not yet be forced to confess any thing. During this inquisition, which extended to sundry estates and degrees, when some things appeared doubtful, and others again were found slightly committed, after the overthrow and undoing of many one, both the Apollinares, father and son, were banished: and being come as far as to a place named Crateras, a manor or village of their own, standing four and twenty miles from Antioch, according to commandment given, their legs were broken, and they slain. After whose death, Gallus as fierce and cruel as before, like unto a Lion fleshed with carcases, made straight search for many such cheats, the which to report in particular it skilleth not, for fear I exceed the bounds of my profession, a thing that I must carefully avoid. CHAP. IX. Constantius highly offended with Gallus, levieth war upon the Aleman kings: unto whom craving peace, he with consent of the Roman army granteth it. WHiles the East parts endured this cruel tyranny a long time, so soon as warm and open weather was come, Constantius in the seventh year of his own Consulship, and in the second of Caesar's, departed eftsoons from * Arelate. Arles, and went to * Valence, a colony or city in Gallia Narbonensis, which containeth Languedoc, Provence, and Dauphin. Ortel. Valentia, minding to make war upon Gundomadus and Vadomarius, brethren, kings of the Alemans', by whose often excursions, the lands confining upon the marches of the Gaulois, were laid waist. And whiles he stayed long there, waiting for the provision of victual, the conveyance and transporting whereof out of Acquitaine, was hindered by the Spring rains that fell thicker than ordinary, and by the rising up of the brooks, Arculanus arrived, one of the ᵐ Guard-band in ordinary, the son of Hermogenes, late master of the Horsemen, torn in pieces long since in a petty riot and broil of the people, at Constantinople, as I have above reported: upon whose relation, and that most truly delivered, namely, what parts Gallus had played; he lamenting sore for the hurts past, and standing in suspense for fear of those to come, palliated and stayed the grief of his heart so long as he could. Howbeit, all the forces in the mean while drawn together unto * Cavaillon. Poldo a town in Gallia Narbonensis. Cabillo, impatient of delays, grew mutinous and raging, incensed the more, for that they had not maintenance for their life, by reason that the usual provision for food etc. was not yet come over to them. Whereupon Rufinus, at the same time Lord chief justice, was driven to a very hard extremity: for compelled he was himself in person to go unto the soldiers thus distempered, what with hunger, and what with fierceness of their own (who otherwise are wont, of an inbred disposition, to be always bitterly bend and maliciously minded against those that are in * That exercise civil jurisdiction. ordinary place of dignity) to give them satisfaction, and to show what was the cause that the convoy of corn and victuals was letted. Which was a shrewd plot, cunningly of set purpose devised, that by this manner of train the uncle of * Rufinus, his mother's brother. Gallus might come to a mischief, for fear lest he, so great and mighty a man as he was, should whet him on still, and embolden him in his wicked designs and ungracious attempts. But to prevent this danger, there was great policy and diligence used. Eusebius, Lord great ⁿ Chamberlain, was sent unto Cabillo with a good sum of gold about him, by the dealing whereof in secret sort among the principal stirrers of those tumults and seditions, both the swelling rage of the soldiers abated, and the life also of the foresaid * Praefecti. Perfect or justice was saved. And then, after victuals were brought in great abundance, at the day before appointed the camp removed. And so, when they had overcome many difficulties, and passed through a number of ways overwhelmed and covered with snow, being come near unto * Where now is Awast, near Basil, and was sometime called also Augusta Raurico●●m. Rauracum, a city situate upon the bank of the river Rhine, where a multitude of Alemans' were ready to make resistance, the Romans minding to set a hanging bridge over the water made of ships linked together, were overmatched and impeached, by reason that on every side the darts and arrows flew about their ears: and when this was thought to be an impossible piece of work, the Emperor casting great matters in his head, stood amazed and doubtful what course to take. But see, all of a sudden, and unlooked for, there presented himself unto them a certain guide, skilful in those countries, and upon the receipt of a piece of money for his good service, he showed unto them in the night a shallow place full of fourds, whereby the river was passable: and passed over it might have been, whiles the enemies were busily employed another way, but that some few of the same nation, who had a more honourable place and charge of warre-service committed unto them, gave intelligence hereof by secret messengers unto their own countrymen, as some thought. And with the suspicion hereof were touched and defamed Latinuses, * Domesticorum comes. Captain ᵒ of the guard in ordinary, Agilo * Tribunus stabuli. great ᵖ master of the Horse, and Scudilo * Sc●tariorū rector. Captain q of the Squires of the body, who then were highly esteemed, as those that bore a chief stroke in the State, and ruled all in all. But the Barbarians taking counsel according to the occurrents like presently to ensue, haply, because the ʳ Auspicia either distracted them, or prohibited them to encounter, now that by the authority of their religion, their rigour, by which they stood out more confidently, was well mollified, sent in embassage certain principal persons of mark, to beseech pardon for their offences, and to crave peace. The Emperor therefore detaining with him still the ambassadors of both the kings, and duly weighing a long while this affair in hand, considering it was but right to have peace granted, upon just and equal conditions requested; and seeing with a general accord they went all one way, and approved it as behoveful and expedient, as the case then stood; assembled the whole host together, minding to make a brief speech unto them according to the time: and so standing aloft upon the Tribunal, with a number of the higher powers and chief officers round about him, spoke and discoursed in this wise: Let no man marvel, I pray you (quoth he) that after the painful labours of long journeys spent and passed, and plenteous store of victuals gotten together, now that I approach the territories and towns of the Barbarians (the confidence that I have in you, leading the way) as suddenly changing my mind, am diverted to a more mild and peaceable course. For every one of you in his rank and judgement duly considering with himself, findeth this to be true, That the soldier in all places, although he be strong and vigorous in body, looketh to himself only, and defendeth his own life: But a General and Commander of all offices, whiles he, the keeper of other men's lives, is indifferent unto all, knoweth, that the regard and consideration of his people cannot but concern his own defence and safety, and there withal skilleth remedies that the state of businesses doth admit, aught to take hold of all advantages and good occurrents that by God's will and providence are presented. To deliver therefore in few words, and to show for what cause I was willing you should meet thus altogether, my most trusty fellow-souldiors, lend a favourable ear to what I shall very briefly declare unto you: for the words of truth be simple and plain. The high steps and rising degrees of your glory, which fame growing still in excellent wise spreadeth among the inhabitants also even of the utmost coasts of the earth, the kings and nations of the Alemans' standing in dread and fear of, by these Orators whom you behold in place, crave in humble gesture and lowly manner, forgiveness of faults past, and peace for time to come: which I, as one taking leisure enough, and a wary advertiser and adviser of profitable ways, judge meet to be given unto them (in case you will say yea unto it) considering many reasons and motives thereto. First, that the doubtful events of war may be declined: then, that in am of adversaries we may gain them to be auxiliaries, which they make promise of: again, that without bloodshed we might allay the huffing puffs of stoutness and pride, which oftentimes work our provinces mischief: lastly, pondering and considering this, That he only is not the enemy vanquished, whose fortune is to die in battle, borne down forcibly with the weight of armour, and with main strength; but much more safely, even while the trumpet is silent, he that voluntarily is subdued and brought to subjection: who by experience findeth, that neither fortitude is wanting against rebellious spirits, nor clemency toward suppliants. In sum, I rest waiting upon you as ampiers to know what ye advise, now that I a quiet prince determine and conclude it meet, upon so happy fortune falling unto us, in temperate wise to use moderation. For, this that is well resolved upon after due deliberation, shall not be attributed to your cowardice and want of courage, believe me, but ascribed to your modesty and humanity. No sooner had he ended his speech, but the whole multitude, forward enough to effect what the Emperor affected, commended his counsel, and gave their consent for peace, moved especially thereunto in this respect, for that they knew full well by many expeditions and journeys, That his fortune was watchful over him, and attendant only in civil troubles, but when soever foreign wars were in hand, for the most part things fell out heavily on his part. CHAP. X. Constantius by sundry wily sleights ensnareth Gallus, bereft of his wife: and when he was by a train brought unto him, putteth him to death. THis done, and a league made after the manner of those nations, with the solemn compliments finished which were thereto belonging, the Emperor departed to * Mediolan●im. Milan, there to Winter: where casting off all other weighty cares, he thought upon Caesar, as the untowardest knurre and difficulty that now troubled him most, bending his whole endeavour how to shake and overthrow him: and as he consulted with those favourites next about him in secret conferences, and by night, what forcible means or cunning devise he might use to effect the same, before that he in his foolhardiness should more eagerly be set upon mischief, even to the marring and confusion of all, resolved it was, That laying aside all threats, the said Gallus should under a colour of some public Diet or treaty as touching the State, be sent for by mild and kind letters, to the end that being destitute of all help, he might without any let in the way come to destruction. Now whiles all the sort of these weathercock flatterers stood against this resolution, among whom was Arbetio, quick and sharp set to practise wiles; and Eusebius, than Lord great Chamberlain, forward enough to do mischief: this came into their heads for to allege, namely, That Caesar being once departed, a dangerous matter it would be to leave Vrsicinus in the East, were there none to keep him down, reaching as he did at higher matters. And with them joined the residue of gelded eunuchs within the court, whose covetousness and desire of having more still, was in those days grown out of all measure, who taking the opportunity of service and attendance in the privy and bed chamber, conveyed under hand by way of secret whispering, suggestions of matters, feeding feigned imputations: who also brought into disgrace that right * Vrsicinus. valiant man aforesaid, oppressing him with the heavy load of most grievous envy, muttering softly, That his sons, grown to be gentlemen of ripe years, began already to favour of the imperial rob, as being for their lovely parsonage and youthful years very gracious and highly favoured, to the manifold skill of arms and agility of body trained up and practised by daily essays & proofs of activity, known also for to be of discreet carriage and advised counsel: that Gallus of his own nature fell enough, was by certain persons suborned for the nonce, animated unto cruel acts for this cause, That after he was become odious, and had incurred the worthy detestation of all estates and degrees, the ensigns and ornaments imperial might be transferred unto the * Vrsicinus. master of the horsemen's children. When these and the like matters were once buzzing in his careful and timorous cares, exposed always and open to such rumours, whiles his mind was swelling and working divers ways; at the last upon counsel given he took the best course: and first he commanded Vrsicinus in very honourable terms to come unto him, pretending this, that, according as the urgent occasions and affairs of that time required, there might by joint counsel and consent a good order be set down, and namely, what increase of forces were requisite to repress the invasions of the Parthicke nations that threatened open war. And least before his coming he should suspect any harm toward him, Prosper a ˢ Comes was sent as his vicegerent or deputy, until he returned: who when he had received letters, and had a licence granted to take up wagons for carriage, he made great journeys, and hastened to Milan. It remained now, that after this, Caesar likewise should be sent for with speed: and for to put away all suspicion, Constantius by many fair and flattering words solicited his wife * Constantia, or Constantina. , now after so long time and so much desired and miss as she was, to come unto him. Who albeit she stood in doubt, as fearing him so often bloodily minded, yet in hope that she might appease and pacify him her natural brother, she taketh her journey: and when she was entered into Bythinia, in a certain * or baiting place, or lodging. station named Coenos Gallicanos, she died suddenly of a violent fever. After whose death, her husband seeing and considering that the trust and affiance wherewith he thought himself surely upheld was fallen, stood perplexed in pensive cogitation with himself what way to work. For in the present estate of his, so troublous, so entangled and brought into the briars, his careful mind ran ever upon this one thing, That Constantius measuring and weighing all according to his own will and pleasure, would neither admit satisfaction, nor pardon offence; but (as he was a prince too much bend to the overthrow of his kindred) closely lay snares for him, and if he took him once at unawares in a trip, would be sure to put him to death. Being brought to this hard exigent, and looking for no other than extremity, unless he watched the better, he made no more ado, but shot at the highest place of all, if means any way might have been made unto it. But for want of faithful dealing in his friends about him, forsaken he was in two respects; both for that they stood in great fear of him, a cruel and fickle minded prince, and also because they did much dread the fortune of Constantius, which in civil dissensions usually had the upper hand. Amid these huge heaps of infinite cares, letters he received continually from the Emperor, putting him in mind and praying him to come away, yea and showing (far otherwise than he meant) that the government of the Commonwealth neither could nor should be divided, but every man ought to his power for to lend his helping hand unto it, troubled as it was, and waving to fro; pointing herein at the wasting and spoiling of Gaul: to which reasons he alleged a precedent and example of no great antiquity, namely, that unto Dioclesian and his colleague, the ᵗ Caesar's not sitting still, but like * ●a Apparitores. Apparitours, sergeant, and such like ministers running up and down, yielded their obedience: as also that in Syria, Galerius ᵘ in his purple robes went on foot for the space almost of one mile before the chariot of the * Angusti. Emperor, when he was angry. Well, after many messengers, came Scudilo captain of the Squires, under the cloak of a nature somewhat rude and uncivil, in cunning persuasion his crafts-master, who by way of flattering words, intermingled with serious matter, was the only man of all other that overcame and won him at last to set forward in his journey, with a counterfeit countenance many times iterating & redoubling these speeches, That his cousin * Constantius the Emperor. german wished earnestly and desired to see him, ready as a mild and merciful prince to remit and forgive what faults and follies had escaped him: that he was taken to him as companion and partaker of his majesty, to the end he should be also a fellow labourer with him, whom both together the Northern provinces a long time out-toyled and wearied, called for. And, as it usually falleth out when the destinies lay hand on men, that their wits are made blunt and their senses dulled, by these allurements he was raised up again to the hope and expectation of better fortunes: and so departing out of Antioch in an ill hour, & without the guidance of God's favour, went just as the old proverb saith, out of the smoke into the light fire: and after he was entered into Constantinople, as in time of prosperity, like one secured of his estate, he exhibited the games of ˣ horserunning, and adorned the head of Corax the chariottier as victor, with a crown. Which when Constantius knew, beyond all measure he chafed: and lest peradventure the same Gallus, doubtful of the future events, might go about in his journey to attempt some means expedient for his own safety, all the soldiers were of purpose removed, who abode in the cities that stood in the way. And at that very time Taurus, a Quaestor sent into Armenia, confidently passed by and balked him, not vouchsafing to salute, or once to see him. Howbeit, some there came by commandment of the Emperor, in show of doing divers duties and services, but ready indeed to observe and keep him, that he might not be able once to break out nor attempt any stir secretly. Among whom was Leontius, governor of Rome afterwards, as * Vt Quaestor praefectus urbi. Quęstor or Treasurer for the time being; also Lucilianus, as it were * Quasi domesticorum comes. captain of the guard, and the * Scutariorum Tribunus Tribune of the Squires of the body, named Bainobaudes. Having therefore travailed a long way in the country, and the same lying plain, when he was entered into * Hadrianopoli. Hadrianopolis (a city of * A Region in Thracia. Haemimontum) called before time Vscudama, refreshing himself wearied with travail, for the space of twelve days, he understood that the * Thebaeas' legiones. Thebęan ʸ legions, wintering in the neighbour towns, had sent certain of their consorts and companions to encourage him upon their faithful and sure promises to stay behind. Trusting then confidently in his own strength, he bestoweth them in the stations, bordering & confining there together. But such was the watchful care and observing eye of those about him, that he could not catch any time or opportunity either to speak aught, or to hear what intelligences they brought. Then, after more letters still received one in the neck of another, urging him to be gone, having withal the use of ten wagons allowed by the State, according to a warrant given, leaving all the train of the palace, unless it were some gentlemen of the bedchamber, and servitors at the table, whom he had taken to him to give near attendance; all sorrowful now, and even made of miseries compelled he was to hasten his pace, by reason that many drove him forward, cursing ever and anon with shedding tears his own folly and inconsiderate rashness, which had put him now a despised and abject caitiff under the will and pleasure of weak and feeble persons. Yet amid these troubles, during the time that nature took her rest, his senses and spirits were wounded with dreadful spectres and fancies skreaking hideously round about him: and whole companies of those whom he had killed, with Domitian and Montius leading the way, caught him up, presented him to the hooks and claws of the Furies, as he imagined in his sleep. For the soul, loosened from the bonds of the body, being always fresh and in motion, never wearied, subject also to the cogitations and cares that disquiet men's minds, gathereth night visions, which we call Phantasias. And thus whiles a most heavy destiny opened the way of fatal necessity, whereby ordained before it was, that he should be deprived both of life and imperial dignity, having passed all the journeys between, by changing of fresh horses, he came to * Pettaw. Lazio. Petobio, a town of the * Bavaria, or Beyerne. Norici, where the whole knot of covert and hidden trains laid for him was discovered: and all on a sudden Barbatio the * Comes. Comes showed himself, he that under him had the charge of the * Domesticis praefuit. Guard in ordinary (together with Apodemius, a * Agentem rebus. Messenger ᵃ or Pursuivant) leading a number of soldiers whom the Emperor had selected, as engaged unto him by the favours and good turns that he had done unto them, assured that neither for reward nor pity they could be turned aside. And now went not he to work by way of shadowed and dissimuled deceit; but whereas the palace stood without the walls, he did beset it round about with armed men: and so entering into it before it was full day light, he took from Caesar all regal garments, and clad him in a coat and common soldiers cassock upon it, assuring him and binding it with many an oath, as it were by the emperors commandment, that he should not thenceforth sustain any harm: and forthwith, Rise up, quoth he: and so mounting him ere he was aware upon a private chariot, led him into Istria, near unto the town * otherwise called julia Pietas. Pola, where sometimes (as I have heard say) Crispus Constantius son was killed. And when he was kept there most straightly, not worth the ground he went on, but buried as one would say already (such was the terror of his end so near at hand) there cometh thither unto him in all haste Eusebius, at that time Lord great Chamberlain, with Pentadius the Notary, and Mellobaudes captain of the ᵇ Armature, by commandment from the Emperor, to compel him for to say and show particularly for what cause he had commanded every one of them to be killed that were put to death at Antioch? Whereto changing colour, and looking as pale as ᶜ Adrastus, he would have answered to this effect, That most of them he had murdered through the instigation of his wife Constantina: not knowing verily, that Alexander the great, when his mother lay hard upon him to kill a certain innocent person, and said oftentimes withal, in hope of obtaining afterward what she desired, how she carried him nine months in her womb; wisely gave her this answer: Good mother ask some other reward & recompense; for the life of a man is so dear, as no benefit can countervail it. Now the Emperor when he understood this, falling into an irreclamable fit of anger and wrath, reposed all the assurance and confidence he had of establishing his own security, in making him away. And sending Serenianus (who as we showed before standing indicted of the crime of Majesty, by means of certain subtle sleights and juggling casts was acquit) Pentadius also the Notary, and Apodemius the Messenger or Pursuivant abovesaid, adjudged him to suffer death, and to lose his head: and so with his hands bound and pinioned together, like unto some thief and malefactor, his head was smitten off: thus when the beauty of his face and head was gone, there lay the trunk of his deformed carcase left alone, which a little before was dread of cities and whole provinces. CHAP. XI. The equity of the heavenly power of God, showed in the variable fortune and death of some great personages, and of Gallus especially, is here recommended unto us. But here the equity and justice of the heavenly power above had a vigilant eye, as well on the one side as the other. For, not only it surprised Gallus suddenly with a cruel and bloody end, but also not long after both of them died a most painful death, who by their forswearing kindly deluding and beguiling Caesar, an offendor though he were, drew him on until he fell into the net and toil that cost him his life: of which twain, Scudilo by a distillation or colliquation of the liver casting up his lungs, died: and Barbatio, who a long time had falsely framed matter of crime against him, when, after he had been colonel of the Footmen, he was by the secret whisperings and suggestions of some charged to aspire and reach over-high, and hereof condemned, to make satisfaction unto Caesar's Manes, that by his fraudulent practice came to his end, sacrificed his own life by a reproachful death. These and an infinite sort of such like examples, Adrastia (who hath a twofold name, and is called also Nemesis) the revenger of wicked and ungodly acts, as also the rewarder of good deeds, worketh and bringeth about otherwhiles, and would God it did so always. A certain high power or authority of the mighty and operative heavenly Nature she is, according to the opinion and capacity of men's understandings, placed upon the sphere of the Moon: or, as some define her, a substantial Tuition or Defence, by a general power precedent over the particular destinies: who, as the ancient Divines or Theologers, feigning her to be the daughter of justice, do teach, by virtue of a certain hidden eternity overseeth all earthly things. She as Queen of causes, and judge of matters, she also as an umpire to arbitrate, tempereth and shaketh the pot of lots, making alternative turns and changes of accidents: and what our wills have enterprised and begun, bringing the same otherwhiles to another issue and end than they aimed at, she shuffleth and rolleth manifold actions together, by exchange of one for another. And the same power, with the insoluble bond and holdfast of necessity, binding the pride of mortal men, swelling in vain, and turning to and fro, as she knoweth full well, the weights of increments and detriments both, of risings & fall, one while presseth down and weakeneth the stiff necks of high minded men, another while raising up good men from below, advanceth them to an happy life. Now hath fabulous antiquity therefore fitted wings to her, that by her flight-swiftnesse she might be thought present in all places: and given her the helm or rudder of a ship to carry before her, yea, and put a wheel under her, that it might not be unknown, how she running through all the elements ruleth the universal world. Well, Caesar being weary even of himself, by this kind of untimely death departed out of this life in the nine and twentieth year of his age, when he had reigned four years. Borne he was among the tuscans in * It keepeth still the same name. Ortel. Massa Veternensis, whose father was Constantius, the brother of Constantine the Emperor, and his mother Galla, sister unto Rufinus and Cerealis, noble Consuls in their time, and honourable governors of provinces: a man of a goodly presence and well favoured, of comely shape and feature of body, his limbs straight and proportionably compact: the hair of his head yellow, and beard soft, by reason that the down was but newly come upon his tender cheeks, yet so, as that he carried betimes a manly countenance: in manners and behaviour as much difference there was between him and his brother julian, as between Vespasians sons, Domitian and Titus. Being lifted up to the highest degree of honour that Fortune could give him, he had experience of those mutable motions of hers which play and make good game with men; now extolling some to the very starry sky, then plunging them down into the deep pit of Cocytus: whereof there being innumerable examples, yet will I lightly touch and run over but some few. This variable and unconstant Fortune, made Agathocles the Sicilian of a Potter a King: and * Dion●sius Tyrant of Sicily. Denis, that terror sometime of the world, to be the master of a Grammar school. This advanced to an high estate Andriscus the Adramittene, borne in a * or Fulling mill: a Fuller's son. Walke-myll, under the name of * The false and counterfeit name of Philip. Pseudo-Philippus ᵈ: and the lawful son of Perseus she taught the Ferrars craft, for to get his living. The same Fortune, caused Mancinus, after he had been Lord general of the field, and an absolute Commander, to be subject to the Numantines: Veturius and Claudius, proud and stout in the highest degree, to stoop unto the Corsi: Regulus also to yield unto the cruelty of Carthage. By the iniquity and hard dealing of Fortune, Pompey, after he had gotten the surname * Great. Magnus, was killed in Egypt, at the pleasure of gelded eunuchs. And one Eunus, a very slave, kept hard to work in a house of correction, had the leading of fugitives in Sicily. And by the connivency of this very same Lady of the world, how many men of high birth and noble parentage, have submissively embraced the knees of Viriatus or Spartacus? How many heads, that all nations did fear, have bloody executioners severed from their shoulders? One is led captive in chains; another is promoted to the rule of some high place that he never hoped for; another again is cast down from the highest pitch of dignity. All which examples, if any man would know how many and sundry they be, and how ordinarily they fall out, he may as well (like a witless fool as he is) be able to number and tell the sands, or to weigh and poise the mountains. THE XV. BOOK. CHAP. 1. Constantius upon the execution of Gallus, become more fierce and outrageous, and by the wily and subtle devises of sycophants in the Court undone and overthrown, goeth about to kill Vrsicinus, julianus, and Gorgonius, men of especial Nobility. THus far forth, according as we could search out the truth, and what we might not for our years see ourselves, learn in some sort, though obscurely, by inquiring of such as were conversant in place, have we reported, declaring the order and process of divers occurrents: the rest, which the text ensuing shall lay abroad, we will to our ability perform and perfect more exactly, not fearing at all the backbiters and depravers of this so long a work, as they hold it. For brevity is then commendable, when cutting off impertinent and unseasonable delays, it defalketh nothing from the knowledge of necessary and material points. Gallus was not yet at Noricum, devested out of his royal robes, when Apodemius, the very firebrand and kindler of all broils so long as he lived, caught up his shoes, and carrying them away, riding post with quick change of horses, that through excessive enforcement he might spoil and kill some, came to Milan, as a fore runner to tell the news: and being entered into the palace, threw them down at Constantius his feet, as if they had been the king of the Parthians spoils. And when sudden tidings were brought, giving intelligence of this unexpected business, and of so great weight and difficulty, with such facility fully performed to his mind; those that bore the greatest sway in the Court employing all their study and desire of pleasing, as the manner is, to flattery, extolled the virtue and felicity of the Emperor up to the sky: at whose beck two princes, namely, Veteranio and Gallus, although at divers times were in manner of common soldiers, and no better, thus cassed. With the exquisite and fine affectation of which fair words, he being lifted up and supposing confidently, that from thenceforth he should be freed from all displeasures and harms incident unto mortal men, forth with declined from justice so intemperately, that now and then he would not stick to avouch and maintain that same Eternity so much spoken of; in inditing and writing with his own hand, termed himself Lord of the whole world: which if other men had said, he for his part ought to have taken it in foul scorn and indignity, as who laboured withal earnest endeavour, as he gave it out, to frame his life, and compose his behaviour to the example and pattern of civil princes. For, say that he did rule those infinite worlds of Democritus his making, which by the inciting of Anaxarchus, Alexander the great dreamt of, he should have considered this withal, by reading or hearing, that (as all the Mathematicians with one accord agree) the compass of the whole earth, which unto us seemeth unmeasurable, compared to the greatness of the universal world, is no more than a little prick. And now by this time, after the horrible fall of Caesar thus put to death, whiles the trumpet of judicial dangers sounded the alarm, Vrsicinus was accused of high treason, for that envy, hurtful to all good men, grew more and more to the prejudice of his life and estate. For, surcharged he was with this one difficulty, in that the emperors ears, fast stopped for admitting any equal plea and reasonable defence, lay open to the secret suggestions of close enemies, who devised, That the foresaid General, now that the name of Constantius became quite forgotten in all the tracts of the East, was much miss and wished for both at home and abroad, as the only dreadful enemy unto the Persian nation. But the magnanimous knight stood unmooveable against all accidents whatsoever, very heedful and wary, that he might not seem over-basely to cast himself down in despair: yet grieving & groaning at the very heart, that innocency had no sure place of safe repose; and in this one regard more heavily appaied, for that his friends, who heretofore flocked about him, were revolted to the mightier side, much like unto officers and sergeants, that according to the custom, are wont to go from their old masters to new magistrates their successors. Moreover, his colleague Arbetio, under a fair show of counterfeit courtesy, and by calling him many times a valiant warrior (as he was passing skilful in laying trains for to entrap a man of plain and simple conversation, and withal in those days of great authority) proved his heavy friend, and set himself sore against him. For, like as a serpent under the ground, lying close hidden within his hole, and observing every one that passeth by, fiercely on a sudden assaileth them: even so he, joining his office also in warfare unto the power that he had to hurt, being neither harmed at any time, nor so much as provoked by him, polluted his conscience with an unsatiable will and purpose to do mischief. Well, forced he is, making some few captains privy to his secrets, closely to break with the Emperor, and to reveal his mind. Agreed it had been, that in the night following Vrsicinus carried violently away far out of the sight of the soldiers, should be killed without any condemnation: even as in times past, by report, ᵃ Domitius Corbulo, a trusty and wise defender of the provinces, was murdered in that troublous confusion that happened in Nero's days. This plot thus laid, and the match set, when those that were appointed to do the feat waited the time aforesaid, suddenly this counsel turned to be more mild, and commandment was given to put off so wicked an act unto a second consultation. And so from him, the whole engine of forging calumniations, was turned upon julian, newly brought thither (a renowned prince afterwards) and entangled within a twofold crime, as the iniquity and unjustice of men deemed it: first, for that from Marcelli-Fundus, a place lying in Cappadocia, he had flitted into Asia, upon a desire he had to learn the liberal sciences: and again, because he had seen his * Ga●●us. brother as he passed by, through Constantinople. Who when he cleared himself of these imputations, and showed that he had done neither of these two things without warrant, yet at the urgent suit of a cursed crew of flatterers, he had died for it, but that by the gracious favour of the heavenly power, Eusebia the * The Empress. Queen stood his friend, by whose means he was brought to the town * Como. Comum, near to Milan, and after he had abode there a little while, permitted to travail into Greece according to his ardent desire, for to study and apply his wit to learning. Neither wanted there henceforth matters arising out of these cases, which while they were to be punished by order of law, it would have displeased them to have had a good and fortunate issue: or else fell away without effect as void and vain. But it happened sometimes, that the rich seeking for succour at greater and mightier men's hands, and cleaving close unto them as yvie doth to tall trees, bought their discharge and delivery at an exceeding high rate: whereas the poorer sort, who had small means or none at all to defend their lives, were condemned downright, without all order: and therefore both truth was disguised and masked with lies, and divers times also false and forged matters went currant for true. At the very same time was Gorgonius also brought into question, he that had the charge of Caesar's bedchamber committed unto him: and when it appeared upon confession, that he had been a party in those enterprises and designs of his, yea, and otherwhiles a setter and causer of them, yet through the complotting and practising of the gelded eunuchs, whiles justice was shadowed with lies finely framed, he wound himself out of danger, and went his ways clear. CHAP. 11. Those that had taken part with Gallus, together with many innocent persons, are cruelly punished. Some that in taking their cups liberally had blurted out some foolish words against Constantius, were therefore put to dolorous torments, and kept in close prison. WHiles matters thus pass at Milan, brought there were to Aquileia out of the East martial men by whole troops and companies, together with a number of * Belonging to Gallus aforotime, Courtiers, their limbs ready to fall in sunder among their chains, drawing with much ado that little breath which remained, and in so manifold calamities and distresses detesting longer life. For charged they were to have been Gallus his ministers and right hands, in all his outrages; and by them it was thought verily, that Domitian was mangled and torn in pieces; that Montius also, and others after them, were hastily brought to utter destruction. To the hearing of their cause was Arbora sent, and Eusebius, then chief Chamberlain, both of them men given to inconsiderate craking and boasting, unjust alike, and bloodily minded: who having no deep insight into matters, without putting any difference between the innocent and the guilty, condemned some, after scourging or other tortures endured, to live in banishment; others they thrust down to the meanest place of warre-service, the rest they adjudged to suffer death. Thus, when they had pestered the funeral places with dead bodies, they returned (as it were) in triumph, relating what worthy acts they had achieved, unto the prince; who in these and such like matters was openly seen to persist stiff, resolute, and rigorous. Hereupon and thenceforth Constantius minding more violently (as one would say) to break and foredoe the prescript, order, and course of the destinies, discovering what was within his breast, lay exposed to the perilous conspiracies of many: whereby there suddenly showed themselves a number that hunted and listened after rumours, gaping with greedy bit at the very highest, and such as were in most honourable places: afterwards also at poor and rich indifferently, not licking in manner of hounds the tribunal of one only Lord Lieutenant, like unto those ᵇ Cybirate brethren that attended upon Verres, but afflicting and plaguing all parts of the whole Commonwealth, by reason of mischiefs that still happened. Among whom Paulus and Mercurius were without all question the principal, the one a Persian, the other borne in * A large country, containing in these days Transylvania, Walachia, and Moldavia. Dacia; Paulus a Notary, Mercurius a Minister * 〈…〉 rationalis minister. belonging to the Auditor's office. And verily this Paulus, as hath been showed before, had the byname of Catena imposed upon him, for that he was so cunning in framing and knitting malicious accusations together, that they could not be undone; sowing pestilent poisons, and sundry ways doing mischief, like as some skilful wrestlers are wont in their wrestle to hold fast by the heel. As for Mercurius, called commonly Captain of Smell-Feasts, for that like unto a dog softly and closely let in, ready upon an inward naughty property to give a snatch, and to bite, yet wagging his tail, he used to thrust himself often into feasts and companies, and if it chanced that any man had told aught unto his friend that he had seen in his sleep, what time as nature rangeth at more liberty, the same with his venomous arts he would set a worse colour upon, and so convey it into the open ears of the Emperor: and for this cause the man obnoxious (as it were) unto an inevitable offence, was troubled with the heavy load of blame and crimination. Now, when the common bruit made the most of these things, so far was any one from uttering his dreams in the night, that men durst scarcely confess in the presence of strangers that they slept at all: And some of the learned sort lamented, that they had not been borne among the Atlantaei, where, by report, there are no dreams seen: but whereof that should come, leave we to them that are of greatest knowledge in natural causes. During these horrible kinds of inquisitions and executions there arose in * Sclavonia. Illyricum another mischief; which beginning upon foolish and vain words, proceeded to the danger of many persons. Within the province of Africanus, ruling over * Now within Hu●●gatie. Pannonia Secunda, some boon companions in * Sirmisch, Ortel. Sirmium having taken their cups very liberally until they were well whittled, supposing no man to be by for to hear their talk, fell freely to finding fault with the present government of the Empire, as most grievous and heavy to the subjects. Of these good fellows some gave out and affirmed (as it were) by certain presaging signs which they went by, That the wishedfor alteration and change of the times were at hand: others in an unadvised humour of folly fed themselves with this conceit, That the Auguries of their ancestors were significant and meant by them. Out of the number of which men, Gaudentius, a brainsick fellow, and one that in great matters used foolishly to run all on the head, had given information hereof as of a serious matter unto Rufinus, than the head and principal in the * 〈…〉. office of Praefectus Praetorio, a man at all times affectionately given to entertain the worst matters; and besides, for his inbred lewdness notorious. No sooner was he advertised hereof, but immediately (as if he had been winged to fly) he sped him in all haste to the Emperor's * 〈◊〉, or Coun●ell. Court, and set him so hotly on a light sire (being a prince ready enough to give ear and belief to such manner of suspicions) that without any deliberation at all of the thing, both Africanus, and all the rest also present at this deadly supper, were commanded to be hoist on high upon the rack. This done, the said detestable informer, desirous still (as the manner is of men) and more hotly set upon things unlawful and forbidden, had commandment to continue that business which he had in hand for two years, according as he required. Well, Teutomeres, a * Protector domesticus. Soldier of the emperors guard in ordinary, together with his Colleague, was sent to apprehend them, who according to a warrant and commission brought them all loaden with chains. But when they were come as far as to Aquilcia, Marinus, * Ex campiductore. late a trainer of Soldiers, and then * Vacans. out ᵉ of ordinary, the beginner of that mischievous talk, and otherwise a man of a hot spirit, whose hap was to be left in a tavern, whiles things necessary for their journey were a making ready, by chance met with a knife, and stabbed himself therewith into the side, and presently plucking forth his vital parts, died. The rest were brought through to Milan, and after they had been put to cruel torture, confessing by force of torments, that in their merriment and among their cups they had uttered some saucy and malapert words, commandment was given, they should lie fast in prison, with some hope (though it were but doubtful) of delivery. As for those of the guard abovesaid, after sentence pronounced to avoid the country and live in exile, (for that Marinus, with their privity, was permitted to die) at the suit of Arbetio obtained pardon. CHAP. III. War against the Lentienses, a people of Alemaine. The description of the Lake Brigantia. The Roman army discomfited and put to flight, having within a while after vanquished the Alemans', returned to Milan, there to winter. THis matter thus ended, within a while after war was denounced against the * Lintzgoewer. Scudo. Lentienses, people of Alemaine, who oftentimes broke into the marches of the Romans, and made roads all abroad. To which expedition the Emperor being gone forth, came to the * Schwaben and Grawpuntner, or Grisoni. Ortelius readeth rather Cani than Canini. Rhaetiae and Campi Canini. And after long and sage consultation had, this was thought to be a course both honest and profitable to all, That Arbetio General of the Horsemen taking part of the footmen, and coasting along the sides of the lake * Bodensee. Ortel. Brigantia with the stronger power of the army, should march on thither, presently to affront and encounter the Barbarians: the description of which place I will briefly set down, as far as my reason will give me leave. Between the winding of high hills Rhine running in and out with a mighty strong stream, holdeth on his course through the * Rhinwalder. Scudo. Lepontij, and runneth by the downefals of water in manner of Nilus, with a swift current swelling immediately from his first head where he beginneth, and so with store of his own water violently passeth forward in one single channel, and no more. And now by this time augmented with snow, melted and resolved into water, and rasing as it goes the high banks with their curving reaches, entereth into a round and vast lake (which the Rhaetians dwelling thereby, call Brigantia) carrying in length four hundred and threescore * The great furlongs, whereof 8. make a mile. stadia, and in breadth well near as much; whereto there is no access by land, for the thick grown, shady, and unpleasant woods (unless it be where that ancient and sober valour of the Romans made a broad way) whiles both the nature of the ground and rigour also of the air impeached the Barbarians. This Mere therefore, the river, with frothing whirlpools breaking into and running through the still and standing water thereof, cutteth quite in the midst as it were just between two equal sides, throughout to the very end, and like unto an element severed apart by an everlasting discord, without increasing or diminishing one whit the stream that it carried in, saving both name and strength whole, maketh an end of his race; neither afterwards suffereth he the meeting or fellowship of other rivers, but entereth of himself into the gulf of the main Ocean. And that which is a very great wonder, neither is the lake once stirred with that violent stream running through it, nor yet the river stayed in his hasty course, for all the muddy filth of the lake: and howsoever they be confounded together, yet are they not mixed into one body, which if the very sight did not prove to be so, a man would not believe by any means they could be parted one from the other. Thus Alpheus * Orphea, or Rophea. rising in Arcadia, for love he beareth to the fountain Arethusa, cutting quite through the Ionian sea, runneth forward, as fables do report, to the very confines of his beloved. Arbetio not expecting until the messengers came to bring word of the Barbarians coming, although he knew that the beginnings of wars were usually very sharp, fell within the danger of a privy ambush, and with this sudden and unlooked for mischief was strucken (as it were) stone dead. Mean while were the enemies discovered leaping forth of their starting holes, and without any intermission shot & sticked with many kinds of darts whomsoever they could find: for neither was any of our side able to resist, nor to hope for other means to save their lives but by speedy flight. Wherefore, our soldiers being wholly bend to the avoiding of wounds, in a disorderly march scattering one from another to and fro, offered their backs to take all blows and harms. Howbeit, the most of them dispersing themselves through the narrow lanes, and rid out of present danger by help of the dark night, upon the return of the day light, after they had refreshed their strength, betook themselves every man to their own ranks and files. In this so heavy and unlooked for mischance, a very great number of soldiers, and ten Tribunes besides, were missing: upon which defeature, the Alemans' taking more heart to them, and very stoutly every day approaching near unto the Romans fortifications, whiles the morning mists dimmed the light, ran up and down braving with their drawn swords, grating their teeth, and letting fly big and proud menaces. Then on a sudden the * Scutarij. Targuetiers, who sallied forth, when by reason of the troops of enemy's affronting them, they were driven back, and at a stand, provoked all their fellows with one mind and resolution to fight it out. But when the greater part of them were affrighted by the example of the foil so fresh and lately received, and Arbetio, supposing all behind would be safe enough, held off; three Tribunes at once lustily issued forth, Arintheus * Ag●ns vicem 〈…〉 rectoral deputy colonel of the Armature: also Seniauchus, who had the charge of the * 〈…〉 horsemen's troops, ᵈ belonging to the Comites: and Bappo, leading the ᵉ Promoti * Promotos. , together with those that the Emperor had committed to his conduct. The common cause as well as their own particular put them forward, whiles they jointly altogether resolved to resist the force of the adverse part, after the example of the ancient inhabitants bordering upon the river: and so coming upon their enemies, not by way of a set battle, but in running skirmishes, after the manner of Brigands, they put them all to shameful flight: who dispersed and in disarray upon the opening of their ranks, whiles they make haste to escape with their heavy load encumbered, were forced to disarm and lay their bodies bare, and so with many a blow and thrust of swords and spears, down they went, and were slain: and many of them slain horse and man together, even as they lay, seemed still to sit fast upon their backs. At which sight all those issued by heaps out of the camp, who made doubt before to go forth to battle with their fellows: and now unmindful of taking heed to save themselves, they beat down and trod under foot the barbarous sort (unless they were such as made shift, by running away, to escape death) trampling upon the heaps of dead bodies, and imbrued with the blood of their slain enemies. Thus when the battle was done and ended, the Emperor with triumph and joy returned to Milan, there to winter. CHAP. 1111. The wicked designments of some principal courtiers against Silvanus, a most valiant warrior and captain. AFter this, there ariseth in the afflicted state of the Commonwealth, with like mischief unto the provinces, a tempestuous whirlwind of new calamities, like to have destroyed all at once, had not Fortune, the governess of human chances, dispatched a trouble exceedingly feared, by a quick and speedy issue. What time as Gaul through long neglect endured grievous massacres, pillages, and wasting by fire, so long as the barbarous nations licentiously made havoc, and no man did set to his helping hand, Silvanus * Pedestris militia rector. Colonel of the Infantry, moved with anger hereat, and of power sufficient to redress these outrages, first made head against them: and Arbetio was earnest by all means possible he could to have this service set forward with all speed, to the end that he might lay upon the shoulders of his concurrent now absent, and whom it grieved him not a little to continue still quiet, the charge of a weighty and dangerous affair. The * Actuarius sarclnalium principi● iumentorum. Clerk or Master of the prince's sumpter-horses and carriages [ * By that which followeth I am bold to supply thus much. named Dynamius] had requested of him commendatory letters unto divers of his friends, as one that would seem most inward unto him, and of his familiar acquaintance. Having obtained this request (for the other suspecting no harm, had simply granted it) he kept the letters by him, thereby to work some mischief in time convenient. Whiles therefore the Colonel aforesaid was employed for the good of the Commonwealth in traversing the country up and down in Gaul, and repelling the Barbarians, distrusting themselves already, & put in fear, * By this it seemeth that this whole passage is defective or corrupted. the same Dynamius, being of a stirring and unquiet spirit, like unto a wily fox, and practised in deceit, deviseth a godless and fraudulent plot: having as an abettor under hand and privy thereunto (as the flying rumours went) Lampadius the * Praefect. Praefect, and Eusebius who had been * Comite rei privatae, or keeper of his privy purse. Treasurer ᶠ of the Exchequer, and was commonly known by the surname of Mattiocopa, together with Aedilius, late Master ᵍ of the Rolls or Records, whom the said Praefect had taken order for to be substituted Consuls, as his nearest friends: and having with a sponge wiped out the rues of the letters, and left the subscription only untouched, he writeth above it another text far different from the true and original copy; to this effect, as if Silvanus in dark terms requested and exhorted his friends, conversing within the palace, or living private (among whom was Thuscus Albinus also, and many more) to aid him now, enterprising higher matters, and intending shortly to climb up to the imperial throne. Thus plotted he this counterfeit pack at his pleasure, meaning thereby to endanger the life of the innocent man. Now was Dynamius also * Prafectus. est. appointed as chief Commissioner to search into these matters for the Emperor: who craftily working and contriving these and such like things, entereth alone into the most inward and privy room of the Consistory, hoping by taking advantage of his time, to bind fast enough the right watchful * Silvanus. keeper of the emperors life and estate. And after he had read in the Consistory the contents of the said letters so craftily and cunningly patched together, the Tribunes were commanded to ward, and those private persons to be brought out of the provinces, whose names the letters imported. And streightwaies Malarichus, Captain of the company or band of * Gentilium rector. Gentiles, calling to him his colleagues, took on exceedingly, and cried out, That men employed in the State, and appointed to place of command, ought not thus to be circumvented through factions and cunning casts: he requested withal, That himself (leaving as pledges his nearest allies and dearest friends, and having Mallobaudes Tribune or Captain of the * Armaturarum tribuno. Armature his surety, to undertake for him, that he should speedily return) might have commission to go and bring with him Silvanus, who had not gone about once to attempt any such matter, as those most bitter wait-layers had raised of him: or, on the other side, he promising the like for his part, besought, that Mallobaudes might be suffered to take a speedy journey, and himself would perform as much as he undertook. For, he protested thus much of his own assured knowledge, that in case any stranger were sent of this errand, Silvanus, a man of his own nature very timorous, even where there was no matter of great fear, might happily work some trouble in the quiet State. And albeit the advise he gave was expedient and necessary, yet spoke he (as it were) to the winds in vain. For, through the counsel of Arbetio, sent there was, with letters to call him, Apodemius, a cankered enemy of long time to all good men: who lighting upon the * Principi. prince in Gaul, and swerving from the directions agreed upon and given unto him at his setting forth, without sight of Silvanus, or warning him by delivery of letters to come, there remained: and joining unto him an Auditor or Receiver, as if the said Colonel of the Footmen had been already out of protection and at the point to be put to death, in very hostile rage abused his tenants retainers and servants. In this time nevertheless, whiles the presence of Silvanus was hoped for, and Apodemius troubleth the peace, Dynamius, that he might by a stronger argument maintain the truth of his wicked plot, dispatched other letters (made of purpose agreeable in all points to those which he had presented unto the Emperor by the * Per Praf●●●●●on. Pręfect) unto the * Ad 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Cremenensis. Master of the Work house or Forge at ʰ Cremona, in the name of Silvanus and Malarichus; by which the said Master was put in mind (as one privy unto their secret designs) to provide all things with expedition. Who having read the same, sticking and doubting a good while what this should mean (for he remembered not, that these persons whose letters he had received ever communed with him about any such secret business) returneth the very same missives by the carrier who brought them, and a soldier with him, unto Malarichus, praying him to explain his meaning openly, and not to write in so dark terms: for he assured him, that himself being somewhat rude, and a simple man, understood not what was so obscurely signified unto him. Malarichus, when he had quickly found out thus much, being even then sorrowful and sad, and grievously bewailing the hard hap both of himself and of Silvanus his countryman, taking to him the Frankes, who flourished in numbers at that time in the palace, spoke now more boldly, and made an uproar, for that the train laid and the faiterous plot was come to light, by which it must needs be granted, that their blood was sought. These matters being known, the Emperor gave order (whiles those of the ⁱ Consistory and all the men of war in general considered of the business) there should be further enquiry and search made. And when the judges had enough thereof, and began to loathe the thing, Florentius the son of Nigrianus, in * Agens tunc pro magistro officiirum. place then of under ᵏ Master of the Offices, viewing diligently the writing, and finding certain remains of the old pricks or accents over the letters; perceived then, that of the former contents new furbished, there was another made far different from the tenor of that which Silvanus had indited; and the same set to in am thereof, according to the will and pleasure of a pack of false forgers. Therefore after this mist of fraud and deceit was scattered and dispatched, the Emperor being truly informed by a faithful relation made unto him, commandeth the * Prafectum. Praefect, after he was deprived of his authority, to be brought judicially into question, and have his trial accordingly: but by the painful travail and consent of many, he was acquit. As for Eusebius, late Treasurer of the prince's Exchequer, being stretched on high upon the rack, he said, That all these matters were broached and set on foot with his privity: For Aedesius stiffly denying that he knew not what was done, went his way as guiltless. So this business was ended, and all they discharged, whom the information made of the crime had caused to be presented and brought into question: and Dynamius, as one for his excellent skill and cunning made renowned, carried away with him the dignity of a ¹ * Correctoris. Corrector. Thuscus also was commanded to reform the rest of the credulous prince his military train. CHAP. V. Silvanus through the unreasonable abuse offered unto him by his adversaries, was driven to plot and take violent courses, and in Gaul mounteth up to the imperial dignity, and so at length is slain. WHiles these matters were thus in handling, Silvanus making his abode in * now Colein. Agrippina, and taking full knowledge by continual messengers from his friends, what Apodemius was practising to endanger his whole estate; knowing also well enough the pliant mind of the prince, easy to be induced and persuaded in the said cause; and fearing withal, least absent as he was, without sentence passed against him, he might be held attaint and guilty; plunged thus into a very great extremity, thought for to commit himself to the fidelity and protection of the Barbarians. But when Laniogaisus then a Tribune (who only while he served in the wars as a * not yet promoted to place of command. Candidat, was, as I have written before, with Constans lying at point of death) prohibited him, and showed, That the Frankes, from whom he was descended, would surely either kill, or else for a reward received betray him; supposing, as his present case stood, there was no safety for him, put himself upon his utmost shifts: and so, after he had by little and little in secret wise conferred with the heads or captains of the * the chief officers of the army. Principia, and they again earnestly endeavoured the same, in consideration of a great reward promised, took forcibly away with him the ensigns of ᵐ Dragons and other banners for the time, and mounted up to the imperial dignity. Now, whiles these things pass in Gaul, toward the latter end of the day, unexpected news came to Milan, declaring in plain words, That Silvanus, whiles of a Colonel of Footmen he endeavoureth to climb higher, by soliciting of the army to his side, was advanced to be Emperor. Constantius being with this weighty and unlooked for accident strucken no less than with a thunderbolt of fatal destiny, called a counsel about midnight, and all the chief officers and rulers hastened into the palace. And when every man was to seek what to advise or speak to the point, namely, to make choice what ought to be done; mention softly was made of Vrsicinus, as a most worthy man for his policy in war affairs, and one who had been provoked, upon no * Frustra. desert of his, with grievous injury: sent for he was by the chief gentleman usher, a thing usually done by way of great honour: and no sooner was he entered into the Counsel chamber, but the purple rob was presented unto him: and so they set him as a suppliant at the emperors feet, after the manner of foreign kings, whereas we read that always before, our Emperors were saluted like judges. Thus he, who a little before with malicious and spiteful railing was termed the * Orientis vorago. Swallowing-pit or Waster of the East, yea, and complained of for aspiring to usurp the sovereign place by the means of his sons; then (forsooth) became a most politic and wise leader, as who had been a fellow-souldior with Constantine the Great: and he alone was called for to quench the fire by good and honest means (I must needs say) yet covertly and by way of a train. For great care was had, and diligence used, that Silvanus might be destroyed as a most strong and arrant traitor to the State: or, if that should miss, yet Vrsicinus, already exulcerate, and carrying rancour in his heart, be utterly abolished, to the end that no scruple should remain behind, greatly to be feared. Therefore, whiles order was in giving to make haste and set forward on his journey, as the said General went about to repeal and confute the crimes that had been objected unto him, the Emperor by way of prevention with a mild speech stayed him, saying, It was no time then to go in hand for to traverse any cause, or put in his plea for defence, considering the necessity of urgent occurrents, which was to be mitigated before it grew more; enforced rather, that on both sides they should grow to terms of former concord and old love. After much debating therefore and long deliberation, this point was principally handled, What device to use, that Silvanus might think the Emperor had as yet no knowledge of his designs and doings? there being at length a probable matter found out to assure him thereof, advised he is by letters penned in honourable terms, That when he had received Vrsicinus as his successor, he should return with his whole power and authority untouched. These things thus digested, straightways was this colonel or captain commanded to take his journey: and forth he led with him in company to assist him in the necessary and public affairs of the State, ten of the * Protectores domest●os. emperors guard in ordinary, according as he had demanded: Of which number, * Am Marcellinus, the author of this History. I also myself was one, together with my Colleague Verianus; all the rest were kinsmen, or allies and familiar friends. Now, so soon as he was gone forth of the country, every man, in fear of himself, accompanied him a great way off. And albeit we, as those that are to fight with wild beasts, were cast before untractable savages; yet weighing thoroughly, that this one good thing yet evil and heavy precedents have, That they substitute and bring in their place fortunate events; we admired that notable sentence of Tully, delivered and published even from the eternal Oracle of Truth itself, in this wise: And albeit (quoth he) most wished it were to be, that our fortune always continued upright, flourishing and prosperous, yet hath not that condition of life so much sense and feeling of the own good, as when from a woeful and desperate case there is a return of fortune again to a better and happier estate. We make the more speed therefore, and take great journeys, to the end that the ambitious * Ma●ister ar●orū. he meaneth Solvarus whom before he called Rectorem pedestris militia, Colonel of the Infantry. Commander of the Forces, before any rumour of his usurping tyranny passed by the Italians, in the coasts and marches suspected might appear. But for all the running hast we made, a certain wandering and flying fame had gotten the start of us, and bewrayed the thing; so that being entered into Agrippina, we found all above our reach. For by reason of a multitude of people, who (from all parts thither assembled) were in grounding sure the enterprises so hastily begun, besides other great forces gathered together, as the present state required; we took this to be the better way, That our pitiful and lamentable leader * Vrsicinus. should be framed and accommodate to the mind and will of this new Emperor, who assured himself by vain mockeries of pręsaging signs, that his strength increased: and all to this end, that whiles with sundry counterfeit shows of flattery his security proked him forward to a milder course, he fearing no hostility at all, might be deceived. But the issue of this our project seemed difficult and dangerous. For, indeed, it would have stood better with good policy and our safety, to take heed that our desires might have had a correspondency with opportunity, neither running before nor lagging behind it: which if they should break out before their due time, sure we were all, by virtue of one writ or word, to suffer death. Howbeit, the said captain of ours being mildly received, and forced (the present business itself requiring no less) to bow down and stoop, yea, and to adore in solemn wise (as the manner is) him that aspired so high to the purple rob, was especially regarded and made much of: and being now most inward (as having easy and ready access unto him and the honour to sit at his royal table) such pre-eminence he had above others, that by this time he was used in secret consultation about the main points of importance, and the very Empire itself. Silvanus took it to the heart, that when unworthy persons were advanced to the dignity of Consuls, and other honourable places of high government, himself and Vrsicinus alone, after so great and manifold pains endured for the weal public, were so despised; that he for his part cruelly abused by sifting and examining his familiar friends, and that under a base manner of proceeding and trial, should be accused of treason: and the other again, through the malice and hatred of his enemies haled out of the East, and brought home. These continual complaints made he both secretly and in open place. And yet for all these and such like speeches, terrified were we with the mutinous grumbling on every side of the soldiers, alleging their want, and hotly set in all the haste to break through the straits of the * Monte Genebre, or Mont Cenis. Cottian Alpes. In this perplexity and doubtful trouble of heart we closely cast about and sought for some device like to take effect; and in the end, after many alterations of our mind by reason of fear, resolved thus, That when we had with great industry gotten wary ministers, and bound our communication with a religious oath and protestation, there should be solicited the Braccati and Cornuti ⁿ, companies wavering in their allegiance, and for large hire mutable and ready to turn every way. After therefore that this business was made sure, by means of certain base mediators and brokers between, who for their obscure condition were meet to work the feat, and set on fire beside with the expectation of rewards, when the Sun was now arising, suddenly a crew of armed men breaketh forth: and as it falleth out in such doubtful cases, being more bold and hardy after they had slain the warders, entered into the palace, plucked Silvanus forth of a little chapel, whither he was fled all amated and breathless, and as he was going to a congregation of the Christian Religion, with many strokes of swords slew him outright. Thus a brave leader, and a man of no mean desert, died this kind of death, even for fear of slanderous accusations, wherewith by the faction of his enemies he was in his absence ensnared and entangled; so that for the safety of his life he was driven to proceed unto the utmost extremity of all shifts. For, albeit in regard of that issuing forth of his so seasonably with young and gallant soldiers before the battle at Mursa, he held Constantius obliged unto him for a good turn, yet feared he him as a prince variable and uncertain; although he might pretend the valiant acts of Bonitius also his father, a Frank verily, and who in the civil war behaved himself many times right manfully, taking part with Constantine against the * The faction of Licinius the usurper. Licinians. Now, it happened so, that before any such matter was a working in Gaul, the people in the greatest Cirque or Shewplace at Rome (whether upon any ground of reason, or moved by some pręsage it was unknown) cried out with loud voice, Silvanus is vanquished. CHAP. VI Constantius through the great and glorious words of Flatterers, exalted now as it were up to the sky, exerciseth cruelty upon noble personages. Leontius represseth a seditious uproar raised in the city. A Roman bishop named Liberius, for favouring Athanasius bishop of Alexandria, is put from his See, and expelled the City. WHen Silvanus therefore was thus slain, as hath been related, at Agrippina, and the Emperor had taken knowledge thereof with exceeding great joy (as he was a prince made altogether of insolent pride and vanity) he ascribed this also to the prosperous train and course of his own felicities; holding on still his old manner, which was evermore to hate men of action and valiant, as Domitianus did in times passed yet desirous by any contrary slight whatsoever to overthrow them. Nay, so far was he from praising his industrious acts, that he wrote how he had intercepted somewhat out of the treasure in Gaul, which in truth no man ever had once touched. And this commanded he to be searched narrowly into; questioning about it with Remigius also, then * Rationario apparitions armorum magistri. Auditor or Receiver to the office belonging to the said colonel [Silvanus] whose fortune it was long after in the days of Valentinian to lose his * For he hanged himself. life by the halter, in the matter of the embassage of Tripoli. These things thus finished, Constantius, as one that now touched heaven with his head, and were to command all human chances, was puffed up with the lofty speeches and big swelling words of flatterers, the number of whom himself increased, and namely by despising and rejecting those that were not so cunning as others in that kind: as we read of Croesus, that he therefore thrust Solon by the head and shoulders out of his kingdom, because he could not skill of soothing him up in his humour: also, that * Dionysius. Denis threatened to put Philoxenus the Poet to death, for that when all others praised him as he recited his own absurd verses and such as carried no grace with them, he alone was never moved at the hearing of them: a thing that is a most pernicious fostress of vices: for that commendation only in very deed ought to be acceptable unto a great potentate and person of high place, when otherwhiles also there is room allowed for to entertain dispraise of things done amiss. And now, after this care was past, and security obtained, inquisitions (according to the manner) and judicial trials were holden; whereby a number after imprisonment in chains and irons, were punished as guilty malefactors. For then Paulus that devilish promoter, who could hold no longer, but break out for very joy, rose up to practise more licentiously his venomous and pestiferous arts: and whiles both the * Consistorianis. Counsellors of State and martial men also inquired into the business, as commandment was given, Proculus, one of Silvanus his household, was put upon the rack: and being a thin bodied man, and a diseased, all men feared, lest when his poor carcase had been wearied out with extremity of excessive torments, he would cause many a man, one with another, indifferently to be called into question, and charged with heinous crimes: but it fell out with him far otherwise than was expected. For remembering his dream, whereby forbidden he was, lying asleep, as himself affirmed, to hurt any innocent person, notwithstanding he was tortured almost to death, yet named not he nor appeached any one, but constantly avowed the fact of Silvanus, showing by evident proof, that he attempted that enterprise not upon any ambitious desire, but merely constrained upon necessity. For he alleged a probable reason inducing him thereunto, and the same well known by the testimonies of many, that upon the fifth day before he took upon him those princely Infules or ornaments, when he had given his soldiers their pay, in the name of Constantius he spoke unto them, To continue valiant and faithful. Whereby it appeared, that if he had gone about then to take presumptuously the ensigns of an higher estate, he would have expended such a weighty mass of gold, as his own. After him, Poemenius having his part with condemned persons, was haled to execution, and died: him I mean, who as I have related before, what time as the men of * Treviri. Triers had shut the gates of their city against Caesar ᵒ Decentius, was elected to protect and defend the Commons. Then Asclepiodotus, Lutto, and Maudio, all Comites, were killed, with many more besides. This was the obstinate self will of the time, searching narrowly upon ambiguous terms and presumptions into these and such like matters: and whiles some deadly and pestiferous whirle-puffe raiseth up still these miseries of common mischiefs in the State, Leontius governing * Aeternam urbem. Rome, gave many good testimonies and proofs of an excellent judge, in hearing of causes quick, in deciding and determining most just, of his own nature friendly and favourable (howsoever he seemed to some for the maintaining of authority sharp and severe) and withal very much inclined to love. The first device therefore to stir up a seditious tumult against him, was most base and vile: For when Philoromus the * or runner. Chariot-driver by commandment was to be drawn and harried away, all the commons in general following after, as ready to rescue and defend their own dear child, with terrible violence did set upon the said ᵖ * Praefectum. Governor, taking him to be a timorous man: but he persisting firm and resolute, sent in his sergeant and officers among them; some being attached and put to painful torments, he confined to the Islands, neither gainsaied him any man, nor made resistance. Some few days after, when the commonalty likewise chafing all in a broil, as they were wont, and complaining of the want of wine, met together at * Settisonio. Septizonium, a place of much resort, where Marcus the Emperor built his Baine, a sumptuous and stately piece of work: the said Governor going thither of purpose, was very earnestly entreated by all his gowned followers and sergeant, not to put himself into the throng of so malapert and menacing a multitude, set upon raging still, ever since the former commotion: But he, hardly moved to be afraid of doing right, went forward; insomuch as a sort of his said attendants and followers forsook him, albeit he hastened apace to enter into a shrewd and sudden danger. Sitting therefore in his chariot with a lovely show of boldness and confidence, he beheld with piercing eye the faces of those unruly crews (as if they had been so many serpents) ruffling with a foul noise, and cry on every side: and taking knowledge of one fellow above all the rest, big and huge of stature, and with a radish or yellow head, him he asked, Whether he were not Peter, surnamed (as he had heard him called) Valvomeres? and when he answered, and that in a kind of chiding accent, that he was the man, him he commanded (as one whom he had known of old to be the chieftain and ringleader of seditious rebels) for all the contradiction and gainsaying of many, to have his hands bound behind at his back, and so to be hoist and hanged * Upon a kind of rack. up in the air. Who being seen once aloft, call hard, but in vain, for the help of those that were of his own sept and tribe, all the whole multitude, that a little before stood so thick thrust together, dispersed now into sundry parts of the city, vanished out of sight, so as that this hot and busy stirrer of commotions having his sides racked and torn, as it were in a secret judicial place of torture, was expelled and sent away into * Marca Ancona. Picenum: where afterwards, daring to offer abuse and dishonour to a virgin of no mean patronage, he was therefore upon sentence given by Patruinus the * Consulari. Precedent, judged and condemned to lose his head. During the government of this Leontius, Liberius a bishop of the Christian Religion, was by a precept directed from Constantius sent to the * Ad Conutatum. privy Counsel, as one opposing himself against the emperors commandments, and the decrees of many his own consorts, in a matter which I will briefly run over. Athanasius bishop at that time of Alexandria, bearing himself too high above his profession, and one who went about to inquire into matters that to him belonged not (as the daily bruit and rumour went of him) the congregation (or the Synod, as they term it) of the same place, excommunicated and removed from the sacramental dignity, which he held and celebrated. For reported it was, That being passing skilful in Necromancy, and expounding the truth of oracles and prophecies, as also well seen in those things which the augural birds portended and praesaged, he had divers times foretold future events. Over and besides these matters, charged he was also with other points, disagreeing from the purpose and meaning of that Law or Religion, whereof he was Prelate. This Athanasius, Liberius the bishop being of the same mind and opinion with the rest, was by commandment from the Emperor warned by his subscription to depose from his sacerdotal See: but he stiffly withstood and denied so to do, often crying out, That it was unlawful even in the highest degree to condemn a man unseen and unheard; openly (as one would say) spurning against the emperors will and pleasure. For he, an enemy always bitterly bend against Athanasius, although he knew the thing was performed accordingly, yet earnestly desired, that the same might be confirmed and ratified by that authority which the bishops of Rome enjoy. Which for that he could not obtain, Liberius, without much ado and great difficulty even at midnight (for fear of the people that loved him exceedingly) could not be carried away. And thus verily stood the affairs at Rome, as this former text hath showed. CHAP. VII. By reason of Gaul inclined to revolt, Constantius not able to undergo the charge, minding to take julian to him as his companion in the Empire, is hindered by flatterers: but in the end declareth julian his Colleague, and investeth him in the purple rob, with exceeding applause of the whole army. AS for Constantius, disquieted he was with news continually, reporting how Gaul was now in a desperate case, while the barbarous enemies made waste and spoil of all, killing and slaying in every quarter, and no man there was to withstand them. Now, as he tossed to and fro in his mind, what force to use for the repressing of these troubles, resiant still himself in Italy, as he desired, (for he thought it a matter of danger to thrust himself into parts far remote) he hit at length upon the right way and means to effect the same: and it came in his mind to join with him as companion in the Empire his cousin * ●atruelem fratrens. german julianus, not long since sent for and brought out of Achaia, and even yet in his student's cloak or gaberdine. When he had upon the urgent occasion of so many imminent calamities bewrayed thus much to his favourites and friends next about him, showing in plain terms, That himself, but one, shrunk now (which he never had done before) under the burden of so many necessities and troubles coming so thick upon him: they being thoroughly taught how with excessive flattery to bear him up, foolified and gulled the man, telling him ever and anon, That there was nothing in the world so adverse and difficult, but his powerful virtue and heavenly fortune together were able (as ever heretofore) to overcome: and many of them pricked in conscience for their offences committed, said thus much moreover, That he was from henceforth to beware of the name of Caesar; rehearsing therewith the lewd parts committed under Gallus. Against whom labouring hard upon this point, the Queen alone opposed herself, were it for very fear to flit into so far countries; or that in her own natural wit and wisdom she thought it good policy for the State, I wot not: but she said, That a kinsman ought to be preferred before all other. And after much debating of the matter, by way of deliberation to and fro, this resolution stood firm: and so setting aside all frivolous and bootless disputations, he fully determined to take unto him julianus, as his compartener in the imperial government. Now, when he was sent for and come at the day prefixed, the Emperor, after all the companies of fellow soldiers there present were called together, and a Tribunal erected upon an high bank, above which stood the main standards of Eagles and other ensigns, he mounted up unto it, and holding julianus by the right hand, thus by way of a mild and gentle speech began to say. Here stand we before you, right valorous defenders of the Weal public, to maintain in manner all with one breath and spirit the common cause, which I, being to plead, as it were, before equal judges, will briefly declare unto you. After the death of rebellious tyrants, whom rage and fury moved and egged on to attempt these designs which they projected, the Barbarians, as if they meant with Roman blood to sacrifice unto their wicked Manes, invade Gaul, and overrun it, having broken the peace of the marches; encouraged upon this confidence and assured persuasion, that extreme necessities bind us fast enough, by occasion of lands so far dis-joined asunder. This mischief therefore, which incrocheth already beyond the frontiers hard adjoining, if (while time permitteth) our help and yours together, after consultation had, shall jointly with one accord meet with; both the necks of these proud nations will not swell so big, and the bounds also of our Empire shall remain entire. It resteth now, that the hope of our affairs which I do conceive, ye also strengthen with fortunate effect. This julianus here, mine uncle's son by the father's side, well approved (as ye know well enough) for his modesty, in regard whereof, as well as of nearness in blood, he is dear unto us; a young gentleman of industrious action, which already appeareth in him, I wish to join with me, in the place and power of a Caesar: Which motion of mine, if you think the same profitable and expedient is to be confirmed also by your grant and allowance. As he was about to say more to this effect, the assembly interrupting his speech, in gentle manner stayed him, saying in a foreknowledge (as it were) of the future consequence, That this was the will and choice of mighty jupiter, and not of man's wit and understanding. And the Emperor standing still without stirring, until they were silent, went more confidently through with the rest of his speech: For as much as (quoth he) your joyful acclamation showeth, that there is a correspondency of your favourable assent, let the young gentleman endued with a peaceable vigour, and whose temperate behaviour is to be imitated rather than commended, rise up to this honour, seconded with your fortunate favour; whose singular towardness, instructed with good arts, even herein, me thinks I have fully showed, in that I have chosen him. Him therefore, by the grace and present direction of the heavenly God, will I clad in his princely robes. This said he, and soon after, when he had put upon julian his grandfathers purple, and declared him Caesar with the joy of the army; he speaketh unto him somewhat sad and carrying a demisle and lowly look, in this manner: Thou hast in thy prime, brother mine, and the most loving brother that ever I had, recovered the glorious flower of thy parentage and original: augmented (I confess) is mine own glory, who take myself more truly advanced, by conferring a superior power upon a noble prince of mine own blood than by the sovereign power itself, which I enjoy. Come on therefore as partaker of pains and perils, undertake the defence and service of Gaul, as one ready by all bountifulness to ease the parts afflicted: and if need require to join battle with the enemies, stand to it with sure footing among the very ensigne-bearers themselves, a considerate exhorter and encourager to adventure in due time; by leading the way with advised wariness heartening and emboldening them that fight; with succours and supplies strengthening those that be troubled, and in disarray; in modest terms rebaking the slothful; a present and most true witness, as well to the industrious soldier as to the idle coward. Therefore, as urgent service requireth, on forth like a valiant Knight to lead likewise as hardy soldiers: we will be assistant one to another in our turns by course, with firm and steadfast love: serve we will together, and another day (if God grant our request) jointly govern the world with equal moderation and piety. You for your part shall be in all places even present with me, and I again in whatsoever you shall go about, will not be wanting to you: Hasten for my sake unto the highest enterprises, as having all men's wishes and prayers to join with you, and purposing to defend by vigilant care the station (as it were) and ward assigned unto you by the very Commonwealth itself. These words once ended, no man afterward held his peace: but the soldiers all, with a terrible clattering, knocked their shields and knees together (which is a full sign of prosperity and contentment: for chose when they smite their shields with their spears, it is a token of anger and dolour) and a wonder it was to see, with what and how great joy they all, except some few, approved the judgement and election of the Emperor, and with worthy admiration they entertained Caesar, glittering in his resplendent imperial rob: whose eyes carrying with them a terror and amiable loveliness withal, whose pleasing countenance also, with an extraordinary quickness and lively vigour, as they wistly a long time beheld, they gathered what a one he was like to prove, as if they had thoroughly perused the old books, the reading whereof declareth by bodily signs the physiognomy or inward indewments of the mind. And to the end that he might be regarded with better respect and reverence, they neither commended him above measure, nor yet less than was meet and becoming: and therefore esteemed they were as the voices of censors, and not of soldiers. In the end, being taken up to sit with him in the chariot, and received into the regal palace, this verse out of Homer's Poëme he softly whispered to himself: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. * As if he should have said, I enter upon my death, in robes of gold and purple Now purple death hath seized on me, And powerful strength of destinic. These things passed thus, the * The sixth of November. eight day before the Ides of November, that year in which Arbetio and Lollianus were Consuls. CHAP. VIII. julianus having wedded the sister of Constantius, came to Vienna: where by a certain old wife his future acts as touching Religion are foretold. WIthin few days after this, when Helena the sister of Constantius, a virgin, was joined in marriage to the same Caesar, and all things put in readiness requisite for his speedy journey, taking with him a small train in his company, he set forth the first day of December, accompanied on his way by the Emperor himself as far as to a place marked with two Columns, and it lieth between * Lamello, a city in times past, now a small village. Laumellum and * Pavia. Ticinum; and so holding on his journey straight forward he came to the * Piedmont. Taurini: where he was strucken with heavy news, which having been brought lately to the * Com●tatum, or Court. emperors Counsel, was notwithstanding of purpose concealed, for fear lest all the preparation made for his voyage, should have been lost and come to nothing. Now it purported thus much, That Colonia * Colein. Agrippina, a city of great name and importance in the second * Nether Dutchland. Germany, was upon continual siege laid to it by the Barbarians, laid open and with great forces destroyed. With which woeful tidings being sore astonished, as if it were the first handsel and beginning of evils coming toward him, muitering softly with moanful words hd was often heard to say, That all which he had gotten was no more than this, To die and perish in more employment and trouble. And when he was come to Vienna, in his entrance thither, the people of what age and degree soever, came running to receive him honourably, as one wished for, I assure you, and their natural Emperor: and the whole commonalty together, with the neighbour nation bordering upon them, seeing him a far off, and saluting him as a mild and fortunate Emperor, as they went before entertained and honoured him with correspondent praises, beholding with more affectionate desire such royal pomp in a prince so lawfully elected: and in his coming reposed the remedy and redress of common calamities, crying out with one voice, and thinking no less, that now there shone upon them a certain blessed and comfortable Genius. Then a certain old woman that had lost both her eyes, having learned by enquiry, who came into the city? that it was julianus Caesar, cried out, That he it was who should repair the temples of the gods. Considering therefore that as that lofty Poet of * Virgil. Mantua said before time, Maius opus moveo, & maior mihi nascitur ordo Rerum— A greater work I am to enterprise, As greater train of matters doth arise: I think it now a convenient time, to show the tracts and situation of Gaul, lest if I should when armies are ready to encounter, and among the variable chances of battles cursarily tell of such things unknown unto some, I might seem to follow the example of slothful sailors and mariners, who when their worn sails and fretted gables might have been at more leisure prepared and repaired, are forced to mend and trim them up in the midst of waves and tempests. CHAP. IX. Of the first original of the Gauls. Their Bardi, Eubages, and Druidae. The nature of the air and soil among them: and the description of the Alpes. THe ancient writers doubtful as touching the original of the Gaulois, left the knowledge of this business unperfect: but afterwards Timagenes, both for his diligence and language a Greek, collected out of many and sundry books those things which lay long unknown: whose credit and authority we following (now that all obscurity is removed) will declare the same distinctly and plainly. Some have affirmed, That the people first seen in these regions were * In borne, Homelings, Homebred. Aborigines, called Celtae, after the name of an amiable king; and Galatae, according as his mother was named: for so are the Gaulois in the Greek tongue termed. Others have reported, That the Dorienses, followers of that more ancient Hercules, inhabited the coasts confining along the Ocean. The * Pith●us readeth Divides. Drasidę record, That a part in very deed of the nation were homelings, inborn, and there bred: but others also from the utmost Islands and the tracts beyond Rhine, driven out of their own native seats, what with continual wars, and what with the inundation of the swelling sea, conflowed thither. Some say, That after the destruction of Troy, a few that fled from the face of the greeks, and were every where dispersed, possessed themselves of these places then lying void. But the inhabitants of these countries vouch this above all other, (which also we have read engraven in their monuments of record) That Hercules the son of Amphitryo made haste to destroy Geryon and Tauriscus, two cruel tyrants; of whom, the one infested Spain, the other Gaul: And after he had vanquished them both, that he lay with the gentlewomen of the country, on them begat many children; and that they called after their own names those parts which they had rule of. As for a people of Asia, from out of Phocęa, they to avoid the cruel rigour of Harpalus, a lieutenant general or captain under king Cyrus, sailed into Italy. Of whom, one part built * Veleis. Velia in * Basilic●●●. Lucania; the other, * 〈◊〉. Massilia in the province of Vienna. Then afterwards in the ages ensuing, they, as their puissance increased, founded many towns: But I must forbear such variety, which oftentimes hath satiety joined with it. Mean while, as the men of this place were grown by little and little to civility, the studies of laudable sciences, begun by the Bards, Eubages, and Druids, mightily flourished here. And verily the Bards sung unto the sweet music of the Harp the valorous deeds of worthy men composed in heroic verse. But the Eubages, searching into the highest altitudes of nature's work, endeavoured to lay open and declare the same. Among these, the Druidae of an higher wit and conceit, according as the authority of Pythagoras decreed, being tied unto societies and fellowships, were addicted wholly unto questions of deep and hidden points, and they despising all human things, pronounced, that men's souls were immortal. This climate of Gaul, by reason of the high and difficult risings of mountains, and those always covered over with hideous heaps of snow, before time unknown almost to the inhabitants of all the world beside, unless it be where it coasteth upon the sea, is enclosed on every side with fences that environ it naturally, as if it were by art of man. And verily, on the South side the * Mar Tosco, or Mar de Marseille. Tyrrhene and Gaul seas both run close by it: toward the North divided it is from savage nations by the river Rhine: and Westward with the Ocean and the high mountain * Which now hath many names according to divers parts thereof. Pyrenaeus: And what way it beginneth to mount up Eastward, it giveth place to the high banks of the Cottian Alpes: which king Cottius, after that Gaul was conquered and subdued, lying hidden alone close within the straits, and trusting upon the unaccessible roughness of the craggy places, when his fear was well at length allayed, and himself received into the friendship of the Emperor Octavian, in am of a memorable gift, with great and laborious works made to serve for a compendious way, and commodious to travellers, as standing just in the midst betwixt the other old Alpes: as touching which I will report anon what I have learned and known. In these Cottian Alpes, which begin at the town * or Regusio. Susa Leandro. Segusio, there peaketh up a mighty high mount, that no man almost can * Penetrabile. pass over without danger. For, as men come out of Gaul, it bendeth steep forward with a great downfall, terrible to behold, by reason of the cliffs hanging on either side, especially in the Spring: what time as the frost and ice thaweth and the snow melteth with the hot breath of the winds, by the straits broken on both sides, and the holes or ditches hidden with heaps of frozen ice, men verily with staggering and staying their feet make some shift to come down; but horses and carts fall headlong forward. Now, for to put by this mischief, one remedy alone hath been devised: namely, that most of the wagons with mighty great ropes tied fast unto them, and a main strength of men and oxen both, straining behind to stay the same, scarcely with a creeping pace, somewhat more safely come rolling down. And this, as I have said, happeneth in the Spring time of the year. But in Winter, the ground charged all over with a coat of ice, and (as it were) smoothed therewith, and thereby slippery under foot, setteth men forward in their gate to run upon their noses; and the open valleys along the broad and wide plains, not to be trusted, by reason that the ice will not bear, swallow up otherwhiles folk passing thereupon. In regard of which dangers, those that be cunning in the ways, and know the country well, pitch down fast certain piles or main stakes of timber, bearing their heads above the ground all the way along the safer places, to the end that the way faring man directed by them, as they stand in a row, may pass without harm: which if they happen to lie hidden and hilled with snow; and namely, being overthrown before with land floods or rivers falling down from the mountains, hardly are they passable with the guidance of the rustical people, leading the way. Now from the very pitch of this Italian cliff, there reacheth a plain for the space of seven miles unto a station named Martis: and from hence another high hill more upright, and with much ado to be passed over, stretcheth forward as far as to the head or top of Matrona; the occasion of which name came by a chance that befell unto a noble woman: From whence the way verily lieth steep down, but yet more easy and travaileable, as far as to the Fort * or Brigantium, about which standeth the town Brianson. Virgantia. The Sepulchre of the said petty king, who I have reported made those ways abovenamed, is at Segusio, very near unto the walls, and his Manes for a twofold reason are devoutly honoured, both for that he had ruled his own subjects by way of a just and moderate government; and also because he being received into alliance with the Roman state, procured perpetual peace and rest unto that nation. And albeit this way which I have spoken of, be the middle one, and therefore compendious, and the shorter yea, and more haunted, yet others also have been made long before at divers times. The first of them, Hercules of Thebes, marching in a milder manner to destroy Geryon (as hath been said) and Tauriscus caused to be wrought near unto the maritime Alpes, and this Hercules gave them their name: Semblably, the castle of Monoecus, and the haven, he consecrated to the everlasting memorial of himself. Then, after the revolution of many ages, upon this occasion were the Alpes Poeninae devised. Publius Cornelius Scipio, father of the elder Africanus, when the Saguntines, memorable for their miseries and fidelity both, were upon a constant resolution of the Moors besieged, being about to go into Spain for to aid them, transported over a fleet, manned with a puissant power of soldiers. But when the city * Morvedre. Saguntum was by mightier forces destroyed, he not able to reach and overtake Hannibal (who having three days before passed over * Rhoine. Rhodanus, marched apace to the parts of Italy) crossed over between with swift sail an arm of the sea, which was no long cut, and watched for him at * Genoa. Genua, a town of * Riviera de Genoa. Oriel. Liguria, as he should come down the mountains; to the end he might, if fortune had given him leave and opportunity, encounter him in the plain, wearied with the roughness of those cumbrous ways. Howbeit, having regard to the main chance and common good, he advised his brother Cn. Scipio to go into Spain, for to keep back Hasdruball, who was likewise to get out and come from thence. Whereof Hannibal having intelligence given him by fugitives (as he was a man of a nimble and crafty wit) taking the * Those of Piedmont Taurines, who dwelled hard by, to be his guides, came by the way of the * ●ntrecasteux in Provence. 〈◊〉 Tricastines and the utmost coast of the * The County of Be●ifort Vocontians to the chase and forests * De Craux. Tricorij: and there beginning his work, he made another way, which before had been unpassable: for having hewed out the rock that stood up on a huge height, which with making mighty fires, and pouring vinegar upon it, he had broken and dissolved, he marched along the river * 〈◊〉. Druentia, that runneth winding with a wandering stream, and seized upon the regions of Tuscan. Thus much as touching the Alpes: Now come we to that which is behind. CHAP. X. Gaul called Celtica, Aquitanica, and Belgica, the principal parts thereof, together with the shapes and manners of the people, are described. IN ancient times, when these parts lay hidden as barbarous, thought they were to have been three sorts of people, divided into the Celtaes, (who are the same that the Galli) into the Acquitanis, and the Belgi, all different in language, orders, and laws. And verily the Gauls, who also are the Celts, the river * Garonne. Garumna severeth from the * Those of Guienne, according to Marlianus. Acquitances: which river springing from the Pyrenaean hills, after it hath passed by many a town, hideth himself within the Ocean. The same nation also is separated from the Belgae, by * Marne. Matrona and * Seyne. Sequana, rivers of a * or equal: gemina magnitudinis. duple bigness; which running through the province * of Lions. Lugdunensis, after they have enclosed and compassed round about in manner of an Island, a castle of the Parisijs, named * Pan's. Lutetia, meet in one channel, and keeping on their joint course together forward, near unto * Constance in Normandy. Castra Constantia, fall into the sea. Of all these nations, the Belgae had the name in ancient writers to be most valiant, for that being far removed from a civil kind of life and behaviour, and not made effeminate with dainty delights brought in unto them, they warred a long time with the Germans beyond Rhine. For the Acquitanes, (unto whose coasts, as being next at hand, and peaceable, merchandise used to be brought from other parts) after they fell once in their demeanour and carriage to be delicate, were soon brought under the Romans dominion. Now, the whole country of Gaul, ever since that they were driven by so many urgent wars to yield unto julius Dictator, hath been ruled by a * or a tetrarchy. government divided into four parts. Whereof Narbonensis the first, contained within it Viennensis and Lugdunensis: the second, had the rule wholly of the Acquitanes: as for the upper and lower Germany, together with the Belgae, two jurisdictions governed at the same time. But now are reckoned within the whole circuit of Gaul, these provinces, to wit, the second Germany, beginning first at the West coast, fortified with * Colein. Agrippina and * Tongeren. Tungri, great cities and wealthy: then, the first Germany; where besides other free towns or boroughs; is * or Magontiacum. Mentz. Magontiacus, * Wormz. Vangiones also, the * Speyr. Nemetes and * Strasburg, some read Argentoratsi. Argentoratus, renowned for the overthrows and defeatures of the Barbarians. After this, the first Belgica hath in the frontiers thereof * Metz. Mediomatrici and * Triers. Treviri, famous for the emperors resiance there. To this adjoineth the second Belgica, wherein stand * Amiens. Ambiano, an eminent city among others, * Chalons in champaign. Cathelauni also, and * Rheims. Burgognor●. Rhemi. Among the * Besanson. Sequani, I have seen * Augst, near unto Basile. Bisontij and * or Lugdunum. Lions. Rauraci, of greater note and estate than many other towns. As for Lugdunensis the first, adorned it is with * Cavailon. Lugdunus, * Sens. Cabillones, * Bourdeaux, or Bourges rather. Senones, * Autun. Biturigae, and * Rovan, or Rouen. Augustudunum, of note for mighty and ancient walls. For * Touraine. Rothomagi make show of the second Lugdunensis, & * Saints, or Mechelen, as some think Turini, of * Avenche. Mediolanum: also the Tricastini, the Alpes both Graię and Poeninę besides more obscure towns, have * Bourdeaux. Aventicum also, a city verily now desolate and forsaken, but of no base account in times past, as appeareth even at this day by the buildings decayed and half down. These I say are the goodly provinces and cities of Gaul. In Aquitania, that lieth toward the mountains Pyrenaei, and that part of the Ocean which reacheth unto Spain, is the first province Acquitanica, very well inhabited and beautified with fair and great cities; but letting many others go by, * Bourdeaux. Burdegala and * Avergne. Averni do pass; likewise * Xainctes. Santones and * Poicters. Pictavi. * Auchx. Ausci and * Bazadois. Vasarae commend unto us ninenations. In the province Narbonenfis is comprised * Narbone. Narbona and * Tolou●e. Tolosa, which carry the chief name of the cities. Viennensis joyeth in the beauty of many cities: of which, those of the better sort be, Vienna itself, * Arles Arelate, and * Valence. Valentia: whereto * Marseiles. Massiilia is annexed, by the society and power whereof, we read, that Rome otherwhiles in great dangers and distresses hath been relieved and supported. near unto these, are * Aix, near unto Solies. Salluvij, * Nizza. Nicaea, * Antibe. Pineto. Antipolis, with the Isles * Isles de Hyerres, ve● d' Or. Ortel. Stoechades. And for as much as by the train of our text and historical work, we are come to these parts, it were unfitting and absurd to say nothing of Rhodanus, a river of the greatest name. This * Rhosne. Rhodanus flowing from the Poenine Alpes, with store of Springs gushing forth in great plenty, and running down apace directly toward the plain country with his own stream, and no more, hideth the banks, and so engorgeth himself into the lake named * Lac de Lozanne & de Geneve. Lemanus: and albeit he runneth within the same, yet intermingled he is no where with other waters besides his own: but gliding of the one side over the slower and more still surface of the water, seeking an issue, with a swift current maketh way forth of it. From whence, without hurt of any thing, he runneth through the thick fens, and the * Eurgognons'. Sequani, and after he hath gone a great way forward, passeth lightly hard by the province Viennensis on the left side, and Lugdunensis on the right. Having thus rid a great ground with his wavie stream, he taketh unto him * Saone. Araxis, which they call Sauconna, running within the first Germany, and giveth it his own name. In which place beginneth Gaul. From thenceforth they use to measure their journeys, not by miles, but by leagues: and there Rhodanus grown bigger, and charged with other rivers falling into him, carrieth exceeding tall and big ships, that use oftentimes to be tossed with gales of wind: and ending among the vales which nature hath ordained to be his prescript limits, frothing now and foaming, is incorporate into the Gaulish sea by an open frith or gulf called * otherwise called Gallious Sinus. Ad gradus, lying from Arles almost ten miles. Thus much as touching the site of the places. Now will I describe the shapes and manners of the people. The Gauls in manner all be of stature tall, of complexion clear, white, and of ruddy hair, carrying in the cast of their eyes a kind of terrible and stern grimness, given much to brawls, and exceeding insolent: for if any one of them be set a chiding and brawling, having the shrew his wife (who commonly of the twain is the stronger by far, and of a sallow hue) to take his part, a whole band of others that be strangers, is not able to match him: especially when she, setting out her neck with big swollen veins, falls a grating of her teeth, and leveling her snow white arms, and those of a mighty big size, begins once to lay about her with fists and heels together, as if they were bolts and darts discharged violently from the writhed and wrested strings of a brake or such like engine: the ordinary words of most of them, as well when they are pacified as angry, are dreadful and full of menacing. But all of them, with like diligence and curiosity, are neat and clean: neither in those tracts, and especially in Acquitania, shall you see a woman (be she never so poor) in foul and ragged clothes, as in other places. Every age among them is most meet for warfare: and with like courage and hardiness of heart is the old man brought into the field, and the lusty youth carrying about him limbs hardened with frost and continual travail, resolved to contemn many and those fearful occurrents: Neither is there ever known any one of them (as in Italy) for fear of going to the wars, to cut off his own thumb, and such as so do, they term merrily by way of jest, Murcos. A nation greedily given to wine, affecting to make sundry sorts of drink resembling wine: and some among them, of the base sort, having their wits and senses dulled by continual drunkenness (which Cato by his sentence hath defined to be a voluntary kind of fury) are ravished and distraught with wild and wandering cogitations: so as that may seem to be true which Tully pleading for Fonteius saith, That the Gaulois from henceforth would drink their wine more delayed, because they thought it to be poison. These regions, especially those that confine upon Italy, abhorred not much to come by little and little under the Romans Empire; first attempted and tried by Fulvius; then afterwards in small battles sore shaken by Sextius; and last of all, tamed and subdued by Fabius Maximus: unto whom the complete effecting of this business, namely, after he had vanquished that fell and stout nation of the Allobroges, gained him that surname. For all the Gauls, unless they were the quarters unpassable by reason of meres and marshes, as Sallust mine author telleth us, after mutual overthrows given and taken for the space of ten years war together, Caesar by a perpetual covenant of league joined unto us in perfect society. I have flown out very far, but return I will at length to the matter which I have begun. CHAP. XI. The state of Gaul in the time of Constantius and julianus Emperors. AFter that Domitianus abovesaid by cruel death was dispatched out of the way, Musonianus his successor governed the East in the place and authority of * Pratoriani Praefecti. Praefectus Praetorio, or Lord justice, a man renowned for his eloquence in both languages: whereby he arose to an higher degree than was expected. For Constantine, what time as he searched very narrowly into the superstitious sects of the q Manichees and such like, and no meet interpreter could be found, made choice of him, as commended for a sufficient man in that behalf: whom, for performing that office and function skilfully, he would have to be named Musonianus, whereas before he was wont commonly to be called Strategius: and from this beginning having run through many degrees of honours, he mounted up to this dignity of * Praefecturam. Praefecture, or justiceship; a prudent man otherwise, and well enough endured of the provinces; mild also, and fair spoken: but upon any occasion whatsoever, and especially upon suits and actions in law (which is an abominable thing) wholly set upon filthy gain and lucre, (whereby he grew base and odious) as it appeared evidently among other things in the commissions and inquisitions holden about the death of Theophilus, a * So called, not for that he had been conful, but bare the Consul's ensigns. Consulare Governor or Lieutenant in Syria, who for betraying of Caesar Gallus was in a confused tumult and uproar of the people torn in pieces: in which affair poor men were condemned, even those who were known for certain to have been forth of the country when this outrage was committed; but the rich ones, authors in deed of this foul act, with the turning out of their livings and estates were let go. Equal unto him was Prosper, who had the command of the soldiers, in am of the general of horsemen abiding then in Gaul, a base coward and abject person, and such an one (as the Comical Poet saith) as despising the art of close thievery, used open extortion and violent oppression. And whiles these two agreed together, and enriched themselves by mutual commerce and reciprocal bringing of cheats to one another's hand, the Persian captains bordering upon the rivers, while the king was busied in the farthest marches of his own lands, by companies and crews of Brigands made foul work in our pale, boldly invading one while Armenia, another while Mesopotamia, taking their vantage whiles these Roman Commanders were employed in gathering together the spoils of them that died. THE XVI. BOOK. CHAP. 1. Reports in commendation of julianus, who setting behind all delightsome pleasures, and having quickly dispatched a long voyage, subdueth certain parts of Gaul, and forceth them to be quiet. WHiles these things thus pass in the Roman world, at the dispose of that linked course and order of the destinies, Caesar at Vienna, being by the Emperor (now the eighth time Consul) called to the fellowship of that degree, and entered into the calendar thereof (as his inbred and natural vigour did put him forward to action) dreamt of nothing but the crashing noise of battle, and slaughter of barbarous enemies, preparing now already to gather up the broken fragments of the province, if he might once at length have been seconded with a forward gale of favourable fortune. For as much as therefore those notable matters which throughout Gaul by his virtue and felicity both, he redressed, surpass many valiant deeds of men in old time, I will show them every one particularly in the progress and train of this story, minding to this purpose for to strain all the strings that my mean wit can afford, if happily they will serve the turn. Now whatsoever in this narration shall be delivered, that no subtle falsity forgeth, but the sound truth of matters fully relateth, and the same resting upon evident proofs, shall pertain in manner to alaudative argument. For it seemeth, that a certain set law and canonical rule of a better life, accompanied this young gentleman from the very rocking of his cradle unto his dying day. For in his speedy growth and quick proceedings he made such a bright and shining show both at home and abroad, that for wisdom he was esteemed a second Titus, the son of Vespasian; for the glorious managing and carriage of his wars, like for all the world to Traianus; mild and merciful as Antoninus; in searching out the true and perfect reason of things, suitable to Marcus; to the resemblance and imitation of whom he framed all his actions & whole deportment. And for so much as (according as we be taught by Tully a grave author) we take delight in the height of all noble arts, as we do of trees, but not in their roots and stocks: even so the rudiments and beginnings of this singular towardness were then covered with many things that shadowed and darkened them, which ought of right to be preferred before many and those wonderful deeds of his afterwards, in this respect, That in the prime of his youth being fostered like ᵃ Erichtheus in a retired place of Minerva, and fetched out of the quiet bowers of an Academy, and not out of a military pavilion, to the feats of arms, and fight of battles; after he had quieted Germany, and allayed the stiff stirs and troubles of Rhine, in one place he drew blood of bloody minded kings, and in another hung chains on their hands. Well, whiles he passed a toilsome Winter in the * Vienna. town aforesaid, among other flying rumours that ran abroad continually, he understood, That the walls of * Autun in Butgundie. Augustudunum, an ancient city, carrying a large and spacious compass, but for very rottenness by long continuance of no strength, were on a sudden forcibly besieged with a strong power of the Barbarians; That whiles the companies of soldiers there in garrison sat still and did nothing, the old beaten servitors in right watchful care assembled themselves and defended the place; as oftentimes, utter despair is wont to put back most imminent dangers of life and safety. Wherefore, remitting no whit of his provident cares, and casting behind him all servile flattery that attended upon him, whereby those about him would have drawn him to delights and riotous life, after all things were provided sufficiently, upon the * 24. of Iun●. eighth day before the Calends of july, he came to Augustudunum aforesaid; like as if he had been a leader of long continuance, and of great name above others for courage & policy; ready to set upon the Barbarians straggling here and there, whensoever he could see his opportunity and advantage. After deliberation therefore had, together with the assistance of those that were skilful in the Countries, what way he might make choice of to march with safety, much was said to the point, to and fro: while some opined, That they must go by * Arbois in Butgundie. Arborosa, others again, by the country of the Leuci * Those about Toul. : But when certain of them secretly suggested, That Silvanus late colonel of the footmen, passed venturously, though hardly, with eight thousand aid-souldiers by more compendious and shorter ways, howbeit suspected because they are dark and much shaded; Caesar strove and strained much to imitate with all his might the venturous boldness of that hardy leader; and, because no delay might impeach this project, taking with him none but the men of * or corselets, footmen heavily armed at all pieces. arms and balistiers, unmeet soldiers to protect and defend their ruler, passed the same way through, and came to * Auxerre. Ortel. Autosidorum. Where after he had with short rest, (as his manner was) refreshed himself and his soldiers, he marched on to the Tricastines; and as the Barbarians came violently upon him by troops, part of them (for he feared them as far more in number) he observed with strong wings and flanks standing close together; some again by taking the advantage of the higher ground before, he easily ran down upon and trod underfoot; others, for fear yielding themselves he took prisoners; the rest whose care was altogether employed to make shift with quickness to escape, because, encumbered as he was with heavy armour, he could not follow in chase, he suffered to go away without harm. Now therefore upon a more assured hope, being confirmed in his resolution to resist all violent occurrents, through many dangers he came to * Troics. Ortel. Tricassae, so unlooked for, that whiles he was in manner rapping at the gates, such a multitude of Barbarians were spread all about, that for dread of them there was no entrance into the city without much ado, and many a curious circumstance of consultation. And when he had stayed there a little time, while he provided for his wearied soldiers, thinking it not good to slack his business, he goeth straight to the city of Rheims: Where he assembled his whole army together, and charged them to give attendance, and wait his coming at * Besanson. Vesontium: the governor whereof was Marcellus, who succeeded Vrsicinus; and Vrsicinus himself was commanded to abide in those parts unto the end of this expedition. Wherefore, after many and sundry opinions delivered, when it was agreed once to set upon the people of Alemaine in ten territories, the soldiers in thick squadrons marched thither more willing and cheerful than they had wont: and for that the day was so foggy and dark, that they could not see a very small way before them, the enemies having this advantage, that they knew the coast of the country, traversed a cross crooked way behind Caesar's back, and charging upon two legions as they were gathering their armour together, they had put them all well near to the sword, but that a sudden outcry made, caused the aidforces of our associates to assemble themselves. From hence forward, supposing that he could not pass either ways or waters without ambushments, he became very provident, took leisure, and cast more doubts: a special point of good policy in great Commanders, and which is wont both to help and save whole armies. Hearing therefore, that the Barbarians possessed of the cities * Strasburg. Argentoratum, * Brucomat. Brotomagus, * Tabern. Simlero. Tabernae, * A town between Strasburg and Triers. Saliso, * Spcir. Nemetae, * Worm●. Vangiones, and * Mentz. Maguntiacum, inhabited the territories lying about them (for the towns themselves they avoid, no less than dens and places beset round about with net and toil) he seized first into his hands Brotomagus: and as he advanced toward it, a power of Germans encountered him in the way, and offered him fight. Now, having arraunged his men in a two cornered-battaile, when they began once to cope other, and the enemies were driven upon a twofold mischief, whiles some of them were taken prisoners, other slain in the very fury of the medley, the rest made shift with speedy footmanship to escape and get away. When as no man therefore after this was seen in the field to make head, thought good it was to set forward and recover * Colcin. Agrippina, which before Caesar's coming into Gaul had been razed and destroyed: through all which tracts there is neither city to be seen, nor castle, unless it be at the * Cobolen●x. Confluentes, a place so called, where the river * Moesell. Mosella and Rhine meet together, and there standeth * Rigoll. Rigodulum a town, as also near unto * Colcin. Colonia itself one tower. Being therefore entered into Agrippina, he stirred not out from thence, before such time as the kings of the Frankes being terrified, and their fury well delayed, he both established a peace for the good (in the mean while) of the Commonweal, and also recovered the said city, most strongly fenced. He joyous of these good hansels and overtures to conquest and victory, departed by * Triers. Treviri, minding to Winter at * Apud Sen●●as. Sens, a town then of good importance: where carrying (as they say) upon his shoulders a world of wars, coming like a flood upon him, distracted he was with manifold cares, namely, how the soldiers which had forsaken their wont garrison towns, might eftsoons be brought to suspected places of danger: how he might discomfit and scatter the nations that had laid their heads together, and banded themselves to work the Romans mischief: and how to foresee, that his army like to range divers ways wanted not victuals. As he pondered and carefully cast these matters in his mind, a multitude of enemies giveth an attempt upon him, mightily enstamed with hope to win the town; and the more confident in this their enterprise, because they had learned by the information of certain fugitives, that neither the band of the ᵇ Scutarij nor ᵉ Gentiles were there, as being bestowedin sundry townships for their better feeding and diet. When he had therefore shut the city gates, and fortified that part of the wall which was weak and undefensable, himself in person, together with the armed soldiers, was usually seen both day and night among the bulwarks and battlements, in boiling heat of anger fretting to himself, and gnashing his teeth, That having many times gone about to sally and break out upon the enemies, he was ever checked and impeached, by reason of the small forces that he had presently about him. But in the end, after thirty days the Barbarians went away ill appaied and sad, mumbling softly to themselves, That vainly and foolishly they had ever thought of besieging the city. Besides all this (a thing that must be imputed as a great indignity) whiles Caesar was in this jeopardy, Marcellus General of the Horse, who abode then but in the next stations, drove off to aid him: whereas, albeit the city had been distressed without the princes being there, it ought to have been rescued and delivered from the calamities that follow a siege, by making head again with another power. CHAP. II. The virtues of julianus, beseeming a magnanimous prince, Ammianus Marcellinus exactly describeth. CAesar, a prince right puissant and of wonderful action, was no sooner freed from this fear, but in that constant carefulness which he always carried, he provided for his soldiers, that after their long travail they might have some rest, though but short, yet sufficient to refresh their strength: albeit those lands, soulely out of order by reason of extreme want (as having been so often wasted) afforded but small means meet for the maintenance of life. But when with watchful diligence order was taken also in this behalf, his mind being lifted up with a sprinkling of more plentiful hope of prosperous success, he bent the same to the practice and performance of many worthy parts. The first thing therefore that he did (hard though it were) was this, that he enjoined unto himself temperance, and kept the same still living, as if he had been tied to the ᵈ Sumptuarie laws; which being from the * Rhetris. Oracles of Lycurgus (that is to say, The shingles or tables of wood called * Wherein those Oracles or Laws were written. Axones) brought over to Rome, long time observed, and beginning to grow out of use, Sylla the Dictator by little and little restored, making this account, and that out of the prophecies or sage sayings of Democritus, That Fortune setteth out a sumptuous and superfluous table, bat Virtue, a scant and frugal. For Cato Tusculanus also, who in regard of his severe and precise life came to be surnamed Censorius, wisely defining of this point: Great care thou hast (quoth he) of trim furniture, and as great carelessness of virtue. Furthermore, reading continually as he did a little book, which Constantius sending his * His wife's son. son in law to the University, had written with his own hand, setting down an order over-liberally, What should be the expense of Caesar's board; he expressly forbade, That pheasant, and the dainty meat made of the mother and * Vulvam & sume● udder of a young sow that newly farrowed, should be called for and served up to the table, as contenting himself with the course meat and such as came next to hand of a common labouring soldier. Hereupon it happened, that he divided the nights according to a tripartite or threefold function, For sleep, for affairs of State, and for his book: a course that Alexander the Great, as we read, used to take. But this our prince did the same more stoutly of the twain. For Alexander having a basin or pan of brass set beneath by his bed's side, held with his arm stretched out of the bed, a silver ball, that as sleep came upon him, and had let lose the stiff sinews of his joints, by the ringing sound that the said ball made when it fell down, he might break off his sleep: But julian, without any such devise or means, wakened as oft as he would; and rising always at midnight (not out of a featherbed, or from under cover of silk, glittering again with sundry bright colours, but from a quilt or tapistry carpet spread on the ground, or some homely rug, which the simple common people term Susurna) secretly did his devotions, and prayed unto Mercury, who (as we are taughtout of the learning of Theology) is the swift intelligence of the world, stirring up the motion of our minds; and in so great want of things, upon sure advertisements provided for the Commonweal. After which high and serious businesses ended, he turned himself to the exercise of his wit: and a man would not believe with how great and ardent desire in seeking after the profound knowledge of principal matters, and in gathering together certain forage and stoovet (as it were) for to feed his mind, climbing up still unto higher points of learning, he by way of wise disputation ran through all parts of Philosophy. But yet how effectually and fully soever he got the furniture hereof, he did not cast at his heels the meaner sciences, as having an indifferent good insight into Poetry and Rhetoric (as may appear by the uncorrupt elegance and mildness of his Orations and Epistles, joined with gravity) as also into the manifold histories both of our own and also of foreign acts. Besides all this, he was able to discourse and deliver his mind sufficiently in the Latin tongue. If then it be true which divers writers report, That king Cyrus, Simonides the Lyric Poet, and Hippias Elêus that most quick and eager Sophister, had excellent memories, for that they attained thereto by drinking certain medicines; we are to think verily, that this man also being then come to his full growth, drank up a whole tun of Memory, if possibly it might any where be found. And these truly were the nightly signs of his modest temperance, and other virtues. But as touching that which he delivered by way of gallant speech, or pleasant conceit; or how he behaved himself in the preparation for fight, or in the very conflict of battle itself; as also, what enormities in the civil State he resormed by his magnanimity and the liberty that he took, it shall be showed particularly in due place. When he was compelled, being a student yet in Philosophy, to exercise the first essays and introductions to military knowledge, as a prince, & learned the artificial feat of footing with measures the warlike dance in arms, to the music of the fife and flute; he often naming Plato, came out aloud with this old proverb, This is right, A packsaddle on a cows back; surely this is no burden fit for my shoulders. When by a certain solemn order or custom there were certain * Ag●●●ibus in robus. Messengers or pursuivants brought into the Consistory, to receive * For their pay or reward. gold, among others, one of their company took it not, as the manner is, within the lap of his mantle spread abroad, but with the hollow ball of both hands: and with that, These pursuivants or Intelligencers (quoth the Emperor) can skill how to catch, and not to latch [money.] Being given to understand by certain parents, That their daughters, young virgins, were forcibly ravished, he passed a decree, That he who had abused them, upon conviction should be confined and sent away. Now, when the said parents of the maidens complained of the indignity they suffered, in that the party was not put to death, this answer he made: Thus far forth (quoth he) let the laws blame my clemency: but as for an Emperor, he ought to excel others in the lore of a most mild and gracious mind. He was on a time about to go forth to a certain warlike journey or expedition, and many called upon him by the way for justice, as having sustained some wrongs; whom he put over and commended to the rulers of provinces, to have their complaints heard: and after his return, he inquired what every one of them had done, and according to his gracious mercy that naturally he had, he mitigated the punishments of their offences. Last of all, setting aside his victories, whereby he put to flight or defeated the Barbarians, whom he slew in battle, without touch many times of any contumacy, hereby most of all it appeareth, what good he did unto the Gaulois, labouring (as it were) for life in extreme penury, in that when he entered first into those parts, he found there was demanded by way of tribute five and twenty pieces of gold for every poll, but at his departure thence, seven only for full satisfaction of all duties: in regard whereof, they rejoiced with cheerful mirth and dancing, as if the clear Sun after ugly darkness had shone upon them. To conclude, we know, That unto the very end of his Empire, and to his dying day, he observed this one thing right profitably, that in matter of paying tribute he remitted not the overplus remaining and arrearages, by way of indulgences, as they call them: for well he wist, that in doing so, he should somewhat mend and better the estate of the rich; whereas well known it is, that the poor every where, in the very beginning of the * Dictorun exordia. taxes and imposts, are compelled to make full payment, without any easement or relaxation at all. Howbeit, amid these courses and ways that he took, to rule and govern with moderation, which good princes are to strive to imitate, the rage and fury of the barbarous nations broke out into a flaming fire: and like as wild beasts, wont to live of ravine and prey when keepers be slack and negligent, use not to depart and leave their wont when these are removed, no not if stronger be set in their place, but growing outrageously wood for hunger, without regard of life, run upon whole herds and flocks of cattle: even so they also, when all was spent which they had gotten by spoil and pillage, as hunger urged them, divers times raised and drove booties away, and otherwhiles again, before they could meet with aught, came short and died for it. CHAP. III. Troubles in the Court of Constantius, whose ears lay open to all accusations. Arbetio brought into question by some, escaped without harm. julianus himself being accused, had for his patron Eutherius the Eunuch: the singular gifts of whose mind are here declared. THus for that year went these affairs in Gaul, doubtful in hope, yet lucky enough in the event. But in the emperors * 〈◊〉, or Court. train envy ceased not to bark and carp on every side at Arbetio, as one that made way already to the imperial purple rob, and would shortly attain to the highest dignity itself. And a certain * C●mes, or Counsellors. Courtier, by name Verissimus, came hotly upon him, letting fly with open mouth exceeding heinous matters, and namely charging him openly, That being of a common soldier raised to an high place of service in the army, he nothing contented therewith, as being but a small advauncement, aspired to the chief and sovereign honour of all. But especially one Dorus, who had been Physician or Chirurgeon to the Scutarij, was the man that challenged and followed him most, who being under Magnentius preferred at Rome to be Centurion of the ᵉ * Niceterio●●m. Niceterij, had (as I related before) accused Adelphius, governor of the * Vrbi praefectum. Rome. city, as one that began to shoot at higher designs. Now, when the matter came to the sifting and judicial examination, and his inward friends were about this business detained in prison, so that now there was expected some proof of crimes objected; suddenly as it had been in a mask or interlude, by the help of some gentlemen of the bedchamber (as the constant rumour made report) both the persons attached and imprisoned, as accessary and privy to the thing, were delivered out of bands, and Dorus also vanished out of sight; Verissimus likewise quickly held his peace, and all was hushed, like as upon a stage, when the play is done, and the hangings are taken down. At the very same time Constantius being informed at the mouth of such as chanced to come to the Court, that Marcellus succoured not Caesar when he was besieged at * Se●●. Senones aforesaid, him he discharged of his military oath, and commanded to depart home to his own house: who, as if he had received some grievous injury, plotted and practised somewhat against julianus, presuming upon the Emperor, whose ears were open to every accusation. And therefore, when Marcellus was in his departure, Eutherius * Praposit●●s cu●iculi. chief Chamberlain, was streightwaies sent after him, ready to confute and evict him, in case he should forge any untruths. But he not ware thereof, came shortly after to Milan, bustling and keeping a foul stir, (as he was a vain talkative fool, and more like a mad man than otherwise) where being admitted into the Consistory, he chargeth julian to be a malapert person, and one that fitted himself already with stronger wings, that he might sore up higher, for these were the very words that he spoke, and that with a great gesture and motion of his body. Whiles he fell a forging of these imputations in licentious manner, Eutherius (according to his own request) was brought in place, and commanded to speak what he would; who in modest terms and few words showeth, how the truth was coloured and covered with lies: For Caesar (quoth he) having been long besieged in Senones, while the * Marcelius. Captain ᶠ of the Forces slacked his service and sat still (as it was verily thought) of purpose, by provident and watchful industry Magistro armorum. drove back the Barbarians: and withal he undertook even with the pawning of his own head for it, that the said julian should continue during his life a loyal minister and dutiful servitor to his first founder. This present matter hath put me in mind to insert somewhat briefly as touching the same Eutherius; for that if Numa Pompilius or Socrates should give some good reports of a gelded person, and bind the same with a religious oath, they would be charged to have swerved much from the truth: but, among brambles there grow roses, and of wild beasts some wax tame and tractable. Wherefore, I will summarily declare the principal things that have been known concerning him. Being borne in Armenia of free parentage, and taken prisoner by the enemy's borderers, and even whiles he was a very little one carried away, sold he was unto a couple of Roman merchants, and brought to the palace of Constantine: where by little and little, what with skilful training, and what with good government, he gave sufficient proof of an honest course and carriage of life, as also of wit and knowledge: as being instructed in literature as much as might suffice one of that state and calling, passing quick of conceit in devising and inventing of doubtful and scrupulous questions: it exceeded also, what an excellent memory he had: very desirous to do good, and full of righteous counsel: whom if Constantius the Emperor would have regarded in times past, when he was in his growth and youthful years, he might have heard him as one of maturity and stayed ripeness, giving many precepts and lessons tending to honesty and justice, and then had he not sinned at all, or at leastwise committed but venial trespasses. This Eutherius being * Praposituscubicul● principal Chamberlain, now and then would seem to reform even julian also, nuzzled and engrafted in the manners of Asia, and therefore vain and unconstant. Moreover, having retired himself aside to a quiet life, and afterwards being taken eftsoons into the palace (as he was of sober behaviour always, and passing well stayed) two notable and singular virtues, Faithfulness and Continence, he embraced so, as that he was not challenged at any time, as the rest have been, either to have disclosed a secret, unless it were to save another man's life, or to have burnt in greedy desire of getting and having more. Whence it came to pass, that withdrawing himself anon after to Rome, and there settled and resiant until he was well stepped in years, carrying about with him a good conscience to keep him company, esteemed he is and loved of all degrees: whereas such kind of persons are wont commonly, after they have gotten riches by unjust and indirect means to seek for secret corners, as flyers of the light, shunning the sight of the multitude whom they have wronged. To which of all the gelded eunuchs in old time I should compare this Eutherius, in perusing many a time the monuments of antiquity, could I never find. For there were long since in our ancestors days, some of them, though very few, trusty and profitable [to their lords,] yet stained and spotted with certain vices: For with those special good qualities which any one of them had gotten by studious endeavour or natural wit, he was either given to greedy extortion, or overfiercely and felly bend, or hotly set upon doing mischief, or too too kind and pleasing to those that loved him, or else excessive proud in the overweening of his own greatness: but of any one Eunuch, every way so skilful and well qualified, I confess I never read nor heard, notwithstanding I have presumed upon the sufficient testimony of our age. But if happily any curious reader of Antiquities, set in opposition against us Menophilus, an Eunuch to Mithridates' king of Pontus, let him upon this advertisement call to remembrance, That nothing hath been recorded of him but this only, which he gloriously showed in his utmost extremity: The foresaid king, after he had in a mighty great battle been vanquished by the Romans and Pompeius, flying to his ancient inheritance the kingdom of * or Colchis, now called Mengrelia and Lavia. Nig. Colchi, left within the castle Sinhorium his daughter named Direptis, grievously afflicted with sickness, as committed to the charge of this Menophilus: who keeping this virgin most safe for her father, now that she was by all the means that physic could afford, perfectly cured, what time as the said fort wherein she was enclosed began to be besieged by Manlius Priscus, the Lord general's lieutenant; when he perceived that the defenders of the place were minded to render it up, fearing least to the shameful reproach of her father the young maiden now marriageable should remain a captive, and her body be abused, killed her first, and soon after with his sword stabbed himself into his very bowels. CHAP. four Other examples of Tragoedies acted in Constantius his Theatre. The confident and fortunate liberty that Vrsulus an honourable person used in defence of the truth. The stupidity of Constantius maketh way to civil troubles and calamities: whereof there be examples laid open worth the observation. NOw let me return from whence I have digressed. After that Marcellus (as I have said) had taken the foil, and Serdica (the place of his nativity) was destroyed; within the emperors * or Court: for military terms were allegorically there taken up. Camp many horrible acts, under pretence of maintaining his imperial majesty were committed: For if one had sought for counsel unto any of these cunning men or wizards about the squeaking of a rat, the meeting of a weasel in the way, or for any such praesaging sign; or if he had used any old woman's charm and enchantment to mitigate pain (a thing that by the warrant of physic may be avowed) the party being hereof informed against (how and by what means he could not guess) and thereupon in all hast indited and arraigned, suffered death for it. About the same time the report went, there was a certain man named Danus, whom his wife only upon a fear and terror had accused of slight matters, guilty indeed or unguilty whether he were, I list not to avouch; but for want of defence he was by Rufinus insulted over and beguiled: who gave information of some particulars that he knew, by Gaudentius, a Pursuivant or Intelligencer, and by Africanus the * Consularem. Consulare governor then of Pannonia, when they had given notice of the principal in the office belonging to Praefectus Praetorio, whiles also * I greatly suspect this place to be very corrupt and defective: until therefore a more perfect copy may be found, it must pass in this manner. he as chief actor by way of vow and earnest promise, twice, as the speech went, induced and brought the wavering and fickle minded woman, after he had filthily lain with her, into danger of doing herself hurt, and persuaded her, by packing a number of lies together, for to accuse her guiltless husband of treason, and namely to forge thus much, That he had stolen a purple garment or covering out of Dioclesian's sepulchre, and with the privity of some hidden it. Having thus framed these matters to the utter destruction of many, * Rufinus. himself (in hope of greater booties) hies apace to the emperors camp, there to raise false slanders after his wont manner. Knowledge being taken of this thing, commandment was given, That Mavortius, than * Praefectus Prator●o. Lord chief justice under the Emperor, a man of high resolution, should with straight inquisition look thoroughly into the crime, having joined with him in commission to hear the case, Vrsulus * 〈…〉 high Treasurer to the Emperor, a man likewise of commendable severity. After this matter therefore was aggravated according to the condition and good liking of those times, when nothing upon the torture of a great many could be found, and the judges were at a fault, and to seek what to do; at length the truth (which had been overmuch oppressed and smothered) breathed again, and upon the very point of necessity the woman confesseth Rufinus to be the author of all this machination, neither suppressed she the filthy adultery committed: and howsoever presently with contempt of laws much debate and canvasing there had been to and fro, yet at length by order and justice both of them had sentence of condemnation given, to die. Constantius having intelligence hereof, fared and fumed; lamenting also, that the protector (as it were) & defender of his life was perished, sent out horsemen post, and commanded in th' reatening manner Vrsulus to return unto the Counsel. And he verily rejecting those that would have stayed him, broke through them fearless: and being entered into the Consistory, with free speech and bold heart declared what had been done: and thus having stoutly stopped the mouths of all flatterers, that they had not a word to say, delivered both the Pręfect or justice abovesaid and himself out of a great danger. Then happened that in Aquitaine which fame bruited farther abroad: A certain crafty cozener being invited to a sumptuous feast (whereof there be many in these countries) seeing a pair of fine * Toralium, or table cloth. linen counterpoints, with two buttons so exceeding * Neither is this passage as sound as it should be. large, as that by the skill of the servitors they might meet and close together, and a table spread with the like naperie, carrying in both hands the forepart of his cloak, the whole furniture within, as the clothes had adorned and set it out, together with the principal things; a rich patrimony (I assure you) he * Evertit, or Everrit. swooped away. With like malicious naughtiness a certain Pursuivant or Intelligencer employed in Spain, bidden semblably to a supper, when he heard the boys that were bringing in lights at evening cry out as the manner is, Vincamus, i. Let us win, making a wicked and heinous interpretation thereof, brought to ruin and destroyed that noble house. These and such like pranks were played every day more and more, for that Constantius being exceeding timorous, feared always, that he was the mark they shot at, even as Denis that tyrant of Sicily: who upon the very selfsame infirmity taught even his own daughters to play the barbers, because he would not commit his face to any stranger for to be shaved & made smooth; and that little house or room in which he was wont to lie, he environed about with a deep ditch, and made over it a drawbridge, that might be unjointed & taken asunder every piece, the dis-joined planks and pings whereof he carried over with him when he went to bed, and the same he set together again in their joints when he was to go forth in the morning betimes. To these trumpets that sounded the alarm of civil troubles, the great men likewise in the emperors house gave blast, to the end that they might beg the goods of condemned persons, and unite them to their own. For as it appeared by manifest proofs, Constantine was the first of all that opened the jaws of these favourites: but Constantius was he that fed them fat with marrow of the provinces. For under this Emperor the heads and principals of every state and degree were infinitely inflamed with a greedy desire of riches, without respective difference of justice and right: among the ordinary * That exercise clvile jurisdiction. judges, first Rufinus, * Prafectus Pratorio Lord chief justice, and among the military and martial men, Arbetio, * Equitum magister Master or General of the Horsemen, and * Prafectus cubicul● Provost of the bedchamber, Vrsicinus also, Praefector * Equestris 〈◊〉 Prafectus. Captain of the Knight's order, and in the * Rome. city Anitius, the * Quaestor. Quaestor, or Treasurer: who aiming in his posterity at a princelike and royal port, could never be satisfied with extraordinary possessions. But the Persians in the East, by thieving and robbery, rather than (as their usual manner was) by encountering in the field and by battle, raised booties both of people and of cattle, by which sometimes they gained, as coming upon a sudden, and otherwhiles overmatched with multitude of soldiers, they lost. Now and then also they were not permitted once to have sight at all of that which might be carried away. Howbeit, Musonianus * Prafectus Prat●rio Lord chief justice, in those parts, furnished (as I have said before) with many good arts, yet a corrupt man, given to bribery, and for money easy to be turned from the truth, by means of certain spies suborned and sent out of purpose, cunning artisans in deceiving and juggling, inquired after the projects and plots of the Persians, joining with him in such consultations Cassianus * Deuce. Lord ᵍ Warden in the marches of Mesopotamia, a warrior hardened in sundry services and dangerous exploits. Who notwithstanding plain intelligence given unto them by the faithful relation of the said spies, agreeing all in one talk, that [king] Sapor in the utmost marches of his kingdom, after much slaughter and blood shed of his people could hardly repel the nations that infested his dominion; yet by the means of base and obscure soldiers in secret conferences, they were in hand with [the * Ducem, or marquess. Lord Warden] Sapor, who lay very near unto our province, that if opportunity might serve, he would by letters advise the king to make a firm peace, now at length with the Roman Emperor; whereby, he being secured on every side, might tame and subdue his enemies that continually molested him. Sapor the said * Dux, or Marques Warden condescended hereunto, and having gotten thus much, and trusting thereupon, informeth the king, that Constantius much encumbered with most grievous wars, by way of entreaty required to have a peace. And whiles these letters were sent unto the Chionites and Halani, in whose confines king Sapor wintered, a long time passed between. CHAP. V. Constantius, a cowardly prince, thinketh upon a triumph: and with a mighty long train, which is here as largely described, in great pomp entereth Rome. WHiles these matters were in disposing thus, according as the times required, as well in those parts as in Gaul, Constantius having now * made peace with the whole world. shut up the temple of janus, and vanquished all his enemies, was very desirous to see Rome, and to triumph without any glorious matter of name, (after Magnentius his overthrow and death) even over Roman blood: for neither vanquished he by himself any nation that made war, nor understood of any conquered by the valour of his own captains, nor laid aught unto the Empire, ne yet was seen in extremity of dangers, either foremost, or among the foremost: but only forsooth, that he might show a goodly pomp (reaching out a mighty length, his banners stiff again with goldsmiths work, and a beautiful train of his guard,) unto the people living now in much tranquility, and neither hoping nor wishing ever to see the like sight again: as he that knew not peradventure, that some of the ancient princes in time of peace verily contented themselves with the attendance of their sergeant and officers; but when the heat of battles could abide no slackness, one * An●e lanter. in all haste to have committed himself with a forward gale of winds to a fisher's boat; another after the example of the Deccis to have given away his life for the Commonwealth; another again, in his own person among the meanest soldiers to have viewed the enemy's camp as a spy; and in one word by divers noble and valiant acts, to have grown famous; to the end that by a renowned memorial they might commend their glorious acts unto posterity. So soon then, as he had disbursed much in preparation of royal furniture and bestowed gifts upon every man according to their deserts, in the second * 〈◊〉: When 〈◊〉 was now the sec●●d Praefect ●● Lo●● justice of 〈…〉. Praefectship of Orphitus, after he had passed by * 〈…〉 Ocriculum, lifted up on high with great honours, environed also and guarded with a train of admirable troops, conducted he was, as it were, in battle array, and all men's eyes became wholly fixed and bend in the beholding of this sight. Now when he approached the city, as he beheld with a gracious countenance the Senators according to their places giving attendance in dutiful wise, and the reverend presence of the noble Patricians; he thought not as Cyneas that ambassador of Pyrrhus did, that a number of kings were assembled together, but the very temple & sanctuary of the world was there in place. From whom, when he had turned himself toward the common people, he wondered exceedingly, how quickly all the men in the world thus conflowed to Rome. And as if he had been to terrify Euphrates or Rhine with a show of armour, as the ensigns went on both sides before, himself was mounted alone upon a chariot of gold, glittering again with bright precious stones of sundry sorts; with whose shining there seemed to be a certain mingled light, and manifold degrees, in an alternative course, of high powers in authority: whiles others again were compassed about with the Dragons, wrought with woufe of purple thread, and those fastened to the tops of spears, all gold, and set with costly gems, gaping and blowing with wide mouth, and therefore hissing as if they were angry, and therewith leaving their winding tails to wift in the wind. And on both sides marched a double rank of armed men, with targuets and crested helmets, sending rays and beams from them of brandishing light, wearing upon them fine * or shirts of mail habergeons: and the men of arms here and there intermingled on bard horses, whom the Persians use to call Clibanarij, harnessed all over with good corselets, and bard about with guards of steel: so as one would have taken them for Images finely polished by the handworke of Praxiteles, and not for men indeed: about whom also there went thin plated hoops, made fit and handsome for the bending of their bodies, and running all over their limbs; so that which way soever they had need to stir and move their joints, the apparel or habiliment would agree thereto, the joining thereof was so meet, and served so well every way. He therefore being saluted with lucky acclamations by the name of Augustus, whiles the noise of voice and trumpet together thundered out a broken sound, trembled again, showing himself just in that sort, and so unmooveable, as he was wont to be seen in his own provinces. For both he bowed down his body (and that was very low) as he entered in at any high gates; and also with a stiff neck, as if both head and it had been of one piece all armed, casting his eye directly before him, he turned his face neither on the right hand, nor the left, as if he had been the image of a man: neither was he seen so much as to give a nod with his head, when the wheel shogged, nor to spit or wipe his lips, or blow or rub his nose, no, nor once to wag his hand: which albeit he did with an affectation, yet were these gestures and some other besides which he used in the rest of his life, no small tokens of patience and special gifts that he alone had, as it well might be thought. Moreover, that during all the time of his Empire he neither took up any man to sit with him in his caroche, nor admitted any private person to be his companion in the honourable estate of Consul, as princes have been wont to do: as also many other things, which but always those of the blood royal he (raised though he were to an high conceit and pride of himself) observed as most equal and indifferent laws, I omit to set down, remembering well that I related the same when they occurred. CHAP. VI What deeds and words passed at the same time in that city. Eusebia the wife of Constantius reacheth at the person of Helena, julians' wife, by wicked arts. Constantius terrified with continual and certain news, as touching the wasting and robberies that some Nations made, leaveth Rome. WHerefore, being entered into Rome, the very seat of the Empire, and habitation of all virtues, and come to the Rostra, that most renowned Hall of justice in time of ancient rule and government, he became astonished: and being dazzled with the sight of so many wonders of the world, on what side soever he cast his eyes, after he had spoken unto the nobility in the Senate-house, and to the people before the tribunal and judgement seat, received into the palace with much favour and applause, he was fully possessed now of his wishedfor joy. And oftentimes, as he exhibited the games of horse and charriot-running, he took much delight in the merry jests and scoffs of the common people, as long as they were not proud and insolent, nor swerved from the manner of their inbred and native liberty, himself also in good respect and reverence keeping a due mean: For he suffered not (as in other cities) the games to be ended at his own pleasure, but (as the manner is) permitted many things, and yielded unto divers chances. Afterwards taking a full view as well of all parts of the city, situate within the tops of the seven hills, partly upon the bending of them, and in part on the plain beneath, as also the suburbs without the walls by the city side; whatsoever was presented to his sight first, that thought he to surmount all the rest; and namely, the temples of jupiter Tarpeius, as far surpassing as heavenly things excel the earthly: goodly Baines built in manner of provinces: the huge frame of the Amphi-theatre strongly raised up and wrought with Tiburtine stone, closely laid and couched together; up to the top and loover whereof hardly can a man see: the Pantheon, like unto a round region supported with arch-worke right beautifully, of a great height: also the lofty pulpits and mounts, elevated with ascents up to them by winding stairs, carrying the counterfeits and personages of Consuls and former princes: likewise the Temple of the city, the Hall of peace, the Theatre of Pompeius, the * The Theatre of Music and Poetry. Odeum ʰ and Stadium, i. the Race; besides other stately buildings and beauties, among these, of that eternal city. But when he was come to the goodly Hall of Traianus, the most singular piece of work under heaven (as we think, yea, and by the assent of the very gods admirable) he stood still as amazed, whiles he considered and thought of those giant like works round about, so ineffable, and not of mortal men to be reached at and attempted again. Without all hope therefore to endeavour or attempt any such thing, only the horse of trajan, standing in the midst of the Court yard, on which the Emperor himself is portrayed sitting, he said: That he both would and also could imitate: whereat Hormisda, a prince of the * of Persia, or a Persian Courtier. blood royal, standing hard by him (whose departure out of Persis I declared before) shaped him this answer, and that after the manner of his country gesture: Command O Emperor (quoth he) the like stable to be built before, if thou be able: then the horse which thou art disposed to make may come after and take up as large a room as this doth which we behold. This very potentate being asked, What he thought of Rome? said; He took contentment in this only, that he had now learned, How even there also men are mortal. The Emperor therefore, after he had seen many things that struck him into a dreadful astonishment, complained of Fame, as if she were either of small force, or else maliciously disposed, which using always to make every thing more than it is, yet in the blazing abroad of these monuments in Rome, faileth of her strength: and after long deliberation, What he should do? he determined in the end to add somewhat to the ornaments of the city, namely, to erect in the Cirque or shewplace that stood next, an Obeliske, the original and form whereof I will show in place convenient. In this mean while Eusebia the * or Empress. Queen, being herself barren all her life time, practised even then against Helena, the sister of Constantius, and wife of julianus Caesar, who was brought to Rome under a colour of love and affection, and by a wile drew her on to drink a medicine little better than poison, which she had gotten for her, to this end, that so often as she was conceived with child, she might miscarry, and cast an untimely fruit: For before time also in Gaul, when she had brought forth a man child, she lost it by this deceitful cast: for that the midwife (bribed for a piece of money) by cutting away the navell-string of the new-born babe (more than was meet) killed it: so great care and such diligence was used, that the issue of so valiant a man might not come to light, or grow to good proof. Well, the Emperor very willing and desirous to make some long abode in this seat, of all others most full of majesty, to the end he might thereby enjoy more pure repose and pleasure, was terrified with continual news, and those reported for certain, which gave him to understand, That the Suevians made roads into the Rhaetiae, that the Quadi also invaded * part of Pannonia Valeria, yea, and that the * Tartarians. Sarmatians, a people most expert in thieving and robbery, wasted the upper * Maesia, and the second * part of Hungary. Pannonia. Moldavia of some. Wherewith he being much moved, upon the thirtieth day after he entered into Rome, to wit, the * 29. of May. fourth before the Calends of june, took his journey from the city, and hastened by the way of * per Tridentum. Trent into Illyricum. From whence, after he had in the place of Marcellus sent Severus, an experienced warrior and by long continuance grounded, he commanded Vrsicinus to repair unto him: and he having received these letters gladly, came to * Sirmisch. Ortel. Sirmium, accompanied with his fellows: and after long pondering and consulting about the peace, which (as Musonianus had related before) might be established with the Persians, sent back he is again into the East with the authority of * Magisterij. General of the cavalry: and when the elder sort of our company were * Provectis, forte Profectis. advanced to the conduct and rule of soldiers, we the younger men had commandment to attend upon his person, ready to perform whatsoever he should command, in the behalf of the Commonwealth. CHAP. VII. julian having passed the Winter at Senones, invadeth the almains, raging above their wont manner, passeth over the Rhine at a ford, and after he had with many foils and overthrows weakened them, forceth them to retire out of the Islands of Rhine into the further parts. But Caesar having passed a troublesome Winter at * 〈…〉. Senones, in the year that the Emperor was the ninth time Consul, and himself the second, by occasion that from Germany there were menaces thundered out on every side, removed in a fortunate hour and with good pręsaging tokens, and made haste to Rheims, more cheerful and joyous, because the government of the army was committed to Severus, a man neither given to discord, nor yet arrogant, but of approved frugality a long time known in warfare, and the soldiers were ready to follow him directly going before, as being a leader also himself guided by his commission. In another part, Barbatio after the death of Silvanus preferred to be Colonel of the Infantry, by commandment from the Emperor, with a power of five and twenty thousand armed men came to Rauraci. For devised it was, and carefully ordered beforehand, That the almains, who raged above their wont manner, and ranged all abroad, by a redoubled power of our forces marshaled in manner of a pair of tongs, being driven into a straight, should be beaten down and hewed in pieces. Howbeit, whiles these projects, so well thought of and digested in good order, were hastening forward to the execution, the Barbarians right joyous, and as cunning to take their times for to steal and rob, passed by in secret wise between both armies where they lay encamped, assaulted * Lions. Lugdunum at unawares, and after the sacking thereof they had in a greedy endeavour burnt it quite, but that by blocking up the avenues they were driven back, and so they made havoc of whatsoever could be found without the town. Which damage and loss was no sooner known, but Caesar sent out three cornets of light armed, and those right valiant, horsemen, and observed three ways, knowing that by them (without all doubt) these robbers would break away and escape. Neither failed he of effecting that which he projected: For all they that went out by those ways were cut off, and the whole pillage recovered untouched: they only escaped clear without harm, who passed in security by the fence and fort where Barbatio lay, suffered to slip away, because Bainobaudes a Tribune, and Valentinian (Emperor afterwards) with troops of horsemen which were in their regiment, ordained for the execution of that charge, were by Cella, * Tribu●e scutariorum. Tribune of the Scutarij (who joining with Barbatio, came to that piece of service) forbidden to observe that passage, by which they had intelligence the Germans would return. The Colonel * Barbatio. of the footmen not content herewith, being himself a coward, and an obstinate backbiting depraver of julianus his glorious deeds, knowing that himself had given that commandment against the good of the Romans (for so much confessed Cella, when he was charged with this point) deceived Constantius in making relation thereof; and he feigned, That these very same Tribunes came with a pretence of some public negotiation of the state, to solicit the soldiers whom he had conducted. For which cause, being deprived of their place of command, they returned home to their houses as private persons. At the same time the Barbarians (who had seated themselves on this side Rhine) affrighted with the coming of these armies, some of them skilfully by hewing down mighty strong and big trees, stopped up the ways quite, which otherwise were hard to travail in, and of their own nature full of steep cliffs, and well near unpassable: others having gotten the Islands lying thick scattered along the river Rhine, making a piteous yelling and howling, railed a good both at the Romans, and also at Caesar: who being highly displeased and wroth for to catch and attach some of them, craved of Barbatio seven of those ships, which he (as minding to pass over the river) had provided to put and join together for bridges: who, because nothing might be obtained at his hands, set them all on a light fire. At the last, advertised by the information of spies and discoverers newly taken prisoners, that being now the hot season of Summer, the river might be waded over, after exhortation given, he sent the auxiliary light armed soldiers, together with Bainobaudes, * Tribuno Corm●torum. Tribune or Captain of the Cornuti, with the favour of Fortune minding to achieve a memorable exploit: who one while wading through the shallow fourds, and sometimes bearing themselves upon their shields in manner of troughs, or small punts, swum over to an Island near by: and being landed, they killed all they found one with another, without any regard of sex, male or female, and of age, old or young, as if they had been so many sheep. Now, after they had gotten to them some empty boats, rowing by the means of them, tottering though they were, they broke into many of such places; and when they had their fill of slaughter, being laden with rich spoil (a part whereof they lost by the violence of the river) they returned all in safety. And upon the knowledge hereof, the residue of the Germans abandoning the Islands as an untrusty place of defence, got away their wives, children, and dearest friends, together with their corn and barbarous richesses, unto places further remote. CHAP. VIII. A Fort named Tres-Tabernae he reedifieth. Chonodomarius and Vestralpus, Aleman kings, after they had put to flight Barbatio, Colonel of the Roman footmen, and chased part of the army with a puissant army, sat them down near unto Argentoratum, and by their ambassadors insult over julianus. CAesar turning from hence to the re-edifying of Tres-Tabernae, a fort so called, not long since, by the obstinate assault of the enemies destroyed, which if it were once rebuilt, sure he was, that the Germans might be kept off from entering into the inland parts of Gaul, as they had wont, he both finished this work sooner than was looked for, and laid up for one whole year for those that were to be placed there, to defend the place, food sufficient, which had been gathered together by the soldiers hand, not without fear of danger, even out of the Barbarians harvests. And verily, not content herewith only, he purveyed also for himself victuals to serve twenty days. For these warriors the more willingly made use of that which they had gotten with their own right hands, as taking great snuff and indignation, because they could have nothing of that provision of corn which was newly brought unto them: for that Barbatio, when he passed hard by, proudly caught it up before hand, and the residue which remained behind, he laid, upon an heap, and burned it every jot. Which, whether he did like a vain and braine-ficke fool, or boldly enterprised many wicked attempts by commandment from the Emperor, was not then known. Howbeit, this was bruited abroad in all places, and rife in every man's mouth, That julian was not chosen [Caesar] to give easement to the distressed state of Gaul, but that he might by most cruel wars there come to his end, being then (as it was thought) but a freshwater soldier, and one that could not endure so much as the clattering noise of armour. Well, whiles the work about the said fort goeth apace forward, whiles part of the soldiers maketh fore-fences abroad in the fields, and others again gather corn warily, for fear of ambushments, the barbarous multitude preventing with exceeding celerity the rumour of their coming, having violently on a sudden set upon Barbatio and the army which he had the conduct of (as hath been said) divided and severed from them by a Gaulish fortification, and following them in chase as far as to the Rauraci, yea, and further as long as they could, after they had carried away the greatest part of their carriages, labouring beasts, and camp slaves, returned home again. And he, as if he had performed a notable and fortunate expedition, bestowed his soldiers here and there in their Wintering harbours, and returned to the emperors Court, minding to frame an action and accusation against Caesar, as his manner was, ready at all times bitterly to assail and vex him. When this foul foil and terror was once dispersed and spread abroad, the Aleman kings, Chonodomarius and Vestralpus, Vrius also, and Vrsicinus, together with Secapio, Suomarius, and Hortarius, assembling all their forces and power together into one place, sat them down near unto Argentoratum, supposing that Caesar was retired for fear of utter extremity, whereas he continued still busily employed about the finishing of the fort abovesaid. Now, that which made them the bolder to bear their heads more confidently, was a certain false and fugitive ( * One of the band Scutarij. Scutarius) who fearing punishment for a crime committed, fled unto them after the departure of his captain put to flight, and declared, that there remained not above fifteen thousand armed men with julianus: for that number (indeed) followed after, whiles the fierce and cruel Barbarians were on every side set upon rage and furious fight. Upon whose constant avouching still of the same tale, they were pricked on with boldness to dare greater matters; and so sending their ambassadors away, imperiously enough commanded Caesar to depart out of those lands which they had conquered by their valour, and at the swords point. CHAP. IX. Whiles the enemies thus proudly brave it out, julianus politicly looking to himself, exhorteth his army to fight. The soldiers and captains of the Forces cheerfully approve the counsel of their General and Commander. CAesar, who could not skill of cowardly fear, was neither driven into a fit of anger, nor stricken down with grief and sorrow, but laughing at the vain presumption of the Barbarians, kept these ambassadors until the work of the fortifications was fully ended, and persisted still in the same degree of resolution, and stirred not a foot. Moreover, king Chonodomarius bearing himself big in every place, and the chief setter of dangerous enterprises, kept a great stir, and made a trouble and confusion of all beyond measure, lifting up his brows aloft with a proud look, as one highly conceited, in regard of the fortunate success many times of his affairs: for not only in a plain pitched field he encountered Decentius Caesar, and gave him the overthrow, but also razed and sacked many wealthy cities, yea, and for a long time invaded and overran Gaul at his pleasure, whiles there was none to gainsay or withstand him. And that which confirmed yet more his confident boldness, was the fresh discomfiture and flight of a great * Barbatio. Leader, who for number and puissance had the odds. For the Alemans' beholding the badges and arms of their shields, knew them to be the same soldiers, who had let some few of their brigands and robbers enjoy land, for fear of whom, sundry times when they buckled in close flight, with loss of many, they went away dispersed and in disarray. Whereat Caesar was very pensive, and took the matter grievously, that having (upon urgent necessity driving him thereto) escaped such dangers, he was now enforced with a few (though valorous men) to affront and encounter so populous nations. And now that the bright Sun beams began to appear, and the trumpets to sound the footmen were led forth marching fair and softly, and the troops of light horsemen flanked them on the sides as wings, between which were bestowed the * Cataphracti, in complete harness, or armed at all pieces. Corselettiers and the Archers, a dreadful kind of armed soldiers: and for as much as from the place whence the Romans advanced their standards unto the Barbarians fort, it was fourteen leagues, that is to say, one and twenty miles, Caesar, in good regard as well of vantage as of security, called back the forerunners that pricked forth before, and after silence proclaimed by the usual Oyes unto his soldiers, standing about him by bands and companies, made according to his natural disposition this mild speech: The regard of maintaining the common safety, urgeth Caesar (to speak most sparily) a man of no base and abject mind, for to exhort and beseech you my fellow soldiers, that presuming as you do upon your well grown and stout valour, you choose rather the wary way either to endure or to put back the perils feared, than that which is overhasty and doubtful. For as in dangerous adventures meet it is there should be a forwardness of manhood and boldness; so (if occasion require) the same aught to be regible, advised, and considerate. What mine opinion is therefore, if your judgement shall accord thereto, and just indignation endure, I will in brief declare. The day groweth well now to noontide, and we (tired out and wearied with a tedious journey) shall be welcomed with stony and blind ways, the night in the wane and old of the Moon, not like to have help of any shining stars, the lands before us burned up with heat, have no comfort or succour of waters: which if any man should make good and effect, that we may well and with ease pass through, when whole troops of enemies after rest and refection of meat and drink come rushing violently upon us, where are we then? What vigour can we have (seeing our bodies are enfeebled with hunger, thirst, and travail) to make resistance? For as much therefore, as against most difficult businesses a dispose and order thought upon in time hath oftentimes afforded remedy, and when right counsel given hath been taken in good part, divine means even from heaven above sometimes have recovered and set upright the tottering estate of men's affairs; here, I beseech you, let us (empaled within a rampire and trench) take our rest, dividing the watches by turns: and having for the time enjoyed the benefit of sleep and food convenient, advance forward (with the leave of God be it spoken) at the break of day our triumphant standards and victorious ensigns. The soldiers, that could not well endure until the end of his speech, gnashing and grinding their teeth, and showing their hot desire to fight by knocking their shields and spears together, besought him earnestly, That they might be led forth to give the enemy battle, who now was within sight, trusting upon the favour of God in heaven, confident also in themselves, and presuming upon the approved virtues of their fortunate leader and director, and (as the end showed) a certain comfortable * or Angel. Genius there in place ready, so long as he was present, excited them to fight. To help forward this alacrity and cheerfulness of theirs, there was the full assent also of the great captains and high officers, especially of Florentius, * Praefecti Praetorio. Praefect of the Praetorium; who all with one accord agreed, That great reason they had on their side to fight, (though it were with much danger) whiles the barbarous enemies pressed on all in plumpes and heaps; who if they once should turn aside out of the way, he said, that the stirs of our soldiers (given too much upon an in bred heat of theirs to seditious commotions) would be intolerable, as who could hardly endure, without the attempt of some extreme course, the victory (as he thought) wrested out of their hands. Furthermore, a twofold consideration there was, that encouraged and emboldened our men, calling to remembrance, that the year last passed, when the Romans ranged at their pleasure all over the countries beyond Rhine, there was not seen any man to defend his own dwelling house, or to make resistance: but when the lanes and ways on every side were stopped up with the lopping and cutting down of trees lying thick together, during the nipping cold of mid Winter, the Barbarians thus removed far off, had much ado to live: as also, that upon the emperors entry into their lands, they not daring either to resist or to show their heads, upon their humble request and entreaty obtained peace. But no man considered all this while, that the case of the times was altered, for than they were cumbered & kept down with a threefold mischief: namely, while the Emperor lay sore upon them in Rhaetia, Caesar hard by, permitted them not to escape any where, and the next borderers (whom civil discords caused to be their enemies) were ready in a manner to tread upon their necks behind, being thus hemmed in on every side. But afterwards, upon a grant of peace the Emperor being departed, those neighbour nations now after the matter and cause of their brawls allayed, were reconciled and grown to agreement: and withal, that most dishonourable departure of the * Barbatio. Roman leader, much increased their pride and stoutness naturally in bred in them. Likewise it went worse on the Romans part by another means, and that upon such an occasion and occurrent as this. Two brethren there were of the blood royal, who being fast tied by virtue of that peace which they had obtained from Constantius, durst neither raise any uproar, nor so much as once stir. But within a while after, when one of them, named Gundomadus, the greater person of the twain, and more firm of his word, was by a train murdered, all his people conspired and banded with our enemies, and presently withal the common sort also of Vandomarius his subjects (as it was affirmed) joined themselves to the forces and regiments of the Barbarians that made war. Well, when all the army from highest to lowest gave their allowance, that it was even then a convenient and meet time to join battle, and slacked nothing of their resolute minds fully bend to fight, all on a sudden the Standard-bearer cried out in these terms. On forth most happy and fortunate Caesar, whither the kind favour of fortune leadeth thee. By thee at length we have a sense of valour and military policy. Advance forward, and lead the way, as a lucky and valiant warrior, marching in the vaward hard before the standards. Good proof thou shalt have, what soldiers (in the sight of a warlike leader and an * individui. inseparable witness of service to be performed) will be able upon these motives and encouragements to do, in case it may please the God of heaven to assist them. CHAP. X. The order of the Alemans' army, and the principal commanders thereof. julianus a second time wisely encourageth as well his ownemen as strangers to give battle. WHen they heard this, without any further respite or delay the whole army marched on, and approached an hill of a pretty height and easy ascent, spread all over with standing corn, now ripe and ready for harvest, not far distant from the edge or banks of Rhine. From the top whereof, three horsemen of the enemies lying there in espial, rose up, and ready to give notice suddenly, that the Roman host was near at hand, made haste to their company. But one footman, not able to follow, was taken by the quick pursuit of our men, who told us, That the Germans for three days and three nights together passed over the river: whom, when our leaders espied hard by arraunging themselves thick and close together into squadrons, they made a stand, and stirred not a foot, whiles the * those of the main battle. Antepilani ⁱ, the * Pikemen. Hastati and the foremost of every rank in the vaward stood firm and fast, like a strong and insoluble wall: and with semblable wariness the enemies kept their ground, and made no haste forward. And when (according as the foresaid fugitive had told) they saw all the cavalry on the right side opposite unto them, the very flower of their horsemen they bestowed thick thronged together in the left wing; and among them here and there they intermingled skirmishers and footmen lightly appointed. For well they wist, That an horseman of theirs (though a skilful soldier otherwise) fight with our man of arms in complete harness, whiles he holdeth his shield and reins of the bridle, by shaking and casting his spear with one hand, can do no hurt unto a warrior hidden wholly under an iron armour of proof: but that a footman in the very point and heights of dangers (when no man is wont to take heed of aught but that which cometh in his way and encountereth him) as he creepeth close to the ground, by digging into the horse side is able to throw the rider over his horse head, ere he be aware, and then may he with small ado be killed. Having marshaled the matter thus, the right side of the battle they flanked and made sure with secret and blind ambushments. Now, the chief leaders of all these warlike and fierce nations were Chonodomarius and Serapio, in higher place of power and authority than the other kings. And Chonodomarius verily, the mischievous firebrand of the whole war, with a flame-colour wreath or tassel fitted to his crest, advanced before, and led the left wing (a man bold, and trusting upon his wonderful strength of bone and brawn) where the heat of battle was looked for, mounted on high upon a lusty frothing courser, bearing with him a great breadth, and bigness of bulk, with his lance in rest, and that of a terrible bigness, all bravely to be seen in glittering armour, both an hardy soldier aforetime, and also a good leader above all others. But the right side was conducted by Serapio, even than a lusty gallant, with tender down growing on his cheeks, but for action more forward than his years, the son of Chonodomarius his brother, Medericus, a most perfidious wretch all his life time; so called, for that his father, kept as an hostage or pledge a long time in Gaul, and having learned certain hidden Greek mysteries, changed the name of this son of his (who originally at the first was cleped Agenarichus) into Serapio. After these followed kings or potentates, next in power unto them, in number five, and princes of the blood royal ten: also a great train and rank of nobles, with five and thirty thousand fight men all armed, levied out of sundry nations, partly for wages, and partly upon covenant and agreement to have the like service tendered unto them again. By this time terribly sounded the trumpers alarm; and than Severus, a Roman leader, who had the command of the left wing, when he drew near unto the trenches above said full of armed men (from whence order had been given afore, that lying there close and hidden, they should start up of a sudden, and break the arrays) he stood still without all fear, & being somewhat suspicious of blind ambushments, he attempted neither to recoil back, nor to step forward any further. Which when Caesar saw (as he was courageous to enter upon the services of greatest danger) guarded with a troop of two hundred horse, according as the heat of the service required, and riding swiftly among the footmen where they stood embattled, he gave them comfortable words of encouragement. And considering that to speak unto them all at once, neither the large ground that they took up stretched forth in length, nor the number of so great a multitude assembled would permit; and otherwise, he avoided the heavy load of envy and displeasure, for fear he might be thought to affect that which the Emperor supposed due to himself alone, taking good heed unto himself, and riding apace without the shot of the enemies, with these and such like speeches he animated the soldiers, known and unknown, one with another, to play the men, and do their devoir valiantly. Now (quoth he) is come the full time of fight (my good friends and companions) which you and I have long since wished for, and which heretofore ye required, calling for arms after an unquiet and mutinous manner. Likewise, when he was come to others behind the * Post signan●s. Ensigns, and placed in the rearward: Behold (saith he) my fellow soldiers, the long hoped for day is now here, which compelleth us all to wash away the former stains and blots received, and so to recover unto the majesty of the Roman Empire their own due honour. These are the Barbarians, whom excessive fury and rage, to the utter overthrow and destruction of their whole estate, hath forced to come in the way of our puissance, to be foiled and trodden under foot. Semblably, others well experienced by long practice in the war, as he arraunged them in better order, he encouraged with these and such like exhortations: Let us rouse up and bestir ourselves, right hardy knights, let us put away by that fortitude which is fit, the shameful reproaches fastened upon our associates, which as I beheld (with much doubting and delay-making though it were) I yielded to take upon me the name of Caesar. But whomsoever he perceived inconsiderately to call for the signal of battle, and with unruly stirs like to break his commandment: I beseech you (saith he) do not mar the glory of our future victory, by following over-greedily the enemies, whom ye are to put to flight; nor any of you give ground and yield before extreme necessity. For such as shall be about to fly, doubtless I will forsake: with them that are to wound the enemy's backs I will be present, without any difference, and even as one of you, in case this may be done with moderate and wary advisement. CHAP. XI. A bloody battle fought between the Alemans' and Romans, wherein the wisdom, valour, and invincible courage of julian especially appeareth. AS he often iterated these and such like words after the same manner, he opposed the greater part of the army full against the forefront of the Barbarians: and suddenly there was heard a noise of the Aleman footmen, mixed with indignation, crying out with one accord and voice, That the princes of the blood royal leaving their horses, aught to converse and keep company with them; for fear, that if aught should happen but well, they would leave the miserable common soldiers, and make shift easily to be gone out of the field. Which being known, Chonodomarius quickly alighted from his beast on foot, and the rest following his example without delay did the same: for there was not any one of them made doubt that their side should win the day. When as the signal therefore of battle was by sound of trumpets solemnly given, they encountered one another with great violence. Then were the darts and arrows discharged & seen flying in the air: and the Germans running with more haste than good speed, & drawing weapons with their right hands, with hideous gnashing of their teeth flew upon the troops of our horsemen: and as they fared and raged above their wont manner, their long shag hair made a terrible sight, and from their very eyes a certain fury sparkled forth: against whom the [Roman] resolute soldiers covering their heads by putting their shields between, what with holding out their swords, and what with brandishing their darts threatening death, greatly terrified them. And whiles at the very point of the medley on both sides, the horsemen strongly entrouped themselves, and the footmen stoutly fortified their own sides, making a front by joining their bucklers most close and fast together, there were raised up clouds of thick dust: much running there was, and traversing of the ground between them divers ways, whiles our men one while made head, and another while gave ground: and some of the Barbarians (as most skilful warriors) striving to oppose and set their knees forward, laboured hard to repel the enemy. But such was the exceeding resolution of them on both sides, that presently they came to handy strokes, and their buckler pikes thrust one another; so that the sky rang again with the loud voices, as well of them that shouted, as those that were field and ready to die. And when our left wing advancing forward still with full pace, had by main force driven from them so many bands and companies of the Germans, pressing hard upon them, and with a great noise in angry mood charged upon the Barbarians, our horsemen which kept the right wing, in great disarray beyond all expectation left the battle: and whiles the foremost of them that fled hindered the hindmost, so soon as they were within the protection of the legions bosom, they stayed and renewed the fight again. Now, this fortuned upon this occasion, that whiles the broken ranks and files were a setting again in order, the men of arms in their complete harness seeing their captain lightly wounded, and one of their consorts killed with the weighty armour of his horse fallen upon his neck, slipped out of the way, and made shift every man as he could: and with treading the footmen down, they had put all in rout, but that they, close thronged together, and bearing one upon another, stood their ground sure, and moved not. When Caesar therefore perceived a far off, that the horsemen looked all about them, for nothing but how they might make means to escape by flight, he galloped his horse toward them, and like a bar in the way restrained them. Whom when they had taken knowledge of, by the purple ensign of a dragon fitted to the top of a very high lance, as if it had been the pendant slough of a serpent, a certain Tribune of one troop stood still, and being strucken with fear, and looking pale upon the matter, road back again to renew the battle: and, as men love to do in doubtful cases, Caesar after a mild manner rebuking them: Whither go we back (quoth he) most valiant soldiers? Know ye not, that flight (which never found safety) bewrayeth the folly of a vain attempt? Return we to our company, to be partakers at leastwise hereafter of glory, how ever we forsake them inconsiderately, whiles they are fight for the Commonwealth. By these words which he spoke with good respect, he brought them all back again to undergo the offices of warfare, having followed herein the example of old Sylla; who when he had brought forth his forces into the field against Archelaus, a captain under Mithridates, and was in a hot battle wearied out and forsaken of all his soldiers, ran to the foremost rank in the vanguard, caught up a banner, and when he had flung it to the other side against the enemies: Now go your ways (said he) you that were chosen to be my fellows in all dangers, and to as many as shall ask you, Where I your General am left? answer thus, and fail not, He is left alone in Boeotia, fight for all us with the spending of his own blood. CHAP. XII. A most sharp conflict of the footmen fight close at hand strokes, and that with variable fortune. At length the Alemans' put to flight, are defeated, and suffer afearefull overthrow. THe Alemans' therefore, after they had discomfited and disbanded our horsemen, charged upon the forward and front of the footmen, minding by casting away all mind and purpose of resisting, to make head first, and cause them to recoil. But after they were come once to cope at handstrokes, the fight was maintained a long time in equal terms. For the Cornuti and Braccati (redoubted soldiers through long experience of wars) manfully received them, being now at the point to set up a mighty great shout, called Barritus: which outcry in the very heat of the medley, beginning with a small humming, and growing bigger by little and little, riseth higher, in manner of waves beating against the rocks. After this, as the arrows and darts flew thick to and fro with a singing noise as they flew, the dust that arose by the equal stirring of both sides, took away the eyesight, and caused them to run their armour and bodies one upon another. But the Barbarians without all order, what with violence and what for anger, burnt like a flaming fire, and the close jointed shield-fence which defended our men in manner of a roof, they hacked and hewed with many a stroke of the sword. Which being known, the Batavi, together with their kings (a puissant and terrible troop) ran in with speed to help their fellows, ready to rescue and deliver them (with the assistance of fortune) in that extremity, compassed in, as they were, round about. But the Alemans', as they began fiercely to fight, puffed and blowed hard, as if in some furious fit they would have utterly destroyed all that stood against them in their way: Yet gave not over the javelines and casting-darts, yea, and the iron headed arrows were let fly, although in close fight also one weapon struck upon another, and the habergeons were cloven with swords; and such as were wounded, before all their blood was shed out, rose up again to do some service before they died, for they were after a sort very even matched: the Alemans' strong and the taller; our soldiers by long experience and practise cunning: those, fierce, fell, and turbulent; these, quiet and wary: the Romans bold of heart and courageous, the other presuming upon their mighty big bodies. Howbeit, otherwhiles the Roman with the weight of armour driven back, rose up again: & the Barbarian, when both his knees were wearied with stepping and pressing forward, bowing his left ham back, would ease himself, and lie close behind, ready yet to give an assault upon his enemy; which is a token of obstinacy and stiff resolution in the highest degree. And so there leapt forth suddenly a gallant troop of the nobles, among whom the kings also fought, and having the common sort following after, before all other broke within the battaillons in the vanguard of our men, and so making themselves way, came as far as to the legion of the ¹ Primani, * the main battle. placed in the midst, which guard and strength they use to call Castra Praetoria; where our soldiers thicker arranged in many ranks and files, and therefore in manner of towers standing their ground firm and fast, with greater courage fell to fight again: and so carrying an heedful eye, how to ward all venies, and covering themselves close in manner of a ᵐ sword-fencer, with their drawn swords ran their enemies into the sides, where by reason of their hot and furious anger they lay most open. And the Barbarians again, fully bend to spend their lives for to gain victory, assayed to leuse our battle so jointly knit together: but seeing a number lying dead in rues all the way before them (whom the Romans now, upon taking better heart unto them, had laid along) followed on (as many I mean as remained alive) in place of the slain: and when they heard many a groan of those that lay a dying in the place, for exceeding fear they were stricken astonished. Outwearied at last with so much painful toil, their strength served them thenceforth only to fly, and so by divers and sundry lanes they made shift with all the speed they could to get away; much like unto mariners, who make haste from out of the midst of surging waves in a boisterous tempest at sea, to be cast upon land which way soever the wind carrieth them. The Romans then upon this victory (a thing rather wished than hoped for, as any man will confess that was there present) worship the gracious power of God, so propice and merciful unto them. Howbeit, our soldiers without all mercy slashing and hewing them upon the backs as they fled, when otherwhiles, by reason their swords were bend and rebated, they had not wherewith to strike any longer, thrust the Barbarians to the very heart with their own weapons: neither was there one of them that for all this wounding satisfied his anger with bloodshed, nor thought his right hand had enough yet of slaughter, or for any humble entreaty and supplication would take pity and give over execution. Thus therefore lay a mighty number of them thrust through the body to death, craving none other remedy, but quickly to be dispatched of their lives. Some half dead, when their breath began now to fail, sought about yet with dying heavy eyes for means to live longer: others had their heads cut in manner quite off with huge weapons, so as they hung down, and had no more hold than by the very throats: a number of them in the mierie and slippery ground chancing to slide and fall down in the blood of their fellows, although no weapon touched their bodies, were overwhelmed with the soldiers rushing and running over them by heaps, and so killed. The winners having got so good an hand of their enemies, yet pressed on still more forcibly, so that the points and edges of their weapons waxed blunt and dull with striking so thick, and the bright helmets and shields together lay tumbled under their feet. The Barbarians at last seeing themselves driven to this utmost extremity, and that the heaps of dead carcases rose so high, that they stopped all passage out, sought for the only help that remained, even of the river, which now ran hard at their backs. And because our soldiers (running a great pace even under their armour) were not weary, but pressed still upon them as they fled, some of them supposing that by their skilful swimming they should be able to rid themselves of all danger, committed their lives unto the waves of the river. In which regard, Caesar together with the Tribunes and captains, in a quick forecast, foreseeing what dangers might ensue, cried out after a rebuking manner, and gave straight charge, That not one of our men, in hot pursuit after the enemy, should venture upon the stream, so full it was of whirlepits. Whereupon this order they took, that standing upon the banks of the river, with sundry sorts of darts and casting-weapons they sticked the Germans: of whom, if any one happened by swift nimbleness to get away from the deadly dint of shot, with the weight of his body thus plunged, he sunk down to the bottom of the river: and like as it is in a certain Theatrical spectacle (where the hangings make show of strange wonders) a man might now without fear have seen many sights: some, that could not skill of swimming, to stick close and take hold of them that were good and stout swimmers: others, to float aloft like logs of wood, when they had spent their strength and became faint: a sort of them wound within the waves, and devoured with the violence of the stream, striving (as it were) against them: and some again carried upon their shields, declining by crooked turnings aside the high surges of the mighty billows ready to come full upon them, after many a peril passed gain the bank on the further side. To conclude, the very foaming channel of the river stained and died with the Barbarians, blood was even amazed to see such strange and uncouth sights. CHAP. XIII. Chonodomarius fetched back out of his flight, and brought unto julian, was with clemency received and sent to Rome, where he ended his days. The sycophants in court eclipse the light of julians' victory, the glory whereof (like as of all other exploits valiantly and happily achieved against the enemies of the Empire, in far dissite places) Constantius then being in Italy, arrogantly and fond durst attribute to himself. Mean while, king Chonodomarius having found means to get away slipped through the heaps of dead bodies, and with some few of his guard hastened with all the quick speed he could make, unto the camp; which, near unto * Tzum dieyen duchen Tribunciand * Rochersherg. Concordia, two forts of the Romans, he had pitched when he was in no fear, to the end, that embarking himself into those vessels which were in readiness for him within secret coves and noukes, against all doubtful accidents that mought befall him, he might escape. And for that he could not possible go into his own territories without he passed over Rhine, he covered his face for fear of being known, and so fair and softly retired. Now, when he drew near unto the banks of the river, going about a certain ditch standing full of moorish water, to see where he might pass over, he ventured upon it, and after his horse had flounced & floundered with his heels in the soft and clammy mud, he got out of it at length: and straightway, a fat corpulent and heavy man though he were, he recovered for his succour a pretty hill hard by: and then, being known (for it could not be concealed who he was, the greatness of his former estate so bewrayed him) streightwaies, a cohort of horsemen with their Tribune riding as fast as their wind would serve, after they had compassed with armed men the hill, all overspread with woods, beset it round about right warily, but durst not break in, for fear least by some deceitful stratagem and hidden ambush among the dark shady boughs, they might be welcomed to their cost. Which when the king saw, and how he was driven to the utmost extremity of fear, forth he went alone, and of his own accord yielded himself. Now, those of his train and company, to the number of two hundred, and three of his most inward friends, supposing it a foul shame for them to live after their king, or not to die in his quarrel, if the case so required, delivered themselves up to be bound as prisoners. And as the manner naturally of these Barbarians is, to be humble in adversity, and of a contrary humour in prosperity, drawn he was as a vassal and servant to the will of another, with a pale look and abashed, tonguetied also and silent, by reason of a conscience guilty of foul offences: a wonder how much changed and different from that man, who after cruel and woeful outrages insulting over the ashes and relics of Gaul, threatened to do many and horrible mischiefs. These exploits thus by the favour of the God in heaven achieved, at the end of the day, upon the sound of retreat the most invincible soldiers were called back, and marched near unto the side of Rhine; where fortifying themselves with a rampire (as it were) of many courses of shields set together, they took their repast and repose. There died in this battle of Romans 243, and Commanders four, to wit, Bainobaudes Tribune of the Cornuti, and likewise Laipso; also Innocentius, who had the leading of the horsemen, armed at all pieces; and a certain Tribune * Vacant. out of ordinary, whose name I do not remember: but of the Alemans' found there were lying along in the field six thousand bodies, and whole heaps of dead corpses that could not be reckoned were carried down among the waves of the river. Then julian, as he was a man of greater mark for his place and fortune, yet more powerful in his deserts than in his command, being by an uniform acclamation of the whole army saluted Emperor, rebuked and rated the soldiers as overbold and malapert, binding it with an oath, That he neither hoped for that name, nor was willing to have it. And to enlarge the joy of this happy event, he commanded Chonodomarius to be presented unto the counsel of war there assembled: who at the first bowing his body down, and afterwards humbly prostrating himself upon the ground, and craving pardon * G●●tilipace. peaceably after his country manner, was willed to be of good cheer. And within some few days being brought to the emperors court, and from thence sent to Rome in the * Castris peregrinis. mansion of strangers, which standeth upon the mount Caelius, died of a Lethargy. After these and such like exploits fortunately performed, within the palace of Constantius, some finding fault with julian (to give delight and contentment to the Emperor himself) termed him Victoria, or Victorinus, because that in modest wise making his relation, as often as he gave charge and command, he declared many times that he had vanquished the Germans. And in the heaping up of vain commendations and ostentation of things seen openly enough, they puffed up (as their usual manner was) the Emperor, of his own nature too high minded, ascribing whatsoever was in the world fortunately exploited, unto his auspicate direction and happy government. Wherefore, being lifted up on high with the glorious words of these flatterers, both then and thenceforth in his edicts that he published, full arrogantly he made many a loud lie, writing sometimes, that he alone (forsooth) when God wots he was not in the action at all, both fought the field and won the victory, yea, and raised kings of whole nations up on their feet again, when they humbly made supplication to him upon their knees: and if, for example sake, some great captain, even whiles himself abode in Italy, had performed any valiant piece of service then against the Persians, he would send his letter dight with laurel unto the armies lying in the provinces, without any mention made of the said captain in all that long tenor thereof signifying (and that with a most odious vaunting of himself) how he personally fought in the vaward. Finally, there be yet extant his edicts in the public records of the Emperors, truly engrossed, telling memorable reports, and exalting himself up to the sky. What time this field was fought at Argentoratum (from whence he was forty days journey off) he taking upon him to describe the manner of the fight, untruly relateth, That himself arraunged the army in order of battle, stood among the standard-bearers, discomfited the Barbarians, and caused them to run headlong away, yea, and encountered Chonodomarius hand to hand: o shameful indignity! without one word speaking of the glorious acts of julian, which he had quite buried for ever, but that fame could not skill of concealing such brave deeds, howsoever many would seem to darken the same. THE XVII. BOOK. CHAP. 1. julian infesteth the almains, and after he had put them to sundry losses, forceth them to crave a truce, which for ten months they obtain. THis variety of occurrents which I have now in order set down thus achieved, the martial knight [julian] (now that Rhine after the battle of Argentoratum carried a quiet stream) void of fear, yet careful withal, lest the cursed fowls of the air should devour the bodies of them that lay slain in the field, commanded, they should all indifferently one with another be interred: and after he had released and dismissed those ambassadors, who before the said fought field (as I related ere while) brought certain proud messages, he returned to the fort of Tres-Tabernae: from whence he gave commandment, That together with all the captives, the pillage also should be brought unto * Met●. Mediomatrici, there to be kept until his return: and himself intending in person to go to * Mentz. Maguntiacum (that when he had passed over the river by a bridge framed and set together, he might seek out the Barbarians in their own territories, since he had left none behind him in ours) was by the clamorous gainsaying of his army prohibited: howbeit, with sweet words and eloquent speeches he wrought them so, as he brought them to his own will and pleasure. For, such was their love, grown now (after trial and experience had of him) more affectionate, that it inci●ed them willingly to follow him a painful and diligent fellow-souldior with them, a brave leader and commander of them, yea, and wont, as it evidently fell out, to enjoin himself more toylefull labour than the very soldier. And soon after, when they were come to the place aforesaid, they passed over the river upon a floored bridge of ships, and possessed themselves of the enemy's land. But the enemies, who then feared little that they could possibly be disquieted, living as they did in such rest and repose, were stricken with this so great an accident; and thinking carefully by the mischief befallen unto others, what might hang over their own heads, under semblance of craving peace, to decline the violent brunt of the first tempest, sent ambassadors with words in their mouths so framed and placed, as that they pretended & showed no other but a firm assurance of league and concord: but upon what policy, or to what purpose I know not, they changed their minds, and by other ambassadors dispatched in all post hast, they menaced our men most cruel war, unless they departed out of their countries. Hereof certain intelligence being given, Caesar in the very beginning of the night embarked in small and swift pinnaces eight hundred soldiers, giving charge, that * I suspect this place: For what might 20. effect? and what should the rest of the 800. do the while? twenty of them, after they had sailed and made way up the river, should set a land, and with sword and fire destroy whatsoever they could meet withal. Thus order being given, at the very Sun rising, when the enemies were discovered upon the hill tops, he led the soldiers now more cheerful and forward up to the higher grounds: but finding none there (for the enemies imagining as much, were departed) behold forthwith they saw afar off a mighty deal of smoke waulming up into the air, declaring plainly, that our soldiers had broken into the enemy's territories, and began to waste and spoil the same. This object daunted the courages of the Germans very much, so that forsaking their ambushments, which along the narrow straits and luiking places they had addressed against our men, they passed in all haste over the river named * Mein. Maenus to succour their dear friends. For as it usually falleth out in such doubtful times of trouble and danger, being affrighted on the one side with the sudden road of our horsemen, and on the other with the violent invasion of our other soldiers that came embarked thither, they (skilful in the coasts of the country) found speedy means to get away and escape: upon whose departure, our soldiers marching on at liberty, rifled rich villages full of corn and cattle, making spare of none: and when they had fetched the inhabitants as prisoners out of their houses (built somewhat curiously after the manner of the Romans) set fire thereupon, and burned them down to the ground. And thus having overrun the country for the space by estimate of ten miles, so that they were come near unto a wood that carried an hideous and fearful show of darkness, they stood linger a long time, as being advertised by a fugitive, that within certain hidden caves under the ground, and trenches running out many ways, there were a great number secretly bestowed, ready to issue forth when they espied their opportunity. Howbeit, they adventured all of them most boldly to approach the place, and found the foot ways overlayed with holmes and ashes cut down, yea, and a mighty barricado made against them. And therefore marching back more warily, they perceived (and that with such indignation and anger as their hearts could hardly hold) that they could not go forward beyond it, but by fetching long circuits and hard turnings about. Now, for as much as by reason of the rigorous and piercing air they struggled in vain with most difficult extremities (for now was the equinox of the Autumn past, and in those tracts both mountains and champion plains were covered with deep snow) they took in hand a memorable piece of work: And whiles there was no man to withstand their enterprise, a certain strong fortress (which being built upon the Alemans' ground, trajan would have to bear his own name, and had of late been very forcibly assaulted) was by them in hasty manner suddenly repaired; where for the time were placed soldiers to defend the piece, and thither the victuals were conveyed which they had gotten out of the very bowels and heart of the Barbarians country. Which preparation, when the enemies perceived so speedily brought about for their destruction, fearing lest the thing indeed would come to pass and take effect, they assembled themselves together in all haste, and by way of prayer in most humble manner sent their Orators and craved peace; which Caesar (directed by all policy to take the surest way, & alleging very many motives that carried good probability with them) granted for ten months; and namely making this account, as he was a prince of provident forecast, That those holds and fortresses which he had seized into his hands, even beyond his hope, and more than he could wish for, without impeachment aught to be fortified with offensive engines planted upon the walls, and other strong ordinance and munition. Presuming confidently hereupon, there came in from among those that had sent aid to them which were vanquished before Argentoratum, three most fell and cruel kings, fearing now at length their own estates, who took an oath in a set form of words after the manner of their country: That they would not stir nor trouble the peace, but truly keep the covenants agreed upon to the prefixed time expired (because that stood with the will and pleasure of our men) together with the fortress above said safe and whole, yea, and bring corn thither even on their shoulders, in case the defendants thereof made it known that they wanted: and verily, by reason that fear was a bridle to curb their perfidious disloyalty, they performed both the one and the other. CHAP. II. The Frankes keeping foul rule about Colonia Agrippina and juliacum, he represseth, having besieged and recovered the town Castellum. Then he taketh order, that provincial people should not unreasonably be overcharged with new taxes and tributes, which the Lord chief justice thought to levy and gather of them. IN this memorable war, worthy to be compared verily with those against the Carthaginians and Teutones, and achieved with the least expense and hurt of the Roman estate, Caesar rejoiced and magnified himself as a fortunate and happy prince: and well might a man have believed his backbiters, who devised this and gave it out, That therefore he demeaned himself so valiantly in every place, because he wished rather to die a glorious death, than in the rank of condemned persons, like unto his brother Gallus (as they hoped) to be put to death; had he not with semblable purpose and resolution after the death also of Constantius, become renowned for his admirable exploits. Well, these affairs thus firmly settled, as in such case might be, returning to his Wintering place of abode, he found the remains still of his laborious achievements standing in these terms. Severus General of the Horsemen, going by the way of Agrippina and * Colein and Gulich. juliacum toward Rheims, lighted upon right strong companies of the Frankners, consisting (as afterwards appeared) of six hundred light armed skirmishers, as they wasted and spoiled the quarters that were without garrisons; who took this opportunity to actuate their boldness in doing mischief, because whiles Caesar was busily employed out of the way in the secret parts of the Alemans', and none at hand to give them the check, they thought verily to make up their mouths and fill their hands with rich booties: but for fear of the army now returned, they possessed themselves of two forts, which in times past were abandoned and left void, and there defended themselves as well as they could. julianus much troubled with this new occurrent, and guessing whereto it might turn, in case he passed by them undealt withal, kept his forces still about him, and determined to beleaguer the town * Kessel in Cuyck. Castellum, hard by which the river * Maese, or Meuse. Mosa runneth: and so for the space of four and fifty days, to wit, during the months of December and januarie, he stayed about the siege, whiles the Barbarians with stout hearts and incredible resolution held out and withstood him. Then Caesar a most prudent prince, fearing much least the Barbarians by taking advantage of the night should pass over the river hard frozen, upon the ice, took order, that certain soldiers should every day from time that the sun began to set until the break of day in light barges and whirries to and fro scud up and down upon the river, to the end that by breaking evermore the ice as it began to gather to a coat none of them might easily have means to break away from him. And by this stratagem being wearied out with hunger, long watching, & utter despair, they yielded themselves of their own accord, and were sent out of hand to the emperors counsel: for the rescue of whom out of this danger, a multitude of Frankners went forth, but when they understood how they were taken prisoners and carried away, without adventuring any further they retired to their own holds. Then Caesar having performed these acts, returned to Paris, there to Winter. Now for that it was feared, that many nations would with greater force make head together, this well advised governor casting how deceitful the issues were of wars, was much perplexed with huge heaps of care. And whiles he verily thought, that during the truce and cessation of arms, short though it was, and full of business, he might remedy the miserable losses and burdens that landed men or farmers sustained, he disposed and set in order the accounts of tribute: and whereas Florentius, * Praefectus Praetorio. Lord chief justice, having taken a survey and review of all as he endeavoured, did avouch, that whatsoever was wanting in the * or head-silver. poll-tribute, he supplied out of the goods gotten by conquest; he being ware of such dealings, said plainly, That he would forego his life sooner than suffer this to be done: for well he wist, that the incurable wounds of these and such like provisions or eversions rather, to speak more truly, brought provinces many times to extreme poverty: which very thing, as afterwards shall be showed, was the utter overthrow of * Sclavonia. Illyricum. Hereupon the said L. justice Florentius, crying out that he could not endure thus on a sudden to be made an unfaithful officer, unto whom the Emperor had committed the immediate managing of the state, julian after a temperate & sober sort appeasing his mood, by an exact and true computation proved, That the reckoning and sum taken of the foresaid poli-tribute was not only sufficient, but yielded also an overplus to the necessary provision of victuals. Yet nevertheless, for a long time after, when an augmentation of tax and impost was presented unto him, he could not endure either to read or subscribe, but flung it in the floor. And when he was advertised by the Emperor's letters, upon information that the said justice had given, not to deal so strictly and precisely as that Florentius might seem to be touched in his credit, he wrote back again, That they were to rejoice and be glad, if the provincial inhabitants, wasted so as they were on every side, might yield at leastwise their ordinary and customable tributes, if not increment & augmentation, which no punishment is able to extort from the poor and needy. And so it came to pass then & thenceforth, through the stout courage of him alone, that no man went about unjustly to fetch from the Gauls nomine * Camelage: haply ●●ll for Camel's carriage Camelasijs, any thing but the usual customs. And without any example precedent, thus much by way of entreaty had Caesar obtained at the * or chief justice. prefects hands, That the ordering and dispose of the second Belgica, which had been overwhelmed with many sorts of calamities, should be committed unto him, and namely with this condition, That no minister or officer, belonging to Praefect or Precedent, should urge any man to pay. By which comfortable order taken, they being all eased, whom debt distracted apart to take care for themselves, without any calling upon paid their duties before the day appointed came. CHAP. III. A long narration at touching the Obeliske, which was erected in the greatest shewplace at Rome. IN these good beginnings of easement and refreshing given unto Gaul, whiles Orphitus as yet * at Rome. governed the second time as * much like to a Lord justice or Mayor. Praefect, the Obeliske was erected at Rome in the great Cirque or Shewplace: concerning which, I will now, because it is a fit time and place therefore, make some brief discourse. The city * in Egypt. Thebes in ancient time built, famous for the sumptuous and stately wall, as also for the entry into it at an hundred gates, the first founders thereupon termed Hecatompylos, after the denomination whereof there is a province at this day called Thebais. This city, what time as Carthage began to spread her dominion far, the Carthaginian captains by a sudden and unexpected road surprised and destroyed: and afterwards when it was re-edified, Cambyses that renowned king of Persia, a prince all the while he lived encroaching upon the territories of other kings, and cruel withal, after he had broken into Egypt, gave the attempt to assault it, that from thence he might carry away a mighty mass of riches and pillage, forbearing not so much as the temples and the gifts offered there unto the gods: who whiles he busily bestirred himself among those that fell to spoil and saccage, chanced by occasion of his loose and large garments that entangled him, to catch a fall forward: with which sudden and forcible fall, his own * or Rapiar. dagger that he wore close unto his right thigh happened to be unsheathed, and so dangerously to wound him, that he had like thereof to die. Long time after, Cornelius Gallus procurator of Egypt, whiles Octavian was Emperor of Rome, peeled and beggared this city, taking to his own use the most part of the wealth thereof: and upon his return home, when he was judicially accused for his robbery & wasting of the province, fearing the nobility, unto whom the said Emperor had committed this matter to be inquired into and examined, who also were highly offended and bitterly bend against him, he fell upon his own sword, and killed himself. This is that Gallus the Poet, if I take not my mark amiss, whom Virgil bewailing after a sort in the latter end of his bucolics, in a mild kind of verse maketh a ditty of. In this city among mighty great cisterns, and sundry huge massy pieces of work, expressly resembling the images of the Egyptian gods, we saw many Obelisks standing, and others lying along and broken, which the ancient kings, after they had in war subdued other nations, or grown proud of their prosperity and high estate, hewed out of the bowels of mountains (which they stuck not to search for, even among the utmost inhabitants of the earth) erected on high, and in their religious devotion dedicated to the Gods in heaven. Now an Obeliske is a most hard and rough stone, broad beneath, and sharp above, rising by little and little to a mighty height, and because it might resemble a ray or sunbeam, waxing smaller and smaller, it is with foure-faces brought up to a narrow top, and the same is smoothed also artificially by the workman's hand. The infinite number of Characters and marks of sundry shapes, termed Hieroglyphickes, which we behold cut every where into it, the ancient authority of sacred wisdom from the very first beginning hath ennobled. For they engraving many kinds of birds and wild beasts, even those of another world, by reason that the memorial of their Emperors more publicly reached to the ages of future times, showed thereby the vows of kings either promised or performed: for not as now adays a certain set and expedite number of letters uttereth & declareth whatsoever man's mind is able to conceive, so did the Egyptians in old time use to write; but for every noun or name they had one several letter, and sometimes under one verb or word they signified whole sentences and full meanings. For the knowledge and skill whereof, this example for the while in these two instances may serve. By a Vulture or Gripe they represent the vocable or name of Nature; because our Naturalists do report, there can be no males found among these fowls: and by the form of a Bee making honey, they show a king, declaring by these signs, That in a ruler there ought to be with sweetness a sting also growing: and of this kind there be a great number. And for that a sort of flatterers, as the manner is, puffing up Constantius, buzzed this without all measure into his ears, That whereas Octavianus Augustus had translated two Obelisks from the city * The city of the Sun, in which sense it is at this day called Beth●emes. Heliopolis in Egypt, whereof the one was placed in Circus Maximus, the other in Campus Marcius; but as for this one now newly brought over, he durst not once meddle with, nor stir it, as affrighted with the greatness and difficulty of the work: know they thus much, who are ignorant of the thing, That the said ancient prince, when he had transported some of them, passed by this, untouched and undealt withal for this reason, That being by a special gift dedicated unto the god Sun, and set fast within the sacred * or places. chapels of a sumptuous and stately temple, which might not once be touched and profaned, it mounted up aloft as the head and top of all the other. But Constantine [the Great] making small account of that, displaced and unseated this huge mass, yea, and thinking truly, that it was no breach nor offence of religion, if taking this admirable monument out of one temple, he consecrated it in Rome, that is to say, the temple of the whole world, suffered it to lie a long time, whiles necessary means for the translation thereof were a providing. Which being conveyed along the channel of Nilus, and landed at Alexandria, there was a ship of huge and strange bigness built, & the same to be rowed with three hundred oars. After which provision thus forecast, and the abovesaid * Constantine. prince departed this life, the urgent haste of effecting this business was slacked: and at length (late though it were) being shipped, partly by sea, and partly up the stream of Tiber (fearing, as it were, lest that which Nilus almost unknown had sent, himself should hardly be able under danger of his own course to bring up to the walls of his own foster city) conveyed it was into Vicus Alexandri, a town situate three miles from Rome: from whence being laid upon certain draught-vices and engines, it was fair and softly drawn by the gate Ostiensis and the public watering pool, and so brought into the Circus Maximus. After all this, there remained only the rearing thereof, which unneath or not at all was thought could be effected: and after they had erected high posts with danger enough (a man that had been there, would have thought he had seen a very wood of frames and engines) fastened there were to them huge and long ropes, in manner of manifold threads or strings spread so exceedingly thick together, that they hid the very sky: whereto the massy stone itself with images portrayed in it, like so many letters written upon it, was bound, and by little and little strained aloft and held in the air between heaven and earth, and so hanging a long time, whiles many thousands of men swung about and turned it round, as they would do myll-stones, placed it was in the midst of the shewplace, and upon it a bowl or globe of brass set, glittering with thin plates of gold; which being forthwith smitten with a violent blast of lightning, and therefore taken away, the counterfeit in brass of a torch or firebrand, laid over likewise with goldfoyle, sparkled and shone again as it were a mighty flame. The ages also next ensuing brought over others; whereof one was erected in the Vatican, a second in the Hortyards of Salustius, and two in the monument of Augustus. CHAP. four A Greek and English exposition of those characters which were cut and engraven in this Obeliske. MOreover, what was the text of characters cut in that old Obeliske, which we see now in the said Cirque, I have put down here, expounded as it is in Greek, following herein the book of Hermapion. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. That is to say, beginning at the South side, This is the interpretation of the first text or rank [of Hieroglyphics.] These are the things which we have given to king Ramestes, whom the Sun loveth, which with joy ruleth the universal habitable world, and powerful Apollo, lover of truth, the son of Heron, begotten of the gods, the founder of the world habitable, whom the Sun hath chosen, the hardy son of Mars, king Ramestes, unto whom the whole earth is subject with valiant strength and boldness. The second text. Powerful Apollo seated upon truth, Lord of the Diadem who hath gloriously honoured Egypt as his peculiar possession: who hath beautified Heliopolis (i. the city of the Sun) and built the rest of the habitable world, and adorned with manifold honours the gods erected in Heliopolis, whom the Sun loveth. The third text or rank of Hieroglyphics. Apollo mighty, the son of the Sun, all full of light, whom the Sun hath chosen, and valiant Mars endowed: whose good things shall continue for ever: whom Ammon loveth, as having filled his temples with the good fruits of the Date tree: unto whom the gods have given long time of life. Apollo potent, the son of Heron, Ramestes king of the world habitable, who with his victories hath preserved Egypt from other nations: whom the Sun loveth; to whom the gods have granted long time of life, Ramestes, Lord of the habitable world, ever living. Another text or rank, the second. The Sun a great God, Lord of heaven, I have given unto thee life, void of fatietie and tedious wearisomeness● Apollo powerful, Lord and Patron incontectable of the Diadems, unto whom the Lord of Egypt hath set up Statues in this kingdom, and adorned Heliopolis likewise, and the very Sun himself Lord of Heaven: the son of the Sun, a king living ever hath finished a good work. The third text. The God Sun Lord of heaven, hath given unto king Ramestes rule, and power over all men, whom Apollo, a lover of truth, Lord of times, and Vulcan, father of the gods, hath chosen for Mars: a King full of all mirth, son of the Sun, and beloved of the Sun. From the East part, The first text. The great God of Heliopolis, heavenly, mighty Apollo, the son of Heron, whom the Sun loved, whom the Gods have honoured, King of the universal earth, whom the Sun hath chosen, a valorous King for Mars, whom Ammon loveth, and he that is wholly full of light, hath procured to be a King eternal. CHAP. V. The embassage of Sapor king of Persia unto Constantius, as touching a peace upon certain conditions to be concluded. WHen Datianus and Cerealis were Consuls, whiles the affairs of State generally throughout Gaul were with more careful and wary endeavour, in reducing to a better frame; and the fear which possessed the Barbarians for their losses past, quailed their out-rodes: the king of the Persians making his abode still within the confines of the frontier nations, and having now made a sure league and amity with the Chionitę and Halani, most fierce and ●agre warriors, was minded to return into his own kingdom, than received the letters of Sapor, giving intelligence, That the Roman Emperor by way of entreaty desired peace: and thereupon imagining that he went not about such matters, but that the puissance of his Empire was abated and grown weak, bore himself very big, and took highly upon him, as seeming to embrace the name of peace, but withal propounding hard capitulations and conditions. Having dispatched therefore in embassage one Narseus with presents, in that inbred humour of pride which accompanied him in all places, he sent his letters unto Constantius, the tenor whereof, as I have heard, was to this effect. Sapor, King of Kings, partner with the Stars, brother to the Sun and Moon, unto Constantius Caesar my brother, in most ample manner greeting. I rejoice and take much contentment now at length, that you have betaken yourself again to the best way, and acknowledged the uncorrupt sentence of equity, as having by experience found what havoc and slaughter the obstinate desire of other men's territories hath divers times caused. Because therefore the words of truth ought to be at liberty and free, and it beseemeth persons in high place and estate to speak and think the same, I will in few words deliver what my purpose and intent is, as call to my remembrance, how often I have repeated whatsoever I am now to say. That my ancestors signory hath reached as far as to the river Strymon and the marches of Macedonia, even your own ancient records do bear witness. These territories and dominions meet it is that I (without arrogance be it spoken) who excelling glory and number of brave virtues the ancient kings my progenitors, should claim and demand. But evermore and in all places it doth me good, to call to mind and remember, that from my very youth and childhood I have been so bred, as that I never did any thing whereof I had cause to repent: and therefore I ought to recover Armenia, together with Mesopotamia, which by fraudulent packing was caught from my grandfather. As for this principle which ye joy so much to affirm, namely, That all fortunate events of war (without difference of virtue and deceit) should be praised, it hath been never accepted or entertained among us. To conclude, if you will be ruled by me that give you good and wholesome counsel, set nought by this small parcel which hath always wrought much woe, and cost bloodshed, that you may rule the rest in security: wisely considering also, that even expert Physicians and skilful Chirurgeons proceed otherwhiles to cau●arize and lance, yea and cut away some parts of the body, to save the rest whole and sound for use: yea, and that wild beasts are wont to do the like; who when they perceive wherefore especially they are hunted and taken, forego the same willingly of their own accord, to the end they may live afterwards void of fear. And this assuredly I intimate and pronounce, That if this my embassage speed not, but return without effect, after the time once passed of Winter's rest, with all my forces put in readiness (considering that I ground the hope of good success upon fortune and the equity of conditions offered) I will make haste, as reason shall permit, to come into the field. CHAP. VI The answer of Constantius unto Sapor his letters: The juthungi, certain Alemen, are vanquished by Barbatio. AFter these letters were a long time well pondered and weighed, answer was returned with an upright heart (as they say) and considerately in this wise: Constantius, always Augustus, conquer or both by land and sea, unto Sapor my brother, in ample manner, greeting. For your health verily and welfare I rejoice in your behalf, as minding (if yourself will) to be a friend hereafter: but this greedy desire of yours always unreclaymed and still more and more encroaching, I mightily blame. You demand Mesopotamia as your own, and semblably Armenia: you advise me also, where the body is sound, to take off some members thereof, that so it may afterwards continue safe and whole: which counsel of yours is to be refuted rather than by any consent of mine approved. Hear therefore from me the truth, not covered with any subtle delusions, but apart and open, not to be terrified with any vain threats whatsoever. My chief justice [ * Prafectus Pratorio Musonianus] thinking to enter upon a business for the behoof of the Weal public, had conference and speech without my privity and advice by the means of certain ignoble and base persons with a * cum Deuce tu●. marquess of yours, about a peace: which we neither refute nor refuse, if so be it may stand with honour and honesty, and not prejudice any ioteither our modesty or majesty. For absurd it is and undecent, when by the orderly course and train of our exploits achieved, the world's ears are opened, which envy hath many ways enclosed against us, and when by overthrow of tyrants and usurpers, the whole Roman world is brought under our obeisance, to betray and surrender those Seignories, which we being drawn into the straits of the East parts, have kept so long untouched. But give over I pray you those fearful menaces, which (as the manner is) be denounced against us: considering no doubt can be made, that we not for sloth and cowardice, but upon mere modesty, have now and then made defensive wars rather than offensive, and use so often as we are provoked, with a most valiant spirit of courage and resolution to hold and maintain our own: as knowing thus much both by experience and reading, that in some particular battles the Romans have otherwhiles though seldom received a foil, but in gross and in the main managing of wars never been overthrown and defeated. Upon this embassage, sent back again without any thing obtained (for there could be no answer made more fully to the king's unbridled and unmeasurable desire) there followed some few days after Prosper a * Comes. C●●es, and Spectatus a Tribune and Notary: likewise, by the suggestion of Musonianus the Philosopher, Eustachius, one that for persuading was his crafts-master, carrying with them missives from the Emperor, and gifts beside, ready with all their best endeavours by some cunning fetch to stay the preparations that Sapor made, to the end that the provinces in the North might be extraordinarily fortified. Whiles things stood in these doubtful terms, the * people in the county of tyrol. juthungi, a nation of the Alemans' bordering upon the tracts of Italy, forgetful of the peace and league which they had by entreaty obtained, in turbulent manner wasted Rhaetia, in so much as beyond their wont guise they attempted the besieging of towns. To the repressing of whose invasions, Barbatio promoted in the place of Silvanus to be colonel of the footmen, was sent with a puissant army: who albeit he was a coward, but full of big and bragging words, yet such was the forward resolution and courage of his soldiers, that most valiantly he overthrew a number of them, in so much as a small portion of them, which for fear of danger fled, hardly escaped, and with weeping eyes and lamentations saw home again. In this battle, Nevita a captain of the horsemen's troop, who afterwards became Consul, both was (by report) present, and also fought right manfully. CHAP. VII. A Report or History as touching the dreadful Earthquakes which shook the mountains and many towns of Macedon and Pontus, together with a Physical consideration of these Earthquakes. IN those days there were terrible Earthquakes in Macedon, Asia, and Pontus, which with continual thumping shook many towns and mountains. But among the examples of manifold calamities, the fall of * Comidit. Na●●. Nicomedia, the mother-city of Bythinia, was remarkable, the accident and event of whose ruin I will both truly and briefly relate. Upon the * the 24 of August. ninth day before the Calends of September, early in the morning by sun-rising certain thick gatherings or globes of black clouds over cast and darkened the face of the sky, which a little before was clear and lightsome; whereby the bright shining of the Sun was chased so away, that things near at hand, or standing hard by, could not be seen: and thus the eyesight being dazzled, a hideous bleakenesse of a thick and mirke missed settled upon the ground and overspread it: then, as if the highest power of heaven discharged and shot off fatal and deadly thunderbolts, raising withal the winds from the principal points and poles of the world, there fell a mighty tempest of raging storms; by the violent force whereof, the mountains were so beaten upon, that they groaned again, and there was heard the crashing noise of the sea shore dashed violently upon. After all this followed horrible whirlwinds and fiery impressions, together with a fearful trembling of the earth, which overturned the city and suburbs from the very foundations. And for that many houses standing upon the rising of hills were carried on end, one fell upon another, and all places clattered again with the monstrous noise of their ruins. Mean while the high and stately tops of buildings resounded with the sundry outcries of those that sought for their wives, their children, and what near kinsfolks and dear friends belonged unto them. In the end, after the second hour of the day, and long before the third, the air now become fair and clear, discovered all the woeful and deadly donwfalls that were hidden before. For behold, some folk thrust and crushed together with an huge deal of rubbish falling upon them, were under the weight thereof pressed to death: others, that stood up to their necks buried (as it were) within heaps thereof, whereas they might have been saved, if any had come to help them, for want of succour perished: others again stuck fast, hanging at the sharp ends of timber-logs bearing out. With one blow were a number seen slain, men and women but a little before, but than confused heaps of dead carcases pell-mell huddled together. Some there were, whom the finials of houses leaning forward, bore up, otherwise unhurt, but that they were to die with anguish and hunger. Among whom, Aristaenetus (governing and taking charge as deputy lieutenant of that diocese or province so affectionately loved, and which Constantius in honour of his wife Eusebia had named * For so much doth Eusebia signify in Greek. Pietatis) by this mishap, after long dolour and pain yielded up his vital breath. Some, having their heads bruised and squized together, or their shoulders or legs severed from their bodies, lying thus in doubtful plight between life and death, piteously crying for God's sake unto others in the same case, to help them, were quite forlorn and left unto themselves. And verily, the greater part of sacred churches and private houses, yea, and of people also might have been saved, had not the outrageous flames, dispersed here and there for fifty days and nights together, burnt up and consumed whatsoever was combustible. And now I think it a meet and convenient time to report as touching Earthquakes what ancient writers have by way of conjecture collected: for, the hidden depth of the truth itself, not only this vulgar ignorance of ours, but the very everlasting wits also of natural Philosophers, after long study upon this point not yet exhaust or worn out, could never reach unto. Whereupon provided it is both in the ceremonial books and also in the rites under the pontificial priests and their Colleges, That by naming one god for another (since unknown it is which of them thus shaketh the earth) there be no heinous scandal and damnable sin committed. But according to the Philosopher's opinions, among which Aristotle is much perplexed and troubled, these earthquakes fall out to be either within the small caves of the earth, which we [in Greek] call Syringas, whiles with thick and often beating the waters wave to and fro, and cast up surges: or else verily, as Anaxagoras affirmeth, by reason of violent winds getting close within the ground below; which when they happen to hit and beat upon the sides thereof, hard baked or felted together, finding no way of issue, shake those parts of the earth at which they entered when they were moist. Whence it is, that men observe for the most part, that during an Earthquake, we above the ground perceive no winds to blow, because they are busy in the most remote nooks of the earth beneath. Anaximander is of opinion, That the earth waxing dry upon a long and extraordinary drought, or after much moist weather & store of rain, openeth very great chinks and wide chawnes, at which the air above with violence and in exceeding much quantity entereth, and so by them shaken with a strong spirit, is stirred and moved out of her proper place. For which cause, such like terrible accidents chance either in excessive hot seasons, or after immoderate fall of rain from heaven. And hence it is, that both ancient Poets and Theologers also have termed Neptune, who hath dominion over the moist elements, * i. a shaker of the earth. Ennosigaeon and * Sciles, and thereupon it seemeth to be named Delos. Sisichthona. Now, these earthquakes are observed to be four manner of ways: for they are either ᵃ Brasmatiae, which heaving and raising the earth within, force upward most huge mounts: in which sort, in Asia, * Maretamo Delos appeared above the water, and * Namphio. Hiera, likewise * Rhodes. Anaphe and Rhodus, called in the foregoing ages Ophiusa and Pelagia, drenched in times passed with a golden shower: also Eleusin in Boeotia, and the Island of * Vulcano. Vulcan among the Tyrrheni, with many more beside: or secondly, ᵇ Climatiae, which rushing askew, or sidelong and crooked, lay cities, houses, and mountains flat: or else ᶜ Chasmatiae, which by a greater kind of motion suddenly opening wide gulfs, swallow up parts of the earth: as in the Atlantic sea, an Island more than all Europe; and in the gulf * Golfo de Patras. Criseus, Helice and Bura: as also in Ciminia, a part of Italy, the town Succiniense, swallowed up all in a deep gaping chink, lie hidden for ever in perpetual darkness. Among these three sorts of Earthquakes, those that be heard with a menacing noise, are termed ᵈ Mycematiae, namely, when as the elements by loosening of their joints encounter and run one upon another of their own accord, or fall back, as the ground doth settle: For then of necessity the crashing noise and rumbling of the earth within must bellow and roar like a Bull. But proceed we from hence to the history that we have begun. CHAP. VIII. julianus whiles he maketh his abode in Paris, warreth upon the Alemans'. After that the Franci, Salijs, and Chamani were defeated and subdued, there fell out a famine, which in the army caused a tumult and hot mutiny; which being quenched, our soldiers pass over Rhine, and lay waste the Alemans' territories. But Caesar whiles he wintered in Paris, hastened with all diligence possible to prevent the Alemans', who as yet were not assembled together; but now after the battle of Argentoratum become all audacious & cruel beyond all measure, and waiting still for the month july, whence they of Gaul use to begin their warre-service and to come into the field, he was much troubled a long time in his mind: For go forth he could not before that corn was brought out of Acquitaine, upon the breaking of the cold weather and frosts, by reason of the mild Summer season. But, as diligent and considerate regard is the conqueress in manner of all difficulties, casting many and sundry things in his head, this was the only way he found, namely, without expecting the full season of the year, to encounter the Barbarians before he was looked for. And in this settled resolution he took corn for twenty days (out of that store which was provided to be spent in the standing place of abode) baked thoroughly, for to last, into biscuit bread, such as commonly they call Buccellatum, and laid it upon his willing soldiers shoulders: and so, confident of this help, in a good hour, as before, he took his journey, thinking that within five or six months two urgent and necessary expeditions might be performed. Which things being put in a readiness, first of all others he marcheth against the Frankes; those I mean who commonly are termed Salijs, and who in old time durst in the Roman ground, at a place called * Weser. Toxiandria, very boldly place and plant themselves. Now when he was come to * Tongeren. Tungri, an embassage of the foresaid people meeteth him, supposing the Emperor was to be found still in his Wintering harbour, pretending peace upon this condition, That no man might either provoke or molest them, whiles they remained quiet as in their own territories. These ambassadors, after he had fully digested and disposed his affair, and opposed certain ambiguous and doubtful conditions, as if he meant to stay in those tracts until their return, he sent away rewarded. No sooner were they in their way homeward, but he followed hard upon them, sending out the General Severus, and suddenly having set upon them all along the rivage, he smote them, as it had been a whitling thunderbolt, or flash of lightning: And now when they fell to entreaty, rather than to make resistance, turning the effect of victory to a commodious course of clemency, upon the yielding of themselves, their riches, and children, he took them to mercy. The Chamavi likewise, who had given semblable attempts, he set upon, and with the same celerity partly he put to the sword, and partly, when they stoutly resisted and were taken alive, he hung irons upon; others, that took them to their heels, and fearfully in all hast fled, he permitted for the while, to get away without hurt: unto whose ambassadors, sent afterward to make supplication and to provide for their estates, lying humbly prostrate upon the ground before his face and under his very eye, he granted peace with this capitulation, to return in safety to their own home. Thus when all things succeeded according to his hearts desire, hastening with most vigilant care to found by all means possible the good of the provinces, he thought (as the time would permit) to repair three sconces or forts, situate directly in a rew upon the bank of the river Mosa, which lately had been overthrown by the obstinate self-willed Barbarians: and forthwith, omitting the wars for a small time, re-edified they were. And to the end, that the policy wisely begun he might by quick dispatch make safe, out of the seventeen days provision of corn which the soldiers as they marched forward in their expedition carried on their necks, he defalked a portion, and laid up in the same holds; hoping, that so much as was taken from it might be supplied out of the Chamavians corn fields. But it fell out far otherwise: for, by reason that the standing corn was not yet ripe, the soldiers having spent what they carried, and finding food in no place, fell to threatening terms in the highest degree, provoked julian with foul names and opprobrious language, calling him a vain Grecian of Asia, and a deceitful, yea, and one that, under the show of wisdom and learning, was a very lob and fool: and, as usually there be some found even among armed soldiers, that have ready and rolling tongues of their own above their fellows, they stuck not to mumble many of these and such like speeches: Whither are we drawn without all hope of better? in times passed verily we endured hard travail and most irksome to be abidden even through snows and the pinching cold of bitter frosts: but now, o shameful indignity, when we are upon the point finally to vanquish and defeat our enemies, ready we be to pine away and consume for very famine, the most inglorious and base kind of death that is. And that no man may think us to be mutineus' and given to raise commotions, we protest, that it is for our life only that we speak, craving neither gold nor silver, which long ago we might not have, nor so much as once see; so denied it was us, as if we had been convicted to have undertaken so many toilefull pains and perils even against the State and Commonweal. And to say a truth, good reason they had thus to complain: For among so many courses of probable or allowable matters, and doubtful points of necessity, the soldiers out-toyled and spent with the painful services of Gaul, had gotten neither ᵉ donative nor wages, since time that julian was thither sent: for that neither himself could come by aught to give, nor Constantius after the wont manner permitted any such allowance to be bestowed. And hence it appeared plainly, that this was done upon fraudulent malice rather than niggardize; because, when the said Caesar had given a small matter of no value to a certain common soldier, ask somewhat according to his need to go unto the barber for to be trimmed, he was for it with contumelious terms traduced and backbitten by Gaudentius then Notary, who had abode long in Gaul to spy into his proceedings; whom afterwards himself commanded to be put to death, as shall be showed in place convenient. At length, after the mutiny was appeased, not without sundry sorts of fair words and pleasing speeches; and when by means of a bridge made of ships joined together, he had passed over the Rhine, and set foot in the Alemans' countries, Severus General of the horsemen, who aforetime had been a warlike and industrious captain, all on a sudden became lither and heartless. And he that oftentimes encouraged both all and some to fight courageously, now seemed a contemptible and timorous dissuader of battle, haply for fear of death so near at hand: like as we read in the books of Tages the Tuscan, that they who are within a while to be smitten with the lightning of Veiovis ᶠ, are so dulled in their senses, that they can hear neither thunder nor any great noise whatsoever. And contrary to his wont manner, he marched in his journey lazily, insomuch as he terrified, by threatening death, the guides that led the way apace and lustily before, unless they all with one accord would agree and avouch, that they were altogether ignorant of the ways: who fearing the authority of this prohibition, went no where, after that, one foot forward. CHAP. IX. The Aleman kings Suomarius and Hortarius, not able to endure the heavy weight of this war, in humble manner sue for peace, and obtain it. HOwbeit, during these linger delays, Suomarius a king of the Alemans', of his own accord, together with his friends and followers, unthought of before, met Caesar upon the way: (a prince he was before time proud and cruelly bend to endamage and hurt the Romans; but then he thought it would be an unexpected gain well gotten, in case he might be suffered to hold his own:) And for that his countenance and gate showed him to be an humble suppliant, he was entertained and willed to be of good cheer and quiet in mind; who then abandoning wholly his own will and pleasure, meekly upon his knees besought peace. And verily, he obtained the same with pardon granted for all that was past, under this condition, That he should redeliver our men that were captives, and find the soldiers food, so oft as was needful, after the manner of base vassals received to mercy and protection, taking only security of life for whatsoever he brought in: which if he showed not as time and occasion required, he might well know he was to be wearied again therewith. This being thus well ordered and disposed of, was fulfilled accordingly without fail. Now were they to march also into the territory of the other king named Hortarius: and because nothing seemed wanting but guides, Caesar gave commandment unto Nestica, Tribune of the Scutarij, and to Chariton, a man of admirable strength and valour, with all diligence to seek, find, take, and present unto him one captive or other: So with all expedition an Aleman youth was caught up and brought unto him, who promised upon a capitulation covenanted to have his life saved, for to discover and show the ways. Thus went he afore, and the army following after was impeached for going on still by a barricado of high trees cut down and lying in their way. But by wheeling about, and fetching long and winding circuits, they came at length to the places aforesaid, and the armed soldiers every one in an angry mood fell to firing of the fields, to harrying away both cattle and folk, yea and without mercy hewing in pieces as many as made resistance. The king sore troubled and disquieted with these adverse accidents, when he saw many of his territories spoiled, and beheld withal the remains of towns and villages consumed with fire, considering now, that the final ruin of his whole estate was at hand, himself also besought pardon, and after an execrable oath taken to do whatsoever should be imposed upon him, promised also to make restitution generally of all captives: for that was a capitulation in the conditions that was much stood upon and earnestly urged: but he delivered a few, and detained the most part. Which being known, julian was provoked to just indignation: insomuch, as when he the said king came, as the manner is, to have a gift bestowed upon him, four of his followers that accompanied him, in whose assistance and fidelity he had most affiance, he would not dismiss, before that all the captives were returned. Howbeit, being by Caesar sent for to a conference and parley, whom he adored with trembling eyes, and even overcome again with the sight of the conqueror, he was driven to an hard exigent and condition; namely this, That for as much as it was meet & requisite after so many prosperous achievements, that those cities also which the Barbarians had forcibly razed and destroyed, should be re-edified, he at the charges of himself and his people must find carriage, timber etc. for the building. Which after he had promised to do, and withal wished, if he dealt any way disloyally, to make satisfaction with the loss of his heart blood, he was permitted to return home. As for the transporting thither of corn and victuals, he might not be compelled thereto, as Suomarius was, because his country being so utterly wasted, he could meet with nothing therein to give. Thus these kings, that in times past swelled so outrageously in pride, and were accustomed to enrich themselves with the spoil of our men, became now tame, & yielded their necks under the yoke of the Romans power: and as if they had been borne and bred among Tributaries, willingly obeyed their commandment. These affairs in this wise achieved, the soldiers were bestowed in sundry stations, and Caesar retired himself to his wont wintering place. CHAP. X. The flatterers in Court go about to deprave and foredoe the noble deeds and virtues of julianus with flouts and scoffs before Constantius; which is no new and strange practice, Marcellinus showeth by allegation of notable examples. WHen knowledge of these occurrents was from time to time taken in Constantius his court (for Caesar like unto an apparitor or double diligent servitor, was of necessity to give notice unto the Emperor of all proceedings) as many as bore greater sway than others in the court, and were now learned professors in that [eighth] liberal science of Flattery, turned whatsoever was by him either wisely advised or happily performed, unto a mere mockery; giving out beyond all measure these and such like words full foolishly: This julian, a goat, and no man (carping thus at him for being full of hair) together with all his victories, stinketh again, and is become odious: terming him also, a talkative moldwarpe, an ape in a purple coat, and a bookish smattering Grecian. Thus resounding many lewd speeches and skurrilities of this kind in the prince's ears, who took pleasure to hear these and such like notes, they went about with impudent words to smother his virtues, railing at him as a slow-backe and coward, and delicate carpet-knight, and one that knew how with trim words to set out deeds that were amiss: a thing that newly happened not then, and never before. For as the greatest glory is always subject to envy, we read, that malicious and spiteful persons have used to devise even upon the renowned warriors and captains in old time (as taking offence at their most redoubted acts) vices and crimes, although there could none such be found. As for example, Cimon the son of Miltiades was charged with incest and incontinency, even he, who near unto Eurymedon, a river in Pamphylia, vanquished an infinite number of the Persians, and forced the whole nation, proudly puffed up by reason of the insolency of their king, in humble manner to sue for peace. Semblably, Aemilianus Scipio, through the evil will of his concurrents, was taxed for a drowsy sluggard, by whose invincible vigilance, two most puissant cities, obstinately bend to work Rome mischief, were utterly razed to the ground. Likewise, certain slanderous backbiters, seeking many ways for a hole in Pompeius' coat, when they could find nothing in him blameworthy, observed (forsooth) these two things (very toys to speak of, and of no validity;) namely, that by a peculiar and natural use that he took, he scratched his head with one finger, and for a pretty while (to hide a certain foul and ill favoured ulcer that he had) bound up his leg with a little white band: The one of these he did (said they) as being a loose and dissolute person; the other, as one that looked for a change, and affected to be king; coming out (forsooth) with this bald and frivolous reason, that it mattered not on what part of the body he wore a diadem, the mark of regal majesty: and this did they by that man, than whom there was not one that bore himself more valiant and politic in the behalf of his country, as the notable proofs that he gave do testify. While these things thus went abroad, Artemius abode also at Rome vice-Praefect or deputy governor for Bassus, who having been but newly promoted Praefect of the city, was by natural death taken away; whose government met with turbulent seditions and commotions, neither had it any memorable matter worth the relation. CHAP. XI. The war that Constantius made against the Sarmatians and the Quadi. WHiles the Emperor in this mean time took his Winter ease and repose in Sirmium, there came unto him heavy news, and those thick one in the neck of another, showing how the Sarmatis and the Quadi (nations suitable in near neighbourhood, like conditions, and consonant armour) jointly together, in sundry squadrons dispersed, made roads into Pannonia, and the second Maesia: who being better fitted for brigandize than open fight in the field, are weaponed with long pikes, and armed with habergeons made of shaved and smoothed horns, which featherwise are wrought close into linen jacks. Most of their horses for to serve their turns be gelded, lest either upon the sight of Mares they should be disquieted and fling out of order, or bestowed behind in place of supply, growing there with frampold, bewray by their thick neighing those that ride upon them. And these warriors are able to gallop and ride a great ground, whiles they either follow others in chase, or else turn back themselves, sitting as they do upon swift coursers and pliable, leading also after them in hand one lere horse, and otherwhiles twain, that by change they might cherish the strength of their beasts, and by alternative turns of rest renew their vigour afresh. After therefore, that the * When days and nights are of a length. equinox of the Spring time was past the Emperor having assembled a puissant army, put himself on his journey with the guidance of a more gracious and mild fortune: who being come to a most convenient place, and having passed over the river * called also Danubius. Donaw. Ister, flowing above his banks (by reason that the heaps of snow and ice were now thawed and resolved into water) and that upon a planked floor of ships joined together in manner of a bridge, he invaded the lands of the Barbarians, which he meant to waste and spoil: who being prevented by his speedy journey, and seeing whole troops of a warlike army affronting them, and ready to cut their throats; an army (I say) which they supposed could not possibly be gathered together, considering the season of the year, durst neither breath themselves, nor stand their ground, but to avoid this unlooked for destruction, betook themselves all at once to flight. Most of them, such as for very fear could hold no speedy pace, were beaten down and slain: those who by their quick footmanship escaped death, lying close among the secret vales and hidden bottoms of the mountains, beheld their native country destroyed before their face with the edge of the sword, which verily they might have saved, had they made head and resisted with the same vigour that served them to escape away. These things were done in that part of Sarmatia which faceth * Within the kingdom of Hungary. Pannonia secunda. With like fortitude also, over-against * Another part of Pannonia. Krabaten, Rhenano. Valeria, our soldiers in manner of a tempestuous whirlwind carrying and harrying the riches of the Barbarians, wasted what soever stood in their way. Who being thoroughly moved at the sight of this so great a loss and extreme misery, laying aside all purpose to hide themselves any longer, armed as they were in three battalions, thought (under semblance of suing for peace) to set upon our men, whiles they carried themselves more securely: so that they might not be able either to make ready their weapons, or avoid violent wounding, or (that which is the last means in extremity) to turn themselves to flight. Now presently there were with the Sarmatiae, to partake with them in peril, the Quadi, who oftentimes had been yoke-fellows with them in doing hurt. But their forward boldness, as ready as it was, could not help them, running headlong as they did upon evident and open dangers: For after a number were killed, as many of them as could survive, made shift to escape by the ways wherein they were perfect. Our army then upon this fortunate event, which gave an edge to their strength and courage, joining their squadrons closer together, hastened into the dominions of the Quadi: Who fearing much by this accident past, what might hang over their heads; minding as suppliants to crave peace, confidently presented themselves before the Emperor. CHAP. XII. Zabais, Acabacius, Vsafer, and other petty kings or princes of the Quadi, with humble prayer and as submissive gestures seek unto Constantius for peace, and receive the same. WHen they therefore were about to qualify and mitigate these and such like troubles, and a day was appointed for the setting down of the conditions, Zizais also, a prince of the blood royal, and a young gallant, tall and mighty of parsonage, even then marshaled the Sarmatians, as it were in order of battle, for to fall likewise to entreaty and sue for peace. And no sooner had he a sight of the Emperor, but presently he flung away his weapons, and fell grovelong flat upon his breast, in manner breathless, and not able to take his wind: and having for very fear lost the use of his tongue, even when he should have made his petition, thereby he moved the greater pity. Now, after he had assayed sundry times to speak, permitted he was with sobbing (which somewhat hindered his speech) to utter as well as he could what he requested. At length, after he was refreshed, and bidden to arise upon his knees, having now recovered his voice, he humbly besought forgiveness and pardon for his trespasses. Thither also was the multitude admitted to make their supplications; who for very fear could not open their mouths, for that as yet the better person among them stood in doubtful terms of danger: but when he was commanded once to raise himself from the ground, and had given unto them a sign which they long waited for, to make their petition, they all cast from them their targuets and weapons, and wholly gave themselves to humble prayers, devising many means and gestures how to exceed the said prince in lowly supplication. This Zizais, being the greater potentate, had (with the rest of the armed men) brought also with him other petty princes, namely Rumon, Zinafer, and Fragiledus, and many lords beside of the nobility, to tender the like petitions upon hope to speed: who albeit they rejoiced highly for their lives granted, and promised to undergo the heavy load of hard conditions, in recompense and to make amends for hostile hurts and outrages committed, yea, and willingly to present themselves, their goods, children, and wives, together with the whole circuit of their territories and possessions under the power of the Romans; yet courtesy and bounty joined with equity prevailed and took place: so that being willed, without fear to hold still their own habitations, they rendered up all the captives they had of our men. They brought in also their hostages according as they were enjoined, and promised most readily from thenceforth to obey whatsoever they were commanded. This example of clemency gave encouragement likewise to others; insomuch, as there came in speedily together with all their people, Arabarius and Vsafer, princes of the blood royal, among the lords and potentates of eminent place, leaders of the Gentile regiments: the one of them ruled part of the Quadi, inhabiting beyond the mountains; the other, certain of the Sarmatians; both, in regard of their countries so near confining, and their suitable savageness, sorting most jointly together. The multitude of their people the Emperor suffered not to approach, lest under a pretence of making some league, they might suddenly take them to arms. Thus when the company was parted and divided, those that came to entreat in the behalf of the Sarmatians, were willed for a small time to withdraw themselves out of the way, whiles the business of Arabarius and his Quadi, might be scanned and considered of. Who having presented themselves in place, after the fashion of their country, standing with their bodies stooping, when they were not able to excuse and purge themselves of their outrages committed, fearing the calamities of extreme misery, gave hostages as they were commanded, never compelled before time to exhibit any pledges of league or alliance. These matters thus according to equity and reason concluded, Vsafer was admitted to deliver his request, whiles Arabarius stiffly stood upon these terms, and affirmed, That the peace which himself had obtained, aught to stand him also in stead, as being partner with him, although in an inferior degree, and wont to obey his commandments. But after this question was debated, order was given, That the Sarmatians, as having been always vassals unto the Romans, should be freed from other foreign power, and so they gladly accepted to put in hostages, for better assurance of keeping the peace. After this, there offered themselves of their own accord a mighty number of nations and kings conflowing together in troops and companies, now that they understood how Arabarius went his way without punishment and hurt, who besought that the sword might hang from their throats. And in like sort, they also, having obtained peace, which they desired, brought in sooner than a man would have thought, their sons by way of hostages, whom they sent for out of the inmost parts of the kingdom. Semblably also, they delivered up our men their prisoners (according as it was capitulated) whom they parted fro with no less grief and sorrow than they did from their own children. CHAP. XIII. The Sarmatians that were slaves, after they had put to flight and banished their lords and masters, contemned the clemency of Constantius, and trusting upon the strength of their places, furnish themselves with guile, weapons, and prayers together, for their defence. THese affairs thus set in order, his care was now for the Sarmatians, who deserved rather a pitiful eye of compassion, than privy hatred and displeasure; unto whom, how fortunate and happy this occasion fell out to be, a man would not believe: so as that might well be deemed true which one saith, A prince's power either mastereth or maketh Fortune. There inhabited this kingdom in old time certain ignoble potentates, but in a secret conspiracy their servants taking arms, enterprised a notorious act; and, as the Barbarians use evermore to reckon might to be their right, they vanquished their masters, as being in stoutness their matches, & in number superior: who then by reason of fear that troubled their wits, being to seek what counsel to take, fled unto the * or Victovali, or Victophali. Eutrop. Victobali inhabiting far off, thinking it better to yield obeisance to their defenders (a thing that men in distress will wish to do) than to serve their own slaves: which hard fortune of theirs they grievously complaining of, now that they had gotten their pardon, and were taken into [the Emperors] protection, craved means and help to recover their liberty: and so far forth was he moved with this wrongful indignity, that in the sight of the whole army he called them all together, and gave them very good and gracious words, willing and commanding them to obey none but himself and the Roman captains. And to the end that this restitution of freedom might have the addition and increase withal of dignity, he set over the same Sarmatians, as their king, Zizais, a noble person and of high reputation, meet verily even then for regal ensigns (as his deed showed) and faithful besides. Neither was any man licensed after these glorious achievements to depart, before that our captives (as it had been agreed on) returned. After these acts thus performed in the Barbarians ground, the camp removed forward to * Brigitio. calisto. Bregetio, to the end, that there also the relics of the Quades war, who kept a stir about those tracts might be quenched either with tears or blood: among whom, Vitrodorus, a prince of the blood, as being the son of king Viduarius, & Agilimundus a pettieking, with other Potentates and judges, who had the governance of sundry nations, when they saw our army in the very bosom of the realm, & of their native soil, laid themselves along at the feet of the soldiers as they should march, and after pardon granted, did what they were commanded; yea, and delivered their children as hostages in pawn, that they would yield performance of conditions imposed upon them; drawing forth also their swords, which they worship as gods, swore by them to continue loyal and faithful. These affairs thus brought (as hath been related) to so happy an end, the regard of a common good required, that the forces should with all speed be turned upon the Limigantes, those Sarmatian slaves and usurpers aforesaid: for it was an abominable shame, that they had without punishment perpetrated so many wicked pranks: Who likewise, as if they had forgotten their former outrages, now that the free Sarmatians broke out and cast off their allegiance, having gotten so fit a time and opportunity, entered forcibly into the Roman marches, to perform this only mischief and villainy, joining in one mind with their masters & enemies. Howbeit, upon good deliberation determined it was, That this offence also should be punished more mildly than the heinousness of their crimes required: by proceeding thus far forth in revenge, as that they should be translated into places far remote, thereby to lose the means of molesting our territories: yet the conscience they carried about them, what lewd & wicked parts they had this long time played, made them to fear the dangers wherein they stood. And therefore imagining no less, than that the whole war should be bend upon them, they furnished themselves with falsehood in their hearts, weapon in their hands, and prayers in their lips. But at the first sight of our army, being strucken and astonished as with a flash and stroke of lightning, and thinking of nothing but extremity, after they had craved life, they promised a yearly tribute, the mustering of their able and lusty youth, yea and their service; ready, as they made show by gesture and countenance, to yield and give consent, if they were so commanded, to flit into some other country; yet presuming confidently on the strength of those places, wherein after they had driven their masters thence, they had seated themselves in security. [For the river * Pathissus. Plinio. Teissa in Hungary Parthiscus running down violently into these lands, with a crooked course and stream mingleth his water with * Donow. Ister. But whiles he passeth on alone with more liberty, gliding soft by little and little through long and spacious countries, and near unto his issue reducing the same into a narrow straight, with his own channel he defendeth the inhabitants upon it from the invasion of the Romans by the channel of Danubius, and by his own fence performeth them safe from the out-rodes of the Barbarians. In which place, the most part of the country, by reason of the natural moisture of the ground, and the rising of the rivers, be overflown, full of standing waters, and overgrown with willows, and therefore unpassable, unless it be to such as are very skilful in those quarters: and beside all this, there is a winding circuit of an Island, meeting in a manner by the coming to it of Parthiscus, which a greater river environing, severeth from all fellowship with the firm land.] CHAP. XIIII. The Sarmatian slaves daring to join battle with the Roman army, after ashort fight are discomfited, and by a very bloody execution, within the space of half an hour utterly destroyed. After which overthrow, the rest who remained at home were cruelly dealt with. THey came therefore, at the prince's motion, with their inbred pride and arrogance, to the hithermore bank of the river, not minding, as the end showed, to do that they were commanded, but because they would not seem to dread the presence and sight of our soldiers: where they stood in a stout and stubborn self-will, making plain show, that therefore they drew so near, because they would reject whatsoever commandment should be laid upon them. Which the Emperor seeing evidently that it might happen, having secretly divided his army into many battalions, with quick speed and expedition enclosed them, as they went, within the said battalions of his own soldiers: and standing himself with some few upon an higher bank, and defended with a strength of his guard about him, he mildly willed them not to be unruly. But they, wavering and doubtful in mind, were distracted contrary ways, whiles by wily craft and furious heat together they assayed to give battle, but withal intermingled their prayers: and so providing to issue forth in a place near unto them, and to charge upon our men, they cast for the nonce their shields a great way before them, that stepping forward by little and little to recover them, they might without any show of fraud gain ground by stealth. Now by this time the day was well spent, and grew toward evening: seeing then the declining of daylight put them in mind to make haste, our soldiers marched with their banners upright, and in a fiery heat advanced against them. Who keeping close together, and drawing themselves into thicker ranks, bend all their force against the prince himself, standing (as hath been said) on high: and that they did with menacing eyes and terrible words. This furious madness of theirs our army for very anger could not endure, but (as they pressed hard and hot upon the Emperor, as hath been said) with a battailon narrow and sharpe-pointed before; which form the simple and plain soldiers use to term Caput porci, i. an Hog's head, gave them such a hot and violent charge, that they dis-ranked their battle. Thus on the right hand our footmen cut in pieces the companies of their footmen, and on the left our men of arms entered the nimble troops of their horsemen. The Praetorian band that carefully guarded the emperors person, affronted them in the very breast, and slew them down right: soon after also as they fled, came upon their backs and killed them. And these Barbarians, as they were overthrown and felled to the ground, such was their invincible contumacy and wilfulness, showed by the horrible gnashing noise which they made, that they grieved not so much at their own death, as at our men's joy and gladness. And beside those that were stark dead, a number of them having their ham strings cut, and thereby destitute of all means to fly, some with their right hands cut off, others again unwounded verily, but crushed and squeezed under the weight of those that went over them, endured dolorous torments, without one word or groan given: neither was there one of them, who among those sundry sorts of execution either craved mercy, or flung his weapon from him, or desired quick dispatch by present death; but holding their weapons continually, thus piteously afflicted though they were, esteemed it a less fault to be overcome by the gorce of others, than convicted by the doom of their own knowledge and conscience: yea, and they were heard otherwhiles grumbling and mumbling these words; That it was long of Fortune and not of thdir desert, that this befell unto them▪ Thus in the space of one half hour was the trhall of this battle dispatched, and so many Barbarians lay dead at once upon the ground, as that it was the victory alone and nothing else which showed there had bedne a field fought. Scarcely were yet these hostile nations defeated, when the near kinsfolk and dear friends of them that were slain, of both sexes and all ages one with another, were brought forth in routs and companies, plucked out of their poor and low cottages: who abandoning the pride of their former life, fell to the most humble and servile obsequiousness that might be. And thus again within the compass of a very small time, a man might see whole heaps of bodies slain, and flocks of poor captives. Whiles this heat therefore of fight, and the gain withal of conquering pricked our men still forward, they rose up all at once, intending the destruction of those that either forsook the field, or lay close hidden within their cottages. When our soldiers therefore, thirsting still after the blood of Barbarians, were come to the places where they kept, down they went with the light thatch, and hewed the men in pieces: neither was there any one of them, whom his cabin, were it never so surely framed of strong timber-peeces, saved from danger of death. Finally, when as all was on a light fire, that none could lurk or lie hid any longer, now that all means of saving life were cut off, every one either perished obstinately consumed with fire, or avoiding the fire, if he went forth of doors, whiles he sought to decline that one kind of death, fell upon the enemy's sword, and so was slain. Yet some there were of them, who escaping both weapon and fire, as general as it was, committed themselves to the stream of the river running hard by, in hope by skill in swimming to gain the bank on the farther side: of whom, the most part sunk under the waves, and perished; some were shot in with arrows, and so lost their lives; insomuch, as with abundance of blood there shed, the stream of the river foamed and swelled again. Thus by both elements, the armed anger and valour of the winners, made clean work and riddance of all. Decreed then it was, after this order taken aforesaid, That generally throughout, they should all lose both hope and comfort of life: and so, after their houses burnt, and whole families carried away, commandment was given, That vessels should be gotten together, to search out those whom the farther bank of the river had severed from our army: and forthwith, lest the courage of the warriors should abate or wax cool, certain nimble and lightly appointed skirmishers were put in boats, who being guided along the secret coasts of the country, met with all the lurking holes of the Sarmatians: who at the sudden sight of them were deceived, namely, seeing them to be their own country wherries and rowers whom they knew. But when by the glittering of the weapons afar off, they perceived that was coming toward them which they feared, they betook themselves for refuge and safety to their moorish and fenny grounds, whom the soldiers followed the more maliciously: and having killed the most of them, found a victory there, where a man would have verily thought, they neither could keep sure footing, nor would adventure upon any service. CHAP. XV. The Picenses and Limigantes, terrified with these fresh examples of their confederates thus subdued and laid along, yield their necks unto the Roman yoke: and having been compelled to seek other places for their habitation, at length are reducea by Constantius into their ancient seat. AFter that the * Sarmatians, so called of the region adjoining. Amicenses were in manner all destroyed, as large a country as they overspread, our men marched without delay against the * Likewise, the Picenses, Ersech. Castal. Picenses (thus called of the regions bordering upon them) who were the safer by reason of their fellows miseries, whereof they had certain intelligence by the continual rumours that ran of them. To the surprising and subduing of them (for an hard piece of work it was to pursue them scattered as they were in divers places, and namely where unskilfulness in the ways giveth a check) * our men. they took unto them the help of the * or Thaiphali. Taifali, and likewise of the free Sarmatians. And considering that the regiments of these their aid-souldiors were by distance of places far severed, our men chose those tracts to invade that join to Moesia; the Taifali took in hand those parts that lay next; and the free Sarmatians seized upon the lands that lay opposite unto them. The Limigantes afflighted with the fresh examples of them that were subdued and overthrown, wavered a long time in doubtful minds, Whether they should die, or fall to entreaty, seeing they had notable examples and experiments given of both ways. In the end, the counsel of their elders prevailed so much, and the consideration withal of so many and sundry victories, that they took the course to yield themselves. They also came in and joined with them in humble supplication, who by force of arms had usurped liberty: and the residue likewise of them (despising now such masters as had been overcome, & were unmeet for war, seeing the mightier in place) with humble prayers submitted their necks to the yoke. The more part of them therefore, after they had received a safeconduct, and forsaken the strong defence & bulwark of the mountains, sped them apace to the Romans camp over the spacious and wide champain fields, together with their parents, wives, and children, as also with that pelf which their quick departure permitted them to steal away. And they that were thought would rather lose their lives, than be compelled to void their country, whiles they took licentious madness to be liberty, willingly agreed now to be under authority, and to enter upon other quiet & trusty places of habitation, so as they might not be troubled with wars, nor changed by seditions. And these men being received into protection, according to their own desire (as it was verily thought) remained quiet for a small time; but afterwards through their inbred wildness grew again to commit most mischievous outrage, as shall be showed in convenient process of our history. In this prosperous course and success of affairs, a competent defence of Illyricum was upon a twofold reason established: the duple greatness of which business the emperor having taken in hand, effected both. The banished persons suspected though they were for their mutability, yet like to behave themselves somewhat more civilely, he reduced home at length and placed in their ancient habitations: and to do the same people a greater pleasure, he set over them not an ignoble & base minded king, but one of royal blood descended, and endued with excellent parts both of body and mind, even him whom before time they themselves had made their governor. CHAP. XVI. Constantius taking joy in the surname and style of Secundus Sarmaticus, in a solemn Oration rejoiceth both in the behalf of himself and of his army, for the victory gained of his enemies. Upon so happy a train of brave exploits, Constantius now bearing himself higher than one that feared any thing, and with general consent of the soldiers styled Secundus Sarmaticus, after the name of those whom he had subdued, and being now at hand to depart, called all the Cohorts, Centuries, and Maniples together, standing up in his Tribunal, environed about with the Ensigns, Eagles, and a number of sundry captains and officers of high place in the camp, made a speech after his manner unto the army, gracious as he was in the eyes of all men, to this effect. The remembrance of our glorious achievements, which to valiant men is more acceptable than all the pleasures in the world, moveth me in right modest terms to rehearse unto you the most faithful defenders of the Roman State, what enormities (by our victorious fortune sent unto us from God above, both before battle, and in the very heat also of fight) we have reform and set in frame: For what is there so glorious, or so worthy in all right to be commended unto the memorial and records of posterity, than that a soldier, having been in the action of worthy exploits, may rejoice in the same so wisely and politickely devised? Our enemies in their furious rage, and upon a vanity of swelling pride, despising us in our absence, whiles we were employed in the defence of Italy and Gaul, overran Illyricum at their pleasure: and in sundry roads that they made to and fro, wasted the frontiers of our limits: one while in hollowed troughs of oak, otherwhiles on foot passing over rivers: not by way of conflict in open field, nor using the means of armour and fine force; but like, as their use hath always been, after the manner of secret brigands and robbers, for their crafty guile and variety of deceitful mockeries ever from the first beginning of their nation dread even unto our old ancestors. What displeasures were by them done tolerable, we suffered, as being in person far removed, supposing that lighter losses by the effectual service of our captains might be forfended. But when through their licentiousness they proceeded further, and grew to work many mischiefs and the utter undoing of whole provinces; after we had fortified and made sure the avenues into Rhaetia, and by a most vigilant guard firmly founded the security of Gaul, leaving no cause of terror and fear behind us at our backs, we came into Pannonia, to the pleasure of eternal God, purposing to strengthen whatsoever was like to run to ruin and decay. And when all things were prepared accordingly, as ye know, in the middle of Spring we went in hand with most weighty and important affairs. First, that when we were about to frame a bridge close jointed, no volleys of shot might impeach us: which work being with small ado finished, after we had seen and overrun our enemy's lands; the Sarmatians, who stubbornly in a wilful mind went about to withstand us unto death, we overthrew and subdued without any loss of our own men. The Quadi also in semblable malapartnes, whiles they came to aid the Sarmatians, and fell upon the squadrons of our noble legions, we hewedin pieces: who after miserable damages sustained, having found by experience in all their braving roads and minatory attempts of resistance, of what force our valour was, did cast away all fence of armour; and those hands which they had prepared and fitted for fight, they carried pinioned behind at their backs: and seeing no other means to save their lives but in prayer and petition, they fell prostrate at the foot of a merciful Emperor, whose battles they had often found to have come unto afortunat end. After these were sequestered and set aside, with like valour we vanquished the Limigantes also: and when a number of them were slain, the others to avoid the danger were driven to fly for refuge unto their starting holes among the blind marshes. And when these exploits were likewise brought to an happy conclusion, the time was come when we were to use seasonable mildness and clemency. The Limigantes we forced to flit into places far removed, for fear they might any more bestir themselves to do our men mischief, and most of them we spared. Over those that were free, we set as ruler Zizais, who was to be devoted and faithful afterward unto us, reputing it a greater matter to create, than to present unto the Barbarians a king: and this honour added much unto the solemnity of his creation, that he was appointed unto the same people a ruler, who had before time elected and accepted him. A fourfold reward therefore, which one expedition hath performed, we have acquired and the Commonwealth together: first, by working due revenge upon hurtful and mischievous robbers; and after by taking of our enemies so many prisoners as may satisfy you abundantly. For with those things ought virtue and prowess to stand contented, which it hath won by painful sweat and strong hand: as for ourselves, our own travails and fortitude will be sure to save for us much wealth and ample riches, which are great treasures, even the patrimonies of all men whole and sound. For this is it that beseemeth the mind of a good prince; this suiteth well with prosperous successes. Finally, I myself also carry before me the spoil of our enemy's name, even the addition in my style of Secundus Sarmaticus: which ye all with one accord, without arrogancy be it spoken, have worthily and for desert conferred upon me. After this speech ended, the whole assembly with more than wont alacrity, as having their hope of greater matters and gain bettered, by way of joyful applause and festival acclamations rose up, to resound the praises of their Emperor: and at last, after open declaration made according to the manner, That Constantius was invincible, repaired with joy unto their pavilions. And the Emperor being brought back unto his palace, and refreshed with two days repose, returned with triumphant pomp to Sirmium: the military bands and companies also, retired to their appointed places of abode. In these very days, Prosper, Spectatus, and Eustachius, sent as ambassadors unto the Persians, as I have showed before, went unto the king, being returned to Ctesiphon, producing the Emperor's letters and presents, and they demanded (as things than stood whole and sound) a peace: and mindful of their commission and what directions they had in charge, they never left the due regard of the good and majesty of the Roman Empire, avouching boldly, that the covenant of amity was to be established no otherwise, but with this condition, That there should be no motion at all made of troubling the state of Armenia and Mesopotamia. When therefore they had stayed there a long time, seeing the king most obstinately set and hardened against the admitting of any peace, unless the signory of these countries were awarded unto him; they returned without effecting their business. After this, were sent to obtain the selfsame thing with like strength and validity of conditions, Lucillianus a * or Comes. lieutenant, and Procopius at that time a Notary, who afterwards entangled and tied fast with a certain knot of violent necessity, rose up in open rebellion, and aspired to the imperial diadem. THE XVIII. BOOK. CHAP. I. julianus Caesar having set aside all cares of war, hath a watchful eye to the safety of Gaul, and seemeth a maintainer and lover of justice: after this, renewing war against the Alemans', he buildeth and storeth his garners: seven cities he taketh in, and repaireth. THese acts in one and the same year were in sundry parts of the world achieved. But in Gaul, now that the State stood in better terms than before, and Eusebius, together with Hypatius, brethren, were styled with the high titles of Consuls; julian renowned in the place of his Winter abode, for contriving of his affairs to so good success, having sequestered and laid aside for the mean time all cares of war, with no less regard disposed and ordered many things to the behoof and welfare of the provinces, observing diligently, That no man should be surcharged with the burden of tribute, That no one man's greatness or power should overweigh and oppress another, nor they be in place of authority, whose private estate grew by the fall and decay of the Common weal, ne yet that any judge should without punishment swerve from equity. And this redressed he with small travail and little ado: for that himself deciding quarrels and controversies (especially when the greatness either of causes or persons s required) was a constant and irremoveable discerner of right and wrong. And albeit there be many commendable examples of his, in such like controversies, yet it shall suffice to put down but one, to the pattern or likeness whereof his other deeds or sayings are to be considered. Numerius, ruler but a while before of Narbonensis [Gallia] being accused for theft, he heard after an unusual censorious rigour openly at the bar before his Tribunal, and admitted to the audience of his trial whosoever were willing to be there: who when he pleaded unguilty, and put by all matters objected against him, by a bare denial, and could not in any one point be convinced; Delphidius a most sharp Orator, who laid sore against him, for want of proofs and evidences, in a great chafe cried out: Who can ever be found guilty, o most noble and renowned Caesar, in case it shall be sufficient to deny? Whereat julian being moved, wisely replied thus ex tempore: And who (quoth he) can be unguilty, if it will suffice to have accused? These verily were his speeches, and many such in civil matters. But now being minded to go forth unto an urgent warre-service, when he considered that certain territories of the Alemans' harboured in their heart's hostility, and would both dare and do many outrages, unless they also, after the examples of others, were overthrown, he stuck perplexed and doubtful, with what forces, or with what expedition (so soon as in reason he might have fit opportunity) by preventing all rumour of his coming, he should be able on a sudden to invade their lands. Now as he cast about and thought upon many and sundry ways, he resolved at length to assay that which proved in the issue and effect thereof expedient. He dispatched in show of embassy Hariobaudes, a * Vacantem Tribunum. Tribune not in ordinary, a man of approved fidelity and fortitude, without any one privy thereto, unto Hortarius a king now at peace, that from thence going easily forward into their confines, against whom he was immediately to make war, he might inquire (as he was very skilful in the Barbarians language) What they went about: who being boldly gone about this business, himself taking the fit season of the year, having assembled his soldiers from all parts, went forth to this expedition: and among the most special services to be done, he thought good with all speed to perform this one, namely, before the heat of any conflicts and battles to enter into those cities which long before had been razed, and when they were thus recovered, them to fortify: also to build new barns and garners in am of those that were burnt, wherein might be laid up for store the provision of corn which was wont to be transported out of Britanny. And both these works were finished sooner than any man would have thought: for not only the garners were quickly reared, but also the cities taken in and seized on, in number seven, to wit, * Erkelens'. Castra Herculis, * Quaetraedt, between Guilich and Colein. Quadriburgum, * Some take it for Vltrajectum, i. Vtrecht. Ortel. Tricesimae, * Nuiss. upon Rhine. Ortel. Nivesio, * Bon. Bonna, * Andernach. Antennacum, and * Bing. Bingio: where, as good hap was, Florentius the Praefect suddenly showed himself, having in his conduct part of the forces, and bringing with him sufficient provision of victual to serve for a long time. After these things thus accomplished, it remained (such was the urgent occasion and present necessity) that the walls of these cities thus gained, should be repaired, whiles no man as yet was there to interrupt or impeach this work: and this is apparent by clear evidences and arguments, that the Barbarians at that time, for fear and not for love of their ruler, served the common good. The kings according to the capitulation of covenant the former year, sent upon their own carts and wagons much matter meet for building: and the aid-souldiors, who always disdained such kind of ministries, by the fair words that julian gave them wrought to the performance of diligent service, willingly carried upon their necks timber-pieces fifty foot long and above, and among those workmen and labourers that served the carpenters, stood them in right good stead. CHAP. II. The Alemans' having intelligence how the Roman army was broken in, and had set sure footing beyond Rhine, or have peace, which upon certain conditions was granted. WHiles these works were set forward with diligence, and brought with all speed to effect, Hariobaudes, when he had searched and spied into every thing, returned, and related what he had learned. After whose coming, the forces were soon afoot, and so they came along to * Mentz. Mogontiacum; where when Florentius and Lupicinus, the successor to Severus, urged very hard, That they must pass over at a bridge set up and erected there; Caesar most stiffly stood against them, saying, That they ought not to tread on the lands of those that were within the peace, for fear, lest (as oftentimes it falleth out) through the uncivil behaviour of the soldiers (spoiling wilfully what ever comes in their way) the covenants of the league should be rudely broken. Howbeit, the Alemans' in general, against whom our army marched, thinking what danger came towards them, warned in minatory terms king Suomarius, who by an agreement and composition past was become friend unto us, to debar the Romans from passage over (for his towns and territories lay close to the farther banks of Rhine:) who protesting, That of himself alone he was not able; the Barbarian multitude assembling themselves all together, approached Mogontiacum, ready with all their power to impeach the army, that it should not cross the river. In two respects therefore, that was thought convenient which Caesar had before advised, namely, for fear that the lands of our peaceable confederates should be spoiled, and least whiles a most warlike nation was ready to make resistance, a bridge should be (with the danger of many men's lives) set up there in a place which was indeed most meet for the framing of a bridge. Which our enemies having most wisely considered, marching softly along the contrary bank, look where they saw afar off our men to pitch their tents, there also they in the same parallel over-against them attended all night, and slept not, observing with right vigilant care, that no passage should be attempted. But when our men were come to the place before provided, they sat them down and rested within the precinct of trench and rampire. Then Caesar taking Lupicinus to counsel, commanded certain * or Sergeant Majors. Tribunes to make ready three hundred soldiers lightly appointed, with stakes, and those altogether ignorant what to do, or whether to go. These being gotten together, when it was far in the night, and all of them going aboard (whom forty small pinnaces or barges, even as many as were then at hand, received) were willed to row along the river, with silence, so as their very oars should hold off, or give a light stroke, for fear that the noise of the waves might raise the Barbarians; and so with ready minds and active bodies they break through the frontier banks over-against them, whiles the enemies were amused on the fires that our men made. Mean while that these things were setting forward with all speed, Hortarius, a king made before hand our confederate, not minding to alter aught otherwise than the tenor of the covenants went; but withal, a friend unto his neighbour-borderers, having invited and assembled together all the kings, princes of the blood, lords and potentates to a feast, kept them with him at good cheer, which (according to the manner of the country) held unto the third * midnight. watch of the night: whom, as they departed from him, our men aforesaid by chance set upon at unawares, but by no means could either kill or catch them, by reason of the darkness, and their swift horses withal, which carried them quite away, whither in that doubtful braid they were driven. As for all their lackeys and servants that followed them on foot, they slew, unless they were such as the obscurity of the time saved from danger. At the length, when it was known that the Romans had passed over (the kings, who both then, as also in the time of expeditions past, supposed there to take some easement of their labours, when it happened that they found enemies) were strucken and astenied; their people also, who watched the bridge with great care and diligence, that it should not be made, quaking for very fear, betook them to their heels: and thus the unbridled fury of theirs assuaged, they made what haste they could to remove their nearest and dearest friends farther off. Then presently, when all this difficulty was past, the bridge being set together, and the projects of these so careful nations prevented, our soldiers seen now in the Barbarians land, passed through the dominions of Hortarius, without doing any hurt. But when they were come once into the territories of those kings, who were yet enemies, without any fear they made foul work throughout the midst of the rebels country, burning and spoiling all before them. Now, after they had set on a light fire the mounds and fences of their brittle houses, hewed in pieces a number of folk, and seen many of them falling down, and others making supplication; when they came so far as to a country named Capellatij, or Palas, where certain mere stones parted the confines between the Alemans' and Burgundians, there they encamped, for this reason, that Macrianus and Hariobaudus, brethren, Germans and Kings, might be received without dread: who perceiving that their destruction drew near, came with careful and heavy hearts to entreat for peace. After whom immediately repaired king Vadomarius also, whose habitation was just against the Rauraci, and through the commendatory letters of prince * Whether now Emperor, or his grandfather, it is uncertain. Constantius secretly brought out, and earnestly alleged, he was gently entertained; as who long since had been taken into the protection of the Roman Empire. And Macrianus verily, with his brother, admitted among the Eagles and Ensigns, wondered at the variety and bravery of the armour and forces, which then and never before he saw, and entreated in the behalf of his people. But Vadomarius acquainted with our men, as neighbouring upon the limit, marveled, I assure you, at the munition and furniture of so stately and sumptuous an expedition; but remembered very well, that in the prime of his youth he had many times seen the like. In conclusion, after long consultation had, and all things well weighed and considered, unto Macrianus verily and Hariobaudus peace was granted: but as for Vadomarius, who intending to establish his own security firm and sure, was come also by way of embassage, and as an Orator, in the behalf of Vrius, Vrsicinus and Versalpus kings, heartily desiring peace, he could not in this mean time suddenly have his answer, for fear least (as these Barbarians are fickle and hardly to be trusted) they bethinking and remembering themselves, after the departure of our men would not stand to those points which by others had been obtained. But when they also themselves, upon the firing of their standing corn and houses, upon the taking also of many of them prisoners, and killing a number, made such humble suit, as if they likewise had trespassed in the same kind against our people, they got peace with the semblable conditions: among which, this was above all most instantly urged, That they should redeliver all those captives, whom in many out-rodes they had taken and carried away. CHAP. III. Barbatio colonel of the Infantry, and Assyria his wife attaint of high treason, are beheaded. WHiles the heavenly providence reformeth these abuses in Gaul, there riseth up in the emperors court a turbulent tempest of new matters, which from small beginnings proceeded to sorrowful mourning and lamentation. In the house of Barbatio, than colonel of the Infantry, it happened that a swarm of Bees were evidently seen to settle: And when he carefully sought unto wizards, skilful in prodigies about so strange a sight, this answer they made, That it portended unto him some great danger; grounding (forsooth) upon this conjecture, That these flying creatures, after they have made their habitations, and gathered goods, are driven out from thence with smoke and the troublesome ringing of cymbals. This Barbatio had a wife named Assyria, a dame of no few words, nor yet wise: who, when her husband was gone forth to the wars, and fearfully perplexed many ways, in regard of that which he well remembered had been foretold him by the said soothsayers, moved like a woman with a foolish toy that took her in the head, called for her maid servant, who could skill of cyphring, and one whom she had gotten from out of the patrimony and goods of Silvanus; by whose hand she wrote a letter full untowardly and out of season unto her husband, weeping, as it were, and beseeching him for God's sake, That after the death of Constantius now at hand, himself (as she hoped) being admitted to the imperial place, would not cast her off, and prefer the marriage of Eusebia the Queen, a lady for person and beauty surpassing. This letter was sent as secretly as might be: and the maid servant, who had penned the same as her mistress indited it, after that every man was returned home from the warre-service, stole out in the beginning of night, and ran away to Arbetio, taking with her a copy of the said letter; and being heartily welcome unto him, disclosed that piece of written paper. He then, as he was the fittest man in the world to frame an accusation against one, trusting upon this presumption and evidence, informed the prince of this matter: and, as the usual manner was, without any delay or pause allowed to the handling of this business, Barbatio after he had confessed the receipt of such a letter, and the woman his wife by good proof was convicted to have * or caused the some to be written written the same, lost their heads for it. When these were executed, much inquisition was made abroad, & many men were troubled, aswell the innocent as offenders: among whom, Valentine also, late principal or captain of the Protectores, and now Tribune, with many others, after he had been tortured divers times, as one privy to the foresaid treason, survived notwithstanding, and in very truth knew nothing at all of the matter. In recompense therefore of this wrong done, and danger whereto he was brought, he became a great captain and leader in Illyricum. Now, this Barbatio abovesaid was a man somewhat rude and arrogant withal in his carriage: in this regard also many hated him; for that both whiles he had the rule of the Protectores in ordinary under Gallus Caesar, he played the perfidious traitor: and also after his decease, bearing himself proud of his advauncement to an higher place of warre-service, he devised and plotted the like against julianus Caesar and oftentimes (a thing that good men detested) he whispered in the open ears of the Emperor many shrewd and grievous matters: ignorant as he was of that wise saying and so well known of Aristotle; who sending Calisthenes, a * or disciple. sectary & kinsman of his, unto K. Alexander, gave him many times in charge: That very seldom he should have any talk (and be sure than it were pleasant) with a man who carried in the tip of his tongue power of life and death. And that we should make no marvel at this, That men whose minds and souls we suppose to be of a celestial substance, otherwhiles are able to discern of things profitable and meet; considering that unreasonable creatures are wont sometimes to defend their lives by deep silence: as appeareth by this notable example. Cranes, when for heat they leave the East parts, & fly Westward, no sooner begin to enter upon the mountain Taurus, wherein there be so many Eagles, but fearing those so strong and hardy fowls, close up their bills with little stones, that very extreme necessity itself might not fetch any noise or voice from them: and after they have with swift flight passed over the same hills, they cast away the said stones, and so hold on their flight forward with more security. CHAP. four Whiles Sapor king of the Persians prepareth to make war against the Romans, Constantius besotted by his sycophants of the Court, is advised to call back home Vrsicinus, a most renowned warrior and Praefect of the East. WHiles these matters were with much diligence straightly sought into at Sirmium, the fortune of the East sounded terrible trumpets, and gave intelligence of much danger abroad. For, the king of Persia bearing himself bold of help from those savage nations whom he had quieted, and burning unmeasurably in an ambitious desire of rule and dominion; made preparation of armour, forces, and victuals, consulting with the fiends and infernal spirits of hell, and seeking to all conjurers and jugglers for to know the future events. And thus being sufficiently furnished every way, intended in the first temperate season of the spring to overrun all before him. Now, when as the news hereof were brought, first by running rumours, and afterwards by certain messengers, & all men stood perplexed and wist not what to do, for so great fear they had of calamities coming toward them, the Forge in court beating still both day and night, as one would say, upon the same anvil, and all for the pleasure of gelded eunuchs; presented unto the Emperor (a suspicious and fearful prince) Vrsicinus as a bugbear or grim-visaged * or Medusa●s head. Gorgon, oftentimes iterating these and such like suggestions, That he, being after the death of Silvanus sent eftsoons to the defence of the East parts, as it were, for default of better men, aspired to higher matters. By this base manner of foul flattery, many endeavoured to purchase the favour of Eusebius, then chief Chamberlain, with whom, if we must speak a truth, Constantius * As if Eusebius carried a strong hand over him, and ruled all. could do much, who was eagerly bend to overthrow the state of the foresaid General of the Horse, for two causes: for that he of all men alone had no need of his help, as others; and besides, at Antioch gave not up his house unto him, which most importunately he required. This Eusebius, like a serpent full of rank poison stirring up a number of her young ones, that yet can hardly creep, to do mischief, sent out his grooms of the chamber, now well grown, and of good bigness, with direction, That in their near attendance which they gave about privy and inward ministries, they might with their small voice, always continuing childish and soft, wound with grievous envy the credit and reputation of that valiant man in the prince's ears, too open unto such suggestions, who quickly put in practise his instructions. In irksomeness of these and such like, I take delight to fall in praise of old Domitian: who albeit far unlike unto father and brother, he stained the memorial of his name with inexpiable detestation; yet famous he was for making this law so generally received and approved, by which in threatening wise he gave straight charge, That no man within the bounds of the Roman jurisdiction should geld any boy: which if it had not happened, who could have endured whole swarms and multitudes of them, whose fewness is hardly tolerable? Yet a good and wary course was taken, lest the same Vrsicinus being sent for again, as he made semblance, should for fear set all on a hurly burly, but when any good opportunity was offered, be haled presently away to suffer death. CHAP. V. Antoninus a politic and well experienced person, leaving Constantius, sideth with Sapor. WHiles they waited for the event of these plots, and were troubled with doubtful thoughts, in the time that we made some short abode at Samosata, the most noble city in old time of the kingdom * in Syr●●. Comagena, suddenly by rumours coming thick and threefold, we heard of new troubles, which the process of our history shall declare. There was one Antoninus, who of a rich merchant became a minister in the Auditor's office, and then one of the protectors or guard under the Lord Warden of Mesopotamia, a man well experienced, wise, and in all those parts passing well known, being through the greedy avarice of some leapt in bonds, and brought within the danger of exceeding great loss; when he saw, that by contesting with bigger and mightier than himself, he gained nothing, but was through unjust dealing more and more weakened, by reason that they who had the hearing and handling of his cause, leaned to the mightier, as ready to curry favour with them, he, because he would not kick against the prick, framed himself to give fairer words and gentler language, yea, and confessed the debt which by covin and cautelous packing was turned over, as due to the prince's Treasury. And now projecting great and high designs, very closely pried into all parts of the Commonwealth: and as he was well seen in both tongues, Greek and Latin, he busied himself about the reckonings and accounts, setting down what soldiers and of what forces were abiding in any place, and in whole defence they served in time of war: semblably, inquiring by way of diligent search, Whether there were abundant store of armour, victuals, and other necessary provision for the wars: Thus when he had learned the inward secrets of all the East, and distributed the greatest part as well of men as money throughout Illyricum, where the Emperor was held employed in serious affairs; now that the appointed day drew near of paying that money, which by force and for fear he was compelled to confess by a bill of his own handwriting, that he owed, foreseeing that on every side he was like to be overwhelmed with all manner of perilous troubles, whiles the Lord Treasurer, for to pleasure another, was very instant, and sore urged him, he endeavoured all he could to address his flight unto the Persians, with his wife, children, and all the dearest kinsfolk that he had. And to the end he might avoid the stationary soldiers and warders in the marches, he purchaseth for a small sum of money a piece of land in Hiaspis, a place watered with the river Tigris. By which device, when as no man durst demand the cause of his coming (with a number about him) into the utmost parts of the Roman limit, as being now a landed man, and a holder of possessions there; by the means of trusty friends, and those cunning swimmers, after he had many times conferred and parled secretly with Sapor; who then being in place of a Warden of the marches, defended all those frontier quarters lying against him; as one also that before time had been known unto him, was by the help of certain nimble and light appointed men sent from the Persian camp and forts adjoining, set aboard in fisherboats: and so in the dead time of the night, with his sweet wife and children, and his whole household, crosseth the water, like for all the world, although in a contrary case, unto that Babylonian traitor Zopyrus. CHAP. VI Sabinianus a cowardly old man, and unfit for war, is substituted for Vrsicinus the successor elect of Barbatio. Antoninus honourably received of the Persians, stood them afterward in very good stead. THings being brought to this pass in Mesopotamia, the Cohort Palatine of the Court sounding the retreat and turning again to do us mischief, found occasion at length how to hurt a most valiant man, and that through the motion and instigation of a sort of gelded eunuchs, cruel at all times and greedy; who wanting otherwise children, the dear pledges of love, embrace riches alone as their most sweet daughters. Determined it was, That Sabinianus, a feeble old man verily, and well moneyed, but altogether unmeet for war, and cowardly, yea, and by reason of his base obscurity, far unlike as yet to obtain the dignity of commanding an army, should be sent as Praefect to govern the East parts; but Vrsicinus return unto the emperors court, to take the charge of the Infantry, and to succeed Barbatio: to this end, that he, a hot stirrer up of sedition and rebellion, as they gave it out, might now, being present in place, be set upon and assailed by his great enemies and such as he was to dread. Whiles these parts are acting in the camp of Constantius, as it were, in course every ᵃ five years, and upon the stage, and the ᵇ Dirribitores or paymasters spread abroad and divulge in great men's houses the price of an high office thus suddenly bought and sold: Antoninus being brought to the king where he wintered, was gladly received, and graced with the promotion to wear a Tough or Turban (which honour they enjoy that be allowed to sit at the king's board, and who for good desert among the Persians may open their mouths in solemn assemblies, to persuade and deliver their minds) set his course against our State and Commonwealth, not (as they say) with spret nor oar, with shooving, or haling, that is, by way of doubtful or dark circumlocutions, but even with spread and full sail, and inciting the said king, as intimes past Maharball when he rebuked Hannibal for his linger slowness, ceased not to tell him, That he had the way to win; but wist not how to use his victory. For, being brought in place to speak, as a man well skilled and experienced in all matters, when he had gotten diligent and attentive hearers, such as delighted in pleasing speeches, and were ready not to praise openly, but like to Homer's ᶜ Phaeaces, for to admire them with deep silence, he used to rehearse the acts that had passed for forty years gone: and namely, how after continual chances of wars, but especially at Hileia and Singara, where there was a most cruel conflict and battle fought by night; after our forces were mightily overthrown and defeated, as if some herald came between to take up the quarrel, the Persians had not yet for all their brave victories gained and gone as far as to * or Edessa. Aedessa, nor the bridges of * Rhoa, or Rhoas. Euphrates; whom it had become in the confidence of their puissance in arms and noble achievements, so far forth to have extended and enlarged the bounds of their Empire; what time especially, as by reason of long troubles and civil wars, the Roman blood was spilled, and their power abated on both sides. By these and such like motives from time to time at the table, and among the cups (where, after the manner of the ancient greeks, they use to consult about preparation of wars and other serious affairs) this revolted traitor full soberly incensed the king, fire-hote of himself, presuming also upon his great fortune, that immediately after Winter was ended, he should sound the alarm, promising also assuredly for his own part to stead him well in many of his necessary and important occasions. CHAP. VII. The coming of Sabinianus and departure of Vrsicinus bringeth sorrow unto the provinces in the East, subject to the Roman Empire, and with perplexity of cares troubleth the captains of the forces. ABout the very same time, Sabinianus puffed up with his sudden advauncement to so high a place of command, when he was entered into the marches of Cilicia, delivered unto his predecessor the letters of the Emperor, exhorting him with all speed to repair unto the Court, there to be honoured with some higher dignity: and that upon such an urgent point of necessary affairs, that had Vrsicinus made his abode even as far as * Island, or Tilemarke, a tract in Norway. Ortel. Thule, good reason there was, that in regard of so weighty business he should be sent for, as being best acquainted with the old discipline, and through long experience in warfare most skilful in the Persians policy. With which rumour, when the provinces were much disquieted, the States of cities, armed both with the decrees of the people, and with acclamations coming thick one upon another, laid hold of him, and detained still with them their public patron and defender, bearing well in mind, that being left among them for their defence with a company of idle soldiers that loved not to stir out of doors, yet in ten years space he had lost nothing: and withal, distrusting now their own safety, for that with the removal of him, in a doubtful and dangerous time they had intelligence, that a most cowardly person was come in his place. Deeply persuaded we are (for there is no doubt thereof) that Fame flieth swiftly in ways through the air; by whose relation giving intelligence of these occurrents, put to question it was, and proposed among the Persians in counsel, What course to take: And after much debating to and fro, concluded it was according to advice given by Antoninus, That for as much as Vrsicinus was posted away far off, and the new come ruler and captain nought regarded, setting aside therefore all besieging of cities (which commonly is dangerous) they should break through Euphrates, and march on directly forward, to the end, that by speedy expedition preventing all rumour of their coming, they might seize into their hands whole provinces, even those that in all the former wars (unless it were in Gallienus his time) were untouched, and by reason of long peace very wealthy: of which enterprise and exploit he promised, with the leave and grace of God, to be a most meet and sufficient leader. This counsel of his being commended, and with one accord of them all confirmed, they generally bend and set their minds to such things as were with speed to be gathered together and put in readiness: and so all Winter long preparation was made of victuals, soldiers, armour, with other munition and means requisite for a warlike expedition shortly to be taken in hand. We in the mean while having stayed a while on this side the mountain Taurus, in our coming by commandment toward the parts of Italy, made haste until we drew near to the river * Maritza, or Meritza. Hebrus, that runneth down from the Odrysian hills: and there we received the prince's letters, commanding us without all excuse making to return into Mesopotamia, & that without any officers attendance; where we were to take charge of no dangerous expedition, now that all the power of command was transferred unto another: a thing plotted and contrived by these busy politicians and pragmatical Statists about the Emperor, of purpose, that in case the Persians, frustrate of their expectation, retired into their own country, this should be reputed a doughty piece of service, exploited by the new captain: but if fortune otherwise should come adverse and cross, an imputation of treason to the State might be laid upon Vrsicinus. Being thus without all reason tossed to and fro, after we had stood doubtful a good while what to do, we returned, & found Sabinianus full of disdain, a man of mean stature, base minded, and of small courage, hardly able without shameful fear to abide the light noise of a company met at a feast, much less the rustling and clattering of an army in battle: howbeit, because the discoverers sent out in espial, affirmed most constantly, & the fugitives avouched no less, That the enemies made hot preparation every way, whiles this silly fellow, idle and slothful as he was, slept his business, we approached Nisibis, ready to provide good and necessary means; for fear lest the Persians making no semblance at all of siege, should surprise the city at unawares. CHAP. VIII. The Persians with a great power make an excursion upon the Romans, with variety of fortune, as commonly it is seen. NOw whiles within the walls every thing with all speed was putting in readiness, we might discover smoke and light fires all the way along, from Tigris by * otherwise called Maurocastrum, in Armenia. Castra Maurorum, by * A place near to Nisibis. Sisara and the rest of the marches even to the very city, shining more thick than usually they had done, and that continually; an evident proof, that the enemies having passed over the river, were broken forth, and fell to waste and spoil the country. Whereupon, lest the passages should be intercepted, with a running march we made speed forward; and when we were come within two miles, we espied a well-favoured boy with a chain about his neck, and, as we guessed, eight years of age, pitifully crying in the midst of an high way; the son, as he said himself, of a freeborn gentleman, whom, his mother (when in a terrible affright for the enemies so near at hand, she fled) being encumbered with other carriage, for haste left all alone behind her. This child, whiles I at my captains commandment (who took pity of him, and was much moved at the sight) carry before me upon my horse, and bring back unto the city, the Brigands having cast a trench and tampier round about the circuit of the walls, ranged at random all abroad. And for that I was terrified with the troubles and calamities that commonly follow siege, after I had set down the boy within a postern gate half shut, with all the speed I could make I returned all windless for haste toward the regiment of our men as they marched, & there I escaped hardly of being taken. For when a wing of our enemy's horsemen followed after, one Abdigidus a Tribune, as he fled with his camp-slave, and having overtaken the said servant (now that his master was by flight slipped away) had asked him (as I passed in great haste by) Who was appointed to be the judge or Governor? and heard how Vrsicinus, who a little before had entered the city, was going toward the mountain Izalla, and therewith slain the party, who answered them to a thing that they never demanded, a number there were which pursued us in hot chase, and never rested: whom after I had outstripped (such was the fleet pace of my horse under me) and found our men laid securely along at their ease hard by Amudum, a weak hold, whiles their horses were scattered here and there about at their forage, I stretched forth mine arm at length, and swinging the skirt of my cassock on high, round about my head, by this usual sign showed, That the enemies were at hand: and so joining with them, road amain, with my horse ready by this time to tire. Now, the thing that terrified us, was the full Moon shining all night long, and the flat level and plain fields not able to afford us, if we had been distressed and put to our shifts, any borough to shelter us; as where there was not a tree nor shrub to be seen, nor aught at all, besides short grass and low weeds. This stratagem therefore was devised, namely to set upon an horse back a burning lamp, and to tie the same fast about him, for falling, and so to let him (as he carried the same) go loose by himself without a rider, and take the left hand way, whiles we in the mean time marched toward the mountain tops situate on the right: to this end, that the Persians weening it to be a tallow link giving light before the captain softly marching, might take their course that way especially: which if we had not foreseen, we should have been taken prisoners, and brought in subjection to our enemies. Being escaped out of this danger, when we were come to a certain woody place set with vines and appletrees, named Meiacarire (so called of cold fountains) now that all the inhabitants were slipped away and gone, we found in a nouke remote far out of the way one soldier lying hid alone by himself: who being presented unto our captain, after he had faltered in his speech for fear, so that his words hung not together, and was therefore suspected, being further affrighted with menaces, revealeth the whole truth, & showeth, That he was borne at Paris in Gaul, that whiles he served in a troop of horsemen, and was afraid to be punished for a foul fact in times past committed, he fled his country and turned Persian: and since that time being for his honest behaviour and carriage well approved, wedded a wife, begat children, and sent as a spy into our parts, related many a time true tidings: but now addressed from Sapor and Nohodareus, two great potentates, who led certain companies of brigands, he was in his return minding to report unto them what he had learned. After this, when he had delivered withal what he knew in the contrary side, he was slain: and therefore, seeing our cares more and more increased upon us, from thence we came with great speed, according as the time would give us leave, to * C●r-amida, or C●r-amit. Amida; a city which afterwards for calamities and miseries ensuing became memorable. CHAP. IX. The Romans that abode in Amida having in some sort intelligence of the Persians designs, by certain characters written in a parchment, send out Ammianus Marcellinus, who wisely having taken view of the enemy's army, returneth unto his company more speedily than could be hoped or looked for. WHen our discoverers were returned hither, we found a parchment written in cyphers and strange characters within a scabbard, which by commandment was brought unto us from Procopius, whom together with * Comes. Lieutenant Lucilianus I said to have been sent before in embassage to the Persians: and the same being set down in dark terms of purpose, lest if the bearers had been caught, and the sense of the writings understood, some matter of much mischief should have risen thereupon, carried this tenor: Now that the ambassador of the greeks are sent away far off, and perhaps to be killed, the long-lived king not contented with * Statto di Gallipoli, or Bras da S. George, i Saint George's arm. Hellespontus, by making bridges over the rivers Granius and Rhyndacus, will come with a puissant army of many nations, minding to overrun Asia: who being a prince of his own nature easily provoked to anger, and most fierce withal, hath to incite and incense him, the successor of Hadrian, sometime Emperor of Rome. All is lost and past help for ever, unless Greece take better heed. Which writing implied thus much, That the king of Persia having passed over the rivers Anzada and Tigris, by the advice and instigation of Antoninus aspired to the dominion of all the East throughout. Now, when these contents were very hardly and with much ado read, by reason they were written so exceeding intricately, this politic course was taken. There was at the same time a great potentate named jovinianus, ruler of Corduena, a province under the Persian dominion, who had grown up in the Roman ground, and secretly stood well affected unto us, for that he was detained as an hostage in Syria, and being alured with the sweetness of liberal arts, had an hot desire and affection to return unto our parts again. Unto him I (being sent with a certain centurion, right trusty and of approved fidelity, to know more certainly what matters were in hand) came by desert mountains and steep straits. Being seen, known, and courteously received, after I had confessed unto him alone the cause of my presence, I was sent accompanied with one of secrecy, and skilful in the ways, unto passing high rocks a great way off, from whence might be seen for fifty miles forward the least thing that was, if a man's eyesight failed not. After we had abode there two whole days, by the sun-rising on the third day we discovered all the circles of the earth under us (which we use to call Orisons) full of infinite troops of armed men, and the king himself leading the way, all glittering in his gorgeous and glorious array. Close unto him on his left hand went Grumbates king of the Chionites, a man (I must needs say) of middle age, and with riveled limbs, but carrying with him a brave mind, and ennobled for the ensigns of many goodly victories: on his right side the king of the Albans, an high and mighty prince of equal place and honour: after them divers captains and leaders, men of eminent quality and command, marched: whom there followed a multitude of all sorts and degrees, picked and chosen out of the manhood of the nations adjoining, trained and enured a long time by many adventures to endure the difficulty of all accidents whatsoever. Now tell me, Greece, that art so fabulous, How long wilt thou talk unto us of Doriscus, a town in Thracia, and of the forces mustered and numbered by bands within enclosures? Whereas we, wary and circumspect, or (to speak more truly) timorous, amplify nothing, but what testimonies of credit neither doubtful nor uncertain have delivered. Well, after that the said kings had passed through * Moss, or Mosal. Nineve in * Botun. Castaldo. Adiabene, a mighty city, in the midst of Anzaba bridge having killed beasts for sacrifices, and seen the inwards thereof praesaging good success, they went over most joyfully, and were guessing, that all the multitude behind could hardly go through in three days after, made haste to return from thence unto the potentate and ruler aforesaid, with whom we rested, and were refreshed with courteous offices of hospitality. From whence, after we had returned by places likewise desert and solitary, sooner than could be hoped or expected, whiles we had the mighty means of necessity to be our guide, we strengthened the hearts of those that stood in a doubtful quandary, as who had intelligence given unto them, That the kings without fetching any compass about, had passed over one of the bridges made with ships. CHAP. X. After that Mesopotamia was by the Romans wasted, the fields fired, and the places fortified to endure the first brunts of war, Sabinianus ridiculously taketh his pleasure, and maketh much of himself. INcontinently therefore were swift horsemen sent out to Cassianus, * Ducem. marquess of Mesopotamia, and to Euphronius, ruler for the time of the province, with commission to compel the country peasants with all their families and cattle to remove into places of more safety; and that the town * Herens. Nig. Canhae, compassed about with weak walls, should quickly be abandoned, presently hereupon all the fields to be set on fire, that there might be no store of forage. And thus, when the said commission was without delay performed accordingly, no sooner was the fire made and kindled, but the mighty violence of that raging element consumed all the corn, when as it was swollen full, and the straw thereof now turned yellow, yea, and the ripe grass, in such sort, as that from the very brims of Tigris bank, as far as to Euphrates, there was no green thing left. At the same time were many wild beasts burnt up, and Lions especially so fell and furious in those parts, which were wont wonderfully to perish, or be blinded by little and little after this sort. Between the Reed-plots of the rivers of Mesopotamia, and the bushy or shrubby grounds, there range abroad an infinite number of Lions, which so long as the mild Winter's last (and those are always there most gentle) take no hurt: but when the season of the year by reason of the Sunbeams is become exceeding hot in those countries, so scorched with frying and parching heat, what with the sultry breath of the said planet, and what with the great gnats that swarm exceedingly in every corner of those lands, they are sore troubled and set a madding. And for that the said flies make at their eyes, as being moist and shining members, whiles they settle upon their eyelids, and fall to biting; the same Lions, after they have abidden painful torments a long time, either are drowned and swallowed up of the rivers, whereto they fly for remedy, or else for the loss of their eyes (which with their claws they often scratch, tear, and pluck out of their own heads) they become much more wood: and were it not for that, all the East parts throughout should be exceeding full of such beasts. Whiles the fields were a burning, as hath been said, the Tribunes that were sent out with the Protectores, fortified the hither banks of Euphrates with sconces and stakes sharp pointed before, and with all kind of defensive munition, planting in convenient places their artillery and shot, where the river was not full of gulfs and swallowing deep pits. Whiles these matters are speedily put in execution, Sabinianus a most * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. excellent captain and manager of a mortal war, when all occasions and advantages were to be caught, as well to set as to avoid dangers, among the sepulchers of Edessa, as if he had made a grounded peace with the dead, casting no perils, and fearing nought, but carrying himself very loosely, as one that lived a careless life, what with military dancing in armour, and what with sound of musical instruments, in am of histrionical actors and players, took his delight and pleasure in the greatest repose and silence that might be: a thing, I assure you, both for the enterprise and the place, very ominous: whereas we may learn by the course of the world and process of times, That every person of excellency ought to avoid these and such like, which both in word and deed carrying a fearful and heavy praesage, pronounce and portend future troubles. CHAP. XI. During this time, the Persae using the counsel and help of Antoninus, provide well for their own army, and on every side encircle two troops of Roman horsemen, sent for the succour of Mesopotamia: before whom went Antoninus the fugitive, who boldly dallieth with Vrsicinus. Mean while, the kings having passed by Nisibis, as a station of no account, as the fires still increased with variety of dry fuel feeding them, shunning what they could the want of forage, marched at the foot of the mountains along the green valleys and bottoms full of grass: and when they were come to Bebases a village, from whence even unto the town * otherwise called Amida. Constantia (which standeth an hundred mile off) all things are withered and dried up with continual drought (save that in some pits there is found a little water;) after they had stayed a long time in doubtful suspense what to do, and were now resolved (upon the confidence they had in the hardness of their people) to pass over, they take knowledge by intelligence given of a faithful discoverer, That Euphrates was risen by reason of snow newly thawed and resolved, and had with his swelling stream surrounded his banks, and overspread a great way besides, whereby it afforded no ford to wade over. Being disappointed therefore, and put beside their expectation of the hope they had conceived, they betake themselves to whatsoever casual occasion would minister to be embraced. And after it was put to question and consultation, according to the sudden and urgent condition of the present State, What was in this case to be done? Antonine commanded to speak his mind, began to this effect, persuading to turn the journey toward the right hand, that by fetching a longer circuit about through country's fruitful of all things for necessary use, and (in this regard, that the enemy went straight forward) as yet unspoiled and untouched, they might by his guidance go to Barzala and Laudias, two garrison castles; where the river, being small and narrow, for that he is so near his head, and as yet not grown big by other rivers running into him, might be easily passed over, as having in it many shallow fords. These reasons being heard, and the counsellor commended and willed therewith to lead the way he knew, all the companies and whole army altering their intended journey, followed him through the wild's and desert byways. Which being by sure espials known, we appointed to make haste unto Samosata, that from thence having passed over the river, and cut off the bridges at * A city of Dacia, called of some Clausenburg, or Mulenbach. Zeugma and Capersana, we might with the help of fortune beat back the enemy's forces. But there chanced an horrible and shameful fact, such as deserved to be buried in silence for ever. For the horsemen of two troops, in number about seven hundred, newly sent out of Illyricum to the succour of Mesopotamia, being feeble and fearful, keeping garrison in those parts, and fearing some ambushment in the night, departed in the evening (when it had beseemed that all passages should have been the better warded) far from the common port-wayes. This was by the Persians well observed, who to the number well near of twenty thousand, under the leading of Sapor and Nohodares, having passed beyond them, overladen with drinking wine, and fast asleep, whiles no man looked forth in espial, lay hidden all armed behind certain high mounts near unto Amida. And within a while after, when we were (as hath been said) upon our journey to Samosata, and went forward while it was yet twilight, from a certain high Barbican or Toot-hill, we (suddenly affrighted at the bright shining of glittering armour, and crying out aloud, That the enemies were hard at hand) after the accustomed signal of battle given, made a stand, and castour selves into a round ring, as thinking it our safest way, neither to fly (our enemies being now within sight to follow in chase) nor to join battle with them (more mightier than we both in horsemen and number otherwise) for fear of certain death. In the end, being driven now upon extremity to fight, even whiles we were devising what was behoveful for us to do, some of our men running out rashly to skirmish, were slain: and as both parts pressed one upon another, and Antoninus advanced gloriously before the army, Vrsicinus took knowledge of him, and being in a chiding accent by him rated and termed wicked traitor, he putting off his Tough or Turban, which he wore aloft on the crown of his head, as an ornament of honour, alighted from his horse: and after he had bowed his body so low, that he touched well-near the ground, saluted him, call him Patron and Lord: and fastening his hands together behind his back (which among the Assyrians is the gesture of a suppliant:) Forgive me (quoth he) right honourable * Comes. Lieutenant, who upon necessity and not with mine own will am fallen to these courses, which I know to be lewd and ungracious. Certain officers with their importunate calling upon me (as you well know) whose covetousness that high place of your excellency in protecting my poor estate was not able to resist, have plunged me headlong into these designs. And withal, as he was speaking these words, he departed out of sight, not turning his back, but as he slipped away, modestly stepped backward, and showed still his breast affront. CHAP. XII. The troops of the Roman horsemen discomfited and put to flight, after the loss of the most part and a number slain, hardly recover Amida. WHiles these occurrents happen in the compass of one half hour, the soldiers of our rearward, who kept the upper part of the hill, cry out, That there was another multitude of men of arms in complete harness seen behind, which with all the speed they could make, came forward and approached. And then, as it commonly falleth out in dangerous extremities, we being to seek against what mischief we either ought or were able to make head, as the press of so huge a multitude came still upon us, and put us to it, our ranks were broken throughout, and we on all sides made shift every man for himself the next way he could to fly. And whiles each one endevoreth for his own part to get out of this great danger, dispersed here and there out of ray, we become intermingled among our enemies, traversing the ground for to meet us at every turn: and so fight manfully now, without any desire at all to live, driven we are unto the banks of Tigris, that stood on high, as it were, cut out of a rock. From whence some being thrust headlong, stuck fast there, with their armour and weapons encumbring them, where the river is shallow, and yieldeth fords: others were swallowed up and drowned in holes and whirlepits: some joining in skirmish with the enemies, fought with variable event: others again affrighted with their thick bands and squadrons, made haste to the next wolds of the mountain Taurus. Among whom, our leader himself being known, and environed round with a number of fight men, together with Aiadaltha a Tribune and one lackey, by swift horsemanship escaped. As for myself, whiles I wander out of that way which the rest of my company took, and look about me what I were best to do, I meet with Verennianus, one of the guard or Protectores with me in ordinary, shot through the thigh with an arrow: which whiles I assayed at my * For Ammianus himself was of the band of Protectores. fellows earnest request to pluck forth, seeing myself hemmed in on every side, and the Persians going before me, I came apace climbing up as fast as my wind would permit me, toward the city, situate on high on that side where we were assailed, and whereto there was no passage but by one very narrow assent, and the same exceeding straight, by reason that among the cloven hills there were certain huge mounts erected of purpose in the way, to make the foot-paths more narrow. Here intermingled pellmell, with the Persians running forth in the same brunt with us to the higher ground, stood we, and stirred not until the Sun rising the next day, and so thick thrust together, that the dead bodies of the slain, borne up with the multitude, could no where find room to fall down: insomuch as a certain soldier just before my face having his head divided and cloven with the main stroke of a sword so, as it lay in even halves on both shoulders, stuck penned in straight on every side in manner of a stake: and albeit many sorts of casting-weapons and darts were from the bulwarks discharged and shot by all kinds of engines and artillery, yet by reason we were so near under the walls, we avoided this danger: and so at length I entered into the city at a postern gate, which I found full, by occasion that a sort of both sexes, men and women, conflowed thither out of the parts bordering upon it: for it happened also at the very same time, that a number of people, which used every year in places by the city's side to traffic for foreign commodities, were then met together, and so increased the multitude of the rural folk. Mean while were heard every where sundry and confused noises, whiles some bewailed those that were dead and lost, others carried about them mortal wounds, and many called upon divers of their dearest friends, whom for these straits they could not see. CHAP. XIII. The description of Amida a right strong town: the munition and garrison therein: Sapor having taken into his hands certain fortified Piles, with great clemency entreateth the captives of both sexes, and namely the virgins consecrated and devoted to the Christian Religion, commanding them to be kept safe. THis city being in times passed very small, Constantius then Caesar, to the end that the inhabitants there-by, & borderers, might have a most safe place of refuge, what time as he built Antoninupolis another town, encircled with large walls and fair towers; and by setting there an armoury to hold engines for battery and other artillery to be planted upon the walls, made it dreadful to the enemies, and would needs have it called after his own name. And verily on the South side watered it is beneath with the curving stream of Tigris that ariseth near unto it: what way it standeth against the East wind, it hath for prospect underneath, the plains of Mesopotamia: where it is exposed to the North, and hath the river * or Nymphius. Nympheus neighbouring thereto, shadowed it is with the tops of the mountain Taurus, which divide the nations beyond Tigris and Armenia asunder: as it is opposite to the West wind, it joineth upon Gumathen, a fruitful country in cattle, and for tillage as plentiful; wherein standeth a village named Abarne, well known for the natural hot baths of medicinable and wholesome waters. Now, in the very middle and heart of Amida, under the citadel, there issueth out a rich and plenteous fountain, and the same potable verily, but otherwhiles by reason of hot vapours reeking out of it, of a strong and stinking savour. For a garrison in defence of this town, there served always by appointment, the fifth Legion, together with no small troop of the natural inhabitants: but then there were six Legions, which partly with speedy journeys by running before, had outgone the Persians, who in multitudes invaded those parts and approached the place, stood to the defence of the most strong walls it had: namely, the Magnentiaci and * Those who had served under Magnentius and Decentrus, usurpers Decentiaci (whom after the civil warfare ended, as being deceitful and of a turbulent spirit, the Emperor forced to come into the East, where was no fear but of foreign wars) also the ᵈ Tricesimani and Decimi ᵉ Fortenses, likewise the Superventores and Praeventores, together with Aelianus now Lieutenant, who being as then but new untrained soldiers, at the motion and persuasion of the said Aelianus, as then one of the Protectores, sallied out of Singara, as I have recorded already, and slew a great number of the Persians, as they lay along fast asleep. There was also at this piece of service the greater part of the ʰ Comites Sagittarij, to wit, certain troops of horsemen so termed, wherein serve all the barbarous soldiers free borne, for good armour of proof and clean strength of body surpassing all others. Well, whiles in the first impression and brunt, by unexpected attempts and enterprises, these designs are put in execution, the king in person with his own people and those nations which were under his conduct, turning his journey toward the right hand from a place called Bebases (according as Antoninus had given counsel) by the way of Horte, Meiacarire, and Charcha, as if he would pass by Amida, when he was come near unto certain fortresses of the Romans, whereof the one had to name Reman, the other Busan, learned by the relation and intelligence given of certain fugitives, that many men's wealth and riches was thither brought, & kept safe thereas in holds seated very high & sure withal. They said also, That together with household goods of great price there was found there a beautiful dame, and her daughter a little one: the wife that lady was of one Craugasius a Nisibene, a man of bourgesse degree, for birth, reputation, and power of good regard and esteem. The king therefore in a greedy desire to catch hold of other men's goods, maketh haste, and confidently assaileth the said holds: whereupon the defendants in a sudden amazedness of mind, as being affrighted with the sight of such variety of armour and weapons, betrayed all those that fled thither for succour and defence: and when those had commandment to depart, they presently rendered up the keys of the gates. Thus when the entries were laid open, whatsoever had been bestowed there, was taken forth: and the silly women astonished at the noise then made, were brought out, yea, and the babes in their mother's arms clasping close unto them, put to the experience (poor wretches) in the very beginning of their tender years, of grievous miseries and calamities. Now, when as the king by inquiring and demanding whose wife the dame aforesaid was, had found that Craugasius was her husband, he permitted her, fearing that some violence should be offered unto her person, confidently to come near unto him: and when he had seen her all covered over with a black veil, saving only her very lips, he right courteously confirmed and settled her now in a more assured hope of recovering her husband, and the safe keeping withal of her honesty undefiled. For, hearing that her husband was wonderfully enamoured of her, he supposed verily, that by this price and beneficial reward he might be able to purchase the betraying of Nisibis. And yet there were found other virgins also there, which according to the Christian Religion were consecrated unto the service of God, whom he commanded to be kept untouched, and to perform their religious service after their wont manner, without impeachment of any person whatsoever. Thus made he semblance for the present of mildness, to the end that all those, whom before time he terrified with cruelty, might without fear of themselves come in, as being by such fresh and late examples persuaded, that he had now tempered the greatness of his fortune with a civil and courteous deportment. THE XIX. BOOK. CHAP. 1. Sapor lifted up with this small victory, besiegeth Amida not without danger. The son of king Grumbates, a young gentleman, is pierced through the body with the shot of a Balist, and with royal funerals lamented. THe king right joyous for this miserable captivity that happened on our part, and waiting still for the like successes, departed thence, and marching softly, came by the third day before Amida. Now, when the daylight first appeared, all the country over, as far as could be seen, shone again with glittering armour and weapons, and the men of arms with their bard horses all in complete harness, covered both hill and dale. Himself mounted upon a courser, and higher than the rest, advanced before the whole army, wearing in am of a diadem the resemblance of a rams head of gold, set with precious stones, all goodly to be seen aloft, accompanied with a train of many high personages in honourable place, and of divers and sundry nations. And for certain it was known, that he meant by way of parley only and no farther to sound the defendants of the walls, as hastening by the advice of Antoninus another way. But the heavenly power, to conclude the miseries of the whole empire of Rome within the compass of one region, restrained and kerbed him, as he infinitely bore himself aloft, and weened verily, that upon the very sight of him all the besieged would streightwaies for fear become heartless, and fall in humble manner to entreaty. Before the gates he road braving up and down, accompanied with the guard of his royal band: and whiles he overboldly engageth himself so near, as that his very visage might openly be known, a fair mark he was, by reason of his goodly ornaments, to be shot at with arrows & other casting-weapons; whereby he had surely been overthrown and laid along, but that through the dust that arose from the archers and darters, they lost the sight of him: and so with the rent of a part of his garment by the shot of a barbed-headed javelin he got away and escaped to do afterwards an infinite deal of mischief. Hereupon raging against them no less, than if they had been sacrilegious spoilers of some holy temple, and giving it out, That the lord of so many kings and nations was violated; he made great preparation, and mightily endeavoured utterly to raze and destroy the city: And when his chief and principal captains besought him, that by falling thus into an excessive fit of choler, he would not give over and leave his glorious-begun enterprises, being with their most mild petition pacified, he decreed, That the morrow also the defendants might be summoned to surrender. And therefore, at the first breaking of the day, Grumbates king of the Chionites, to perform his diligent service in this behalf, boldly approached the walls, having a strong guard about him of right expert and nimble servitors: who was no sooner espied (coming now within the reach of a dart shot) by a most skilful archer that had a very good eye, but bending his crossbow, he leveled at his son in the very prime of his youthful years as he stood close to his father's side, pierced his cuirass, and shot him through breast and all: a gallant gentleman, for tallness of parsonage and goodly presence surmounting all his equals in age. At whose fall, his countrymen slipped away every one, and fled: but returning anon again upon good reason and due consideration, lest he should be harried away, they struck up the alarm, and raised together a number of nations with their dissonant outcries: by whose concourse and encounter, whiles the darts flew to and fro as thick as hail, there was a cruel fight: and after deadly skirmishes, which lasted to the end of the day, when as now it grew to be night, the corpses with much ado protected, hardly by the mist and darkness of the night was gotten out among heaps of slain bodies and streams running down of blood: much like, as when at Troy in times passed there was a right hot and bloody conflict about the breathless body of [Patroclus] companion to the Thessalian leader [Achilles.] By occasion of this death, the king's house was heavy and sad, and for that all the lords and nobles, together with the father, were strucken with this sudden loss, after proclamation of a vacation made, the young prince (commendable for his nobility of birth, and well beloved) was solemnly bewailed and mourned for, after the guise of his own nation. Being therefore carried out all armed, as he used to be, placed he was upon a certain large and high raised terrace or scaffold, and about him ten little beds were spread, carrying the images of dead men, so curiously dressed and embalmed, as that the very portraits were like unto bodies new interred. And thus for the space of seven days together, all the men verily by bands and companies kept good cheer, and with dancing and singing certain mournful kinds of dumps and sorrowful ditties, bewailed the death of the young prince: but the women with woeful knocking of their breasts and shedding tears after their wont manner, piteously cried and lamented for the hope of their nation, thus untimely cut off in the very prime and flower of his age: like for all the world to those women priests and worshippers of Venus, that are oftentimes seen to weep in the ordinary feasts and solemnities of ᵃ Adonis, which mystical Religion teacheth us to be some representation of corn full grown. CHAP. II. The description of the siege before Amida. A most terrible and hot assault made by the Persians, which the besieged manfully sustain until night. AFter the corpses was burnt, and the bones bestowed close within a silver pot, which his father determined should be carried unto his own nation for to be interred; upon debating in counsel as touching the main chance, agreed it was, to expiate the Manes of this young gentleman slain, with the general fire of this city, when it was once overthrown: for Grumbates would not endure to go any further, without revenging the ghost of his only dear son. And after two days rest given, and a great number sent out to waste the rich and well husbanded fields lying open after the manner of peace, the city was environed about with a fivefold rank and course of shields: and upon the third day betimes in the morning, the glittering troops standing round in plumps, took up all the ground, so far as a man was able to look and see from him: and the ranks marching with a soft and gentle pace, held their places divided by lot unto them. All the Persians invested the circuit of the walls: that part which looked Eastward, fell to the Chionites, which was the quarter where the young gentleman, to the mortal mischief of us, was slain: the Vertae were appointed to the South side, the Albans kept the North tract, and against the West gate were opposed the Segestans', the fiercest warriors of all others: with whom the Elephants making a lofty show, and terrible to behold, for their bodies full of wrinkles, paced their ground softly, as being loaden with armed men: and as we have often said, for dreadful sight exceeding all other foul spectacles whatsoever. Beholding then so infinite a number sought out a long time to set on fire the Roman world, and wholly bend to work our destruction, in full despair of any safety, we took care from thenceforth to end our lives with glory, the only thing now that we all wished for. Well, from the sun-rising to the end of the day stood their battaillons in array, as fixed fast in the ground, and never stirred, not so much as once shifting foot, without any noise at all, or neighing of horses heard; and in the same manner retired they as they came: but after they had refreshed themselves with meat and sleep, before the night was fully passed, with the sound of trumpets leading the way, they beset the city round about, and gave so terrible an assault unto it, as if within a while it would have fallen. Scarcely had Grumbates there, like an herald at arms, lanced (after his own country fashion and our manner also) his spear died all red in blood, but the whole army with a clattering noise of weapons mounteth up to the walls, and straight way beginneth a hot and lamentable fight, whiles on the one side these by whole troops run on violently, and with all resolution and alacrity bend themselves to the assault: and cont●●iwise on the other, our men were as eager and forward to encounter and receive them. Therefore it came to pass, that huge stones thrown out of * Engines so called. Scorpions, broke many of our enemy's heads in pieces, and brained them: some were shot through with arrows, part of them having barbed darts and javelines sticking in them, lay wounded and bespread the ground: others ran away and fled as fast as they could toward their fellows again. Neither was there within the city less weeping and wailing, or fewer sorts of death: whiles many a cloud of arrows flying thick together, with a multitude of them shadowed and darkened the air; whiles also the engines of ordinance and artillery, which the Persians were possessed of since the sacking of Singara, did much hurt, and inflicted many wounds. For the defendants gathering their strength together, and falling afresh to fight again by turns, after they had given over for a time, in their exceeding heat of defending the town being mortally hurt, fell down dead, or after they were torn and mangled, with their tumbling overturned those that stood next them: or at leastwise, whiles they were yet alive, sought about for them that had the skill to draw forth the arrow and dart heads that stuck fast in their bodies. Thus these slaughters happening one in the neck of another, and continuing unto the very latter end of the day, the very darkness of the evening had not slacked, by reason that on both parts they were so stiffly set to fight to the outrance. After that the watch therefore was kept by those that were heavily armed and weaponed, the hills of the one side resounded again with the cries that were set up, whiles our men extolled the virtues of Constantius Caesar, as the sovereign Emperor and Lord of the world: and the Persians for their part styled Sapor both Achaemenes and Artaxerxes, which by way of interpretation import as much, as commander of kings, and conqueror of wars. And before the day began to peep, upon the signal given by trumpets, inestimable numbers of forces were raised from all sides, and flocked in manner of so many fowls to the like hot skirmishes as before, and every way both far and wide, as a man's eye could reach before him, the fields and dales made no show of any thing but the glittering harness and brandishing weapons of savage nations: and within a while, upon setting up a mighty shout and outcry, as they ran all rashly forth, a huge deal of casting-weapons flew from the walls: and, as we might well think, none were discharged in vain, falling as they did amongst a number of men that stood so thick together. For, considering we were beset round with so many dangers, we bore ourselves in fight right fiercely, not because we would save our lives, as I said, but for that we desired to die manfully: and from the beginning of day until twilight in the evening, the victory swayed to no side; but still there was fight on all hands more fiercely than advisedly: For there arose hideous outcries of one terrifying and frighting another; so that for heat of courage hardly could any man stand his ground, without receiving some hurt or other. And at length, as the night made an end of slaughtering, so the satiety of painful travails yielded to both parts a longer respite and cessation of fight. For, when as we had time given to rest, that little strength which remained in us, continual labour and want of sleep consumed quite: and withal, the bloodshed upon the ground, and the wan faces of them that lay a dying, made us exceedingly afraid: and verily the narrow and straight room within the circuit of the city, which was none, iwis, of the greatest, would not permit so much as the last comforts yet, of burying the dead, considering that there were enclosed within the same, legions, and a confused sort of strangers and citizens one with another of both sexes; besides some other few soldiers raised, to the number in all of twenty thousand. Well, every man cured his own wounds, according as they were curable, or could meet with leeches enough to look unto them; considering, that some were so grievously wounded, that with the spending of their blood to the last drop, they gave up their vital spirits, struggling still for life: others being stabbed into the body with sharp pointed weapons, lay along on the earth, and when they had given their last gasps, were thrown forth dead. There were again, who had so many deep gashes and holes on every side in their limbs, that their skilful and learned chirurgeons forbade them once to go about the cure, for fear lest the grievous handling of them taking no effect, their poor afflicted souls should be more tormented: lastly, divers there were, who with the plucking out of arrows, where the cure was doubtful, abide torture more dolorous than death. CHAP. III. The care that Vrsicinus had for helping the besieged, whiles Sabinianus slept till he snored again, remaining still as dead among the Sepulchers. The Plague infesteth the Amidens, and after some few days by fall of smallshowers ceaseth. WHiles the fight continued thus at Amida with full resolution and purpose of both sides, ursicinus taking it heavily, that he depended upon the will and pleasure of another man's authority, oftentimes advertised Sabinianus, being then in greater place of government and command over the soldiers (but keeping still among the Sepulchers) That putting in readiness and order all the skirmishing soldiers, they should closely make speed by the bottom and foot of the hills: that having by the means and help of light armour (if fortune were any thing favourable unto them) intercepted the stations, they might set upon the enemy's night-watches, which taking a mighty compass about, had invested the walls, or by often provocation and urging, find them occupied that so stoutly plied the siege. Which projects of his, Sabinianus stood against, as hurtful and dangerous; pretending verily in show, the Emperor's letters openly giving commandment, That what service soever might be done, should be performed every where, without hurt or touch of soldier: but secretly in the bottom of his heart root retaining that which he was charged many a time in the court to do, namely to disappoint his * Vrsicinus. predecessor, so much inflamed with the love and desire of glory, of all means and occasions to win honour, though the same might tend to the benefit of the State; such haste was made even with the utter destruction of the provinces, that this warlike * Vrsicinus. knight might not be reported the author or copartner of any memorable exploit. And therefore, much abashed and dismayed with these hard fortunes, as booting nought by sending spies often unto us, although the ways were laid so by straight watch and ward, that hard it was for any man to enter into the town: and gaining as little by devising many good and profitable courses, he resembled for all the world a Lion, for big body and grim look terrible, but not daring to go and deliver out of danger his whelps enclosed within net and toil, as having his claws taken from him, and lost his teeth. But within the city, where the number of dead bodies lying thick scattered along the streets, was greater than of such as were to perform that last duty of burial, to mitigate so many miseries beside, came the pestilence, occasioned by a contagious infection of puttified carcases breeding by this time vermin in them, and maintained with hot vapours and sundry diseases of the common multitude. These kinds of maladies whence they use to arise, I will briefly declare. The Philosophers and renowned Physicians have written, That excess of cold, of heat, of moisture, or dryness, breedeth plagues. Whence it is, that those who dwell hard by fenny, moorie, and wet grounds, are subject to coughs, to the * Ioc●lares casus quare, whether he meant not de fura cuno ris●: a kind of madness with extreme fits of laughter: understanding by Casus. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, according to the Greek phrase. falling sickness, and such like: chose, they that confine upon hot countries, are dried up with the heat of fevers: But look how much more powerful than other things is the substance of fire, so much is drought ⁱ more quick to kill. Hereupon it came to pass, that when Greece was employed painfully in a war continuing ten years, that a ᵏ stranger might not go away unpunished for breaking the bond of a king's marriage, by such a malady that reigned and came by the arrows of Apollo, who is deemed to be the Sun, a number perished: and as Thucydides showeth, That woeful calamity which in the beginning of the ˡ Peloponnesiacke war vexed the Athenians with a grievous kind of sickness, crept by little and little from the hot climate of Aethyopia, and so set foot in Attica. Others are of opinion, That the air (like as waters use to be) infected and corrupted with the stink of dead carcases, or such like, is the greatest cause of most diseases: or at leastwise, that the sudden alteration and change of air breedeth lighter ᵐ sicknesses. Some also affirm, That the air (thickened by some gross exhalation of the earth, and thereby resisting the letting forth of the subtle matter that useth to breath out of the pores of the body) killeth some: for which cause, all other living creatures, besides men, which continually look down to the ground, Homer once said, and we ourselves know by many experiments afterwards, die thereof at first. The first kind of this contagious malady is called ⁿ Pandemus, which causeth those that dwell in dry places to be troubled many times with extraordinary heats: the second, ᵒ Epidemus, at which time as it doth invade, it dimmeth the quick light of the eyes, and stirreth up perilous humours: the third is ᵖ Loemodes, which likewise is temporary, but speedily dispatcheth and killeth. With this deadly and mortal plague were they here shaken: and after some few consumed with intemperate heat, whom the pestering multitude stifled, at length, in that night which followed the tenth day, when by some small showers the gross and thick air was dissolved and scattered, the bodies recovered and retained again their firm and perfect health. CHAP. four When the city was encircled round about with hurdle-Fabrickes, by the means of a certain towns man the Persians become masters of an high tower, from whence cunningly they scatter fire-darts among the besieged, and by all means molest them, and upon the winning of a pile called Ziatum, cruelly fall upon many thousands of prisoners. But in this time the restless Persian king compassed the city round about with hurdle-workes, and began to raise platforms against it: then were there also framed high towers with fronts bound with iron, and upon the top of every of them Balists planted, that they might drive the defendants from their bulwarks: howbeit, the slingers and archers ceased not so much as one minute of an hour to make light skirmishes. Now there were with us the two legions, Magnentiae, newly brought out of Gaul, as I have said before, the same consisting of valiant men, active and nimble, meet for fight on even and plain ground; but for that manner of service and war whereto we were tied, not only unfit, but chose also exceeding unruly and troublesome: Who, when they would not lend their helping hand to any man in engine-worke, nor making of bulwarks and fortifications, used foole-hardily to fallie forth and fight most courageously, but came home fewer than they went, doing no more good than one handful of water, as men say, in a common 〈◊〉- fire. At the last, when the gates were locked Fast up, and they for all the entreaty that their Tribunes made, might not issue forth, they fretted & gnashed their teeth like wild beasts. But certain days after, their valour & effectual service was seen above all others, as I will declare. In a by-place or corner of the South part of the wall which looketh down to the river Tigris, there stood a tower rising to a great height, under which certain craggy and broken rocks lay gaping open, so that a man could not look down into them without horrible dizzines and turning of the brain: from whence by vaults hollowed under the ground along the foot of the mountain, certain stairs workmanly and finely polished, led unto the very plain plot of the city, whereby to the end that water might privily and by stealth be drawn out of the rivers channel, a devise that we have seen in all the forts and strong holds throughout those countries which lie hard to rivers. Through this dark angle not regarded by reason of the broken rock, with the guidance of a certain townsman fugitive, who had revolted to the contrary side, seventy Persians, archers, chosen out of the king's regiment, very cunning and bold withal, guarded with the silence of that remote and by-place aforesaid, suddenly at midnight climbed one by one up to the third story or fit of the above said tower: and when they had lain there close hidden, in the morning they put out a soldiers coat of a red colour, which was a signal or token to begin battle: which done, when they perceived once that the city was environed round on every side, with forces that flowed like waves upon it, after they had emptied their quivers, and cast them at their feet, with clamorous yell and shouts they set all on fire, bestowing their arrows abroad right cunningly. And then anon all the army in thick set squadrons assailed the city much more eagerly than before. Whiles we within were uncertain & doubtful which way to turn us, and to make head; against these that stood above and molested us, or against the multitude, that by scaling were already at hand to take hold upon the very bulwarks? thus was the service divided among us. Five of the lighter kind of balists were removed out of their own places, and planted against the tower: the which discharging very quickly wooden darts, otherwhiles pierced through two of them at once. Some of them hereupon greevouslie wounded fell down: others for fear of the engines making such a noise, were cast headlong, and so with their bodies sore mangled, died: which being dispatched with great celerity and expedition, and the said engines brought back again to their wont places, with somewhat better security we ran on all hands to the defence of the walls. And for that the wicked act of this fugitive increased our soldiers trouble and care, as if they were encountering in the very plain, they bestirred their strong arms so lustily in discharging divers sort of casting-weapons, that the Vertae, who were quartered against the Southside, now repulsed and set back with many a smart wound, and weeping for the death of many their fellows, retired in fear unto their tents. Thus fortune breathed upon us some hope of safety, considering we had passed one day not taking hurt ourselves, and doing hurt unto our enemies: the rest of which day being granted for rest, to refresh our wearied bodies; behold, the next morning betimes we discover from the citadel an infinite number of people, which upon the winning of the fort Ziata were led into the enemy's land: for, unto that place being strong, and of very great receipt, (as taking up in compass ten stadia) the multitude one with another of all sorts had fled for safety. For there were other holds also about that time won and burnt, whence many thousands of folks were taken forth, and followed after into captivity. Among whom, many men for old age, feeble, and women also now far stricken in years, when as they fainted upon sundry causes, as being offended with travailing so far, casting off all desire to live any longer, had the calves of their legs or hough-strings cut, and so were left behind. CHAP. V. The soldiers of Gaul requiring leave to encounter the enemy, and impatient of delay, charge upon the king of Persia, guarded with a power of one hundred thousand fight men, and kill a number that lay fast asleep: but being almost beset round about with other companies that came running in, with the loss of four hundred retire unto the city. After this, their leaders had by commandment from Constantius armed Statues erected for them. THese pitiful and miserable troops of captives the Gaulois soldiers beholding, upon a reasonable motive verily, although it were unseasonable, demanded leave to encounter the enemy in plain fight, threatening to kill the Tribunes, if they forbade them, and the principal corporals of every company, if afterward they should prohibit them. And like as savage beasts with keen and fell teeth kept up in grated cages, and made more fierce and cruel with their foul and filthy keeping, upon hope to get out, rush and bounce against the bars that turn and wind within their sockets: even so fell they to hewing and hacking with their swords the gates, which (as I said before) were kept locked, as wonderfully troubled in mind, lest either when the city was razed and destroyed, they also should perish, without the achievement of some brave and glorious exploit: or if it happened to be delivered from dangers, they might be reported to have done no worthy and memorable act beseeming the magnanimity of the Gauls: albeit before time, when they had often issued forth, and attempted to impeach the pioneers, as well casters up of banks, as makers of platforms, yea, and killed some, themselves received the like at their hands. We then destitute altogether of good counsel, and doubting what we should set against them in their way, raging in this wise as they did, at length made choice of this course above the rest, although themselves would hardly yield their assent unto it, namely, that seeing they could no longer be endured, after some short pause and stay made, they might be permitted to set upon the watch and ward of the enemies, that were placed not far out of the darts shot, to the end, that when they had broken through them, they might proceed on still further. For apparent it was, That if they chieved well in this enterprise, they would make foul work, and commit some notable carnage among them. Whiles preparation is made for this design, by sundry sorts of fight and skirmish, the walls were valiantly still defended, what with pains taking and continual watching, and what with planting of engines and ordnance, to discharge from all parts both stones and casting-weapons; yet were there two high banks erected by the hands of Persian footmen, and the winning of the city was intended by long work 〈…〉 taking leisure thereto: against which, with the more earnest care and endeavour of our men also, were raised exceeding mighty mounts, topping equally the height of the terraces or banks affronting them, and such as would bear the greatest weight that might be of defenders. Mean while, the Gauls impatient of all delays, armed with axes and swords, went out at a postern gate set open for them, taking the vantage of a dark night, when the Moon was in the change, praying unto the heavenly power to be good and favourable unto them, and withal holding their very wind as they went: now when they drew near, all in a thick plump they ran violently, and after they had slain some of the standing warders, killing also the utmost watch of the camp (as who fearing no such matter, lay sound asleep) they thought and fully purposed secretly with them, if they had good luck, and sped any thing well, suddenly to come upon the king himself, and to surprise him. But their sleep being broken with hearing the noise of them that fell down, and the groaning of such as were slain, a number of the enemies were raised, and when every man for his part cried, Arm, Arm, these venturous soldiers stood still and stirred not a foot, as not daring to pass on further: for it was no point of wary policy, since those were awakened whom they laid in wait for, to run rashly upon an open hazard. Now when as whole companies of Persians fuming and fretting on every side, came hotly set to fight, the Gauls on the other side with strong bodies and undaunted boldness, so long as they could hold out, slashed and hewed all them with their swords that stood in their way, and some of their own side were either beaten down or shot into the body, with a number of arrows flying about their ears on every hand. When they perceived therefore all the danger bent amain to one place, and whole squadrons of their enemies running toward them, they made haste to get away, and yet not one of them turned his back: and so being driven without the rampire, retiring by little and little, as it were, by sound of the measures, when they could no longer endure the bands so thick assailing them, with the noise of the trumpets from the camp they were sore troubled, and so departed: also while many trumpets and cornets resounded out of the city, the gates were set open to receive our men, if happily they could possibly return so far; yea, and the engines of artillery kept a great rattling, without shot of any dart: to the end that both the captains of the stations and wards, after their fellows were slain, might be driven to go behind, as not knowing that they stood against the naked walls of the city, and that those hardy and valiant men might be received without taking harm. And so by this stratagem and cunning device, the Gauls having their number lessened, entered the gate when it was twilight wounded, some deadly, others lightly, and having lost in that nights work four hundred of their fellows: who, if some more violent chance had not withstood them, would have killed in the very tents, not q Rhesus, nor the Thracians, lying encamped before the walls of Troy, but the king of the Persians, guarded with an hundred thousand armed men. For the leaders and trainers of these Gauls, as being the chieftains of valiant deeds, after the city was destroyed and razed, the Emperor commanded, there should be their statues all armed set up at Edessa, in a country of great resort: which statues are kept there sound and entire unto this present. CHAP. VI Great sorrow and lamentation in the Persians army for the slaughter of their nobles and potentates, and three days cessation of arms: which being passed, the Amidens are fiercely assaulted, but the Persians valiantly repulsed: howbeit the next morning by day light they renew the combat. THe day following, when the dead bodies were discovered, and noble potentates and great lords found among the carcases of the slain, the dissonant cries and tears together showed sundry mishaps in sundry places, every where nothing was heard but sorrowful mourning and indignation of the kings, supposing that the Romans had broken in among them through the corpse deguard placed against the walls: and for that a truce was granted by common consent for three days, we also took a time to breath ourselves. After this, these nations (sore troubled and made more wood with so new and strange an accident) setting aside all further trifling and delay, thought good now to try the quarrel by raising main fabrics and other fortifications, since that fine force sped no better: and thus in the heat of their blood, meaning to put the matter to the extremity of wars, they all hastened now either to die with honour, or else to make satisfaction unto the ghosts of them that were slain, with the downfall and utter ruin of the city. And now by this time, when they had on all hands with alacrity and cheerfulness finished their furniture and preparation accordingly, no sooner was the day star up, but sundry sorts of fabrics and turrets, bound with iron bars, were set close to the walls: in the high tops whereof were balists fitly placed, which removed the defendants that kept lower. And by that time it grew to be fair daylight, the sky all over was under-spread with a ceiling, as it were, of iron harness; and the battaillons thick set together, marched, not out of rank disorderly, as before, but directed by the mild sound of the trumpet, without any of them running rashly forth of their array, covered all the while with roofs or penned houses over their heads, and having before them wicker hurdles made of rods for a fence. And when they drew so near, as that they were within dartshot, the Persian footmen, for all they held their shields before them, unneath avoiding the arrows shot from the walls out of brakes, crossbows, and other engines, displayed and opened their ranks wider: and for as much as there was no kind in manner of casting-weapons that did light in vain, even those that came heavily armed at all pieces, were daunted, and by their reculing made our men the bolder and more courageous. Howbeit, because our enemy's Balists, planted upon their yron-bound turrets, being of force from above to annoy and displease whatsoever was somewhat under them, as the place was unequal; so the effect and event was unlike, whereby they made foul bloodshed among us. Now when the evening came on apace, so that both sides rested, the greater part of the night was spent in devising what means might meet with so horrible a mischief. And in the end, after we had cast and projected many ways, we resolved upon this device, which by putting quickly into execution, proved the safer, namely, that against those balists aforesaid four scorpions should be planted full affront. Which while they were removed and placed over-against them warily (a matter of great difficulty and skill) the day cometh, to us most woeful, showing the dreadful bands of the Persians, with whole herds and troops of Elephants joining close unto them, which made such a braying noise, and their bodies withal carried so huge a boulke, as a man's mind cannot conceive a more terrible and fearful sight. And when we were on all sides put to it, what with violent weapons, huge fabrics, and hideous beasts, by the means of our Scorpion's * or Sockets. iron slings, round stones driven otherwhiles from out of the bulwarks, broke the joints of their turrets, and overthrew both the Balists & their benders so headlong, that some without woundhurts; others, crushed with huge and heavy weights, perished; and the Elephants with great violence were set further off: which beasts being on all sides encumbered with flames of fire thrown among them, that had now taken hold of their bodies, and going thereupon backward, their masters could not hold: and afterwards, when the munitions and fabrics were burnt, they skirmished yet still, and gave not over. For, the king himself of the Persians, who is never forced to be personally in any battle, sore moved with these tempestuous infortunities, after a new manner, never exampled or known before, like unto a soldier that is used to fight a field, leapt forth into the thickest of them: and because he was more goodly and brave to be seen of them that looked a far off, than the other multitude of such as guarded and protected him, many a casting-dart was thrown at him: and when a number of the guard and squires of his body were laid along, he went clear away, changing alternatively by turns the battaillons easy to be ruled: and to the very end of the day, not affrighted with the fearful sight either of those that were a dying, or of wounds given and taken, at length he permitted some small time to be granted for rest. But when the night came and ended the conflict, and that in so small a time he had taken a short sleep, no sooner grew it to be daylight, but he boiling with anger and dolour, and minding to set no regard of right before his eyes, excited his people against us, for to win what he hoped for. And when after their fabrics and platforms were burnt, as I have showed, they attempted to fight along the high terraces next unto the walls: out of the mounts raised up within forth, our men, so far as they were able to do or strain, with equal force resisted on the high ground. And a long time continued there a bloody battle, neither for fear of death stirred one man of any side, nor gave over his endeavour, to make good their places. The conflict being drawn out and continued thus far, when the fortune of the sides was ruled by an inevitable event, that mount or terrace of ours that had cost so long labour about it, as if it had been shaken with some earthquake, fell down forward: and the space that lay hollow and gaped between the wall and the heap of earth cast up withoutforth, laid now even and plain, as it were, by a causey or bridge set over it, made an open passage and entrance for the enemies, and the same by no bars in the way impeached: and so the most part of our soldiers that were thus cast down, ceased their fight, either overwhelmed with earth, or weakened with travail. Howbeit, there was running on all sides to put back so sudden a danger, and whiles with haste making they entangled one another, the enemies grew the bolder and more venturous for their good success. CHAP. VII. At length, when all the forces were from all parts sent for and assembled together, Amida by the power thereof is won. Some of the garrison soldiers escape: and among them Ammianus Marcellinus, who by swift flight save themselves. Sapor after he had crucified Aelianus, a lieutenant, and certain Roman Tribunes, sought carefully for all the Transtigritores, and put them to the sword. BY reason therefore that the king commanded all the brigands and robbers to be sent for, and naked swords were bend against one another's breast, when by occasion of infinite slaughter there was nothing but bloodshed on both sides, the ditches were filled up with bodies, and thereby a broader way laid open: and the city thus pestered with concourse of forces still sharp set and hot upon execution, when all hope was cut off either of longer defence or escape by flight, hewn in pieces they were pellmell one with another, armed soldiers and unarmed weaklings, and no regard of sex was made. Wherefore, when it began to be dark in the evening, and as yet a number of our men (though adverse fortune stood and strove against them) by joining in fight were held occupied, and had their hands full, I (with two others) lying hidden through the benefit of the dark night, in a certain secret place of the town, got forth at a postern gate, where there was no watch kept: and having some help by the skill I had of desert places and the swift speed that my companions made, came at length as far as to a station or baiting place at ten miles end: wherein after we had been moderately refreshed, and were about to go forward still on ourway, and myself was now overcome with too much travail, as a gentleman not used to such toil, I found a terrible object to see to, but yet that which to me (so wearied and tired out as I was) yielded passing great comfort. One of these campelacqueyes or soldiers pages riding upon a swift horse without saddle and bit or bridle, to the end that he might not drop off his back, tied very straight and short unto his left hand the halter or cord, wherewith, as the manner is, he was used to be led and guided: and within a while after chancing to be cast, and not able to break in sunder the knot of the bond that held him fast, had all his limbs piteously rend and mangled, as he was dragged through desert wild's and forests, and so with the weight of his carcase restrained back the beast, which by this time also was spent and tired out with running. The service of which jade thus caught, I making use of for the time, came with much ado together with the said companions of mine, to certain fountains of waters naturally hot, standing upon a vein of brimstone. And for that by reason of the hot weather we being overtaken with drought and thirst, went softly seeking a great while for water, and so spied at length a very deep pit, not able either to go down into it for the depth it carried, nor having any cords or ropes about us, we being taught by extreme necessity what to do in this case, did cut the linen shirts that we were lapped in, into small pieces: whereof having drawn out a rope of a mighty length, we took a quilt which one of our company wore under his morrion, and put the same to the nether end of it: which being by the said rope let down into the pit, and drinking in water like a sponge or dishclout, quickly quenched the thirst wherewith we were in manner consumed. From thence we went apace unto the river Euphrates, minding to cross the water unto the further bank, by a vessel which a long time was wont to give attendance therein that tract, for to ferry over both horse and man. But behold, we might discover a far off a regiment of Romans, with their horsemen's guidons disranked and broken, which a multitude of Persians pursued; and we wist not whence it was, that in so sudden violence they charged thus the backs of the other, marching on their way. By which example, thus presented to our eyes, we believe verily, That those earth-begotten giants arose not out of the bowels and bosoms of the earth, but were borne indeed so exceeding swift: whom, for that they were seen suddenly in divers places (Sparti commonly they termed them) men supposed to have started out of the ground, so fabulously doth antiquity extol this thing, as above all others beside. This unhappy occurrent made us bestir our stumps, and for that all the help we had to save ourselves, lay in swift footmanship, we made speed through greves and groves toward the high mountains, and so from thence we came to Melitina, a town in the less Armenia: and there having met with our captain, we accompanied him, now ready to take his journey, and visited Antiochia again. Mean while, Sapor and the Persians, because they might not now march into the inland parts of the country, considering it grew toward the end of Autumn, and the star named the Kids, were risen, driving their captives and other booties before them, intended to return home into their own country. Among these executions nevertheless and rifle of the city thus razed, when Aelianus the * Comes. lieutenant, and those Tribunes (through whose valiant service the walls stood so long defended, and so many Persians slain) were villainously hanged upon gibbets, jacobus and Cesius, the * Numerataij. Registers or Notaries belonging to the office of the General of the Horsemen and other of the Protectores were led away prisoners, with their hands pinioned behind their backs. But the inhabitants beyond Tigris, straightly laid for, were all massacred every mother's child, without respect of degree, from the highest to the lowest. CHAP. VIII. The wife of Craugasius a nobleman, taken captive, sendeth for her husband, who abode at Nisibis with Romanus a Praefect, and the garrison soldiers there: who craftily maketh an escape, and cometh to the Persians host: and thus having recovered his wife, is advanced to new dignities and honours by Sapor, who, by report, in that siege of Amida lost thirty thousand fight men. But the wife of Craugasius (who keeping still her chastity unstained, was honoured as a noble dame) mourned as though she were to see another world without her husband, albeit she hoped by fresh and present examples, of better and more happy fortune. Casting therefore and providing for her own good, and far forecasting accidents to come, troubled she was with a twofold thought, as one detesting both widowhood and wedlock. Whereupon she secretly dispatched a very trusty familiar friend of hers, and one that knew well all the coasts and quarters of Mesopotamia, with direction to enter into Nisibis by the mountain Zagrus, between two garrison fortresses, Miride and Lorne; requesting her husband by a special message and some secret tokens of matters privily passed between them twain, That after he was informed what occurrents had happened, he would come over, to live with her a blessed life. With these instructions this passenger being to his content furnished, and withal lightly appointed, through blind ways in forests and shrubby places he hieth apace, and entereth into Nisibis: where he pretended this to be his errand, namely, That for as much as his mistress was no where to be seen, and peradventure murdered, he having espied means to make an escape, departed out of the enemy's camp. And so being not regarded, as one that was but a base fellow, he informed Craugasius of all that had been done: and soon after, having taken his faithful promise, That if he might with safety, he would follow his wife; the messenger got away from thence, glad man that he was, bringing unto the woman news that she so long wished for. Who knowing thus much, by the mediation of marquess Sapor made a supplication to the king, That before he departed out of the Roman marches, he would (if it might conveniently be done) of his gracious favour grant and command, That her husband might come under his power and protection. Now when the said stranger, so suddenly come, was as soon gone before any man looked for it (for indeed he presently returned in secret manner, and without the privity of any, slipped away) marquess Cassianus struck with a deep suspicion of the thing, and other great captains there in place of government and command, came roughly upon Craugasius, and threatened to put him to death, crying with open mouth, That the man neither came nor went without his will. But he fearing to be charged as a traitor, and troubled exceeding much in mind, for fear least by the revolt of some fugitives thither, intelligence might be given, That his wife remained living, and was most kindly entreated; by way of semblance affected marriage with another brave and noble virgin: and so pretending that he would provide things necessary for his nuptial feast, went forth to a village standing eight miles from the town, and so with all the speed and hast he could make, fled to a company of Persian forrayers that were abroad to waste the country, of whom he had intelligence that they approached: and being gladly of them received, and known by the words he spoke who he was, after five days delivered he was to Sapor, and by him to the king. So after he had recovered his goods, which had been taken from him, and all his dearest friends, together with his wife, whom for some few months he had lost, he was in a second place next unto Antoninus; howbeit, as the excellent Poet saith, Longo proximus intervallo, i next indeed, but yet a great way off. For he having a notable wit, and grounded besides by long experience of the world, was a very sufficient man, and able by some policy to compass whatsoever he took in hand: whereas Craugasius was by nature very simple, yet in name as well renowned and much spoken of. And these things verily happened not long after. But the king, albeit in his countenance he made show of security, and seemed in outward appearance to rejoice for the destruction of this city, yet greatly disquieted and grieved deeply at the heart he was, when he cast up his accounts, and found, how he had many times sustained lamentable losses in these dangerous and mischievous sieges, yea, and that himself had lost far more of his own people than he had taken of our men alive, or slain at leastwise in so many skirmishes. Like as it fell out divers times at Nisibis and Singara: and semblably having for seventy three days beleaguered Amida with a multitude of armed soldiers, he lost thirty thousand fight men and good warriors: which within a while after were by Discenes a Tribune and Notary reckoned the easier, by this difference observed: for that the carcases of our men slain soon become fantome, do burst, run out, and turn all to putrefaction; insomuch, as after four days be past, no dead man can be known by his face: but the bodies of the Persians slain, wax dry and stark as stakes, so that neither their limbs become soft, nor moistened with any matter, or corrupt blood, wherein they are imbrued: the cause hereof is their frugal manner of living, and the land wherein they be borne and bred, so parched with heat. CHAP. IX. Rome is distressed with dearth and scarcity of victuals. Tertullus Praefect of the city, by a wise Oration reclaimeth the people in an uproar, and bringeth them to good order. Upon the change of wind ships freight with corn drive away the said want. Constantius prepareth an expedition against the rebellious Sarmatians. WHiles these affairs are carried on end by sundry whirlepuffes in the utmost marches of the East, the immortal city Rome feared a dearth coming for default and scarcity of corn: and Tertullus Praefect at the same time, through the violence of the commons very full of their menaces, as fearing famine, the worst calamity of all others, was otherwhiles sore troubled, but without all reason, I assure you: for it was not long of him that victual was not brought in convenient time by shipping, which being arrived as fair as to the next bays, partly the roughness of the sea, which was more angry than ordinary, and partly tempests of contrary winds affrighted with doubt of great perils from putting into the haven of Augustus. For which cause, the said Praefect being often disquieted with seditious commotions, and by reason that the common people took on and raged more fully now, as being vexed for the imminent mischief that they feared, out of all hope to save his life, as he thought; unto the people thus keeping a sore stir in tumultuous wise (and yet using aforetime wisely to consider of such accidents) presented his little sons & shedding tears: Behold (quoth he) your fellow citizens and countrymen, who shall endure (but the gods in heaven forfend the Osse) the same hard distress together with you, unless some better fortune shine upon us. If therefore, by the loss and destruction of these, ye think that no heavy calamity can light upon you, here am I ready at your command. By which pitiful object, the common sort (inclined of their own nature to clemency) became appeased and held their peace, patiently waiting for that lot which should befall unto them. And anon (such was the will and pleasure of the divine power which hath advanced Rome from the first infancy thereof, and given answer, That it should continue for ever) whiles Tertullus was offering sacrifice at Ostia in the temple of Castor and Pollux, a calm came that allayed the sea, and the wind turning about, and changing to be mild South, the ships with full sail entered the haven, and filled the garners with corn. Whiles Constantius among these occurrents was thus doubtful what to do, as who still in his Winter repose at Sirmium sat carking and musing upon the matter, thoroughly moved and troubled he was with fearful and heavy news, showing that which he then was much afraid of, namely, how the Limigantes of Sarmatia, who (as I have showed before) had expelled their own lords and masters out of their ancient seats and possessions, having by little and little neglected those places, which the year passed in a good and profitable policy were set out and appointed for them, lest (as they are a fickle and unconstant nation) they should rise and plot some mischief to the State, had now seized into their hands the countries confining upon their limits, and after their inbred manner ranged abroad licentiously, ready to set all in an hurry and combustion, if they were not removed and put back. Which outrages of theirs, the Emperor supposing that they would shortly grow to prouder terms, if the business were deferred, having gathered together from all parts a number of most expert and active soldiers, took the field in the beginning of the Spring, before it was yet come to the height; the more forward to this expedition in two respects, for that the army full of rich booties, since the end of the late Summer was confidently upon the like hope emboldened to the achievement of prosperous exploits: and again, because Anotolius at that time fitting as * sc. Pratorio. Pręfect for Illyricum, there was abundance of all necessary provision gotten together already, even before the ordinary time, without the loss and hindrance to any man. For, never by the dispose and order set down of any other Praefectship unto this present (as all men confess and avouch) flourished the Northern provinces in all blessings, as which by a friendly correction and wise reformation of some that did amiss and erred, were cased of the great losses they had by waggonage and other carriage, that undid an infinite number, and made them shut up their doors, and delivered from the professing and acknowledgement of every man's worth in the Subsidy book, under a goodly show of trust. And thenceforth the inhabitants of those parts might have lived exempt from hurt, and been saved harmless, considering all matters of quarrels and complaints were hushed: but that afterward the odious and detestable titles of matters exquisitely sought out and devised, and the same amplified and aggravated in criminous wise by those that both exhibit and admit such bills, whiles these of the one side strain and strive to have their power and authority settled and continued to them still, and those of the other hoped, if all men were shrigged of their goods, and left bare, they should live in safety, grew at length to open proscriptions & hanging of silly innocent persons. Well, the Emperor, as I have said, for the redress of that urgent outrage and enormity, having in stately and glorious manner (with all his furniture and provision) put himself on his journey, came to Valeria a province, sometime part of Pannonia, but in the honour of Valeria, daughter of Dioclesian, first instituted and so named: and encamping with his army (lying spread under their tents) along the banks of the river Ister, observed the Barbarians; who before his coming (under a colour and pretence of friendship) minded by stealth to invade and waste Pannonia in the very hardest time of Winter, considering that the Snow was not yet melted by the warmth of the Spring, whereby the said river remained passable every where, and our soldiers hardly could endure to stay longabroad and lie without door in frosty weather. CHAP. X. He goeth about to appease the Limigantes of Sarmatia, who pretending that they craved peace, all on a sudden in raging wise, with weapon in hand, set upon him, and force him to shift for himself by running away: But within a while after, as men destined to destruction, they were all put to the sword. FOrthwith therefore having sent unto the Limigantes two Tribunes with one interpreter apiece, in very modest terms, by way of ask the question, he required to know, What the reason was, that leaving their houses assigned unto them at their request, after peace and covenants of league concluded, they wandered abroad so disorderly in sundry places, and did violence upon our limits, all prohibitions in that behalf notwithstanding? Who alleging for their excuse certain frivolous and vain reasons, whiles fear forced them to lie, besought the prince to pardon them, and entreated him, That all grudges and displeasures forgotten, he would permit them to pass over the river, and come before him, where they would relate what harms and damages they sustained: and were priest and ready, if it might stand with his pleasure, to take lands far remote, so they lay within the compass of the Roman world, as men nuzzeled in long rest and peace, worshipping Quietness as a goddess of health, and would both undergo the burdens and bear the name of Tributaries. The Emperor taking knowledge hereof, after the return of the Tribunes aforesaid, leaping for joy, as if the affair which he deemed most difficult and in explicable, would fully be dispatched without any pains taking, admitted them all to his presence, as one inflamed with an hot desire still of having and getting more: which humour of his, all the crew of flatterers about him followed and fed, who without all measure filled his ears with these and such like speeches, That now having stilled all foreign troubles, and made peace in every place, he should gain a number of ʳ proletarie subjects to multiply and beget issue, and be able to levy and muster a most puissant fry of young soldiers: for provincial people will be most willing to give gold for the saving of their bodily labour; * I take this to be spoken in the person of the author. which hope hath divers times hindered and endangered the state of Rome. And therefore after he had placed a rampire near to * Kamets'. Simlero. Acunincum, and erected an high terrace or bank like unto a Tribunal, divers ships manned with certain legionary soldiers lightly appointed, were by commandment set to keep the channel of the river next unto the banks, together with Innocentius, sometime a land measurer, who gave this counsel; to the end, that if they perceived once the barbarous people to stir, whiles they were bend another way, the said soldiers might charge upon their backs. And the Limigantes, of whom no man was aware, albeit they perceived some haste and hurry made yet devising nothing on the head and rashly, stood bowing forward, thinking deeply in their hearts of other matters, far different from what they pretended in gesture and speech. Now, when they saw the Emperor addressing himself from an high pulpit to make a most mild Oration, and ready to speak unto them, as people that would soon be tractable and obedient; one of them in a terrible fit of fury having flung with a violence his shoe at the Tribunal cried out Marha, Marha, which among them is the watch word and signal to begin a fray and skirmish: And the rude multitude seconding him presently, put up a Barbarian banner, and with a loud outcry, after a wild and savage manner, advanced forward against the prince himself. Who looking down from aloft, when he saw the multitude running to and fro in every place with their casting darts, and that by reason of their drawn swords and rapiers he was like to come presently to some mischief; entermingling himself with his own people and strangers, and not known whither he was a captain or a soldier, because there was no time now either to linger or to sit still, being mounted upon a swift stead, he galloped away with bridle in neck, and escaped. Yet some few yeomen of the guard, whiles they laboured to keep the villains back, flashing as it were upon them like flames of fire, lost their lives, as being crushed with the weight only of those that fell upon them; and the king's throne, together with the cushion all cloth of gold, was stolen and carried away, whiles there was no man to gainsay it. And within a little after, when news came that the Emperor had been plunged well near into extreme jeopardy, and stood not yet upon sure ground, the army supposing the chiefest and first thing that they had to do, was to rescue him (for they thought him not quite rid yet out of danger) presuming confidently to have a good hand of it, and to save his life; armed though they were but by the halves because they ran out to fight so suddenly, gnashing their teeth also, so that they rung again, as fell soldiers use to do, engaged themselves among the bands and companies of the barbarous rebels, fully bend there to leave their lives. And because the fiery courage of our men resolved fully by manhood to wipe away all shameful dishonour, as whetting their anger against such disloyal and perfidious enemies, without spare, down they went with all that stood in their way, hewing them in pieces, trampling underfoot as well those that were alive, as them that lay half dead, & killed outright indeed: and before they could make up their hands full with killing these Barbarians, there lay whole heaps of them dead, thrust up and steaked fast together. For these rebels were driven to extremities, whiles some were killed downright in the place, others for deadly fear scattered asunder: of whom, a great sort conceiving some hope of life by prayers which came to nothing, after many a blow & wound received one in the neck of another, were massacred in the end. After they were all defeated and made away, when the trumpets sounded the retreat, our men also, though but here & there, were seen lying breathless and dead, namely, such as some violent rout had borne down, or whom the fatal course of destiny made an end of, whiles they withstood the enemy's rage, and laid their naked and unarmed sides open to them. But the death of Cella, a Tribune of the Scutarij, was notable among others, who at the very beginning of the conflict thrust himself first of all others into the midst of the Sarmatians troops. After which so cruel a carnage and massacre committed, Constantius having taken order for security, according as the urgent occasions of the limits required, returneth to Sirmium, with full revenge taken of his false enemies: where when he had likewise dispatched those affairs, which the instant necessities of the time called for, he departed from thence and went to Constantinople, that being now so near unto the East, he might salve the sores and hurts received at Amida, and by renewing the army with fresh supplies, with like puissance and forces restrain the king of Persia his violent attempts: who, as it was well known (unless the heavenly power and some greater care of many besides did repel) intended to leave Mesopotamia behind him, and advance his ensigns displayed along the spacious and wide countries of the main. CHAP. XI. A new Tragedy, growing from a slender matter: the chief part wherein to be acted, is committed unto one Paulus a Notary, and skilful in cruel feats. HOwbeit, among these cares and thoughts the trumpets sounded with full blast, according to a certain received custom of old, in am of civil wars, certain matters of imputation, coloured deeply with the crime of majesty or high Treason. For the pursuit and managing whereof, Paulus that * or Chancellor. Notary, whom I must so often name, was sent: who being a skilful practitioner in these capital and bloody arts, like as a fencer or swordplayer out of ˢ Funerals or ᵗ Plays, so himself also from the rack or hangman's office used to reap some gain and commodity: for as he had an obstinate and settled purpose to do hurt, so he forbore not also to theeve and steal, devising against innocent persons sundry causes and imputations, tending to their mischief and overthrow, so long as he had his hand in such damnable salaries. Now a small and base occasion there was, that ministered matter of examinations infinitely extended. There is a town named * or Abydus. Elsium, Ortelio, Acutich. Caestaldo. Abydum, seated in the furthest part of the province Thebais: here the Oracle of a god, called in that place Beses, in old time revealed things to come, and was wont to have honour and worship done unto it, according to the ancient ceremonies of the countries lying round about it. And for as much as some personally present, and some again by others sending a script, that showed what they were desirous to know, with an express form of supplications conceived, asked counsel of the divine powers, those pieces of paper or parchment which contained in them their requests and petitions, remained otherwhiles, even after answers given, in the chapel. Of these, some upon a malicious intent were sent unto the Emperor, who, as he was a man of a base mind, carrying a deaf ear in other matters even of great weight and importance, became in this particular cause and information presented unto him, passing tractable and suspicious; and besides, being prepared before hand naturally with bitter gall, soon was heat, and caught fire. Immediately therefore he warned Paulus with all speed to go into the East, armed with this warrant and commission, That as a captain renowned for his experience in the world, he should cause these matters to be heard at his will and pleasure. Likewise there was employed in this business Modestus, than lieutenant overall the East, a man fitted for these and such like affairs: for Hermogenes Ponticus, at the same time Praefectus Praetorio, was rejected as one of too mild a temper. Well, Paulus according as he was commanded, set forward on his journey, full of deadly fury, and carrying a pernicious breath with him. Having granted liberty therefore to prefer slanders and false endictments, a number were brought into question from all parts (in manner) of the earth, as well of noble birth as of obscure parentage: whereof, some were put to pain by hard and straight bonds, others died, penned up in close prisons and dungeons. And chosen there was to behold these deadly and woeful punishments, * Bethsan. Scythopolis a city in Palęstina, which upon a twofold consideration was thought the meetest of all others, for that it stood more secret and apart, and besides was just in the midst between Antiochia & Alexandria, whence many most commonly were drawn to their accusations. CHAP. XII. The executions of right honourable and most noble personages, whiles Paulus the Notary sat as judge. The exquisite censure of Ammianus Marcellinus as touching this affair. An horrible monster borne and seen at Antioch. The Isauris with thieving and robbery infest the neighbour nations: but by the threats rather than the rigour of Lauritius, they are reform. BRought there was therefore judicially, with the first, Simplicius the son of Philip, who had been Praefect and Consul both, indited upon this point, for that he was reported to have inquired about the obtaining of the Empire: and being commanded to be put to torture by virtue of the princes writ (who in these cases at any time neither sinned nor trespassed in matter of piety and mercy) by some special providence of God protecting him, without any foil or abuse done to his body, was condemned to banishment: then Pernasius, late Praefect of Egypt, a plain conditioned man, brought to that point of danger, that he had sentence pronounced (worthy of death) was likewise driven into exile: he had been heard oftentimes long before to say, That when he left * Patra. Patrae, a town in Achaia, where he was borne and had his dwelling place, for to obtain or get a certain office, he had seen as he lay asleep many images in habit of tragical actors accompanying and bringing him on the way. Andronicus afterwards well known for his liberal studies and excellency in Poetry, was brought into the judgement place: who carrying a clear and secure conscience, when he could not be touched with any suspicions and presumptions laid against him, standing still to his purgation, and that very stoutly, was acquit. Semblably, Demetrius a Philosopher, surnamed Cythras, a man verily far stepped in years, but having still a good strong body, and as stout a mind, being hardly laid unto and charged, That divers times he had offered sacrifice, could not deny the fact, but the fault, impleading, That from the very prime of his youth he had used so to do, for to please and pacify God, and never sounded nor searched into high matters; for he did not so much as know any man that affected or desired it. Continuing therefore a long time set fast on the rack, when surely grounded upon a firm confidence, he persisted fearless, and without varying in his answers alleged and pleaded still the same, suffered he was without any further harm received to depart unto Alexandria, where he was borne. And these verily, with some few others, the righteous hand of God, which helpeth and assisteth Truth, delivered out of extreme and present dangers. But whiles these criminations and endictments spread still further and further by intricate and entangling snares without end, some, after their bodies were piteously mangled, died thereof; others despoiled of their goods, were condemned to suffer further punishment: and Paulus all the while was the prompter and succentor of these cruel interludes, which out of a expense or budget of crafty devices he brought forth in open show to do hurt, and whereof he acted many: upon whose will and pleasure I may in manner boldly say, depended the life of as many as went on the ground. For if a man wore about his neck any remedies against the Quartane ague, or some other pain, or could be charged by the information of evill-willers, to have passed by a monument in the evening, as one that were a witch or sorcerer, and collected the horrors of sepulchers, and vain illusions of spirits and ghosts walking and wandering thereabout, pronounced he was to deserve death, and he died for it. And verily, the matter was thus for all the world carried and handled, as if many a man had solicited ᵘ Clarus, the ˣ Dodonaean trees, and the Oracles of ʸ Delphi, which were so famous in times past, and all to procure the death and destruction of the Emperor. Whereupon the Palatine cohort of courtiers about him curiously and finely feigning naughty devises of flattery, affirmed flatly, That he should from henceforth be exempt from all evils that commonly befell other men, giving it out aloud with open mouth, That his fortune had appeared at all times powerful and surely effectual in confounding and destroying of his adversaries. And verily, that there was such straight inquisition into these matters, no man of wisdom and discretion findeth fault. For we do not deny, that the life and safety of a lawful prince, who is a protector and defender of good men, and from whom we seek for means of others safety, aught with joint diligence and endeavour of all men to be fenced and maintained: For whose redeeming with might and main, when upon violence and abuse offered to his majesty he standeth upon his guard and defence, the laws ᶻ Cornelię have exempted no person of what estate and degree soever from examination by way of torture, though the same were with loss of blood. But on the other side, it becometh not princes unmeasurably to rejoice and take pleasure in the woeful cases of subjects, lest they should seem governed by licentiousness and not by authority. And the example of Tully ought in this point to be followed, who when it was in his power to harm and to spare (as himself affirmeth) sought for causes of forgiveness, and not occasions of punishment: which is the proper duty of a discreet and considerate judge. At the same time, in Daphne, that pleasant and sumptuous place, near unto the city Antioch, was borne a monster, horrible to be seen and reported, an infant with two mouths, two teeth, a beard, four eyes, and two exceeding little ears: which birth so misshapen and deformed, foretold; that the Commonwealth was turning into a foul and ill favoured state. Now such strange and uncouth monsters as these are many times brought forth into the world, signifying and praesaging the events of sundry things; which because they are not openly, as in old time, expiated, they pass away as unheard of and unknown. And even in these days, the Isauris, who had been long time quiet, after they had done some acts, according to the contents of the former story, and attempted the siege of the city Seleucia, reviving by little and little (as serpents are wont in the Spring season to leap out of their holes) came down the craggy straits and desert wields, and then putting themselves close into thick companies and squadrons, as robbers and brigands, sore troubled and disquieted the borderers, and withal, as mountainers, passed beside the fore-fences and stations of our soldiers unseen, and by means of their daily practice ran easily to and fro over rocks and through grounds full of bushes. For the appeasing of whom, either by main force or reasonable persuasions, Lauritius was sent as ruler, with the dignity also of a Comes added to his style, a man politic, and of a civil carriage, who reform most enormities by threatening rather than by rigorous dealing: insomuch, as for a great time, while he governed the province, there happened nothing that was reputed worthy of punishment. THE XX. BOOK. CHAP. 1. Lupicinus is sent from julianus into Britanny, for to repress the troubles and commotions there. Vrsicinus, by the slanderous calumniations of those in the Court depressed and thrown underfoot, laid away his girdle of knighthood, and is commanded to betake himself to a private life. THis was the order and process of affairs throughout Illyricum and the East. But in the tenth year of Constantius his Consulship, and third of julianus, when by the out-rodes of Scots and Picts, savage nations, the peace was broken in Brittannie, and the places near unto the limits appointed for marches wasted, so that the provinces (wearied with a multitude of calamities past, heaped upon them) were affrighted, Caesar keeping his Winter in Paris, and distracted into sundry careful thoughts, was afraid to go and succour those beyond the seas, as Constantius had done before time (according as I have declared) lest he should leave Gaul without a ruler; especially at such a time, when the Alemans' were stirred up to make cruel wars. He thought it good therefore to send into these parts, for to set all things in order, Lupicinus at the same time Colonel of the Infantry, a warlike man, I assure you, and skilful in feats of arms; but proud withal, carrying a stately look, setting up his brows aloft like horns, and speaking thereto as big, yea, and keeping a stir, as one would say, he acted in a Tragedy upon the stage; of whom, men doubted a long time, whether he were more covetous than cruel. This great captain therefore abovenamed setting forward on his journey with the auxiliary light appointed soldiers, to wit, the ᵃ Heruli, Batavi, and many companies of the Moesici, in the midst of Winter came to * Bullen, or Bologne. Bononia: and having gotten shipping, and embarked all his soldiers, with a good gale of wind, which he waited for, arrived at * Richburrow, or Ripchester, near Sandwich. Rutupię, just overagainst it, and so marcheth toward * London. Lundinium, that from thence, after advice taken, according to the quality of the business he might make more speed to come into the field and give battle. Whiles these affairs thus proceed, after the assault and forcing of Amida, when Vrsicinus was returned to the prince's * or Cour. camp and captainship of the footmen (for we said before that he succeeded Barbatio in that place) he had his welcome given him by backbiters, who first dispersed abroad in whispering manner biting slanders, and then followed on with framing openly counterfeit criminations. Whereunto the Emperor giving ear readily, as measuring most things by an opinion only, and lying open to wait-layers and accusers, appointeth Arbetio and Florentius, master of the Offices, to be Commissioners and judges, to make inquisition, what the reason was, that the foresaid * Am●la. town was razed: who, when they rejected the evident and probable causes thereof, and feared least Eusebius, then high Chamberlain, should be offended, in case they had admitted the proofs and arguments which plainly showed, That what misfortunes befell there, happened all through the obstinate negligence and cowardice of Sabinianus; being turned quite from listening unto the truth, inquired after vain and frivolous matters, and far from the purpose. With which unjust proceeding, * Visicinus. he being thoroughly moved, who heard the manner of it: And if (quoth he) the Emperor despiseth me, yet this present business is of that weighty importance, that it can neither be known nor punished otherwise than by the personal judgement of the prince, yet know he thus much by way, as it were, of praesage and prophesy, that whiles he mourneth for these accidents, which he hath learned by an honest and true relation to have chanced at Amida, and whiles he is led after the will and pleasures of his gelded eunuchs, himself present in person with the whole puissance of his army will not be able the next Spring to help Mesopotamia, when it shall have need of defence. At these words and many more put to them, related with a malicious gloss and exposition set thereto, Constantius exceeding wroth, without farther sifting the matter, or suffering those particulars to be laid open whereof he was ignorant, commanded him thus traduced with false imputations, to give over his place of command in the army, and to betake himself to a private life, promoting Agilo into his room (which was an unreasonable leap) considering he before was no better than a * or captain. Tribune of the Gentiles Scutarij. CHAP. II. A memorable eclipse of the Sun in the East parts. A discourse according to Naturalists, as touching the motions of Sun and Moon, and their eclipses. AT the same time, in the east parts, the air was to men's sight over cast with a dark mist, and from the dawning of the day until noon tide, stars were seen continually to shine. And to increase this fearful accident, it fell out so, that when the heavenly daylight was * operiretur. hidden by reason that there was a total darkness over the face of the earth like unto the night, men were afraid, and supposed verily, that the Sun was extraordinarily * Like as the moon in her conjunction with the Sun, which we call the Change, hath an universal defect. eclipsed, seeing him first diminished to the shape of the Moon, horned, or in the new; then, increased to the form of an half Moon, and afterward restored full and whole again. A thing that happeneth not at other times so evidently, unless it be when the Moon, after unequal and oblique courses, and certain spaces between, in her change returneth to the same points or beginning; that is, when in the house of the same sign the whole body of the Moon is found by most direct lines quite opposite under the Sun, and stayeth a while in these minutes, which in the art of Geometry are termed Parts. But, albeit the conversions and motions of both planets, as the searchers * Astronomers. of intelligible causes have observed, after the course of the moon fulfilled, by a perpetual distinction meet in one and the same end: yet is not the Sun in those days always hidden and covered, but when the Moon by a just plumbe-line, as it were, is opposite in the midst, and interposed between the fiery globe of the Sun and our sight. In brief, then is the Sun hidden, and his shining light suppressed, when himself and the roundle of the Moon (the lowest of all the stars) accompanying together, keeping their own proper Sphęres, and placed jointly (saving the regard of height) as Ptolomaee both skilfully and elegantly showeth, are come to those dimensions which they usually term in the Greek tongue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is to say, ecliptic or defective conjunctions ascending and descending. And if they touch the places joining close unto the said * Caput & cauda Draconis. joints, the eclipse will be the smaller: but if they abide in the very points and joints, which bind more straight together the said ascents and descents, then is the sky overcast with grosser darkness, as if the air were thickened; so that we are not able to see so much as the things that stand just before our eyes. Moreover, we think that we behold two Suns in this wise: in case a cloud mounted higher than ordinary, and shining again by reason of the nearness of those eternal * from the Sun. lights, represent the brightness of another circle by the reflection, as it were, from a pure glass. Now, come we to the Moon. Thus only and not otherwise suffereth the Moon a plain and evident eclipse, when being in her full light round, and opposite unto the Sun, she is from his Orb distant one hundred and eighty parts, that is to say, in the seventh sign. And albeit this distance and opposition happeneth alway in every full Moon, yet for all that she is not always then eclipsed. But because she being placed about the mobility of the earth and the utmost of that universal beauty, and most remote from heaven, putteth herself under the Sun, that otherwhiles striketh upon her, by interposition of the limit of the night that endeth in a pointed cone, she lieth hidden for a while, and is enwrapped or covered within the black globes of shadow, in case the Sun, compassed about with the bent of the inward Sphęre, by reason of the mass of earth lying in the way, is not able to enlighten her with his beams, for that she hath no proper light of her own, according as divers opinions have collected. Again, when by equal parts she meeteth with the Sun at one and the same sign, darkened she is (as hath been said) totally, and her white and bright hue is wholly obscured, what time she is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. in her conjunction or change. Now, she is thought to arise new again, when by a small declining, as it were, from a plumbe-line, she carrieth the Sun erected just over her. And this arising of hers as yet but small, is first seen of men, when leaving the company of the Sun, she proceedeth to the second sign. After she is gone therefore further still, and is now good and lightsome, and shaped, as one would say, with horns, she cometh to be termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. carrying the form of a Moon: but what time she beginneth to be removed a great way and distance from the Sun, so that she is proceeded as far as to the fifth sign, for that his beams are turned upon her, she conceiveth greater light, and is named in the Greek tongue 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which form representeth a * half a circle. semicircle. Then passing on still, and having now caught the most remote sign, she showeth the figure 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, bearing and bunching out on both sides: but when she is sited just against and directly by line opposite, she will shine out at the full, as keeping the house of the seventh sign, yea, and whiles she converseth or abideth yet in the same, and being a little gone further, diminisheth; which habit or state of hers we term 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i full, or whole Moon; and the same forms as before, she taketh again in her wane as she waxeth old. And out of the learning of many writers that agree in one mind, we are taught, that the Moon was never seen universally eclipsed or darkened altogether, but in the time of her change. Moreover, whereas we have said before, that the Sun hath his course one while above in the sky, and another while in the world below, ye are to know, That the bodies of planets and stars, in regard of the universal frame of the world, neither set norrise; but seem so to our sight (who are here beneath upon the earth) as elevated and held aloft by the motion of some inward spirit, and in comparison of the great fabric of the world, are set under it no bigger than a small prick: and one while we behold above us the stars fixed in the sky, whose order is perpetual; and sometimes again, because man's sight doth fail, we suppose they are departed and gone out of their places. But now let us return to our purposed history. CHAP. III. The virtues of julianus gaul Constantius to the heart. Now when he was minded to take from him the auxiliary forces, the soldiers favouring julian, stand against, partly with open mouth, and partly by casting abroad a libel. WHiles Constantius made haste to succour the East, which was like shortly to be infested with the Persians outrodes, according as both fugitives and intelligencers in one accord declared, vexed he was for very envy with the virtues of julianus, which by a general bruit were blazed abroad, and talked of daily among sundry nations: the lofty praises of whose great travails and exploits, fame carried and divulged in the world; as namely, how after certain kingdoms of Alemain conquered, he had recovered towns in Gaul, sacked aforetime and razed by the barbarous enemies, whom he made tributaries, and subject to pay imposts. Being moved in regard of these and such like matters, and fearing least the same would grow greater, considering that (as the report went) Florentius the * of the Praetorium. Praefect pricked him on, he sent Decentius, a Tribune and * or Chancellor. Notary both, to fetch away from him forthwith the Heruli and Batavi, the Celts also, together with the Petulantes, and three hundred besides, chosen forth of other bands, who under this colour were commanded to make speed, that they might be in readiness for to war in the beginning of the Spring upon the Parthians. And as touching aid-souldiors verily, and other three hundred to be levied and gathered, Lupicinus, who was for certain known not to have passed over as yet into Britanny, was dealt withal apart by himself: but out of the Scutarij and Gentiles, Sintula, Tribune at the same time of Caesar's table, had commandment to draw forth all those that were of greatest activity, and to bring them along himself. julian held his tongue all this while, and condescended hereunto, submitting all to the will and pleasure of the mightier person. Howbeit, this one thing he could neither dissimule nor pass over with silence, but urge instantly, That those might suffer no troubles, who leaving their habitations beyond Rhine, were come under this capitulation and condition, That they should not be at any time led unto the parts beyond the Alpes: avouching, that it was to be feared, lest the voluntary soldiers of the Barbarians, who oftentimes upon such terms and conditions were wont to come over and side with us, taking knowledge hereof, might hereafter be kept back from performing the like service. But all his speech came to nothing. For the said * Sintulae. Tribune making no account of Caesar's complaints, obeyed the emperors commandment: but after he had made choice of a company very lightly appointed, such as for lively vigour and delivernesse of body surpassed all others, with them he went forth, hoping confidently for greater matters. And because Caesar, pensive what should be done with the rest that were commanded to be sent, and casting in his mind divers and sundry thoughts, deemed, that the business ought to be managed with good heed and circumspection, seeing also the cruel Barbarians on the one side, and the powerful command on the other to enforce him; and especially for that the absence of the General of the horsemen made him most to doubt, he willed the Praefect to return unto him, who beforetime was departed to Vienna under colour to provide victuals, that he might exempt himself from military troubles. For * the Praefect. he well considered, that according to his own relation, which he was thought in times past to have sent, those warlike bands, dreadful already to the Barbarians, were to be withdrawn from the defence of Gaul: who when he had received Caesar's letters, advising and requesting him to come with all speed as to assist the Commonwealth with his counsel, most obstinately drew back and refused; his mind with fear being troubled in regard of the letters which plainly imported thus much, That the Praefect ought no where to be parted from the chief * Imperatore, or General. Commander in any heat and broil of fearful stirs: and thus much moreover was written, That in case he held off to perform this service accordingly, himself of his own accord would cast from him the ensigns of his princely authority, as taking it to be honourable and glorious for him to die by commandment, than that the destruction of the provinces should be imputed unto him. But the stiff and constant resolution of the Praefect prevailed, with all his might striving again & refusing to yield obedience to those things which with reason were required. Howbeit, in the time of these delays of Lupicinus absent, and the soldiers mutinies, julian destitute of the helpful counsel of the proud Praefect, and waving in doubtful terms what to do, supposing this to be his best course, determined to hasten them forward on their journey by the ordinary way, being all departed out of the stations wherein they wintered. This being known, one among the companies of the Petulantes closely let fall upon the ground a libel, which with many other contents carried this tenor also: Thus we verily are driven and confined as guilty and condemned persons unto the furthest parts of the earth: and those who are most lief and dear unto us shall be slaves, enthralled again unto the Alemans'; those, I say, whom after mortal fought fields we have freed from their first captivity. Which script being brought unto the * or Counsel. Court and read, julian considering their reasonable complaints, commanded them with their whole families to go into the East, granting them a warrant to take up post-horses and wagons. And when doubt was made a long time which way they should journey, thought good it was (and that through the motion of Decentius the * Secretary, or Chancellor aforesaid. Notary) that the folk should pass along by Paris, where Caesar yet abode, as not removed yet any whether. And so they did indeed. CHAP. four julian endeavoureth to satisfy the desire of Constantius. But the captains and soldiers breaking out into a mutiny, take arms, and with loud voice salute julianus by the style of Augustus, yea, and force him to assent thereto, and accept of a diadem set upon his head. NOw as the same approached, and were coming, the * julian. prince met them in the places and villages near the city's side, and (as his manner was) by commending those whom he knew, & putting every one in mind to do valiantly, with mild words he animated them to go cheerfully unto the Emperor, whose power was very ample and large; where also they should get most condign rewards for their travails and pains. And the more honourably to entreat them that were thus to depart so great a way from him, he invited the chief and principal of them to a feast, and willed them confidently to prefer what lawful petition they could readily think of, wherein he might pleasure them. Who being thus liberally entertained, took their leave of him, malcontent and very sorrowful, in regard of a twofold grief; for that a certain unkind fortune thus severed them both from so temperate a governor, and also from their native soil. And thus possessed with this anxiety, they retired unto their usual camp. No sooner began it to be night, but they broke out into an open brawl: and now when they were once set on, and their bloods up, according as every man found himself aggreeved with the unexpected occurrent, they take weapon in hand: and so with a mighty noise, to the palace they all went, and having compassed it round about, so as no man could escape them and get away, with hideous and terrible clamours they cried unto julianus, by the name of Augustus, urging him with all speed to come forth unto them: but being compelled to stay until it was daylight, they forced him at length to go forth. Whom when they saw, iterating the same great noise and shout, with a most firm and settled consent they styled him Augustus: and he for his part upon a resolute and grounded mind withstood them all and some; one while showing himself to be wroth and highly displeased; otherwhiles stretching forth his hands, requesting and beseeching them, That after so many most happy and fortunate victories, no undecent and unseemly part should be committed, nor any unseasonable rashness and breaking out raise matter and cause of discord. And when in the end by mild speeches he had appeased their tumult, thus much moreover he added and said: Let your angry mood, I pray you, cease for a while: without dissension or seditious seeking of alteration, that which ye demand shall easily be obtained. For as much as ye are possessed thus with the sweetness of your native country, and fear to go into strange lands which ye are not acquainted with, return ye now even out of hand unto your own home: see you shall nothing beyond the Alpes, because it is displeasant unto you: and hereof I will assoil you by a competent satisfaction before the Emperor, a prince capable of reason and most prudent withal. After these words they set up a loud cry on all sides, God save Augustus: nevertheless, when with one uniform zeal and heat of affection they all pressed on him still, and that with an exceeding earnest noise, mixed with reproachful and reviling terms, Caesar was enforced to condescend unto them. And so being set upon a footman's shield, and borne up aloft in sight, and with great silence of the people declared Augustus, he was willed to bring forth a white band or diadem: and when he said that he never had any, they called for one of his wives, that she used about her neck or head: but because he affirmed, That it was not meet he should be fitted at his first entrance into the Empire with any woman's ornament or attire, they sought for an horse trapping, to the end, that being handsomely adorned therewith, he might make some show yet, obscure though it were, of higher authority. But when he still avouched, that it also was but base and unseemly, one named Maurus (who afterwards being a Comes or captain of the discoverers in espial, received a foil in fight at the straits of Succi, at this time serving in quality of a pikeman) took the collar from about his own neck, which he wore as an ᵇ ensign bearer, and boldly did it upon julians' head: who being thus driven to an extremity, and perceiving now that he could not avoid present danger, if he persevered still to make resistance, promised unto them all throughout five ᶜ aurei apiece, and every one a pound of silver besides. These matters thus passed, he no less troubled with care than before, and foreseeing with quick conceit what might afterwards come hereof, neither wore the diadem, nor durst go abroad any where, ne yet negotiate any serious businesses, were they never so urgent. But whiles julianus (affrighted with sundry accidents) betook him thus to a private retiredness, a certain Decurie of the * He meaneth julians' Court. Palace (which is a degree and place of dignity) stepping a great pace to the Petulantes and Celtae, where they quartered, crieth out in turbulent manner: Oh shameful indignity, that he who but the day before was by their judgement declared Augustus and Emperor should now be secretly murdered. No sooner was knowledge taken hereof, but the soldiers, who were moved alike, as well with what they knew not, as what they knew, some brandishing and shaking their casting-weapons, others ready to fight with naked swords in hand, running forth here and there divers ways (as the manner is in a sudden uproar) in all haste got unto the prince's train: at which excessive noise the Warders and Tribunes being astonished, and by name Excubitor, captain of the guard in ordinary, fearing also some treachery of mutable and unconstant soldiers, dispersed themselves for fear of sudden death, and slipped out of sight. Howbeit, the soldiers when they saw all was well and hushed, stood for a while armed as they were, quiet: and being demanded, What was the cause of this unadvised and sudden hurlyburly, after long silence, and making some doubt of their [new] Emperors life, they departed not before they were sent for into the Consistory, and had seen him at the full gloriously dight in his imperial robes. Notwithstanding, when these news were heard abroad, they also, who I said were gone before unfore under the leading of Sintula, being now secure and past fear, returned togegether with him unto Paris: and upon an edict or proclamation made, that the morning next following they should all meet in the open plain field, the * julian. prince being come forth with greater port and pomp than usually, mounted up to the Tribunal, environed about with Ensigns, as well the main Eagle standards, as banners and guidons, as also guarded with whole squadrons of armed Cohorts. And after he had paused a time, whiles from aloft he beheld the countenances of them there present, when he perceived them all cheerful and joyous, with plain and simple words (to the end he might be understood) as it were with so many trumpets, he incensed them in this wise. CHAP. V. The Oration of julianus as touching the appointment of military rewards. Also with what words, the night before that day wherein he was declared Emperor, he was by the public Genius of the State saluted. THe difficulty of this present business doth require and instantly crave, (right valiant and trusty protectors both of my person and of the Commonwealth, who together with me have many a time put your lives in danger for the state of the Provinces) for as much as ye have in a settled judgement advanced your Caesar to the highest pitch of all honours and dignities, in few words summarily to deliver, how there may be devised just and wise remedies to cure and salve this change of the world with us. While I was a very youth, scarce come to my growth, being as ye well know, clad in purple, and made Caesar only for a show, yet by the providence of the heavenly power commended to your protection and tuition, I never was put from my settled purpose of leading an upright and honest life, in all painful labours seen together with you: what time as having put to rout the confidence of bold nations, after cities destroyed, and infinite thousands of men slain, those few remain which were left behind half broken and unsound, infinite calamities still overran. And needless I think it to rehearse, how often in the hard Winter, and bitter cold weather, at which time both lands and seas are exexempt from warfare, we repelled the Alemans', a nation untamed before time, with no small detriment and loss of their forces. And verily for this one thing, it is not meet that I should either overpass or conceal it, namely, that when near unto Argentoratum that most blessed day shone, which in some sort brought with it perpetual liberty unto the Gauls, whiles I road to and fro through the pikes and among the arrows and darts where they flew thickest, ye thoroughly grounded, what with vigorous courage, and what by long experience, vanquished your enemies, that suddenly broke in and overflowed all in manner of swelling and swift land floods, and them either laid on the bare ground by dint of sword, or else drowned in the deep channel of the river; and that with few of our men left dead behind us, whose funerals we honourably kept, rather with solemn praises of them, than any mournful sorrow of ours. After which exploits so great and so renowned, posterity, I suppose, will not keep silence (as touching your good deserts of the Commonwealth) in all nations, if whom ye have fully adorned with so high a title of majesty, ye vouchsafe to defend by your virtue and gravity, in case any adverse fortune should assail me. Now to the end there might be a sound course holden in our affairs, and that the rewards of valorous men may attend upon them without all corruption, and no secret ambition or indirect seeking after promotions catch them up beforehand, this under the reverend presence of your counsel and assembly I determine and set down; That neither any civil judge nor martial commander shall be preferred to higher degree, through the help of aught else but his own worth and good desert, neither shall he who otherwise will presume to be a suitor for any, go his ways without disgrace and shame. The inferior soldiers beneath, encouraged with this confidence of greater hopes, as who had been a long time kept fasting for having any dignities or rewards, smiting their bucklers with their javelines, rose up with a mighty noise, and with one voice (in manner) and accord gave a favourable assent to his speeches and good beginnings: and immediately for fear there might be never so little time given to trouble this so considerate and well advised dispose, in the behalf of the * pro Atthuarijs, a nation of the Frankes. O●tel. Some read here, pro Actuarijs, ●. for their Clerks or Scribes: others per Atthuarios, or Actuarios, i. by their means and mediation. Atthuarij, the Petulantes and Celtae besought, they might be sent to govern what provinces it pleased him: which when they could not obtain, they departed neither offended nor ill appaied. Howbeit, that very night which went next before the day wherein he was declared Augustus, as himself now Emperor reported to those were next about him and more inward with him, in his sleep there appeared one unto him in that shape and form, as the public ᵈ Genius or Angel useth to be portrayed, who said by way of chiding, these words unto him: julian, long since have I in secret manner duly observed and kept the entry of thy house, desirous to increase thy dignity, and divers times gone my ways as rejected. But if I be not at this time received and admitted, namely, when the judgements of so many agree in one, go I will as forlorn and sorrowful: howbeit, take this with thee, and set it deeply to thy heart, That I will no longer dwell with thee. CHAP. VI The king of the Persians, whiles Constantius abode far off, invadeth Mesopotamia, forceth the city Singara, hewed in pieces two Roman legions, and carried the rest as well citizens as soldiers away unto the furthest parts of Persis. WHiles these things were earnestly a doing in Gaul, that cruel king of the Persians, burning in hot desire (kindled first by Antonine, and now redoubled by the coming of Craugasius) to be Lord of all Mesopotamia, whiles Constantius abode far off with his army; after he had augmented his armed forces, and passed (after his usual manner) over Tigris, setteth in hand to assault * Singra. D. Athanasio. Singara, a city very well fortified both with soldiers and all things else necessary and requisite, as they deemed, who had the government of those countries. The defenders of which place, after they had espied the enemy a great way off, quickly shut their gates, and with stout and courageous hearts ran to and fro along the turrets and battlements, gathering together great stones and warlike engines to discharge upon them: and thus having made all ready beforehand, they stood all in armour, priest to repel the multitude of their enemies, if they attempted to climb the walls. The king therefore being come, when by the mediation of his nobles and captains admitted to approach near, he might not by a gentle and mild parley persuade the defendants to yield unto his pleasure, both gave them a whole days respite, and in the next morning betimes by break of day setting up a signal of a fire-red banner, assailed was the city on every side, whiles some brought scaling ladders, others planted their engines, and the most part defended with a fence of timber and hurdles before them, as also with penthouses over their heads, sought ways to undermine the foundations of the wall. Against these devises the townsmen standing above upon their high bulwarks and munitions, with stones and all sorts of casting-darts afar off, repelled those who venturously and proudly presumed to put themselves forward within the reach of shot. Thus continued they fight for certain days together with doubtful event, and many a man on both sides lost his life, and as many were wounded. At the last, when the skirmish was very hot, and evening now came on, one exceeding strong Ram among other engines was brought forward, which with bushes thick & threefold butted upon that round tower, at which in the former siege, I said, the city by a breach was laid open. Unto which tower all the multitude came to rescue, where they fought most closely. There might a man have seen firebrands, burning torches and fiery darts flying every way for to burn this mischievous engine, as it approached near, neither gave over the thick shot of arrows and bullets of either side. But the sharp pointed head of the said Ram went beyond all the devices against it, entering and piercing into the joints of the stones new laid, and as yet by reason of moisture weak and feeble. But while the fight continued still with fire and sword, the tower aforesaid fell down, whereby way was made into the city, and the place disfurnished of defendants, whom the great danger so imminent had scattered: whereupon whole troops and bands of Persians setting up a yelling outcry, filled all parts of the town, whiles there was none to restrain them; and after some few slain, and those pell-mell one with another, all the rest by commandment of king Sapor were taken alive and carried away into the furthest countries of Persia. Now, there were two legions in garrison for defence of this city, to wit, ᵉ Prima Flavia, and ᶠ Prima Parthica, besides many homelings and natural inhabitants, together with auxillarie horsemen, whose hap was by reason of this sudden danger to be shut within, who all, as I said, were led with their hands bound, whiles none of our men helped them. For the greater part of our army lay in the field encamped for the defence of Nisibis, a city very far distant from it: and otherwise, never could any man so much as in old time succour Singara when it was in distress, by reason that all the places there round about for want of water be dried up. And albeit antiquity built this fort in a very fit and convenient place for the discovery of adverse and sudden troubles, yet it turned always to the detriment of the Romans, as being sundry times surprised and taken with the loss of the defendants thereof. CHAP. VII. Sapor king of Persia setteth upon Bezabde, otherwise called Phoenicha, and with great violence assaulteth it. AFter the racing therefore of this town, the king in wisdom and policy avoiding Nisibis, as one iwis well remembering what hurts he had there many times sustained, took the right hand way, marching by crooked and winding journeys, minding either by force, or with winning unto him the garrison defendants by sweet promises to recover Bezabde, which the ancient founders termed also Phoenicha, a very strong fort, situate upon a pretty high hill, and bending toward the banks of Tigris, and where the places be either suspected or low, fenced with a double wall. For the defence of this piece were three legions deputed, Secunda ᵍ Flavia, Secunda ʰ Armeniaca, and likewise Parthica ⁱ Secunda, together with many Zabdicene archers, in whose ground being at the same time under our subjection, stood this town. At the first brunt therefore, the king in person accompanied with a troop of horsemen glittering in their complete harness, being himself mounted higher than all the rest, riding about the circuit of the bulwarks and fortifications, approached venturously to the very brim and edge of the trenches: and albeit he was assailed with shot of balists that miss not their mark, and with arrows flying thick, yet by reason he was under a good armour of proof, and the same wrought in manner of a roof or Tortoise-shell, he went away without taking harm. Howbeit, for all this, sequestering and setting apart his anger for that time, he sent, as his manner was, his heralds, by whom he gently exhorted the besieged, That they would look unto their lives and other hopes, and by yielding in time, raise the siege; and setting open the gates, go forth in humble manner, and present themselves unto the conqueror of all nations. These heralds adventured to approach very near, but in this regard the defendants of the walls forbore them, because they brought with them close by their sides certain gentlemen freeborn of their acquaintance, taken prisoners in Singara: for in a pitiful respect of them, no man flung a dart, nor made any answer as touching peace. Then after a cessation of arms granted for one whole day and night, before it was daylight the next morrow, the Persians all at once setting fiercely upon the rampire, gave out cruel threats, and with a terrible noise coming boldly to the very walls, pressed hard upon the townsmen, who with great force resisted them: whereby most of the Parthians were sore hurt, for that some of them carrying ladders, and others holding out before them hurdles of oysiers, went as it were blindly forward within shot, neither escaped our men without hurt: for the arrows flying thick like hail, went through them as they stood close together. Now, after the Sun was set, they departed on both parts with equal losle: and toward the next morning, fought much more eagrely than before, whiles the trumpets sounded from the one side and the other, neither was there less slaughter seen on either hand, fight as they did most obstinately on both sides. CHAP. VIII. Sapor rejecting the admonitions of a Christian bishop, by force winneth the besieged city, fareth cruelly against the townsmen: and having given the attempt upon Virta, a most strong fenced city, and relinquished this vain enterprise, at length departeth. But the day following, when a truce by common assent after manifold travail and pains taken was granted, what time as a great terror was presented round about the walls, and the Persians feared no less, a Christian bishop showed by certain signs of gesture and by beckening, that he was willing to go forth, and upon faithful promise of return in safe conduct, he came as far as to the king's pavilions: where after leave given to speak his mind, in a mild manner of speech he persuaded with the Persians to depart home, now that both parts had received in common lamentable losses, saying withal, that greater sorrows yet were to be feared which happily would come unto them. But he stood discoursing of these and such like points in vain: such was the fell and outrageous fury of the king, who withstood the motion, & stoutly swore, That he would not depart before the town and fortifications about it were destroyed: yet was the bishop somewhat suspected (untruly, as I think, though commonly it was by many men vouched) That in secret conference and talk he informed Sapor what parts of the wall he should assault, as weak within-forth and easy to be battered. And this seemed to carry some likelihood with it, for that afterwards the enemy's engines were evidently seen with a great shout and joyous leaping of the assailants to play lustily upon the undefensible places, and such as for very age and rottenness began to lean and were ready to fall, as if some that knew the inward secrets of the city, had given direction. And albeit the narrow ways yielded difficult access unto the walls, and the Rams fitted for battery were hardly set forward, for fear of stones thrown by hand, and arrow-shot that kept them off, yet ceased not either the brakes or scorpions, whereof these discharged stones thick, the other sent out darts as fast, and together with them baskets and panniers burning, besmeared over with pitch and ᵏ Bitumen: by the continual fall whereof, coming still down the hill, the said engines of artillery stuck fast, as fixed and rooted deep within ground; and being thus set, fiery darts and burning links together thrown lustily with a good arm and star hand, set them on a light fire. But although the case stood thus, and many on both sides were slain, yet the assailants were more hotly set to raze and destroy the town, (both by natural situation strong, and also by great workmanship of man's hand fortified) ere the midst of Winter; as being persuaded, that the king's rage would not be allayed before. And therefore, neither the effusion of much blood, nor the number of them that were shot into the body and deadly wounded, could reclaim the rest from like boldness. But when they had a long time maintained fight with much hurt and mischief gotten thereby, at length they exposed themselves to extreme and present dangers: and as they drove their Rams, what with the weighty stones coming thick from the walls, and what with sundry fireworks, debarred they were from going forward. Howbeit, one Ram higher than his fellows, covered over with wet bulls hides, and therefore in less danger of mishap by flames or darts, going before all, with much straining and endeavour crept to the wall, and so with his mighty sharp pointed head entering between the joints of the stones, and having losened the same, overthrew a tower: which being fallen with a wonderful crashing noise, they also who stood upon it, with so sudden a ruin thereof were thrown down, and so either breaking their bones, or overwhelmed with rubbish, died sundry deaths, and those unlooked for: thus the armed multitude having found a more safe ascent, rushed in. Then, as the hideous noise which the Persians made, yelling and crying out on every side, thundered and resounded in the fearful ears of the townsmen thus overmatched, the fight grew hot and more close within the walls, whiles our enemies in squadrons fought at hand, considering that standing with their bodies one against another thick, and having their swords drawn on both sides, there was not one spared that stood in the way. In conclusion, the besieged resisting a long time with much ado, and to the mischief of both sides, were at length with the pressing hard of the huge multitude disranked and scattered by heaps: after which, the angry enemies put to sword whomsoever they could find, the small babes were plucked from their mother's bosoms, the mothers also themselves killed, and no man regarded what he did. And yet in the mean time this bloody nation more greedy of pillage than of carnage, loaden with all kind of rich spoils, and leading away an exceeding great number of prisoners, went back with much rejoicing to their tents. The king for all he was puffed up with extraordinary joy, as one who a long time burned in desire to win Phaenicha, a strong fenced piece, and of great importance, departed not thence, before that he had right strongly repaired that part of the wall which was shattered, laid up there in store plenty of victuals, and bestowed in it a garrison of armed men, such as for their birth were of good note, and for skill in martial feats renowned. For he feared (as it fell out indeed) lest the Romans taking to the heart the loss of such mighty strong holds, would address themselves by main force to besiege the same. Vaunting therefore, and bearing himself more big, and fed with hope to win whatsoever he could go in hand with, after he had surprised and taken in other meaner piles, he determined to set upon * or Iu●ta. Virta, a sort of great antiquity: insomuch, as it is thought to have been built by Alexander king of Macedonia, seated verily in the utmost part of Mesopotamia, but encircled with walls as it were winding in and out, and pointed with horns, and by reason of sundry devices and means made unaccessable. Which when he assayed by all the skill and art he had, one while alluring the defendants with goodly promises, otherwhiles threatening to hang and crucify them: sundry times going in hand to raise up banks and mounts, and bringing engines against it, pertaining to a siege, after more wounds and losses received than given, he gave over his vain enterprise, and in the end departed. These were the acts achieved that year between Tigris and Euphrates. Which when Constantius had learned by the relation of many messengers, fearing the Parthian expeditions whiles he wintered in Constantinople, with greater care he furnished the frontiers with all warlike provision; setting also armour together and new trained soldiers, strengthening likewise the legions with supplies of strong young men; for that the set battles of legionary soldiers oftentimes sped well in all the wars and services of the East parts: besides all this, he sought for the Scythians aid either for money or love, that in the mid Spring setting forth on his journey out of Thracia, he might forthwith seize into his hands the places that were suspected. CHAP. IX. julianus in good regard of himself, by a long Epistle endeavoureth to pacify the mind of Constantius. Mean while julian having placed his wintering harbour at Paris, much fearing what would be the end of these begun enterprises, was sore perplexed, as who by casting and tossing many matters in his mind, considered, That Constantius would in no wise like of his doings, in whose conceit and eye he was reputed as a vile, base, and contemptible person. Advising well therefore the fearful beginnings of all innovations and changes in the state of an Empire, he resolved to send unto him ambassadors, who should declare what occurrents had happened: and withal he dispatched letters agreeable unto them, wherein more plainly he advertised and showed, what was done, and what ought afterwards to be done: although he supposed that he had heard all, a good while before, by the report of Decentius long since returned, as also by gentlemen of the Chamber newly come again back out of Gaul, who had carried unto Caesar certain solemn presents. And albeit he was not unwilling hereunto, yet wrote he nothing in arrogant terms, lest he might be thought suddenly to have revolted. Now the tenor of his letters went in this wise. My faithful allegiance, according to my purpose, no less in my accustomed behaviour than in covenants of agreements, I verily for my part, carrying always one and the same mind, have for the time hitherto kept and performed, as by many effectual proofs hath evidently appeared. And ever since that you created me Caesar, and exposed me to the terrible noise of battles contenting myself with the place of command wherein I was set, like a trusty servitor and officer, filled your ears evermore with news of prosperous achievements performed to my wish and hearts desire, attributing nothing at all to mine own perils and adventures; whereas by daily examples and continual proofs it is well known, that where the Germans were spread abroad and intermingled every where, I was in painful travails, of all others seen first, and in my repose and refection last. But if I may with your good leave say so much, in case there be any change and alteration now (as you think there is) hence it cometh: The soldiers spending their years in many wars, and those right dangerous, without reaping any fruit of their service, effected that in tumultuous manner at length, which long since they determined, as impatient to serve under a Commander in a second place; seeing that by a Caesar they could have no recompense made for their long labour, and many victories. To whose anger, for that they neither found augmentation of dignities, nor touched their yearly wages, this also is fallen out unlooked for to aggravate the matter, That being men acquainted with cold and frozen countries, they were commanded to come to the utmost parts of the East world, and drawn away needy and bare, apart from their wives and children. Whereupon they being enraged above their wont manner, in the night assembled themselves together, and beset the palace with loud voices, and those often reiterated, styling julian by the name of Augustus. This set me in a trembling, I confess, and I withdrew myself: and thus so long as I could keep me out of the way, I sought to save myself with holding my peace and hiding my head. But when they would give me no time nor respite to consider upon the matter, fenced (as I may so say) with the wall of a free and pure heart, I went forth and stood in the sight of them all, supposing this their tumultuous rising might either by authority of countenance or gentle words be allayed. Howbeit, they grew into a wonderful heat, and went so far, as that because I assayed to overcome their stubborn obstinacy by entreaty, they instantly menaced death, as it seemed by their violent assaults following one in the neck of another. In the end being overcome, and reasoning thus with mine own self, that if I were once stabbed, some other perhaps willingly enough would be declared prince, I gave my assent, yet hoping still to assuage this their frantic and armed violence. This is the very order and manner of my proceedings, which I beseech you to entertain with a peaceable and gentle construction. Neither think that any thing hath been done otherwise, nor admit malicious persons and evil willers ready to whisper in your ears pernicious matters: such I mean, as are wont for their own gain and advantage to make debate and variance between princes: but putting aside flattery, the very nourice of vices, set your mind upon justice, the most excellent virtue of all others, and receive unfeignedly and bona fide these equal conditions which I propose unto you: reasoning and reckoning thus in your mind, That these things are behoveful to the Roman state and to us, who in nearness of blood and in the height of supreme fortune are conjoined. And (pardon me I pray you) I desire not so much that such things should be done which with reason are required, as that profitable and honest courses should of you be approved: whose commandments even henceforth still I purpose right willingly to embrace, such I mean as need requireth to be performed. To be short, I will allow unto * in regard of sovereign pre-eminence. you Spanish horses for your chariot, and chosen piked young men to be intermingled among your Gentiles and Scutarij, some of them being a race from the barbarous nations descended on this side Rhine, or at leastwise out of those that yield themselves and revolt to our side: and this promise I to do, not only in a thankful mind, but also with willing heart, so long as I live. For * ●. L L. chief justices. prefects of the Praetorium, you shall of your clemency give unto us those who for their equity and deserts are known worthy of the place. The residue, as well ordinary civil judges, as messengers of war affairs, likewise Pensioners to guard my person, who are to be promoted, meet it is they be left unto my will and pleasure. For a folly it were (where as it may be prevented before hand) to admit those to the guard of an emperors person, whose behaviour, whose mind and affection is not known. This one thing verily I may be bold without all doubt to avouch, The Gauls having been with long troubles and most grievous misfortunes vexed, neither will of their own accord, nor can by compulsion send young soldiers into strange and remote countries, lest if their youth being utterly spent, they be afflicted anew; and calling to remembrance, as they do, what is past, in a desperate fear of dangers hanging over their heads, be ready to perish. Neither will it be convenient, that from hence aid soldiers should be sent for to oppose against Parthian nations, considering that as yet the violent roads and invasions of their barbarous enemies be not stopped: and (if you will abide the truth to be spoken) these provinces here being afflicted with continual troubles and calamities, have need themselves of foreign helps, and those right strong and valorous. These things by way of exhortation (to the good, as I deem it, of the state) have I written, requiring and requesting the same to be put in execution. For well I wot (that I may speak nothing proudly, according to an imperial place) well I wot I say, what adverse and woeful cases of the Commonwealth, when it was in manner remediless and given as lost for ever, the concord of princes yielding by turns one unto another, hath reduced into better terms; considering it is evident by the example of our ancestors, That rulers when they think of these and such like courses, find in some sort the way to lead a fortunate and blessed life, and so commend a most pleasant remembrance of themselves unto posterity and future times for ever. CHAP. X. Constantius taking it to the heart that the name of Augustus was conferred upon julianus, plotteth many things that take no effect. But julian walking warily, after he had subdued the Frankes called Atthuarij, returneth to Vienna, there to Winter. WIth these missives he jointly sent others of more secret credence to be presented closely unto Constantius, and those were penned in an objurgatorie and biting style: the tenor whereof, neither might I search out, nor if I might, became it me to publish abroad. Now, for the performance of that office of embassage, were chosen grave persons, to wit, Pentadius master of the offices, and Eutherius, than his high Chamberlain; who after they had delivered the letters, were to report, without concealing of aught what they saw, and confidently to deal, about the order of the future affairs. Among other things, the envy of these new begun enterprises of julian, was aggravated and made much more by the departure of Florentius the Praefect, who praesaging the troubles that would arise by the abovesaid sending for soldiers (as it was commonly spoken) of purpose was departed to Vienna, pretending for his excuse, In regard there was such want of victuals, that he and Caesar were parted, whom in truth he dreaded, for that he had oftentimes very hardly entreated him. And afterwards, when he understood that he was mounted to the imperial throne, having little hope or none at all of life, became very fearful, and now that he was far removed, delivered himself from the dangers that he doubted: and leaving all his nearest friends and kinsfolk behind him, went aside, and by soft journeys came unto Constantius: and to show himself liable to no fault, many imputations he charged upon julian as a traitor to the State. After whose departure, julian considering well and wisely of the matter, willing also it should be known, that he had spared him when he was present; gave commandment, That his wife, his children, and those whom he held dearest, together with all his goods not once touched or diminished, should return in safety to the East parts, allowing them to take the benefit of the public post-horses and wagons. And the said ambassadors with no less diligence following after, carrying with them those letters and instructions, as I have before said, and still minding their wayfare, when they came to judges and rulers of higher place, were indirectly stayed & detained: who after they had endured long & chargeable abode through Italy and Illyricum, at length crossed over * the Frith or straits of Constantinople. Bosphorus, and travailing forward with easy journeys, they found Constantius making his abode as then at * Tisaria. Caesarea in Cappadocia, a place before time named Mazaca, a city of good importance, and well frequented, situate at the foot of the mountain Argeus: who being admitted into the presence, by permission granted unto them delivered their missives. No sooner were they read, but the Emperor grew into choler and indignation beyond his usual manner, and looking so awry upon them, that they feared death, he commanded them to go forth, and could not abide afterwards either to move question unto them, or once to hear them speak. Howbeit, in as great a heat as he was strucken into, yet he stood in a doubtful mammering, Whether he should command those forces wherein he trusted, to march against the Persians, or against julian? And sticking thus a long time, after he had weighed sundry counsels, he gave ear to the advice of some that persuaded him to that which was good, and so proclaimed his journey Eastward. Yet for all his angry mood, soon after he both dismissed the ambassadors aforesaid, and also appointed Leonas his * Treasurer. Quaestor to ride with all speed into Gaul, with letters also written unto julian, affirming, that he nothing liked of this new change and alteration, but charging him (if he regarded the safety of his own person and of his nearest friends) to lay down his swelling pride and vanity, and to contain himself within the power and government of a Caesar. And that the fear of what he menaced might the sooner induce him thereto, as if he presumed and bore himself highly of his great forces, he promoted Nebridius, then * Treasurer. Quaestor of the said Caesar in the room of Florentius, to be Praefectus Praetorio, and Foelix the * Chancellor or Secretary. Notary, he made master of the offices, and preferred some other officers. For advanced he had Gumoharius the successor of Lupicinus to be ˡ master of the Armour, before any such matter was known. Leonas therefore being entered into Paris, was received as an honourable and prudent parsonage; and the morrow after, when the * julian. prince was gone out into the field with a multitude as well of armed soldiers as common citizens, whom of purpose he had called together, commanded he was to present his letters unto him, standing aloft in his Tribunal, that he might be seen from above. And after the scrow of the edict sent was unfolded, and begun to be read from the beginning, when the reader came to the place containing thus much, That Constantius disallowing all that had been done, judged the power and authority of a Caesar to be sufficient for julian, there was on all sides set up a sound of terrible voices crying out in this note, God save julian Augustus, and according as the provincials, the soldiers, and authority of the Commonwealth hath decreed, which indeed is refreshed, but yet feareth new excursions and invasions still of barbarous enemies, [So be it.] Which words being heard, Leonas with the letters of julian importing the same, returned safe, and Nebridius alone was admitted to the Praefectship: for so much Caesar also openly had said in his letter should stand with his good will and pleasure. As for the master of the Offices, he had a little before ordained Anatolius to be the man, who before time was in place to give answer unto requests, like as he had made other officers, according as he thought them meet for his own behoof and safety. And for as much as among these proceedings he feared Lupicinus, though absent, and then making his abode in Britanny, a proud minded man, and of a swelling nature: and for that he had him in suspicion and jealousy, that if he knew thus much beyond the seas, he would stir up some matter of alteration and rebellion: a * or Chancellor. Notary of his was sent to * Bologne. Bononia, for to observe and watch carefully, that no man might be suffered to pass over the narrow seas: By means of which prohibition, Lupicinus returned, before that he took any knowledge of these news, and so was not able to raise any troubles. Howbeit julian a right joyous man now, in regard of his higher fortune and the confidence he had in his soldiers, because he would not wax luke warm, nor be reproved as one remiss, idle and doing nothing, after he had dispatched ambassadors unto Constantius, went forth into the marches of * Low Dutchland, or Netherlands. Germania secunda: and having strengthened himself with all furniture and provision, which the business in hand required, drew near to the town Obtricensis, near Mosa. And afterward having crossed over the Rhine, he suddenly overran the country of the Franks, whom they call Atthuarij, men of an unquiet spirit, and at the same time in very licentious manner ranging over the coasts of Gaul: whom when he had suddenly surprised (fearing no hostility, but exceeding secure, for that they could not remember that any prince had entered into their towns and territories, by reason of the difficulty of the stony ways that kept them off) he overcame with little ado: and after he had taken prisoners and slain most of them, to the rest that remained, upon their earnest suit he granted peace, in what conditions he would himself, supposing this to be expedient for the neighbour borderers that were possessors and holder's of land. From whence he returned with like celerity by the said river: and diligently surveying the garrisons along the marches, & reforming what in them was amiss, he came as far as to the * People about Basil. Rauraci: where having recovered those places, which the barbarous enemies had in times past taken in and holden as their own, and fortified the same more carefully, he departed by the way of * Besanson. Besantio to Vienna, there to Winter. CHAP. XI. Constantius having concluded a firm peace with the king of Armenia, assembled an army, and besiegeth Bezabde: the walls whereof he laboureth in vain to undermine and overthrow. IN this sort went the affairs in Gaul: which while they had so prosperous and safe success, Constantius sent for Arsaces' king of Armenia: whom after he had entertained most liberally, he forewarned and exhorted to persevere a faithful friend to us: for he understood, That the king of the Persians had oftentimes deceitfully, what with threats and what with crafty devices, been in hand with him to cast off the society of the Romans, and to combine with him. Who taking many an oath, That he could forego his own life before that he would change his mind, was highly rewarded: and so with the train that he brought to accompany him, returned into his realm, and never durst afterward break his promise, as being obliged unto Constantius by a bond of many favours and pleasures done unto him; among which, this was the chief, that he had joined unto him in marriage Olympias the daughter of Ablabius, sometime Praefectus Praetorio, and the espoused wife of his brother Constans. After he was dismissed, himself by the way of * Bosoch. Castaldo. Melitina, a town in Armenia the less, and by Lacotena and Samosata, passed over Euphrates, and came to Edessa. Where, when he had stayed a long time, expecting the companies of soldiers as they assembled together from all parts, and waiting for plentiful provision of victuals, after the Autumnal equinox he went forth and came to Amida: the wall whereof when he approached, and beheld round about, how it was full of ashes and dead embers, he shed tears and groaned again, to consider what calamities that woeful and miserable city had endured. There Vrsulus, Treasurer to the State, who chanced then to be in place, with grief of heart cried out and said: Behold with what courage and valiant hearts are our cities defended by the soldiers, for the payment of whose wages, the wealth of the very Empire beginneth now to fail. This so bitter a speech of his, the military multitude remembered afterwards at * Chalcidona. Soph Calcitin. Turcis. Chalcedon, and there rose up in a mutiny, to his destruction. From thence marching with thicke-set squadrons, when he approached Bezabde, he pitched down his tents: which See the 22. book, how he came to his death. being fenced all about with an high rampire and deep ditches, riding a great way off about the circuit of the fortifications of the town, he was informed by the report of many, that the places were more strongly rebuilt, which before time the injury of time had decayed. And because he would omit nothing that of necessity was to be provided, before the heat of fight, he sent certain sage and wise men unto the * to wit, the mercenary garrison soldiers. defendants of the town, to urge them by proposing a twofold condition, either to return home into their own countries, with the grant of other men's goods without bloodshed; or else to become wholly subject unto the Roman Empire, where they should be advanced with dignities and rich rewards. But when they upon a natural obstinacy and inbred resolution rejected this offer, as men being nobly descended & of high parentage, they addressed themselves with undergoing of extreme perils and pains against all the preparations that belong unto a siege: He therefore began to give an assault unto all parts of the town, with his men marshaled in thick ranks, and with sound of trumpets to incite their courage to the service: the valiant Roman soldier, for that the legions were gathered under sundry defensive roufes of shields, going softly and safely forward, began to undermine the walls: and because all manner of casting-weapons were discharged upon them that came under the said walls, and thereby the said joint frame of their shields loosened, they departed upon the sound of the retreat. Now, after their hearts were for one whole day refreshed, the third morning being more curiously covered and defended, with loud outcries every where on all sides they assayed to scale and get up the walls. And albeit the defendants lay close within behind hair clothes, because they would not be seen of the enemy, yet so often as need required, they would stoutly thrust forth their arms, and with stones and darts assail them that were beneath. And when the hurdle fences of oysiers went confidently forward, and were at hand to touch the walls, than there fell from above great pipes and barrels, millstones, and pieces of broken pillars, with the exceeding weight whereof the fight men below were overwhelmed: and thus their devices to cover them being violently driven asunder and laid gaping open, they made shift to get away with the utmost danger of their lives. CHAP. XII. With new engines of battery Constantius shaketh the walls of Amida, and with many assaults redoubled, in sundry sorts wearieth as well his own people, as the Persians besieged. THe tenth day therefore, after the assault began, when our men's hope grew worse than it was, so that they were set all in heaviness, thought good it was to bring over that huge frame of a Ram, which the Persians in times past, after they had by the battery thereof razed Antiochia brought from thence, and left at Carras: which being on a sudden seen, and most artificially set together and fitted accordingly, daunted the hearts of the besieged so, as that they had fallen in manner to the last remedy of yielding, but that they took heart again, and prepared to oppose some means against this terrible and menacing engine. Neither after this gave our men over one jot to adventure rashly, or to advise politicly: For whiles this old Ram, being unjointed and taken in pieces, for easier carriage, was a setting in order and readiness, with all cunning and strength of man, notwithstanding the exceeding force and firm resolution of the defendants, the pieces of ordnance were still defended: nevertheless with a number of stones and bullets sent out of slings on both sides, many were killed, and still the mounts and bulwarks waxed greater, and quickly rose to a mighty height: so that the siege grew more fierce and hotter every day than other; and many of our men lost their lives in the place: for that, fight in the sight of the Emperor in hope of rewards, and taking off their helmets from their heads, because they might the sooner be known, they were with the cunning shot of the enemy's archers overthrown: and therefore tending watch and ward both night and day they stood more wary on both parts, and did their devoir. And now by this time the Persians, seeing the banks & terraces brought up to a mighty height, and withal the huge ram aforesaid, after which there followed also other smaller engines of that kind, were stricken with a wonderful horror, and did what they possibly could with might and main to burn them all: and albeit they ceased not to fling heaps and balls of wildfire, and shoot fiery darts, yet they laboured in vain; for that most of the timber pieces were covered all over with skins and hair clothes thoroughly wet; others again well smeared with alum, that the fire might glide off without doing harm. But the Romans bringing them forward with great force and valour, though with much difficutlie, yet defended and saved them: and in an earnest desire they had to win the town, they set nought by imminent and present dangers: and on the other side the defendants of the walls, when the greatest Ram above said came toward them, ready to shake down the tower that stood against it, by a subtle devise ensnared the iron front that it beareth out before (and in truth it resembleth a Rams head) with long ropes on either side, and so held it fast, that by returning back again it should not gather new strength, nor be able with thick jurres and bushes, forcibly to strike the walls to any purpose: and withal they powered down scalding hot pitch. The engines also being advanced forward, stood along time carrying upon them huge stones, to batter the walls, and other casting weapons. Now, when the mounts without were raised still higher, the defendants fearing their destruction was at hand, unless they took the better heed, ran headlong into a most bold and adventurous action: and in a sudden sally, issuing by numbers out at the gates, and setting upon the foremost of our men, threw with all their might upon the Ram, firebrands and iron buckets laden with fire. But after a skirmish valiantly performed with doubtful fortune, most of them prevailing nought, were driven back within the walls: and anon from the mounts which the Romans had erected, the same Persians as they stood upon their bulwarks were assailed with arrows, slings-shot, and fiery darts; which flying among the roofs and curtains of the towers, for the most part went by, or glanced in vain, and did no hurt, for that there were some of purpose ready to quench them. And when on both sides the fight men grew to be fewer, and the Persians were driven to utmost despair, but that they found better means, they eftsoons gave the attempt with greater care and diligence to sally out of their fortifications: and so the multitude breaking suddenly forth, among our armed soldiers, some appointed there were of purpose, who carried greater store of fire than those before, and threw iron skuttles full of flaming fire upon the timber frames, sticks also and twigs, with other dry fuel, very apt to take fire. And for that the exceeding black clouds of smoke took away all sight, when the trumpet sounded the battle, the legions in good array marched on a quick pace; and as the heat of skirmish grew still by little and little, by that time they came to buckle at handstrokes, all the foresaid engines at once were on a light fire, and in manner burnt, save only that greater one than the rest, which, being half burnt, after the ropes were plucked away, that were cast upon it from the walls and held it fast, with much ado, and by the forcible straining of strong men, was drawn forth of the fire. But when the darkness of the night made an end of the skirmish, our soldiers rested not long, but being refreshed with small food and short sleep, they rose at the call of their captains, and removed their munitions far from the wall, providing to fight more close and short along the high bastiles or countermures, which now that they were finished overtopped the walls: and that the defendants might easily be driven from off the walls, upon the very top of the said bastiles were planted two Balists, for fear of which it was verily thought, that not one of the enemies could so much as put up his head and look out before him. These means being sufficiently provided, a little before the twilight of the morning appeared, three battalions of our men in good array advancing, with the crests of their helmets bending forward in threatening wise, together with a number that carried ladders, attempted to give an assault upon the walls: And now as the armour clattered, and the trumpets resounded, fight on both sides jointly with semblable heat and eagerness, they made a venturous conflict of it: which as it did spread still more and more, the Romans, perceiving that the Persians hid their heads for fear of the engines of artillery placed upon the mounts, did beat upon the walls with the ram, and then with mattocks, pickaxes, iron crows, and ladders, they approached: mean while on both sides flew the casting darts thick. But that which troubled and annoyed the Persians much more than all the rest, was the sundry shot discharged from the Balists, running as it were through loop holes and grates from the bastiles newly raised: Whereupon, supposing now that they were come to the last cast, they ran resolutely upon the danger of death: and thus having parted between them the several charges to fight upon the point of any extremity that should happen, and leaving those behind that should keep the walls, a strong company of them secretly setting open a postern gate, issued forth, with others following behind, that closely carried fire with them. And whiles the Romans one while press hard upon them that recoiled, another while receive those that of themselves charge them, they that carried the fire pans creeping softly and stooping low by the ground, conveyed light burning coals within the joints of one of the fabrics raised upon boughs of divers trees, reeds, and bundles of canes, which so soon as the dry fuel had caught fire, were burnt: but our soldiers, together with their pieces of ordnance untouched, were departed first in danger enough. CHAP. XIII. Whiles Constantius determineth to abide there by it, there fall continual showers of rain (foretold by a rainbow; concerning which there is annexed a speculative discourse) and then followeth Winter: Fearing therefore a tumult of the angered soldiers, without effecting his purpose, he gets back into Syria. But so soon as the evening ended their fight, so that they departed on both sides to take some short repose, the Emperor distracting and turning himself unto sundry counsels, considering that important reasons urged him longer still to attempt the destruction of Phaenicha, which fort, like an insoluble bar lay opposed against the enemy's outrodes, and the late season of the year checked him, determined to stay yet there, & continue slight skirmishes, thinking that the Persians, like haply to be distressed for want of victuals, would quit the place and be gone; which fell out otherwise than he supposed: For, when there was but small fight, the air being moist, watery clouds with fearful darkness arose; and the ground with continual rain became so drenched, that the clammy soft clay all that country over, standing upon a most fat turf & soil, made a great trouble every where: and beside all this, cracks of thunder, and flashes of lightning coming thick one after another, mightily affrighted the timorous minds of men. Moreover, to increase their fear, there were apparitions seen continually of the rainbow: which how it cometh usually to be shaped so, the laying open of the natural causes thereof will declare. The hot exhalations of the earth, and moist vapours gathered round together into clouds, and from thence scattered into small sprinkling dews, and by spreading of the sunbeams made bright and glittering lie rolling full against the very round body of the sun, and so do shape out the form of a rainbow, and the same winding with a spacious and large bent, because it openeth and stretcheth out here in our world, which the reasons in Natural Philosophy place over the * or half part of the whole Sphere. Hemisphere. The first colour or show whereof, as far as man's eye doth behold and discern, seemeth * Lutca. pale or yellowish, the second more yellowish or tawny, the third red, the fourth purple, and the last compounded of blue and green. And this temperature of mingled beauty, it carrieth, as our understandings here upon the earth do conceive, therefore, because the first part thereof is seen more thin and waterish, as suitable in colour to the air round about it: the next following is tawny, that is, of a deeper & brighter hue somewhat than the former yellow: the third red, for that being subject to the brightness of the sun, by the receipt of the spirit or air, it discoloureth and diminisheth his most pure resplendence glittering over against: the fourth therefore a purple colour, because as the thick sprinkling dews through which it riseth glitter between, it casteth forth shining rays and showeth to our sight a colour coming near unto that of a flame: which colour, as it spreadeth more abroad, turneth into blue and green. Others are of opinion, That the form of a rainbow than appeareth to things here beneath in the world, when the beams of the sun infused deeply into a thick cloud carried up on high, have cast a clear light into it: the which not finding issue, winding round into itself, with much fretting and striking thereupon, shineth, and those colours verily which come nearest unto white, it taketh from the Sun that is aloft; but such as are greenish, from the resemblance of the cloud next over it; as usually it falleth out in the sea, where the waves be white that beat upon the shore and sea banks, but those farther within the sea, be without any mixture blue or azure. And because it is a sign of change of weather (as we have said) namely after a clear air gathering heaps of clouds, or chose, after thick air making a change to fair and pleasant weather, therefore we read often in Poets, that Iris, i. the Rainbow, is sent from heaven, when there is an alteration toward of the present state. There be many others, and those sundry opinions, which now it were a superfluous thing to reckon up, considering that my narration hasteneth to return whence it hath digressed. With these and such like objects the Emperor was tossed between hope and fear, whiles the Winter came on a pace, and grew to be hard, whiles he suspected also to be forelaid in those deserts and wild tracts; and withal, he feared likewise some mutiny of the soldiers that were discontented and angry. Over and besides all this, it vexed his perplexed mind, that having now the door set open (as it were) into a rich man's house, he was to return, without effecting his purpose, with empty hand. For which causes, giving over his vain enterprise, he returneth into Syria, minding to Winter in Antioch, after he had endured a laborious and most dangerous Summer, and the same a long time to be lamented. For, thus it fell out, as if some fatal constellation so ruled divers events, that evermore when Constantius himself in person warred with the Persians, some adverse and cross fortune attended upon him: whereupon he wished, if it might not otherwise be, to win by the conduct of his captains; a thing that we remember sometimes happened in deed. THE XXI. BOOK. CHAP. I. julian purposeth first to begin with Constantius, and to set upon him, conjecting his death by sundry presaging tokens, dreams, and such like devices: as touching which Ammianus Marcellinus setteth down his own judgement. WHiles Constantius was held occupied with this hard fortune of wars beyond the river Euphrates, julian making his abode at Vienna, bestowed both days and nights in laying plots against future accidents and afterclaps, bearing himself aloft (so far forth as his weak and poor estate would permit) but always standing in doubt, Whether he should by all means draw Constantius to reconciliation and concord, or, to strike a terror begin first to provoke him by war: which as he carefully revolved in his mind, he feared him both ways, as well a bloody minded friend, as an adversary in civil troubles oftentimes superior: but most of all the fresh example of his brother Gallus, held his restless mind in suspense, whom his own negligence, and the deceitful sleights of some, mixed with perjuries had betrayed. Howbeit, he took courage otherwhiles, and addressed his mind to many & those urgent affairs, supposing it most safe for his estate, to show himself a professed enemy unto him, whose passions he guessed by the times past, as he was a wise prince, but that through feigned friendships he was deceived by secret trains. When he heard therefore, and understood what Constantius had written by Leonas, he took small regard thereof, but admitting none of those that by his pleasure and appointment were promoted to offices (save only Nebridius) himself being now Augustus and Emperor, did set forth the ᵃ Quinquennall games and solemnities, and wo●e a rich and sumptuous diadem set with shining precious stones, whereas in the beginning of his reign he took a garland of small value to go about his head, like unto a Master of the ᵇ wrestling gallery, appareled in purple. In which time he sent unto Rome the funeral relics of Helena his wife deceased, to be interred in a manor or possession of his, upon the highway Nomentana, near unto the city, where the wife also of Gallus, Constantina, her sister, was sometimes buried. Now, it took him in the head, and incensed was his desires (seeing Gaul now quieted) to set first upon Constantius, guessing by many presages of Prophecies (wherein he was right skilful) as also by dreams that he would shortly depart this life. And for as much as malicious folk lay an imputation unto this learned prince, and studious of all kind of knowledge, That he attained to the foresight of future things by naughty and unlawful arts; briefly it is to be considered whence it comes, that this kind also of no mean learning may befall unto a wise man. The spirits of all the elements, for so much as they be eternal bodies, at all times, and in every place having the powerful motion of foreknowledge, out of those things which by sundry disciplines and sciences we desire to learn, participateth with us the gifts of foresight and divination: and the substantial powers, by divers rites and ceremonies pacified, minister unto mortal men, as it were out of lively and ever-running veins of fountains, prophetical words: over which the precedent is (as they say) that divine power, or Goddess Themis, whom so named, for that it is lawful and possible to foreknow against the future time, those fixed decrees set down by fatal law, which in the Greek tongue are called Tethemena, the ancient Theologers have shrined in the very bed and throne of jupiter, that life giving vigour. Auguries ᶜ also, and Auspicies are gotten, not according to the will and pleasure of fools, that know not things to come; (for there is no man so foolish as would say so) but God it is who directeth the flight of birds, so, that the sound of their bill, or flight of wing, by the trouble some or gentle passage thereof, may show before hand future events. For, the goodness of the heavenly power (either because men deserve so much, or for that the same is moved with some affection unto them) useth even by these arts also to discover unto us those occurrents that hang over our heads. Semblably, they that observe the soothsaying entrails and bowels of beasts, using to be turned into infinite forms, know such accidents as are to fall. The inventor of which learning one named Tages was seen (as men fable and talk) suddenly to have risen out of the earth, in the parts of Hetruria. The hearts of men do then also reveal events to come, when they boil in heat of spirit, but they utter and speak withal divine matters. For, the Sun (as Natural Philosophers say) the soul of the world, sending abroad out of himself, our minds as sparkles, when he hath set them aburning very hot, causeth them to be privy to that which is to come: Whence it is, that the Sibyls ᵈ so often say, They burn, while a mighty deal of flames scorcheth them. Besides all these, the creaking noise of voices, and occurrent signs meeting us, thunder moreover, flashes and lightnings, likewise the shooting of stars, signify many things. As for dreams, seldom are they to be believed; but infallible they would be, in case they who reason and debate of them miss not in their conjecture: And otherwhiles (as Aristotle affirmeth) settled they are and stable, when the sight of the eye as a living creature, sound sleeping, and bending neither way aside, seeth most directly before it. And for that foolish people prate otherwhile, and in their ignorance come out with these words, If there were some knowledge of foreseeing, why knows not one, that he should be slain in battle, or another, that he should suffer this or that? Sufficient it is to answer thus, That a Grammarian hath sometime spoken barbarously, a physician sung absurdly, and a Physician been ignorant of a remedy; and yet therefore it followeth not, that either Grammar, Music, or Physic have not their being. Whereupon Tully, among other excellent sentences, hath delivered this also: The gods (saith he) show tokens of things to come: In these, if one chance to err, it is not the nature of the gods, but the conjecture of men, that hath faulted. CHAP. 11. With these arts and an hypocritical profession of Christianity, julian confirmeth and strengtheneth himself. Mean while the Alemans' kill a certain warlike captain and the garrison soldiers of julian, and put others to flight. Lest therefore this discourse of ours running, as they say, without the bounds of the race, should breed a fullness and loathing in the reader, let us return to the particular unfolding of such things as were foreseen. When julian, as yet being Caesar, shaking his shield with sundry motions, exercised himself in the field at Paris, after that the small pins whereby the roundle thereof was close jointed were shaken out and fell down, the handle only remained, which he held still and clasped with a strong hand: And when all there present, were affrighted herewith, as an ominous sign portending some evil fortune, Let no man (quoth he) be afraid: I have that sure which I held. Item, when afterwards at Vienna he went sober to bed and took his rest, about midnight a certain image very bright and glorious appeared unto him, and uttered plainly unto him, lying as good almost as waking, these heroic verses, and repeated the same many times: upon the confidence whereof he supposed there was no calamity or adverse fortune behind to trouble him. And these were the verses: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 When jupiter shall reach the bound of noble aquary, And Saturn touch of Virgo bright the twenty fifth degree, Then shall the * or Emperor. king of Asia, Constantius, of this life, So sweet and pleasant, make an end, with heaviness and grief. He lived therefore in the mean time without any change or alteration as touching his present State, but with a peaceable and quiet mind disposing of all occurrents; and by little and little making himself strong, that unto the augmentation of his dignity the increase of his strength also might be answerable. And to the end he might without any impeachment allure all men to favour him, he made semblance that he adhered to the Christian Religion, from which a pretty while before closely he was * and thereupon named Apostata, revolted: and making some few privy to his secrets, he set his mind upon divination by inspection of beasts bowels, birds flight, and other such arts, as worshippers of the idols have always done. But to cloak these matters in the mean time, upon that solemn holiday which the Christians celebrate in the month of januarie, and commonly call the * Twelve day. epiphany ᵈ, he went into their church or congregation, and after he had solemnly done his worship and devotions to their * The true God. God, departed. Whiles these things thus pass, and that the Spring now approached, stricken with sudden and unexpected news, he fell into a fit of sadness and sorrow: for he understood, that the Alemans' beginning at the territory of Vadomarius (from whence after the league made there was no harm feared) wasted the tracts confining with Rhetia; and that whole companies of brigands ranging up and down all abroad at liberty, suffered nothing to pass by their hand unattempted. Which outrage lest being winked at and neglected, it might stir up occasions anew of war, that before lay dead, he sent one Libino a * Com●tem, or Count lieutenant, together with the Celts and Petulantes that wintered with him, to take order for the redress of this affair, as should be thought requisite: who being come with speed near unto the town * Seekingen. Rhenano. Sanctio, was discovered afar off by the Barbarians, who already purposing to fight, had hidden themselves along the valleys: and so having exhorted his soldiers, though in number inferior, yet exceeding desirous to give battle, unadvisedly he chargeth upon the Germans, and in the very beginning of the conflict was himself the first man that lost his life. Upon whose death, as the Barbarians became more bold and confident, and the Romans enkindled to revenge their captain, there was a tough battle resolutely fought, and our men, after some few slain and wounded, with the huge multitude of enemies pressing hard upon them, were broken and put to rout. With this Vadomarius and his brother Gundomadus likewise king, Constantius, as hath already been related, had established a peace. After which, when Gundomadus was dead, thinking that Vadomarius would be faithful unto him, and a silent executor of his secret designs, he gave him in charge as his herald (if we may believe the report of Fame only) and wrote unto him, That (as if the covenant of concord were broken between them) he should otherwhile trouble the marches near unto him, to the end that julianus standing in dread thereof, might never depart from the defence and protection of Gaul. Which instructions Vadomarius following (as we may well think) committed those and such like outrages aforesaid; being a man from the very prime of his youth wondrous skilful in beguiling and deceiving the world, as afterward also he showed, whiles he was marquess or Warden of the marches in Phaenice: but being taken with the manoir and convict, he forbore and abstained. For when his * or Secretary. Notary, whom he had sent unto Constantius, was caught up by the stationary soldiers in sentinel, and searched, if happily he carried any thing about him, there was found a letter of his, wherein, beside many others matters, he had written also this: Your Caesar hath no [martial] discipline or knowledge at all. Howbeit, in his missives continually he styled julian Lord, * Emperor. Augustus, and God. CHAP. III. julianus having taken Vadomarius prisoner, who was the principal author of this overthrow, and one much addicted to Constantius, confined him and sent him away into Spain: and when he had passed over Rhine, he terrified the Alemans', and at their humble suit for pardon granted them peace. IVlian considering that these things (as they were dangerous indeed and doubtful) would break forth in the end to some mischievous extremity, bending his whole cogitation and mind upon this one point, made haste to surprise * 〈…〉. him at unawares, that he might establish in safety the security both of himself and of the provinces; and such a plot as this he devised. Philagrius a * or Secretary. Notary, afterwards Lieutenant general of the East, he sent into those parts, a man in whose wisdom (whereof in times past he had good proof) he reposed great affiance: and unto him, among other instructions, according to which he was to deal, as the occasion of present occurrents should require, he delivered also a little paper written and sealed, charging him not to open or read it, unless he saw Vadomarius on this side Rhine. Philagrius, as he was commanded, went forth on his journey: and whiles he was present there, and busied about divers affairs, Vadomarius, who had passed over the river, fearing nought (as in time of sound and settled peace) and seeming to know nothing that had been done amiss, when he saw the Provost or captain of the soldiers that lay there, after he had spoken some few words of complement unto him (as the manner is) invited himself (because he would leave no suspicion behind him at his departure) and promised to come unto a feast of his, unto which Philagrius also was bidden. Who being entered into the place, no sooner espied the king, but remembered the * julianus. emperors words: and pretending by way of excuse some earnest and urgent business that he had, went back unto his inn: where, after he had read the writing, and thereby taken knowledge what was to be done, immediately returned, and sat him down among the rest of the guests. After the feast was ended, he laid strong hand upon Vadomarius, and thus attached, committed him to the said captain of the soldiers, for to be straightly kept about the ᵉ standards and ensigns, after he had first read unto him his commission and warrant, yea, and compelled those of his train and company (as touching whom he had no commandment) to return home. Howbeit, the king himself being brought to the prince's camp, and now shut out of all hope to obtain pardon, as knowing that his * Secretary. Notary was intercepted, and what he wrote unto Constantius, already published and known abroad, yet having not so much as any reviling speech or foul word given him, was sent into Spain. For this order was very carefully taken, That when julian should depart out of Gaul, this Vadomarius, a most fell and cruel man, might not licentiously trouble the State of the provinces there, which hardly and with much ado was brought into frame. julian lifted up with this good hap, that the king was apprehended sooner than he looked for, whom he stood in dread of when he should take his journey into far countries, no whit slacked the care of his affairs, but determined to set upon the Barbarians, who, as I have showed, slew Libino the * or captain. lieutenant in a skirmish, together with some few of his soldiers. And because the rumour of his coming should not cause them to remove into the parts more remote, after he had passed over Rhine in the dead time of the night with the most expedite and lightest appointed companies of his auxiliary forces, he compassed them about, mistrusting no such matter. And when with the rustling and clattering noise of armour and weapons they awoke and started up, whiles they look about for their swords and darts, he hastily flew upon them, and some he slew; others craving mercy, and offering booties, he took prisoners upon their submission: to the rest that remained, upon their entreaty, and promising withal to continue in steadfast and assured quietness, he granted peace. CHAP. four The hortatory Oration of julianus unto his soldiers, when he meant to give battle unto Constantius in open field. A solemn oath taken of them all, except Nebridius, whom julian delivereth from the fury of the soldiers, and saveth his life. WHich exploits being performed with stout and resolute courage, he guessing what a world of civil and domestical troubles he had raised, and foreseeing by quickness of wit and understanding, that nothing was so well befitting sudden enterprises as expedition, he thought himself should be in safer estate, if he professed openly his revolt and breach of allegiance: but standing doubtful of his soldiers loyalty, he first pacified by a secret kind of religious ceremony * the goddess of War. Bellona ᶠ: and then, after he had summoned his army together unto an assembly, standing upon a bank raised of stone, and now as it seemed very confident, he discoursed thus with a louder voice than he was wont to do. Long since in secret deliberation with myself, I suppose, that you my noble and worthy fellow soldiers, stirred up with so brave and valiant exploits, expect this counsel at my hands, namely, how those events which are feared might be thoroughly thought upon and well taken heed of before hand: for it becometh soldiers grown up in glorious acts, to use their ears more than their tongues, and deem no other commander to be of approved equity than him, who may be both praised and liked worthily. To dispatch therefore what I have purposed, letting all circumstance go by, mark I pray you favourably what I shall in few words deliver. Being by the will of God in heaven intermingled in company with you in the very beginning of my youth, the continual inroads and invasions as well of Alemans' as of Frankes, I repressed, and jointly with vigorous courage, I made Rhine passable to the Roman forces as often as they would; standing unmovable against the noise of rumours and the violent excursions of puissant nations, trusting I assure you and grounding myself upon your virtue and valour. And these painful labours which we have taken and sustained, Gaul an eye-witness thereof (which after the loss of many a man's life after long and grievous calamities hath been relieved) shall commend unto posterity from age to age for ever. But now, seeing that by the compulsion of your grave and honourable judgement, as also of urgent necessity, I am through the grace of God and your favour lifted up to the imperial dignity, if Fortune further my enterprises, I will aspire higher and reach at greater matters, protesting and declaring thus much openly, That unto the army, the equity and noble prowess whereof hath been so renowned, I have been seen both at home temperate and mild, and in many wars also against the banded and combined forces of the [barbarous] nations, considerate and wary. That we may therefore jointly with one accord and mind prevent adverse events, follow this way and policy that is right good (as I take it) seeing the welfare of the State is correspondent to our intention and desire: and whiles the countries of Illyricum are without greater garrisons, let us march on apace without stay, and take the time to seize into our hands the utmost bounds of Dacia, and from thence by the means of good success be furnished with instructions what ought further to be done: and as the manner is of hardy and redoubted leaders and captains, promise, I beseech you, by the bond of an oath, continuance of concord, and fidelity unto me your Commander, who will endeavour diligently, and after my accustomed manner, that for my part nothing be done inconsiderately or faintly, yea, and produce the testimony (if any man shall require it) of a sincere and uncorrupt conscience, that I will enterprise or attempt nothing willingly, but what is expedient and profitable to us all in common. This verily I earnestly desire and request, Take heed that in the fit of heat and boiling anger none of you break forth to the hurt and hindrance of any private person: but let him consider thus much, that as the infinite overthrows and losses of our enemies, so the indemnity and safety of the Provinces, testified notably by examples given of virtues, have made us so famous. This Oration of the emperors being no less approved, than if it had been an Oracle, the whole assembly was seen to stir and move exceeding much: and desirous of novelty and change, with one consent made a terrible noise, with loud voices and wonderful clattering of their shields, calling him, Great and high Commander, and (as they had seen by experience) the Fortunate Conqueror of barbarous Nations and Kings both. And being all commanded throughout to swear allegiance unto him, with setting swords close to their own necks, they took a solemn oath in set form of words, and that under pain of horrible curses, That they would in his quarrel, even to the spending of their lives (if need so required) undergo all chances and perils whatsoever: which done, all the great officers and rulers following, yea, and those that were next in place unto the prince, obliged their fealty with the like oath. Nebridius the Praefect was the only man of all that company, who although in his inward purpose he was sure enough and steadfast, yet boldly refused to swear, saying, That he might not be bound by oath against Constantius, unto whom for his many benefits at sundry times he had already been obliged. Which when the soldiers that stood near unto him heard, they were in a great chafe and furious heat of anger, and made at him to have killed him outright, but that the Emperor with his rich coat of arms protected him, as he fell down at his knees. And being returned into his royal palace, when he espied him gone before, and lying prostrate in suppliant wise, beseeching him, That for to ease him of fear he would vouchsafe to reach forth his right hand unto him: And what (saith he) shall I keep especially for my friends, in case thou touch my hand? But go thy ways from hence whither thou wilt, in safety and security: Which when he heard, he retired himself apart, without any harm done unto him, to his own house in * Tuskane. Thuscia. julian having provided thus aforehand, as the weighty importance of the business required, knowing also by experience, how powerful and effectual in troublous affairs is prevention and getting ground before, after he had by a signal and watchword given warning of his journey into * Hungario. Pannonia, he advanced forward his tents, and marched on with his ensigns displayed, and rashly committed himself to doubtful fortune. CHAP. V. What acts Constantius performed, both domestical and military, whiles he wintered in Antioch. NOw, meet it is that I unfold the times past, and recount summarily what acts Constantius wintering in Antiochia achieved both at home and in the wars abroad, whiles these affairs aforesaid passed in Gaul. Among many other right honourable personages that came out of strange countries to do their reverence unto the Emperor, there were also * Captains. Tribunes of the better sort, men of mark appointed thereunto. When as therefore Constantius being returned out of Mesopotamia was received with this kind of duty, one Amphtlochius a Paphlagonian, who had been Tribune, and not long before, whiles he served under Constans, was deeply suspected upon presumptions that carried a likelihood of truth, to have sowed matter of quarrel and discord among his elder * Constantinus and Constantius. brethren, presuming very saucily to stand in place, to the end that himself also might be admitted to the like obsequious service, was known and debarred: And when there were many that muttered hereat, yea and cried out, That he was not worthy to live any longer, as being an obstinate and stiffnecked traitor, Constantius, who in these matters was more mild than otherwise he used to be, Surcease (quoth he) to trouble the man, who, as I think is guilty, but not yet openly convicted; and remember ye, that if he have committed any such matter from under mine eye, he shall receive punishment by the doom of his own conscience, from which he cannot be hidden: and so he departed. The day following the same Amphilochius, at the solemn games Circenses stood beholding the sight, as he was wont, just over against the Emperor, and upon the setting up of a sudden shout, at the sending forth of an expected game or mastery that was to be performed, when the * or railer. crosse-barres on which he with many others leaned, broke in pieces, so that they all and he together fell down to the ground, some few of them were slightly hurt, but he alone was found with rupture within of his * or ri● of the b●lly 〈…〉. midriff to have yielded the ghost: whereupon Constantius, skilful also in the foreknowledge * Haply he divined hereby. That ●uli●n his concurrent should likewise perish who did set himself against him, as the said Tribu●e had done be●●re time, in siding with 〈◊〉, and who now stood opposite unto him. of things to come, rejoiced much. At the same time he espoused and took to wife Faustina, having a good while before buried Eusebia (who had to her brethren Eusebius and Hypatius, men of Consul's degree) a lady for bodily beauty and commendable behaviour excelling a number, and yet in so high an estate right courteous; through whose most just favour, as I have showed before, julian was delivered out of dangers, and declared Caesar. At the same time also there was good regard had of Florentius, who for fear of an alteration in the State departed out of Gaul: and by occasion that Anatolius Praefectus Praetorio in Illyricum was late deceased, he was sent to take his place, and together with Taurus, likewise Praefectus Praetorio in Italy, he received the ensigns ᵍ of the highest and most honourable * The Confulship. office. Nevertheless, preparation was made of means for war, as well foreign as civil: the number also of horsemen's troops was augmented, and with like carefulness there were enroled supplements for the * ●. Footmen. legions, by appointing a levy of new & young soldiers throughout the Provinces. Moreover, all degrees and professions were sore burdened with finding apparel, armour, weapons, and Engines to discharge shot, as also gold and silver, yea and plenty of victual of sundry sorts, and divers kinds of beasts for carriage. And because the king of Persia for all the hard Winter was with much ado driven back, and therefore more puissant forces of his were feared, so soon as the mild weather and temperate season of the year came about, ambassadors were sent with rich presents unto the kings and potentates beyond Tigris, with instructions to admonish and exhort them all, to be of our mind, and to hold with us, as also to attempt no fraudulent nor deceitful practice: But above all, Arsares and Meribanes, the kings of * Turcomania, and Anaduole, accorto Girau●, or P●gian, after Castaldus. Armenia and * Georgiana. Hiberia, were bought and wrought to our side, with costly and gorgeous suits of robes, with many gifts also of sundry sorts; who were like to endamage the Roman affairs, if in the dangerous and doubtful times they had revolted unto the Persians. Amid so many troubles and urgent negotiations, died Hermogenes, and promoted to the Praefectship was Helpidius, borne a Paphlagonia, a man that carried no presence with him, and for infirmity in his speech, of no reckoning; but very simple and plain, of nature gentle, and nothing bloodily minded: insomuch as when Constantius commanded him to put a certain innocent person to torture in his presence, he was very well content to be deprived of his place, and besought, That these matters might be committed to others better than himself, for to be accomplished according to the prince's mind. CHAP. VI In what sort Constantius provided for his instant affairs. The politic speed that julian made in setting his designs forward. COnstantius therefore in this difficulty of urgent businesses standing doubtful, was to seek what course to take, as one along time much troubled in his mind, whether he should go against julian into countries far of, or repel the Parthians upon the point now, as they threatened, to pass over Euphrates: and sticking thus in equal balance, in the end, after he had consulted oftentimes with his captains, he inclined wholly this way, namely (when he had finished, or at least wise appeased the nearer war, and left behind him at his back no enemies, whom he might fear, now that * Sc●avonia. Illyria and Italy, as he thought, were daunted and quelled) to take julian as a hunter's prey in the very beginning of his enterprises: for, to allay the fear of his own soldiers, these were the very words that otherwhiles he gave forth. But because he would not be thought to wax cool, or to have omitted the other side where war was on foot, as minding to disperse and spread a terror of his coming in all places, and fearing withal, lest Africa, a country fit and commodious for the Emperor in all occasions that might befall, should in his absence be invaded, as if he had been departed out of the marches of the East, he sent thither by sea Gaudentius a * Chancellor ●● Secretary. Notary, him I mean, who as I briefly touched before, lay as a spy a good while, to observe the proceedings of julian in Gaul. For he hoped that he with his obsequious and quick service, would be able to effect all, and that in two regards: First, because he feared the adverse * of julian. part, which he had offended: and then, because he made haste by the means of this so good an opportunity, to commend his doings unto Constantius, who, he made no doubt would get the victory: For no man then there was of the contrary opinion, but fully of the same mind. This Gaude●tius being thither come, and carrying in mind the charge which the Prince had given him, after he had by letters instructed Cretio a * or Captains lieutenant, what was to be done, as also the rest of the commanders, and made choice of the stoutest soldiers from all places, yea and brought over out of both the * Barbari●, Mauritaniaes nimble and light appointed skirmishers, kept most straightly the sea coasts that lay opposite unto * Guitune, Martiano. Gascoigne. Remigio Florentino. Acquitanie and Gaul. Neither failed Constantius of his purpose by this policy: For, so long as he lived none of the adverse part set foot in those lands, although there was a number of armed men that observed the coast of Sicily, reaching from * Capo Bo●i. Capo Coco. Lilybaeum to * Cabo Passato. Pachynus, ready soon to sail over, if the passage had been clear and open. Constantius having disposed of these and other small and lighter matters, as he thought (considering how things stood) expedient for him, was advertised by messengers and letters from his captains, that the forces of the Persians being all assembled together under the conduct of their proud * Sapor. king leading the way before, were now * Tendere, Encamping themselves. marching near unto the edge of Tigris, and doubtful it was whither they went to break out and make invasion: At which news being much moved, to the end that making his abode nearer, he might prevent their attempts, he departed with all speed out of his wintering harbour, and sending from all parts for his horsemen and strength of infantry wherein he trusted, he passed over Euphrates by Capessana, upon a bridge of ships, and went to * Rhoa. Nigro. Edessa, a city stored with victuals, and strongly fenced, waiting there a while, until either his own discoverers, or else some fugitives brought him word that the enemies encamped forward. Mean while julian departing from the Rauraci, after he had dispatched his business, which ere while we showed, sent back into Gaul salustius promoted to be Praefect, and commanded Germanianus to hold the room of Nebridius. Semblably the * All one with the charge of the horsemen, as appeareth a little beneath. Mastership of the armour he committed unto Nevita, fearing Gumoarius an old traitor, of whom he had heard say, that whiles he had the leading of the Scutarij, he secretly betrayed Veteranio his Prince and Sovereign. Also to jovius he gave the * Treasurership of the household. Questorship, of whom I have made mention in the acts of Magnentius, and unto Mamertinus the charge of the * of the State, or Empire. Treasure and revenues. Dagalaiphus he ordained * Steward or Seneschal of the household. Captain of his ʰ domestical train, and others, according to his own will and pleasure (whose good deserts and faithful service he well knew) over the soldiers. Being therefore to make his journey through the Martian woods, and the ways joining upon the banks of the river Ister, being, as among sudden occurrents, exceeding uncertain what to do, he feared especially this one thing, least having so few in his train to accompany him, he should grow despised, and offend * Offenderes. the multitude ready to repugn and repine against him. To prevent this inconvenience, he with good forecast took this wise course: For, dividing his army into divers regiments, he sent some under the leading of jovinus and jovius, to march with speed along the known ways of Italy; and others he committed to the conduct of Nevita * Whom he termed before. Magistrum armorum. General of the horse: to the end, that being thus spread sundry ways, they might be thought an infinite number, and so fill all places with the fear and terror of them. For even thus did Alexander the great, and after him many other skilful leaders, when the case so required. Howbeit, he gave charge unto them that thus were gone forth in their march, to stand well upon their guard, as if the enemy forthwith were ready to encounter them, and to keep watch and ward by night in their stations and sentinels, lest they might by some outrode at unawares be set upon. Which businesses being thus, as it was thought, well digested, following that manner whereby he had oftentimes broken through the Barbarians tracts, and presuming confidently upon a continued train of successes, he went on still farther and farther. And when he was come to the place whence he understood the river was navigable, he embarked in fisher boats, whereof, as hap was, he found good store, and along the channel of the river he passed as closely as possibly he could: keeping himself therefore secret, for that finding no miss of fine viands, but contenting himself with slender and coarse diet, he passed beside the good towns without forth, securely: laying for his rule to follow, that notable saying of old Cyrus, who turning in by the way to an hostelry, and being asked of his host, What good cheer he should provide for him, answered, Bread only, for I hope, quoth he, to sup near unto some river. CHAP. VII. The fame of julians' coming chaseth away certain captains of the adverse part. Lucillianus thinking to make head against him, is suddenly taken prisoner, and in few words rebuked and chastised. The straits and passes of Illyricum and Thracia, with great celerity intercepted by julianus, are fortified. But fame, which with a thousand tongues, as folk say, multiplies the report of things exceedingly, was with much talk spread through all the * Sclavonians. Illyrians, That julian having overthrown a number of kings in Gaul, vanquished an army of many nations, and bearing himself proud of his sundry successes, was coming near at hand: at which rumour Taurus, Praefect of the Praetorium, being stricken with fear, departed quickly, avoiding him no less than a foreign enemy, and riding away speedily with change of post-horses allowed by the State, after he had passed over the julian Alpes, in the same trice had Florentius the Praefect likewise away with him. Howbeit Lucillianus a Comes, who at that time in those countries had the charge and command of the forces moved with some sleight intelligences, as touching the stir and trouble that julian made, having his abode at Sirmium, and gathering soldiers together, as many as the speedy execution of the business in hand would permit to be sent for out of their proper stations, intended to make head against him when he should come: but he, like a firebrand or casting dart set on fire, hastening swiftly, as if he flew to the final end of his appointed journey, was no sooner come to * Bonmonster, Simlero. Bononia, which standeth 19 miles from Sirmium, but in the old of the Moon, & therefore shining not the greater part of the night, he leapt all on a sudden out of his ship, took land, and presently sent Dagalaiphus with a company of light appointed men to call Lucillianus unto him, or to take him away perforce if he made resistance: who being even then at his rest, and raised up with a troublesome noise, when he saw himself environed round about with a company of men whom he knew not, conceived presently what the matter was, and at the hearing of the emperors name, amazed with fear, obeyed his commandment, though full against his will: And thus he who a little while before was commander of the horsemen, and bore himself proud and stout enough, yielded to the will and pleasure of another, and being set upon an horse, such as came next to hand, was presented unto the Prince as a base captive, unneath able to call his wits again together, so much oppressed they were with the terror hereof. But when at the very first sight of him he perceived, that he had leave and favour granted him to adore the purple rob, he taking heart again at the last, and now secure of himself, My Lord Emperor (quoth he) you have done unwisely and rashly, thus to venture your person with so few, upon these foreign parts. To whom again julian with a grim and bitter kind of smile, Reserve (quoth he) these wise words of thine for Constantius; For, this ensign of Imperial majesty reached out to thee, not as to a counsellor, but because thou shouldest cease to fear. After this, when Lucillianus was voided away, julianus supposing now he was to make no delays, nor to slack his business in hand (as he had been always a Prince in doubtful and dangerous affairs, bold and confident) marching toward the city which he presumed was no less than surrendered, went a quick pace: and as he drew near unto the suburbs, which were very large, and reaching out a great way in length, the whole company of soldiers, and the multitude of people of all sorts, coming forth with many burning lights, gay flowers, and lucky vows, calling him Augustus, and Lord, brought him into the royal palace, where, taking much contentment at this good speed, and grounding the hope of future events with a lucky presage, That according to the example of this mother city so populous and so well frequented, he should in other cities also be received as a gracious & healthful star; after he had proclaimed the morrow after a solemn game of running with chariots for the prize, to the great joy of the people, when the third morning waxed once light, as impatient of delays, he road with speed along by the common highways, and meeting with no man that durst make resistance, he took in * Turk●●est. Succi, and kept them with garrisons and for the defence thereof he ordained as ruler Nevita, a man of approved trust and fidelity: the site of which place it will be meet now to show. The tops standing thick together of the high mountains * 〈…〉, or Monte Argenta●o, Itali●. Haemus and * Valiza, Rithay●ero. Rhodope, whereof the one ariseth from the very banks of the river Ister, and the other from the hither part of the river * Bardare, Tzet●ae. Axius, ending at length in straits with risings of small hills, cut through the mids of the Illyrians and Thracians; of one side bordering hard upon the midland * ●benburgen, Germanis. Dacae and Serdica, on the other looking down to Thracię and * ●hilippopoli. Vel ●t errano. Philibe, Turcis. Philippopolis, great & noble cities: and, as if nature foreknew, that the nations seated round about, should be reduced under the Romans dominion, so framed and fashioned of purpose; in times past gaping more obscurely between the hills thrust close and near together, but afterwards when the Roman State rose up to greatness and glory, laid wide open for passage also of carts: And sundry times when the avennes thereof were shut up and stopped, they have checked the attempts of great captains and puissant nations. As for that part which faceth Illyricum, being of a meaner height, is now and then taken as it were at unwares and passed over: but that part over against it, opposite unto Thraciae, broken and bearing forward down right, both of the one side and the other, encumbered with rough and craggy ways, is hardly climbed, although no man be there to impeach. Under these high banks and cliffs, there lieth on both sides a spacious ground of plain fields; the upper plot reacheth unto the Alpes juliae, the nethermore is so flat and open, as that it is inhabited without any let, all the way as far as the * I take it to be the F●th Bosporus Thracius, or Helle●pontus. narrow sea and * Mardi Marmota. Propontis. CHAP. VIII. An embassage of julianus sent unto the Senate of Rome, with an invective against Constantius; two of whose legions under the conduct of Nigrinus having taken in Aquileia, drive julianus into new thoughts and counsels. THese things thus set in order, as in such & so urgent a business might be, this * or Emperor jolianus. Sovereign commander, leaving the General of the horsemen there, returneth to Naessum, a wealthy town, to the end that he might from thence dispose readily and with speed of all particulars that should make for his commodity and profit: Where he commanded Victor the historiographer, whom he saw at Sirmium, to come from thence unto him, ordained him Lord Deputy to govern Pannonia secunda, honoured him with a brazen statue, a man for his sober carriage right commendable, and long after made him Pręfect of [Rome]- city. And now by this time, bearing himself more aloft, and thinking verily that Constantius could never possibly be wrought unto an agreement, he sent unto the Senate a sharp and invective oration laying open certain reproachful villainies and vices against him: Which when they were read in the Senate house by Tertullius, who as yet governed the city of Rome as Praefect, right notable was the courtesy and thankful goodness of the nobility unto him, joined with an honourable testimony of their affiance in him: for with one accord of sentence and judgement, they cried out all aloud, Autorituo reverentiam rogamus, i. We wish and award reverence and honour to thy Author. Then also it was, that he harrowed the memorial of * the Great. Constantine, as one that had been a deviser of innovation and troublous confusion in the auntientlawes and customs received of old: laying openly to his charge, That he was the first of all others who advanced Barbarians unto the honour and dignity of Consuls, unsavorly I assure you, and with small discretion: who when he ought to avoid that which he right bitterly blamed in another, shortly after preferred to a Consulship Mamertinus, a man neither for honest life, for brave part, for sightly presence, nor glorious reputation in the world, comparable to any of these, upon whom Constantine had conferred that most honourable magistracy; but chose, one full of imperfections, rude, and uncivil withal, and (that which was intolerable) in high place of authority cruel. As he was thinking of these and such like matters, and careful about most weighty and serious businesses, fearful and unexpected news were brought unto him, showing the wicked attempts of some, like to hinder the forward courses of his designs, unless with watchful providence he repressed them also, before they grew farther. The two legions ⁱ Constantiacae with the addition of one cohort of archers, which he found at Sirmium, he sent (as whose allegiance he yet disinherited) into Gaul, under a colour of some urgent and necessary occasions. These making but slow haste forward, and fearing as well the long and tedious journey, as the Germans, cruel and continual enemics, plotted to make some rebellion, through the counsel and inciting of Nigrinus, borne in Mesopotamia, and * Captain. Tribune of a troop of horsemen. Having contrived this matter by secret conferences, and strengthened it the more by deeper silence, when they were come into Aquileia, a town strongly seated, and compassed about with mighty munitions, bulwarks, and walls, in hostile manner all on a sudden they took it in; and the natural inborn townsmen and common people, who favoured and friended still the name of Constantius, put to their helping hands to set forward this horrible and fearful tumult. And having shut up all ways of entrance, and manned the towers and bulwarks thereof with armed soldiers, they made preparation against the time to come for fight, living in the mean time at ease and liberty: and by this so audacious an act, they stirred up the Italian inhabitants, to side with Constantius, as if he had been yet living. When julian was advertised hereof, abiding then at Naessum without fear of any troubles behind his back, and knew besides by reading and hearsay, That this city, how ever it had been divers times besieged, yet never was either razed or rendered up; the more earnest he was, and made haste to gain it to his own side, what by cunning practices, and what with sundry sorts of flatteries, before some greater mischief might arise. And therefore he commanded jovinus, a captain of the horsemen, who coming by the Alpes was entered into * Beyern, or Bavaria. Noricum, to return with speed for the quenching of that fire one way or other, which was now on a flame. And that nothing might be wanting, he gave commandment, All soldiers who followed either * Comitatum aut Signa. court or captain, to be stayed as they passed by the same town, for to be ready to their power to give aid. CHAP. IX. The siege and assault of Aquileia, whiles julian wintered in Constantinople, upon hearing of Constantius his death, are described. THese things thus set in order, himself not long after taking knowledge of Constantius his death, passed with speed through Thracia, and entered Constantinople: and being oftentimes advertised, that the said siege would rather hold long, than be dreadful and dangerous, having appointed for this service Immo with his company and other captains, he removed jovinus from thence, to be employed in other affairs of more importance and necessity. When as therefore Aquileia was compassed about with a double pavoisado of shields, thought convenient it was by consent of all the captains to draw the defendants, what with threatening words and what with fair speeches, to yield: and after much debating to and fro, seeing their obstinacy grew still more and more, they depart from the parley without effecting their purpose. And because there was now nothing looked for but fight, after they had on both sides refreshed their bodies with food and sleep, early in the morning with sound of trumpets incensed they were to do mischief one unto another; and so with more haste than good advisement, they set up cries amain, and prepared to encounter. The assailants therefore carrying before them roofefences and hurdles very thick wrought, marched softly and with good heed; and so with a number of iron tools assayed to dig under the walls, and many of them brought scaling ladders, framed to the just measure and heights of the said walls. And when they were now almost at the very wall, some with stones that came tumbling down upon them, were bruised and sore squized together, others shot with darts that flew singing about their ears gave back, and drew away with them all the rest; who for fear of the like welcome, were wholly averted from their purpose of fight. The besieged now emboldened with this first encounter, assumed confident hope of better and better still, and made small account of any thing behind, but with settled and resolute hearts, along the river where it yielded convenient place, with uncessant labour they performed watch and ward, and all other means for their better security. On the other side, the assailants without, although they were sore troubled with the fear of dangers, yet for very shame, lest they might be thought dull of spirit and slothful, seeing that the assaulting by open force sped no better, betook themselves to artificial fabrics and engines meet for a siege. And because the place was no where found meet either to set Rams to it, or plant engines against it, or to undermine it, by reason that the river * Natisone. Lea●d. Natiso runneth along the city side near unto it, there was a device found out comparable to those in old time. They built with quick speed certain towers of timber higher than the enemies bulwarks, and placed the same upon * Trige●tinis. three ships strongly fastened one to another, on which stood armed men, that putting their whole strength together, jointly laboured all at once with equal courage near at hand to drive away the defendants from their standings: and under them were light appointed skirmishers, that came forth of certain holes in the said towers, put forth and laid over little ᵏ bridges, which of purpose they had framed and joined before, and made haste in a trice to pass over upon them: to this end, that whiles they which were placed aloft on both sides, assail one another with casting-weapons and stones, these that went over on the said bridges, without any one to disturb them, having pulled up part of the stone-worke in the wall, might make a breach and entrance into the town within. But this second enterprise as wisely as it was begun, sped amiss in the end. For when these towers drew near, assailed they were with shot of fiery darts all besmeared over with pitch, with reed also, with sticks, twigs, and sundry sorts of fuel, ready to catch a light fire. Which towers being quickly set a burning, when they bending forward, and reeling with the weight of those that stood waving upon them, fell down into the river, some of the armed men, sticked with engine-shot a far off, were killed from their very tops. During which conflict, the footmen beneath, after their ship-mates that served on the water aloft were fallen, with huge stones were crushed, all but some few, who by swift footmanship, through cumbersome places of refuge, escaped. At length, after the conflict had continued until it was toward evening, at the sound of the retreat, as the manner is, they departed on both sides asunder, and passed that little remnant of the day diversely affected. For as the assailants upon sorrow and lamentation for the death of their fellows; so the defendants in hope of winning the upper hand, were mightily incensed, and yet these also themselves took the loss of some few of their own side right heavily. Nevertheless, no time was lost, and after allowance of so much, for one whole night, as was sufficient to recover their strength with rest and food, betimes the next morning the fight began afresh at the sound of trumpet. And some of them bearing up their shields over head, to fight more nimbly; others carrying ladders, as before, upon their shoulders, and running forward with fervent violence, exposed their breasts to the stroke of many a dart. There were also, who setting in hand to break the iron port-cluses, were soon fired away, or killed with mighty stones from the walls. And some that went about very boldly to pass over the ditches, by the sudden assaults of them that issued forth secretly at the postern gates, as they rushed on unadvisedly, were sore hurt and set back. For the safe recourse they had to the wall and vaumure strengthened with turf, defended these wait-layers from all danger. And albeit the defendants, in skill of martial feats surpassed, who now had no other help left but their walls: yet our soldiers picked forth of the best companies, not able to endure long delays, went round about all the places near unto the city, seeking by what forcible means or engines they might make way and break into it. But when they could not effect so much, so great difficulties were in their way, they began more slackly to lay siege unto the city; and the stationarie or garrison soldiers leaving their guards and sentinels, by wasting the fields near adjoining, got plenty of all things meet and necessary, and imparted a great deal of the booties which they had gotten, unto their fellow soldiers: whereby swilling in a deal of drink, and cramming themselves with full fare and high diet, they became heavy spirited and unlustie. CHAP. X. After news brought of Constantlus his death, the men of Aquileia besieged, set open the gates unto Agilo, sent from julianus. Nigrinus is burnt quick: other two are executed with the sword. julianus taketh charge of the affairs in Illyricum and Italy. IVlian having intelligence hereof, by the common report and relation of his consorts, whiles he wintered yet in Constantinople, politicly took order to set in frame these troubles. Soon after therefore he sendeth Agilo, colonel of the Footmen at that time, a man of good note, and well known, to this end, that upon the sight of that right honourable parsonage, and knowledge taken by him of Constantius his death, the siege should break up. Mean while, that the siege of Aquileia might not be given over, thought good it was, since all their pains and labours undertaken otherwise came to nothing, that these who so fiercely stood out, should be forced for very thirst to yield: and whereas, notwithstanding the conduit pipes were cut between them and the springs heads, they valiantly made resistance nevertheless, nay with more courage and confidence than before; with much labour the course of the river was turned away: which device likewise took no effect. For when the means of drinking liberally and with greediness were cut off, those that by their own wilful rashness were enclosed within, lived sparily, and contented themselves with water out of pits and wells. While these things thus pass, and fell out as hath been said, Agilo, according as he had commandment, came upon them: who being covered over head with a thick fence of shields, approached confidently: and when he had delivered many speeches, and those truly, whereby he acquainted them with Constantius his death, and how the Empire was settled upon julian, reputed he was as a liar, and escaped not without reviling terms: Neither gave any man ear unto his relation of what was done, before that upon grant of safeconduct he was admitted alone unto a certain bastile or fortification, where, upon a more religious protestation of his true report, he recounted the same again that before he had delivered. Which when they heard, after long sorrow the gates were set open, and they all came forth by heaps, and with joy received this peaceable captain: who in excusing and cleared themselves, presented Nigrinus as the author of all this outrage, with some few others, requiring that with the execution of them, the crime of majesty, and the calamities of the city might be expiated. To conclude, within a few days after, when this business was more nearly sifted and examined, before Mamertinus the Praefectus Praetorio, then sitting in place of justice, Nigrinus, as the hottest persuader of this war, was burnt quick. But after him, Romulus and Sabostius, principal * 〈…〉 bourgeffes of the town, convicted to have sown discord and stirred up sedition, without regard of what peril might ensue, had for their deserts punishment by loss of their heads. All the rest, whom necessity and not their own will forced to these furious broils, went away without harm. For so this mild and merciful Emperor, weighing well the case with equity and reason, took order. And these verily were the proceedings that passed afterward. But julian resiant still at Naessum, was encumbered with deeper cares, fearing many things on both sides. For he stood in dread, lest, if the soldiers shut within Aquileia, by some sudden impression should stop the straits of the julian Alpes, he might lose the provinces and the succours which he daily expected from thence. Semblably, he feared much the affair of the East, hearing that the soldiers dispersed over Thracia, against sudden violence quickly assembled, drew toward the confines of Succi, under the leading of * captain. Comes Martianus: But yet for all that, himself also in regard of these instant businesses, working effectually with such careful provision as was meet, gathered together the Illyrian forces, bred up and enured in martial exploits, and ready in all conflicts to join with any warlike commander: not despising in this so troublous and busy a time, the good and profit of private persons, but giving audience to causes and matters in controversy, and especially to the * or Potestates. States of free towns, to the favouring of whom being overmuch inclined, he unjustly invested many of them in great offices of State. There finding Symmachus and Maximus, two Senators of good mark for their noble birth, sent as ambassadors unto Constantius; when they were returned from him, he visited them in honourable manner, and rejecting a more worthy parsonage, in the room of Tertullus he made Maximus Praefect of Rome, and all to gratify Rufinus Vulcatius, whose sisters son he knew him to be: in whose government the markets were plentifully served with victuals, and the complaints of the commons, which oftentimes were wont to arise, ceased. Then also, to settle the fearful State in security, and to embolden those that were obedient, he declared Mamertinus, the Praefect Praetorio in Illyricum, conful together with Nevita: he (I say) did this, who but of late had beyond all measure taxed Constantine as the first man that began to countenance and honour base Barbarians. CHAP. XI. When there was a very dangerous war toward, from the Persians, Constantius in much sorrow and perplexity, in fearful haste frameth his soldiers to their allegiance. Mean while the Persians, repelled by the direction of the destinies, return home. WHiles by these and such like means he plotted new designs, and that upon ticklish terms between hope and fear, Constantius at Edessa perplexed in his mind by occasion of sundry reports delivered by his intelligencers, was drawn into a survey of divers courses, as doubtful which of them to take: one while preparing his soldiers to skirmishes and battles; another while ready to go in hand, if opportunity might serve, to lay a siege a * gemina. second time to Bezabde: wisely considering, that being shortly to take a journey into the North parts, he did not leave the tract of Mesopotamia without defence. But being thus unresolved in his counsels, withheld he was by many delays, for that the * of Persia. king stayed yet beyond Tigris, until by sacrifices and religious ceremonies he had warrant to enter upon his expedition. For if he had passed over that river, and found none to make head against him, without any difficulty at all, he might have gone over Euphrates also: and otherwise again, keeping his soldiers for civil war, he feared to expose them unto dangers about city walls; having had experience particularly, of what strength the walls of that Fort, and how resolute also and valorous the defenders were. Nevertheless, because he would not sit still, nor be despised for his stouth, he enforced Arbetio and Agilo, with other captains and officers of the cavalry, to make haste with puissant regiments under their conduct; not meaning that they should provoke the Persians to fight, but keep the hither banks of Tigris with good guards and fore-fences, and to lie in espial, whither their king in his violence would break forth. This direction moreover he gave, by admonition and writing oft, That so soon as the multitude of enemies began to pass over, they should draw back with speed. And whiles these captains keep the limits accordingly as they had in charge, and observe the secret design of that most deceitful nation, himself remaining with the ¹ stronger * The old legionary soldiers and Infantry. part of the army, had a careful eye to all urgent occasions, as if he meant to defend the towns that he had in his protection, by sallies and outrodes. But the spies and fugitives from the adverse part, as they otherwhiles came, delivered intelligences repugnant one to the other: as being uncertain of future issues, by reason that among the Persians there be none privy to their counsels but the nobles and great lords, who are silent and trusty: among whom likewise there is a god also worshipped, under the name of Silence. Now, the foresaid captains sent daily for the Emperor himself to come unto them: for they protested, that they were not able to withstand the violence of that most fierce king, without all their forces put together. Mean while that these matters are thus carefully handled, there arrived sure messengers one after another, by whose faithful relation it was known for a truth, That julian having with great celerity passed beyond Italy and Illyricum, seized as he went the straits or pass of Succi, and waited for aids to come with speed from all parts; that being thus environed with a multitude of armed men, he might overrun Thraciae. Which being known, Constantius driven into a great agony, with this one comfort yet sustained himself, That in * civil wars. home-troubles he had always the upper hand: but considering how difficult a matter it was to take counsel what to do in this case, he made choice of this course especially, namely, to bestow his soldiers in * That lay as post for the affairs of State. public wagons, and sent them before by little and little, with the more expedition to meet with and resist the imminent danger. And this opinion of his being by a general consent of all the army approved, they went, as they had commandment, lightly appointed. And as he was taking this order, the next morning word was brought, that the king with his power which he had led forth, was returned home, by occasion that the praesaging signs by birds broke off his enterprise. After this fear was thus allayed, and all the forces called back, save those which ordinarily were appointed for the defence of Mesopotamia, he returned to * Haleppo. Belion. Hierapolis. CHAP. XII. Constantius delivered of this care, by a stinging and biting Oration incenseth his soldiers against julianus, whom he termeth Rebel, and sendeth Arbetio and Gomoarius before with certain Cornets of the more light appointed horsemen. But doubting whereto these enterprises would in fine tend, when his armies were come together, he summoned to an assembly all the Centuries, Maniples, and Cohorts, with sound of trumpets filling the whole field with the multitude: and then, that the more readily he might bind them to establish what he was to give in charge, standing upon an high Tribunal, and the same with a thicker guard about it than usual, composing his countenance to a cheerful aspect, thus he discoursed unto them for their better encouragement: Being at all times careful, that I commit not aught either in word or deed (were it never so little) that suited not well with perfit honesty: and like a wary Pilot or skilful Sailor, setting up and bending down the helm according as the billows stir, I am constrained now to confess unto you (most loving friends) mine errors, nay rather, if I may speak a truth, my humanity and courtesy, which I thought verily would have profited the common affairs. To the end therefore it may more easily be known, what is the cause of assembling this company, listen I pray you with patience and favour. Mine uncle's son Gallus, what time as Magnentius (whom your valour and prowess overthrew) obstinately persisted in working the trouble and confusion of the State, I lifted up to the high place of Caesar, and then sent him to aid the East parts: who, when he had by many lewd practices, horrible to be seen or rehearsed, forsaken the way of justice, was by the doom of law justly punished. And would God, that Envy, most forcible in stirring up of tumults, had rested so and stood contented herewith, and that theremembrance alone of grief past (but the same commonly is devoid of care) had disquieted and troubled us. But now another accident is happened, more sorrowful I dare well say than all that went before, which by our native and inbred fortitude with the help of God in heaven we shall repress. julian, whom we ordained for the defence of Gaul, whiles ye were employed in assailing foreign nations that made a foul stir round about Illyricum, presuming upon victory in some light skirmishes which he had with the Germans, half naked men, hath borne his head aloft like a mad man, and assuming into his proud society some few aid soldiers, ready in their fell stomach and desperate boldness to enter into any mischievous action, conspired the hurt of the Commonweal, having abandoned and trodden underfoot justice, the mother and nurse of the Roman world, who as a goddess to be revenged of such as joy in wicked deeds, will in the end bring such proud, swelling, and fiery spirits to dead sparks and embers, as myself have found by experience, and as I easily am induced to believe, by the knowledge I have out of ancient histories. What remaineth then, but that we withstand these tempestuous whirlwinds that are raised, and by speedy remedies repress and quell the rage of this war new sprung up, before it be grown to greater strength. For there is no doubt to be made, with the favour of that most high God assisting us, by whose eternal sentence unthankful persons are already condemned, but that the edge of the sword so impiously prepared, will be turned upon them to their utter destruction, who not provoked with injuries, but made greater by many benefits, have thus risen up to endanger the innocent. For, as my mind presageth, and justice ready to further good counsels, doth promise, I dare undertake, that if they come once to buckle in close fight, they will for stark fear grow so benumbed, that they shall not be able to endure the ardent light, brandishing and sparkling out of your eyes, or the first noise of the outcry at the joining of battle. After these speeches uttered, he drew them all to his mind, and when they had answered the same with kind words and loving acclamations, they shook their spears in angry wise, and called to be led forth out of hand into the field against the rebel. Whereupon the Emperor turning his fear into the joy, soon after dissolved the assembly, commanded Arbetio, whom he knew already by former proofs to be above all others a fortunate man in appeasing of civil wars, to go before him in his journey, with the ᵐ Lancearij and ⁿ Mattiarij, & the companies of the light armed soldiers: likewise Gomoarius with the Laeti, who was to be opposed against them that should come into the straits of Succi; one, whom in this respect he preferred before others, because he was mischievously bend against julian, as who had been despised and disgraced by him in Gaul. CHAP. XIII. Constantius after this, being disquieted with dreams, and as he thought forsaken of his tutelar Genius, and frighted withal by a certain unlucky and ominous token, whiles he came unto a village near Antioch, fell mortally sick, and died. HIs fortune thus sticking & standing still in this tumultuous state of adversities, showed by signs as openly almost as if they had spoken plain, That the painful end of his life was at hand. For, both terrified he was in the night time, and before also that he fell fast asleep, he saw the ghost of his father, as offering unto him a fair babe: Again, when he had taken the said babe unto him, and bestowed it in his bosom, it struck from him, and flung a great way off, the * or globe. ball which himself carried in his right hand. Now, this betokened nothing else but a change in the State, although the interpreters answered pleasing things to him. After this, he confessed unto his familiars that kept nearest unto him, & daily bore him company at the table, That now, as one forlorn, he saw no more any secret apparition in cheerful and pleasant form, but he thought it stood hard by him in poor and mournful manner: and supposed it was, That a certain tutelar Genius * Demon, or Angel. allotted unto him for the protection of his life, had forsaken him, ready to depart very shortly out of the world. For, the Divines out of their learning, say, That all persons new borne, saving always the stable firmness of the destinies, have to accompany them some such powerful spirits, to guide, as it were, & govern their actions, and yet the same appearing to veriefew, even those whom many kinds of virtues have made great and famous: And this doctrine both the Oracles, and also excellent authors have taught us, among whom is Menander likewise the Comical Poet, in whom are read these two ᵒ Senarie-Iambick verses. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. One Angel hath each man, his birth once past, Which him directs, whiles lively breath doth last. Semblably, out of those everlasting verses of Homer, we are given to understand, That they were not gods of heaven that communed with valiant men, neither stood by, or helped them as they fought, but familiar Genij, or angels that conversed with them: by means of whose especial help, it is said, that Pythagoras, Socrates, Numa Pompilius, the * 〈◊〉. former Scipio, and as some think, Marius and Octavianus, the first that had the name of Augustus given unto him, excelled, likewise that great ᵖ Hermes Tris-Megistus, Apollonius also Tyaneus, and Plotinus; who adventured by discoursing upon this Theme by way of argument, both mystically and profoundly, to show the first beginnings when these Genij become linked to men's souls, which, being once received into their bosoms, they protect, as long as they may, and instruct them in many high points, in case they perceive them to be pure, and by the immaculate society of the body severed from the filth of sin. Well, Constantius with all speed being entered Antioch, and minding earnestly to address himself, as his manner was, against the troubles of civil wars, after he had put all things in readiness, hastened to go forth into the field, although a number secretly in mumbling manner were exceeding much against it: For no man durst either openly dissuade him or say nay. Toward the later end of Autumn he put himself in his journey, and when he was come to a certain country * or village. Manor, not far from the said city, to wit three miles off, named Hippocephalus, in the morning when it was day light, he espied the dead body of a man slain lying on his right hand (with the head severed from the shoulders) stretched out along just against the West side: And being affrighted with this ominous sign, himself, as the destinies hastened his end, went on apace the more resolutely, and came to Tarsus, where he got a light ague: but supposing that all danger of this craziness of his, might be shaken off by stirring in his travail, he came by difficult and cumbrous ways to * Mamist●. Glyca. Mopsuestia, the utmost * or town. station of Cilicia as men go this way, scitua● under the foot of the mountain Taurus. And when the next morrow he would have gone forth, the grievousness of his disease growing upon him, had so impaired his strength, that he was stayed there; and so by little and little the unkind and excessive heat of the fever so inflamed the blood within his veins, that his body burning in manner of a furnace or oven, would not suffer a man so much as to touch it. When as therefore all means of medicines failed, drawing toward the hour of death, he bewailed his end. While his memory and senses were yet sound and perfect, he ordained by will (as the report went) julian to succeed him in his imperial place. After this, when his wind grew short, which is the forerunner of death, he became speechless; and after he had struggled a long time with his soul, ready now to go forth of his body, he departed this life the third * 5. day of October. day before the Nones of October, when he had ruled q and lived 40. years and a few months. CHAP. XIIII. His Testament and his heir. The ingenuous and plain dealing of Ammianus Marcellinus, in describing the virtues of Constantius. AFter this, when his relics were with grievous groans, loud lamentations, and moanful mourning interred, those that were of highest place in the court consulted what to do, or what they should go about; and when they had sounded some few in secret wise, about electing an Emperor, by the instigation, as it was said, of Eusebius (who was pricked in conscience for his offences committed, what time as julian aspiring now to the government of the State, crossed him) there were sent Theola●phus & A●igildus, then * Counsellors of State. Comites, unto him, showing the death of his kinsman, and requesting him, setting all delays aside, to go directly into the East, and to possess himself thereof, being ready to yield him obedience. But the voice went, and rumours ran abroad, That Constantius in his time had made his last will and Testament, wherein he did set down, as I said before, julian to be his heir, and gave to those whom he loved, feoffements upon trust, and legacies. Now, his wife he left behind him with child [of a daughter] whereupon, being borne after his death, and called after his * Constantia. name, when she came to ripe years, she was coupled in marriage to Gratianus. Observing truly then the difference of his virtues and vices, meet it will be that the principal be first declared. He kept in all places the State and Majesty belonging to an Emperor, and with a lofty and brave mind despised popularity; exceeding sparing he was in the beftowing of high dignities, suffering seldom times any innovations about the administration of public offices, and never erecting any military titles: neither was any captain or commander under him advanced with the dignity of ʳ Clarissimatus: for they were, as we remember, styled ˢ Perfectissimi. Neither came the governor of a Province to be general of the horse, nor suffered he * General of the horse. him to meddle with any civil affair: but as well all officers of the camp, as civil magistrates, after the manner of the reverence and respect done in old time, had always in honour the prefects of Praetorium, as the very height of all authority. Passing careful and wary in preserving of soldiers; a precise examiner otherwhiles of their deserts. As for the Palatine dignities, he gave them, as it were, by a certain plumbe-line and level, and in his days no new upstart, or unknown person came in place to bear any great sway in the court, but he only that after ten years space was thoroughly known, like to ss manage the mastership of the offices, or the Treasure and Revenues, or any such like function. And very seldom it fell out, that any martial man passed to the administration of civil matters: and on the other side, none took the charge of soldiers, but such as had been hardened in war service. An earnest mind and affection he had to learning: but when as by reason of his dull and heavy spirit he could not attain unto Rhetoric, he left it and went to Poetry, wherein he did nothing to any purpose. In a frugal and sober kind of life, by moderate eating and drinking, he had his health so well, that seldom he contracted any diseases, but when he did, sick he was almost to death. For, by long experience and proof in ᵗ Physic, we have observed, That such dangerous maladies are incident to bodies not loosely nor riotously given. A little sleep contented him, when time and occasion so required. And in so many years of his reign passing chaste he lived, so as he could not be touched so much as with suspicion of * Haply here is meant that soul and unnatural sin of ●●decastie. inconstancy, by any page or groom attending about him: in which behalf, malicious people, if they can find no fault indeed, yet stick not to raise slanders of such as be in highest place, and may live as they list. A right good horseman he was, and lanced a dart very well: but above all, as a most cunning archer, he shot sure, and besides was exceeding skilful in the feats of service on foot. To say nothing, that he was never seen abroad and out of his house to have snit his nose, or spit, or cast his head at any time at one side, nor so long as he lived to have tasted of any apples, or such like fruit, because this hath been often related already. CHAP. XV. He cloaketh not nor concealeth his vices, but with the pencil of historical truth, painteth them to the life, having described the shape and lineaments of his body, together with his burial. HAving recounted summarily his good parts, as many as we could come to the knowledge of, let us now proceed to his bad. Whereas in other affairs he was comparable with princes that were of the middle rank, if he had caught hold once of any presumption of affecting or aspiring to the Empire, how untrue or slight soever, in sifting and examining thereof he would never make an end, but without all regard of right or wrong proceeding herein, he went far beyond the monstrous courses of Caligula, Domitian, and Commodus, whose cruelty he taking for a pattern to imitat, in the beginning of his reign, slew and rooted out all of his own blood and kindred. To add more unto the sorrows of these poor wretches that were informed against, as culpable in any point of petty or high treason, his rigour and wrathful suspicions were strained and stretched to the uttermost in all such cases. And if an inkling were given of any such thing, he addressing himself to straight inquisition after it, more eagrely than might stand with civil justice, did set such as were fell and dreadful, to be the examiners and judges of these causes: and in punishing some, he went about to lengthen out the time of their death, if nature would permit, as one in such points of judicial trials, more cruel even than Gallienus. For he, being many times forelaid by the trains of traitors indeed, namely, Aureolus, Posthumus, Ingenuus, Valens, surnamed Thessalonicus, and many others, punished otherwhiles very mildly their heinous faults, that would have cost them their lives: but this man enforced their facts, even those whereof some doubt was made, to seem by violence of torment most evident and certain. And in these and such like cases, he then hated to the death, when most of all he laboured and endeavoured this, to be reputed just and merciful. And like as out of a dry wood the sparks that fly by a gentle blast of wind, with an unrestrainable course, reach to the danger of country towns; even so he also out of the least matters raised whole heaps of mischiefs and miseries: far unlike unto that modest and noble prince * Aurelius Antoninus Philosophus Marcus, who, what time as * A●idius. Cassius had * by way of usurpation. mounted up to the imperial dignity in Syria, and a packet of letters sent from him to his complices and adherents, was presented unto him, and the bearer intercepted, caused the same sealed as it was, strait ways to be burnt: this did he whiles he abode in Illyricum, for fear, lest if the traitors were detected and known, he might offend and displease some of them whom he would not. And as divers of sound judgement are of opinion, it was a sign rather of great virtue in the same prince, * Imperio coundem comitantium sine ●ruore c●ssisse That it might be said after his death That his Empire was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the thing that Alexander Sver●● and other good Emperors aimed at. to have left the Empire without any bloodshed of those of his train and privy Counsel, than if he had been revenged so unmercifully: According to the doctrine also of Tully, in a certain Epistle to Nepos, taxing Caesar for cruelty: For, Felicity, quoth he, is nothing else but prosperity of honest things: Or, that I may define it otherwise, Felicity is that fortune which helpeth good counsels, which whosoever useth not, can by no means be happy: And therefore in wicked and impious counsels which Caesar took to, there could be no felicity: And more happy in my judgement was Camillus, whiles he lived in exile, than in the same days Manlius, although he might, as he desired, have reigned king. Her aclitus also the Ephesian, affirmeth the same, and advertiseth us, That brave and worthy men have divers times been overcome (such are the variable events that fortune worketh) even of idle and slothful cowards. And that this moreover among other principal praises is most eminent, when as authority placed in high degree, having the desire to hurt, to be cruel and wroth, subdued, and, as it were, put under the yoke, hath erected a glorious trophy of clemency, in the castle of a victorious mind. Now as this Prince in foreign wars went away with hurt and foil, so by reason of civil conflicts, wherein he sped well, he bore himself proud, and by occasion of the inward ulcers of Common weal, he was all imbrued with horrible and filthy blood: Whereupon, in a perverse purpose rather than just and usual, he reared with great cost and charges in Gaul and Pannonia triumphal arches even out of the loss and calamity of the Provinces, together with the titles of his acts affixed thereto, for men to read, so long as those monuments would be able to stand. Exceeding much addicted he was to his wives, to the small puling voices of eunuchs, and to some Courtiers, who applauded every word he spoke, and observed to honour him, and soothe him up in whatsoever he affirmed or denied. The distasteful bitterness of these times, was made the worse by the unsatiable extortion and snatching of these receivers, & importunate collectors of tributes and taxes, who drew more hatred upon his head, than money into his coffers. And this seemed unto many the more intolerable, for that he never heard any cause, nor tendered the indemnity of the provinces, when they were overlayed with taxes, tributes, and imposts, one in the neck of another. Over and above all this, apt he was to take away again what he had once given; and that perfect and sincere religion of the Christians he blended with foolish and doting superstitions: and being given to search thereinto more intricately, than to settle it with gravity, he stirred many schisms and discords, which as they spread more and more, he maintained with contentious words and disputations: insomuch as, whiles their bishops coursed up and down by troops on post-horses, allowed by the State, from Synod (as they term it) to Synod, labouring to bring all rites and ceremonies to their own dispose and will, he thereby cut the sinews quite of those that kept wagons for hire. As touching his form and feature of body, this it was. His complexion somewhat black or brown; the cast of his eye lofty, his sight quick; the hair of his head soft, his cheeks always shaved, and shining beautifully, from the grafting of his neck to his groin very long; bow-legged and short withal, whereby he both leapt and ran passing well. Well, being thus dead, his corpses being embalmed and chested, jovianus; who then was Protector ᵘ Domesticus, had commandment to attend upon it with royal pomp as far as to Constantinople, to be interred close unto the nearest of his blood: and unto him, sitting upon the Caroche that carried the Relics (as the manner is unto Emperors) were presented the essays and proofs of the soldiers corn and victuals, as themselves term them, ˣ Indicia proba: also * Publica e●i●●alia: I suppose he meaneth post-horses, camels, ●●ules, horses etc. for draft and carriage, in service of the state. public beasts were showed, and according to the usual custom they came upon him, and grew more and more: which together with officious meetings upon the way, and other such signs, portended verily unto the said jovianus the Empire; but the same to no effect, and without any port or continuance, as unto one that was the minister of such funeral pomps. THE XXII. BOOK. CHAP. I. The death of Constantius once known, julianus as yet a young man of good growth, with exceeding applause of all men is received by the constantinopolitans. WHiles the mutable and rolling chances of Fortune work these occurrents in divers * in the East and West Empires. parts of the world, julian among many affairs which he projected in Illyricum, pried continually into the bowels of beasts, and gazing withal at the flight of birds, longed to know before hand, what end all accidents would have: but when he had received doubtful and dark answers, he rested still uncertain of the future. And at the length Aprunculus Gallus the Orator, a skilful Soothsayer, and promoted afterwards to be governor of the province Narbonensis, told him the events, instructed before hand (as himself said) by the inspection of a liver, which he had seen hidden within a duple skin. And when as julian feared for all that, lest this might be devised to humour his desire, and was therefore sad and heavy, himself espied a much more certain praesaging token, which evidently showed the death of Constantius. For at the very same instant, when the said Constantius died in Cilicia, it happened, that the * yeoman of the stirrup. soldier, who with his right hand lifted him up to his horse back, caught a fall and lay along on the ground, whereupon he cried out by and by in the hearing of many, That He was fallen who had raised him up to his high place of dignity. And albeit he knew these were gladsome signs, yet standing fast still, as it were, upon his guard, he kept himself within the bounds of Dacia, fearing even for all this, many accidents: for he thought it no point of wisdom to trust in conjectures, which peradventure would fall out contrary. Whiles he stood thus doubtful and in suspense, behold all on a sudden there came as ambassadors sent unto him, Theolaiphus and Aligildus, with tidings, That Constantius was deceased: and saying moreover, That by the last words he spoke he nuncupated him successor in his imperial throne. Which being known, after he was exempt from dangerous broils and troublous stirs of war, he bore himself wondrous high: and now believing prophecies, and making use of his own experience, namely, how expedition in his affairs had divers times stood him in much steed, he gave knowledge by proclamation of his journey into Thracia: and so advancing forward his ensigns in an happy hour, after he had passed through the bending and hanging straits of the Succi, he marched on to Philippopolis, in old time called Eumolpias, and all those with a cheerful pace followed him, whom he had in his conduct. For they well considered, that the Empire, which they went by force to win, and that with the fear of extreme perils, was now beyond their hope granted unto him by the ordinary course of right. And as the usual manner of Fame is, to amplify all novelties, he hastened from thence, mounted higher and higher, as it were in some chariot of Triptolemus, who for his swift passage round about in the air, fabulous antiquity saith, rode upon winged dragons: and thus dread by land and sea, having no walls to withstand him, he entered into * Heraclia, Ortel. Heraclea, otherwise called Perinthus. This being soon after known at Constantinople, there came forth by numbers a multitude of all ages, and of both sexes, to see one sent down as it were from heaven. Received therefore he was the third * the 11. day of December. day before the Ides of December, with the honourable and reverend attendance of the Senate, with the consonant applause also of the people: and thus environed with troops of armed soldiers and gowned citizens, conveyed he was along as in battle ray, having the eyes of all men fastened wistly upon him, not only with an earnest look, but also with much admiration. For it seemed to praesage some great thing, that he, as yet a young man newly come to his growth, small of body, for his brave acts right excellent, after the bloody ends of kings and nations, passing from city to city with unexpected swiftness, which way soever he went, with increase still of riches and forces like a burning flame, so easily seized and took up all places; and to conclude, who by the ordinance of the heavenly power entered upon the imperial government, without any detriment or loss of the Weal public. CHAP. II. He granteth out a commission to right honourable personages for the examination and trial of all matters: whence ensued the repairing of the tottering state of Commonweal, and the punishment of some lewd and wicked persons. SHortly after this he committed unto Secundus salustius, promoted to be Praefectus Praetorio, the charge to sit upon inquisitions, as unto a faithful minister; and joined with him in commission Mamertinus, Arbetio, Agilo and Nevita, jovinus likewise newly advanced to be General of the cavalry in Illyricum: who being all gone over to Chalcedon, in the presence of the ᵃ Principia and * captains. Tribunes of the ᵇ joviani and ᶜ Herculiani, examined causes more rigorously than reason and equity required; except some few, in which the truth presented unto them most dangerous malefactors and offenders. And first of all they confined into Britanny Palladius, late master of the offices, called into question upon suspicion only, That he had framed and suggested some matter to Constantius against Gallus, whiles he was Master of the offices under the said Gallus, being Caesar. Then banished they unto * or Vercellae, now Vercelli. Vercellum, Taurus, who had been Praefectus Praetorio: whose fact before indifferent judges, that can discern between just things and unjust, might seem very pardonable. For, what fault committed he, if fearing a blustering wind and tempest that was up, he fled to the protection of his prince? And the acts that passed upon him, were read not without great horror, when the public Act or Record thereof contained this * beginning. Exordium: During the Consulship of Taurus and Florentius, when Taurus was brought in under the Criers etc. Semblably, to the like point of destruction was drawn Pentadius: unto whose charge it was laid, That being sent from Constantius, he wrote by way of cyphring, What answers upon many interrogatories Gallus made, when his death was at hand: But when he defended himself rightfully, he * ●bi●t ●●n●xius: I would read it ●o, rather than 〈…〉 he died etc. departed without harm of his person. By the like unjust proceeding was Florentius the son of Nigrinianus, Master of the offices for the time being, thrust up into Boas, an Isle of Dalmatia. For the other Florentius, who had been Praefectus Praetorio, and was then Consul also, being scared with the sudden change of the State, having together with his wife escaped the dangers, lay close a long time, and could not return before the death of julian; howbeit, in his absence condemned he was to die. In like sort, E●agrius, Comes ᵈ rei privatae, and Saturninus, late great Master, or Seneschal of the palace, as also Cyrinus, who had been a Notary, were transported over into exile. But for the death of Vrsulus, who was * high Treasurer. Comes Largitionum, justice herself seemeth unto me to have wept, blaming the Emperor for an unthankful person. For, when as being Caesar, he was sent into the West parts, there to be kept short, and put to all sparing of expenses, and had no power granted, to give aught by way of donative unto the soldiers, to the end, that being thus straight laced, he mightily open to the mutinies of the army, this selfsame Vrsulus sending his letters unto him, * an under Treasurer. who had the keeping of the treasure in Gaul commanded, That whatsoever Caesar called for, it should be given unto him without fail. When Vrsulus was put to death, julian perceiving himself exposed to the railing words and curses of many, and supposing this foul fact which could not be purged, might yet be excused, avouched, That the man was killed without his privity, pretending, That in an angry mood of the soldiers he was made away; as who remembered well those words, as I have already related, which he had let fall, when he saw Amida razed. And therefore he seemed timorous, or not well advised, when he made Arbetio, a man always suspected, and exceeding proud, a special Commissioner and judge to hear and determine these causes, having others together with the * chief captains and officers of the camp. Principia of the Legions for show only present with him: one (I say) whom above all he knew to be opposite and set against his life and safety, as became him who should be partner in civil victories. And albeit those particulars which I have reported, were displeasant to his well-willers and favourers, yet these examples that follow were executed with due vigour of justice and severity. For Apodemius, lately a Pursuivant or Intelligencer, who (as I have showed) was very hot and sharpe-set to work the death of Gallus and Sylvanus and Paulus that Notary, surnamed * a Ch●●●. Catena, a man not to be mentioned but with the grief and groaning of many, were burnt quick, and perished by that end which was to be hoped for. Beside these, Eusebius, who had been chief Chamberlain to Constantius, a man of high spirit, and cruel withal, was adjudged to suffer death: Eusebius (I say) who being lifted up from a most low degree to so high a place well near, as to command the Emperor, and therefore intolerable, ᵉ Adrastia, that beholdeth men's doings, plucking him first by the ear (as they say) and admonishing him to live more reform, when he strove again and made resistance, threw headlong down as it were from a certain high and steep rock. CHAP. III. The most ugly and loathsome face described, of the court and army of julianus: the same Prince's impiety, his hatred and deceitful dealing against Christ and Christians. AFter this the Prince turned his whole favour and affection toward his Courtiers, even all that were or could be, not iwis as a Philosopher that professeth the search into the truth. For he might have been commended, if he had retained, though few, yet some at least wise that were of moderate behaviour, and known for their honest conversation. But confessed it must be, that he highly maintained the most part of them as the very seed-plot of all vices, in so much as they infected the Commonwealth with their lewd lusts and wicked desires, and did hurt to many, more by example, than by liberty of sinning: For some of them fed with the spoils of churches, and out of every occasion smelling after lucre, being raised from base beggary to so high a leap of great wealth and riches, held no measure either in profuse largesse, or in poling, or in wasting, as those that always had been accustomed by extortion and pillage to get other men's goods into their hands. Hence budded forth the beginnings of loose and licentious life; hence sprung perjuries: no regard was there of reputation, but such was their witless pride, that they stained their credit with dishonest and shameful gains. Among which enormities grew also the foul sinks and deep gulfs of wasteful banquets, and in stead of triumphs for victories, feasting with triumphs. Then came up the wearing of silks and velvets without all spare: then increased the artificial skill of weaving and embroidery, together with the curious cunning of cookery: then were large plots for sumptuous and richly decked houses laid for, the spacious model of which, if the Consul Quintius should have possessed in lands he had lost even after his Dictatorship the glory of his poverty. To these blemishes and stains in Court, were adjoined the enormous transgressions of discipline in camp, when the soldier instead of a joyful shout, studied to sing wanton sonnets: neither had the armed man, as before time, a stone to couch himself upon, but feathers and delicate winding beds: now were their drinking pots more weighty than their swords, for they shamed now to drink out of earthen vessel. Moreover, there was now seeking for houses built of marble, whereas we find it written in ancient records, That a soldier of Sparta was sharply chastised, for that during the time of war abroad, he durst be seen within house. Moreover, the soldiers in those days were to their allies and countrymen so stout, and withal so given to extortion but chose to their enemies so false hearted, and cowardous, that having by ambitious suits and idleness gotten wealth, they could most skilfully distinguish the variety that was in gold and precious stones: far otherwise than we find in records of later date. For well known it is, that in the time of Maximian Caesar, when a fort or camp of the king of Persia was rifled, a certain common soldier after he had met with a Parthicke sacbell, wherein were pearls, upon simplicity, for want of skill and knowledge, threw out the gems, and went away sufficiently contented with the beauty only of the leather bag. It fortuned about the same time, that a certain Barber being commanded to come and pole the emperors head, entered in arrayed in rich and costly apparel, whom when julian saw, he was much astonished, I (quoth he) commanded not a * or Auditor. ᶠ Receiver, but a Barber to be sent for: Howbeit the said party being demanded, What he might dispend by his art? answered, He got every day as much as came to the ᵍ allowance for twenty men in victual, and as much for horse-provender (which they commonly term ʰ capita) also he had a good stipend or salary by the year in money, over and beside many commodious suits and requests granted unto him. Whereat being moved and displeased, he discharged away all such, together with Cooks and others of the like sort (who were wont to receive in manner the same fees) as those whom he had little need of, and gave them licence to pass whither they would. And albeit from the very first instructions of his childhood, he was given much to the worship of idols and ⁱ heathen gods, & as he grew by little & little elder, became zealously affected to the same, as standing infeare of many things, yet some points thereto appertaining he practised as secretly as possibly he could. But when those matters being past and gone which he feared, & he perceived once the time of liberty was come wherein he might do what he list, than discovered he the secrets of his heart, & by very plain and absolute decrees ordained, That the temples should be set open, that beasts for sacrifice should be presented before the altars, and that the worship of the * i Idols, or heathen gods. gods should be put in ure again. And to effectuate and strengthen these designs of his so digested, the Christian bishops which were at dissension, together with the people divided into schisms, he admitted into his palace, and gave them this admonition, That having appeased and ended all civil discords among themselves, every man confidently should profess and follow his own religion, without any impeachment whatsoever: which he did with a stiff and constant purpose, to this end, that as this liberty increased dissensions, he might not afterwards fear the multitude of them according in one mind, as having found by experience, That no savage beasts are so noisome and hurtful to men, as Christians are to themselves, and for the most part of them mortal and deadly. And oftentimes he would come out with these words, Hear me, whom the Alemen and Frankners have heard, thinking to imitat the speech of that ancient Prince Marcus. But little marked he, that the case was much altered: For, the said Marcus, when he travailed over Palestina, in his way to Egypt, being oftentimes disquieted with the odious and stinking stirs of the tumultuous and unruly jews in grief of heart is said to have taken up this exclamation, o Marcomans, o Quadi, o Sarmatians, I have at length found others more unquiet than you. CHAP. four The Egyptians unseasonably importuning and troubling him, he wisely expelleth. By a kind of civil submission he laboureth to curry favour with all men. The Ethnic Philosopher Maximus he familiarly entertaineth. The fame of his virtues and puissance, driveth other Princes to a certain secret dutifulness, and embassages from all parts repair unto him. AT this very same time, upon sundry rumours, there were stirred up & came abroad a number of Egyptians, a litigious kind of people, taking much pleasure and joy at all times, in an ordinary custom they have, to sue one another and maintain ambiguous controversies, but above all, most greedy to require again, and that by way of multiplication and increase, if they have given aught to an * A Proctor, or Advocate, Compulsori, the same I take it, that Suffragator, a little after. Attorney or creditor, for to be eased thereby of a debt, or at least wise to be allowed more commodiously by way of forbearing and giving day, to bring in those sums which are as debts demanded: or, for fear of some odious crimination, to call into question and molest rich men in the case of extortion. All these being thronged thick together, flocked about the prince himself, and the prefects of the Prętorium; where chattering like a sort of jays, they disturbed and troubled them out of all order most rudely, ready to extort and wrest what they avouched they had given unto very many, whether rightful or otherwise, it skilled not, even threescore and ten years before. And when they would suffer no business else to be dispatched, julian published a proclamation, commanding them all to pass over the water unto Chalcedon, with a promise, that himself also in person would follow quickly after, to decide and determine these their causes. When they were gone over, there went out a precept to the masters of the ships, who use to sail to and fro between, That no man should be so hardy as * Transfr●tare Aegyptu●. transport over sea an Egyptian any more. Which precept was kept so straightly, and with so forward carefulness, that their obstinate purpose thus to quarrel, and forge accusations, came to nothing in the end: & so disappointed of their presumed & conceived hope, they returned all home. Whereupon a law passed, as if equity herself had indicted it, whereby provided it was, That no Advocate or Attorney should be troubled about those * as fe●s. moneys which it might appear for certain, that he rightfully and by law had received. Well, when as the first day of januarie was come, what time as the names of Mamertinus and Nevita were entered into the rolor calendar of Consuls, the Prince was seen in a very humble manner of duty, to go on foot with other honourable personages: a thing that others commended, but some again found fault with, as a base part of his, and full of affectation. Afterwards, when Mamertinus exhibited the games ᵏ Circenses, what time, as the manner was, these were brought in and presented, who came to be manumised and made free, himself, as his custom was, commanded by the under ˡ usher [Liege ᵐ agi;] and being * V●●le●as, or according to the usual customs, and then it is to be referred unto [Lege agi]. that men might commence their Actions, and proceed in their suits. straightways advertised, That the jurisdiction for that day pertained to another, himself also changed the December morning, as liable to an error. In this while much resort there was to the court of justice, from divers ways and coasts, and a number of folk there were, who upon sundry occasions did put in their bills. And when as on a certain day word came unto him, That Maximus the Philosopher was come out of Asia to see him, he leapt up full undecently, and forgetting who * to wit, an Emperor. himself was, ran apace forth a great way from the palace gate, to meet him, kissed him, received him, and with much reverence and honour brought him in, showing himself by this unseasonable ostentation of courtesy, to be an excessive hunter after vain glory, and forgetful of that notable saying of Tully, whereby such persons are noted & taxed in these words: Even those Philosophers themselves (saith he) in these very books which they pen and entitle, as touching the contempt of glory, write their own names, so as even in this very point, that they seem to despise the fame and glory of the world, willing they are to be named, and that men should talk of them. Not long after, two of those busy and pragmatical * or Informers. Pursuivants, who were cassed and put out of their places, came boldly unto him, promising, if they might be restored unto their degree which they had in warfare, to show where Florentius lurked and hid himself. Whom he rated, and termed Promoters, saying moreover, It was not the manner and part of an Emperor, to be induced by indirect suggestions and informations, to fetch a man back again into danger, that for fear of death lay hidden, and who peradventure should not be suffered long to hide his. head, without hope of pardon. In all these proceedings there was assistant to him a noble * Praetextatus. Some read Praetextatus, as if it had been his proper●a●e. Senator ⁿ, a man of an excellent disposition to virtue, & carrying with him the ancient gravity of old time, who by chance was found about business of his own at Constantinople, and him of his own mere motion and pleasure he made a Proconsular deputy in Achaia. Neither for all his being so precise and earnest in reforming of civil abuses, neglected he those of the camp, but he ordained captains and commanders over soldiers, such as had been a long time approved and tried; repairing moreover all the cities throughout Thracia, together with the utmost frontier forts, and taking diligent care, that neither armour, apparel, money, or victual should be wanting unto them, who lying dispersed along the banks of Ister, and opposite to the roads and invasions of the barbarous enemies, he heard say, performed their service with great vigilancy and valour. Whiles he disposed thus of these affairs, suffering nothing to be done slackly, when his favourites next about his person, persuaded him to set upon the Goths joining so near, who had been so often false and perfidious, he said, That he sought for better enemies: for, the Galatian merchants (quoth he) are sufficient for them, by whom they are every where sold, without regard of state and condition. As he was employed in these and such like businesses, fame commended him to foreign nations, as a brave and eminent person, for prowess, sobriety, skill in feats of arms, and good progress in all virtues: and growing thus forward by little and little he filled the whole world with his name. The fear therefore of his coming being spread all abroad, as well among neighbour nations, as those that were far remote, there came with great care from all parts embassages thick: Of the one side, those beyond Tigris and the Armenians, craved peace: on the other side the men of Ind strove a vie, and sent great men with gifts beforehand, even from as far as the Indians and * haply the same that the S●res. Serindians: From the South climate the * Moors. Mauri offered their service to the Roman State: from the North and Easterly regions, in which the very * Fasso. Phasis falleth into the sea, the Bosphorians, and other people before time unknown, brought with them their embassages in suppliant manner, requesting, That upon performance of their yearly tributes and duties, they might be permitted to live quietly within the bounds of their native countries. CHAP. V. An exact description of provinces and nations which at this time are inhabited far and wide in Thracia, and along the circuit of Pontus Euxinus. A Fit time now it is (as I suppose) that since we are by occasion of this great Prince devolved upon these parts, we should truly and plainly deliver somewhat that we have seen or read, as touching the utmost coasts of Thracia, together with the situation of the gulf * Mar-Majore. or sea of Pontus. * Mor●e Santo, or Agion-o●os. Athos, that exceeding high mountain in Macedon, through which sometimes the Medes ships passed, & * or Caphereus rather, Chimi, Sophtan●. Caphereus the rock or Promontory in Eubaea, where Nauplius, father to Palamedes, caused the fleet of the Argives to be split and cast away, although they stand a great way afunder, divide the * Archipelago. Aegean and Thessalian Seas one from the other. As for this Aegean sea, spreading itself by little and little as it groweth broader, on the right hand where it stretcheth wide by the Sporades, is full of Islands, as also by the * Isoli di Archipelago. Cycladeses, so called, for that they do all of them encircle * Sdiles. Sophian. Delos, the noble place of the ●● gods nativity: on the left hand, where it washeth * Lembro. S●ph. Imbros, * Tenedo. Tenedos, * Stalimine. Lemnus, and * Taso. Thasus round about, when the winds are big and blow full upon it, with great violence it beateth upon * Metelyn. Lesbos: From whence with a return of the current and reflowing waves, it dasheth upon the temple of Apollo * So called of Smin●ha, a city in Troas, where he was worshipped. Sminthius, and upon Troas, as also upon * Troia. Ilium, so famous for the chances that befell to noble and worthy warriors. And here it maketh the gulf or Bay Melas, lying full against the Western wind, at the very entrance and beginning whereof is seen * Asperosa. Mario Nigro Abdera, the habitation of Protagoras and Democritus, and the ᴾ bloody seat of the Thracian king Diomedes: as also those bottoms and vales by which the river * Maritz a. 〈◊〉. Hebrus runneth into it: likewise, * Marogna. Nigro. Maronea and * Oeno. Nigr. Aenus, which when Aeneas in a cursed and unlucky hour had begun and soon abandoned, by the guidance of the gods he sped himself to ancient * a part of Italy. Ausonia. From hence growing small by little and little, and as it were by certain natural commerce rushing into Pontus, and joining to itself a part thereof, shaped it is in form of the Greek letter φ, and cutting * Str●tto di Gallipoli, or Bras de S. George. Hellespontus from * Valiza. 〈…〉. Rhodope, passeth along by * A certain Promontonie. Cynossema, where it is thought Hecuba was buried; also by * A town. Coela, Sestos, and * Bo●●zo●lar. Callipolis: and overagainst them, by the Sepulchers of * Gallipoli. Achilles and ajax, it floweth close to Dardanus and * Achilleum and Aeantium. Abydus, whence Xerxes by making a bridge of ships joined close together, went over the sea on foot: then passeth it by * Aidos' Le●nclav. Lampsacus, which the king of Persia by way of gift bestowed upon Themistocles; and by * Lampsico. S●ph. Lep●eke. 〈◊〉. Parion, which Parius the son of jason built. Whence swelling on both sides in manner of an half globe, and opening a wide partition of lands, with the arms of Propontis that stretch round about, it bedasheth on that side * P●●io Soph●●an. Paradiso Mar. 〈◊〉. Cyzicum and Dindyma, the religious and sacred temples of the great dame q and Mother [Cybele:] Apamea likewise and Cius, * Chizito. Sophian. Astacus also called in the age 〈◊〉. ensuing after the king's name, Nicomedia. But what way it holdeth on Westward, it beateth upon Cherronesus & Aegos, Potamus, in which place Anaxagoras foretold, That stones should fall from heaven: also * Hexamili S●ph. Lysimachia and that city, which when Hercules had founded, he named * Herac●ia, or Arachlea. Ortel. Perinthus, and dedicated it to the memorial of his companion. And to keep the fashion of the perfect and complete letter φ, in the very midst of the roundle lieth * Marmora. Bello●●o & Curop●latae. Proconnesus, an Island fashioned somewhat long, and * Calomio. Mercat●●● Besbicus: beyond the top whereof it groweth narrow again, and running between Europe and * Bursia. Girav●. Bythinia, passeth along Chalcedon, * Scutari. Chrysopolis and certain obscure stations or harbour towns. For upon the left skirts and sides thereof the haven * Aqua dolce Athyras looketh down, as also * or Selybria. Selymbria and Constantinople (Byzantium in old time) a Colony of the Athenians, and the Promontory * Pera. Soph. Ceras, carrying a turret built aloft upon it, giving light to ships; for which it is called Pharos: and from thence an ancient fountain exceeding cold, with many * or channels watercourses issuing from it. In this manner being broken, and by the participation of both seas determined, and now growing more mild, it enlargeth itself, and even like unto a main sea indeed spreading wide and long, as far as a man may possibly ken. Now, the whole circuit thereof, as if it lay like an Island, as a man saileth along the coast and skirts of it, containeth the measure of three thousand stadia, as Eratosthenes, Hecataeus, and Ptolomey affirm, as also other most skilful searchers into these and such like kinds of knowledge, and by the assent of all Geographers is shaped to the form of a Scythian bow, fitted with a string and bent to the full. And look where the Sun riseth out of the East Ocean, limited it is with the fens and meres of * Mar delle Sabacche, or Della Tana. Maeotis: what way the Sun bendeth Westward, confine it doth upon the Roman provinces: where he looketh up to the Northern * stars about the North pole. Bears, it hath people bordering upon it, different in language and manners: to conclude, the South side thereof hath a gentle plain and falling of the ground from it. CHAP. VI Part of the contents in the former Chapter. ALong these most spacious and large tracts, there be towns of the greeks dispersed; all which, except some few in divers and sundry ages, the Milesians, coloners of the Athenians, built: who among other Iönians were long before placed in Asia by Nileus, the son of that famous Codrus, who is reported to have exposed himself to death in the Doric war, for his country. Now, the small ends or tips of the said bow on either side, which the two Bospori do expressly resemble, stand just opposite one against another; the one named * Stretto di Constantinopoli. Thracius; the other, * Stretto di Caffa. Cimmericus. And for this cause called they are Bospori, for that through them in times past the * jon. daughter of Inachus transformed, as the Poets say, into an heifer, passed over to the * Some take this for the gulf of Venice, others for the Mediterranean sea. Ionian sea. The right side therefore, at the bending in of Bosporus Thracius, Bythinia boundeth upon, which they in old time called Mygdonia; wherein lie the countries * Sagora. Thynia and Mariandena; wherein also are seated the Bebricians delivered from the cruelty of ʳ Amycus through the valiant prowess of Pollux: also that remote station, in which the Prophet Phineus stood in horrible dread of the ravenous Harpyiae, flying up & down in such threatening manner as they did: by which shores curving and crooking into long coves or creeks, the rivers * Sangari. Bellon. Sangarius and * or Psil●is. Fenosia. Pineto. Psylis, Bizes also and * Ribas Gyllio. Rhebas, pour themselves into the seas. Against which without forth are the * Pavonate. Symplegades, two rocks reaching up on every side into high and steep heads, and were wont in old time to encounter and meet, yea, and with a terrible noise to run and beat one upon another with all their hugeness, and giving way backward, fetch their feeze or beire again, and with a fierce charge and assault to return full butt upon the same that they had knocked and beaten before. Between these rocks that thus open asunder, and jurre one against another so often, if a fowl should happen to fly, by no swiftness of wing could she possibly escape and get away, but be crushed to death. These cliffs, when as Argo (the first ship that ever was making speedy way to * Canameina. Castaldo. Colchi, for to steal the golden Fleece) had passed by them without harm, stood unmooveable conjoined in one body, with the head or point cracked round about: so that no man who seeth them now, would ever believe they were at any time parted asunder, but that all the songs and poems of men in old time agreed jointly thereupon. Beyond part of Bythinia, the provinces Pontus and * Ro●i. Castaldo. Paphlagonia stretch out in length, wherein stand * Aupep. Bonac●oto or Pendaruchia. Nigr. Heraclea, * Pordapas. Ch●lconditae. Sinope, * Vatiza Nigro. Polemonion, and * vel Amisus. Amysos, great cities: also Tios and * Samastro. Nigro. Amastris, all founded auspicately by the direction of bird-flight, such was the precise care of the greeks: likewise * Cheras●da. Mercatori. Cerasus, from whence Lucullus brought such fruit as are named Cerasa, i Cherries. Semblably certain Isles bearing up aloft, containing in them * Treb●●ond●. Trapezus and Pityus, towns of no mean account. Beyond these places, there is the hole or cave Acherusius, which the people dwelling thereby call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: also the haven Acone, with divers rivers, rivers, to wit, Acheron (named likewise Archadius) * Lirio. Nig. Iris, Tembrius, and, hard by. * Dolap. Ortel. Parthenius, running all down into the sea with a swift course and violent stream. Next unto these is the river * Pormon Nigr. Thermodoon, falling from the mountain * or rather Armenius, out of Herodotu●. Armonius, and gliding between the woods and groves of Themyscyra; into which the Amazons in times past were forced to flit upon this occasion. The ancient Amazons, after that the bordering nations were sore weakened with continual losses, as who by them were wasted with bloody roads and invasions, aimed now at higher exploits: and considering their own puissance, and the places bordering near unto them, oftentimes gave the attempt upon more mighty nations, as being ravished with the heat of greedy desire. And when they had broken forcibly through many countries, they made war upon the Athenians, and being in a sharp conflict discomfited and scattered asunder, and having the flanks of their cavalry laid naked, were slain every one. When the defeature and death of these were known, the feeble remains of them that were left at home, declining the deadly violence of their neighbours, who had before time suffered extremities, and were like to pay them home with semblable measure, flitted to the more peaceable seat of Thermodoon. The progeny of these being in long time after multiplied by many issues and generations, returned with a mighty power to their first native places, and in process of time became dread to people of divers descents and originals. Not far from thence mounteth up * Cabo Pisello. Carambis, an hill of gentle ascent, rising full upon the Northern ᶠ Elice, overagainst which is * Cabo Leone. P●●eto. S. jani. Do●●nico Nigr. Criu-metopon, a promontory of Taurica, distant from the other two thousand and five hundred stadia. And from this place all the maritime coast, which beginneth at the river * Lali. N●g●o. Halys, lying straight in length like a line, shapeth out the string fastened to the two ends of the bow aforesaid. CHAP. VII. More of the same argument as before. Upon these countries confine the Dahae, of all others the most fierce warriors; and the Chalybes, who were the first that digged up & wrought iron into steel. Beyond whom, the open lands are possessed by the Byzares, Tapites, Tibareni, Mossynaeci, Macrones and Philyres, people by no acquaintance known to us: and from them not far stand the monuments or tombs of noblemen, wherein were interred Stheneleus, Idmon, and Typhis. Of whom, the first was a companion of Hercules, wounded to death in the war against the Amazons; the second, an Augur or Soothsayer to the Argonauts; and the third, a most skilful and expert pilot of the ship abovenamed, Argo. After you have passed beyond these parts before specified, you meet with the den or cave Alion, and the stream of Callichorus, surnamed so upon this occasion: For that Liber or Bacchus having after three years vanquished the Indian nations, and being returned to those tracts, about the green and shady banks of this river brought again into ure the old songs and dances ᵗ Orgia. Some are of opinion, That such sacred ceremonies and solemnities as these were called ᵘ Trieterica. Beyond these confines, are the populous and well frequented territories of the Camaritae, and the river Phasis with roaring stream cometh to the Colchi, the ancient offspring of the Egyptians: where, among other cities, standeth * Polistonia. Vill● novano. Phasis, bearing the name of the river abovesaid; also * Sava●opoli. Cs●aldo. Dioscurias, known even to this day. The founders whereof, as we find in record, were Amphitus and Telchius, two Spartans, the chariot-drivers to Castor and Pollux; of whom began the nation of the Hemiochi. Not far removed from these, dwell the Achaei, who having finished a certain former war at Troy (I mean not that war which was fought for the quarrel of Helena, as some authors have written) by reason of contrary winds wandering, and driven into Pontus, finding nothing but hostility, and no where any assured place to set foot in, possessed themselves of the hill tops, always full of snow: and thus being penned in, and hardened with the chilling cold of the weather, accustomed they were to get their living dangerously by robbing, and by that means grew afterwards beyond all measure fell and cruel. As touching the Cerceti, who join close unto them, there is no memorable matter written. At the back of them dwell the inhabitants of the Cimmerian Bosporus, where are the Milesian cities, and the mother of them all, * Vospero. Nig. alluding to Bosphorium, which was the old name in Plini●. Panticapaeum: before which, runneth the river * Bog. Mercator. Hypanis, swelling as well with his own water, as foreign streams running into him. Then a great way off, the Amazons stretching out in length even as far as to the Caspian * called al●o Hyrcanum, and hath at this day many names, according to sundry languages a●d countries that bound upon it. sea, inhabit about * Tana. Tanais, which rising among the rocks of * Albsor Nigr. Caucasus, glideth by many winding turns and reaches, and parting Asia from Europe, is hidden at last within the meres of Maeotis. near unto this is the river * Volgha by some. Rha, on the sides whereof groweth a comfortable and wholesome * Rhaponticke: and not Rhabarba●um or Rhewbarbe: For this is purgative, the other rather binding. root, so named, good for many uses in Physic. Beyond Tanais, there spread out in breadth the Sauromatae, through whom all the way run the rivers Maraccus, * Copa. Rhombites, Theophanes, and Totordanes: although there be another nation also of the * or Sarmatians, i Tartarians, and Russians Sauromatae, far distant from these, joining hard upon the shore, which letting in the river Corax, sendeth it to the utmost main sea. near unto this is the mere Maeotis, of an exceeding large circuit, out of the most plentiful veins whereof, by the straits Patares, a main deal of water breaketh forth, and runneth into Pontus; in the right side of which are the Islands * Matriga Theveto. Phanagorus and * Moncastro. Nigr. Hermonassa, reared by the industrious labour of the Greeks. About these marshes which lie furthest and utmost, there dwell many nations, in variety of speech & customs unlike one another, namely, the jaxamatę, Maeotae, jazyges, Rhoxolani, Alani, Melanchlaenae, and together with the Geloni, the Agathyrsi, among whom there is plenty of the * Diamond. Adamant stone: others also lie hidden beyond, because they are of all the rest furthest within. But near to the left side of Maeotis lieth * sc. Taurica, Perocopsca, and Ges●ra. Pinet. Cherronesus, full of Colonies, inhabited by greeks; whereby the men are quiet and still, setting their minds upon tillage, and living upon the increase of fruit, that the earth yieldeth. From these, no great way off, are the Tauri disjoined, and those divided into sundry kingdoms: Among whom, for their exceeding cruelty, the Arinchi, Sinchi and Napaei most terrible (and by reason of their long licentious liberty the more cruel they be) have given name unto the unhospitall sea; which of the contrary, by way of merriment and jest, is called Pontus * for Axînut. Euxinus, like as we term a fool ˣ Euethes in Greek, the night, Euphrone, and the furies, Eumenideses. For, appeasing and pleasing their gods with offering men for sacrifice, and sacrificing strangers to Diana, who among them is named ʸ Orsiloche, they used to fasten upon her temple walls the heads of men slain, as the perpetual monuments and testimonies of valiant exploits. In this [byland] Taurica, the Island Leuca, without any inhabitants in it, is dedicated to Achilles. At which, if any happen by chance to arrive, after they have seen certain tokens and remains of antiquity, the temtained ple also, and oblations consecrated to the said worthy prince, in the evening they go to shipboard again: For they say, no man is able to stay there all night, without danger of his life. There also are rivers, and there breed white birds, like unto the ᶻ Halcyones: concerning the first original of which fouls, and the battles in Hellespontus, we will discourse in due time. Now, there be certain cities within this Taurica, among which the principal are Eupatoria, Dandace, and * Caffa. Theodosia, besides other of smaller account, not stained or polluted with any sacrifices of men's bodies. Thus far forth is thought the top of the bow to reach. CHAP. VIII. More still of the same argument. THe remnant now thereof, with a gentle bent, and lying under the Northern Beare-starre, as far as to the coast of Bosporus Thracius, we will, as order doth require, prosecute and declare, telling you thus much by the way, that whereas the bows of all other nations are bend with the staves thereof crooked, only those of the Scythians and Parthians, having the bowing and open horns thereof drawn about on both sides, inward, represent the shape of the Moon in her wane, and a straight and round rule divideth them just in the mids. In the very beginning therefore of the joint or knitting together, where the Riphaean mountains do end, dwell the Arimaspi, righteous men, and for their meekness & humanity well known; by whom the rivers * or Chronus, Memel, Germ. Chronius and * or Vistula: de Wizel, Germanis. Bisula do run along, and hard by them, the Massagets, Alani, Sarmatae, and a number of other obscure nations, of whom we know neither the names nor their manners. Then after a mean space between, openeth the gulf * Golfo de Nigropoli. Carcinites, a river also of the same name, and the sacred grove of * Diana. Trivia ᵃ, held religious with much devotion in those countries. Then * Nieper, Mercat. Borysthenes, springing from the mountains of the Neuri, carrying much water by occasion of his own fountains, and growing big with the confluence of many rivers, with a stream of huge rolling waves entereth into the sea: upon the rivage whereof, full of woods, standeth the city also Borysthenes, and Cephalonesus, likewise the altars consecrated to Alexander the Great, and to Caesar Augustus. From hence, a great way between, is that Biland, or demi Isle, which the Sindi inhabit, an ignoble and base kind of people, who upon the overthrow of their lords and masters in Asia, enjoyed afterwards their wives and goods. Under theselyeth a little strand or shore, the homeling inhabitants call it * Achilles' race. Achileos-dromon, a place memorable in times passed for the exercise there of that Thessalian Commander. And next unto it standeth the city * Suri. Tyros, a colony of the Phaenicians, by which passeth the river * Nester. Tyras. Now in the middle space of the bow (which as I said before carrieth a large round bend, and which is fifteen days journey of a nimble and light appointed footman) are seated the Alani of Europe, and the Costobocae, and infinite nations of the Scythians, which in length reach out as far as the lands that stretch forth without an end: of which some few feed upon corn and fruits of the earth, all the rest wandering in scattering wise over the vast wilderness (which never felt the plough, nor know what seedness is, but lie desert, and subject to many frosts) feed after the filthy manner of wild beasts: Their wives and children, their houses (such as they be) and their household-stuff, are set upon wanes covered over with barks: and whensoever it pleaseth them, they flit without any let, tumbling and rolling with them the same wagons whither they list. Moreover, when you are come to another bent or compass, full of creeks and havens, which determineth the utmost figure of this bow, there beareth forth the island * Pizina, Nigr●. Peuce, round about which dwell the Trogloditae and Peucimi, and other smaller nations. There also standeth up Istros, sometime a most mighty city, likewise * Kiovia, 〈◊〉 Tomi, Apolloni * Anchiolo. Anchialos, and * Varna. Odyssis, beside many other contained within the coasts of Thracia. But the river * Donaw. Danubius, which hath his head near unto the mountains * ●t●igerwald● D●ten. walled ●c. Rauraci, that confine upon the borders of Rhetia, stretched forth through a wider part of the world, & receiving into him threescore rivers (in manner all navigable) through this Scythian shore, breaketh forth into the Sea at seven mouths, and their names carry their interpretation according to the Greek * Stoma in Greek signifieth a mouth tongue: of which the first is Peuce, the island above said, the second Naracustoma, the third Calonstoma, the fourth Pseudostoma, as for the fifth Boreonstoma, and the sixth Sthenostoma, they be far less than the rest: the seventh is a mighty great one, and in manner of a mere, black. Now this whole sea Pontus, in all the circuit thereof flowing round about, is both cloudy and * Fresher. sweeter also than other seas, yea and full of shallows, for that the air thickened oftentimes with the breathing up and elevation of moist vapours, congealeth; and is tempered with a multitude of waters rushing into it, and riseth into certain flats full of shelves and sand-banks, by occasion that a number of streams coming into it every way about, cast up mud and heaps of sand. And known for certain it is, that from the utmost bounds of our sea, fishes flock by whole skulls, or shoals, to this nook of the Ocean, to breed and shut their spawn; to the end, that with the sweetness of the water, they may more wholesomely bring up their young fry, secured from the devouring Whales and monsters of the sea within hollow places of receipt, which are there very thick. For, in this Pontus there hath been at no time seen such, but only harmless Dolphins, and those but small. Now, what coast soever of this same main gulf of Pontus, is beaten with the northeast wind and frosty air, it is so thoroughly frozen and congealed, as that neither the courses of rivers are supposed to roll underneath the ice, neither is it possible for man or beast to set firm footing upon the ground, so unsure it is and slippery: a fault that never taketh hold of the sea as it is pure of itself, but mingled with river waters. Having been thus carried somewhat farther than we thought, proceed we to the rest of our history behind. CHAP. IX. julianus borne up on high with the favour of all men, hasteneth to go unto Antioch: what acts he did in this journey. THerefell out another occurrent to increase the heap and measure of these present joys, which verily was a long time hoped for, but protracted by many circumstances of delays. For, tidings came by Agilo and jovius, afterwards * Treasure●. Questor, That the defendants of Aquileia, wearied out with so long a siege, after they were advertised of Constantius his death, did set open their gates, went forth, and delivered the authors of those stirs and commotions: and that when the said parties, as hath been related afore, were burnt quick, all the rest obtained a grant of pardon for their trespasses. But julian very proud of these prosperous proceedings, carried his thoughts and conceits beyond the ordinary compass and reach of men, as having by continual proofs & trials found that unto him ruling now the city of Rome peaceably, favourable & gracious fortune, carrying, as it were the words β Cornucopia, i wealth & abundance, presented unto him all glo●y and prosperity: adding moreover unto the titles of his victories past, thus much, That whiles he held the empire alone, he was neither troubled with civil commotions at home, nor any of the Barbarians passed beyond their own bounds: and all nations (upon a lust and desire they have evermore to inveigh against things past, and to blame them as hurtful and noisome) were wonderfully inflamed with an earnest affection to resound his praises. Having therefore after considerate deliberation disposed of all things, according as the divers causes and times required, and withal animated his soldiers, what with many hortatory orations, and what with a competent stipend, inciting them more readily to make dispatch and put all things in readiness; borne thus aloft with the favour of all men, and addressing himself to go to Antioch, he left Constantinople supported with very great means of a flourishing estate: for being there borne he loved and esteemed it highly as the place of his nativity. After he had crossed therefore the narrow sea, and passed by Chalcedon and * L●bussa, L●●ncla. Libyssa, where Annibal the Carthaginian was buried, he came from thence to * Comidia, Naut. Nithor. Turc●●. Nicomedia, a city before time famous, so enlarged at the great expenses of precedent Princes, that for multitude of buildings, as well private as public, it might be reputed to those that know it aright, a certain region or quarter of that eternal city, Rome. The walls whereof when as he beheld how they were resolved into woeful ashes and dead embers, showing the anguish of his mind by silent tears, he went toward the royal palace with a softer pace, weeping for the miserable case wherein it was, in this regard especially, that the magistrates and whole commonalty met him in mournful and poor plight now, which had been afore time a most flourishing state. And some of them he agnized, as having been brought up there under Eusebius the bishop, whose kinsman he was, though a far off. Here also in like manner, when he had given and allowed bountifully toward the reparation of those edifices which the earthquake had overthrown, he came by Nicaea, to the marches of * 〈…〉, 〈◊〉. Gallograecia, whence bending his journey at one side toward the right hand, he turned to * 〈…〉 Thereto Pessinus, for to visit the ancient temple of the great mother * 〈…〉 gods. Cybele. From which town, in the second * 〈◊〉 Annibal and the Cattha●●●●. Punic war, by the direction of Cibyls prophesy at Cume, Scipio Nasica translated her image to Rome: As touching whose arrival into Italy, I have by way of digression, together with other particulars belonging to this matter, written somewhat in the acts of the Emperor Commodus. But why this town should carry this name, the writers of histories agree not: For some have affirmed, that the city was surnamed so, by occasion of the said goddesses image fallen from heaven, of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which with us, in Greek, signifieth to fall. Others report, that Ilus the son of Tros, and king of Dardanie, called the place so. Theopompus avoucheth, That it was not Ilus who did so, but Midas that most mighty king of Phrygia. Having therefore adored the divine power there, and pleased the same with sacrifices and * Angouri, B●ll●ni● vows, he returneth to * 〈◊〉, 〈…〉 the word 〈◊〉 in the 25. book. Ancyra: and as he was going further from thence, the multitude disquieted him; whiles some required to have their goods given unto them which by violence and extortion had been taken away: others complained, That they were unjustly * Decu●io●s, or Senators in Municip●j●. tied and incorporated into the societies of the Curiae: and some again without respect of danger, laboured as if they had been stark mad, to bring their adversaries within the compass of high treason: but he, a more grave and severe judge than either Cassius or Lycurgus, weighing indifferently from point to point their causes, awarded to every man his own, no where drawn away from the truth, but sharply bend against slanderers and false accusers whom he hated, as having tried oftentimes the malapert folly of many of this kind even to his own peril, whiles he was yet in low estate, and a private person. And for an example of his patience in the like business, this one, although there be many besides, shall suffice to be put down. A certain person there was, who in very troublous manner appeached an adversary of his, with whom he was at variance, for speaking certain words in most bitter wise, tending to treason. And for that the Emperor dissimuled, and made as though he heard not the matter, he enforced the same still, and daily renewed his accusation: So as at length being asked what he was, whom he thus called into question, he answered, That he was a very rich * or citizen. Bourger. Which when the Prince heard, with a smiling countenance, What presumptions (quoth he) hadst thou, to give thee light hereunto: Because (saith he) he is about to make himself a purple garment of a silken cloak. Who being commanded after this, to go his ways with silence, and without harm, like a base fellow accusing as base a companion of an high and heinous matter, nevertheless was very instant and importunate still. julian weary with this busy and troublesome fellow, casting his eye upon the High Treasurer that stood hard by, Command (quoth he) that there may be given a pair of * or shoes, pedu● tegmina. purple stockings to this dangerous prating companion, for to be carried unto his adversary; who, as it is given me to understand by his report, hath lodged up for himself a cassock of this colour; that it may be known what little good such rags and slender clothes can do, without very great power and strength beside. But as these parts be commendable, and to be imitated by good governors, so this was distasteful, and worthy to be reprehended, namely, That during his regiment there was hardly any man, who being once shot at by these * Decu●ions, Bu●gesles, ●r Senators in corporat towns and cities, called 〈◊〉. Curiales, how well soever he was strengthened and backed with privileges, with number of years which he had served, with the strength also of any noble descent mere foreign, could have remedy, were it never so just and reasonable: in so much as most men herewith affrighted, were feign to buy out their troubles with bribes and money given underhand. Well, having thus gone through his journeys, when he was come to Pylae (a place that parteth the Cappadocians and Cilicians asunder) the governor of that Province, named Celsus, whom he knew since time they were students together in Athens, he received with a kiss, took him up into his caroche to sit with him, and brought him in his company to Tarsus. CHAP. X. julian wintereth in Antioch, and there giveth good proofs of patience, lenity, and equity: but as bitter and professed enemy of true religion debarreth from the schools the Christian Grammarians and Rhetoricians. But after this, hastening to see Antioch, the head city and beauty of the East parts, by making ordinary journeys, thither he came. Now, as he drew near unto the city, entertained he was with vows, as if he had been some God: and he admired the public voices of that mighty multitude, crying out with one accord, That a star of salvation and health was now risen, and shone upon the East parts. Now, it happened at the very same time, that when the revolution of the year was finished, the solemnities called γ Adonia, after the ancient rites and ceremonies were celebrated, in honour of Adonis, the darling of Venus; who, as Poets feign, was in his very flower unhappily killed with the tusk of a wild bore; which is a sign of corn cut in their full growth. And this seemed an ominous and unlucky praesage, that at the first entrance now of the Emperor into this goodly city, the seat of Princes and Emperors, there were heard on every side yelling lamentations and doleful plaints. And here there showed itself a proof or testimony of his patience and mildness, small though it were, yet admirable. He had hated one Thalassius, sometime a * 〈◊〉. Some ●ead Proxim●. ●. an under clerk. principal clerk in the office of Requests, a secret enemy to his brother Gallus, and who laid wait for his life: who being forbidden to adore the Emperor, and to be present with other honourable personages to do his duty, his adversaries with whom he had suit in the judicial court, the morrow after, when a superfluous multitude were assembled together, stepped unto the Emperor, cried out with open mouth: Thalassius an enemy to your Grace, hath violently taken our goods from us. Then he, guessing that by such an occasion as this the man might be undone and murdered, answered them thus: I acknowledge (quoth he) that the party whom ye name, hath justly offended me; but meet it is, that you in the mean time forbear and hold your peace, until he give me satisfaction, being his enemy too, and a greater man. So he gave commandment unto the Pręfect, sitting by him, That their matter should not be heard before himself were reconciled to Thalassius. Whiles he there wintered to his hearts desi●e and contentment, he enjoyed during that time no allurements of pleasures, wherein all Syria throughout doth abound: but under a show of solace and reposing himself, employing his mind in the deciding of judicial causes, which were of no less importance than martial affairs, distracted he was with manifold and sundry cares; peizing with precise and exquisite docility, by what means he might give every man his own, and that by just and righteous sentences both the wicked might be chastised with moderate punishments, and the innocent defended, with the safety of their goods. And albeit in time of pleading and arguing a case, he was otherwhiles out of the way, and spoke beside the purpose, namely whiles he would be ask unseasonably every one of those that were at debate, What religion they were of? and what God they worshipped? yet there is not a definitive sentence of his touching any controversy known, squaring from the truth: neither could he ever be charged either in regard of religion, or any other bymatter, to have swerved from the strait line and rule of equity: For that is a desirable and righteous judgement indeed, where by sundry examinations of matter, this is found just, and that unjust: from which, that he might not exorbitate and go aside, he was as wary, as if he avoided dangerous rocks. And this was he able to attain unto, because acknowledging the levity of his own nature, given to be very hasty, he gave the Pręfects and those that were next about him, leave boldly by convenient admonition to curb and rain his passions, tending (otherwise than became) unto that which was decent and comely: and he showed otherwhiles, that he grieved at delinquencies, and joied in reformation. And when advocates and defenders of causes with exceeding great applause highly commended him, as a prince that had the true knowledge of perfit reason, being moved hereat, he spoke thus by report: I would take joy, and were a proud man, in case I might be praised of them who I knew were able also to dispraise me if I did or said otherwise than well. Now, it shall suffice in am of many mild examples of clemency, which he showed in the hearing of men's causes, to put down this one, neither unpertinent to our present purpose, nor any way absurd. A certain woman judicially convented and brought into the court, seeing her adversary one of the Protectores, otherwise than she looked for, * C●●ctum, out of his gown, and in manner armed. in his armour lightly appointed, found herself much grieved, and stormed at this so strange a fashion: Whereupon the Emperor, Follow thy plea, good woman (quoth he) if thou think thyself any way wronged; for, this man here is so well appointed, that he may with less cumbrance go through the mire: little harm can he do to thy cause. And by these and such like examples, as himself used commonly to say, thought it might have been, That the same ancient lady justice, whom because she was displeased with men's vices, Aratus exalteth up to heaven, in the time of his reign returned to the earth: but that he did some things not according to the discretion of the laws, but after his own will, and divers times with his errors and delinquencies in that behalf, eclipsed and darkened his courses so glorious in many respects otherwise. For, after many other good acts, some of the laws also he reform for the better, which by cutting off their doubtful constructions, and long circumstances, showed plainly what they bade, and what they forbade to be done. But this one inhuman and unmerciful deed of his, would be buried in perpetual silence, That he debarred the professors of δ Rhetoric and of Grammar, to teach those of the Christian religion. CHAP. XI. Divers men of great name, who had been sometime adversaries of julian, were punished sundry ways. A seditious uproar raised in Alexandria, which bred many broils and murders, by an edict of julianus is appeased. AT the very same time Gaudentius that notorious Notary, who had been sent, as I said before, from Constantius, as an opposite unto julians' designs in afric, as also julianus late deputy Praefect, or Vicegerent there, an exceeding great supporter and abettor of the same side, were fetched back, kept bound in prison, and by justice put to death. Then also it was, that Artemius, who had been the * Dux. Marquis of Egypt, at the urgent and instant suit of the Alexandrines, charged with a number of heinous crimes, was executed with the loss of his head: after whom the son of Marcellus, late general of the horse and foot both, as one that aspired to be Emperor, suffered death openly. Moreover Romanus & Vincentius, Tribunes of the first & second band of the Scutarij, being convicted to have plotted certain designs above their estate and degree, were banished. And after some small time between, the Alexandrians given to understand, that Artemius was dead, whom they feared, least upon his return with power and command as before (for so he had threatened) he would, as one highly displeased, sit on many of their skirts, turned the edge of their anger upon * an A●●ian. Georgius the bishop, as who had oftentimes snapped, as I may so say, at them with his viperous teeth. The soon he was of ᵉ Insulius by report, borne at Epiphania, a town of Cilicia, and being grown to greatness, with the loss and hindrance of very many, against the good of himself and of the Commonweal, ordained bishop of Alexandria, a city, which of the own inclination (and even when there are no causes at all) is usually given to many seditious tumults and turbulent commotions, according as the very Oracles give true report. The people here, having their minds already enraged, were much more incensed by this Georgius also, who in the open ears of Constantius ceased not to accuse many of them as rebellious and disobedient to his commandments: and thus forgetting his own profession, which teacheth him nothing but just dealing and mildness, he forsook that course, and betook him to the mischievous practices of dangerous promoters. And among other matters he was said maliciously to have informed Constantius of this also, That in the foresaid city all the houses, built sometime by Alexander the first founder, with great charges and expenses of the State, and now annexed to the soil, aught by right to yield profit and revenues to the common Treasury. To these mischiefs, this one more also he added, for which within a while after he was driven headlong upon his own destruction. Being returned from the prince's court, as he passed by the beautiful temple of Genius, guarded, as his manner was, with a great train about him, casting his eyes aside toward the very temple, How long (quoth he) shall this sepulchre stand? Which word of his being once heard, many were smitten as it were with a thunderbolt, and fearing lest he would give the attempt to overthrow it also, they wrought by secret trains to raise what matter they possibly could to bring him to ruin. And lo, upon the sudden arrival of joyful news, importing the death of Artemius, the whole multitude of the commons, for this unexpected joy set agog, and grinding their teeth, with a terrible noise came upon Georgius, whom they haled and tugged with his legs and feet wide straggling, trampling and spurning him with sundry sorts of evil entreating, and putting him to pain and torment enough. And together with him, Dracontius the Mintmaster, and one Diodorus, by calling in manner of a * 〈◊〉 Comes. a Comes his fellow, or under captain. Comes, had their legs drawn through with cords, and so were killed together: the former of them, for that he overthrew an altar newly set up in the Mint-house, whereof he was the Master: the other, because whiles he was overseer for the building of a Church, he cut off very licentiously the locks of boy's hair close to the head, supposing that this fashion also smelled of Idolatry. And the outrageous multitude not content herewith, after they had mangled their dead bodies, laid them upon camels, and so carried them to the lake: and when they had burnt them with a swift fire, flung the ashes into the * hard by the lake. sea, fearing, as they gave it out aloud, lest if their relics had been gathered up together, there would have been churches built for them like as for the rest, who being urged to forsake their religion, went so far in keeping of their faith unspotted and undefiled, that they endured dolorous torments even to glorious death, and now are termed Martyrs. And verily, these woeful and miserable men, when they were led to cruel execution, might by the help of Christians have been reseve, but that all the people one with another bore so deadly hatred unto Georgius. The * julian. Emperor certified hereof, bend fully to take revenge for so wicked an outrage, and being now at the point to have the malefactors punished with loss of life, was yet pacified with the gentle words of his nearest favourites: and sending out an edict in a sharp and bitter Oration, detested the wicked act committed, threatening extremity of death, in case any thing thenceforth should be attempted, forbidden by justice and the laws. CHAP. XII. julian addresseth himself to the Persian war. His sacrifices, Heathenish ceremonies, consultation of beasts inwards and bird-flight. The temple of Apollo Daphnaeus by casual fire burnt, incenseth julian against the Christians. Certain Prodigies and Earthquakes, whereby Nicomedia was overthrown. Mean while, preparing an expedition against the Persians, which in the highness and stoutness of his mind he had conceived before time, carried aloft he was with an hot desire to the revenge of dishonours past, knowing and hearing, that this most fierce nation had for the space almost of threescore years together set their sure marks and cruel monuments in the East of slaughter and saccage, as having oftentimes put whole armies of ours to the sword. Now, a twofold desire he had that incensed him to this war: first, for that impatient altogether of ease and rest, he dreamt of nothing all night but trumpets and battles: again, because in the very prime and flower of his youth, being presented and exposed to the wars of cruel nations, whiles the prayers were yet fresh of kings and princes, who were thought might be vanquished by force of arms, rather than hold forth their hands by way of humble supplication, he had an ardent desire, among other ornaments of bravery and glory, to insert in his style the addition and surname of Parthicus: which imprease of his, when some idle and envious backbiters saw to be set forward with great preparations, they kept a muttering, and gave it out, That it was a foul indignity and pernicious, that by the exchange of one only body there should so many stirs and troubles be raised, employing all their endeavour and diligence in putting off this service and journey. Yea, and they commonly said, even in the presence of those, who they supposed would bring what they heard to the emperors ear, That unless he went more calmly to work in this excessive prosperity and success of his affairs, he would (like as corn that is grown over-ranke and plentiful, soon fall to the ground, and lie along with the weight of his own wealth and felicity. And thus harping much a long time upon this string, with secret plots and close devices they came barking in vain about this valiant man (who was nothing moved hereat) much like unto the Pygmaeans or ζ Thiodamas, that rustical peasant of Lydia, about Hercules. But he for all this, as being of an haughtier spirit than all the rest, never the later casting and devising with himself the greatness of this voyage, endeavoured earnestly to prepare all things meet and convenient therefore. Notwithstanding all this, I say, he drenched and imbrued the altars exceeding oft, with much shedding of blood, sacrificing otherwhiles an hundred bulls at once, and infinite flocks of sundry smaller beasts, yea, and white sheep sought for and gotten far and near by land and sea: so that the soldiers every day, in manner, that went over their heads, full pampered and frankefed as it were with plenty of flesh, living rudely and uncivilely, and through their greedy desire of bibbing quite marred and grown diseased, were feign to be set upon men's shoulders that passed by, and out of those public houses, where they should have studied to punish feasting rather than give way and liberty thereto, to be carried along the streets to their inns and lodgings, and above all other, the ● Petulantes and the Celtaes, whose boldness and audacity was in those days grown above all measure. Moreover, the rites of superstitious ceremonies were come to an excessive height with greatness of expense, before time unusual and grievous to be endured: and every man (since he might do any thing without impeachment) professing knowledge in prophesy, as well the ignorant and unskilful, as the learned and taught scholar, without all end, or any orders appointed beforehand, were permitted to seek after the answers given by oracles, and the science of peering into beasts bowels, which now and then discover future events: yea, & the faithful information, where ever it might be found, of birds by singing, of fowls by flying, and of osses let fall from the mouth, were with studious affectation of variety sought for. And whiles these matters run on thus, as in time of peace, julian, who was very studious and diligent to learn many things, entered into a new way of consultation, minding to lay open the prophetical and soothsaying veins of the Castalian fountain, which Hadrianus Caesar is said to have stopped up with an huge heap of great stones, fearing, lest as himself found by the prediction of the waters, that he was to take the charge and government of the Commonweal; so others also might come by knowledge of the like: and-forthwith appointed, that the bodies which had been interred round about it, should be translated from thence after that manner and fashion, as the Athenians had purged the Isle Delos. At the very same time, even the * 21. day of October. eleventh day before the Kalends of November, the most stately temple of Apollo θ Daphnaeus, which Antiochus Epiphanes (that ireful and cruel king built) together with the image therein of jupiter Olympiacus, equal in bigness to the patron that it resembled, by sudden violence of fire was burnt. Which being thus by so terrible a misfortune consumed, so far forth grew the Emperor wroth and angry, that he commanded more straight and sharper inquisitions to be holden than ordinary, and the Cathedral church of Antiochia to be shut up: for he imagined, that the Christians had done that deed upon spite and envy, for that against their wills they saw as an eyesore the said temple enclosed round about with a sumptuous cloister, supported with pillars. Now, the speech was, though grounded upon a very light and vain rumour, That the same temple of Apollo upon this occasion was set on fire; for that Asclepiades the Philosopher, of whom I have made mention in the acts of Magnentius, coming unto that place by the city side, to visit julian, did set a little silver image of the goddess Caelestis, which he was wont to carry about him wheresoever he went, at the very fe●t of that high Colosse or image aforesaid, and when he had lighted certain torches and wax tapers, as the custom is, departed: Whereupon, after midnight was past, what time there could be no body present to help, the sparks flying from the torches, caught hold upon that exceeding old wood whereof it was made, and so the fire light one after another occasioned by the dry fuel they met withal, mounted up and burnt what combustible matter it could possibly reach, although the same were a great way in height from it. The same year, even when the midwinter was near at hand, there fell out a fearful scarcity of water, in somuch as some rivers stood still and ran not, yea and the springs were dried up, which before time boil up plentiful store of water: but afterwards they came to their former pass again as well as ever before. Also, the 4. * The second day of December. day before the Nones of December, when it grew toward evening, the rest of Nicomedia with an earthquake fell down, and in like sort no small part of Nicaea: Which accidents, albeit they struck the pensive prince into a dampish fit of heaviness, yet he neglected not the rest of his urgent affairs, until the time came of his wished for fight. CHAP. XIII. julianus writeth a book called Mesopogon, against the Antiocheans. He gently entreateth Theodorus of Hierapolis, who had sided with Constantius. The judgement of Ammianus Marcellinus, as touching the ox Apis sought and found. HOwbeit among such principal and serious businesses, he seemed to deal in one thing that was superfluous and unnecessary, in that upon a love that he had taken to populari●●● without any probable reason inducing him thereto, he set his mind to bring down the price of all things to be bought and sold in market; the cheapness whereof being ordered otherwise than is meet and convenient, is wont otherwiles to breed scarcity and famine. And notwithstanding the States of Antioch showed plainly, That it could not be effected at the time when he willed it, yet would he never a whit leave off his purpose: like for all the world to his brother Gallus, although he was not bloodily minded. Whereupon faring afterward against them, as murmuring detractors and contumacious, he compiled an invective volume, which he called Antiochense, or Mesopogon, upon a malicious mind, reckoning up the shameful reproaches of the city, and setting to more than were true. After which, understanding there were many pleasant jests and scoffs made of him, being forced to dissimule all for the time, he boiled and swelled again inwardly with anger. For, mocked he was by these terms, as * crafty flattere●, or a wily ●ox. ● Cercops, a little dwarf, using to stretch his narrow shoulders, carrying a goat's beard before him, and stalking with a wide pace, like as if he had been a brother of λ Otus and Ephialtes, those Giants whose tallness Homer infinitely setteth out in the highest degree. He was also termed in stead of Sacricola, i. a devout server of God, Victimarius, i. the common sacrificer or butcher, whereby many alluded to his often sacrificing. And very aptly was he blamed in this behalf, when as for ostentation sake, he used very boldly to carry sacred oblations for the priests, accompanied with a sort of women, and he took joy and pleasure therein. And although for these and the like causes he fretted and chafed, yet he said not a word, but holding in his passion within the power of his mind, he celebrated his sacred solemnities notwithstanding. To conclude, upon a certain set festival day before appointed, he ascended up to the mountain Casius, so full of woods, and with a round compass reaching up on high, from whence at the second cock crowing the sun is seen first to rise. And when he offered sacrifice, and celebrated divine service to jupiter, all on a sudden he espied one lying prostrate upon the ground, with a suppliant voice, humbly beseeching life and pardon: And when he asked what he was, answer was made unto him, That it was Theodotus of Hierapolis, one of the Precedents train there, who among other honourable personages, accompanying Constantius as he went from their city, by way of unseemly and base flattering him (as who doubtless should win the * Against julian. victory) requested him, and that with tears and groans, which he had at command, to send unto them the head of julian that ungrateful traitor, in such sort as he remembered the said * Or limb, Memb●●●, i. the head. Member of Magnentius was carried up and down all about: Which when he understood, I have (quoth he) heard indeed long since by many men's relation, of this thy speech, but go thy ways in peace, careless, and void of all fear, through the clemency of thy Prince, who, as the wise man hath advised, to diminish the number of foes, and to increase the number of friends, of his own accord and willingly striveth so to do. After he had performed the rites of sacrifice, and was departed from thence, there was presented unto him a writing from the governor of Egypt, avouching, That the ox Apis, which had been sought with great diligence and industry, might yet after a time be found: Which, as the inhabitants of those countries suppose, is a token of luckinesse, of plentiful fruits, and divers good blessings: as touching which matter, it will be requisite that somewhat were briefly delivered. Among living creatures by ancient observation hallowed, Mnevis and Apis are of more note than the rest. Mnevis is consecrated to the Sun, concerning ●●●ch no memorable matter is recorded: the other following, to the Moon: For, Apis is an ox, or bull, lively portrayed unto us with divers figures of natural marks, but marked most of all with the shape of the new Moon on his right flank: who when as after a certain appointed time of life, he is deep plunged in a sacred fountain, and departed out of this life, (for he may not live any longer than the secret authority of mystical books doth prescribe: nor but once in the year is there presented unto him a cow, and the same found with certain especial marks) another is sought for with public sorrow and lamentation: and if he may be found with all signs right and perfect accordingly, he is brought to Memphis, a goodly city, and ennobled with the presence of god Aesculapius: and when by the ceremonious consecration of certain prelates, to the number of one hundred, he is brought into a bedchamber, and beginneth to be sacred or hallowed, he is said by manifest conjectures to show the signs of future things, and seemeth by certain crooked tokens, to mislike some as they come toward him: Like as upon a time, when he rejected and refused Germanicus Caesar, as we read in the Chronicles, offering him meat, it portended what fell out within a while * namely his death after. CHAP. XIIII. An exact draft of things memorable in Egypt: and first as touching the ancienty of the people: The site and limits of the kingdom: then the heads, courses, mouths, or issues, and strange wonders of Nilus. BEcause therefore this present time seemeth to require so much, the story of Egypt would slightly and in few words be touched, considering that the knowledge there of I have orderly put down at large, in the acts of the emperors Hadrian and Severus, reporting most things that I saw myself. The Egyptian nation, the most ancient of all others, but that it contendeth with the Scythians about antiquity, is on the South side bounded with the greater * S●●che de Ba●baria, or Baxos de Barbaria. Syrteses, the Promontory * Cabo di Carena, or ●ax●●en Phycus and * Cabo de Teinnes Borium, together with the Garamants, and sundry other kinds of people: where it looketh directly into the East, it lieth along just before Elephantina and Meröe, cities of the Aethiopians, the * People dwelling by the Cataracts, or Downfall of Ni●●●. Catadupi also, and the * Aza●●●●. D●●. Nigro. Ma● di India. 〈…〉. Red Sea, together with the Arabians Scenitae, whom we now call Saracenes. The parts bearing just against the North, are main lands, cohering one to the other a mighty way; whence Asia, and the provinces of Syria take their beginning. On the West side, disjoined it is from the Continent by the sea * Golfo de Ala●●● or Gia●za. Issiacum, which some have named Parthenium. Meet it will be therefore, that somewhat in brief I set down as touching Nilus (which Homer termeth Aegyptus) minding shortly to show other particulars which in these countries are admirable. The spring heads and original of Nilus, as I for my part verily am wont to think, the ages also ensuing hereafter, shall be ignorant of, like as those have been heretofore to this day. But for as much as the fabling Poets, and disagreeing Geographers deliver divers matters as touching the hidden knowledge thereof, I will dispatch in few words their opinions, such as I suppose sound near unto the truth. Some naturalists affirm, That in the parts lying under the North, when the cold Winters bind and freeze all, there be mighty great snows congealed and gathered together: and these afterwards resolved through the force of the exceeding hot Sun, turn into clouds full of liquid and flowing humours, which by the μ Etesian winds driven into the South quarter, and wrung out with excessive heat, minister plenteous increase of water to Nilus. Others are of opinion, That by occasion of great showers of rain in * Abezim, or Alhabas, inhabited by the Abyssines. Aethiopia, which by report, fall abundantly in those tracts, in the time of parching hot weather, the said river doth rise and overflow at certain set times of the year. But these opinions both, seem not to accord with the truth: For, reported it is, That in Aethiopia either there falleth no showers at all, or else if they do, it is very seldom, and after great time between. Another opinion there is, more embraced than the rest, That whiles the ● forerunning * Prodrome. wind's blow and the Etesian blasts together, holding on continually for the space of forty five days, they force back his stream, and by reason that his swift course is thus restrained, he swelleth, and his waves overflow: and so growing bigger still by a contrary spirit that striveth again, whiles violent winds beat it back of one side, and the course of the ever-running springs besides urge it forward on another, it riseth on high, and covereth all: and having once got the ground under it, surroundeth the open fields, and looketh like a sea. But king juba grounding his opinion assuredly upon that which he found written in certain * Written by Carthaginians. Punic books, showeth, That he ariseth out of a certain hill, which standing in * The kingdoms of Maro●cho and Pesse. Mauritania, overlooketh the Ocean. And he saith, That upon these presumptions and arguments, this opinion was set on foot, because the like fishes, herbs, and beasts, are bred among all those marshes. Now, this river Nilus running along by the parts of Aethiopia, having also gone through divers names, which many nations have given him as he passeth along the earth, with a most rich exundation, cometh at length to the Cataracts, that is to say, certain steep and broken rocks, down which as he falleth, he seemeth to rush rather than to run. Whereupon in times past the people inhabiting there by, when with continual roaring of the water, they had much impaired the use of their ears, and became hard of hearing, were forced of necessity to remove and flit up to higher grounds. From thence passing on with a milder course, at seven mouths, every of which both yield the use and carry also the face of so many running rivers, he spreadeth himself through Egypt, without the help of any foreign waters. And beside very many rivers derived out of his channel, the father of them all, and falling into other channels well-near as big as it: seven there be navigable and full of surges, unto which those writers in ancient time have given these names under written, to wit, * Roset●o. Heracleoticus, * Sturioni. Sebenniticus, Bolbiticus, Pathniticus, * Damiate. Nig. Migni. B●n●●ct●l●. Mendesius, * Tanes. Nig. Cal●●en●. Bonac●. Taniticus, and * Carabes. Pelusiacus. Moreover, rising from whence I have said, carried forward he is from the marshes, unto the Cataracts aforesaid, and maketh many islands; whereof some are said to lie out so far along in the water, that hardly he can leave any one of them behind him in three days sailing. Among which islands there be two of great name, to wit, * G●guere. Cas●a●d. Meroe, and * 〈◊〉. Delta, so called for better mark and distinction, of the triangled form of that [greek] letter Δ. Now when the Sun beginneth to pass through the sign Cancer, Nilus riseth higher until his course into Libra: and thus flowing aloft for an hundred days together, beginneth afterwards to decrease, and so the hugeness of his water being abated, where as before he carried ships, now he showeth the fields passable by men on horseback. If it rise and swell over-high, it is as hurtful, as unfruitful otherwise, if it flow not high enough. For, by excessive store of water standing and soaking the earth too long, it letteth tillage of the fields, and by the smallness thereof it threateneth slender and barren corn. Neither doth any holder of land wish it to rise above sixteen cubits high. And if it happen to flow moderately, the seed cast upon a land of fat soil, yieldeth increase divers times threescore and ten fold. And it is the only river that breedeth and affordeth no gales of wind. CHAP. XV. Furthermore he describeth the beasts of Egypt, as well by land as water. Among which, the Crocodile, Ichneumon, Hippopotamus, Ibis, and divers Serpents: as also Temples and the Pyramids. Egypt aboundeth also with many kinds of beasts, among which there be some of the land, others of the water. Some live on land and water both, whereupon they are named Amphibia. And verily, on dry ground feed Roebucks, the Bucali, and the Bisturitia, ridiculous deformed creatures, and other monsters, which it booteth not to recount. But among the water beasts there be store of Crocodiles every where all over those tracts. This Crocodile is a mischievous four-footed beast, a dangerous vermin used to both * water and land. elements, without a tongue, moving the upper jaw only, having rows of teeth fashioned like combs, so that whatsoever it catched once between them, the same it biteth perniciously and holdeth fast: it layeth eggs like to those of geese: and as he is armed with claws, so if he had * Policies. thumbs thereto, such strength he hath, that he were able to overturn whole ships also. For, reaching out otherwhiles ten cubits in length, all night long he keepeth the water quietly: in the day time he feedeth on the land, presuming boldly of his skin which he carrieth about him so strong, that the natural fence he hath upon his back, like an armour of proof, unneath can be pierced through with the strong shot discharged from engines of artillery. And the same wild beasts, notwithstanding they be always raging, yet become mild and leave off all their outrageous felnesse for the space of those seven ceremonious holy days, wherein the priests at Memphis celebrate the nativity of Apis. Now, beside those Crocodiles which die by * Fortu●a morte: I suppose he meaneth that manner of death, which is not violent no● occasioned by any outward known cause: but coming of itself, which how it differeth from natural or inward disease. I cannot see. casualty, some burst asunder, by having their soft bellies digged into underneath, or fretted, with certain hard crusts growing upon the backs of beasts like unto Dolphins, which the foresaid river maintaineth: others again perish and come to their end after this manner. The little pretty bird ξ Trochilos, whiles it seeketh for some picking of small food, flying gently about him as he lieth along, and by tickling his gombes somewhat hard, cometh at length to the very place near unto his throat: which when the water serpent ● Hydrus, a kind of the Ichneumons, seeth, he entieth into the passage of his mouth, made open by the said bird that went before, and having gnawn through the belly, and torn in sunder the vital bowels, breaketh forth. This Crocodile, as bold a beast as it is to them that fly from it, yet if he perceive one venturous to set upon him, he is most timorous. Upon the land he hath a very quick sight, and for the four Winter months he is said to eat no meat at all. There be engendered also in those parts the water horses Hippopotami, of all other beasts wanting reason, most witty, shaped like horses, but having cloven houses and short tails: of whose ready and quick wit, suffice it shall to show two proofs. This beast having made his couch among the high overgrown reeds, standing very thick together, with most watchful care looketh about him to see the coasts clear and all at rest, and finding his time of liberty and opportunity, goeth forth to feed upon the standing corn: and when he beginneth now to return with his b●llie strut and full, by going backward he maketh many distinct paths, lest the hunters following the direct line of one plain and straight way, should light upon him, and without any difficulty wound him to death. Semblably, when with over-greedie eating his belly is swollen so big, that he waxeth unlustie and slow, upon the reeds that are new cut he walloweth and rolleth his thighs and legs, that so by wounding his feet, the blood issuing forth might make him light, who was before so crammed up and fed fat; and then the sore raw places of his flesh he daubeth over with mud, until the wounds do cicatrice, and be whole and even again. These rare beasts, held for wonders and monsters before time, the people of Rome saw first in the Aedileship of Scaurus, father to that Scaurus, whom whiles Tully pleadeth for, he commandeth the Sardi, That they also would, together with the authority of the whole world, have a good opinion of that noble house. And for many ages after, being oftentimes brought hither, now can they be no where found (as the inhabitants of those countries do conjecture) forced to flit (so weary were they of the multitude of hunters coursing and chase them still) unto the π Blemmyae. Among the fowls of Egypt, the variety whereof is innumerable, the ρ Ibis is a sacred bird, lovely and harmless in this regard, That ministering unto her young ones in nest the Serpent's eggs for food, she is the cause that such mischievous vermin is consumed, and so grow to be fewer in number. The same birds encounter whole companies of winged Snakes, which come out of the Arabian fens, casting deadly poisons: and the same Serpents, before they go out of their coasts (after these birds have by fight in the air vanquished) they devour: and by report they bring forth their young at their bills. Egypt breedeth also an infinite number of serpents, to wit, the σ Basilisks, or Cockatrices, of all other most mischievous and pernicious: also the τ Amphisbaenae, the υ Scytalae, the φ Acontiae, the χ Dipsades, and the ψ Vipers, beside many other: All which the ω Aspis exceedeth by far in bigness and beauty; neither of his own accord * fluenta egre●●t●● Nil●. goeth he out of the river Nilus. Many things there be in those tracts the reading whereof would very well pay for the pains, out of which it will be fit and meet to declare some few. There be * hot baines. Therma Lutra there, which the home-born inhabitants call * haply for Chythros, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Graecè, 〈…〉, Po●s, or Kettles: such as Herod●● lib. 7. 〈◊〉 about 〈…〉. Cythrus. Temples also built every where of great height and bigness: the seven Pyramids likewise, that are become wonders of the world; which, in how long a time, and with what difficulty they were brought up so high, Herodotus the writer of showeth: Towers they be, erected to such an height, as exceedeth the handy work of man; of a huge breadth in the bottom, and rising to a most sharp pointed top: which figure in Geometry is termed Pyramid, for that to the form of fire (〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉) as we say, it cometh to be small in the head, in fashion of a Cone or Pine apple: the greatness whereof, because in climbing up to an exceeding height, it groweth small by little and little, consumeth also the shadows, by mechanic reason. There be allo Syringes, i certain fistulous noukes under the ground, and full of windings: which, by report, the skilful professors of old rites having a foreknowledge of a deluge; and fearing least the memory of their ceremonies should be quite abolished, built in divers places within, digested orderly by curious and laborious delfes: and upon the walls, hewed out of the very rocks, engraved many kinds of fowls and wild beasts, yea, and infinite forms of other living creatures; which being not understood of the Latins, they called aa Hieroglyphic letters. Then have you * Asna, Ortel. Syene, in which at the time of the aestival bb Solstice, when the Sun Southward stretcheth to the uttermost his Summer race, his beams going round about all things that stand straight upright, suffer no shadows to pass from bodies. Hereupon it is, that if any man shall stick a stake upright, or see a man or tree standing about the very edges of their lineaments, he shall perceive the shadows to be spent. Like as at Meroe, being that part of Aethyopia which is next unto the Equinoctial circle, by report, it happeneth; where for ninety days together the shadows fall contrary to ours: and therefore the inhabitants thereof they term Antiscij. Which because they be many wonderful things, exceeding the purpose of our small work, let us put them over to deep and high wits, being minded only to make some brief narration as touching the provinces therein. CHAP. XVI. Lastly, the provinces and cities of Egypt and Alexandria by name, are described: with addition of famous men's names, and Sciences flourishing in times passed in Egypt. Egypt, as men say in ancient times, had three provinces, to wit, Egypt itself, * Gosen, or Rame●●●, or 〈◊〉. Thebais, and Lybia: unto which the posterity following adjoined twain, namely, * Fechna & Errif Augustamnica, severed from the said province Egypt, and * of ●. cities therein Pentapolis, divided from the drier Lybia. Thebais therefore containeth in it, among many cities, these more famous than the rest, to wit, Hermopolis and * Cana, or Chana. Coptos, * or Antinoe Anthios at this day. Antinoon also, which Hadrianus built in the honour of Antinous, a young stripling [and darling of his.] As for Thebes * having an hundred gates. Hecatompylos, who knoweth it not? Within Augustamnica standeth * Belbais & Belbin. Pelusium, a noble town, which Pe●eus the father of Achilles is said to have founded, being willed by the commandment of the gods to be purged in that lake, which runneth hard by the walls of the same city, what time as after he had killed his brother Phocus, he was haunted and harried with the horrible apparitions and spectres of Furies: also Cassius, where standeth the sepulchre of Pomp●y the Grea● * 〈◊〉. Ti●●t. Ostracine likewise and * 〈◊〉 Nigr. Rhinocorurae. In Pentapolis Lybia, * 〈◊〉. Cyrene is situate, a city of good antiquity, but not inhabited, which Battus the Spartan built: Also * Acon, or Acre. Ptolemais, and * Sues. G●li●. Arsinoë, the same that Teuchira: likewise Darnis and * Benich, or Berbuch: of some Ca●●, or Alcair. Berenice, which also they call Hesperides: but in the drier Lybia, * Porto-rassa, or Berton. Paretonion, * or Chaerecla. Cherecla, and Neapolis, among some few small free towns. Egypt itself, which ever since that it became annexed to the Roman Empire, is ruled by prefects, over and beside many smaller cities, hath Athribis, Oxyrynchus, Thmuis, and * Cairo, or Menchis. Memphis, right great cities to beautify it. As for * Alexandr●na. Curopot. Alexandria, it is the very head of all cities, ennobled in many-respects, and namely by the magnificence of the founder, that most high * Alexander the Great. prince, and the cunning of Dinocrates the master of the Works, and chief builder thereof; who when he laid the foundation of the large and fair walls for want of lime (at the same instant unneath found) bestrewed all the circuit thereof, drawn out by line, with meal, which by an accidental sign foreshowed, that the city afterward was like to abound with plenteous store of victuals: there the wholesome winds do blow; there is the air calm and mild: and as experiments gathered in sundry ages hath showed, there is no day almost in the year, but the inhabibitants of this city see the Sun shine clear and bright. This c●ast, that it should not as heretofore, annoy the sailors with many dangers, by reason of the deceitful and perilous passages to the land, Queen Cleopatra devised to set up in the haven an high tower, called of the very * Pharos the I●●●, now Fa●on, or Magrah. place itself Pharos, yielding the means of giving light unto ships sailing in the night season: whereas in times past, such ships as came out of the Parthenian or Lybian sea, seeing along the flat shores, void of mountains, no landmarks either of * or Beawkens. watchtowers or hills, ran on ground upon the soft and clammy sands, and so were split in sunder. This very same Queen built the * A place containing 7. stadia or great furlongs of ground won out of the sea. Heptastadium, no less wonderful for bigness than incredible almost for the quick dispatch thereof, and that for a cause well known and necessary, which is this. The Island Pharos (where Homer in his swelling vein of fabulous Poetry deviseth, That Proteus kept with his herds of sea-Calves or Seals, lying a mile from the strand, on which the said city standeth) was bound to pay toll for portage unto the Rhodians: which, when * Publicans, or farmers of the customs. some from thence came and demanded excessively, this lady, whose wits served her at all times to work wiles, having under a colour of solemn and festival holy days trained forth the said fermors or toll-gatherers with her to the places under the city side, caused by uncessant and restless labour a piece of work to be finished: and in seven days, for so many stadia, by making huge dams and banks within the sea, there was won land unto the main near adjoining: and thither went she then in her wagon, and said, The Rhodians mistook and were deceived, who were to demand tollage of Islands, and not of the Continent. Besides these, there are temples proudly standing with high lanterns and steeples; among which, * The temple of Serapis. Serapium carrieth up the head alo●t: which, although there be but few words and little speech go of it, yet with most stately courts and porches supported upon pillars, with lively portraicts and images, and with a number of other artificial works so adorned it is, that excepting the Capitol, whereby venerable Rome advanceth itself in majesty for ever, the world cannot see a more sumptuous and glorious thing. Wherein were libraries of inestimable worth, and all the ancient records jointly do testify, That seven hundred thousand books bestowed there, (such was the vigilant care of Ptolemies the kings) were in the Alexandrine war, whiles the city was sacked under Caesar Dictator, burnt to ashes. Twelve miles from thence standeth * Bochir, or 〈◊〉. Canopus, to which, the Pilot of Menel●us, as ancient monuments bear witness, there buried, gave that name: a place even to this day built sumptuously with churches and goodly fair inns, through which the winds blow that are of an wholesome temperature, insomuch, that any man living in those tracts would think, that he maketh his abode without our world, when oftentimes he shall hear the winds make a gentle noise, with a warm air and Sunshine breath. But Alexandria itself not arising by little & little, as other cities, but at the very first built large with a spacious compass, and a long time grievously wearied with domestical dissensions, at last, after many years, whiles Aurelianus was Emperor, what time as civil brawls broke out to mortal broils, whereby the walls were ruinate, lost the greatest part of her * or ground lying w●●●in it. territories, named Bruchion, after it had been for a long time the seat and dwelling place of excellent and renowned men. Thence descended Aristarchus, that famous and mostlearned Grammarian, Herodian also a diligent student and searcher into the most curious arts; likewise Saccas Ammonius the master of Plotinus, and a number of other writers in many noble professions of learning: among whom, Chalcenterus Didymus, memorable for his enterprise of manifold sciences, carried a great name: who in those six ●ookes, wherein sometime he findeth fault, though unperfectly, with Tully, following herein the * ●koffing Poets. Sillographi, foul tongued and railing writers, blameth the judgement of learned ears, faring herein, with his unsavoury and affectate speech, like unto a foolish whelp, that afar off keepeth a barking and baying about a terrible roaring Lyon. And albeit there were many more together with these, whom I have named, that flourished here in old time, yet in the same city the professions of sundry sorts of knowledge are not even in these days silent: for both the masters of Mathematics, after a sort here breath and live still, and whatsoever lieth dark and hidden, is discovered and laid open by the Geometricians staff: neither as yet among them is Music altogether decayed and gone, nor harmony hushed: and even yet among some, black though they be, the skill and observation of the heaven's motion and of the stars is hotly professed again; and in one word learned there be among them not a few. Over and besides, cunning they are in the science of prophesy and divination, which openeth the courses of the Destinies. And as for Physic, whereof, in this life of ours (which can little skill of temperature and sobriety) the many helps and means are right requisite and needful, the study and practise thereof increaseth daily so, that although it stand most upon practice and experience, yet in am of all experiments, it sufficeth for a Physician to commend the authority of his skill, if he do but say, That he was trained up therein, at Alexandria, And thus much verily may serve as touching these matters. But if any man will with a quick understanding revolve the manifold introductions into the intelligence of Divinity, and the original of foreknowing things to come, he shall find that such kind of learning was from Egypt carried and spread over the whole world. Here first, men long before others, came to the sundry rudiments and cradles, as they say, of Religion: and the first principles of their sacred mysteries, they warily keep and save, bestowed in secret sanctuaries. In this knowledge Pythagoras being instructed and according to it secretly worshipping the gods, whatsoever he said or held, he ordained the same to stand in stead of an ●● approved authority: and oftentimes he showed at Olympia his golden thigh, and was from time to time seen to talk with an Angel. And hence it was that Anaxagoras foretold, That stones should fall from heaven; and by handling the mud that was in a pit or well, gave a prediction of the earthquakes that ensued. Solon also by the helps he had from the opinions of the Egyptian Priests, by making laws according to the direction of justice, brought the greatest strength and validity to the Roman law also. From these fountains glorious Wisdom, in imitation of jupiter, marching on high with brave and lofty words, having not seen Egypt, hath as it were in warfare displayed her banners. Now, for the Egyptians themselves, they be men for the most part somewhat of a dark swart colour and black, and much inclining to melancholy, lean and dry, upon every motion wrathful and angry litigious, and most eager demaunders again [for any arrearages and duties behind.] If any one of them by his denial of tributes could not show upon his body many black and blue marks, he would be ashamed: And to this day there could not be found the torment so violent, as to fetch out of any of their hearts obdurate and hardened in robbery, so much, as to tell what his proper name was. And this one thing moreover is well known, as appeareth by our ancient Annals, That all Egypt heretofore was ruled by their kings, friends unto the State of Rome: but after that Antony and Cleopatra, were in the battle at Sea before Actium vanquished, it became possessed by Octavianus Augustus, and took the name of a province. As for Libya the dry, we attained unto it by virtue of the last will & testament of king Apion. Cyrenae with the residue of the cities in Libya Pentapolis, we received as a gift at the bountiful hand of Ptolemeus. Having thus launched out a great way, I will return now to the order of my history begun. THE XXIII. BOOK. CHAP. I. julianus taking unto him salustius as Colleague, whom he ordained to be Praefect for Gallia, goeth in hand with the reedification of the Temple at Jerusalem, but in vain. Being terrified with ominous signs, and prodigious tokens, yet mindeth he to enterprise the Persian war. THese were the acts, to say nothing of small matters and minutes of affairs that passed this year in the Provinces: But julian * Ter Consul not ter Consul, For ● cannot find in the Chronologie, that Saliust●s ●s was before this year Consul with him: and the very words following imply no less. having been thrice Consul already, taking unto him ● salustius the Praefect in Gaul, to the fellowship of wearing the Consulare rob, entered himself that most honourable magistracy the fourth time: And a strange novelty it was thought, to have a private person joined to the Emperor in that place of dignity, a thing that no man could remember done since Dioclesian and Aristobulus time. And although he with careful mind conceiving aforehand the variety of accidents, hastened forward with ardent desire the manifold preparations for the expedition; yet distrusting men's diligence every where, and much desiring to propagat the memorial of his Empire by some great works, he intended with excessive cost to re-edify that sumptuous and stately temple in times passed at jerusalem, which after many mortal skirmishes and assaults, during the siege that Vespasian first, and Titus afterwards laid unto it, was with much ado hardly forced and beaten down: And he gave the charge of dispatching the business with speed, to Alypius of Antioch, who sometime had been deputy ᵃ governor of Britanny. When as therefore the said Alypius was earnestly bend upon this affair, and the ruler of the * of judea. province did set to his helping hand; behold certain fearful flaming balls of fire issuing forth near unto the foundations, and making many terrible assaults, consumed sundry times the workmen, and made the place unaccessable: and by reason that this element still gave the repulse, the enterprise was given over. At the same time were sent from Rome unto the Emperor, as ambassadors, noble personages of high birth, and for their approved life and conversation known to be of good desert, whom he honoured with sundry dignities. As for Apronianus, he decreed, that he should be Praefect of Rome; and Octavianus Proconsul of Africa; to Venustus he committed the deputiship of Spain; and Rufinus Arabius he promoted to be Lieutenant general of the East, in the place of his uncle julianus late deceased. Which affairs thus ordered, as meet it was, behold he was terrified with a certain ominous sign, that took effect, as the event showed, most surely and with speed. For, by occasion that Felix the Treasurer suddenly died of a flux of blood, and the said Lieutenant julian followed straight after him, the common sort having an eye to the * For it seemeth that this title, Foelix, was in his stile, else it could not now be ominous. public titles, and putting all together, pronounced julianus, Foelix, and Augustus. Now, there had gone before another fearful and adverse sign also: For, upon the very * The 1. day of Ian●ari●. kalends of januarie, as he went up to the temple of Genius, whereto men ascend by stairs, one of the college of priests more ancient than the rest, fell down suddenly without any body thrusting him, and with that casual and unexpected fall, yielded up his ghost: which the standers by, whether for want of skill, or upon a mind they had to flatter, said, did pretend some such accident unto the elder of the two Consuls, and namely to salustius: but as it appeared, foreshowed it was thereby, That death approached not unto him that was more ancient in years, but precedent in power and authority. Besides these, there were other smaller foretokens likewise, which otherwhiles presaged that which happened: For, at the very beginning of making preparation for this Parthicke expedition, word was brought, That Constantinople was shaken with an earthquake: which the skilful Soothsayers in this kind, pronounced to be no fortunate sign unto the ruler, that was in hand with the overrunning of another Prince's Realm; and therefore advised him to desist from this unhappy enterprise: affirming, That these and the like tokens, thus far forth, and not otherwise, aught to be contemned, if there be invasion made by a foreign power: for then, this one rule abideth firm and perpetual, By all means to stand ᵇ upon our safeguard and defence, all violence of death whatsoever notwithstanding. At the very same time intelligence was given unto him by letters, That the prophetical books of Sibylla, being by his commandment perused and consulted with at Rome, as touching this war, by a plain answer forbade the Emperor that year to depart from his own limits. And yet among these occurrents, the ambassadors of many nations that promised their aid, after liberal entertainment had their dispatch, and were sent home again, with this answer of the prince, proceeding from a brave confidence, That it no ways became the State of Rome to be defended by help from strangers, whose means meet it was should maintain their friends and allies, in case they were driven upon necessity to call for and crave their succour: Only Arsaces' king of Armenia, he warned to gather his puissant forces together, and attend his will and pleasure, as who should quickly know whereto he tended, and what he ought to urge and set forwrd. Wherefore, upon the first opportunity that might stand with his advised & considerate consultations, making haste with a forerunning rumour, to be seized of the enemy's lands, having before the mid-spring sent by his military companies a token or watchword, giving notice of an expedition, he commanded them all to pass over Euphrates. Which being once known, they all hie away speedily out of their wintering harbours, and having crossed the river, as the history ensuing shall declare, were dispersed into sundry stations, and expected their Princes coming. CHAP. II. Being departed out of Antioch, he was troubled and haunted with strange signs and dreams: but afterwards comforted again by sundry presages, and the arrival of a most puissant Armadoe, he proceedeth in his intended voyage. But he, being ready to depart from Antioch, made one Alexander of Heliopolis, a turbulent and cruel man, judge over Syria; and said withal, That the man had not indeed deserved the place, but such a justice as he was meet for the covetous and spiteful Antiocheans. And when the multitude of all sorts accompanied him to his departure, wishing an happy journey, and a glorious return, beseeching him from thenceforth to be mild and gentle unto them, for that his anger which he had conceived of their scornful reproofs and reproaches, was not as yet assuaged, he gave them rough language, saying, He would thenceforth see them no more. For, he said, That he determined after the expedition ended, to return a nearer way to Tarsus in Cilicia, there to winter; and that he had written to Memorius the Precedent, That in the same town all things should be put in readiness fit for him: and in truth this fell out indeed not long after. For his corpse being brought back thither with small pomp of funeral obsequies, was interred, as himself gave order, in a place near the city's side. And now when the weather began to be warm and lightsome, the * The 5. day o● March. third day before the Nones of March he took his voyage, and with usual journeys came to Hierapolis: where, as he entered the gates of that most spacious and large city, a gallery on the left hand suddenly fell down, and, besides a number that were wounded with the weighty fall of timber pieces and tiles, crushed to death fifty soldiers as they were going under it. From whence with all his forces assembled together, he advanced his ensigns into * Meredi●. Tost●ll. Mesopotamia so speedily, that before any rumour ran of his coming (for thereof he had taken very careful heed before) he surprised the Assyrians at unawares. And in the end, having upon a bridge of ships passed over Euphrates with his army, and the aids of Scythians, he came to Batne, a free town of Osdroenna, and there found he a sorrowful token presaging ill. For when a number of camp slaves stood near unto an exceeding high stack of straw, for to take from thence according to their custom fodder (for in this manner in those countries such kinds of farage are mowed up) whiles many were plucking thereat, the whole mow or stack being shaken was borne down, and with the huge heap of that which fell, overwhelmed in semblable manner fifty men to death. Departing from thence with heavy cheer, he road apace and came to Carrae, an ancient town, remarkable for the defeature and overthrow of Crassus and the Roman army; whence there be two distinct high roadwayes, leading into Persia: That on the left hand by * Bo●●●. Castald. Adiabena and Tigris, the other on the right hand by the Assyrians and Euphrates. And having stayed there for certain days to provide necessaries, and to offer sacrifice unto the Moon (which in those tracts after the rites of the place is devoutly worshipped) it is reported of him, that before the very altar, without admission of any one thither to be witness or privy to what he did, he secretly delivered unto Procopius, his kinsman, his purple coat of arms, and charged him boldly to enter upon the Imperial dignity, if he understood that himself was slain in Parthia. And here, as julian took his rest and lay asleep, his mind disquieted with dreams, presaged some unfortunat accident to follow. Wherefore, both himself and the expounders also of visions, considering the present occasions, pronounced, That the day following, which was the * the 18. day of March. fourteenth day before the Kalends of April should be well observed. But, as it was known afterwards, the very same night the temple of Apollo Palatinus in Rome, whiles Apronianus ruled as Praefect, was on fire and burned: where, if good help on every side had not come in, the flames of fire were so great, that they had consumed also the prophetical verses of Sybylla. And after his forces thus ordered, and dispose made of victuals in every kind, word was brought even then by the light horsemen discoverers, who came blowing in all haste, That the troops of the enemy's horse having broken through a certain limit near adjoining, had forrayed and on a sudden driven away booties: With the grievous occurrent of which adverse accident, being much troubled, he forthwith, as he had purposed before, committed unto the said Procopius the charge of thirty thousand select soldiers, joining with him in the like commission Sebastian a * or jieutenant general. Comes. Comes, late * Dux: whereby it appeareth, that Comes was an higher dignity than Dux, contrary to the practice of our days. marquess of Egypt: And then he commanded, That for the present they should make their abode within Tigris, and have a vigilant eye to all places, lest from any side not surely guarded and observed, some sudden and unexpected mischief might arise, as oftentimes many such chances, he said, had happened: And he gave them in charge withal, That, if conveniently it might be, they would join with king Arsaces, and together with him marching in a running camp by the way of Corduena and Moxoena, having wasted Chiliocomus, that fruitful tract of Media and other quarters, make speed to meet with himself, whiles he yet abode in Assyria, and be ready at all assays, and upon every sudden and urgent occasion to assist him. Having ordered these affairs in this wise, himself making semblance, that he would go out by Tigris, which way he commanded also for the nonce to be laid with provision of sundry sorts of furniture, turned on the right hand; and when he had passed that night in rest and quietness, in the morning he called, as his manner was, for his * 〈◊〉. beast to ride upon, and there was brought unto him an horse named Babylonius, which happening to be sore vexed with a sudden gripe or wring in his belly, fell down, and whiles he was not able to endure the pain, walloweth along, and happeneth to besprent his caparison and ornaments richly garnished with gold and precious stones. At which strange sight he took great joy, and cried out, with the applause of those next about him, That * Baldach. Castald. Bagda, C●ropala● and according to divers languages hath sundry names Babylon was fallen, and lay along on the ground despoiled of all her ornaments. And being stayed there a while, until by lucky and propitiatory sacrifices he had ratified this fortunate token of praesage, he came to Devana, a garrison fortress, whence the river Belias springing, poureth itself into Euphrates. Here, after they had well refreshed their bodies with meat, they came the next day to * Callinicum also O●tel. Callinisum, a strong town of defence, and for rich chevisance and quick traffic a most delectable place: where, upon the sixth day before the Calends, on which at Rome annuversarie ᶜ feasts are solemnised with great pomp in honour of the mother of the gods, and the chariot which carrieth her image, is by report washed in the stream of * Dachia, near unto the way Appia, and runneth into Tiber. Almon, having after the ancient manner performed this sacred solemnity, he took his rest quietly and slept all night, whereupon he conceived much joy and contentment. The morrow next ensuing he departed from thence by the very edge of the river banks, where the stream was big by occasion of other brooks conflowing thither on every side, marching in warlike sort with his forces armed and weaponed; and there he took up his station, and abode under tents: where the potentates and princes of the Saracenes humbly upon their knees presenting unto him a crown of gold, honoured him as the Lord of the world, and of their nations; who were gladly received, as men meet for warlike brigandize and robbery. Now, whiles he was in communication with them, behold there arrived the flet, comparable to the Armado of that most puissant king Xerxes, under the conduct of Constantianus the Tribune, and Lucillianus the * or Lieutenant. Comes: which took up the most spacious river Euphrates so, as that hardly it was able to receive it: as wherein were a thousand ships of burden, framed of divers pieces of timber, bringing with them abundance of victuals, with store of casting-weapons and engines of artillery meet for siege and assault. Fifty warre-shippes there were besides, and as many more, necessary for joining together, and making of bridges. CHAP. III. A curious and exact description of certain warlike Engines meet for siege and assault. Upon this very occasion I am put in mind briefly, so far forth as my mean wit will serve, to show the description of these kinds of instruments for their sake that be ignorant thereof: and first will I declare the form and fashion of the Balista. Between two planks there is set in frame and fast joined a strong and big iron, reaching out in length after the manner of a good great rule or squire; from the roundbodie whereof, which in the midst is finely and artificially made, there lieth forth farther out a foursquare beam or spire, made hollow with a direct and straight passage of a narrow riggall or trough, & fastened hard to it with many cords of writhen and twisted sinews, and thereto are two wooden screws most fitly joined; near unto one of which standeth an * the balistier himself. expert and artificial workman, and cunningly bestoweth in the hollow passage of the beam or tiler, a shaft of wood, with a big head glued fast to it: which done, two lusty and tall young men nimbly turn and wind about the If this description content you not, see the figure of it and others in Veget●●● and Noti●●●. wheels on the one side & the other; and when the sharp head of the shaft is come to the upmost end of the strings or sinews aforesaid, out goeth the shaft with a forcible strength within, and forth of the Balista quickly flieth out of sight, otherwhiles sparkling with the exceeding heat that it catcheth in swift flight, & oftentimes it happeneth, that before this dart is seen, the body feeleth a painful and mortal wound. As for the Scorpion, which now they call Onager, this is the form thereof. There be two planks hewn of Oak or Helm, and those are somewhat kerbed, so as they may seem to bear up or stand out with backs; and these in manner of a * Serratoria machinae. Saw-machine are tied fast together, as being bored through on both sides with good wide holes, between which through the holes are strong ropes tied, keeping in the whole frame together, that it fly and start not asunder. From the very midst of these ropes there riseth forth a beam of wood overthwart, and after the fashion of a yoke spire or tiler erected, which is tied with cords or strings at such measures and gauges, that it may be set up or let down lower: and to the top thereof are joined iron hooks, from which there hangeth a sling-socket of tow or iron: under which piece of wood there lieth a huge great bouttrisse or supporter, even haircloth stuffed full of small straw and chaff, fastened thereto with strong bindings, and planted upon turfs heaped up together, or else a bank raised with raw bricks: for such a mighty engine as this being set upon a wall of stone, forceth asunder and breaketh what ever it findeth under it; not for the weight, but the violent shake that it giveth. When as therefore it is come to the point of skirmish or fight, and that a round stone is put into the sling, four lusty young men on the one side unfolding the bars whereto the ropes are incorporate, draw back the style or standard up to the hook: and so at length the master of the Engine standing aloft, giving a mighty stroke with an hammer, setteth open the rails that contain the binding of the whole work: whereupon the standard being now at liberty with that quick stroke, and hitting against the soft haircloth aforesaid, hurleth out the stone that will batter whatsoever is in the way. And verily it is called Tormentum, for that out of it all the unfolding is whirled and hurled out: but a Scorpion (because standing upright, it hath a sharp prick above; unto which also the modern time hath imposed the name of Onager, i. a wild ass, in this regard, that wild asses when they are coursed by hunters) fling with their heels stones afar off behind their backs, so as they pierce through the breasts of them that follow in chase, or break the skulls of their heads, and dash out their brains. Hence will we proceed to the Ram. There is choice made of an high Fir or wild Ash, the one end whereof is shod with an hard plate of iron and a long, shaped out in the front like unto a Ram, which form gave the name to this engine or battering piece: and thus hanged up with overthwart planks on both sides, and iron hoops of another piece of timber, held up it is as it were in balance: and the same according as the measure or length thereof will permit, a number of men driving back, thrust forward again to break whatsoever standeth against it, with mighty strokes & main jurres, in manner of an armed man that cometh upon one and giveth assault. By the manifold bushes whereof, as it were the violent force of a thunderbolt coming to and fro, buildings are rend, and made to cleave and chawne, yea, and the joints of walls being shaken and losened, fall down. By this kind of work, if it be driven back by main strength put thereto (and let go again) rampires are laid naked of their defendants, and the strongest cities that be, are with the case of siege laid open. In stead of these devices of Rams, despised now, because they were so common, there is an engine framed, well known to Historiographers, which the greeks name Helepolis: by the means and long use whereof, Demetrius the son of Antigonus, after he had given the assault unto Rhodes and other cities, was called Poliorcetes: and built it is in this manner. There is a mighty Testudo or frame made, strengthened with very long pieces of timber, and fitted together with iron spikes, and the same covered with ox-hides and new rods or windings drawn one within another, the roof or upmost part whereof is bestrewed and laid over with mud, to the end it may check the fall of fire or shot of casting-weapons. Now, there are set fast in the front of it certain sharpe-pointed iron pikes or heads, with three edges, very massy, much like in shape to those lightnings or thunderbolts, that painters or forgers exhibit unto it; to the end, that whatsoever it runneth against, it may with those sharp heads that so bear out, batter and break in pieces. This so strong and huge a frame, the soldiers within ruling with wheels and a number of ropes, drive with main and speedy force against the weaker part of a wall: and unless the defendants from above be the stronger, and quit themselves the better, it beateth down the walls, and maketh wide breaches. As for the Malleoli, a kind of Darts, shaped they be on this fashion: There is an arrow made of a cane, betwixt the head and the steile, joined and couched close with an iron full of chamfers and teeth: which arrow, after the manner of a woman's * or rock. distaff, on which they spin linen thread, is finely made hollow within the belly, yet open in many places thereof, and in the belly or hollowness it receiveth fire with some * as namely, Bitumen and Nuphta. fuel to feed it; and thus being discharged softly out of a weak bow (for with violent shooting the fire goeth out) if it take fast hold on any place, it burneth the same: and having water cast or sprinkled upon it, the hotter fire it causeth, neither is there any remedy to allay or quench the rage thereof, but by flinging dust upon it. Thus much as touching pieces of Ordnance for walls, of which some few have been showed. Now return we to the orderly course of our History. CHAP. four julianus setting nought by the letters of the Praefect of Gaul, passeth over into Persia, and then plucketh up the bridge, to take away all hope from the soldiers to return. And once again wearied he is with adverse prodigies, whiles the Soothsayers and Naturalists disagree about the interpretation of such strange tokens. THe Emperor having taken to him the Aids of the Saracenes, which they offered with most willing and ready minds, marching with quick pace toward Cercusium, in the beginning of April entered into that fenced town, a place most safe, and as finely and workmanly built; the walls whereof the rivers * Giulap. Aboras and Euphrates compass about, shaping out, as it were, the spacious plot of an Island. This fort, being but small aforetime, and suspected, Dioclesian enclosed round with high walls and towers, what time as in the very confines of the Barbarians he did set out and ordain the inward limits, lest the Persians might range over Syria, as within few years before it chanced, to the great detriment and damage of the provinces. For it happened at Antioch, that when all was still and silent, at the solemn stage-plays a dancing * or Buffon. Tregetour sent in to make sport together with his wife, was acting and counterfeiting certain gestures that were commonly and usually taken up, with so pleasant and delightsome a grace, that the people were astonished thereat, suddenly his wife, Unless I dream (quoth she) in my sleep, lo yonder be the Persians. Whereat the whole multitude turning their heads back for to decline and avoid the darts that came flying thick about their ears, were dispersed every way. Thus the enemies, when they had burnt the city, and hewed a number in pieces, who as in time of peace were straggled abroad very loosely at their pleasures, when they had fired also and wasted the villages and places bordering upon it, loaden with booties and pillage, returned home, without receiving any hurt at all, after they had burnt * the traitor. Marea●es quick, who without good advisement had led them forth, to the death of his own countrymen. And this fortuned verily in the days of Gallienus. But julian, whiles he stayeth at Cercusium, to the end, that by a bridge of ships over Aboras, the army and all the train following might pass over, received letters, That nothing pleased him from salustius, Praefect of Gaul, who prayed him that the expedition against the Parthians might be put off, and earnestly besought him, That he would not thus hastily and unseasonably plunge himself into an irrevocable danger of destruction, having not as yet obtained the grace and favour of the gods. Howbeit, rejecting the advertisement of this most sage and wise counsellor, he boldly advanced forward still: for why, Never was there any power or prowess of man able to merit and prevail so much, but that which the fatal order of Destinies had once prescribed, must needs take effect. And forthwith, having passed over the river, he caused the bridge to be plucked in sunder and had away, that the soldiers might have no confidence or hope remaining, to return back from their proper companies and regiments. In like sort here also was seen a sight praesaging heavy and unlucky fortune, to wit, the dead corpses lying along of a certain officer or purveyor, executed by the hangman's hand, whom salustius the Pręfect being presentin place, had condemned to suffer death and lose his head, for that having given his promise, to deliver an increase of victuals within a day prefixed, was by reason of a cause of impeachment disappointed, and did frustrate men's expectation. But when the poor man (a pitiful case) was done to death, the very next morrow, as he had made promise, arrived another fleet freight with plenty of corn and victual. From thence we departed and came to Zaita, a place, which by interpretation is as much as the Olive tree. Here saw we the brave and admirable tomb of the Emperor * the younger. Gordian, whose acts from the very beginning of his childhood, and whose most fortunate conducts of armies, together with his death wrought by traitorous conspirators, we have in order put down in due time. Where, when he had of his inbred piety & devotion sacrificed to the Manes of that consecrated prince, and was going forward to Dura, a dispeopled town, he espied a far off a company of soldiers; whereat he stood still and stirred not a foot: and as he was in doubt, what news they brought, there was by them presented unto him a Lion of a most huge and mighty body, wounded to death with many a dart, as he made toward the army. Upon which sight, giving now, as it were, a more certain praesage of some more fortunate spectacle, he bore himself aloft, and marched on with greater courage and jollity. But such was the uncertain will and equivocant decree of Fortune, that the event fell out otherwise. For indeed the death of a king was thereby portended, but of what king it rested doubtful. For we read, that even Oracles also were doubtfully delivered, and such, as nothing but the accidents that happened in the end could distinctly determine: as for example, the truth and proof of the Delphic prophesy, which foretold, That Croesus after he had passed over the river Halys, should be the overthrow of a most ᵈ mighty kingdom: as also another, which by crooked terms appointed the ᵉ sea for the Athenians, to try battle with the Medes: yea, and an answer by Oracle later than these before cited, which verily was true, but no less ambiguous and equivocant, Aiote ᶠ Aeacida Romanos vincereposse, i. I say, thyself Aeacideses the Romans vanquish may. Howbeit the Tuscan Soothsayers which were in his train, and had skill in these prodigious and presaging tokens, considering there was no credit given unto them, when they oftentimes prohibited and dissuaded this expedition, brought forth their books of rites and ceremonies, showed plainly the foresaid sight was a sign prohibitory, and contrary to a prince that invadeth (although justly) a foreign prince's kingdom. But down went they, and were trodden under foot, in comparison of Philosophers that gainsaid them, whose authority in those days was had in great esteem and reverence, who otherwhiles shoot wide of the mark, and yet in matters whereof they have no perfect knowledge, stand stiffly a long time. For they pretended and alleged, as a probable argument to maintain the truth and credit of their skill, in that unto Maximian also before time Caesar, being now at the point to join battle with Narses king of the Persians, there was in like manner a lion and a huge wild bore also tendered, slain both together: & he, say they, after he had vanquished that nation departed in safety. But little considered these Philosophers, that thereby destruction was portended to him that invaded and sought for other men's lands: and well it is known, that Narses began first to seize Armenia into his hands, which was subject to the Roman power and jurisdiction. CHAP. V. Other presaging signs diversely expounded. A persuasive oration of julianus unto his soldiers, as touching hot pursuit of the war against the Persians. SEmblably, the day following, which was the * the● day of April. seventh before the Ides of April, when the Sun grew now toward setting, suddenly of a very small cloud, the air so thickened, that all the light of the day was quite gone; and after terrible thunder claps & flashes of lightning that came thick one after another, a soldier named jovianus was strucken from heaven, & fell down dead, together with two horses, which he was bringing back from the river after they had drunk their fill. Which when he saw, he sendeth for the interpreters of these and such like signs, who being demanded, What they thought thereof? avouched confidently. That it also prohibited this expedition and intended war, showing that lightning was a counsellor: (for so are those termed which advice or dissuade any thing to be done.) And therefore especial heed was to be taken hereof, because it killed a soldier that carried an * For, it alluded to jupiter, and to hi● that succeeded next in the Empire. high and great name, together with horses, that are beasts for war: and places smitten or blasted by this means, the books which treat of lightnings, pronounce, That they ought not to be looked or trodden upon. On the contrary side, That Philosophers argued, that the brightness of sacred fire suddenly seen, is not significative, but only is the course or shooting of a swift and vehement exhalation, thrust some way out of the sky down to the jower parts: or if aught were fore-tokened thereby, it showed before hand increase of honour and renown unto the Emperor in his glorious enterprise: considering, that certain it is, flames of their own nature, if there be nothing to check them, fly up on high. Well, when this bridge, as hath been said before, was finished, and all were passed over the river, the emperors chief and principal care now, as he thought, was to make a speech unto his soldiers so forward and fearless, presuming confidently upon their own valour and their General's prowess: By a signal therefore of trumpets sound, when all the centuries, cohorts, and bands were assembled, himself standing upon a bank of earth clods, and guarded round about with a company of great * Celsarum potestatum, as Colonels, Sergeant majors etc. Commanders and officers of the camp, with a gracious countenance discoursed unto them in this wise, as one highly favoured with a joint consent and affection of them all. Right valiant and redoubted soldiers, beholding how vigorous ye are in regard of your exceeding puissance and lusty courage, I am determined to make an oration unto you, and by many reasons to prove, That this is not the first time, as some evil tongued folks secretly give out, that the Romans have invaded the kingdoms of Persia. For, to pass by Lucullus or Pompejus, who through the Albans and Massagets, whom now we term * The people of Lithuania, or Li●taw, as Willichius thinketh. Alani, having made way by force even through this nation have seen the Caspian lakes, we know, that Ventidius also the Lieutenant of Antonius, made an infinite number of slaughters and overthrows in these tracts. But to leave these acts of ancient record, I will rehearse what exploits be fresh in memory, and of late date. Trajanus and Severus entered again thus far with victories and trophies, and with the like honour and fame had Gordian the younger returned, whose monument and supulchre we have newly seen honourably erected, after he had discomfited and put to flight the Persian king at Resaina, but that by the faction of Philip, that was Praefectus Praetorio, together with the help of some few wicked persons, he was in this very place, where he now lieth buried, ungratiously wounded and killed: Neither wandered his * Ghost. Manes long unrevenged; in that, as if justice herself appeared evidently to take vengeance, all that conspired against him were put to torture and dolorous death. And as for these brave captains verily, whom I have named, carried they were with a forward will and mind of achieving high matters, unto the enterprise of these memorable exploits: But, as for us, we are moved to undertake these expeditions which we have intended, by occasion of the woeful and miserable case of cities newly forced, of the unrevenged ghosts of whole armies put to the sword, of the great damages sustained, and the loss of our dear friends: to the end we may give comfort to our allies, redress and remedy hurts passed, and by procuring an honourable security unto the Commonwealth on this coast of the world, leave unto posterity matter sufficient, for which they may give us a noble report and commendation another day. Present will I your Emperor be in all places with you, through the help of immortal God, both to lead before you in the front as a Captain, and to fight with you as a fellow soldier, and that with fortunate signs of success, as I am persuaded. But in case Fortune, mutable as she is, should defeat me any where in battle, sufficient it shall be for me, that I have devowed myself to the Roman Empire, like as in old time Curtius, Mutius, and the noble race of the Deccis have done. Abolish we must and destroy this most troublesome nation, upon whose swords the blood of our kindred is not yet dried. Our ancient forefathers had many ages pass over their heads, before those were rooted out, that annoyed and troubled them. Doubtful was the war, and of long continuance, whereby * The ruins thereof is at this day cal●ersack, somewhat alluding to the ancient name Byrsa. Marmoli●s. Carthage was overcome and subdued: but while the glorious conqueror feared that it should still stand and continue, he subverted and razed it to the very foundation. Scipio after he had gone through many changes and chances that follow a siege, overthrew * Garray, Moral●. Numantia. Rome went down with * castle cubillo, Erythra●●. Fide●●, lest it should grow up in an emulation to aspire unto sovereign Empire; yea and destroyed both * Mo●●e Fiascone. Falisc● and * Marthe●iano, or Civi●a Castellana. Veij, so, as that the record of ancient histories hath much ado to make us believe that these cities were ever of any strength and puissance. Thus much have I laid open, as a man well seen in antiquities: It remaineth now, that setting aside all greedy desire of spoil and pillage, which oftentimes hath been the bane of Roman soldiers, every one march on close with the army, ready to follow his own colours when it cometh to the point of joining battle; knowing thus much, that if he stay anywhere betime, he shall be left shorter by the legs: For, nothing fear I, but the deceitful trains of our enemies in this kind so exceeding crafty. To conclude, I promise unto you all, That hereafter, when things are happily appeased & settled, without challenging any prerogative of princes, who in regard of their powerful authority suppose whatsoever they speak or judge, is rightful and just, I will give a reason and account, if any man require it, of whatsoever I have advised, be it well or otherwise. Wherefore, now pluck up your hearts, I beseech you, be resolute, I say, and presume of much, as those that shall together with us in the same sort and equal measure, undergo what dangerous service soever shall occur, and making this account, that victory is always wont to join in company with equity. When he had finished his speech with this most grave conclusion, the martial & warlike soldiers rejoicing in so glorious a leader, and conceiving greater hope of prosperous success, held up their targuets and shields aloft, & cried all with one voice, That they would reckon of no danger or difficulty, under such a General and Commander, as who had enjoined himself more painful service than he did to common soldiers. But most of all, the companies of the Gauls, by a more joyful and jocondnoyse showed the same: as bearing well in mind, that sometimes whiles he their leader conducted them, and traversed to and fro among the ranks and files, they had seen some nations defeated, and others brought to humble supplication upon their knees. CHAP. VI The description of the kingdom of Persia; to wit, the beginning of it, the first kings, the rising and increase, the situation and limits thereof. FOrced I am by the course of the story that is devolved now thus far, by way as it were, of a quick digression, to show the site of Persia, which hath been curiously described by Geographers, of whom very few and those hardly have delivered a truth. Now, whereas this discourse shall fall out to be somewhat long, avail it will to the perfect knowledge of the thing. For whosoever he be, that in the narration of unknown matters affecteth too much brevity, he seeketh not that so much which he should very plainly declare, but what ought indeed to be overpassed. This kingdom in times past small, and for such causes as I have oft related, called before time by many names, what time as Alexander the great, was taken away by untimely death in Babylon, became subject to Arsaces' the Parthian, a man of obscure parentage, and no better in his youthful days than a ringleader of thieves: but by little and little turning over a leaf, and changing his purpose to the better, by a continued course and train of noble deeds, he advanced himself to an high estate: Who after he had achieved many glorious and valiant exploits, vanquished Seleucus Nicator that succeeded the foresaid Alexander (who for his manifold victories obtained that surname) and driven out the garrisons of the Macedonians, himself leading a more peaceable life, proved a moderate ruler, and mild judge of such as yielded obedience. And in the end, when he had subdued unto him all the borderers, either by force of arms, or by a due consideration of his equity, or else by fear, so that Persia now was replenished with fortified cities, strong castles and piles, and became dread unto all the neighbour inhabitants, of whom afore time it was wont to stand in fear, himself in the middle race of his age departed this life in peace. And by the uniform accord and consent as well of the noble Peers, as the common people, striving a vie who might be most forward, became the first, that according to the due rites of consecration was inserted (as they be persuaded) and ranged among the stars. Whereupon in those days the high minded and proud kings of the same nation can well abide to be styled the brethren of Sun and Moon. And like as our emperors love well and wish the title of Augustus, even so to the Parthian kings (who before time were abject, ignoble, and base) through the happy auspexes and government of Arsaces, there accrued even the greatest titles of dignities that might be: and therefore they worship and adore him no less than a god, and so far forth are his honours spread and enlarged, that even to our very days, there is not a prince preferred before all other to the rule of that kingdom, unless he be of the line and race of Arsaces': yea, and in every civil brawl and contention, which daily happen among them, there is not one but avoideth, no less than sacrilege, to lay violent hands upon any, descended from Arsaces, bear he arms, or be he otherwise a private person. And well known it is, that this nation having vanquished and subdued many States, dilated the bounds of their dominion as far as Propontis and Thracia; how ever, through the pride of their haughty minded leaders, who licentiously encroached upon far countries, and committed outrages there, by receiving very great foils and overthrows, it became much impaired. First, through Cyrus, whom, after he passed over the * Lost●etto di Constantinopoli. Frith of Bosphorus with a fabulous and incredible multitude, Tomyris Queen of the Scythians, in a most eager revenge of her ᵍ sons, discomfited, and put his host to the sword. Then, what time as Darius, and afterwards Xerxes, by altering the use of the very elements, invaded Greece, all their forces in manner, as well on land as at sea, were quite defeated, and themselves could hardly find means to escape with safety: to say nothing of the * with Alexander Magnus. Alexandrine wars, and how by will and testament the whole nation was transferred under the government of one successor. Which affairs thus achieved, and long times passed under the Consul's government, and then afterward, our State being reduced under the power of the Caesars, those nations now and then waged war with us; sometimes they went their ways on even hand, otherwhiles with loss, and sometimes again with victory. Now will I set down the situation of the places therein as summarily and briefly as reason will permit. These countries lying out largely spread in length and breadth, environ about on every side the Persian gulf, so full of Islands, so famous, and so much frequented: the mouths of which sea are by report so narrow, that from * Cabo Lasquette, Ortel. Harmozonta, a cape or promontory of * Cherman. Carmania, unto another that standeth over against it, and which the inhabitants call Maces, a man may ken without any impeachment at all. After which straits one passed through, and that the open sea spreadeth itself exceeding wide, men use to sail directly as far as to the city * Balfero. Ortel. Teredon; where, after many donwfalls, Euphrates is drowned in the sea: and the whole gulf, if a man measure along the shore, as if the whole space were wrought round by a Turner's brake, taketh up in circuit twenty thousand stadia; upon all the coasts and sides whereof, stand towns and villages thick, yea, and there is frequent passage to and fro of shipping. When as therefore ye have sailed through the foresaid straits, ye come to the gulf of Armenia, lying into the East: and after a certain distance between, occasioned by a neck or Isthm of land, there openeth a Bay or Gulf in the South, named Cantichus; not far from whence there is another, which they term Chalites, under the Sunnesetting. Then, after a number of Isles passed by, of which but few are known, they join upon the Indians Ocean sea, which is first of all others that entertaineth the fervent heat of the Sun rising, being of itself also exceeding hot. And according as the Geographers pen hath in their Cards made the draft, in this manner is the whole circuit aforesaid by parcels divided. From the North pole to the Caspian straits it confineth upon the Cadusij, with many nations of the Scythians, and the Arimaspi, men with one eye, and savage: on the South side it meeteth with the Armenians and * a mountain. Niphates, as also the Albans, seated in Asia; with the red sea, and the Arabians Scenitae, whom the posterity ensuing named Saracenes: under the South point it over-looketh Mesopotamia: and where it lieth affront opposite into the East, it stretcheth to the river * Gangan. Casta●●. Cantan. Merca●●●. Gualgas. Theveto. Ganges, which cutting through the midst of the Indian lands, is discharged into the South sea. CHAP. VII. The regions thereof: the prefects or Rulers in it: the wonders of Nature and Cities that it showeth. NOw there are contained within the whole compass of Persia these countries that be of greatest name, and those ruled under Vitaxae (that is, captains of horsemen) kings and princes termed Satrapae (for those of the lesser sort, they be so many in number, it were a difficult and needless piece of work, to recount) namely, * Adriu●a. N●gr. and diversely named by sundry Geographers. Assyria, * Cus. Nigr. Susiana, * Cordini Haithon● Servan. Castald. Media, * Farsi. Mercator. Pharsic. Theveto. Petsis, * Arach. Mercator. Parthia, * Cherman. N●g. or Turquestan. Gitav. Carmania the greater, * Diargument. Mercator. Hyrach. Erythr●●. Hyrcania, * jeselbas'. Castald. Margiana, * Carass●n. Castald. Batter. Ram●sio. Bactriani, * Maurenha●●. Mercator. Sogdianis, * Sas. Nigr. These three countries last named, Marius Niger compriseth under Tartary Zagathea. Sacae, * part of Cathaia. Scythia lying beyond the mountain * or Emodus. Magbali. Castald Emodes, * Cambal●. Gir●●. Serica, * Sernere Mer●●t. Aria, * Turks, as Ga● a reporteth out of Gemistius Pletho. Paropamissadae, * Segistan, or Segastan. Mercator. & N●gr. Drangiana, * Chesimur. Merc. Arachosia, and * Gest. Mercator. Gedrosia. The next unto us and on this side all the rest, is noble Assyria, for being well peopled, and much frequented, for greatness also in compass and fruitfulness many ways, most wealthy: which having lain in times past, spread into large countries and territories, and being full of them, and plenteous withal, grew into one name, and all of it now is called Assyria. Where, among abundance of Berries and other vulgar fruits, groweth ʰ Bitumen, near unto a lake named Sosingites, by whose belly or channel Tigris being swallowed, and running under ground, after he hath gone a great way, ariseth and appeareth again. Here is engendered ⁱ Naphtha, clammy and glutinous like unto pitch, and it also resembleth Bitumen: upon which, if a little bird settle, she looseth her flight, sinketh down, and is drowned quite out of sight. And when this kind of liquor beginneth one to catch fire, man's wit is not able to devise any means, save only dust to quench and put it out. In these territories there is likewise to be seen a gaping hole within the ground, from whence exhaleth a deadly breath or vapour, which with the strong smell or sent whereof killeth what living creatures soever standeth near unto it. Which noisome and pestilent vapour arising forth of a certain deep pit, when it once passed the wide mouth thereof, before that it walmed up higher, caused (through the contagiousness thereof) the grounds lying round about it to be inhabitable. The like hole unto this, was (as some report) seen heretofore at Hierapolis in Phrygia: from which in semblable sort an hurtful spirit or air issuing, by the continual smell that it yielded, killed whatsoever came near, unless they were gelded: what the cause might be of this accident, I refer to the reasons that may be made out of natural Philosophy. Also, at the temple of jupiter Asbameus in * Almasia. Castald. Gen●ch. Theveto. ●occato Alaluli●n. ●incto. Cappadocia, where that great and most renowned Philosopher Apollonius is reported to have been borne in the town Tyana, there is to be seen a fountain running forth of a pool, which swelling big with abundance of water, and drinking up himself again, yet never surroundeth his banks. near unto this circuit is that part of Assyria, called in ancient time * Botan. Castald. Adiabena, which by long use turned to this name, for that being situate between Oena and Tigris, two navigable rivers, there was no fou●d that ever gave access in to it. For we in Greece express a passage over to a place by the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And this verily is the conceit of those in old time. But we have learned, that in these countries there be two ever-running rivers, which myself also hath passed over, namely, Diavas and Adiavas, having bridges upon them of ships set together. And hence we are to understand it took that denomination, even as of very great rivers, Egypt (as Homer saith) India, and * or Euphratesia. Euphratensis, beforetime * Azar. Nigr● Comagena: likewise Iberia, now Spain, of * ●bro. Iberus, and of the river * Guadalquivir. Baetis that famous province * Andalusia. Baetica. In this Adiabena standeth the city * Ninive, otherwise called ●ussula, Moss and Mosal. ●●gr. & Leo●●. Ninus, which in times past was possessed of the kingdoms of Persis, and showeth the name of Ninus, that most mighty king, sometime the husband of Semiramis: also * Tauris. Castald. Ecbatana, Arbela, and Gaugamela, where Alexander after many adventurous and dangerous battles, in heat of martial blood gave Darius an overthrow. Now, within the compass of Assyria there be a number of cities, among which, the principal is * Traxt. Rawol●●o. Apamia, surnamed Mesene; also * Ballera. Ortelio. Teredon, Apollonia, and Vologessia, together with many other like unto them: but for show and name, these three only be most glorious and of greatest note, to wit, * Baldach. Castald. Babylon, the walls whereof Semiramis laid with Bitumen (for the tower or citadel thereof that most ancient king Belus built:) * Dakia. Beniam. Tudeles. Ctesiphon, which Vardanes in old time founded, and afterwards king Pacorus, when he had bettered it with strength of inhabitants and strong walls, gave it a Greek name, and made it the very chief seat and mirroir of all Persis: and then Seleucia, the sumptuous and stately work of Seleucus * others name him Nicanor. Nicator; which being by the captains of Verus Caesar sore shaken and brought to ruin (as before I have related) the image of Apollo * of Cho●●a, a city in Lyc●a, where he was honoured. Chomeus being displaced, unshrined, and brought to Rome, the Prelates bestowed in the temple of Apollo * so called of the ●ill Palatium in Rome. Palatinus. And the voice goeth, That after this very same image was thus carried away, and the city burnt, the soldiers in rifling and ransacking the temple, met with a narrow hole; which when they had laid open, therein to find some precious treasure, out of a certain sanctuary, shut up sometimes by the privy counsellors of the Chaldaeans, sprung forth that original disease and corruption, which having once conceived the force of an incurable malady, in the days of the same Verus and Marcus Antoninus, from the very bounds of Persia unto Rhine and Gaul, infected all places with contagion, and bred much mortality. Here hard by lieth the Chaldaeans country, nourice of the ancient Philosophy, as themselves report, among whom the truth of divination and credit of prophecies first shone forth and gave light. CHAP. VIII. The rivers of Persia which are of greater note: The many tracts therein. The Magi: and a wondrous medicinable oil. MOreover, there run through these same lands, as the nobler rivers above others, these which before I have named, also Marsyas, and the * Naar-malcha, which he mentioneth afterward, signifieth as much. king's river, together with Euphrates, that passeth all: which carrying three channels, is in all his streams navigable; and as he runneth round about Islands, and above all the industry of husbandmen watereth the corn grounds, maketh the same both pliable to the plough, and meet also for breeding up of woods and groves. Upon these tracts join the Susiani, who have not many towns; but among other * Sustra. Castald. Susa holdeth up her head, as having been many times the seat and habitation of the kings: likewise Arsiana, Sela, and Arecha: the rest are but small, and obscure beside. But many rivers there be, that run here and there in these places: among which, more excellent than their fellows, are Oats, Harax, and Mesus, by the sandy straits that keep the red sea and the Caspian sea asunder, flowing into the sea. But on the left side, * Cordini. Haith●n● Media confineth and openeth upon the * Servan. Castald●. Hyrcane sea: which country before the reign of Cyrus the elder, and the growth of Persis, we read was the Queen of all Asia, namely, when it had subdued the Assyrians, a number of whose territories, changed into the name of * It carrieth divers names according to the countries that coast upon it. Atropatena, it possessed in right of war: a martial nation, and next to the Parthians, who only are their conquerors, * Sirvan. Leuncl●●. right dreadful, inhabiting certain regions, shaped in manner of a foursquare figure. All the inhabitants of these lands spread very far, and take up an exceeding breadth, and over them there peak up passing high mountains, which they call Zagrus, Orontes, and jasonium. Also they that dwell in the West part of * Ba●a●afi. Castald. Coronus, a very high hill, have a number of fields yielding abundance of corn and wine, for their fatness and fertility right pleasant, and in rivers and clear veins of Springs as rich. With them a man shall see the fresh green meadows: there shall ye find a race and breed of generous horses, on which (as ancient writers show, and ourselves have seen) brave men are wont to be mounted, when in great jollity they go to battle, and give the charge with all their force; and such they call Nisaei. It hath abundance of cities also, such as Media is stored with; of villages likewise built in manner of towns; and is as well peopled. And that I may speak fully at a word, it is the most plentiful habitation and seat of kings. In these tracts lie the fertile fields of the Magi: as touching whose sect, study, and profession, for that we are hither come, convenient it is that some brief discourse were made. Plato a most substantial author of notable opinions, showeth us, That Magia is by a mystical word no other than Machagistia, which signifieth the most uncorrupt and sincere religion and observance of divine mysteries: to which knowledge in ancient times Zoroastres the Bactrian added many things out of the Chaldaeans secrets, and after him the most wise prince Hystaspes, father of Darius: who when he adventured far into the inward parts of the higher India, came unto a certain wilderness full of woods, the silent and quiet seat wherein, the ᵏ Bracmans, men of high reach and deep conceit, enjoy: and by their instruction being taught so far forth as he was able to conceive and apprehend, the manner and order of the heaven's motion and of the stars, together with the pure rites of religion; of such principles as he learned, he infused some into the minds of the Magi, for their better knowledge: which, they together with the skill and prescience of things to come, deliver every man successively by his own children and progeny unto the posterity ensuing. From that time for many ages together, even to this present, a number proceeding out of one and the same line and race, be dedicated to the worship and service of the gods. And it is said also (if we may believe so much) that there is kept burning among them perpetually upon harthes', the fire that fell from heaven: and men say, That some small parcel thereof, in token of good luck, went in times passed before the kings of Asia. The number of them at their first beginning was of old but very small, and the mysteries of their profession the Persian Rulers and potentates solemnly used in their sacrifices and divine service. And a most heinous offence it was, to go unto the altars, or to handle an oft or sacrifice, before that a Magus had by a set form of prayer powered forth certain praecursarie * of wine 〈◊〉 libations. But being by little and little increased in multitude, they grew at length to the greatness and name of an entire nation: and inhabiting villages not fenced nor fortified with walls, and permitted to use their own laws, in regard of religion they were held honourable. Of the race of these Magi, as ancient books record, there were seven, that after the death of Cambyses, took upon them the royal government of Persia: which records also testify, That they being over-weighed and borne down by the faction of Darius, at the beginning had the said government allotted unto them by the neighing of an horse. In this region there is a medicinable oil made, where with an arrow or dart being anointed, if it be gently shot out of a weak bow (for with swift flight the virtue thereof is quenched) and stick in any place, it catcheth fire, and continueth still burning: and if a man would wash it away with water, he maketh the same to burn more violently. Neither by any other means goeth it out, than by casting dust upon it. Now, the making of it is in this manner: They that are skilful confectioners, take common oil infected with a certain herb, and this being condited preserve it a long time, and as it gathereth to a thicker consistence, harden it by means of a substance issuing out of a natural vein, like unto gross oil: and this kind of drug, is engendered among the Persians, which, as I have said already, they used to call by a term of that country, Naphtha. CHAP. IX. The morefamous and better frequented towns of Persia. A narration as touching the Parthians, Arabians, Carman's, and Hyrcanes their neighbours, as also of their towns, manners, and commodities IN these countries there stand a number of cities dispersed, and the principal of them all, be Zombis, Patigra, and Gazaca: among which also for wealth and large walls, these be conspicuous, Heraclia, Arsacia, Europos, Cycopolis, and Ecbatana, seated all under the mountain jasonium in the lands of the Syro-Medians. Many rivers there be that pass along these regions, of which the greatest are Choaspes, Gyndes, Amardus, Charinda, Cambyses, and Cyrus: which carrying a great and spacious stream, Cyrus the elder, that noble and amiable king, so named, when he had a bolished the old name thereof, what time as he made a voyage for the conquest of the kingdom of Scythia: both, for that it was so strong, as himself also was reported puissant: and also because, with mighty force making itself way, as he also did, it runneth into the Caspian sea. Beyond these confines, next unto the sea coasts is ancient Persis inhabited, stretched forth along the South tracts; a country rich in the smaller sorts of grain and fruits, as also in vines, and for plenty of water most delectable. For, many rivers have their course through it into the gulf aforesaid, the biggest whereof are these, Vatrachites, Rogomanis, Brisoana, and Bagrada. And the inland towns are very great and large. For, in what regard they built nothing of any note along the maritime coasts, it is not certainly known. Among which cities * Sirrah, & of some Siaphas. Persepolis beareth a great name, like as Ardea, Orobatis, and Tragonica. But there are no more than three islands there seen, to wit, Tibiana, Phara, and Alexandria. near bordering upon these are the Parthians scituat under the * Sub aquilone, or North, if you expound it at Large. northeast, inhabiting lands full of snow, and frozen all over: whose countries the river Choatres bigger than the rest, divideth in the mids. And for towns, these Bee of more account than the other all, namely, Genonia, Charax, Apamia, Artacana, and * jex, Thev●●●. Hecatompylos: From the bounds whereof, along the Caspian sea shore, unto the very straits thereof, are reckoned a thousand and forty stadia. The inhabitants of all the territories there, be fierce, and given to fight; and such delight take they in skirmishes and wars, that he is deemed among all other right happy, who spendeth his life in battle: For, such as depart otherwise by casual or natural death, they rail at and revile, as base persons and mere cowards. Upon these, on the East and South side, bound the happy Arabians, so termed, for that they be so rich in come as well as in plenteous increase of cattle, in vines, and odoriferous spices of many kinds: and a great part of them reach unto the red sea, & namely on the right side: for on the left hand they border hard upon the Persian sea, and so are acquainted with all the blessings and commodities that both elements can afford: Where also there be both roads and quiet harbours very many, also towns of merchandise standing thick, and retiring houses for the kings, passing sumptuous and beautiful: besides most wholesome and medicinable fountains of waters naturally hot, together with a number of brooks and rivers running clear, and a temperature of the air very healthy, so that whosoever consider●th all things aright, may well think there is nothing wanting for the accomplishment of felicity in the highest degree. And although it hath store of cities as well * 〈◊〉. Mediterranean as maritime, and abound in plenteous fields and vales, yet these it hath of greatest state above the rest, to wit, Geapolis, Nascus, and Baraba; likewise Nagara, Mephra, Taphron, and Dioscurias. Moreover, furnished it is with many islands hard at hand along both seas, which to reckon up it skilleth not. But of more note and name than all other is Turgana, wherein standeth, by report, the greatest temple of Serapis. Beyond the marches hereof, which contain a mighty ground, Carmania the greater mounteth up with lofty hills, and reacheth even to the Indian sea, decked with the increase that cometh of fruits and trees: but much more obscure, and far less than the land of the Arabians, howbeit as well replenished with rivers, and for fruitfulness of soil nothing inferior to it. But these be the rivers in it of greater name than the rest, Sagareus, Saganis, and Hydriacus. There are in it cities also, although in number few, yet for fare and apparel passing full and rich. Among which, Carmania, mother of them all, carrieth a brave show, so doth Ortospana; also Alexandria and Hermupolis. But as you travail further within the country, you meet with the Hyrcanis, by whom a sea of their name flows, and among whom there be very big clods of earth, glittering again with gold. Little set they by tillage and husbandry, but they feed upon venison in variety, whereof a wonder it is how they abound. Where also are seen many thousands of Tigers, and a number of wild beasts, which by what sleights and devises they are wont to be taken, I remember well that a good while since I have related. And yet for all that, are not they unskilful of holding the plough tail: but some parts of these countries are sowed with seeds, namely, where the soil is rich and fat: neither be hortyards, vineyards, and groves wanting in places meet to be planted: and a number of the inhabitants be sustained with merchandise and commodities of the sea. Here also be two very notorious rivers, Oxus and Maxera, which the Tigers when they be hungerbitten swim over sometimes, and at unwares do much mischief in the parts bordering upon them. CHAP. X. Divers nations of Persia, the Abij, Margiani, Bactriani, Sacae, Scythians, Laxa●ae, and Galactophagi, together with the chief cities, are described. MOreover, among smaller towns they have also strong cities: two verily upon the sea coast, namely, Socunda, and Saramanna: other also within the land, to wit, Azmo●na, Sole, and Hyrcana more noble and famous than they. Over against this nation, under the * Sub aqu●lone, taking it strictly. northeast are the Abij said to converse; a people most godly and devout, as who use to contemn and tread under foot all worldly things, whom (as Homer very fabulously poetizeth) ˡ jupiter beholdeth from the Idaean mountains. Beyond the Hyrcans, in the next places are seated the Margiani, enclosed in manner all on every side with high hills, and therefore disjoined from the sea. And albeit most parts lie there desert, and habited for scarcity of water, yet have they certain towns; but jasonion, Antiochia, and Nisea, be better known than the rest. The next limits to these, are possessed by the Bactrians, a nation before time warlike and most puissant, evermore infesting the Persians, before that they drew all the people seated round about them to their devotion, and the * or society. alliance of their name: governed in ancient times by kings dreadful even to Arsaces'. The most parts of this country, like as Margiana, be far remote from the sea coasts, but plenteous of such things as breed & grow upon the ground: the cattle also in the champain places and the mountains, is big limmed, compact and strong made, as the Camels well show, brought from thence by Mithridates, and which the Romans saw the first time at the siege of * Chi●ico. Sophia●●. Cyzicum. To these Bactrians many nations yield obedience, which till the plains and level fields; and the same after the manner of Italy are overflowed with many rivers, of which Artamis and Zariaspes, that meet in one confluence before, likewise Ochus and Orgomanes, with their streams concurring together, and joining in one channel, wonderfully increase the river * Geichon, Ra●●●sio. Deistan, Nigr. Oxus. There be cities also here (which divers rivers run just by) giving place to these as their betters, namely, Cathra, chart, Alicodra, Astacia, Menapila, and Bactra itself; of which the kingdom and nation took the name first, scituat at the very bottom and foot of the mountains which they call Sogdij. Among which rivers there pass two very capable of ships and Navigable, Araxates and Dymas, which by hills and valleys running headlong with a great downfall into the champain plains, make the marish named Oxia spread far in length and breadth. And here among other towns, Alexandria, Tribatra, and Drepsa the mother city, are famous. Upon these join the Sacae, a savage nation, inhabiting foul and over grown places, commodious only for cattle, and therefore not planted with cities: over whom stand aloft the mountains Ascanimia and Comedus: near to the foot whereof, and a town which they call * as one would say. Stone-tower. Lithinos-Pyrgos, there lieth a very long and open way passable for merchants that otherwhiles go to trade and traffic with the Seres. About the breaches and edges of the mountains, which they term Immavi and Tapurij, are the Scythians within the bounds of Persia, confining with the Sarmatae of Asia, and reaching to the utmost side of the Alani. Who living as it were in some ●ooke and by-place, and bred up in a solitary life, are dispersed a great way a sunder, used to live upon homely and poor food. And verily there be sundry nations that in habit these tracts, which now to reckon up, making haste as I do to other matters, I think superfluous. Yet, thus much would be known, that among these nations, unaccessable in manner by reason of the exceeding rigour and roughness of the country, there be some men mild and kind, as are namely the Laxartae and Galactophagi, of whom the Poet Homer maketh mention in this verse: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 That is to say, Of the Galactophagi (people that live by eating milk) and the Abij, (among whom no violence beareth sway, or who have no regard of their food or life) most righteous men. Moreover, among many rivers, which in these lands nature either joineth to greater, or by their course afterward draweth into the Sea, much talk there is of Roemnus, jaxartes and Talicus: But these nations are not known to have above three cities, Aspabota, Cauriana, and Saga. CHAP. XI. Likewise the Seres, Ariani, Paropamissadae, Drangiani, Arachosijs, and Gedrosijs. TEyond these places of Scythia the one and the other, full upon the East climate, the tops of high hills linked as it were in a chain, compass within a round circle, as one would say, the Seres for plentiful & large countries much esteemed; who on the West side join upon the Scythians: North and East they bound upon the snowy wilderness, and Southward they lie out as far as India and Ganges. Now the same mountains before said, are called Aria, Nazavitium, Asmira, Emodus, and Opurocarra. This plain therefore environed on every side with a steep downfall, and these lands stretched so spaciously in breadth two famous and renowned rivers, Oechardes and Banthisis, with a still and slow stream run through; and of the divers tracts herein the nature also is different: in one place large and open, in another lying flat and low with an easy fall and descent: in which regards they have abundance of corn, store of cattle, and plenty of hortyards, and such like. Now, this soil so fertile and fruitful as it is, sundry nations do inhabit; of which * Here Ptol●●●●e placeth the Anthropophagis, ●. Feeders of men's flesh. Alitrophagi, Carambusi, Syzyges, and Chardi lie open, and full upon the Northern winds and frosts. But the Rabannae, Asmirae, and Essedones, the noblest and most famous of them all, face the sun-rising, unto whom, from the West part join the Atharae and Asparatae: but the Betae bending toward the high mountains in the South, are much renowned for their cities, which though they be not many, yet great they are and wealthy; whereof, Asmira, Essedon, Asparata, and Pherae are most beautiful and best known. Now, the people themselves, I mean the Seres, live very quietly, without use of arms at all times, without trial of battles, and (as rest is to stayed and peaceable men delectable) they are to none of their neighbours troublesome. The temperature of the weather among them is pleasant and wholesome, the constitution of the air clear and pure, the blowing of gentle winds most commodious, and the woods have pretty store of light within and under them: from whence, the people with much sprinkling of water, softening that which the trees yield and bring forth like unto certain fleeces, comb a most fine and tender matter, mixed of a kind of down and liquid substance, and spinning thread hereof, make silk, serving for the use of nobility and gentry before time, but now for the basest sort also, without any difference and respect. They themselves are above others most frugal, lovers of a still and quiet life, shunning the companies of other mortal men. And when as strangers are passed over the river, to buy their thread, or some other commodities, without any speech to or fro the prices of wares set forth to sale, are esteemed only by the eye. And so void are they of covetousness, that delivering forth what things grow and are bred among them, they themselves buy nothing brought in from other countries. Beyond the Seres live the Ariani, subject to the cold * Boreae, precisely the Northwest wind Northern wind, through whose lands there runneth a river named Arias, sufficient to bear ships, and maketh a huge lake, carrying likewise the same name. Moreover, this selfsame * The Region, Scrnere. Mercator. Turquestan. Pineto. Aria hath a number of towns in it: among which, these be much resorted unto and of great name, Bitaxa, Orbitana, Sotera, Nisibis, and Alexandria, from whence it is a thousand and five hundred stadia sailing to the Caspian sea. Next unto these places are seated the Paropamissadae, who on the East side look toward the Indians, and to Caucasus on the West, they themselves also inclining to the breaches and ends of the hills, through whose country runneth the river Ortogordomaris (bigger than all the rest) which ariseth from the Bactriani. And these people have also some cities among them, of which more famous than the other, are Gazaca, Naulibis, and Ortospana: from whence if a man sail along the shore unto the bounds of Media next lying to the Caspia portae, he shall find two thousand and two hundred stadia. Unto this nation aforesaid join the Drangiani, linked together by hills. They go under the denomination of Arabians, because from them they descended; and among other towns of theirs they vaunt much of twain, Prophthasia and Ariaspe, which are rich indeed, and highly renowned. Next overagainst them Arachosia showeth itself, bending toward the right side, and lying just upon the Indians: which, a river much less though it be, arising out of * Indu Castald. Hijnd. Nig●. Indus the greatest of all others; whence those countries took their name, watereth plentifully, and maketh the marish named Arachotoscrene. Here also among other base cities, are Alexandria, Arbaca, and Choaspa. In the most inland part of Persis lieth Gedrosia, on the right hand reaching to the borders of the Indians, made more fruitful by the river Artabius, beside other of smaller stream: and there have the Barbitane mountains an end, out of the foot and bottom whereof spring other rivers that intermingle their waters with Indus, losing their own names, in regard of that which is the greater. And here also there be cities: among these cities, beside the Islands, Sedrasyra and * Gyn●con Li●en. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, The women's Haven, are esteemed better than the rest. Lest therefore whiles showing in particular the Bays along the maritime coast that flow hard upon the borders of Persis, we should wander overfarre from our purpose, sufficient it shall be thus much to say, that the sea passing along from the Caspian mountains by the North side, unto the straits aforesaid, is reckoned to contain nine thousand stadia: but the South side, from the mouths of the river Nilus unto the frontiers and entrance of Carmania, is by measure fourteen thousand stadia. CHAP. XII. The bodies of the Persians: their manners, laws, and arts as well of peace as of war: their decking and trimming especially with pearl: as touching the breeding and nature whereof, a brief discourse. AMong these so many and dissonant nations, the people also and the places be of divers and sundry sorts. But to describe in general their bodies and manners, they be in manner all slender and lank, somewhat black, or of a swart palish colour, their eyes looking grim, as those of Goats do, their brows bending like unto half circles, do meet, wearing their beards not unseemly, and the shag hair of their heads long: but all of them one with another indifferently, even at their meat, and upon festival holidays, are seen with swords by their sides. Which ancient manner of the Greeks the Athenians first laid away, as Thucydides, a most sufficient author, recordeth. Most of them were wont excessively to be given unto fleshly lust; and hardly contenting themselves with a number of concubines, they cannot skill of the unnatural abuse of boys: and every man according to his wealth contracteth marriages more or fewer; whereupon among them their love and affection, distracted and dispersed by so sundry lusts, is to their children cold or dull. They eschew no less than a very bane and plague all exquisite fare and lavish expense at the table, but especially the greedy desire of drinking: neither is amongst them (setting aside the king's board) any set dinnertime: but every man's belly is his dial or clock, which when it strikes, they fall to whatsoever comes next hand: neither doth any man, after he hath once satisfied hunger, engorge superfluous meats. And wonderful it is to ●ee, how straight laced, careful, and wary they are, that whiles they pass now and then among their enemy's hortyards and vineyards they neither desire nor touch aught, for fear of poison and * witchcraft and sorcery. secret arts. More than this, there is hardly seen a Persian, either when he stands making of his water, or when he goeth aside to ease his belly, so precisely declineth he these and other businesses of the like kind, for fear of shame. But so dissolute they be, and with the looseness of their joints and wandering pace they keep such a flinging of themselves, and jetting in their gate, that a man would take them to be mere effeminate, whereas indeed they be most fierce warriors, but rather wily in cunning slight, than hardy in manly fight; and afar off they are very terrible: full of vain words, speaking after a brainsick and wild manner, big boasters, shrewd and mischievous, given to threats alike in adversity and prosperity, crafty, proud, cruel, challenging and taking upon them power of life and death, both over their servants and the meaner sort also of the common people. They flay off the skins from men alive either by piecemeal, or all whole: neither is it lawful for a servant among them that waiteth and standeth at the table, to open his mo●th, to spe●●e or to spit, so muzzeled and bound up are all their lips with prickly and sharp pointed skins. The laws with them are mightily feared, among which for severity and rigour those exceed, that are enacted against unthankful persons and traitorous revolts: and others there are as detestable and to be abhorred, by virtue whereof, for the offence of one man all the kindred must die. To sit in judgement and decide controversies, are such appointed, as are for worldly experience tried, and of approved integrity, who also little or nothing at all need the counsel of others: whereupon they laugh at our custom, which otherwhiles setteth eloquent Orators and most learned in the common laws, at the back of unlearned judges, to prompt them. For, that another judge was forced to sit upon the skin of that judge, who was condemned for unjustice and doing wrong, it was either a feigned tale devised by those in old time; or if it were an ancient received custom, it hath had an end, and is no more put in practice. For military furniture and discipline, for continual flourishes of encamping and using their armour and weapons, which I have oftentimes described, dreadful they were even to the greatest armies, boldly and confidently presuming upon the prowess of their cavalry, in which service all their nobility, gentry, and gallants labour, that they sweat again. For the footmen, covered all over in manner of these Sword-fencers, termed ᵐ Mermillones, do their commandments like base campe-slaves: and all the sort of these follow evermore, as awarded to perpetual slavery, neither relieved at any time with wages, nor rewarded with gifts: and this nation hath put under the yoke of subjection much people otherwise, besides those whom they have fully subdued; so bold and so thoroughly trained up and exercised in martial feats, that continually they were held occupied and troubled with wars either civil or foreign. The most part of them are so clad in garments, and the same glittering with sundry lightsome and bright colours, that although they leave the laps and sides of them unsowne and loose, to be shaken with puffs of wind, yet is there nothing seen uncovered from the crown of their heads to their very shoes. After they had subdued India, and vanquished Croesus, they used to wear bracelets, ouches, and jewels of gold, precious stones also, but pearl especially. And now occasioned I am, by the matter so requiring, to deliver some few words succinctly, as touching the generation of this gem or stone. Among the Indians and Persians both are found these pearls, within strong and bright shells of the sea-fish, conceived at a certain time of the year by a commixtion of dew. For these shell-fish being desirous to engender, as it were, with a certain humour, by often yawning and gaping catch it from an influence and sprinkling of the Moon. And hereupon being conceived and great with young, they bring forth two or three little ones, or pearls called Vniones, for that the little shells of that land otherwhiles are delivered of one apiece, but the same are of a bigger size. And this is a good proof and argument, that this young fry (as I may so term them) of pearls are both bred and fed rather with some influence from the sky or air above, than by any food that sea doth yield, because the drops of morning dew, infused or drstilling upon the same, maketh them bright and round stones; but the evening dews cause them to be chose soft and fluxible, yellow and reddish, yea, and otherwhiles full of spots. Now fashioned they are, as it falleth out, diversely, either very small, or great, according to the quality of the draughts they take of dew. But oftentimes so shaken be these shell fishes with the fear of flashie lightnings, that they become empty, or bring forth ●eeble young ones, or at leastwise by some abortive defects they slip and run out. The fishing for them is hard, and the catching dangerous; their price also high for this reason, that they shunning, as some think, the shores which are wont to be much haunted, by reason that fishermen lay wait for them, they lurk close about by rocks and holes where Sea-dogges do keep. To conclude, we are not ignorant, that this kind of gem is both engendered and gotten in the noukes and creckes of the British sea also, although they be not of like worth to those of India. THE XXIIII. BOOK. CHAP. I. julianus in vadeth Persia with a most puissant army. Anatha is surrendered unto him. The Roman army is sore troubled with tempestuous whirlwinds, and the sinking of certain ships laden with corn. IVlianus, after he was assured of his armies cheerful readiness, which in one uniform heat, with an usual cry affirmed, That their invincible prince could not be vanquished; thinking verily to make an end betimes of this whole enterprise and exploit, when he had taken out his rest and sleep in the night, commandeth the trumpets to sound the march: and so having provided beforehand all furniture and means that the painful difficulties of war required, by that time it was now fair day light entered the marches of Assyria, and in a brave spirit above all others riding gallantly before the bands and squadrons, incensed them all with an emulation of him to perform the parts of valour and fortitude. And as a noble leader thoroughly grounded by experience and instructions both, fearing least through the strangeness of the places he should be intercepted by secret trains and ambushments, he began to march in foursquare battalions. And verily, a thousand and five hundred light horsemen he appointed as outriders to go softly before, who pacing the way warily, had an eye on both sides, and likewise affront, that no enemy might at unwares break in and rush upon them. As for himself, he had the conduct in the midst of the Infantry, which was the very strength of his whole power, and gave commandment, That on his right hand certain legions under the leading of Nevita should pass along the banks of the river Euphrates: But the left wing, together with the cavalry, he committed unto Arintheus and Ormisda, to be led more thick and close together, over the plain fields and easy ways. And Dagalaiphus, together with Victor and Secundinus hindmost of all, Marques of Osdruena, conducted the rereguard. After this, to the end that he might strike a terror and fear of a greater multitude than he had unto the enemies, if haply they should ●ally forth in any place, or espy them a far off, he so enlarged the ranks, and displayed forth in length both horses and men, that the tail of the army was almost ten miles distant from the front and foremost ensign bearers: a stratagem that with marvelous polilicie and skill was oftentimes, by report, practised by Pyrrhus that noble king of the Epirots, a captain most skilful in encamping where places yielded best advantage, and spreading also of purpose, or making less the show of his army, that wheresoever he came, they might be esteemed many or few. The packs and campe-slaves, the followers and attendant servitors to the camp, unmeet for fight, together with all kinds of carryages, he bestowed betwixt both sides of the companies as they marched forward, lest if they wanted the protection of such a convoy, they might by some sudden violence be carried forcibly away, as oftentimes it chanceth. Now the fleet, although it passed along the river which with many winding and crooked reaches continnally turned in and out, was not suffered either to lag behind, or make speed before. Thus therefore having gone two days journey, we came to Dora, a city forlorn and unpeopled, scituat upon the very side of the river: In which place we happened upon many herds of stags, whereof some shot into the body with casting weapons, others knocked down and brained with weighty oars, fed us all, and gave us our fill: But the most of them being used to swim, after they had passed over the swift stream, ran away, and could not be stayed, but escaped unto their known woods and wilderness. From thence, after we had gone forty easy days journey forward, when the evening came on, Lucillianus the Lieutenant, for want of the Prince's * haply in se● service. skill, was sent with a thousand light appointed soldiers embarked, to win the fort Anatha, which (as all others for the most part) is watered round about with the river of Euphrates: & having, according to a commandment and direction given, dispersed the ships in places convenient, he beset the said * wherein Anatha stood. island, considering that the misty and dark night shadowed this secret enterprise and assault intended: but after that the day broke indeed & became light, one that was gone out for to fetch water, discovering suddenly the enemies, set up a loud and howling cry, whereby he raised the defendants of the piece, and caused them with tumultuous noise to arm. And anon the Emperor himself having from a very high Tote-hill, or Barbican, viewed the situation of the said Pyle, and the fortifications about it, right speedily by the help of two ships passeth over the river, and many other vessels followed behind, which carried engines and pieces of ordnance for battery. And now by this time approaching the walls, when he considered that there could be no assault or skirmish there without many dangers, partly with gentle words, and in part with rough speeches and threatening language, he moved the defendants to yield: who calling for Ormisda to a parley, and induced by his fair promise, and oaths that he took, were much persuaded of the Romans clemency. At length, driving before them an ox decked with a coronet (which with them is a token of embracing peace) they came down in humble manner: and forthwith, when the fortress was wholly burnt, Puseus the captain thereof, marquess after of Egypt, was advanced to the honourable place of a Tribune: all the rest with their wives, children, and household goods, were sent over in poor and simple array, to Chalcis a city in Syria. Among these, a certain soldier, who had been left sick in these parts, when Maximianus in times passed forcibly invaded the frontiers of Persia, a man then in the very prime and flower of his youth, having, as he said himself, wedded many wives, according to the guise of that nation, being now far stepped in years, and stooping for age, with a numerous progeny much rejoicing, and the principal counsellor that persuaded the betraying and surrender of the fort, was brought into our province, affirming constantly, and that by witnesses, That long since he both foreknew and foretold, that when he came to the point of being an hundred years old, he should be interred in Roman ground. This done, the Saracene fore-riders presented unto the most joyful prince, certain of the enemy's side, & were sent back again to perform the like service. But the morrow after there fell out a shrewd mischance: for, there rose a certain tempestuous wind, which raising many whirl puffs, had shuffled together and made such confusion among their places of harbour and shelture, that many pavilions fell down, and a number of soldiers were laid along either on their backs, or grovelling, for that the wind would not suffer them to hold their footing sure. And the very same day, there happened another accident no less perilous: for, by occasion that suddenly the river overflowed his banks, certain ships that used to bring in corn were drowned by reason that the scluces or floudgates made of stone work, to let out or restrain the waters, that used to water the fields, were plucked away: which whether it chanced by some treacherous practice, or through the violence of the stream, it could never be known. CHAP. II. After that Anatha was burnt, and the standing corn together with the country sheds and ●ovels consumed: after also the garrisons of certain castles were in vain assailed, the army setteth on fire Diacira & Ozogardana, after they were ransacked and left empty. A skirmish between the Persians and Romans. AFter this city, the first of all other, razed and burnt, and the captives sent away, the army carried now with a more assured hope to confidence, with loud voices showed the favour and good will they bore to their Prince; supposing verily that from thenceforth the heavenly providence would be assistant unto them. And for that in country's unknown there was to be had a more suspicious care of secret and hidden practices, they much feared the wily sleights of the nation, and their sundry devises to delude and deceive them. Wherefore, the Emperor one while marching in the vanguard before the ensigns, another while busy in leading the rearward, with a company of nimble skirmishers, lightly appointed, searched and scoured the rough places full of shrubs, and the valleys, lest some secret ambush should lie hidden within: restraining withal, either by way of affability and fair language (which was naturally in him) or by threats, those soldiers who even licentiously and rashly would straggle to and fro afar off: yet permitted he the enemies fields rich in all kind of fruits, together with the standing corn and their cottages to be set on fire, but not before every man had gathered necessary provision for himself in great abundance: and by this means was the life and health of the enemies wounded, ere they knew of it. For, our fight men took much pleasure to make use of what they had gotten with their own right hands, supposing they had now found other garners of their virtue and valour; and rejoicing, that they having plentiful store of the means also to maintain life, they saved the victuals that were shipped and conveyed by water. And here a certain foolhardy soldier, when his head was full of wine, without any urgent need driving him thereto, would needs pass over to the bank on the further side of the river, & there within our sight was taken by the enemies, and killed. These designs, with such an accident between, performed, we came to a strong fortress or castle, named Thilutha, scituat in the mids of the river, a place mounting up with a certain mighty high top, and by natural strength fenced round about, as it were by the work of man's hand. The inhabitants whereof being by gentle means solicited to surrender it, as meet it was, for that the rough and craggy height thereof was by force of arms imprenable, said plainly, That it was unseasonable then and overtimely to revolt: But thus far forth they gauged their answer, That when the Romans marching on forward should become masters of the more inland parts, they also as the followers and tail of a kingdom, would join with the conquerors. And after this, as our ships passed along close to the very walls, with a modest kind of quietness, without any stir at all, they viewed them. After we had passed this fort, and were come to another strong hold, named Achaiacala, and the same entrenched, as it were, about with the course of the river, difficult both for passage over, and access also unto it, repelled we were with the like answer, and so departed. The morrow after, other castles and piles abandoned of the inhabitants, by reason of the weak walls, we set on fire, and pass beyond them. But the next two days following, when we had marched two hundred stadia, we came to a place called Barax-malcha: from whence, after we had crossed over the river, we enter Diacira, standing seven miles off, where was a city void of inhabitants, full of corn and fine white salt, wherein we saw a temple seated upon a citadel, and bearing a lofty head: Which city, after we had burned, and put some few women to the sword, whom we there found, as also passed over a certain fountain, out of which issueth plenty of Bitumen, we seized the town Ozogardana, which likewise the inhabitants forsook, for fear of our army coming toward it: in this town was showed for a ●ight, the Tribunal of trajan the Emperor. When we had consumed this town also with fire, and allowed ourselves two days for the refreshing of our bodies, toward the latter end of the night that followed two days after, Surena a potentat among the Persians of high place and dignity for his deserts, next under the king, and one named Malechus Podosaces, a chief * Phylarch●●. Tribune of the Saracenes Assanitae, a notorious Brigand, who with all manner of cruelty had a long time committed ou●rage in our marches, having laid wait for to intercept Ormisda (of whom they had an inkling & intelligence given them, by what means I wot not, that he would go forth in espial to discover the country) were disappointed of this their attempted enterprise, for that the narrow passage of the river running between (such was the depth thereof) could not be waded over. And at the first appearing of daylight, when as now the enemies were within view (as who before time had not been in sight) all glittering with their bright helmets, and terribly clad in stiff and stubborn jacks, our soldiers eager of fight, and sharply set to give battle, charged upon them right valiantly. And albeit they bent their bows with mighty strength, and the brightness of their swords and weapons glittering again, had been enough to increase the Romans yet anger gave such an edge unto their valour, that being covered with a ●ence of targuets and shields couched thick and close together, they impeached them so, as that they could not discharge or shoot an arrow from them. CHAP. III. Our army passeth over Naar-Malcha, i. the King's river; and then both besiegeth and also assaulteth Pyrisabora, a large and populous town. Our soldiers encouraged and emboldened with so good beginnings, came to a small town named Macepracta, wherein were seen the remains of a ruinat wall: which in old time stretching out in a great length, was reported to be a fence for Assyria from inroads and invasions: From hence one arm of the river is divided with a large stream, leading to the more inward tracts of Babylonia, to serve the fields, country villages, and cities, lying round about: and another named Naar-Malcha, which is by way of interpretation, The King's river, runneth along by Ctesiphon: In the very first entrance whereof, there riseth up a passing high tower in manner of a ᵃ Pharus; and this b●aunch of the river all our footmen passed over upon bridges wisely and warily placed: But the horsemen in arms, together with their beasts under them, swum over the stream of the river, which was so much the milder, because it runneth a crooked course: others were charged suddenly with a volley of the enemies shot, whom our auxiliaries being gone forth, and most lightly appointed for speedy footmanship, followed hard upon their necks in chase as they ran away, laid along on the ground, and seized on them, tearing them in pieces as they had been fowls. Which exploit being likewise gloriously achieved, we came before Pyrisabora, a large and populous city, fenced round about with a trench and rampire like an island: Under the walls and plot whereof, on which it was seated, the Emperor riding about, with all wariness and circumspection began the siege, as if with the fear only of him, he would drive the townsmen from all mind of making defence; who having been oft dealt withal by way of parley, when there could not a man of them be brought to yield either by promises or threatenings, he began to give an assault. And so environing the walls with a threefold circle, or course of armed men, for the first day until the night began, he maintained skirmish with shot, and discharging of pieces against them. Then the defendants, whose courage and strength was not behind, spreading wide on every side about their bulwarks, large haireclothes, to keep off the violent force of darts and casting weapons, fenced also with shields before them, wrought of most tough and strong oysiers, and the same covered also with thick raw hides, most valiantly resisted, as who themselves made a show all over of iron and steel, for that the plates fittted aptly close one to another to serve the lineaments and proportion of every limb and part of the body, with a sure armour of proof covered the whole man. And howsoever sundry times they craved earnestly to have conference with Ormisd●, as being borne and bred among them, and a prince beside of the blood royal, yet no sooner came he toward them, but they reviled and railed at him, with opprobrious terms, as a disloyal traitor and revolter. And thus after the most part of the day was spent, with trifling cavillations, in the very beginning of the still and dark night, advanced forward there were engines of many fashions, and then, the deep trenches began to be filled up and laid even. Which the defendants wisely beholding, before it was any thing full daylight, as also that the forcible and violent push of the Ram, had thirled an hole through a corner-tower, they leaving the duple wall of the city, put themselves within the citadel joining hard thereto, situate upon the broken plain of a rough and craggy hill; the middle part whereof raised up to a great height, with a round compass resembled an Argive buckler, save that from the North side, what was wanting of roundness, the cliffs and raggy rocks lying forth aloft over the river Euphrates running beneath, surely fenced the same: in which citadel the battilments of the walls excelled, as being made of small bricks laid with Bitumen, which is known to be the surest building that can be. And now our soldiers being more fierce than before, after they had gone through the city, which they saw void of people, fought sharply against the townsmen, that from the citadel let fly shot and casting-weapons of many sorts. For when the same defendants were troubled sore with the brakes, crossbows and balists of our men, they themselves also from aloft set up their bows strongly bend, the crooked horns whereof arising at both ends, were so stiffly bowed, that the strings driven with the violent stroke of fingers, sent away shafts headed with iron, which striking upon the bodies that were against them, stuck fast in the●●, and gave a deadly wound. Nevertheless, the skirmish held still on both sides with storms as it were of stones flung by hand: and thus in doubtful balance inclining to neither side, the conflict continued with great resolution from the break of day to the shutting in of night, and then gave over on even hand. And therefore the morrow following, when as the fight was hot, and many were overthrown on either side, so that equal forces counterpoised their acts even, the Emperor, hastening among these mutual and reciprocal foils to hazard all the chances of the dice, environed with a squadron strongly couched together, and fenced from the stroke of arrows with a thick course of targuets, advanced forward apace with those of his company, as ready and resolute as himself, and approached the enemy's gate, laid all over with thick plates and bars of iron: and although to the peril of his life he was sore assailed with stones, bullets, and other casting-weapons, yet crying out continually unto them that were about to pierce and work into the sides of the double-leafed gate, that they should lay open an entry into the place, he departed not thence, until with the multitude of darts and shot that by heape-meale were flung and cast upon him, he saw that he was ready now to be overwhelmed therewith. Howbeit, he escaped with all his company, whereof some few were lightly wounded, himself receiving no harm, but somewhat abashed and modestly blushing for shame: for he had read, that Scipio Aemilianus, together with Polybius a Megalopolitane and Arcadian (I mean the Historiographer) and 30000 more with like violent attempt digged under the gate of Carthage. But the received testimony and truth of ancient writers justifieth sufficiently this late & fresh deed of his. For Aemilianus came under a gate that was covered over head with a roof or vaul● of stone, under which standing safe and hidden, whiles the enemies were opening the main stone-worke above, he broke into the naked city. But I●lian being entered in an open place, when the face of the air over head was overshadowed again with fragments of huge stones & other shot, hardly and with much ado was repelled, and departed thence. CHAP. four The besieged when they saw once the warlike engine called Helepolis, yield themselves unto julianus: who having driven back the avant-curriers of the Persians, reneweth the ancient discipline of war against certain Tribunes and souldi●rs; and by making an Oration, laboureth to keep his army in order and dutiful allegiance. THese devices being thus in haste and in tumultuary manner practised, when he perceived well, that the working about the Frames called ᵇ Vineae, and the raising of mounts (considering other urgent occasions) was most laborious, painful and cumbersome, he willed with all speed the commanding engine named ᶜ Helepolis to be built: by means whereof (as I have before showed) king Dem●trius won many towns, and was therefore surnamed Poliorcetes. To this huge frame, like to overtop the battlements of the high towers, the defendants casting their eye advisedly, and thoroughly considering it, besides the firm resolution of the assailants, all on a sudden fell to prayer and entreaty, standing as they did, spread all over the towers and battlements of the walls, and with stretched out arms protesting openly the Romans protection, they requested life and pardon. And when as they saw the works were given over, and the pioneers attempting no farther matter, which was a sure sign of quietness and rest, they required to have liberty of conference with Ormisda. Which obtained, Mamersides captain of their Garrison soldiers, being let down by a rope, and sent unto the Emperor, so soon as he requested life and impunity for himself and his consorts, and the same upon an assured covenant, was permitted to return unto them. And when he had reported what he had done, the whole multitude of both sexes one with another, now that he had wrought them all according to his mind, upon a peace concluded by religious oaths, after the gates were set open, went forth, crying with one voice, That a saving Genius andtutelar Angel, even Caesar, a mighty and merciful prince, shone from heaven upon them. Now these that thus yielded, amounted to the number of 2500. For the rest of the multitude suspecting the siege aforehand, had embarked themselves in small vessels, and passing along the river, departed. Within this citadel was found very great store of armour and victuals: out of which, when the winners had taken sufficient to serve their own turns, the remains they burnt, together with the place. The next morrow after these exploits achieved, heavy news came unto the Emperor, as he was leisurely and in peace taking his repast, namely, That Surena the Persian * or Tribu●●. Commander, was come unawares, had set upon three troops, a part of our fore-riders, but slain very few of them, and among those a ᵈ Tribune, whom when he had laid along dead, he took away one banner: and forthwith, being moved in a great fit of anger, he sped himself apace with a company in arms, and with weapon in hand; and the very hast he made was it that wrought him the most safety. Now, after he had discomfited the said Brigands, and put them to a shameful foil, the other two Tribunes that were left alive, he cassed & discharged from their military oath, as slothful and lazy cowards: but ten of those soldiers that ran away he condemned to suffer death, following herein the laws of ancient discipline. To conclude, after the city, as hath been said, was burnt down, standing upon a Tribunal raised of purpose, he called together the army, and when he had given them thanks, he exhorted them all to exploit the like acts from thenceforth: and after he had promised to them an hundred silver ᵉ deniers apiece, perceiving them chafed and ready to mutiny, for so small and niggardly a promise, himself growing also to indignation, yet full of gravity: Behold (quoth he) here be the Persians flowing in abundance and plenty of all things. The wealth of this nation is able to enrich us all, in case with one heart and accord we bear ourselves manfully. The Roman Commonwealth, trust me truly, is from infinite riches become exceeding poor, and even by those, who to fill their own purses, have persuaded Emperors to return home with peace, that the savages and barbarous have bought for gold. The treasury of the State is hereby sore laid upon, Cities are drawn dry, and Provinces be wasted. And for myself, I have neither wealth to uphold me, nor kindred to back me, descended though I am of noble parentage; only my heart is fearless: neither shall it be a shame for an Emperor, who reposeth all goods in the furniture of the mind, to profess honest poverty. For Fabricius also, poor in household goods, rich in honour and glory, managed most dangerous wars. And all these things we may have abundantly, if ye, devoid of fear, will demean yourselves more mildly, following the wise guidance and direction of God and myself, so far forth as human reason doth require. But if ye go out and resist authority, turning again to the dishonourable precedents of seditions in old time, go on hardly, and do so still: I for my part, as becometh an Emperor and noble Commander, after I have run my race, and performed so many brave courses, will alone die standing on my feet, ready to contemn this life of mine, which some little fever or other, will bereave me of: or at leastwise I will go my ways and leave the field: for I have not lived so, but that I may one day become a private person. Howbeit, I glory in this, and rejoice, that there be with us most approved captains and tried leaders, such as in all kinds of martial skill be accomplished. CHAP. V. The Persians practise means of let and hindrance: which when julian had with much ado overcome, he found countries more commodious, and therein Date trees, of which there be some strange reports. julian after his army was refreshed cometh to Euphrates, where he is divided into many branches, and near unto Maiozamalcha was privily assailed by ten Persians, but notwithstanding this great danger of his life, escaped in safety. BY this modest speech of the Emperors, carrying a current between courtesy and severity, the soldiers for the time were appeased, and putting on a greater confidence, with expectation of better matters, promising to be tractable and obedient, extolled up to heaven his authority and highness of spirit: which, when it is said truly and from the heart, love is wont by a small noise to be showed and declared. After this, when he returned again to the tents, according to that store which the present would afford, he refreshed himself with food and rest at night. Now, the manner was of julian to animate his army, swearing evermore, not by such things as were dear unto him, but by the great exploits and affairs that were begun; as for example, So might he subdue the Persians: So might he repair the shaken estate of the Roman Empire. Like as it is reported of trajan, That otherwhiles he was wont to bind his words and promises with such oaths as these, So may I see Dacia reduced into the form of provinces: So may I pass over Ister or Euphrates upon bridges, and many such like words. After this, I say, when we had passed fourteen miles forward, we came to a certain place that with abundant overflow of waters enricheth the fields and maketh them plentiful: which way the Persians being informed that we would go, plucked up the flood-gates, and suffered the waters to flow and spread all abroad. By reason therefore that the ground stood all as it were on a standing pool, the second day the Emperor giving his soldiers rest, went forth himself, and on many floored bridges made of ᶠ leather bougets and ships supported with piles, as also of hewn logs and planks of Date tree, with much difficulty he transported his army. In these countries there be many fields planted with Vines and sundry sorts of fruitful trees, where Date trees are wont to grow, and take up a great deal of ground, reaching in manner of mighty forests as far as to * or Adiabene. Botan Castaldo. Mesene and the great * The mediterranean sea. Ortel. The Levant sea, according to the Spaniards. Sea: and which way soever a man goeth, he seeth continually branches of Palmtrees, and the Dates hanging thereupon; of the fruit of which trees abovesaid is made plenty of honey and wine: and as touching the very Date trees themselves, it is said, they be married and wedded as it were one to another: also, that the sexes may easily be discerned. It is reported moreover, That the females anointed with the seed of the male, do conceive and bear, yea, and by report, they delight in mutual love: which appeareth hereby, in that they do bend in the head and lean one against another, so as that they are not with the very puffing blasts of wind turned another way. And in case the female according to the usual manner, be not so besmeared with the seed of the male, she looseth by an abortive defect her untimely fruit: and if it be not well known what tree it is that the female is in love with, the stock or stem of it is besmeared with the ointment thereof, and then the other tree naturally conceiveth the sweet odour, and so by these tokens is bewrayed the certainty, as it were, of their generation. With this food the army replenished plentifully, passed by many Islands, and where they were afraid before of want and scarcity, there they feared fullness and surfeit. Well, the Emperor in the end being assailed covertly by the enemy's archers, and yet not without revenge again, drew near to a place, where the greater part of Euphrates divideth itself into many rivers with their divers and sundry streams. In this tract there was a city, for the low walls thereof abandoned by the jews, which the soldiers in an anger set on fire. This done, the Emperor marched on further still with greater courage and confidence, as thinking he was assisted by the gracious help of the divine power. And when he was come to * otherwise called Bithra in Zo●i●●●. Majozamalcha, a great city and encircled with strong walls, he pitched down his tents, and carefully provided, that his camp might not be troubled with any sudden road of the Persians horsemen, the valour and puissance whereof in champain and open grounds is wondrously dread of all nations. And having taken this order, guarded with some few light appointed skirmishers, being himself also on foot, minding diligently to search and view the situation of the city, he happened to plunge himself headlong into a mischievous ambuscado, and escaped in the end the utmost danger of his life. For at a blind and secret gate of the town there went out ten Persians armed, who passing closely on their knees under the bottom of the cliffs, suddenly with great violence charged upon our men: and two of them espying the Emperor himself (as he was evident to be seen and known by his rich apparel) with their drawn swords laid at him, but by lifting up his broad shield, he warded the blows, and under the sure fence thereof, himself in a brave and bold resolution ran one of them with his sword into the side: and the other after many a stroke and wound given, was slain by his guard aforesaid; the rest (whereof some were hurt) ran away: and so after he had disarmed and devested those twain, he brought back his companions in safety, returned with their spoils unto the camp, and was with great joy of them all received. ᵍ Torquatus took from an enemy whom he laid along, a collar of gold: ʰ Valerius, surnamed afterwards Corvinus, by the help and defence of a * or Ra●●n. foul, overcame a most bold and bragging Gaul: and for these brave exploits were commended unto posterity. We envy not their glory, but yet I would have this noble and worthy act registered also in ancient records. CHAP. VI The siege of Maiozamalcha enterprised and begun by julianus. THe day next following, after he had floored over his bridges, transported the army, and in a more wholesome place pitched his camp, compassed about with a double trench and rampire (because, as I said be-before, he feared the plain and open deserts) he began to lay siege to the said town, supposing it would be very dangerous unto him, if marching still forward, he should leave those at his back whom he was to fear. Whiles with great endeavour he made this preparation, * It seemeth by Po●pon●●● L●t●●, and by Ma●cellin●● elsewhere. That Surena was no proper name, but a title of the highest dignity, next unto the king Surena the great Commander of the enemies, having set upon our beasts which grazed in the date tree groves, was by our cohorts appointed to drive him back, welcomed with the slaughter of some few, and so went his ways without effect: and the inhabitants of two cities, which stand as islands environed round about with rivers, some upon a confidence of their own strength, hastily betook themselves to C●esiphon a walled town; others running through the thickets, and some again conveying themselves over the washes and marshes in floats and troughs of hollowed trees, betook themselves to the only and chief help that remained, namely, to get away far enough off, meaning to go into the more remote parts of the land. Of whom, some that made resistance, our soldiers slew, who also themselves scoured the coasts up and down in floats and boats: and others now and then they take prisoners and brought in. For, with deliberate and advised consideration this order was taken, That whiles the regiments of footmen were besieging and assailing the walls of the town, the troops of the horsemen, divided into certain cornets & companies, ●hold be employed busily in raising and driving away booties, out of the fields: and by this provident forecast, without any loss and hindrance at all of the provincial people, our soldiers preyed and fed upon the enemy's bowels. And now by this time our Emperor having encircled with a threefold course of shields, the town, aforesaid, which had a double wall about it, in hope to achieve his enterprise, with main force gave the assault. But as the attempt was necessary, so the effecting thereof was most difficult: for, the avenue unto it, being on every side for the danger thereof doubtful, by reason that the cliffs aloft in their turning were ⁱ cloven and rend, as also for that their ascents and tops were full of crooked windings, denied them all means of access; especially, for that the towers standing so thick and high, made a terrible show, and were equal in height to the craggy mount naturally rising aloft, on which the citadel stood, and the plain descent falling to the river side, was fortified with strong bulwarks. To all these difficulties, there was another mischief no less troublesome than the rest, namely, that the besieged, who were a picked number of valiant men, & furnished with store every way, could by no allurements be induced to yield, but as making full account either to win the victory, or devow and betake themselves to be consumed with the ashes of their country, withstood their enemies. Now, by this time were our soldiers hardly and with much ado held back, advancing themselves foolishly and proudly forward, call also for fight even in plain field, and set battle: yea and when the retreat was sounded, still pricked on they were with courageous stomach and hot endeavour to press upon the enemy. Howbeit the counsel of our captains overcame at length that exceeding forwardness and violence of theirs: and so when the service and work was divided, every man most speedily taketh him to his several charge appointed unto him. For, of the one side were raised high mounts and terraces, on the other side some filled up the deep ditches, and made them level with the ground, whiles others were busy elsewhere in making hollow trenches with passages along within the earth. There were cunning Mechanikes also, that planted engines & pieces of ordnance, to batter the walls, such as would as they were discharged make a horrible and deadly noise. And verily of undermining and the fabrics fore-covert and defence, Nevita and Dagalaiphus had the charge: but the Emperor himself gave direction for skirmish, as also for saving the frames and engines as well from fire as sallies. And when as all the preparation for the overthrow & rasing of the city, with much painful labour was finished, and nothing now but fight called for, marquess Victor returned, who having sounded and discovered all the ways as far as to Ctesiphon, brought word, That he found no stops or lets in his journey: For joy of which news, all the soldiers were so set a god, and bare so confident and resolute minds to fight, that they armed presently, and waited for the signal to proceed unto the assault. CHAP. VII. The most strong assault of the said city. The painful toil, industry, and fortitude, as well of the besiegers as besieged. At length by undermining the walls are overthrown. ANd now whiles the trumpets sounded out aloud the battle, the soldiers on both parts shouted amain: and first, the Romans with many a run, and with a minatory noise charged upon the enemies all covered on every side with plates of iron in manner of thin and slender feathers, and bearing themselves bold, for that the darts and casting weapons hitting upon the slippery hard iron of their armours, rebounded back: and otherwhiles the knitting together of the Romans shields, under which, as under a roof of arch work, that cannot well be described, they were most fitly protected, with continual stirring and motion, opened somewhat wide a sunder. On the contrary ●ide the Persians sticking close to their walls, so far forth as they could do or strive again, assayed to check and make void our deadly violence. But when as now the assailants carrying before them hurdles of tough lytier windings, were upon the point to scale the walls, the slingers and archers together, with others also tumbling down huge stones, with firebrands and fire-balls, set them further off. Then also the Balists bend and fitted with shafts of wood were wrested up and discharged with a great noise, sending forth headed arrows exceeding thick: the Scorpions likewise whither soever by skilful hand they were directed, discharged from them round stones. Thus, after redoubled conflicts one upon another, the heat of the weather still increasing until noon (by reason that the Sun did cast scorching hot vapours from him) called them all away, as busy as they were in preparation of their works, and desirous of fight, being tired out, and running all to sweat. With the same purpose and settled resolution, the day also following both parts bickering one with another in sundry sorts of fight, depart on even hand neither winners nor losers. But at every hard pinch and dangerous service, the prince in person joining close to the fight men, called instantly upon them, to have the city forced and destroyed, because he would not lie long about the walls, and overslip greater designs that he projected. But as it falleth out in cases of urgent extremity, there is nothing so slight and small, but otherwhiles, even contrary to all hope and expectation, it yieldeth occasion and advantage of greater matters. For, when as both sides fought so faintly, as if oftentimes they had been at the point to depart asunder, behold, by the stroke of a Ram long time disused, and which a little before was brought against the wall, down came a tower higher than all the rest, and built most strongly of brick; the fall whereof brought after it with a mighty crash, that side of the wall that joined unto it. Then and there by occasion of sundry accidents and occurrents, the painful labour of the besiegers, and the diligent industry of the besieged, was notably showed by brave and worthy exploits. For our fight soldiers were so enkindled with anger and dolour, that they thought no service hard, and the defendants running as they did, and bestirring themselves for life, nothing was dread and terrible. Now, when the fight had continued hot a long time in even balance, and doubtful terms, after much bloodshed, and many a man slain on both parts, it determined with the end of the day, and so at length respect and consideration was had of their weariness. And whiles these things were a doing in open day light, word was brought unto the Emperor, full of watchful care, That the legionary soldiers, who had the charge of digging trenches and undermining, after they had wrought under ground hollow ways, and upheld them with props, had pierced through the very foundations beneath, ready now to rise above the ground, if he did so direct them. When as therefore the most part of the night was past, upon signal given by sound of trumpets, to go forth, running there was on all hands to arm and to fight: and on purpose the assault was given on both sides affront the walls, that whiles the defendants are skudding to and fro about the walls, to put by and repel dangers, so that neither the ting sound of the iron tools digging hard by could be heard, nor any man remained within forth to make resistance, a company of miners all on a sudden show their heads. Which being so ordered, as agreed it was before, and the defendants busily occupied, and the lurking caves laid open, up starteth first a soldier, one of the number that before was overcome, after whom Magnus a Tribune, and jovianus a Notary, whom a bold and hardy multitude following, after they had stabbed those whom they found in the house, through which they came forth to light, marching on softly with a silent pace, they killed all the watchmen, as they were with loud and shrill voices extolling, as the manner is and custom of that nation, the justice and felicity of their king. Thought it was sometime, that Mars himself in person (if the laws of divine majesty permit that gods may be intermingled with men) was assistant to ᵏ Lucinus when he invaded the camp of the Lucanes. And men verily believed so much, because in the very middle and heat of skirmish, there was one seen of a huge and terrible bigness, all armed, carrying ladders: and the next day, when a review was taken of the army, such an one could not be found, though he were with a special care searched for: whereas, if he had been a soldier, he would willingly of his own accord have showed himself, knowing as he did what a memorable act he had done: But as it was altogether unknown then, what was he that performed so brave a deed: so now they that did most valiantly show themselves, and were seen above the rest, rewarded with obsidionall coronets, and praised in open place before the whole army assembled, according to the custom of our ancients. CHAP. VIII. The city thus forcibly won, is wasted with fire and sword. A dumb boy and a tumbler or player of feats falleth in the pillage to julianus his share: the singular continence of the said Emperor. The hunting of the Romans; their coming to Seleucia. And then was Nabdates' captain or governor of Maiozamalcha executed accordingly. AT length, the city laid thus naked, and by reason of many breaches and ways made into it, ready to fall, was forcibly entered into, and without regard either of sex or age, whatsoever violence found, the power of angry soldiers made havoc of, and put to the sword. Others, for fear of imminent destruction, seeing fire threatening of one side, and drawn swords presented on another, weeping their last, flung themselves down from the walls with their heads forward, and so being disabled in all their limbs disjointed, led for the time a life more woeful and miserable than death itself, whiles they were killed by little and little. Now, there was fetched forth alive, Nabdates' captain of the garrison, with fourscore of his guard about him, whom the gracious and merciful Emperor, when he was brought before him with others, commanded to be kept unhurt and untouched. When the saccage therefore was divided and dealt, with consideration of every man's desert and pains taken, himself (as he was one that stood content with a little) took for his share a dumb boy, brought unto him, one of these tumblers and dancers kind, who also could express by most lovely and dainty jestures, what he had skill of, and valued at ˡ three pieces of gold, him (I say) he took for a pleasant and acceptable reward (as he esteemed it) of victory obtained. But of the virgins that were taken prisoners, and beautiful with all (as in Persia where the women be passing fair) he would neither touch nor see one: Following herein the example of Alexander and Africanus, who declined these temptations, for fear they might be overcome of lust, who every where showed themselves of labour and travail invincible. In the time of these conflicts the Architect and master Carpenter of our side, whose name cometh not to my remembrance, as he chanced to stand behind the engine of a Scorpion, by the reverberation or recoiling back of a stone, which the engineer had bestowed loose and tottering in the sling socket, was strucken down therewith on his back, and his breast so squized, that presently he lost his life withal: and the knitting of his joints was so disjoined and torn in sunder, as that the tokens verily of his whole body could not be known. As the Emperor went forward on his journey from thence, there was one informed him for certain, That about the walls of the town thus subverted, there was a company lay close in ambush within certain deceitful and blind caves, such as there be many in those tracts: to the end, that from thence at unwares, they might set upon the back part of our army, and have the kill of the hindmost. And straight ways for the fetching them out of their holes, were sent footmen of approved valour. Who, when they could neither make entrance into the said caves, nor drive them forth that were bestowed within, to fight, gathered a deal of stubble, straw, and vine cuttings, which they laid upon heaps at the very mouth of the holes. Whereupon, the smoke being gotten into the narrow & straight passages within, & by that means the thicker, stopped the vital breath of some and killed them: others, the hot breath of the fire mingled therewith me● withal, and forced to come forth upon their own present death. And so, when they were all dispatched out of the way, what with fire, and what with sword, the soldiers quickly returned back to their colours. Thus a large and populous city razed by the prowess of Roman forces, fell to dust and utter ruin. After which so glorious exploits, when we had passed over divers bridges joining one to another by reason of the concourse of many rivers, we came unto two forts, built with hollow and vaulted houses: where the king's son advancing forward from Ctesiphon, with many nobles, and a multitude in arms, went about to debar Victor the Comes, as he went before the army, from passage over the river: but he having once spied the companies of our soldiers following, he went his way. And so we marched on until we came to certain groves, and fields all fresh and green with the blade of young corn there sown: where also we found an house of the kings, built after the Roman fashion; and for that it pleased us well, it stood untouched. For, there was in this very quarter a large piece of ground lying round, and enclosed all about with a mound, like the fenced circuit of some hold, containing within it wild beasts appointed for the king's game and delight, to wit, Lions with shaggemaned necks; wild Boars with brisly shoulders, and Bears likewise (for such they be in Persia) beyond all measure savage and raging, beside other beasts chosen for the nonce with mighty main bodies: all which, after we had broken the bolts and bar●es of the gates, our horsemen with their hunting lances, and a number of shot and casting weapons, sticked and slew. These places are seated in a fat soil, and well husbanded, not far from which standeth Coche, which they call * Bachad. N●gr. Seleucia: where the prince after he had cast a trench and rampire about his camp in tumultuary haste, and for two days space refreshed the whole army by the opportunity they found of water and food, marched before with the avant-curriers, and as he viewed the city forsaken and left desolate (as which in times past had been destroyed and razed by Verus C●sar of sacred memory) wherein also an ever running fountain sendeth forth a mighty great pool, running down into the river Tigris, he beheld hanging upon gibbets many bodies of his near friends and kinsfolk, who (as I said before) betrayed the city Pyrisabora. Here was Nabdates also burnt quick, who (as I showed erewhile) was with fourscore besides drawn out of the lurking holes of the city lately forced. For why, having at the beginning of the siege secretly promised to surrender the city, he fought notwithstanding moststoutly: and yet when beyond all hope he had obtained pardon, broke out to that height of insolency, that he reviled Ormisda, and gave him all the opprobrious terms that could be. CHAP. IX. julianus upon the intercepting of certain Roman foragers, and avoiding of a great danger, besiegeth amost strong fenced pile, which he winneth and burneth, after he had thrust certain horsemen to the service on foot, who cowardly received the brun● of certain Persian Brigands: And then by joining of bridges together, the army passeth over Tigris. THus after we had marched a pretty way further, strucken we were into our dumps with a cross and adverse accident. For whiles three bands of our outriders skirmished lightly with a regiment or company of Persians, which the city by setting open the gates, had suddenly put out, others that broke forth from the contrary bank of the river, intercept and kill the horses and beasts that followed us together, with some few foragers that straggled loosely at their pleasure. Whereat the Emperor being wroth, and for anger gnashing his teeth, took his journey forward, and approaching now the territory about Ctesiphon, he met with an high castle and passing well fortified, to the view whereof he adventured to go near, being unknown and unseen, as himself thought, and with a few in his company road about the walls: but when he was found once to engage himself over-farre, even within the reach of dartshot, he could no longer be unknown: and presently, being coursed and assailed with a volley and cloud, as it were, of sundry casting-weapons, slain he had been with an engine from the walls, but that, after his Esquire or armour-bearer that stuck close to his side was wounded, himself covered with a roof of shields couched close together, escaped this great danger and departed. For this cause, being moved much, and in an exceeding chase, he determined to besiege the said fort, notwithstanding the defendants were hotly bend to resist, for that they presumed upon the place, in manner unaccessable, and because the king in person marching apace with a royal army, was verily thought would be shortly there: and now, when the Fence-fabrickes and all devices else requifite for a ●iege, were in readiness, toward the end of the * near midright. second ᵐ watch, when the night happening to be very light with the Moon shine, showed all things evidently to those that stood upon the bulwarks, suddenly a multitude gathered together in one plump, opened the gates at once, and sallied forth: and charging a cohort of our horsemen at unawares, slew may of them; among whom a Tribune also chanced to lose his life, as he went about to repel the danger. Whiles these things are thus in doing, the Persians in like manner as before, from the opposite river bank setting upon a part of our men, killed some, and took others alive: and withal, for very fear, because the enemies were thought to have come with a greater number, our soldiers as then bestirred themselves but slowly. But when they had taken heart again, and were grown more bold, so that in the very tumult they hastily armed, and caught weapons in hand, whereby the army also was raised with the sound of trumpets, and made more haste with muttering in minatorie wise, the foresaid enemies that broke thus forth upon them, were affrighted, and returned before they were fought withal: And the Emperor himself in a great passion of anger, thrust all the rest of that cohort (who basely and with faint courage had abidden the brunt of the said Brigands) down to serve as footmen, a place of more pains and of less reputation. After this, in heat of revenge he converted all his diligence and care to the subversion of that castle where he was in such jeopardy, himself in person stirring not a foot any way from the vanguard, that fight so among the foremost, he might give the soldiers good example to behave themselves valiantly, as being a beholder and approver of their acts. And after he had been a long time much conversant in the very highest extremities of danger, at length, such was the variety of munitions and weapons, such was the joint resolution also of his fight men, that the same castle was won, sacked and burnt. And after this, considering the dangerous service and occurrences both passed, and also ready to ensue, the army out-toyled and tired with excessive pains, rested, and had plenty of many things meet for the sustentation of this life, dealt among them. Howbeit, from thenceforth the rampire and fence of the camp was more surely fortified with a palisado of stakes standing thick, and with deep trenches, seeing that now they feared from Ctesiphon so near at hand, sudden outrodes and other privy practices. Hence we came to the river digged by man's hand, named Naarmalcha, which by interpretation is as much as the King's river, the channel whereof was then dry. This river trajan beforetime, & afterwards Severus, had with passing great care caused to be digged, and the earth to be cast up in manner of a mighty large gutter or channel, to the end that by a watercourse derived thither from Euphrates, shipping might pass to Tigris. And in all respects it was thought the safest policy to have the same place cleansed, which in times past the Persians fearing the like accidents, had stopped up with a dam of many big stones laid together. And after this Botone was scoured, with a mighty deal of water let in upon the plucking away of the sluice, the fleet which had been driven back for the space of thirty stadia, was cast with security into the channel of Tigris: and forthwith the army upon bridges made of ships couched together being set over, took their journey toward Coche. And to the end that convenient rest might follow upon such wearisome travail, we sat us down in a rich territory, most pleasantly garnished with Hortyards, Vines, and green Cypress trees: in the midst whereof standeth a shady and delectable retiring place of pleasure, showing in every room of the house, after that country fashion, pictures representing the king in many sorts of hunting, killing Dear and wild beasts: for there is nothing else among them either drawn in picture, or cast in counterfeit, but sundry kinds of slaughter, and wars. CHAP. X. After the ships were delivered out of extreme danger, the armies on both sides were put in ordinance of battle, whereupon ensued a sharp conflict here described, whereby the Persians were chased as far as the walls of Ctesiphon, when they had lost 2500 of their men. THe Emperor therefore, after so good speed in all affairs achieved to his hearts desire, holding now a more lofty and stately pace against all difficulties whatsoever, and grounding so great hopes now upon his fortune, which yet was never foiled, that oftentimes he did set in hand with many adventures which savoured strong of rashness, caused the tallest vessels of those that carried victuals and engines to be discharged of their freight, and manned them with * Octogenis This place, no doub, is corrupt: read therefore Oct●ngent●. that 15, 800. or else exposid [octogenis] distribute veli, i 80 apiece. 80 armed soldiers: and keeping still with himself the better strength of his navy, which he had divided into three parts, the one of them he appointed to be sent out with Victor the Comes in the beginning of night to the end that having crossed the river hastily, he might possess himself of the banks on the enemy's ground. Which when the captains, as sore afraid, joined altogether by prayer and entreaty to assay if they might hinder, and yet could not alter the resolute purpose of the prince, behold all on a sudden five ships with flag set up aloft, as commandment was given, launched forth, and soon went out of sight: and when they approached once the bank, they were so assailed with firebrands and all kind of fuel apt to catch fire continually flung among them, that they and the soldiers within had presently been burnt, but that the Emperor started with a cold swawme of fear that quickly came over his heart, and crying with a loud voice, that our men, as they were commanded, had erected the signal given unto them, and were upon the point to land, caused all the Armada to make haste and row apace after them: whereby both the foresaid ships were recovered safe and sound, and the rest of the soldiers also (pelted though they were with stones and casting-weapons of divers sorts from above) after a most sharp skirmish gained the passing high and difficult banks, and firmly kept their standing. And now do Histories (forsooth) make a wonder of Sertorius, who keeping about him his weapons and corselet, swum over the river * Rhosne. Rhodanus; when as at this very instant certain soldiers much troubled, and fearing to stay behind after the mark or signal was set up, bearing close and fast with their breasts grovelling upon their shields, which were broad and bending, welding also the same, though unskilfully, made shift through that river, so full of whirlepits, to make way and keep swift pace in company with the ships. Against these forces the Persians opposed the troops embattled of their horsemen, armed at all pieces, and those ranged so thick and close together, that their bodies which way soever they turned fitted with plates, dazzeled with the brightness thereof all that looked full against them, whose horses also (whereof they had a number) were defended all over with leather, armour, and furniture: behind whom, the companies of footmen placed in supply, and fenced with long and crooked shields, which they carry before them made of plaited oysiers and ●aw leather, advanced forward in thick ranks. After these, the Elephants making a show like so many hills marching together, and moving their monstrous bodies, threatened death to those that came near unto them, as which, by proof and experiment made in former times, were very dreadful. Hereupon the Emperor appointed the middle ward between the two * the vanguard and rearward. battles for the strong bands of footmen, according to the ordinance of embattailing that Homer describeth; lest if they being placed affront in the vaward, and happening to recoil, should shamefully turn all the rest back with them: or again, if they were cast behind all in the rearward, might have more liberty to run away, whiles none were to stay them; and himself with the light armed auxiliaries traversed to and fro between the foremost and hindmost. When as then the Romans saw on the one side and the other the armies in battaile-ray near adjoining, they glittering in their crested helmets, and shaking their shields, advanced gently forward, as if they footed the measures of the metrical foot * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Anapaestus, and with the lancing of sharpe-headed darts & other casting-weapons, wherewith the skirmishers running forth, gave the first essay of battle, the dust was raised on every side, and carried with the swift whirling of the wind. Now, when there was a shout and outcry made on every hand, as the usual manner is, and the trumpets sounding battle, gave an edge to the courage of the soldiers, they joined the medley with javelins and drawn swords on both parts, and fought close and near at hand: and verily our soldiers, the more hast they made to get within, the better were they secured from the danger of arrow-shot. Mean while julianus doing the part, as it were, of a common soldier and commander both, made haste to uphold those that were sore laid at with fresh supplies, yea, and to stir up and incite such as made slow haste. The vanguard therefore of the Persians broke their array, and giving back with a gentle and soft pace, in their hot armour went toward the city that was hard by: after whom followed our soldiers, wearied likewise in fight from the morning betimes to the evening in the scorching hot fields, and pressing hard upon their hind-parts and necks, drove them all headlong, together with Tigranes, Surena, and Narses, the principal chieftains, as far as to the walls of Ctesiphon, laying upon the hams of their legs and on their backs as they ran before them. And intermingled in the very companies of them that thus slipped away and fled, they had broken through within the entry of the city, but that marquess Victor with lifting up as well his hands as voice, forbade them, being himself slightly shot into the arm with an arrow, and fearing least these hasty soldiers, found inconsiderately within the circuit of the wall, and not meeting with any way out again, might be enclosed with main multitudes. Let the old Poets sound out the battles that Hector fought, and extol withal the fortitude of that Thessalian captain Achilles: Let the posterity long time after, talk of Sophanes, Aminias, Callimachus, and ⁿ Cynegirus, those famous thunderbolts that shook the Medes war in Greece; evident it is by all men's confession, that some of our men behaved themselves as valiantly that day as ever those did. CHAP. XI. julianus preparing a number of sacrifices unto Mars, was terrified with an ominous sign. Leaving therefore the siege of Ctesiphon, he forrayeth and wasteth the countries round about: and not well advised, setteth on fire and consumeth all his ships, save only twelve of a lesser sort. AFter the fear was past, and the enemy's bodies trodden, on heaps as they lay, underfoot, the soldiers, imbrued as they were with the blood that they had justly shed, being assembled before the emperors pavilion, gave him his due praise and rendered hearty thanks, for that unknown in every place, whether he were a leader or a soldier, he had achieved then so fortunate a victory, as that with the kill of two thousand and five hundred Persians more or less, there were but threescore and ten of our men lost their lives: who also for his part, call most of them by their names, whom himself as an eye witness and judge saw to have performed with resolute heart any brave service, rewarded them with Naval, ᵒ Civik, and Campe-Coronets. And being now fully persuaded, that the like prosperous successes would shortly hereafter follow, he made preparation of many sacrifices to Mars the Revenger: and whereas ten most beautiful bulls were to this purpose brought in place, nine of them, before they were presented to the altars, of themselves fell down dead in most heavy and fearful manner; and the tenth, who broke his bonds and got away, was hardly brought back again, and being slain, showed ominous signs of ill luck. At the sight whereof julianus falling into a grievous fit of indignation, cried out, and swore by jupiter, That he would now offer no more sacrifice unto Mars, neither did he ever sacrifice again, as being surprised soon after by speedy death. And so, after he had debated in counsel with the principal captains and officers of the army, as touching the besieging of Ctesiphon, concluded it was according to the advice and mind of some, who knew it was an adventurous and unreasonable piece of service to take that enterprise in hand; for that both the city by the very situation thereof inexpugnable, was defended, and also thought verily it was, that the king would be there out of hand with a dreadful power: So the better opinion took place, the utility whereof, when he a most prudent prince had approved, he sent Arintheus with a power of light appointed footmen to forray and spoil the countries lying round about, which were rich in cattle and corn, who with like industry was to pursue the enemies also, that being lately put to rout and dispersed, lay hidden in thick overgrown ways and holes, wherewith they were so well acquainted. But * julian. he again of a greedy humour at all times to be encroaching and gaining more, little weighing their words that willed the contrary, and rebuking the chief leaders and officers, because for sloth and desire of ease, they gave counsel to forego the kingdoms of Persia which were in manner already conquered; leaving the river on his left hand, by the direction of unlucky guides that led the way, determined with speedy pace to take the * midland. Mediterranean ways, and, as it were, with the deadly and cursed firebrand of Bellona, commanded fire to be put under the ships, and to burn them all, save twelve of the less sort, which he gave order to be carried in carts, as meet for the joining of bridges. And he thought herein, that he had taken a profitable course, for fear (forsooth) that a navy being left behind, should serve the enemies in good stead, or at least wise, that twenty thousand well-near of fight men (as from the very beginning of the expedition they had done) should be employed in haling, towing, and governing the said ships. After this, when every man fearing in his own behalf, secretly mumbled, and the plain truth evidently spoke, that if haply the soldiers were put back by reason of drought or high hills, they could not return unto the waters: when also the fugitives openly confessed upon the rack, that he had erred and done amiss, in a great hurly burly commandment was given, That the flaming fires should be quenched. And for as much as the fire caught so mighty an head, as that it had consumed the most part of them already, twelve ships only could be saved without hurt, which were set apart, that they might be kept still. CHAP. XII. The Persians having burnt the grown grass and standing corn, drive the Romans destitute of shipping, and distressed with the distemperature of weather and soil, both into many straits, yea and forceth them to alter their journey. BY this chance the fleet being lost, at such a time when it behoved not, julianus trusting in his united army, now that none of the armed soldiers were employed in divers places and affairs, and standing upon his great numbers, marched (I say) to the inland parts, having the wealthy countries yielding plenty of victuals unto him: which being known, the enemies to pinch s● with hunger, set on fire the grass on the ground, and the standing corn full grown: and by reason that with this general fire, we were stopped of our passage forward, we trusted upon our standing camp, until the flames began to slake. And the Persians a great way off, insulting over us with their bravadoes, one while for the nonce displayed their forces all abroad, otherwhile made head more thick and close together: that it might be thought of those that looked far off, the king's aids were already come, and that we should think they broke out therefore to such audacious outrodes and unwonted attempts. But all this while the emperors soldiers both sorrowed hereat, for that they neither had means to frame bridges, having so rashly lost their ships, nor could encounter the forces of strange enemies, new come in, who were already in place, as it appeared by the glittering brightness of their armour, artificially wrought to bend with every limb. And to help the matter well, there happened another no small infortunity, namely, that the succours which we waited for to come with Arsaces, and our own captains, seemed for the causes aforesaid letted and stayed. In regard of these occurrents, the Prince to comfort the distressed & disquieted soldiers, commanded the prisoners, lank & slender of themselves (as all the Persians in manner be) and by this time also grown carrion lean, to be brought forth before them; and casting his eye again upon our men, Lo (quoth he) who they are that these martial hearts reputemen even deformed, foul, and stinking goats: and as many events by experience have taught us, ready to fling their weapons from them, and to run away before they come to join battle. Which said, and the captives voided, they sat in counsel about the main business in hand: and after much arguing pro & contra, when the unskilful multitude said with open mouth, We must return the same way we came, the Prince earnestly gainsaid that opinion, and many together with him showed by plain demonstration, That it could not be, considering that throughout the spacious and open plains both forage and corn was consumed, and the remains of towns and villages late burnt, were in extreme want and poverty: because also, that all the ground was besobbed and drenched with the midwinter frosts that now thawed, and the waters being up and swollen, had carried away the bounds of their banks, and were become very rough: for that also, to increase the difficulty of this affair, in those countries which grew hot by the sultry heat of the Sun, all places be haunted with a multitude of flies and gnats, which as they fly shadow both the daylight, and the bodies of stars that shine by night: when as now the wit of man could not prevail to meet with these mischiefs, after long wavering to and fro, and standing in doubtful terms what to do, we reared altars, killed beasts for sacrifice, and consulted with the gods, to know their will, whether we should return by the way of Assyria, or marching softly beside the foot of the mountains, suddenly overrun and waste Chiliocomus, scituat near unto Corduena: but neither of these two ways was by inspection of the beast bowels waranted unto us. Howbeit, we resolved upon this in the end, That seeing all hope of better was cut off and gone, we should take the way of Corduena. And so upon the sixteenth * 16. day of Iu●●. day before the Kalends of july, when our ensigns were set forward, and the daylight now begun well entered, there appeared a smoke, or a certain round and sharp topped cloud of dust, occasioned, as a man might think, by herds of wild Asses, whereof in those tracts there are infinite numbers, going all together for this purpose, that by so thick a troop of them thrust together, they might be able to check and frustrate the fierce assaults of Lions: Some were of opinion, That the captains of Sacena were coming, raised already by our rumours spread, That the Emperor would with main force assault Ctesiphon: others affirmed, That the Persians were up in arms, ready to stir new troubles. And therefore, considering how doubtful the case stood, for fear lest some disastrous accident should light upon us, by sound of trumpet our battalions in their march were called back, and so in a fair green vale full of grass, near unto a river side, having pitched our tents round in the form of a circle, with a manifold rank and course of shields to protect us, we rested with more safety. For, by reason that the air continued thick and misty until evening, we could not discern what it was that seemed so foul and ill favoured. THE XXV. BOOK. CHAP. 1. The Roman army encountereth and joineth in fight by many a skirmish with the Persian host. The armour of the Persian men at arms on bard horses. The terrible show of Elephants. A battailefought with a mighty overthrow and slaughter of the Persians. ANd this night verily, wherein no bright stars shone to give light (as commonly it falleth out in doubtful cases and distresses) we passed so, as not one of us durst either sit down or sleep one wink for very fear. But so soon as it was fair daylight, the glittering habergeons trimmed all about with white guards, the bright curets made of iron plates, discovered a far off, showed the king's power to be at hand. At the sight whereof, when the soldiers enkindled with courage, made haste to encounter them, by reason of a little river that severed them asunder, the Emperor forbade them: and not far from the very rampire there was a cruel fight between our fore-riders and those of the Persians, wherein Machameus, a leader of one regiment of ours, was slain; in whose quarrel and defence his brother Maurus, marquess afterward of Phaenice, killed him who wounded his brother to death, terrifying every one that came in his way; himself also sore hurt in the shoulder with a dart, was yet able with main force to rescue and draw forth of the battle Machameus, looking wan and pale at the point of death. And when on both sides they waxed faint with intolerable heat of the weather, and so many conflicts that they had sustained, in the end the troops of the enemies were with a foul repulse broken and scattered. As we retired somewhat far from hence, the Saracenes for fear of our footmen constrained to return back, within a while after, intermingled with a multitude of the Persians, suddenly charged, with a full mind to carry away the Roman carriages: but so soon as they espied the Emperor, they returned to the wings that lay in supply. After we were gone out of this region, we came to a village named Hucumbra; where for two days space being refreshed beside our hope with all things meet for our use, and having gotten corn enough, we departed: and presently all the rest, save only that which the time would give us leave to convey away, was consumed with fire. The next day after, as our army marched easily forward, the Persians having at unwares set upon those that were hindmost, who by chance that day had the charge of the rearward, had with little ado killed them every one, but that our cavalry that was near at hand having intelligence hereof, being spread over the open and wide valleys, repelled this great danger, by wounding those that thus surprised them. In this skirmish was slain Adaces, a noble peer of the kingdom, who had been sometime sent in embassage to the Emperor Constantine, and courteously entertained; the killer of whom offering unto julianus his spoils, was rewarded, as it well beseemed. The same day a cornet of the ᵃ Terciaci horsemen was much blamed and accused by the legions, for that when these brake into the enemy's battle, ranged full against them, they by little and little slipping away, had like to have discouraged the whole army. Whereupon the Emperor growing to indignation, as good reason he had, took from them their guidons, broke their lances, and as many of them as were by just proof known to have fled, he enjoined to march among the carriages, packs, trusses, and captives: but their leader, who only had fought manfully, was made captain over another troop, whose Tribune was convicted to have shamefully forsaken the field and fled. Moreover, there were cassed also and discharged of their military oath other Tribunes of certain companies of horsemen, for the like foul and cowardly part: For, with this mild and moderate allay and temper of correction, considering the difficulties and dangers toward, was the Emperor contented. When as therefore they had journeyed forward seventy ᵇ stadia, by occasion that there grew scarcity of all things, for that both grass and corn was burnt, every man was feign to catch out of the very flaming fire, and keep for himself what corn and forage he was able to carry. Leaving therefore this place also behind them, when the whole army was come to a certain tract named Maranga, in the twilight, somewhat before day, there appeared an infinite number of Persians, together with Merenes General of the horsemen, two of the king's sons, and many potentates and lords of the country. Now were all their bands and regiments harneised in armour of iron, having every part of their body covered so close and thick with plates, that the stiff joints thereof were meet for the knitting of their limbs: and vizards of men's faces were so curiously fitted to their heads, that whereas their bodies all over were plated, the shot lighting upon them, could there only take hold and stick, where were little holes full against the eyes to admit a small sight, or where at the very tips of their noses the narrow passages served for their wind and breath: of these, some ready to serve with pikes, stood firm & kept their ground so, as a man would have thought they had been fixed fast, and held with chains and ropes of brass: hard by them were marshaled the archers, in which feat the whole nation from their very cradle hath been passing confident of their skill, and mighty in the practice thereof: and these drew their bend bows with their arms so wide asunder, that the strings came close to their right breast heads, and the arrow heads lay just upon their left hands, and with exceeding skill in the stroke of their fingers, the shafts flew out with a whistling and singing sound, carrying with them mischievous and deadly wounds. After them were placed the Elephants, the terrible sight of which beasts all glittering together, with their grim and cruel yawning of their mouths, fearful minded men could hardly endure: upon whom sat their masters, carrying fast tied unto their right arms knives with hafts, as bearing in remembrance still the defeature and loss they received at Nisibis: and if the unruly beast could not be restrained by the strength of his master, for fear least turning back upon their own men (as it fell out then) he might overthrow the common soldiers, with a mighty stroke they made a gash into that turning joint that parteth the head and neck asunder. For the experiment was once made by Asdrubal the brother of Hannibal, that this was the ready way to dispatch such beasts, and bereave them of their life. Which being seen not without great terror, the most confident and resolute Emperor, guarded round about with armed Cohorts, and the principal captains, according as this extraordinary puissance and cruel forces required, arraunged those bands which were to affront and encounter the enemy, in form of a * or half moon. Crescent, with bowing and winding sides. And least Archers running forth might disray the ranks and companies of our men, he advanced forward the banners more speedily, and thereby broke the violent force of their shot: and after the usual manner, after he had given the signal of battle, the Roman footmen standing thick together, with pressing hard, thrust back the thronged fronts of the enemy's vaward: and as the medley grew hot, such a sound there was of shields, such a clattering noise also, as well of the men themselves as their weapons, making a doleful din, as among whom there was now no ho nor stay at all of their hands, that all the fields were covered over with blood and slain bodies lying along: But the Persians were they that fell faster to the ground: who being oftentimes faint in conflict, found a great hindrance and inconvenience in this close fight foot to foot, as wont otherwise to bear themselves valiantly afar off; and if they perceive at any time their battalions to give ground and recoil, by retiring toward the back of them, in manner of showers and storms to shoot their arrows straight, and so to fright their enemies from any bold and confident pursuit. The Parthians therefore being driven back and borne down by main force, our soldiers out-toyled a long time, and sweltered with the flaming heat of the Sun, after the sound given of retreat, return again to their tents, emboldened by this good hand, thenceforth to attempt greater exploits. In this battle it was evident (as I said before) that the slaughter of the Persians was very great, and of our men as small. But among the variable chances that fell out in these conflicts, remarkable above the rest was the death of Veteranio, a brave warrior, who commanded the legion of the ᶜ Zianni. CHAP. II. The Roman army afflicted with famine. The frugality of julian. His own Genius and a Star appeareth in menacing manner unto him. AFter this, during the truce appointed for three days, whiles every man was busied in curing his own wounds or his fellows, destitute were we of victuals, and pinched with hunger, by this time intolerable. And for as much as by the burning as well of forage as corn, men and horses both were driven to extremities; out of that provision of food which the beasts of the Tribunes and * or lieutenants, or captains. Comites carried, a great part was dealt among the meanest common soldiers who were in extreme want. And verily the Emperor, for whom there were provided no dainty eats as kings use to have, but for his light supper, which he was to take under the little pillars of a tent, or hole, a small pittance of thick * 〈◊〉, or such like 〈◊〉, as ●● hasty 〈◊〉 etc. gruel (which a very common and * etiam 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 gregano. base drudging soldier would disdain to eat) look whatsoever was made ready for his service, careless of himself, distributed and sent it away among the poor and needy soldiers. And himself being drawn for a little while to take a pensive repose between sleeping and waking, when being quite broken (an usual matter with him) of his sleep, in imitation of julius Caesar, who was wont to write somewhat whiles he lay in camp, he passed the dead time of the night musing and meditating upon the sentences of a certain Philosopher, he saw (as himself confessed to his inmost friends) in very simple and poor plight the resemblance of that public Genius, which when he was mou●ting to the imperial diadem he beheld in Gaul, and the same in sad and heavy wise, with Cornu Copia covered over, departing by the tapistry hangings of his pavilion. And albeit for the present he was amazed and strucken therewith astonished, yet as one not stooping at all to any fear, he committed the future events unto the will and decree of god in heaven: and forsaking his couch or pallet that lay upon the very ground (as being risen when it was now midnight) in making supplication and prayer unto the gods by the means of certain depulsorie sacrifices, he thought that he saw a very light burning flame, like as if it fell, to shoot along in the air, and to vanish quite out of sight: and hereupon he trembled all over and quaked for fear, lest it had been the planet Mars that appeared so evidently menacing. Now this fiery bright * or Meteore. impression, which we term 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, did neither fall at any time, nor touch the ground: For he that thinketh celestial bodies can fall, is justly deemed a profane and foolish person. Now this Meteore or apparition above cometh many ways, of which it shall suffice to show a few. Some think they be sparks set afire, and glowing by the vigorous heat of the sky; but not able to go far, do go out: or at leastwise, that certain flaming rays hitting against thick clouds, by a quick touch do sparkle: or else when some light meeteth close and joineth with a cloud: For that being shaped like a star, runneth a course verily, so long as it is held up with the strength of fire; but the body thereof being in so long a way and spacious passage emptied and spent, turneth into an exhalation, going to that substance, by the forcible rubbing and fretting whereof, it caught heat. Streightwaies therefore, ere the day began, were the Tuscan wizards and Soothsayers sent for, and being asked their judgement, What strange accident this kind or apparition of a star portended? answered, That most wisely he must beware and forbear to attempt any thing at that time; showing out of Tarquitius his books, how in the title De rebus Divinis, this Aphorism was set down, That if such a fire-light were seen in the sky, there ought no battle be fought, nor any such matter attempted. Now, when as he despised this warning also, as he had done many other, the Soothsayers besought him, That he would yet put off his journey, if it were but some few hours; but they could not obtain so much as this; so cross was the Emperor, and ready to withstand all the skill of divination and prophesy: but so soon as it was full day light he dislodged and removed his camp forward. CHAP. III. The next day julianus raised and stirred with the foil and overthrow of his own men, whiles forgetting his Brigandine, and catching up his shield he hasteneth to the battle, chanced by a horseman's staff or spear to be run into the ribs; but whiles he assayeth to pluckeforth the head, he fell from his horse, and out of the battle, which was to both parts lamentable, was brought back into the camp. NO sooner were we departed hence, but the Persians, who greatly feared the steedie fight of footmen, as having been oftentimes beaten therewith, laid their amhushes, and closely accompanied us, avoiding our battalions on either side, and lying in espial to view our march from the tops of the high hills, so, that our men suspecting so much, all the livelong day might neither cast up a rampire, nor fortify themselves with a pallaisadoe. Thus verily whiles we firmly guard our sides, and the army according to the site and position of the ground, marcheth in six square battalions displayed at large with thin ranks, word was brought unto the prince, being as yet unarmed, and gone forth forward to discover the quarters before, That suddenly those who behind were gathering up their armour and weapons together, had a charge given them at their backs. At which accident he was much troubled, and catching up hastily in this tumult his shield, but forgetting his corselet, and making haste to help those in the rearward, was called back again with another new alarm, whereby advertised he was, that the avantguard also, from whence he was lately departed, felt the like distress. Which, whiles without any regard at all of his own peril, hec hasteneth to recover and set upright in order again: from another part a company of Parthians in couplet harness setteth upon the centuries in the * The main battle. mids, and spreading themselves fiercely all over the left wing, which began already to shrink (whiles our men could not with patience abide the strong strength and braying noise of the Elephants) fought with pikes and casting weapons, which they discharged thick. But as the Prince setting spurs to his horse, rode with full carrier among the most dangerous skirmishes, out went our light armed companies, and charging them behind, laid at the houx and back parts as well of the beasts as the Persians themselves, and all to cut and hacked them. Whom, when julianus (forgetting to look to himself) by lifting up his hands aloft, and crying aloud, made evident demonstration to be disrayed, and fearfully scattered, and withal stirring up the anger of those that followed in chase, engaged himself boldly far into the battle, ᵈ * Can●ida●●. the Gallants his followers, whom fear had disperkled, cried out unto him on both sides, That he should decline the huge multitude of those that fled, no less than the fall of some ill framed and disjointed loover of an high building: and therewith all on a sudden an horseman's javelin, whence it came God he knoweth, having slightly rippled the skin of his [left] arm, pierced within his short ribs, and stuck fast in the neither lappet or fillet of his liver: which whiles he laboureth to pluck forth with his right hand, he perceived, that with the sharp edge thereof on both sides the sinews of his fingers were cut through: and thus falling forward over his horse head, and conveyed back into the camp by those that were present, who speedily came running about, by the means of Physic and Chirurgery, he was dressed and cherished accordingly. And soon after, when the pain was a little assuaged, he gave over to fear, and with a great spirit striving against death, called for his horse and armour, to the end, that by revising the battle again, he might repair the confident hope of his own men, and seem in a reckless neglect of himself, wonderfully possessed with a care for the life and preservation of others. Showing herein the same vigorous courage, though in a case unlike, that Epaminondas that renowned captain did: who being wounded to death at * Mandigna, or Mandi, L●un●l. Mantinaea, and returned out of the battle, sought carefully for his shield, and when he saw it near unto him, died of his wound more joyfully: and he that without fear forwent his life, was afraid to lose his shield. But when julianus his strength was not answerable to his will, and that the flux of blood sore followed him, he stood still and stirred not: and hereupon grew he afterward past all hope of life, because by inquiry made, he understood, that the place where he fell was called Phrygia: for he had intelligence given him aforetime by a written answer from the Oracle, that even there he must die. When the Prince was brought again into his pavilion, a man would not believe in what heat the soldiers enchaufed with anger and grief hastened to revenge, rapping their shields with their spears, fully bend even to die for it, if the case so required. And although the dust flew upon their eyes, and the weather growing hot hindered the agility and bestirring of their limbs, yet, as if with the loss of their leader they had been discharged of their oath, and freed from all military discipline, they ran desperately without any respect or spare of themselves, upon the pike and swords points. On the other side, the Persians more courageously shot their arrows so thick, that the volley and flight thereof took away the suns light: opposing their Elephants withal, who going but slowly with their big bodies and terrible crests, affrighted both horse and man. The buckling together therefore of men in their armour, the groaning of those that fell to the ground, the blowing and snuffing of the horses, and the ringing noise of weapons, was heard a great way off; so long until both sides were wearied with wounds good store, and the night now dark parted the fight. Fifty Potentates and great Lords of the Persians, together with the most part of the common soldier were that day left dead in the field: and in this confused medley Merena and Nohodares, two principal commanders were slain. Now let antiquity in her high and lofty words, stand amazed at the twenty battles which ᵉ Marcellus fought in divers places: Tell they besides, with brave speech, how ᶠ Siccius Dentatus was adorned with a number of military crowns: wonder they moreover, at ᵍ Sergius, who, by report, was three and twenty times wounded in sundry fought fields, whose noble and glorious praises Catiline, the last of that race, blurred with the blots of everlasting dishonour. Howbeit, there were some heavy occurrents that defaced these joyful events. For, whiles these brave feats were every where performed after the decease of the General, together with the foil of the right wing of the army, and the kill of Anatolius, for the time master of the offices, salustius the Praefect was driven headlong into present mischief, and by the means of an officer of his, rescued out of danger; and when he had lost Phosphorius a counsellor, who then assisted him, the army chanced to escape by flight: certain soldiers also, through many dangers having put themselves for refuge into a fortress hard by, could not before three days after join with the army. CHAP. four The Oration of julianus to those that stood round about him in his pavilion; which being ended, he distributed his private housegoods among his nearest favourites: And then discoursing exactly as touching the sublimity of men's souls, having drunk a draft of cold water, he departed this life in the three and thirtieth year of his age. IN this mean while julianus lying in his tent, spoke unto those that stood about him, all cast done and heavy, after this wise: The time is now come (quoth he) my friends and companions, and the same right seasonable, for me to depart this life, which (as a debtor of trust) to render unto nature, calling for it again, I rejoice with all my heart: Neither do I grieve and sorrow therefore, as some do think, having learned by the general sentence and doctrine of Philosophers, how much happier the soul is than the body: and considering beside, that so often as the better state and condition is severed from the worse, we are to joy rather than to grieve: observing thus much also, That even the gods in heaven have unto some most godly and devout persons given death as the chief and best reward. And that this office is laid upon me, I know passing well, namely, neither to yield unto painful perils, nor desperately at any time to overthrow and cast myself away: as having by experience found; that all dolorous griefs as they insult and triumph over base cowards, so they give way unto those that constantly persist. Neither repent I of my deeds past, nor wounded am I with the remembrance of any foul and heinous act committed, either when I was a scholar and student within doors and private corners, or after I had entered upon the government of the Empire, descending upon me, as it were, from the kindred of heavenly wights: but have, as I suppose, preserved myself unstained, both in managing civil affairs with moderation, and also in raising and repelling wars upon advised and considerate reasons: Albeit prosperous issues, and good consultations do not always and in every place concur together, because the superior powers in heaven, challenge unto themselves the event and success of all enterprises and designs. And considering thus with myself, That the end of a lawful and righteous government, is the profit and welfare of obedient subjects, I have been evermore, as ye know, inclined to peace and quietness, banishing from mine acts and proceedings, all licentious liberty, the corruptrice of States and manners both: Right joyful also, and wittingly much more, have I stood firmly grounded and resolute, wheresoever the Commonwealth as an imperious mother hath exposed me to apparent and evident dangers, a● one used to contemn the whirling storms of all casualties. Neither will I be ashamed to confess, That long since I understood by the foretelling of a true and unfallible Oracle, that I should die by the violent force of a weapon. And in this regard I worship the everliving God, that I depart this world, not by way of any privy trains of treason, nor by reason of long and grievous sickness, no nor by the ordinary end of delicate folk; but in the mid-course of flourishing and glorious acts, I have deserved this honourable decease. For, if a man judge equally, Both he that desireth to die when he ought not, and he that refuseth to die when it is behooveful, are fearful and cowards alike. Thus much it may suffice, that I have spoken considering my vigour and strength beginneth to fail. And now as touching the creation of another Emperor, I do of purpose warily hold my peace, lest by ignorance I should unawares pass by a worthy person, or if I name one whom I deem sufficient, and another haply be preferred before him, I should thrust him into danger in the highest degree: But as a doubtful child, and profitable member of the Commonwealth, wish there may be found a good Ruler after me. These words mildly delivered, distributing (as it were by his last will, among his inward favourites, his household goods, he asked for Anatolius, Master of the offices: and when salustius the Praefect answered, That he was blessed and happy, he knew thereby he was slain: and bitterly bewailed he the case of his friend, who with an high spirit before contemned his owue. And as they all that were present hereat wept bitterly, he carrying still an authority and majesty with him undaunted, rebuked them; saying, It was a base and abject part to bewail a Prince arraunged among the stars in heaven. Now when hereupon they kept silence, he together with Maximus and Priscus, two Philosophers, disputing profoundly, as touching the * or immortality. sublimity of the soul, by occasion that the wound he had in his hurt side opened very wide, and the tumour of his veins and arteries stopped his spirits, as also with drinking a draft of cold water which he craved at the very cold time of midnight, he was thereby now easily dispatched of his life in the * alter●●t tricesim● two and ʰ thirtieth year of his age. CHAP. V. The virtues of julianus are at large by Ammianus Marcellinus described. BOrne he was at Constantinople, left a destitute orphan from his very childhood, by the death of his father Constantius, who after the death of his brother Constantine, whom he was to succeed in the Empire, happened among many others to be killed by the multitude, and his mother's name was Basilina, a Lady of noble desert from her very ancestors: a man, I assure you, to be put in the rank of heroic Princes, as well for his famous and brave achievements, as also for a natural majesty that he bore, glorious & remarkable. For whereas there be, as the learned do define, these four principal virtues, Temperance, Prudence, justice, and Fortitude, and others from without-forth appendent unto them, to wit, Military knowledge, * or greedily. Authority, Felicity, and Liberality; with earnest affection he studied and embraced them all, as if they had been but one. And first of all, for unstained chastity he so excelled, that after he had buried his wife, he never meddled with any act of Venus; having a good eye to that which we read in Plato, namely, That Sophocles a writer of Tragedies, now far stepped in years, being asked, Whether as yet he had any dealing with women? answered, No; and said moreover, That he was now glad he had avoided and escaped the love of such things, no less than a certain raging and cruel master. Likewise, more strongly to confirm this purpose of his, he revolved and repeated oftentimes this sentence of the Lyric Poet Bacchylides, whom he took delight to read, saying, That as an excellent Painter draweth and shapeth to the life a beautiful visage, so chastity adorneth a * Vitam, For so doth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 otherwhiles signify in Greek. mind that mounteth and aimeth at great matters. The defect and blemish of which virtue, in the very full-strength of his youth he so warily eschewed, that he could not be charged, no not by the inward servitors of his privy chamber, so much as with the suspicion of any lust and wantonness; a fault incident many times to other. And his temperance in this kind, was much helped and furthered by this exceeding spare diet, and short sleep, which he took unto, and used both at home and abroad. For, in time of peace his slender fare at the table, to as many as can judge aright, was admirable; as if he had meant shortly to return again to his book in the University. And during the time of divers and sundry warre-services, he was seen sometimes after the manner of an ordinary soldier to take a short & homely pittance standing. Also, when he had refreshed his body, hardened by toilsome labour, with a small repose of sleep, when he awakened, he would alone by himself walk the round, look to the sentinels, and see how they watched and warded by turns, betaking himself after these serious exercises to the deep studies of learning. And if his lights that burned in the night, by which he studied, could possibly speak, they would verily show and testify, that there was great difference between him and some princes, considering they knew, that he took not his pleasure and solace so much, as to content the necessities of nature. Then, concerning his prudence and wisdom, therewere very many signs and testimonies, of which it shall suffice to reckon a few. Most skilful he was in feats of arms, and in the civil profession of gowned arts passing studious, ascribing and taking so much only to himself as he thought was betwixt contempt and pride: elder in virtue than in years; studious to gain all kinds of knowledge: Sometimes an inflexible and constant judge; in reforming of manners a most quick and severe Censor; a meek contemner of riches, and a despiser of all worldly things. To conclude, this was an apothegm of his, That it was a shame for a wise man having a soul to seek for praise and commendation from the body. Now what good and commendable parts he had of justice, many particulars do show: first, that he was in a respective distinction of all matters, terrible, but not cruel: then, in that with the peril of some few he restrained vices: and more again, because he rather shook the sword, than struck with it. Last of all, to pass over many examples, certain it is, that against some open enemies of his and such as ●ought to take away his life, he proceeded so gently, that the rigour of their punishments he moderated by a natural clemency that he had: His hardiness in fight, the many wars that he made sufficiently do prove; as also his patient enduring of extreme cold and heat both. The service of the body is required properly of a soldier, and the deed of the mind of a General and Commander. As for him, in his own person he would boldly encounter hand to hand a stern and cruel enemy, and him at one blow kill outright: and divers times himself alone would by opposing his own breast restrain and hold in our soldiers, when they were at the point to give back and recoil. Also, whiles he conquered and subdued the kingdoms of the furious Germans, and conversed in the smothering and sultry hot dust of Persia, by fight personally among the foremost in the vaward, he encouraged and heartened our men. The skill that he had in military and campe-affaires, many things, and those well known, do declare; his assaults of cities and castles, the many forms of embattailing and setting his forces in array at the very point of dangers and extremities, the pitching of his tents for holesomenesse and safety, his fore-fences, corpse de guard, and frontier stations without in the fields, ordered wholly with good reasons and considerations. As for the countenance and authority that he carried, it was so great, that being most entirely loved, yet was he dread withal: and howsoever he seemed a fellow in perils and painful toils, yet in the hottest conflicts he could command idle cowards to be punished; and being as yet but Caesar, he could without pay rule his soldiers even when they were opposed against savage nations, as hath been said erewhile: and making a speech on a time to his soldiers all armed, when they snuffled and became unruly, he threatened, That he would betake himself to a private life again, unless they left their mutinies. To be short, this one proof of his authority, instead of many, it shall be sufficient to know, That upon an exhortation he gave in a mild and submissive kind of Oration unto the Gallicane soldiers, enured only to frosts, and acquainted with the river Rhine, he drew them along with him, after wide and spacious countries travailed through by hot Assyria, even as far as to the confines of Media. To speak of his felicity, so conspicuous and notable it was, that being carried after a sort upon the very shoulders, as it were, of fortune, who continued a pretty while a good Pilot and directress unto him, with trains of victorious courses he overcame infinite difficulties. And after that he was gone out of the West climate, so long as he lived upon the earth, all nations rested in quietness and peace, as if a certain Mercury of this world had with his rod enchanted and appeased them. Last of all, of his liberality there be many and those most true testimonies, among which these may go. Very light and easy tributes were by him levied, the tax or imposition of coronets was pardoned, many debts grown great by continuance of time, were remitted and forgiven, the suits about the prince's revenues & those of private persons were indifferently heard, customs and tols were restored unto cities together with their lands, all but those which the governors in the foregoing times had alienated (as it were) lawfully by sale. And that he was never a covetous hoarder up of money (which he thought indeed was most safely kept in the owner's hands) he would otherwhiles give out, That Alexander the Great being asked, Where his treasure lay? answered kindly, Among my friends. CHAP. VI Hereto is annexed a brief recital of his vices. HAving thus set down in order the good parts in him, so many as we could know, let us come now to relate his vices, although they have been lightly noted already. He was by nature * Lentior is ingen●●, and therefore haply so studious: unless you expound it, stubborn naturally: such as Tiberi●● Caesar was, whose nature is said to be Lent●, in S●eton. overdull and slow; but this infirmity he tempered with a very good and wise course that he took, suffering himself to be corrected and reform, whensoever he did exorbitate and swerve from the way of honesty. Full of words he was, and very seldom stood his tongue still: given too much to hearken after praesages; so as in this behalf he seemed to equal the Emperor Hadrian: rather superstitious, than a devout observer of any religion, killing for sacrifice, without any spare, an infinite number of beasts; insomuch as men judged, if he had returned from the Parthians, there would not have been Oxen enough for his sacrifices: like for all the world unto that Marcus Caesar, upon whom I have heard went this byword, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, ●. White Oxen to Marcus Caesar, greeting: If thou win the victory, we are all but dead. joying much in the applause of the common sort, he was an immoderate seeker for praise, even from the least things that were; in a desire of popularity, affecting oftentimes to speak with vile and base persons. Howbeit, for all these imperfections it might have been deemed, that as himself used to speak, That justice of the old world, whom taking offence at men's vices, Aratus extolleth up to heaven, and there placeth, whiles he was Emperor did return again to the earth, but that in doing some things according to his own will and pleasure, otherwhiles he seemed far unlike himself. For he made and enacted laws nothing grievous, and those absolutely commanding or forbidding certain things to be done, except some few: among which he showed himself in this one unmerciful, for that he prohibited ᵏ professors in Rhetoric and Grammar to teach Christians, for fear * the Gentile professors: ne transiret à numinum cultu. they should forsake their religion, which was idolatry. And this also was an intolerable act of his, that he suffered some unjustly to be tied and incorporated to the companies of municipal * to be Devotions or Curial●s, and senators in thei● towns and cities. societies even mere strangers, or such as either by virtue of privileges or birth were far removed from these fellowships. And verily, for feature and shape of body, this it was: mean of stature, the hair of his head lying smooth and soft, as if he had kembed it, wearing his beard, which was shagged and rough, with a sharp peake devant; his eyes had an amiable cast, with a quick and shining aspect bewraying pusillanimity, his eyebrows comely his nose passing straight, his mouth somewhat with the greatest, and his nether lip parted; a fat neck, and bending forward; his * How is it then, that in the 22. book, the Antiochians skoffed at him as one, humeros extentans angustos? un'esse you admit there the figure An●phrasis, i. to speak by the contrary. shoulders big and broad; from the crown of his head unto the very toe nail ends carrying a just proportion and uniform knitting of his lineaments, whereby he was both strong and swift of foot. And for as much as backbiters laid to his charge, That he raised new troubles and wars, to the great damage and hurt of the Commonwealth; let them know, & that by evident instruction of the truth, That it was not julianus but Constantius that kindled the Parthian broils: whiles he gave ●are oversoone to the lies that Metrodorus brought unto him (as erewhile I have at large related) & in a thirsty desire of revenge grew to indignation; as where divers times our military bands had been taken captive, our cities razed to the ground, our forts either ransacked or pulled down, our provinces impoverished by great expenses, and where the Parthians (as appeared by their threats tending to effect) sought to have all even from Persia to Bythinia, and the coasts of Propontis. And in Gaul, whiles the wars by a continued train grew every day more than other, when the Germans were spread over our provinces, and now that the Alpes were at the point to be broken through for the wasting of Italy, and the people had suffered many and those horrible outrages, there was nothing left but tears and frights: where both the remembrance of calamities past was grievous, and the expectation of those at hand more woeful. All which enormities this young gentleman being sent into the West parts in show and title of Caesar, and coursing the kings he there found like base slaves, reform in manner every one with such celerity, as is wondrous to be spoken. And therefore to the end he might with like endeavour and diligence repair the East, he gave the attempt upon the Persians, like no doubt from thence to bring away both a triumph & * P●●thicus. surname, if the heavenly decrees of God above had accorded with his worthy policies and noble acts. And since we know by experience, that some run on still so unadvisedly, that otherwhiles after they have been once defeated they return to new wars, and having suffered shipwreck, go again to sea, and betake themselves to undergo those difficulties, which oftentimes they have shrunk and sunk under: some there be that find fault with this prince, for that winning in all places victory, still he put himself upon the like exploits. CHAP. VII. Consultations and variances among the principal captains and the chief officers of the army as touching the creation of a new Emperor. At length jovianus is chosen, who was received with different affection by the army. NEither was there after this any leisure for solemn mourning and weeping. For when the corpse was once ordered & prepared according as their present store and the time would give leave, that it might be interred where himself before time had appointed, the very next morning early, which fell out to be the * 17. day of june. fifth before the Calends of july, even whiles the enemies lay spread on everyside, the captains of the army calling to them the principal officers of the * footmen and horsemen. legions and troops, fell to consultation about the creating of a new prince. And for that they were divided into turbulent factions, Arintheus, Victor, and those that remained of Constantius his court, sought for a meet person out of their side: chose Nevita, Dagalaiphus, and the nobles of the Gauls cast about for such an one out of their companies. But whiles this choice stood in doubtful terms, so that they could not agree, at length in one accord, and with the good will of all they inclined unto salustius. But as he alleged for his excuse his sickness and honourable old age, a certain soldier marking how stiffly he stood against it, stood up and said: And what would ye have done my masters, if the Emperor had in his absence, as oftentimes it hath been seen, committed the charge of that war unto you? Would ye not (quoth he) setting all other businesses apart, deliver the soldiers out of these instant and imminent distresses? Let that be your deed now, and if we may but have a sight once of Mesopotamia, both the armies will join in giving their voices, and declare a lawful Emperor. During the small time they had to bring about so important a matter, by the instigation and setting on of some few (as oftentimes it hath happened in the point of extremity) before their opinions were thoroughly weighed and considered, elected there was for Emperor jovianus, the chief of the company or rank of the * i Pensioners of the guard in ordinary. Domestici ᵐ, a man in regard of his father's deserts indifferently commended. For the son he was of Varronianus, a Comes of right good note; who not long before, after he had laid down the charge he had of warfare, departed to a more quiet course of life. And incontinently, being clad in princely robes, and suddenly brought forth of his pavilion, he presently road among the regiments and companies, as they were providing to take their journey. And for as much as the army set in array reached out in length four miles, those in the vaward hearing some crying out aloud, jovianus Augustus, resounded the same note much more: For being strucken almost amazed with the affinity or nearness of a name, that differed but in one letter, they thought that julian being come again to himself and refreshed, was accompanied with favourable applauses, as he had wont to be. But when jovianus was seen coming toward them, stooping forward and taller than the other, suspecting that which fell out indeed, they fell all to weep abundantly, and to lament. Now, if some * Gra●●is quid●●● aquitatis prava●●●●tor. I suppose here is a manifest Catachresis, no strange thing in this our Author. severe Censor and precise justicer blame this act or election of theirs in this extremity of the State, lying thus a bleeding, as one would say, and at point of death, as done unwisely; he will more justly find fault with those seamen, who letting a skilful pilot go by in blustering winds and rough sea, have committed the helm that should steer and direct the ship, to any companion or partaker, it skilled not who, of their danger. CHAP. VIII. The Persians hearing of julians' death, by a certain ensign-baerer that was a fugitive, set upon the Romans, who after certain skirmishes, when they had discomfited and driven away the Saracen spoyle-takers, approach the city Dura. THese matters thus wrought by a certain blind judgement of Fortune, the ensign-baerer of the ⁿ joviani, whom Varronianus had conducted, being at variance of late with this new elected Emperor, than a private person, as who was an intemperate traducer and backbiter of his father, fearing danger toward from an enemy stepped now above the degree of the common sort, revolted to the Persians, and having audience granted unto him to speak what he knew, advertiseth Sapor, who now approached, That upon the death of him whom he feared, jovianus no better than a ᵒ Protector, an unskilful person and an effeminate, was in a tumultuous stir of drudges and camp slaves, taken to bear the name and shadow of an Emperor. When he heard this (which always in his timorous prayers he wished for and desired) being set aloft with this unlooked for prosperity, joining a number out of the royal cavalry, unto those who had fought with us, he determined with a speedy marching pace to have the tail of our army charged. And in the end, whiles beasts for sacrifice were ordained to and fro in the behalf of jovianus, upon inspection of their bowels pronounced it was, That if he stayed within the camp (as he thought to do) he should lose all, but if he went forth he should have the upper hand. And therefore as we began to go forth, the Persians with their Elephants leading the way, gave the onset upon us. At the terrible braying and fearful approach of which beasts, after that both horse and man at the first were much troubled and disordered, the joviani and ᵖ Herculani, when they had killed some few of the said Elephants, manfully resisted the horsemen armed at all pieces. Then the legions of the jovijs and q Victores, in helping their fellows that were distressed, slew two Elephants, with no small number of their enemies. And in the left wing of the battle, three right valiant warriors lost their lives, namely, julianus, Macrobius, and Maximus, Tribunes or Colonels of those legions which then were the principal of the whole army. After whose funerals solemnised, as the present necessity would permit, near unto the shutting in of the evening, whiles we were marching apace to a fortress named Sumere, the body of Anatolius there lying, was known, which in hasty and tumultuary wise was committed to the earth. Here also we recovered threescore of our soldiers, together with the ʳ Palatines, who, as we related before, were fled into a fort named Vaccatum. Then the day following, according as the place would permit, we encamped in an even valley, enclosed round about, within the circuit, as it were, of a wall (all save one place to go forth at, and the same lying open) with sharp stakes pitched on every side, and standing out in manner of so many sword points. And when the enemies saw this, out of the woods and forests, they let fly at us sundry sorts of darts and casting weapons, reviling us also in reproachful terms, as perfidious traitors, and murderers of a most valorous and excellent Prince: for they had heard (as the very fugitives reported) by occasion of an headless rumour that ran abroad, how julian was slain by the hand and weapon of a Roman. In the end also certain cornets of horsemen having broken through the ˢ gate Praetoria, were so bold herewith, as to come near unto the very Prince's pavilion: but after many of their own side slain, were repulsed with main force. Being gone from thence, the next night after we entered upon Charcha, a place in this regard safe, for that by reason of the high banks of the rivage being by man's hand raised, to the end, that the Saracens might not from thenceforth overrun Assyria, there was not one as before time that troubled our squadrons in their march. And when as on these very * the first day. Kalends of julie we had marched * 4 miles for 7 stadia and an half make a mile. thirty stadia, and drew near to a city named Du●a, by reason that our horses were weary, their riders in the hindmost tail going on foot, had forth with been environed by a multitude of Saracens, and slain every man, but that the more vigorous and lighter appointed troops of our horsemen rescued them in danger. Now the reason why we were thus infested and troubled with the Saracens, was, for that being debarred by julian to receive as in times past, many salaries and gifts, and making thereof complaint unto him, they could get no other answer but this, That a warlike and vigilant Commander used to have yro● and not gold. CHAP. IX. The Roman soldiers wearied with so often assaults of the Persians, instantly crave leave, notwithstanding jovianus stood against it, to pass over Tigris: whom, for all that they wrestled with hunger, Sapor feared. IN this place (so obstinately persisted the Persians in molesting us) we spent and lost four days. For, marched we forward at any time, they followed us hard at heels, and with their many provocations drew us back: made we a stand as priest to fight, they would by little and little retire, and thus vex us with long delays. And now by this time (as usually mere forged rumours are wont to give content unto those that fear the worst) by occasion of a flying report, That the frontiers of our limits were not far off, the army with open mouth called importunately to have leave granted, for to pass over Tigris. Against whom the Emp●●our and the great captains opposing themselves, and showing how the river swollen now at the rising ᵗ of the Dog-staire, praying them not to hazard their lives in the dau●gerous stream and whirlpools thereof: affirming, that a number of them were unskilful in swimming; and adding moreover, that the enemy's fo●ces had gained already on both sides the skirts of the river overflown. But when as he redoubled these reasons oftentimes, and gainsaid them, but all in vain, so that the soldiers crying out aloud, in main heat and big words, threatened to do their worst, the Emperor made proclamation to stay the march, and that the Gauls, practised swimmers, should first before all others take the river; to the end that when they had been swallowed up, or carried away with the mighty stream, the wilful stubborness of the rest might be daunted: or if they had performed the deed safely, the passage might on all hands be attempted more boldly. And to this business were fit men chosen such as from their childhood had been enured to swim over the greatest rivers of all others in their own native countries: who taking advantage of the still & dark night, being let forth at once (as it were) out at a casement sooner than a man would have thought reached the bank on the further sides and having trodden under foot and cut in pieces many of the Persians, who being then bestowed to keep the coasts, were in quiet security fast asleep, with holding up their hands, and shooting of darts, they gave signal how their adventure had taken effect and sped. This being espied a far off, our soldiers ho● set upon their passage, stayed only for this, that the masters of the works promised to frame bridges of budgets or bottles made of the beasts hides that were slain. Which, while these projects are gone in hand with, and enterprised in vain, king Sapor, both absent a far off, and also when he was come nearer, was advertised by the true reports of his discoverers sent out, & fugitives coming in, what valiant acts our men had done, what shameful foils and overthrows his own had taken; and that of Elephants there were more killed than the king could ever remember had been before time: also that the Roman army hardened with uncessant travails and pains, after the death of their glorious Prince, sought not (as he gave it out) to save their selves, but to be revenged, and were minded to end these instant dangers and painful troubles, either by an absolute victory, or by a memorable death. In these regards he cast in his mind many and those fearful consequences, namely, how our forces spread all over the provincial nations, might, as he had experience thereof, be assembled with a small watchword: knowing also, that his own people after the loss of the greatest part of the common soldiers, was sore dismayed and affrighted; and finding withal, that in Mesopotamia there was left an army of the enemies behind, not much lesser. And above all these things, that which daunted his perplexed and careful mind, was this, That five hundred of their men swimming together at one time, had passed in safety over the river when it was risen high, and having killed the Warders of the coasts, stirred up the rest of their consorts to the like bold and hardy exploit. Mean while, when the surging and swelling waves would not suffer the said bridges to be framed, and all things meet for meat were consumed, our soldiers having spent two days in a miserable case, pinched with hunger, and chafed with anger, grew into a rage, making haste to lose their lives like men by the edge of the sword, rather than by famine, the basest and most cowardly kind of death that is. CHAP. X. The embassage of Sapor, for the concluding and confirmation of a peace: jovianus for want of skilful policy provideth badly for the Roman army, and whatsoever the ambassadors of Sapor asked, without any strife he yieldeth to. Upon pledges on both sides taken that peace dishonourable to the Roman Empire and name, by a new and fraudulent practice of the Persians turned to the overthrow and undoing of many. The Roman soldiers in wicker floats and boats made in haste, pass over the river Tigris, and notwithout their great loss and disadvantage escape with life. HOwbeit the eternal power of the heavenly God was on our side: and the Persians, beyond all hope send first (as touching the treaty and conclusion of a peace) their Orators, to wit, the * a name of dignity, 〈◊〉 to the King. Surena, and another noble Peer of the realm: for they also were out of conceit with themselves, as whom the Romans in all battles well-near having the upper hand, afflicted sore every day more than other. Now, the conditions that they tendered were very hard, precise, and intricat. For, they pretended, That in regard of mortality and men's estate, their king a most merciful Prince, was content, that the remains of our army should return, namely, if * ●. the Emperor. Caesar together with his principal counsellors, and great men about him performed such points as he commanded. To countermatch these, was Arintheus together with Salustius the Praefect sent: but whiles there was sitting in consultation with sage advisement, what was to be done, four days went over our heads, the which tormented and plagued us with hunger, and were unto us more grievous than any punishment whatsoever. Which respite of time, before these were sent, if the Prince had made his use of, and by little and little departed out of the enemy's ground, certes he had reached to the strong garrison towns of Corduena, a country both plentiful and our own, and besides, not above one hundred miles distant from the place wherein these affairs were treated of. Now, the king claimed hard and required to have his own (as himself said) which long since Maximian had taken from him: but as it appeared in the handling, he required for our ransom (as it were) and redemption, five countries beyond. Tigris, to wit, Arzanena, Moxoena, and Zabdicena; likewise Rhehimena and Corduena, with fifteen castles: also Nisibis, Singara, and Castra Maurorum, a strong hold of very good importance. And whereas it had been better to have fought ten fields, than that any one of these should be surrendered, yet the crew of flatterers came about the timorous Prince, buzzing and whispering in his ears the dread name of Procopius, who unless he made the more speedy return, taking knowledge of julians' death, would easily with the power of those unfoyled soldiers whom he had in his regiment, work an alteration in the State, and proclaim himself Emperor, whiles there was none to make head against him. With these pernicious words iterated continually unto him, he grew enkindled, and without any farther hafting or holding off, delivered up all that was demanded: after that with great ado he obtained thus much, That Nisibis and Singara, without the inhabitants therein, should pass under the dominion of the Persians: also, that from the forts or holds which were to be alienated, the garrisons that were very Romans should be suffered to revert into our hands. To these capitulations was added another article also most mischievous & impious, namely, That after this composition passed, Arsaces, a friend unto us at all times, and a trusty confederate, we might not aid, if he craved it against the Persians. Which was devised for a twofold reason; partly, that the man might be punished, who at the Prince's commandment had wasted Chiliocomus; and partly, that there might remain still some occasion of quarrel, under colour whereof they might from time to time invade Armenia at their pleasure. Whereby it happened afterward, that the same Arsaces was taken prisoner alive, and the Parthians among these dissensions and troublous garboils, went away with the greatest side of Armenia, confining upon the Medes, together with * a city. Choir. ●ov●●. Artaxata. When this dishonourable decree was confirmed, to the end that during the cessation of arms, there should be nothing done contrary to the covenants, there were given on either side in show of hostages, great persons of quality, to wit, on our part, Nevita, Victor, and Mellobaudes, Tribunes of notable and valiant bands: but on the other, Binese, one of the rank of the nobility, and other three Lords or potentates of right good note. Thus after a peace for thirty years was concluded, and the same surely ratified by the solemn compliments of a religious oath, we returned another way, & because we avoided the places adjoining to the river, as cumbrous & rough, distressed we were for want of drink and meat both. And so this peace granted under colour of courtesy & humanity, turned to the destruction of many; who being pinched with extreme hunger to their very last gasp, and therefore secretly going before, were either for want of skill in swimming swallowed up of the rivers stream; or else, if they passed and overcame the violence of the waves and came to the banks, by the Saracenes or Persians (whom, as I said, the Germans had expelled a little before) killed like sheep, or sent far off to be sold as slaves. But when as the trumpets sounding together, openly gave signal of passing over the river, a wonder it was to see with what a heat every man rashly venturing upon all advantages of trial, & putting himself before all the rest, made haste to shun many fearful dangers: whiles some sitting upon hurdles, made at all adventures, holding their horses as they swum on either hand; others upon bottles; and some again turning and winding divers ways in the point of necessity, with crooked courses cut and pierced through the billows and waves beating full against them. The Emperor himself with some few others, having crossed over in those small barks which remained after the burning of the fleet, as I have showed, appointed the same vessels to pass to and fro between, until we were all conveyed over. And in the end we came to the banks on the further side (all save those that were drowned) through the gracious favour of the heavenly power, having by hard chances escaped out of jeopardy. Whiles we stood yet in fear of calamities and troubles hanging over our heads, given we were to understand by therelation which our fore-riders made, That the Persians were making of a bridge far out of our sight, to the end, that now after peace and covenants established, whiles the tempestuous storms of war were allayed, they might set upon our sickly and crazy folk as they went secure and fearless, as also our beasts, long wearied and tired out of heart. But when they perceived how they were discovered, they relinquished this their wicked design. CHAP. XI. After they had marched six days journey with penury of all things, refreshed they are with new provision of victuals. jovianus goeth in hand with establishing the state of the Empire. The Nisibenes hearing that their city, of all others in the East the strongest, was surrendered to Sapor, burst into tears. BEing now freed from this suspected danger also, we made haste, and by long journeys approached Ha●ra, an old town, situate in the midst of a desert, and long since dispeopled; which when Traianus and Severus, warlike princes, attempted at sundry times to raze down to the ground, they were with their armies like to have been utterly defeated, according as in the history of their acts I have orderly set down these particulars also. From whence, knowing that along this plain, stretching out threescore and ten miles in these dry countries, there could be found neither water to drink, but such as was salt and stinking, nor any thing else ●o feed upon, but Sothernwood, Wormwood, Dragonce, and other kinds of most bitter or biting herbs, all the vessels which we carried with us, were filled with fresh water; and by killing our camels and other beasts of draft and carriage, we made shift for food, though it was unwholesome. And after six days journey, when there was not found so much as grass to give comfort ●● our extreme necessity, C●ssian●s Lord Warden or Marques●e of Mesopotamia, and Mauricius a Tribune, sent before of purpose, came to a castle in Persia named Vr, bringing with them victuals out of that provision, which the army, left with Procopius and Sebastian, had saved by living frugally. From hence another Procopius, a * or Secretary. Notary, & Memorius a military Tribune, were dispatched to the tracts of Illyricum and of Gaul, to carry tidings of julians' death, and that jovianus after his decease was advanced to the dignity imperial. These men the prince had given in charge, to urge Lucilianus his wife's father, who after his military charge given up, was retired to a private life, and who made his abode as then at Sirmium, after they had presented unto him a patent for the mastership of horse and foot both, that he should make haste to Milan, there to settle the state that stood upon doubtful terms; and (which was more feared) if any new occurrences should arise, to oppose himself. Beside these Mandates, he gave them letters also unto him of more secrecy, willing Lucilianus likewise to bring with him certain choice men of approved industry and fidelity, whose help he meant to use, according as the incident affairs should require. And in good and wise policy he commanded Malarichus, who had been a dealer for him in his household business, living as then in Italy, to succeed jovinus in the ● mastership of * ●. Horse. Arms in Gaul, sending unto him the ensigns and ornaments of that office; foreseeing herein a two fold commodity, namely, that both a captain of high desert, and therefore suspected, should be removed out of the way, and that a man of inferior hope being thus preferred to an higher place, might with great study and affection establish the estate of his founder, which as yet was but wavering and uncertain. Moreover, commandment was given to those that were to go about the accomplishing of these businesses, That they should extol the whole course of the late acts, and make the best of them, yea, and spread abroad what way soever they went light rumours, according all in one tune, namely, That the Parthian expedition was brought to an happy end: and that in travailing speedily night and day together, they should insinuate unto the rulers of provinces, and leaders of any forces, the new emperors writings; and after they had in secret manner sounded the minds of them all, return quickly with their answers: that thus upon intelligence given, what was done in remote parts, there might betimes be some wise course found out for the establishing of his Empire. But Fame, that prevented these messengers, flew all about the provinces most swiftly, telling tales of heavy accidents, and struck the people, but the Nisibenes above all, into grievous sorrow, when they understood once that their city was yielded unto S●por: whose anger and secret grudge they feared, as calling ever and anon to mind, what mortal foils and overthrows he had continually there sustained, when many a time he went about to assault it. For it was full well known, that the compass of the East Empire might have been brought in subjection to Persia, but that this city, so well seated and so fortified with mighty walls, made resistance. How beit these poor wretches, although they much more feared future calamity, yet comforted they were with this small hope, that the Emperor either of his own free accord, or at their prayer and entreaty, would in the same state keep this city, the strongest port-cluse and key of all the East. CHAP. XII. When these victuals were spent, the army is distressed with hunger. jovianus refuseth to enter into Nisibis: which city, Binese in the name of Sapor taketh possession of, notwithstanding the loyal and faithful citizens, who in vain stood against him, and whose pitiful departure out of it is here described. WHiles divers rumours dispersed abroad in all places the order and course of these proceedings, after the small store was spent of victuals which were in the army, and brought thither as I have said before, men were of necessity to feed on their own bodies, but that the flesh of their labouring beasts which they killed lasted in some sort a while; whereby it came to pass, that most of their armour, weapons, and baggage were * so feeble they were that they were not able to carry them. cast away. For so grievous and extreme was the famine whereby we pined, that if in any place there was but one ˣ Modius or peck of meal found (and that happened but seldom) it was exchanged for ten pieces of gold. Being thence departed, we came to Thisaphalta, where Sebaslianus and Procopius, together with the Tribunes and principal captains of the soldiers (committed to their charge for the defence of Mesopotamia, as the solemn order required) met with us, and being courteously received, bore us company. After this, the prince having made hast in his journey, and gladly seen Nisibis, pitched his standing camp without the city: and being earnestly requested by many prayers of the people, that he would enter the city, and as the custom was of other princes, lodge within the palace, he stiffly refused, as being abashed and ashamed, that whiles he conversed within the walls, the city, otherwise in expugnable, should be delivered up into the angry enemy's hands. Then and there, when the evening waxed dark, jovianus, the principal of all the * or Secretaries. Notaries, who at the siege of the city Majozamalcha (as I have said) escaped with others through a mine under the ground, was violently taken from supper, and being brought into a place out of the way, and pitched headlong into a dry pit, was overwhelmed with a number of stones cast upon him: for this cause verily, that when julian was slain, he also being by some few nominated as worthy of the Empire, after the creation of jovianus behaved not himself in modest terms, but was overheard to whisper somewhat as touching that affair, and other while invited to feasts the martial men of the camp. The next day Binese, one of the Persians, who (as I said) was a noble and right honourable person among others, making haste to accomplish his lord and kings commandment, called instantly for the performance of promise and by permission of the Roman Emperor entered the city, set up the banner of his own nation upon the citadel, denouncing unto the citizens their lamentable remove and departure out of their native seat. And being presently commanded all to flit and be gone, they stretched forth their hands, and besought there might be imposed upon them no necessity of departing, saying, That they alone, without the public allowance of victuals and soldiers, were able to defend their dwelling houses, trusting assuredly, as they had oftentimes found by experience, to find justice hereafter also fight for the place wherein they were borne. And in this wise verily the States and the Commons humbly prayed: but they spoke in vain to the very winds, as they say; whiles the Emperor made semblance (fearing indeed other things) that he declined the heinous sin of perjury. Then Sabinus, a man forwealth and birth renowned among his fellow citizens and burgesles, having a rolling tongue of his own, made a speech to this effect: That Constantius in a world of fierce and cruel wars, was otherwhiles vanquished of the Persians, and brought in the end by flight with some few, to Hibita, no sure nor fenced station, where he lived with a piece of bread which an old woman of the country at his much entreaty reached unto him; yet for all this, lost he none of his Seignories to his dying day: and jovian now at his first entrance into his Empire hath parted from the very wall of the Provinces, by the bar, as one would say, whereof they continued time out of mind, without taking any harm. But when as he could not prevail, whiles the prince constantly pretended the conscience of keeping the oath he took: and when as he received at length with much ado and by constraint a Coronet presented unto him, which he a good while refused, one Silvanus an advocate, that used to plead in the defence of men's causes, crying boldly aloud: So crowned (quoth he) o Emperor, mayest thou be by all other cities bsides. At which word he grew so angry, that he commanded them all within three days to depart out of the walls, detesting and cursing the present state of the time. So there were set certain of purpose to force and drive them forth, threatening death also to as many as delayed their departure; whereby the city was full of sorrow and lamentation: and throughout all the streets and parts thereof there was nothing heard but groaning and wailing on all hands; whiles the matron, ready to be thrust, as banished out of her house wherein she was borne and brought up, ●are the hair of her head; whiles the mother bereft of her * whom she had buned there. children, and the widow of her husband, was to be driven away far from their * or their graves. Manes; and whiles the lamentable multitude clipping the posts, cheeks, and lintels of their entry doors, piteously wept. Hereupon were sundry ways full of those that departed, every one as they could make shift: For why? many of them conveyed away by stealth their own riches, which they thought might handsomely be carried, setting nought by the rest of their household goods, whereof there was much, & that of great price: for all this left they behind for want of labouring beasts. CHAP. XIII. The judgement of Ammianus Marcellinus as touching the condition of the Roman Empire in those days. The corpses of julian was interred in a Suburban place near Tarsus. The army cometh to Antioch, where are seen many and dreadful sights: and namely a Comet, as touching the reason and nature whereof there is put down a natural discourse. ANd here in this place art thou, the fortune of the Roman world, justly blamed, who when the storms were up, blowing and beating sore upon the Commonwealth, didst commit and betake the reins or helmethereof, newly strucken out of the hands of a skilful leader and pilot of the State, unto a raw young man, not comes as yet to his proof: who being not known for any notable thing during his former life in such affairs, can by right neither be blamed nor commended. But this one thing went to the very heart of good men, that whiles he standeth in fear of a concurrent, and whiles he thinketh seriously upon Gaul and Illyricum, and casteth in his mind, how some have many times aspired to high matters, he making hast to prevent the fame of his coming, under a pretence of avoiding perjury, committed an act unbeseeming an Emperor, by losing Nisibis, which ever since king Mithridates his days stood out with might and main, that the East Empire should not come into the possession of the Persians. For, never since the city of Rome was first founded, can we find, as I suppose, though you read over all the Annals, that either Consul or Emperor gave away the right of any part of our territories, or that triumphal honours were ever conferred upon any for the recovery of aught that had been taken away, but for the enlarging of our dominions. Hence it was that unto Publius Scipio, for the regaining of Spain, unto Fulvius, when Capua, after skirmishes and assaults made a long time, was won, and unto Opimius after divers battles ended, what time as the Fregellanes then mortal enemies, were forced to yield themselves, triumphs were denied. Thus much also we learned out of the ancient records, That in extreme cases covenants made with a general and chief leader, after that the parties on both sides took an express and formal oath, were straightways by making wary afresh undone and void: as for example, in old time at the straits or gullet Caudinae, when the Roman legions were in Samnium put to the yoke: also, when by Albinus in Numidia a peace was wickedly thought and treated of: and lastly, when Mancinus the author of an agreement made dishonourably in haste, was delivered up unto the Numantines. Well, after this, when the citizens were fetched forth, & the city rendered, and Constantius a Tribune sent to assign & set out the garrison forts with their territories, unto the Persian Lords and great Captains, Procopius was sent with the relics of julian, to inter the same in the suburbs of Tarsus, as he had given charge in his life time. Who taking his journey to execute this business, presently after he had buried the body, departed: neither could he be found any where, although with great diligence he was sought for, until that long after he was seen at Constantinople all on a sudden invested in his purple robes. These matters in this wise brought about, and our journeys thus dispatched, we came to Antioch, where, for many days together (as if God had been offended) were seen many fearful and strange sights, the events whereof, such as were skilful in prodigial learning foretold and prophesied, would be woeful and lamentable. For, both the statue of Maximian Caesar, which stood in the very porch or entry of the king's house, lost suddenly the brazen ball, fashioned to the form of the * or heavenly globe Pole which he carried: and also with an horrible noise the beams and posts within the Consistories made a sound. There were seen likewise in the daytime blazing stars: as touching the nature whereof the Natural Philosophers vary much in their reasons and arguments. For some hold, That therefore they be called Comets or hairy stars, for that when a multitude of stars be gathered together, by the flashing of fire from them, certain hairs seem to be scattered. Others are of opinion, That of a dry exhalation of the earth steaming up aloft by little and little they catch fire. Some again do think, That the rays or beams of the Sun, being kept from going downward by the opposition of a thick cloud between, and casting a brightness upon a gross body, represent unto man's eye a light, distinguished, as it were with stars. And there be also those that are thus conceited of them, That such a sight as this then appeareth when a cloud drawn up higher than usually it hath been, shineth by reason of the vicinity of those eternal heavenly fire: or at leastwise, that they be certain stars like unto the rest, the rising and setting whereof at what times they be appointed, men's wits could never reach unto. Much more besides concerning * or bl●●ing stars Comets we have read in authors that be learned in Astronomy: which I may not here set down, for that my pen maketh haste to write of other matters. CHAP. XIIII. jovianus cometh to Tarsus, and being departed from thence, establisheth his imperial dignity by all the means he can: But within a while after, when he was come as far as to the confines of Galatia and Bythinia, he was in the night found dead. His virtues and vices are briefly touched. WHen the Emperor had stayed a pretty while at Antioch, sore troubled with divers weighty cares, a wonderful desire he had to be gone. And therefore sparing neither beast nor man, he sets forth from thence in the very mids of cold Winter, notwithstanding, as it hath been said, many ominous signs crossed the same, and entered into Tarsus, a noble city of Cilicia, the original foundation whereof I have showed before. And making exceeding great haste to go out of it also, he appointed to have the sepulchre of julian trimly garnished, scituat within the precincts of that way which leadeth to the straits of the mountain Taurus: Whose relics and ashes, if he had then done right and been well advised, * C●ra●●●, L●●●●● Cydnus should not have seen, a most pleasant and clear river though it be: but to perpetuat the glory of his good deeds, Tiberis that runneth through the mids of that immortal city Rome, and toucheth the monuments of the ancient Emperors of sacred memory should have passed by. From Tarsus when he was departed, he took long journeys and came to Tyana a town in Cappadocia, where Procopius the foresaid Notary, and Memorius a Tribune, in their return meet him, and open the whole course of their proceedings: beginning, as order required, at this, namely, That Lucillianus being entered into Milan, with Seniauchus and Valentinian, two Tribunes whom he had brought along with him, knowing that Malarichus refused the * of arms, or of the forces. Mastership abovesaid, rode in post to Rheims: and as if there had been no rumours up, but all quiet in that nation, ran forth as we use to say, without the lists: and very unseasonably and over soon, before as yet all things were well settled, of an ordinary Clerk gave himself to be an Auditor. Who being privy to himself of his own fraudulent and naughty dealings, fled unto the army, and devised, That julianus being yet alive, a certain man of mean condition was risen up to make an alteration in the State, and himself Emperor. At whose false and deceitful forgeries, the soldiers mightily moved and grown to a tumultuous broil, slew both Lucillianus and Seniauchus. As for Valentinian, who soon after became Emperor, being in great fear & doubtful whither to fly, his friend and host Primitivus had packed him away in safety. But upon these heavy occurrents there came other news as joyful, namely, That the soldiers sent from jovinus were at hand, such as military men use to call Capita ʸ Scholarum, and these brought tidings, That the army serving in Gaul, gladly embraced jovianus as Emperor. Which being known for truth, the second form or rank of the Scutarij was committed unto the regiment of Valentinian who returned with them: and Vitalianus a soldier serving in the band of the ᶻ Heruli, was taken into the company and society of the Domestici; and he long after being advanced to the dignity of a Comes, fought unfortunately in Illyricum. And straight after, was Arinthe●s sent into Gaul, bearing letters with him unto jovinus, exhorting him to keep his place still, and remain constant: given also he was in charge, That the principal raiser of the foresaid tumult should be punished accordingly, and that all authors of sedition should be sent over bound unto the emperors * or Court. Counsel. After these matters disposed of as seemed expedient, at Aspuna, a little enfranchised town of Galatia, the α soldiers serving in Gaul, showed themselves unto the Emperor: and being admitted into the Consistory, after gracious audience given of those * or having recounted what they had suffered and endured, Qua pertule●an●. errands which they brought, they were rewarded and commanded to return unto their colours. And when the Emperor was come into * Anguri, Belloni●. Ancyra, after all things put in readiness, which according to the present time were requisite to a solemn pomp, he entered upon his Consulship, taking to him in the fellowship of that honourable dignity, his own son Varronianus, a young infant, whose wrawling (whiles he struggled hard, and made means not to ride in the β Curule chair, as the custom was) portended that which soon after happened. Hereupon also the prefixed time that jovianus was to end this life, made a quick dispatch of him. For when he was come to * 〈◊〉, Prolong. Dadastana, a place that divideth Bythinia and Galatia asunder, he was found dead in the night: as touching whose death many doubtful reports have gone abroad. For, it is said, that he could not endure the smell of his bed chamber newly daubed or pargetted with mortar made of lime: or that he came to his end upon a tumour or swelling of his head, occasioned by an huge fire, kindled of coals: or at least wise, upon greedy feeding of a number of meats, he crammed his belly so full, that he died of surfeit. Now, he departed out of this world in the three and thirtieth year of his age. And whereas both he and Scipio Aemilianus chanced to end their lives alike, yet find we not that there was any inquisition made, or commission sitten upon, about their death. His manner of gate was grave, his countenance most pleasant, his eyes grey: big he was of making, and withal very tall, in so much as a long time there could not be found in the wardrobe, any regal garment meet for the measure of his body: And a willing desire he had to imitate Constantius, employing himself in serious affairs otherwhiles after noon: and he used to jest openly with his favourites and familiars. An affectionate lover and professor he was also of the Christian Religion, and sometimes a right honourable embracer thereof; meanly learned therein, and rather inclined in kindness to them than otherwise: one also, as appeared by those few whom he promoted, that would be very precise and considerate in choosing of judges. But a great eater he was, and much given as well to wine as fleshly lust: which vices haply he would in time have amended, in regard of the Imperial Majesty that he carried. Furthermore, it was said, that his father Varronianus foreknew long before that which happened, by a certain dream that told him as much, and that he acquainted two of his most faithful friends therewith: and said thus much moreover, That himself also should have the Consular rob of estate conferred upon him. But as the one part of his dream took effect, so he never attained unto the other: For hearing for certain of his sons fortune, before he could see him he was by fatal death prevented. And for that it was foretold unto the old man in a dream, That the said most honourable Magistracy was portended to this name, his nephew Varronianus, as yet an infant, was, as I said before, together with his father ●ovianus declared Consul. THE XXVI. BOOK. CHAP. I. When jovianus was dead, Valentinian was elected Emperor. HAving with very great care delivered the whole order and course of State affairs unto the times next proceeding our late and near remembrance, beseeming it were now to draw back, & proceed no farther in matters so well known, to the end we may both decline the dangers, which many times are attendant upon the truth, and not be subject to the censure of unreasonable examiners of this work now to be compiled forward, who keep a great stir as ●ore hurt, in case we should overslip what the Emperor spoke at supper, or omit for what cause the common soldiers were chastised in the camp about ᵃ Principia: who also would be ready to find fault, and say, That in the manifold descriptions of countries, we ought not to have been silent as touching small piles and forts: as also that all their names who assembled at the office or court of the Citie-Praetor, were not expressly set down: and many the like particulars not suiting with the rules of History, which is wont to discourse and run through high and important affairs, and not to search into the small points of low and mean matters: Which if any man would desire to know, he may as well hope, that those indivisible little bodies or motes flying up and down in the air, such as we call Atomies, may be numbered. Which inconvenience some of the ancient Hystorians fearing, published not unto the world the notice of sundry acts (when they were penned and put down in a flowing stile) so long as they lived: according as Tully also, a reverend witness, affirmeth in a certain Epistle unto Cornelius Nepos. And therefore contemning such vulgar ignorance, proceed we to the narration of that which is behind. These mutable and horrible accidents making an end with a lamentable issue and doleful death: after a small time coming between, when the corpse of the prince deceased was dressed accordingly, yea and sent to Cons●antinople to be interred among the relics of other Emperors, when the a●●ie also was gone forward toward * 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 Nicaea the mother city in Bythinia, the civil magistrates and martial officers, enwrapped in great cares about the State, and some among them puffed up with a vain hope, made enquiry after a governor of long proof and gravity: and in a running rumour and dark whisperings of some few, there was nominated Equitius Tribune as then over the first company of the Scutarij: Who being misliked by the better sort that were in authority, as one rigorous and somewhat rude, from him their voice turned and went, after a slight manner, to a kinsman of jovianus, named januarius, who had the chief charge of all necessaries belonging to the army in Illyricum: who also being rejected, for that he lay far off, Valentinian with an uniform accord, by the favour and grace of the heavenly deity was elected, as a fit and meet person for that affair about which they went, one who being captain of the second company of the Scutarij, was left at Ancyra, to follow afterwards, as it was ordained. And for that this was thought without the gainsaying of any to stand with the good of the Commonweal, whiles some were of purpose sent to admonish him for to come with all speed, for ten days space there was none to steer the helm of the Empire, which the Soothsayer Marcus, by inspection of beasts bowels at Rome, had pronounced to have happened at the same time. Mean while, to the end that nothing might be practised or done contrary to that which was decreed, nor the unconstant soldiers, often mutable, should make choice of some one there present, diligent forecast was had by Equitius and Leo together (which Leo, as yet under Dagalaiphus General of the horsemen, kept the accounts of receipts and expenses for the military bands, and afterwards proved a mischievous master of the offices) who framed and wrought all that ever they could the mind and judgement of the whole army, as being Pannonians and favourers of the Emperor elect: who being upon sending for come, and having a presage or perceivance of the business to be performed (as he had an inkling given him even by continual dreams) would neither be seen nor come abroad for two days, avoiding the Bissext or odd day ᵇ of the Leap year in the month February, which then was coming, and which he knew had been divers times unfortunat to the Romans: the certain knowledge of which day I will now declare. CHAP. II. A discourse and speculative consideration as touching the Bissextile or odd day of the Leap year, so precisely observed by Valentinian. THe space and revolution of the year, the ancient writers, learned in the motion of the heaven, and in Astronomy, among whom, Menon, Euctemon, Hipparchus, and Archimedes excel, define in this wise: namely, when the Sun having by the everlasting law and order of things celestial run through the circle of the [twelve] signs, which in the Greek tongue is termed the ᶜ Zodiac, a course that he performeth in three hundred threescore and five days and nights, is returned again to the same point: as for example, if setting out at the second degree of Aries, he returneth after his course ended to the same again. But most truly, the space of one year is fully determined in the days aforesaid, and six hours besides, namely, until noon; and then the next year shall begin after the * noon. sixth hour, and reach unto the evening: the third day taking his beginning at the first * ●. 6. of the clock in the evening. watch, extendeth to the sixth hour of the * midnight night: and the fourth, from midnight holdeth on until it be clear * 6. of the clock in the morning, after the equinoctial hours, when days and rights be equal. day light. Lest therefore this computation, by reason of the divers beginnings of the year, and for that, as one runneth out or endeth after the sixth hour of the day, so another after the sixth hour of the night should by a disorderly division confound all knowledge: and lest the Autumn month might be found at any time in the Spring, thought good it was, that those odd six hours, which in four years arise to four and twenty, should make the full measure of one day and night, for to be put unto the rest. Which being deeply considered, with the accord of many learned men it came to pass, that the revolution of the yearly course being brought to one distinctend, is neither wandering nor uncertain, ne yet from thenceforth appeareth the order and motion of the heaven shadowed with any error, and the months keep just their appointed times. The Romans for a long time, before they had far enlarged their dominions, were ignorant hereof, and for many ages together being enwrapped with obscure doubts and difficulties, wavered then most in the deep mist of errors, when they had transferred upon the priests the power and authority of ᵈ Intercalation: who gladly gratifying the Publicans or suitors at law for their commodities, at their pleasure abridged or augmented the times. And beside this, there arose many other deceivable errors, which to relate I think it now superfluous. All which abuses Octavian Augustus having abolished, in imitation of the greeks reform the disorder, and composed this inconstancy, by collecting together with great deliberation the spaces of twelve months and six hours: and so the Sun running by eternal motion through the houses of the twelve signs, concludeth the space of the whole year. The reason of which odd day in the Leap year being thus allowed, Rome also (which by the help of Almighty God is to live so long as the world shall last) hath established. Wherefore let us proceed to the rest. CHAP. III. Valentinian before the whole army is pronounced sovereign ruler of the Empire, whiles some can hardly brook it, whom he in a grave Oration rebuketh and represseth. WHen this day was past, unmeet (as some think) for important affairs, and the evening now came on, ordained it was, and proclamation made under pain of death, by the motion of salustius the Praefect, and the ready assent of all men, That no person in place of high authority, or suspected to aspire unto great matters, should the next morning go forth of doors in honourable habit. And when with the irksome weariness of many, who were vexed with vain vows, at length the night was ended, and day begun, all the soldiers assembled together, and Valentinian went forth into the plain field: where being permitted to mount up to the Tribunal erected on high, in show of a Parliament assembly, and with most forward good will of all that were present, he was pronounced as a grave parsonage, Governor of the Empire. And anon being invested in regal robes, crowned also and styled [Augustus] with ample praises, such as sweet novelty could devise, he addressed himself to make a premeditate speech, and as he put forth his arm, that he might speak more readily, there arose a great mumbling, with a noise of the Centuries, Maniples, and all the Cohorts, urging instantly, that out of hand there might a second Emperor be declared with him. Which albeit many thought was done by the corruption of some few, in favour of those that had been rejected, yet by this one thing it seemed they were utterly deceived, because the cry went not as voices purchased with money, but like an uniform accord of the whole multitude wishing and willing one thing; as fearing much by the fresh example they had of late, the frailty and brittleness of high fortunes. Then from secret whisperings it appeared evidently, that there was a more violent tumult raised of the army, making a mighty noise; and doubted it was, what the soldiers confident boldness might prove, which otherwhiles breaketh out into mischievous actions. Which Valentinian fearing more than all others, lest it should come to pass indeed, holding happily up his right hand as a most hardy and redoubted prince, daring to rebuke some of them as seditious and stubborn, delivered his mind without interruption of any in this manner. Most valiant defenders of the provinces, I rejoice and acknowledge now, and ever shall, that your virtues have conferred upon me, as the worthiest of all others, the rule of the Roman world, without any hope or desire at all of mine. That therefore which lay in your power to do, when there was not yet any Governor of the Empire elected, ye have profitably and with glory performed, in taking him to the highest pitch of honour, whom from the prime of his youth, even to this ripeness of years, ye knew by experience to have lived in much honour and integrity. Wherefore listen (I pray you) with quiet and peaceable ears, what after mine opinion in plain and simple words delivered, is expedient for the Commonweal. That there ought against all chances whatsoever a colleague to be joined in fellowship of authority, sundry considerations so requiring, I neither make doubt nor gainsay, as who even myself also, being a man, fear heaps of cares and sundry changes of accidents. But we must with our whole power endeavour to have peace, by which even the least things become mighty: and that will easily be obtained, if your patience, joined with equity, shall willingly yield that unto me which belongeth unto my charge. For, as I hope, Fortune (the adiutrice of good purposes) will give the same unto me, seeking diligently (so much as I am able to effect and attain unto) after a temperature and moderation. For, as wise and learned men define this point, not only in the matter of an Empire, where the greatest dangers are, and those happening most often, but also in private and daily affairs, when any wise man hath judged a stranger meet for his friendship, he ought then to take him, and not when he hath taken him, then to judge of him. Thus much promise I, with hope of more prosperous proceedings. As for you, retaining still your constant and faithful doings, while Winter's repose giveth leave, repair the vigour of mind and body both, who forthwith are to receive your due, for declaring and saluting me Augustus. The Emperor having ended this speech, which an unexpected authority had made more confident, won them all to his mind: and they following his way and advice, who a little before with most earnest voice required another thing, conducted him (environed round about with standards and banners, royally also guarded with companies of divers degrees and states, and now terrible to see to) into the palace. CHAP. four Apronianus P●●fect or Governor of Rome, putteth Poisoners and Sorcerers to death. WHiles the volubility of inconstant fortune produceth these occurrences in the East parts, Apronianus an upright & severe judge, who then ruled Rome, among other principal and important matter, with which this Praefectship is often troubled, chiefly set his mind and whole endeavour upon this, That Sorcerers (who then began to spring up here and there) being apprehended, and openly convicted, after examinations and trials past, that they had done hurt to some, and having discovered also such as were privy unto them, should be put to death: and so with the peril of a few, for fear of the like measure, to drive the rest away, if happily any lay close hidden And this he did (by report) the more effectually, for that himself being promoted by the choice of julian, who then abode in Syria, had lost one of his eyes in his journey: and suspecting that he was laid at by these wicked arts and practices, upon a just grief verily, but yet unusual, he made diligent inquisition after these and other the like: whereupon he was thought of some overrigorous and cruel, in that he would seem to look into these criminal matters in the highest degree, even in the race of the Amphitheatre, where otherwhiles the commons flock and conflow together like so many waves. In the end, after many such like offences punished, he condemned to lose his head Hilarius a chariot-runner, convicted, and that upon his own confession, That he had put forth a son of his, scarce undergrowne, unto a Sorcerer, to be taught certain secret casts forbidden by law, so as that without the privity of any one he might by himself have the help of some hidden and inward means: who, as the executioner had but slender hold of him, slipping suddenly away from under his hand, fled for sanctuary to a chapel of the Christians, and being pulled out from thence, had forthwith his head strucken off. But these and such like heinous practices, by order then taken for, to be punished streighwaies, men were wary to commit, and none or very few offenders in these foul and odious crimes insulted over the public justice: but in the time ensuing long impunity nourished lewd enormities, and licentiousness grew to so great an head, that a certain Senator followed the example of Hilarius; and proved it was against him, even almost by his own handwriting, That he had put unto a teacher of these cursed crafts a servant of his, for to be inducted and schooled in these horrible secrets, and was feign to buy out his punishment with a round sum of money, as the report commonly went. And this selfsame party now, delivered and freed from this kind of slander that went of him, whereas he should have been ashamed of his life and fault committed, endeavoured not to wipe away this stain; but, as if he alone, among many reproachful persons had been void of all offence, mounted upon a rich trapped horse, and prancing over the paved streets, draweth after him, being but one man, many troops of servants and pages, affecting by a certain new kind of badge and cognizance, more earnestly to be gazed at: like as we have heard, that Duillius in old time, after those glorious battles which he fought at sea, took thus much upon him, as to return home unto his house after supper with a minstrel piping softly before him. Howbeit, under this Apronianus there was such plenty from time to time of all necessaries, that there could not so much as any grumbling at all be heard for want of victuals: a thing that falleth out continually in Rome. CHAP. v. Valentinian taketh unto him to be Colleague in the Empire, his brother Valens: and when he was come to Constantinople pronounceth him Augustus. Throughout the whole Roman world there be troubles and commotions of the people, which the emperors endeavour to quench. But Valentinian declared Emperor, as I have before said in Bythinia, after he had given forth the signal of setting forward in his journey against the third day following, and assembled the chief governors and officers of the camp, intending, as it were, wholly to follow such designments and counsels as were right * Qua sibi plas●nti● pleasing to himself, did put to question and demanded, Who it was that must be assumed into the fellowship of the Empire? and when all the rest held their peace, Dagala●phus General of the horsemen for the time being, boldly answered thus, If thou lovest thine own (quoth he) most gracious Emperor, thou hast a brother: if the Commonwealth make further enquiry for another. At which words he was angry, but saying never a word, and concealing what he thought, after he had travailed apace, he entered Nicomedia the first day of March, and there with the dignity of a Tribuneship, made his brother great Master of his stable. And when he was come from thence to Constantinople, casting many things in his mind, and considering that he now was about to manage great and urgent affairs, he supposed there was no linger about the matter, but producing the same Valens to a place by the city side, with one general accord of all (for no man durst say against him) pronounced him Augustus: and being adorned and invested in Imperial robes, and wearing a diadem about his head, he brought him back in the same chariot with him: one verily, who was a lawful partner with him in power and authority, but yet dutiful unto him, as if he had been a Sergeant, or such like attendant officer, as the process of mine History shall declare. Which businesses thus brought to an end, without trouble and interruption by any one, both the Emperors having been long sick of hot burning agues, when there was assured hope of life, as they were more industrious to look into businesses than to compose them, granted out a commission to make straight inquiry into the suspicious causes of their sickness, unto Vrsatius Master of the offices, a fierce and cruel Dalmatian, and to juventius Siscianus, at that time Questor, raising matter of envy and malice, as the constant bruit went, unto the memory of prince julian, and to his friends, as if they had by some secret practice been hurt. But this storm soon blew over and came to nothing: for there was not so much as a word found to lead unto any presumption or suspicion of traitorous dealing. At this time, as if the trumpets had sounded the battle throughout all the Roman world, most fell and savage nations rose up in arms, and invaded the next limits unto them. The * Austri●, Carinthi●, Car●iola, and 〈◊〉. Alemans' wasted at once both Gaul and Rhaetia: the Sarmatians and Quadi made spoil in Pannonia both the one and the other. The Picts, Saxons, Scots, and Attacots, infested the Britan's with continual troubles. The Austorians and other Maurite nations made roads more fiercely than they had wont, into Africa. Certain bands of Gothicke Brigands and rovers rifled and ransacked Thracia. The king of Persia laid violent hands upon the Armenians, hastening by all forcible means to reduce them a fresh to his own dominion, but unjustly; pretending and alleging thus much, that after the decease of jovianus, with whom he had established league and peace, there ought to be nothing to the contrary, but that he might recover those things which he showed to have before time appertained unto his ancestors. After therefore that the Winter was passed over in quietness and peace, the two Emperors agreeing most jointly together, the one in name having pre-eminence, the other, for outward show, equal in honour, after they had passed through Thracia, came to Naessum, where, in a certain Suburban country town which is called Mediana, and standeth three miles from the city, as if they meant shortly to part, divided their Comites between them. And verily unto Valentinian, after whose will and direction the State was managed, f●ll jovinus, promoted a good while since by julian to be Master of the men of * or horsemen. Arms in Gaul, and Dagalaiphus whom jovian had preferred to be Colonel of the footmen. But to follow Valens into the East, was Victor appointed, who also by the choice and judgement of the foresaid Prince, had been advanced, and with him was joined Arintheus. For, Lupicinus promoted likewise before by jovian, to be Master of the horsemen, had the charge of the East parts. Then also was Equitius made Colonel of the army that served in Illiricum, not * or General. Master as yet, but Comes. And Serenianus, who long since was discharged of his military oath, entered into arms and warfare again, as being a Pannon●an, accompanied Valens, and became captain over the company or band of the Domestici. Which things thus digested and ordered, there was a partition made also of the military bands: and after this, when both Princes entered into Sirmium, and had divided their Palatine train, as it was thought good unto the elder and better of the twain, so that Valentinian departed to Milan, and Valens to Constantinople. And verily in the East parts governed salustius as Praefect: but Mamertinus ruled in the same authority both Italy, Africa, and Illyricum, like as Germanus the Provinces of Gaul. CHAP. VI Whiles Valentinian intendeth to make war upon the Alemans', Procopius in the East parts aspireth to be Emperor: Whereupon Valentinian was busied with new cares. WHiles therefore the two Princes kept their resiance in the said cities, they put on their first Consular robes of Estate: and all this year was the Roman Empire afflicted with grievous losses & damages. For, the Alemans' brake through the limits of Germany, provoked thereto with a more mischievous mind than usually they had been, upon this occasion: Whereas upon their ambassadors sent unto the Prince's court, there should have been bestowed of duty certain set gifts appointed by custom, allowance was made of smaller, and those of less value than had been used: which they, when they should receive, faring in furions' manner, flung away, as a most shameful indignity offered unto them: and after they had been ve●ie roughly entreated by Vrsatius the Master of the offices, an angry and cruel man, they returned home, and aggravating this fact, stirred up most fell nations, as if they had been contumeliously despised, to rebellion. And about that time, or not long after, Procopius in the East rose up in arms, and plotted to usurp the Empire. Which news happening near about the * the first day. Kalends of November, were reported the very same day unto Valentinian, as he was coming to Paris. And for the Alemans verily he commanded Dagalaiphus to march forward with speed, and to make head against them: who having wasted the places nearer at hand, were departed & gone a great way off, without loss of blood. But about the repressing of the design & attempt of Procopius before it might grow to greater strength, he was distracted with doubtful cares, and in this regard especially troubled, for that he wist not whether he affected and reached at the foresaid Empire, whiles Valens was alive, or after his death. For Equitius, upon relation and intelligence given by Antonius a Tribune (who had the command of the forces in the midland parts of Dacia) which gave knowledge of nothing but the occurrent itself, and that obscurely upon hearsay, had also himself before the thing was known for certain, in bare words acquainted the Prince with what was done. Upon knowledge hereof Valentinian having honoured the said Equitius with the dignity of Great Master, or General, purposed to return unto Illyricum, lest the rebel become dread now after the overrunning of Thracia, should in hostile manner make roads into Pannonia. For, exceedingly terrified he was with the late and fresh example, as calling to mind how julian a little before (contemning that Emperor who every where in civil war went away on the winning hand) before he was either feared or expected, passed with incredible celerity from one city to another. But as hot set as he was upon return, y●t his heat became allayed by the counsel and advice of those about him, persuading and beseeching him, not to expose Gaul unto the barbarous enemies, threatening as they did nothing but deadly mischief; nor upon this pretence and allegation to forsake the Provinces needing his helping hand: And together with them joined the ambassadors of noble cities, praying and entreating him not to leave the said Provinces in this hard and doubtful estate, unprotected and without defence, which with his personal presence he might deliver out of great dangers, by affrighting the Germans only with the majesty of his name. At length, pondering thoroughly and with good advisement, the utility of the thing, as bending and framing himself to yield unto the opinions of many, he otherwhiles would say, That Procopius was enemy indeed but only to himself and his brother, whereas the Alemans' were to the whole Roman world and Empire, and so determined not to stir any whither for the time without the confines of the Gauls, being gone forward already as far as to Rheims: Yet having a careful regard of Africa, lest the enemies should suddenly break into it, he took order that Vulterius, afterward Consul, than Notary, should go to the defence thereof, as also Masaurio, one of the Domestici Protectores, upon this consideration, that being brought up there in times passed under his father Cretio a * Lieutenant or Captain. Comes, he knew all the suspected and dangerous places: and with these he joined Gaudentius a Scutarius, whom he knew of old to be true and faithful unto him. Now, for that there were most woeful tempests and storms up in both parts of the Empire at one and the self same time, we will digest every thing in due place; first reporting what was done in the East, and then relating the Barbarian wars [in the West:] For that the most part of these occurrences fell out in the same months, both in the West, and also in the East part of the world: lest whiles we make haste by leaps to return other while out of one place to another, we should in a confusion of all, enwrap the order and course of the story with very foul obscurity. CHAP. VII. What this Procopius was, and by what devises and policies he went about to usurp the Empire. PRocopius descended of noble parentage, borne & brought up in Cilicia, in this regard that he was near of kin unto julian afterwards Emperor, from his very first degree arose and showed himself: and as one for his life and behaviour very orderly and precise (although he was of a close and silent carriage) serving in the wars a long time in good credit and show in quality of a Notary and Tribune, and now being next in place unto the best and chief officers, after the death of Constantius, in that change of the world aspired high: as who was a kinsman of the Emperors, and ranged in the rank and fellowship of the Comites. And apparent it was, that he, if ever it mightily in his power, would trouble the quiet estate of the Commonwealth another day. This Procopius, julian when he entered into Persia had left behind him him with strong regiments of soldiers in Mesopotamia, joining to him in equal power Sebastianus: and had given him in charge, as whispered it was by a dark report (for there was no certain author to be seen of this mandate) that he should deal according to the course of things and occurrents known: and if he perceived at any time the aids of the Roman State to go down the wind, he should take order, that himself with all speed might be nominated and styled Emperor. Who carrying himself in civil and wary wise in the managing of that which was enjoined unto him, when he understood of the death of julian, upon a false rumour running abroad, that the same julian lying at the very point of death, delivered thus much, That it was his mind and pleasure, that the government of the Empire should be put into the hands of Procopius, fearing least for this cause he should be killed, without process of law and condemnation, got himself out of sight: but terrified most of all after the death of jovianus the chief of all the Notaries; whom upon the decease of julian nominated by some few soldiers as worthy of the Empire, and suspected afterwards to aspire thereunto, he understood to have been with much torment put to death. And for that he had learned how himself was with great diligence laid for, to avoid the heavy load of grievous envy, he departed out of the way (as I said) into remote and secret parts. And when he perceived that jovianus the Emperor had his spies abroad, to seek out his lu●king holes, and was beside weary of this manner of life: for, being cast down from an high estate to a low degree, he was sore pinched also with hunger in ill favoured and foul countries: he wanted the speech and conference with men: & driven in the end to extreme necessity, by journeying through wild's and byways, he came into the territory about Chalcedon, where because that seemed unto him a sure place of refuge, he kept himself close with a most trusty friend one Strategius, who of a Palatine soldier was become a Senator: going many times secretly, as he might, between his house and Constantinople, as it appeared evidently by the same Strategius, who disclosed all, after that there had been oft inquisition made into the adherents of that faction. After the guise therefore of a most cunning and subtle spy, altogether unknown (in visage, he looked so poor and lean) he hearkened after all the flying rumours that began then to run thick abroad (as commonly things at their first beginning be eve● more distasteful) bruited by many persons, who seemed to blame Valens, as if he were hot and greedily bend to make spoil of other men's goods: to the enkindling of whose rigour and cruelty, there was a mischievous firebrand ready at hand, his * his wife's father. father in law Petronius, promoted with a sudden jump from being a captain of the soldiers ● Martenses, to be a ᶠ Patrician, a man in mind and habit of body deformed. Who being wonderfully sharpe-set to strip all men without any respect, even to their very skins, after exquisite torments bound the innocent as well as the offenders with fourfold bonds, raking and scraping for debts due even from the very days of Aurelianus the Emperor, and sorrowing exceedingly, if he had absolved or enlarged any, without receiving some hurt and damage. Whose intolerable conditions this mischief also made the worse, for that being enriched with the piteous sorrows of other men, he was inexorable and cruel: as he carried also an enraged heart, so he was therewith most rude and untaught, not fit at any time either to yield or admit reason: more odious than Cleander; who governing as Praefect under the Emperor Commodus, in a high strain (as it were) of outrage and madness, made havoc (as we read) of divers men's estates: more grievous and irksome than Plautianus; who being likewise Praefect under Severus, swelling and puffed up beyond all measure, would have made a confusion of all things, had he not died upon the revenging edge of the sword. These lamentable proceedings, which by the instigation and setting on of Petronius under Valens, had shut up many houses as well of poor as rich, and the more horrible fear of mischiefs toward, stuck close to the very heart root of the provincial people and soldiers both, who groaned under these burdens alike: and every man wished for a day, though in dark and secret terms, and that with joint groans on all hands, that by the help of the highest God there might be an alteration in the State. Which Procopius closely taking vantage of, and supposing that when that blessed and happy day should come, with small ado he might be taken up to the very top of the highest dignity, lay close in espial, waiting as a savage beast for his prey, ready forthwith to bounce out, if it could see that which might be caught. Unto whom, so eager of the bit, Fortune ministered this occasion in exceeding good season, to make up his mouth. CHAP. VIII. Whiles Valens is far removed by occasion of war against the Goths, Procopius putting forward his intended business, is by tumultuary acclamations saluted Emperor. WHen Winter was spent, Valens speeding himself apace toward Syria, and being now entered the marches of Bythinia, was informed by the relation and reports made from the Lord-marchers, That the Goths, a nation at that time unfoyled and not meddled with, and the same most cruelly banding together, were putting their forces in readiness, to invade the confines and borders of Thracia. This being known, to the end that himself in person might without any let go forward whither he meant, commanded a sufficient aid of horse and foot both to be sent unto those places, wherein it was feared there would be any roads of the barbarous enemies. When the prince therefore was far removed, Procopius worn away with long miseries, supposing any grievous death more easy and tolerable than the painful afflictions which he endured, threw at a venture the die, and hazarded at one cast all perils whatsoever: and in a desperate resolution leading the way, nothing at all afraid now to suffer any extremities, setteth in hand with a most bold enterprise. The ᵍ Divitenses and Tungritani of the younger sort and later enrolment, appointed among others to make haste unto the urgent service in Thracia, and purposing to abide after the solemn manner two days in Constantinople, he hastened to solicit by the mediation of some out of the same companies with whom he was acquainted (because it was a perilous and difficult matter to speak with them all) and made choice of some few to put in trust: who being won through the hope of great rewards, promised and bound it with a religious oath, to do whatsoever he willed them; yea, and gave their word for the favour also and assistance of their fellow soldiers, among whom themselves carried a great sway, and might do much by persuasion, as having the greatest pay, and being of best desert. According to appointment, and when it was fair day light, the said Procopius distracted into sundry cogitations, went to the Baines ʰ Anastasianae, so called of Constantine's sister, where he knew the military ensigns were bestowed, and being informed by those that were privy to their secret counsels, that all of them, upon an association made in the night, agreed to side with him, with assurance of safe conduct being gladly admitted unto them, environed he was with a multitude thronged together of vendible or sale soldiers, by way of honour I must needs say, but yet penned up amongst them as one besieged: who, like as the Praetorian cohort in times past, after the death of Pertinax, received julianus, cheapening (as one would say) the imperial dignity, and making offer what price he would give for it: even so they also, bend to every thing that would yield them advantage and profit, defended Procopius, plotting to enter upon an unfortunate sovereignty. He stood therefore among them as one half pined and consumed (a man would have taken him to have been a ghost raised from the dead) by reason that a rich regal mantle would no where be found, clad in a coat beset with embossed gold, like unto one of these king's * yeomen of the guard. servants, arrayed from the heel to the share in manner of a nice and pretty page, wearing also purple shoes and hose: and as he bore a javelin or spear in his right hand, so he carried in the left a pretty piece of purple cloth; so as one would have thought, that in a stage-play within the Theatre, either some notable image and counterfeit through the tapistry curtains, or else a mocking delusion to make folk laugh, suddenly came forth and appeared. Well then, being thus after a ridiculous manner lifted up to this degree, in disgrace (as it were) and mockery of all honours, and by way of servile flattery having made a speech unto the authors of this benefit and advancement of his, yea, and promised unto them great riches and dignities for this handsel and first fruits (as it were) of his Empire, forth he went in procession into the streets, guarded with a multitude of armed men: and there in stately port he marched on with the ensigns borne aloft upright, enclosed on every side with a dreadful noise of shields and targuets, clattering in doleful wise: which they, for fear least from the high houses they should be pelted with stones or broken tiles, fitted close and thick to the crests of their helmets. As for himself, going timorously as he did, the people neither withstood nor favoured: howbeit, ravished they were with a sudden pleasure and joy in such a novelty, a thing naturally given to most of the vulgar sort: and this was the rather set on foot, because (as I said before) all folk with one mind detested Petronius, growing on to such wealth by violent means: as who raised up against divers orders and degrees of citizens new troubles and suits; yea, and revived bills and writings of debt long since buried. When as therefore the said Procopius was mounted up to the Tribunal, and by reason that all the people looked down on the ground, and stood astonished (which silence of theirs gave suspicion of some mischief toward) supposing there was prepared now (as he feared) a readier way to his death, by reason of a trembling that went over all his joints (being of himself not ready of speech) he stood a long time silent. Yet after he had now begun to say somewhat with an interrupt and dead voice, whereby he pretended his near alliance unto the blood and line imperial, with a low whispering of some few that were hired thereto of purpose, and afterwards with tumultuary noises and cries of the common people, being named Emperor, disorderly & in great hast he went to the * the Senate house. Curia: where finding none there of * claris●●morum. Senator's degree, but some few, and those ignoble and base persons, he went apace, but with a most unfortunat and wicked foot, and so entered the palace. CHAP. IX. Valens hearing of this bold action of Procopius, changeth his purpose: Procopius by sundry crafty devices, and in the end by an army levied and assembled, provideth for himself. SOme marvel, I assure you, that such ridiculous beginnings, unwisely and rashly taken in hand, have broken forth in the end, to the woeful calamities of Commonweal; as ignorant perhaps of former precedents, supposing the same to have happened then first, and never before. Thus Andriscus the Adramytene, a base fellow, and of the meanest condition, raised up to the very name of * or counterfeit name of Philip. Pseudophilippus, was the cause of the third grievous and bloody Macedonian war. Thus whiles Macrinus the Emperor abode in Antioch, Heliogabalus ⁱ came forth of * H●man & Hamsa. Bellon. Emesa, and became Antoninus. So also by an unexpected assault made by Maximinus, was ᵏ Alexander, together with Mammaea, stabbed to death. In Africa, the elder Gordian, haled by force to usurp the Empire, for very trouble and anguish of imminent dangers strangled himself with an halter, and ended his life. Well, procured there were and taken in to the doubtful issue of this strange occurrence, some against their wills, and some willingly, * C●p●diarum vili●● mercatores: haply he meaneth caters, and such like officers for provision. merchants of trifling cates and such as gave attendance within the palace, or had given over to wait: those also who having been enroled soldiers, had betaken themselves now to a more quiet life. And there were again, who supposing all conditions of life better than the present State, slipped away secretly from the city, and with speedy journeys made haste unto the emperors camp. All these, Sophronius, than a Notary, Praefect afterwards of Constantinople, outstripped and prevented by riding most swiftly, and turned back into Galatia, Valens, ready then to depart from Caesarea in Cappadocia, intending now, that the hot and sultring constitution of the weather in Cilicia was allayed, to go through, and that with speed, to the habitation and seat of Antioch: him, I say, he averted from his journey, after he had declared the whole order of the proceedings aforesaid unto him, much troubled and astonished, as he was, by reason of his doubtful hopes, (as in such cases it is an ordinary thing) and minding to take hold of these matters, yet standing upon fearful and ticklish terms. But whiles he maketh speed and taketh great journeys, Procopius with most earnest and watchful care from day to day spent the whole nights, showing abroad certain suborned and counterfeit persons, who with confident boldness feigning, that they were come, some out of the East, others out of Gaul, brought word, that Valentinian was dead; yea, and gave it out in plain terms, that all lay clear and open for this new and much favoured prince to enter upon. And because such rebellious usurpations of Empires malapartly taken in hand, are wont otherwhiles to be strengthened with quick dispatch, lest any thing should be omitted that might strike a terror, forthwith Nebridius, newly by the faction of Petronius promoted in the room of salustius to be Praefectus Praetorio, and Caesarius Praefect of the city Constantinople, were cast into prison and laid up fast: and Phronemius had commandment to rule the city after the wont government, and Euphrasius to be master of the Offices; both of them Gauls, and men most approved for their erudition and learning: and the managing of military and campe-affaires was committed very inconsiderately (as the end showed which bewrayeth what things are) unto Gomoarius and Agilo, who were called back again to take a new oath of souldiorie. And because julius the * captain or lieutenant. Comes having charge of the forces in Thracia, was like from the near stations to suppress these rebels, if he understood once of their attempts, and therefore feared, there was this effectual and cunning policy devised; and he, by commandment as it were of Valens, being sent for to Constantinople by the letters of Nebridius (as yet in prison) violently wrung from him, under a colour to treat about the troubles of the barbarous enemies, was there detained in straight hold close prisoner. And by this crafty and deceitful fetch the warlike nation of Thracia being without bloodshed won to the side, brought exceeding great aid and maintenance to these tumultuary attempts. After which so achieved with prosperous success, Araxius also by labouring those of the palace, and procuring of their voices, became Praefectus Praetorio: and Agilo, who married his daughter, helped him forward also, with his good word: many others likewise were admitted to sundry places and employments in court, as also to the administration of provinces, some against their wills, others of their own accord offering themselves with money and rewards in hand. And, as it usually falleth out in civil and domestical dissensions, divers rose up even out of the very dunghill and rascality, directed only by desperate and blind projects: chose, some again there were, who being nobly borne, fell from high estates down to very death and exile. Now, when as by these and such like practices there seemed to be a faction firmly framed, it remained that there should be good store of military forces raised: and easily was that brought about, a thing that divers times in public broils and commotions hath hindered brave exploits, enterprised even upon just and lawful motives. For the troops and companies as well of horsemen as footmen which were levied through Thracia, to perform the expedition as they passed along, being courteously and liberally entreated, and all assembled together, so as they made a show of an army, gaping after most large promises, under pain of cursed execrations swore allegiance unto Procopius, promising in their behalf this constant resolution, That they would not fail, but defend him with their own arms and forces. And verily he met with a very fit occasion and opportunity to allure them unto his part, for that himself carrying all about with him in his own arms a little daughter of Constantius (whose fresh memorial was highly honoured) pretended kindred even with julian. He found also another thing, that suited very fitly with the present time: for that he did upon him the ornaments of Imperial vesture, when as Faustina mother of the said girl was by a certain mere chance present in place. To these he adjoineth another piece of policy, which with all diligence was to be put in practice; namely, certain picked men for the nonce, and foolhardy, were sent to seize upon Illyricum, trusting upon no other help but malapert sauciness, who, forsooth, handsomely devised certain pieces of gold made with the stamp of the new Emperor's face, beside other means of allurements: Whom Equitius, General of the forts in those countries apprehended and put to divers sorts of death. And then fearing the like practices, he stopped up three most narrow ways and passages, by which the Northern provinces are assailed, the one by Dacia * Along the rivage for difference of Mediterranea, i. the inland country Ripensis, a second, and that right will known, by Succi, and the third by the Macedonians, which they term ˡ 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. And by this wary prevention the usurper of an undue and unlawful government, being put quite beside his vain conceit and persuasion to get Illyricum into his hands, lost great means of maintaining wars. CHAP. X. The legions armed against Procopius, and ready to fight, through his seditious words as it were, enchanted and bewitched, are wrought against Valens and Valentinian, and acknowledge Procopius for Emperor. After this he gaineth to his side Nicaea and Bythinia. Valens having escaped extremity of danger, by his best and most select captains encountereth the rebels. WHiles these things are thus in contriving Valens astonished at so heavy and fearful news, and now in his return through Gallograecia, hearing how things went at Constantinople, marched diffidently and in much fear: and considering this sudden affright confounded all the ways of providence and forecast, so much was he discouraged and cast down, that he thought once to throw away his Imperial robes, as an heavy burden. And so had he done indeed, but that through the gainsaying and opposition of his inward friends next about him, he was dissuaded from that base and unseemly purpose, and strengthened with the advice and opinions of the better sort, commanded two regiments to go before, named jovij and Victores, for to break into the rebels camp. As these now drew near, Procopius being retired from Nicaea, whither he was lately come, having in his company the ᵐ Divitenses, and a confused rabble of rebels and revolts, which almost in six days space he had gathered together, he made haste to Mygdus, a place watered with the river * Sangari, Bellon. Zagari, Nigr. Sangarius: where, when the legions were ready to join battle and fight, among those that discharged arrows and other shot to and fro, he alone, as if he meant to advance forward, and by way of skirmish to charge the enemies, broke out into the mids before them all: and such was the guidance of his good fortune, that seeming to agnize one Vitalianus out of the opposite battle (and whether he knew him or no uncertain it is) after greeting in the Latin tongue, he gently led him forth, and after he had given him his right hand, and saluted him with a kiss, when they were all on both sides amazed hereat, Lo (quoth he) the ancient fidelity of the Roman Armies, and the oaths bound with firmereligious compliments. And is it indeed your mind and pleasure, most valiant warriors, that for unknown strangers so many swords should be drawn of your own country men; and that a base and misbegotten * Hungarian. Pannonian, marring and treading down all under foot, should enjoy an Empire which he never durst so much as conceive in his mind or wish for, and that we should groan under your and our wounds? Nay, rather follow the royal race and line of the highest blood, raising now most just and lawful war, not to tyrannize and make havoc of other men's goods, but rather to restore the same unto the full and whole estate of ancient Majesty. With this mild speech they were all appeased that came fiercely to fight, and debasing the tops of their ensigns and standards, willingly revolted unto him: and with a terrible cry, which the barbarous sort term Barritus, they styled him Emperor, and in one consent, with a strong guard about him, as the manner is, brought him back into the camp, and in souldiorlike sort cried unto jupiter, and prayed, That Procopius might be invincible. This good success of these rebels had a better to second it. For, Rumitalca a Tribune, being taken into the society of the Procopians, and having entered upon the charge of the Palace, and therewith complotted in good time this design, and communicated it with the soldiers, came by water to a town before time named * Ponto Sabia, and Trapani, Mormotio. Drepanum, and now Helenopolis, and so from thence possessed himself, sooner than men would have thought, of Nicaea. To the besieging whereof when Vadomarius, sometime a great leader, and king of the Alemans', was sent, with such as were skilful in this kind of service, Valens goeth forward to Nicomedia: From whence being departed, very earnest he was with great forces to assault Chalcedon: from the walls whereof they let fly at him reviling and reproachful terms, calling him injuriously Sabaiarius: (now is Sabania a kind of poor folks drink in Illyricum, made of barley or wheat converted into liquor:) But wearied in the end for want of victuals, & through the exceeding obstinacy of the defendants within, that would not relent, he was now at the point to depart: And see, in this mean while, those which were besieged within Nicaea, suddenly setting open the gates, and issuing forth, after they had slain a great number of the pioneers and assailants, with their most hardy and bold leader Rumitalca, made haste in this heat of blood to come upon the back of Valens (who as yet was not gone from the suburbs of Chalcedon) and to compass him in round about. And verily effected they had this exploit, but that by a certain rumour that went before, he having intelligence of this imminent mischief, with departing speedily by the lake Sunonensis, and the winding cranks of the river * Gatippo, Piner. Gallus, he deluded the enemy hard at hard at his heels, and following after him in vain. And by this accident Bythinia likewise was brought under the hands of Procopius. From whence, when Valens was by speedy journeys returned to Ancyra, and advertised, that Lupicinus was coming toward the East parts with certain puissant companies of armed men, being now put in greater hope of better success, he sent Arintheus a most select captain to encounter the enemies by the way. Who being come to Dadastana, a certain station wherein jovianus died, all on a sudden espied Hyperechius ready to affront and and make head against him with an army, one who before time was truly termed Apparitor * Alluding by way of agnomination to Castrensis, i Military. Gastrensis, that is, a * A parasite or glutton. Minister of the belly and throat: unto whom as to a friend Procopius had committed the conduct of his aids. And disdaining in fight to vanquish such a contemptible person, bearing himself bold of his own authority, a goodly tall parsonage, commanded the very enemies themselves to bind their ruler. And so this unfortunat Carpet Knight, a chieftain, forsooth, of armed troops, was apprehended by the hands of his own followers. CHAP. XI Procopius besiegeth Cyzicum, and by the good service of Alison a Tribune winneth it by force, as also by keeping in most straight ward Serenianus the Perfect, sent unto Nicaea. Which done, bearing and vaunting himself over high, he neglecteth the opportunity of his affairs. WHiles these affairs in this manner proceed, Venustus a certain Minister or Officer belonging to the Treasury, under Valens, sent long before to Nicomedia, for to receive gold, and distribute it as wages poll by poll among the soldiers that were dispersed all over the East parts, understanding of this heavy news aforesaid, considering the time was unfit for that business, went quickly to * Chyzico. Cyzicus with those moneys which he had gathered up; where by chance he found Serenianus, then * or Captain. Comes of the Domestici, of purpose sent to keep the treasure safe: who with the help only of a tumultuary garrison kept the city, well known, even upon ancient records, to be compassed with imprenable walls: to the winning whereof Procopius had appointed a strong power, that being lord of Bythinia, he might be master also of Hellespontus. But by reason that the companies of the besiegers were oftentimes sore troubled with arrows, bullets, & other shot, as also for that through the industry of the defendants there was devised a bar, by a very strong iron chain bestowed in the very mouth of the haven (which, because the enemy's ships armed with piked-beake-heads, might not rush in, was bound fast at either end) long it was ere the siege took effect. This chain, after sundry pains that both soldiers and captains took (who already were out-toiled with most sharp conflicts) one Aliso, a Tribune, and an expert warrior, cut away by this device. Upon three ships joined together, he built a roof over head in this manner: Upon the foremost hatches or rowers banks stood armed men close together with their shields couched thick over their heads, others also behind them stooping somewhat lower, & a third sort by degrees bending their bodies down: so as the hindmost resting upon their houghes or hams, made a show of an arched building: Which kind of Fabric against fight from walls, is framed in such a form for this cause, That the shot of casting weapons and of stones, as they light and fall, might glance and glide off like showers of rain, and so take no effect. Thus therefore Aliso being saved for a while from the violence of darts and other shot, with mighty strength of body putting underneath a sound pile or post, with the huge stroke of an axe so clavae and burst the chain aforesaid, that it fell asunder, and gave a large entrance to the city. And so by the working of this feat the city lay open and undefended, to the violence of the enemies. For which cause what time as afterwards (Procopius) the author of all this proud and audacious rebellion, was put to death, and the adherents and complices of this faction cruelly executed, this very Tribune in regard of so noble an exploit, keeping his life still, and the place he had in warre-service, died long after in Isauria, stabbed and killed by a sort of robbing Brigands. When Cyzicum was by this service laid open, Procopius made haste thither, after pardon granted in general to all those that had made resistance, only Serenianus he commanded to be led bound unto Nicaea, and there kept in ward most straightly. And forth with upon Ormisda, a forward and ripe young gentleman, the son of that noble Ormisda, a [Persian] Prince of the blood royal, he conferred a Proconsulship, with commission to manage after the manner of old time, as well civil causes, as war affairs. Who dealing mildly in his place according to his accustomed manner, when he should have been surprised, and caught up in a sudden incursion, by those soldiers whom Valens had sent by the wild's and byways of Phrygia, with so vigorous a courage escaped, that being once embarked he would never lie open to such doubtful and dangerous chances: and had away with him his wife that followed in safety, notwithstanding a cloud (as it were) of arrows flew all about, when she was at the point to be taken prisoner: a wealthy dame she was, and nobly descended, whose modest carriage and glorious constancy delivered her husband afterwards from extreme dangers. Procopius upon the foresaid victory vaunting himself above the condition of mortality, and not knowing, that any man be he never so happy to day, with the turning of Fortune's wheel, may once before evening become most miserable, commanded the house of Arbetio, full (as it was) by reason of those inestimable escheats (which house before time he had spared as his own, as reckoning him for one of his own complices and adherents) to be rifled and ransacked clean, taking stomach and indignation against him, that being sent for sundry times to come unto him, he always made delays, alleging for his excuse the lets of old age and sickness. And although for this cause he, a presumptuous usurper, might well fear some grievous inclination and turning of the balance: yet whereas he might now at his pleasure with the willing assent of all men (there being none to make resistance) have invaded the East provinces, desirous all to see some new change, as irked with that rigorous and rough government wherewith they were held under: yet by linger on, and making longer stay, for to allure unto him certain cities of Asia, and to choose out skilful miners for the getting of gold over, as those that might stand him in good stead against his wars, which he expected would be many and great, he became dull and blunt in manner of a keen and fine edged sword: Like as in times past Pescennius Niger, sent for oftentimes by the people of Rome, to relieve and succour the hope of the State lying in extremity, whiles he lingered a long time the invading of Syria, was vanquished in the gulf * Golfo de Aiazze Issicum (which is in Cilicia, where Alexander defeated Darius) and being put to flight, died by the hand of a common soldier, in a certain Suburbe-village of Antiochia. These were the acts that passed about midwinter, whiles Valentinian and Valens were Consuls. CHAP. XII. Valens using the service of Arbetio an old experienced captain, draweth unto him many of Procopius his footmen and horsemen both: At length Procopius himself bound in chains by his own men, and brought unto Valens, had his head stricken off, and so buried quite the troubles of a civil war which was begun. BVtwhen that most honourable magistracy was transferred to Gratianus as yet a private person, and to Dagalaiphus, and the Spring began, wherein all things gather strength, Valens joining unto him Lupicinus, with strong auxiliaries, speedily advanced his ensigns towards * Possene. Theveto. Pessinus, a town in times passed of Phrygia, and now of Galatia: which when he had quickly fortified with a garrison, lest any unexpected accident might at unawares arise in those tracts, he intended to take his journey by the foot of the high hill Olympus, and the rough craggy lanes, minding to set upon Gomoarius, whiles he lay secure and negligent. But crossed he was in this design by many, that jointly and resolutely agreed together, upon this consideration especially, That his enemy (as hath been related before) by carrying about with him in a litter the little daughter of Constantius, with her mother Faustina, both in the way as he marched, and also when battles approached one another embattled, he enkindled the courage of the soldiers, to the end, that for this imperial progeny, whereto he said moreover that himself was linked, they might fight more boldly. Like as upon a time the Macedonians, ready to strike a battle with the Illyrians, placed their king (as yet an infant in his swaddling bands) behind the army ranged in battle ray; for fear of whom, lest he should be carried away captive, they fought more valiantly, and vanquished their enemies. Against these crafty fetches, the Emperor in sage policy, to help the matter thus wavering and ready to reel, took good order, and exhorted Arbetio sometime Consul (who this long time had lived privately) to repair unto him, to the end that by the reverend regard of him, a captain under Constantius, the rebels fell stomach might be appeased. And so it fell out in very deed. For when he, in years elder, and in dignity higher than all the rest, showed his reverend grey hairs unto many, that were otherwise inclined to perfidious treachery, he calling Procopius himself a traitorous rebel to the State; but the soldiers that now followed his error, sons and partners with him in travails and pains-taking long ago, requested them rather to follow him, as a father known unto them for his most happy conducts, than to be ruled by a lewd varlet, who would even anon beforlorne, and at point to take his final overthrow. Which being known, Gomoarius, when he might well enough have deluded the enemies, and returned safe to the place from whence he came, taking the vantage of the near distance, in pretence and colour of a captive passed over to the emperors camp, as if he had been beset with the road of a multitude, that he suddenly espied. Upon this good success, Valens marched on with a running camp toward Phrygia; and near unto * Einagiol. Louncls. Nacolia, when they were come to join battle, the captain of the adverse side Agilo, at the very instant of a doubtful fight, by riding suddenly out of the rank, betrayed all: and in imitation of him a number of others now shaking their javelins and swords, go over to the Emperor, bearing their banners and shields reversed: a most manifest sign of revolt. This being once seen besides all men's expectation, Procopius perceiving himself cut off from all means of escape, betook him to his heels, and ran within the secret noukes of the woods and woulds that stood round about: and after him there followed Florentius, and Barchalba a Tribune, whom being well known for his service in most bloody wars, even from Constantius his days, necessity, and not his own will, had drawn into this lewd and wicked action. When as therefore the greater part of the night was past, and the Moon, which from evening shone until day light, augmented their fear, Procopius seeing on every side himself destitute of all means of escaping, not knowing what to do (as it falleth out commonly in such hard cases) expostulated with his lamentable and heavy fortune: and so, over whelmed with a world of sundry cares, was suddenly by his own companions fast bound, and upon the return now of day brought into the camp, and presented to the Emperor, saying never a word, and looking downward; and immediately having his head smitten off, he buried with him the troubles of civil discords that were growing: according to the example of Perpenna in old time; who after that he had murdered Sertorius as he sat at his meat, having enjoyed a while the Sovereignty, was plucked forth of the shrubs under which he had shrouded himself, and being brought before Pompeius, at his commandment was slain. And in the like heat of blood, Florentius and Barchalba, who brought him in, were straightways killed, without any regard and consideration had of reason. For, if they had betrayed their lawful prince, even justice herself would have pronounced, they were rightly killed: if a rebel and enemy of civil peace (as he was named to be) they ought to have had ample and large rewards given them for so memorable an act. Now, Procopius departed this life, when he was forty years old and ten months over: a man not uncomely of body, nor of mean stature, somewhat stooping, and in his gate looking always downward to the ground, and by his close and sad behaviour, like for all the world to that Crassus, of whom lucilius and Tully make this report, That he laughed but once all his life time: and that which is to be wondered, so long as he lived, not stained with bloodshed. CHAP. XIII. Marcellus captain of Nicaea, after that Serenianus was slain, and Chalcedonpossessed, taketh upon him the shadow of a deadly and woeful Emperor: but within a little after is suppressed. Then was there cruel proceeding against the complices of Procopius and Marcellus, and that beyond all measure: for which Valens, an implacable man, whose greatest fault it was, deserved blame: whose cruelty here is described. near about the same time, Marcellus a Protector, and a cousin of the same Procopius, captain also of the garrison at Nicaea, having intelligence given him of the soldiers revolt, and death of Procopius, came upon Serenianus at unawares in the dead time of midnight, shut where he was within the palace, and slew him; whose death was the life of many: for, if he had survived this victory, being a man rough hewn, rude of behaviour, and for resemblance of conditions and vicinity of native soil well accepted of Valens, observing the close disposition and pleasure of the prince, too much inclined to cruelty, would no doubt have massacred many innocent persons: who being slain, Marcellus aforesaid riding presently unto Chalcedon, and seizing it into his own hands, at the cry and shout of some few, whom their base condition and desperate estate thrust forward to mischief, taketh upon him the momentany shadow of an Emperor, that cost him his life; induced thereto by two motives, which failed and deceived him: for that both the three thousand Goths, which upon the pacification of the kings were sent to aid Procopius, pretending that he was of kin unto Constantius, he thought might be brought with some small reward and consideration to side with him; and also, for that the proceedings in Illyricum were as yet unknown. Amid these fearful occurrences, Equitius being given to understand by faithful espials, That the preparation of the whole war was turned upon Asia, departing by Succi, assayed by great force and violence to open Philippopolis, called in old time Eumolpiada, shut up and kept by the enemy's garrisons, a city of very great importance, and like to impeach his coming, in case he should be forced when he was to bring the aids that were left behind unto Valens (for as yet he knew not what had been done at Nacolia) to hasten unto Haemimontum. But a little while after, when the vain presumption and usurpation of Marcellus was known, there were sent adventurous and resolute soldiers, who having apprehended him, cast him into safe custody, as a slave yielded up for to receive punishment. Whereupon the next day following he was brought forth, and after his ⁿ sides were most cruelly cut and mangled, together with his consorts, that suffered the like torments, he died; in this regard only favoured and loved, for that he dispatched Serenianus out of the way, as cruel as ᵒ Phalaris, trusty both to one and another, even to the teaching of cruel * or policy. learning, which he showed upon small and trifling occasions. After this mortal and deadly war was by the fall of the chief captain rooted out, more rigorous proceeding there was against many, than either their errors or trespasses required: but most of all against the ᵖ defenders of Philippopolis, who hardly and with very much ado yielded up both the city and themselves, but not before they had seen the head of Procopius, which was carried into Gaul. But to gratify those that made much entreaty, some were chastised more mildly: among whom, Araxius was a chief man, who by ambitious labouring for voices, and the intercession of his daughter's husband Agilo, in the very heat and broil of all attained to be Praefect, and he (I say) was for his punishment confined to the Islands, but shortly after escaped. As for Euphrasius and Phronemius likewise, they were sent into the West parts, and exposed to the will and determination of Valentinian: and verily Euphrasius was quit and set free; but Phronemius was had away into Cherrhonesus, and in the same business more unmercifully punished, because he was a favourite of julianus of sacred memory; whose memorable virtues, both the princes, brethren, depraved, being themselves neither his like, nor coming near unto him. Besides all this, other exemplary punishments there were more grievous, yea, and far more terrible than those executions that fall out in battles: For the tormentor, the drags and iron hooks, with bloody examinations, without respect of age or dignity made foul work in all estates and degrees; and under the pretence of peace, a most detestable vice was put in practice; whiles all men generally cursed this unlucky victory, more grievous than any deadly war whatsoever. For among weapons yet and sounding trumpets the equality of condition maketh the dangers lighter, and the power of martial valour either preventeth that which was attempted, or if death happen suddenly and unawares, it carrieth no sense at all of ignominy and shame, but bringeth with it both end of life and pain together: But when wicked and impious purposes have right and laws for their pretence, and the judges sit them down with a false colour, and set upon them either of a Catonian or * Cui bono fuerit, and such like. Cassian sentence, and whatsoever is done, is done according to the will of a great ruler or magistrate puffed up with pride, and to satisfy his pleasure, matters of great importance, even of life and death, are weighed and considered accordingly, there must the issue needs fall out to capital mischief in the highest degree. For as any one in those days was in any respect powerful, or toward the Court, and burning in greedy desire to seize upon other men's goods, although he were openly known to accuse an innocent person, yet was he welcomed as a familiar and faithful friend shortly to be enriched with other men's misfortunes. For the Emperor, ready enough to do hurt, lying open to all accusers, and procuring deadly informations, proceeded most fiercely to sundry sorts of punishments, and therein took delight, ignorant as he was of that worthy saying of Tully, who showeth, That unhappy are they, who think they may lawfully do all things. This implacable rigour, in a most righteous cause verily, but foully blemishing a victory, exposed many innocent folk to the tormentor's hand, and either brought their heads bending under the rack, or laid them along with the stroke of the grim executioner: for whom it had been better to have lost ten lives apiece in fight, if by nature they could have had so many, than thus (faultless as they were) with their sides gashed and rend, and their * Fortunis gementibus 〈…〉: or thus: Whereat all estates and degrees g●●ned again. whole estates groaning, as it were, to suffer punishment as traitors, having their bodies all torn and mangled before, which is more dolorous than all the deaths in the world. After this, when as his cruelty (overcome with so many woeful executions) became assuaged, men of higher place and calling endured proscriptions and banishments, and such like; which although they be grievous, yet seem to some but light: and to the end that another person might be enriched, a man of noble birth, and happily for his deserts become very wealthy, stripped and turned out by the head and shoulders of his livelod, and thrust into exile, either pined away, and died for anguish, or else was feign to live upon the devotion and benevolence of others: neither was there any end of these mischievous practices, until the prince and his favourites were satisfied with their goods and blood. CHAP. XIIII. Fearful tremble or quake of the earth at one and the same time throughout the whole earth. WHiles this usurper [Procopius] whose manifold acts and death I have declared, was yet living upon the * 21. day of july. twelfth day before the kalends of August, whiles Valentinian was the first time Consul with his * Valens. brother, most fearful earthquakes suddenly happened, that shook the whole earth, the like to which, neither fabulous tales nor true reporting records of antiquity deliver unto us. For a little after Sunnerising the whole weighty and steady mass of the earthly globe shook, with flashes of lightning most fiercely shot going before very thick: the sea also driven aside, with the waves and billows tumbling out backward, went away so, that the deep gulfs being discovered and laid bare, a man might have seen many sorts of swimming creatures sticking in the mud: also the vast vales and mounts, which nature had set far away under the huge waters, saw (as men thought) that day the beams of the Sun. After therefore that many ships were bedded fast (as one would say) in dry ground, and a number of people straggled at their pleasure in the small remains of water, o take upfish and such like with their hands; the waves of the sea disdaining (as one would say) and loath to put up this repulse, rose up all at once and turned again, and violently among the surging shallows, beating upon the islands and promontories of the continent reaching farreinto the sea, overflowed, and laid level an infinite sort of things in cities, yea and houses where any were found. And therefore in this furious discord of the elements, the surface of the world being covered, represented strange and wonderful sights. For, the mighty mass of the sea being returned back again, when it was least looked for, killed and drowned many thousands of people: and with the swift and violent whirling of the tides running back, certain ships after the swelling of this liquid substance or element was abated, were seen sunk to the very ground, yea and by reason of shipwrecks many dead bodies lay along either on their backs or grovelling. Other mighty ships also driven out by violent winds, settled upon the tops of palaces, as it happened at Alexandria: and two miles almost off, far from the shore were some of them flung, as we ourselves in passing by beheld one of Laconia near unto the town Metson, almost rotten for age. THE XXVII. BOOK. CHAP. 1. As the Alemans' make new preparation for wars, Carietto and Serenianus encounter them with a power of armed men: And when both of them were slain in fight, jovinus a brave captain gave the Alemans', leaping for joy of victory, three battles. Valens sendeth over the head of Procopius unto Valentinian lying at Paris. WHiles these things which we have reported, upon divers occurrences pass in the East empire, the Alemans' after grievous losses, & sore blows, which in their often conflicts with julian being Caesar they had sustained, having at length resumed their strength, though unequal to that which they had before, for the cause aforesaid being now much feared, invaded the limits of Gaul. And immediately after the * the first day of the year. Kalends of januarie, when the rigorous and bitter Winter weather froze hard all over the icy tracts, a number of them went forth by plumpes, and straggled abroad at their pleasure. To encounter the foremost company of these, Carietto Lieutenant general for both the Germanies, a man most forward to give battle, went out, taking to him for his companion in this painful service, Severianus a Lieutenant likewise, but of no valour, and aged besides, who at Calydona had the command of the Divitenses, and the ᵃ Tungricanes. The Romans therefore having joined their forces together, marched with their squadrons embattled close and thick one by another; and when they had with sure speed passed over the bridge that stood upon a little river, no sooner saw the Barbarians afar off, but they assailed them with arrows and other light darts, which they again for their parts valiantly shot back as fast. But when the troops met and fought with drawn swords, the battle of our men sore shaken with the fierce charge of the enemies, found no means either to resist, or to fight manfully, as being for fear all of them put to flight, when they once saw Severianus unhorsed, and shot into the mouth with a casting weapon. Carietto likewise himself, at last, whiles very venturously with opposition of his body, and words from his mouth in a chiding accent delivered, he stayeth them, and laboureth with bold standing to it a long time, to wipe away so shameful a dishonour, was wounded mortally with a dart and so died. After whose death the banner of the Eruli and Batavi was caught away, which the barbarous enemies leaping and dancing with many a frisk, erected often and showed on high, but after great conflicts it was recovered again. When knowledge was taken with exceeding great sorrow, of this overthrow, Dagalaiphus to make amends for this dishonourable foil, was sent from Paris. But whiles he a long while trifled out the time, and alleged, That himself was not able to set upon the barbarous enemies, so scattered and spread in sundry parts, and was soon after sent for to take upon him the dignity of a Consul together with Gratian, who as yet was but a private person, jovinus General of the cavalry addressed himself to this business: and being well appointed and ready in battle ray, having a most watchful and wary eye to both the sides of his army as it marched, drew near unto a place named * Scarpaigue, Ortel. Scarpona: where suddenly and unlooked for, he surprised the greater multitude of the said Barbarians, before they were armed, and in the turning of an hand flew them every one. This worthy and notable captain leading forth his soldiers (rejoicing for this glorious battle, which cost them no loss of blood) for to defeat likewise the other company behind, and marching softly on, was informed by a trusty espial, That the forces of these spoiling brigands having rifled the villages near at hand, rested hard by a river: and approaching then anon, and lying close hidden in a dark vale set thick with groves and woods, beheld how some of them were washing and bathing themselves, others busy in colouring the hair of their heads yellow, and making the same shine like gold, (as their manner is) and some again drinking garaus. Thus having met with a very seasonable time of advantage, all on a sudden he gave the signal by sound of trumpet, and broke into the camp of these robbers. The * or Dutch. Germans on the contrary side, in bragging wise rapping out nothing but vain sounds and noises of threats, were not permitted (the conqueror pressed so hard upon them) either to make ready their arms and weapons scattered here and there, or to put themselves in order of battle, nor so much as to pluck up their spirits and resume strrength. A number therefore of them pierced through with javelins and swords, were slain, besides those who ran away, and with good footmanship got into the crooked and narrow lanes, and there hid themselves. jovinus now fleshed and more emboldened with this happy exploit, which virtue and fortune together had achieved, leading on his soldiers, and sending out before a diligent scoutwatch to discover the coasts, made haste with a running camp to charge upon the third regiment of them which remained. And having sped himself apace in this journey, he found them all near to the * About Chalous in champaign. Catelauni most ready to join battle. When as therefore he had encamped himself within a rampire in a place convenient, and as the time would give leave refreshed his men with meat and sleep, at the very dawning of the day he arraunged his army displayed at large with politic skill in an open plain, to the end that the Romans, inferior in number, yet equal in puissance, taking up so large a ground, might seem to match the enemies in multitude. When as therefore the trumpets had sounded the battle, so that they began to fight close hand to hand, the Germans affrighted with the strange sight of our glittering banners, stood still. Who being for a while daunted, but soon after taking heart again, so that the conflict held unto the end of the day, our men with great force pressing hard upon them, had gained the honour of a brave day, without any loss at all, but that Balcobaudes Tribune of the ᵇ Armaturae, a man made altogether of big words, but cowardly withal, when as now the evening came on, recoiled in disorder: whom if the rest of the cohorts had followed and gone away, the matter would have grown so far forth to an heavy issue, that there could not possibly one have remained alive to tell what had been done. But our soldiers standing to it with resolute and fierce courage, quit themselves so well with strength of arms, that having sore wounded four thousand of the enemies, they left other six thousand dead in the place: but they themselves lost not of their fellows above two hundred, and two hundred likewise and no more were hurt. Thus therefore when by the nights coming the battle was ended, and the wearied bodies of our men refreshed, our brave leader toward daylight having stretched forth his army in form of a four square battle, and found that the barbarous enemies taking vantage of the darkness, were secretly slipped away and gone, secure of any ambushments, followed through the open champain grounds and easy plain ways, riding over them as they lay along half dead, who by reason that the sharp cold air drew their wounds together, were killed with extremity of pain. After this when he had gone further in his return finding no enemy, he learned that the king of those regiments of the enemies, with some few taken by the ᶜ Hastarij (whom himself had sent out another way to ransack the tents of the Alemans') was hanged on a gibbet. Hereupon in his anger he purposed to punish the Tribune, that durst do such a deed without the advice of an higher power; and verily had condemned him, but that it appeared by evident proofs, that this foul and cruel fact was committed in the soldiers hot blood. After this, as he returned toward Paris, upon the exploiting of this brave service, the Emperor with great joy met him, and afterwards named and elected him Consul: and this, I assure you, augmented the measure of his joy, For that the very same time he had received the head of Procopius, sent over to him from Valens. Besides all this, there were many other skirmishes fought, less worthy the relation, in sundry tracts of Gaul, which here to set down were superfluous labour, considering that neither the proof and issue thereof brought any great matter of gain and importance, nor beseeming it is to draw our an history in length by such base and slight particulars. CHAP. II. A portenteous prodigy seen in the town Pistoriensis, presaging bloody seditions, as Rome especially, and that among the Christians, for the strife and contention of Damasus and Vrsicinus about the bishopric. AT this time, or a little before, there appeared a strange and portenteous sight in * Tuscan. Thuscia ᵈ Annonaria, and what might the end and effect thereof be, the skilful and learned in such prodigious signs were altogether ignorant. For, in the town * Pistora, Ortel. Pistoriensis near the third * n●ne of the clock in the to c●oone wi●h us hour of the day, in the sight of many, an Ass having mounted up to the * 〈…〉 bench of justice. Tribunal was heard to keep a great braying: and when all there present, as also they that understood so much by report of others were astonished hereat, and none able to guess the future event thereof, that fell out afterwards, which was then portended or signified by it. For, Terentius, a man of base parentage, borne in the * of Rome city, and a * P●stor, alluding to istonensis aforesaid Baker, by way of recompense and reward, because he had given information of one that had been Praefect, for robbing the Treasury, administered the office of a * or Governor. ᵉ Corrector in this self same province: and taking upon him afterwards in this presumptuous confidence of his, to be meddling very busily, in the matter and affair of Shipmasters, and convicted to have dealt falsely therein, as the voice went, died by the hangman's hand, whiles Claudius governed Rome. But long before that this chanced, after Apronianus succeeded Symmachus, a man worthy to be named among the principal patterns and examples of learning and modesty: during whose * as Perfect of Rome. being in place, that most sacred city enjoyed the blessings of peace and wealth in more plentiful manner than usually it had done; and vaunteth much of a sumptuous and exceeding strong bridge, the which himself built and dedicated with great joy of the citizens, unthankful persons they, as the truth most evidently showed: who after certain years gone over their heads, burned a most beautiful and goodly house of his in the ᶜ tract beyond Tiberis, as taking much offence and displeasure hereat, because a certain base commoner devised and feigned that he should say, (and no man else there was to declare and testify so much) That he would more willingly with his own wine quench the lime-kills, than sell the said wine at the price they hoped for. After him followed in the regency and government of the city, Lampadius, who had been Praefectus Praetorio: a man that would take the matter very heinously, if he were not praised even when he did but spit, as who (forsooth) had a special grace above all others, to do that also with wisdom: but yet otherwhiles he was grave and of good government. This man, what time as he exhibited, being Praetor, stately games and plays, with a bountiful largesse, not able to endure the tumult of the commons instantly oftentimes calling upon him, to have many things bestowed on unworthy persons, for to show himself liberal, and a despiser of the multitude, sent for certain needy and poor persons out of the ᶠ Vatican, and them endowed with great riches. But to show his vanity (that we rove not much abroad) it shall suffice to put down this one example, a small matter though it be, yet such as judges ought to take heed of. For, in every part of the city which had been adorned at the expenses of sundry princes, he would use to write his own name, not as REPAIRER of old, but as FOUNDER of new works: (Of which disease trajan the Emperor is said to have laboured; whereupon by way of jest and scoff they used to term him the herb ᵍ Parietina.) This Praefect was troubled with many commotions, and one above the rest, when the rascal commons gathering together, with throwing of firebrands and firebals, had quite burnt his house near unto ʰ Constantine's Baine, but that his slaves and * or household servants: familiarium. friends speedily ran and assembled themselves, and from the house tops pelted them so with stones and tiles, that they were glad to depart. With which violent attempt, and the noise of a seditious tumult growing to be more hot, himself affrighted, retired to * Ponti Molle. Pons Milvius, which the elder Scaurus is said to have built, waiting for the appeasing of a tumult there, that arose upon this just and grievous occasion. Going in hand to erect new edifices of the city, or to repair some old, he caused the charges thereof to be raised not out of the accustomed * Such as the Fifteenths in London. levies and taxes: And if any iron, lead, brass, or such like stuff were to be provided, his ministers or officers were sent forth, who like to chapmen should buy and carry away divers sorts of wares, but never pay therefore: whereupon much ado he had (though he went away as speedily as he could) to avoid the anger of poor men, enchafed and bewailing their losses for such commodities as had been taken from them. Then came in place his successor Viventius, * ex Quaestore palatij. who had been Treasurer of the Emperor's household, an upright man and a wise, a Pannonian borne, whose government was quiet, peaceable, and flowing abundantly with plenty of all things. And he likewise was terrified with the bloody seditions, which stirred up such a broil as this. Damasus and Vrsicinus exceedingly hot set upon the getting of the Episcopal See, by divisions and factions contended most bitterly, so that the partakers of both sides proceeded as far as to dealing of bloody blows, and even to danger of death. Which stirs Viventius not able either to redress or appease, upon great violence compelled, retired himself apart into a country house by the city side: And in this skuffling Damasus had the upper hand, so instant was that part which favoured him. And known for certain it is, that in the * which haply was become a Church. great Hall of Sicininus, where there is holden a congregation and meeting of Christians, there were found in one day an hundred and seven & thirty dead bodies of them slain: as also, that the common people, grown hereupon to be outrageous a long time, were hardly afterwards pacified. Neither can I deny, beholding the glorious bravery of the city, that the competitors, desirous of this Episcopal dignity, for the attaining of that which they desire, have good reason to strive all that ever they can, considering that when they have gotten it, they shall be so void of care and thought taking, that they are enriched with the oblations of matrons, ride abroad mounted in coaches, and therein gloriously arrayed, keeping profuse and riotous fare, insomuch as their feasts surpass kings tables: who might be happy and blessed indeed, if despising the greatness of the city, by which they pretend to cloak their vices, they would live according to the example of some provincial bishops; whose slender diet in eating and drinking most sparily, whose low priced apparel also, and eyes looking down to the ground, commend them as pure and modest persons to the eternal God and his true servants. CHAP. III. Ammianus Marcellinus going about to describe the Goths war, first of all presenteth unto us the limits, the ancient nations, provinces, and principal cities in his time of Thracia. THus far forth it shall suffice that we have digressed out of the way, now return we to the orderly process of our History. Whiles these matters above said proceed thus in Gaul and Italy, new wars arose in Thracia. For Valens, as it seemed good unto his brother, whose advice he asked, and after whose will and pleasure he was wholly ruled, levied arms against the Goths, moved thereto upon a good and just cause; namely, for that they sent aids to Procopius, when he entered into civil wars. Meet it is therefore by way of a brief digression to discourse as touching their original and the situation of their countries. As for the description of Thracia, easy it were, if the ancient writers thereupon did accord: but for as much as their obscure variety helpeth not a work that professeth truth, sufficient it shall be briefly to tell, what I have to mine own remembrance seen. That these lands extended in times past a mighty way, as well in plain and pleasant champain fields, as also in high hills, the ever-during authority of Homer doth show, who feigneth, That the two winds * aquilonem, if you take it precisely. northeast and West do blow from thence: which either is a fabulous fiction, or else all those tracts that spread far and wide abroad heretofore, and were appointed for savage nations, went all under the name of Thracia. And verily a part thereof was inhabited by the * Bofnachi, or Bossen. Scordisci far removed now from the same provinces, a people cruel in times past and terrible, as ancient records bear witness; procuring the propitious favour of ⁱ Bellona and Mars by sacrificing of captives, and greedily drinking blood out of men's skulls. By whose rigorous and rough dealing, the State of Rome after many fought fields oftentimes sore troubled, lost at length their whole army and leader both. But as now we see it, the same places shaped in manner of a crescent or new Moon, portray unto us the fair resemblance of a Theatre: In the very top whereof Westward, the straits of Succi, standing thick with high and steep hills, begin to open, dividing Thraciae and Dacia asunder: but that part on the left hand lying toward the North stars, is enclosed with the lofty mountains of * Haemi●mentana celsitudines. Catena Mundi, & Monte Argentato. Pinet. Hęmus and the river Hister, whereas it runneth hard by Roman ground, and hath many cities, castles, and forts seated upon it. On the right hand, which is the South side thereof, are stretched out the craggy cliffs of Rhodope: and where the Sun riseth, bounded it is with a narrow sea; against which as it runs with surging waters out of the Euxine sea, and passeth forward with reciprocal ebbs and flows to the Aegean sea, there openeth a narrow partition of lands. Howbeit, out of the East angle it joineth to the Macedonian marches by certain narrow and steep ways, which are termed Acontisma; hard by which lieth the vale Arethusa and a station, wherein is to be seen the sepulchre of Euripides that Poet famous for his lofty penning of Tragoedies: also * Macra. Niceta. Stagria, where we have heard say Aristotle was borne, who (as Tully saith) poureth from him a river of gold. These places also were in old time held by barbarous nations far different in variety of manners and of language: among whom there is, beside others, mention made of the Odrysae, as of people exceeding outrageous and savage, so accustomed to the shedding of men's blood, that when they want enemies to fight with, themselves at the very board, after they have engorged themselves with meat and drink, turn the edge and point of the sword one upon another's body, as if they were strangers. But when our State was grown great, during the flourishing government under Consuls, Marcus Didius with mighty resolution and constancy subdued these nations, untamed always before time, and wandering licentiously without civility or laws: Drusus reduced them within proper bounds of their own; and Minutius, near unto the river Februs, which runneth from the high hills of the Odrysae, in a battle vanquished them: after whom, those that remained, were in a cruel battle by Appius Claudius' Proconsul utterly destroyed. For the Roman navies were possessed of the towns standing upon Bosphorus and Propontis. After these came Lucullus, that noble warrior and conqueror, in place, who was the first of all others that struck a battle with that most bold and hardy nation of the Bessi; and in the same journey defeated the Haemimontanes, that stoutly made resistance: who whiles he hovered over those parts, all Thracia throughout was reduced under the subjection of our ancestors. And in this manner, after many doubtful battles fought with the hazard of the Commonweal, six provinces were gained: among which, the first, which confineth affront upon the Illyrians, is by a special name called Thracia, adorned with two spacious cities, Philippopolis, called in old time Eumolpias, and Beroea. Next to it, Haemimontum hath in it * Hadrianopoli. Hadrianopolis, which was called Vscudama, and * Anchialo. Anchialos, great cities: Then Mysia, where standeth Martianopolis, surnamed of Traianus the Emperor his sister: also * Drista, or Dristra, or Dora. Dorostorus, * Nicopoli Soph. Nicopolis, and * Vama Nigr. Odyssus: and hard unto it Scythia, wherein * Nerg Costald. Dionysopolis, * ●omisuar Ortel. Tomi, and * Pandalla. Nigr. Calatis, are the towns of greatest name: And the last of all, Europe; which besides borough towns shineth again with two cities, * Ap●i Soph. Apris, and Perinthus, called also by the posterity ensuing Heraclea. Rhodopa, which is annexed unto this, hath Maximianopolis, * Marogna. Soph. Maronea, and * Oeno. Nigr. Aenus; which when Aeneas had built and left, he after wandering travails a long time, by a perpetual train of prosperous Auspexes arrived in Italy. Now it is for truth known, as continual rumours from time to time have bruited, that in manner all these country people, which in the regions aforesaid inhabit round about the high mountains, outgo us in health of body, and a certain peculiar prerogative of long life. And this happeneth, as folk think, hereupon, for that they abstain from feeding of many meats together, and by reason that a continual freshness of dew with cold sprinklings bindeth and hardeneth their bodies, they enjoy the sweetness of a purer air, and are besides the first of all that see the Sun beams (which of their own nature give and maintain life) before they are infected with any corruption of earthly things. Having thus digested in order these matters, return we to that which we began. CHAP. four Valens rejecting the frivolous excuse of the Goths, who had maintained Procopius and his side, passed over Hister, and meeting none to make resistance, returneth with his forces. The war being in the years ensuing renewed, at length the Goths by the intercession of Athanaricus obtain peace; and Valens goeth back to Constantinople. AFter that Procopius was vanquished in Phrygia, and the matter of civil dissensions laid asleep, Victor General of the Horsemen, was sent unto the Goths, to know in plain terms, For what cause that nation, friend unto the Romans, and obliged by covenants of a free peace, had given aid by arms unto one that warred against lawful and natural princes: who, that they might seem by their first plea to justify the deed, presented unto him the letters of the same Procopius; alleging, That he took upon him the Empire, due unto him as a near kinsman of Constantine's race, and avouching, that the error was worthy to be pardoned. Upon knowledge whereof, by the relation of Victor, Valens making small reckoning of this their most vain excuse, advanced in warlike manner against them, who had foreknowledge already of this trouble coming toward them: And in the beginning of the Spring having assembled his forces together, encamped near unto a strong hold named Daphne; and upon a bridge floored with flanks over the hatches of ships, passed the river Hister, without resistance made of any. And now bearing himself aloft with great boldness, when riding up and down, he could find none that he might overcome or terrify (for all men strucken with fear of our soldiers, approaching with a brave show of preparation, were retired to the mountains of the * Accursius rendeth Succi. Serri, which were very high and inaccessible but only to such as were skilful in the ways) lest that having spent the whole Summer, he should return without any exploit done, by sending out Arinibeus, colonel of the footmen, with certain companies to waste and spoil, seized on part of their families, such as, before they came to the broken and winding ways, might be taken straggling and wandering over the plain fields. And thus having achieved this only that Fortune presented to his hands, he returned with his forces in safety, having neither given nor received any grievous blow. The year following when he assayed with like courage to enter into the enemy's land, being hindered with the streams of * Do●w. Danubius, that overflowed far beyond his banks, he rested still, pitching his standing campeneere to a village named Carporum, until the end of Autumn: Whence, because nothing could be done, by reason that the great floods kept him off he departed to Martianopolis, there to Winter. Semblably, the third year also holding on his purpose still, having broken into the ground of the barbarous enemies by Novidunum, and that by means of ships joined together for to pass over the river, after continual journeys taken, he set upon the Grutungi, a warlike nation, that inhabited further off; and after some light skirmishes, constrained for feat of extremity Athanaricus to take his flight, who in those days was a most puissant ruler, & who with a power that he thought more than sufficient, dared to make resistance: and then himself with all his forces returned again to Martianopolis, there to keep his Winter; a place as in those tracts meet and convenient. Now, after sundry accidents that fell out in these three years space, there were good motives and reasons to end the war. First, for that the enemies fear increased by the princes long abode in these parts. Then, because the barbarous people being debarred of traffic and commerce, were distressed for exceeding want of necessaries, in so much as they sent ambassadors oftentimes in manner of suppliants, and craved pardon with peace. Unto whom, the Emperor unexpert, I must needs say, but a most equal and indifferent considerer as yet of things, before that he was beguiled with the pernicious allurements of flattery, and afflicted the Commonwealth with slaughters and executions for ever to be lamented, taking sage advice for the common good, decreed, That it was behoveful to grant peace. And he sent forth by turns Victor and Arintheus, who then had the managing of the horsemen's service. Who when they had given true intelligence by their letters, That the Goths condescended unto the conditions proposed, there was a meet place appointed for the conclusion of a peace. And for as much as Athanaricus avouched, That he was bound under the fearful curse of an oath, and beside, by his father's commandment expressly forbidden, to tread at any time upon Roman ground (in which regard he might not be compelled) and withal it had been an unseemly and base thing, that the Emperor should go over to him, thought good it was by them that were wise, that in certain vessels guided by oars into the mids of the river, where were embarked the Emperor and the foresaid judge of the nation, together with their esquires, they should, as before it was determined, pass the covenants of a league and peace together. Which business being dispatched, and pledges received, Valens returned to Constantinople, where afterwards Athanaricus driven out of his native country by a faction of his nearest kinsmen and followers, yielded unto nature, and was interred with solemn and sumptuous funerals, after the guise of our country. CHAP. V. Whiles Valentinian lieth sick of a grievous disease, certain of the principal officers and rulers lay their heads together, about choosing Rusticus julianus, Master of the Rolls, or Severus, Colonel of the footmen, to be Emperor. But the said Emperor recovering, declareth Gratianus his son for his Colleague and Augustus both, after he had in a grave oration recommended him unto the army, which generally accepted of him: and when he was adorned with a coronet and imperial robes, exhorteth him to do his devoir, with the exceeding applause of them all. WHiles Valentinian in this mean time lay grievously sick, & thought no other but like to die, at a feast where the Gauls secretly met, who served in the emperors army, Rusticus julianus then ᵏ Master of the * or principal remembrances. Rolls, was, as it were, in a furious fit or motion of madness nominated to the Empire, one as blood-thirsty as any savage beast, as he well showed whiles he governed Africa in place of Proconsul. For in his Prefecture of the city, during which he died, fearing the dangerous and ticklish days of tyranny, by the will and pleasure whereof, he had climbed up to that high dignity, for default, as it should seem, of worthy persons, enforced he was to show himself mild and very tractable. Against these Gauls, some there were who in a deeper reach and drift laboured in favour of Severus, than Colonel of the footmen, as a man fitted for the obtaining thereof: who albeit he was rigorous and dread, yet more tolerable, and every way to be preferred above Rusticus aforesaid. But whiles these matters are thought upon to no effect, the Emperor somewhat refreshed and recovered by the means of many remedies, and perceiving that himself was scarce yet delivered from danger of death, had a full purpose to adorn with the imperial ensigns his own son Gratian, a pretty young stripling, and well grown: and having provided all things in readiness accordingly, and wrought the soldiers to accept thereof in good gree and willingly, when Gratian was come he went forth into the field, and ascended up to the Tribunal: where being environed with a gallant company of noble persons and Officers of State, he took the youth by the right hand, brought him forth before them, and with a solemn public oration recommended him (as ordained Emperor) to the army, in this wise: In this habit of princely place and dignity which I carry about with me as an ample sign of your favour enlarged toward me, by which I am deemed a more worthy parsonage than many others, and those right honourable, I will before you my associates in counsels, and foremen in desires and wishes, in due office of piety and kindness, set in hand with a matter, God saying Amen, and promising good success, by whose eternal aid and help the Roman State shall stand firm and invincible. Understand therefore, I beseech you, with peaceable minds, ye right valiant Knights, what our desire is, considering thus much withal, that these things which the laws of love and natural affection ordain to be done, we have been desirous not only to pass with your knowledge and privity, but also to have approved and ratified, as meet and expedient for us, by your authority. This my young son Gratian (whom for that he hath been a long time conversant among your children, ye love as a dear pledge common to me and you) I am about, for the better assurance on all sides of public peace and tranquility, to take into the fellowship of imperial service and warfare, in case the propitious favour of the heavenly power above, and your majesty, shall second and assist the love of his father: one not brought up from his cradle hardly as ourselves, nor enured to the enduring of the hard world, nor capable as yet of martial toil, as ye see: but answerably according with the praiseworthy virtues of his family, and the noble deeds of his ancestors, like shortly to come behind very few of them, for fear, as they say, of any envy. For, as I am wont to think and conceit of him, weighing many times, as I do, his manners and motions (though the same are not yet come to maturity in these tender and youthful years of his) for as much as being polished with humanity, and the studies of witty sciences, he shall poise and examine by uncorrupt judgement the deserts for well and evil doing, he will so order the matter, that good men shall understand there is knowledge taken and regard had of them: He will advance and put himself forward to perform brave exploits, ready to stick close unto the military ensigns and Aegle: he will endure the hot parching Sun, the cold frost and snow, long thirst and watching: he will otherwhiles, if need so require, make good and defend the camp: he will venture and expose his own life for his partners in perils; and, that which is the chief and principal point of piety, he willbe able to love the Commonwealth, as the very house of his father and ancestors. These words, before he had made an end of his speech, being heard with joyful assent, every soldier according to his place hastening and striving a vie, with glad heart one to outgo another, as if they had been partakers of commodity and joy, declared Gratian Augustus, intermingling with a most loud sound of trumpets, the gentle noise and clattering of their armour. Which when Valentinian perceived, rejoicing now with greater confidence, after he had adorned his son with a crown, and the robes of highest estate, he kissed him: and thus all gorgeous and goodly to be seen, and giving attentive ear to that which he said, he spoke unto him in this manner: Behold (quoth he) my son Gratian, thou hast upon thee Imperial garments, as we all hoped for, conferred with lucky osses and acclamations by the judgement of myself and our fellow soldiers: Arm thyself therefore according to the importance of urgent affairs, as the Colleague of thy father and uncle both, and enure thy body without fear to go over with the whole regiments of footmen, the rivers Hister and Rhine, passable on foot with ice; to stand next unto the armed soldiers; to spendthy blood and life both considerately for them whom thou doestrule; yea and to think that no strange ground which reacheth to any side of the Roman Empire. Let it suffice for this present, to have given thus much in charge: for the rest, I shall not cease to admonish thee accordingly. Now, those of you beside, who are the chiefest maintainers of the State, I desire and earnestly beseech, That with grounded and firm affection ye preserve this hopeful Emperor in his rising and growth, committed as he is to your faithful protection. When these words were with all solemnity confirmed, Eupraxius Caesariensis, a Moor, * Magister Memoriae. Master of the Rolls at the same time, first of all cried out in these terms, The family and lineage of Gratian deserveth this honour: and presently being promoted to be Questor, he left behind him many examples of good loyalty and trust, swerving no way aside from the state of a fearless nature, but constant always, and like unto the laws which we observe to speak with one and the same voice in many and sundry causes: who also persisted then more steadfastly in any part of justice undertaken, when the Emperor in threatening and violent manner shook him up, as he advised him to any good ways. After this they fell all at once to resound the praises of the elder Emperor and the young Prince both, but especially of the youth himself, whom a lively, a quick lightsome eye, a most pleasant grace as well of countenance as the rest of the body, besides a singular towardness of wit and mind did commend: which had made an accomplished Emperor comparable with the best that ever were in ancient times, if the Destinies would have given leave, and his inward favourites besides, who with their lewd and wicked acts darkened his virtue, which as yet was well settled. Howbeit, in this affair, Valentinian transgressing the manner and custom taken up of old, nominated his brother and son in much kindness and affection, not Caesares, but Augusti. For there was not any man aforetime that assumed unto him a Colleague in equal power and authority, save only the Emperor * Aurelius Antoninus Philosophus. Marcus, who made his adopted brother * L. Aurelius Verus Commodus: ex julio Capitol. Verus (without any abridgement at all of imperial majesty) his fellow and companion. CHAP. VI Valentinian letting slack the reins of anger, cruelly fareth and rageth against many innocent persons, notwithstanding that Eupraxius and Florentius opposed themselves. THese matters thus ordered according to the mind and will of the Governors and soldiers both, scarce passed there some few days between, when Avitianus, sometime a deputy Perfect, accused, for robbing the treasure, Mamertinus, Perfect of the Pretorium, being returned from the city, whither he had gone before to redress some things that were amiss. Whereupon there succeeded after him Vulcatius Rufinus, a man accomplished every way, and canying before him, as it were, the reverend ornament of honourable old age, but one that under hope of being unseen, never ollersliptany fit occasions or opportunities to gain: Who being in high favour with the Prince, and having ready access unto him, procured thus much, That Orfitus, late Perfect of the city, should be delivered out of exile, and with the restoring of his livelode which he had lost, be sent home again. And albeit Valentinian, a man in the beginning of his reign openly known to be cruel, for to mitigate the opinion of rigour that went of him, endeavoured sometimes to hold in and master his fierce and cruel passions, yet this vice of his creeping close, and delayed for a pretty while, broke out more licentiously to the mischief of many, and the same increased by bitter and boiling anger. For, the learned wise men define ire to be an ulcer or sore of the mind, long lasting, and otherwhile perpetual and incurable, and the same springing usually from a soft nature and tender spirit, which they aver upon this probable argument for that sick persons be more tasty & angry than the sound, women than men, old folk than young, and those in misery more than they that are in prosperity. But among other executions done at that time upon meaner persons, the death of Diocles late * Or Receiver of the revenues and tributes th●●●. Treasurer for the Emperor in Illyricum, was notable, whom for certain small trespasses he commanded to be burnt: Likewise of Diodorus, who had been a Pursuivant or Intelligencer; and of three officers belonging to the deputy Perfect in Italy, for this cause put to cruel & dolorous torments, for that the said Treasurer complained unto him, that Diodorus for his part had after a civil manner craved the benefit of law & justice against him; and the officers or ministers abovesaid, durst at the judges commandement give him summons, as he was taking his journey, to answer according to the law: whose memorial the Christians at Milan solemnly keeping to this very day, call the place where they were buried, * as one would say. S. Innocents. Ad Innocentes. After this, when as in the matter and business of one Maxentius a Pannonian, upon an execution which lawfully by warrant from the judge was hastened, he had given commandment that the * or principal Eurgesses. Ordines, or Senators. States of three towns should be massacred, Eupraxius then Questor interrupted him, and said, O deal more favourably, most merciful Prince: for these whom thou commandest to be put to death as malefactors those of the Christian Religion honour as Martyrs, that is to say, men beloved and accepted of God. Whose boldness tending to do good, Florentius the Perfect following, when he heard how for a venial fault he in a fit of anger had commanded that out of the Senators degree in many cities there should three be executed: And what shall be done (quoth he) if some town of these have not so many such * or Senators. Curiales. Burgesses? And among the rest this also aught to be paused upon That if they have them, they should be slain. This like wise (an horrible thing to be said and done) aggravated his unmerciful rigour, namely, That if any man came unto him with this request, for the avoiding the judgement of some mighty enemy, to have another judge assigned him, he might not obtain this suit, but was referred over unto the same party whom he feared, notwithstanding he alleged many just and sufficient reasons. Likewise, there went speech abroad of another cruel and horrible part of his, to wit, That when any debtor was said to be in such poverty that he was not able to satisfy and make payment, he would pronounce sentence then, That he must die for it. Now, these and such like pranks play some Princes at their pleasure in the height of their pride, for that they deny their friend's liberty and means to reform any naughty designs or deeds of theirs, and with the greatness of their power they terrify their enemies for speaking. Neither is there any question or inquiry to be made of lewd acts and enormities among them, who think, whatsoever they will, to be the greatest virtues. CHAP. VII. The war in Britanny happily achieved by Theodosius a most valiant leader, after he had repressed the Picts, Saxons, and other enemies. BEing departed then from * ab Ambianis. Amboise, and making haste to * Treviros. Triers, he was strucken with heavy news, giving him to understand, That Britanny by a general conspiracy and banding of the barbarous nations was sore distressed and brought to extreme misery: also, that Nectaridius, ˡ Lieutenant or Admiral of the maritime tract, was slain, and Buchobaudes, L. Warden of the marches, by a train of the enemies forelayed and assailed on every side. Which when he understood, with great fear and horror he sent Severus, even then ᵐ Comes of the Domestici, if fortune would happily speed his hand, to redress whatsoever had happened amiss: but when he within a little while after was called back, jovinus being gone into the same parts, sent in great haste before unto * Proventusidem celeri gradu praemifit: I wot not well what to make of this: the text I suspect be faulty. Proventusides, to crave the aid of a puissantarmie. At the last, in regard of many and those fearful accidents which rumours continually reported as touching the same Island, there was elected & appointed thither to make speed Theodosius, a man most happily known and approved for his martial feats: and so with a select power of legions and * foot and horse. cohorts both, he marched forward, with brave boldness and resolution leading the way. And forasmuch as when in compiling the acts of Constans the Emperor, I declared and laid open to my power the motions of the Ocean both flowing & ebbing, as also the maritime tract & sea coast of Britanny, I have thought it superfluous to return unto those matters which have been once in order set down: like as Vlyxes in Homer, among ⁿ the Phęacians, is for the exceeding difficulty of a matter afraid to unfold it, and make a recital thereof. Yet thus much it shall suffice to deliver, That the Picts in those days, divided into two nations, to wit, * The Western Picts. Dicalidones and * the Fast Picts, both inhabiting Scotland. Guil. Camden. Vesturiones, the * Northern Britain's dwelling between the two frontier walls of Severus and Hadrian Buchanan. Attacots likewise a warlike kind of people, & the Scots ranging in divers parts, wasted and spoiled much. As for the tracts of Gaul, the Frankners and Saxons, their near confining neighbours then, wheresoever any of them could break forth and make roads by sea or land, made havoc therein, by raising cruel booties, firing towns and places, yea, and kill men & women, their captives. For the restraining of these outrages, if haply fortune might grant good success, this right puissant captain taking a voyage to the end of * For so was Brittany thought to lie. the world, when he was come to the coast of * Bologne. Bononia, which is severed from the land over against it by a narrow channel of the sea, that ebbeth and floweth interchangeably, and useth to rise and swell with terrible tides, and again to settle and lie even (without hurt of the sailors) in manner of plain champain fields; from thence having leisurely crossed over the said narrow sea, he arrived at * Rich borough, or Rochester, near Sandwich. Rutupiae, a quiet road and harbour opposite unto it. Whence also, when the ᵒ Batavi, Heruli, jovij and Victores, bold and hardy companies, who followed hard after, were arrived, he went forth, and marching toward * London. Lundonium, an ancient town, which the posterity afterwards named Augusta, having divided his power into sundry bands and regiments, he charged upon the forces of the enemies, as they were spoiling and wasting here and there, loaden also with much pillage and baggage: and having quickly discomfited and scattered those that drove afore them as well men and women bound, and also cattle, he stripped them of the booty which the poor and miserable tributaries had lost. And in the end, having made restitution of it all, save some small parcels distributed among the wearied soldiers, he entered with exceeding joy, in manner of a petty triumph, into the said * Civitatem: which he called before Oppedum. London. city, overwhelmed before time with many distresses and calamities, but now on a sudden refreshed so far forth, as it might hope for perfect safety. And here, upon this prosperous success encouraged to greater attempts, he abode doubtful of the future; and casting what course safely to take like to speed, as being informed as well by the confession of captives as the relation of fugitives, that these diffuse companies of sundry nations spread so far abroad, and raging so cruelly, could not possibly be vanquished but by privy sleights, secret ambushes, & sudden excursions: To conclude, after edicts published, & promise made by proclamation of impunity, he called unto their colours and service again such as had forsaken the field and were run to the enemy; as also many other, that having free passport and licence to go and return at their pleasure, were dispersed in sundry parts. At which warning given, when most of them were returned, being thoroughly kindled and set on with courage, yet kerbed with heavy and pensive cares, he required to have Civilis by name sent unto him, for to govern Britanny as deputy Praefect, a man of a very sharp wit and quick spirit, but withal a good justicer and observer of righteousness: likewise Dulcitius, a captain renowned for his skill in deeds of arms. And thus went the affairs in Britanny. CHAP. VIII. The most miserable state of Africa under Romanus the Lieutenant (without the knowledge of Valentinian) whose cowardice and cruelty Ammianus Marcellinus taxeth. The rovers and robbers out of Isauria are repressed. Praetextatus Prafect of Rome, a righteous and wiseman, is put down for the pattern of an excellent magistrate. But as for Africa, ever since the beginning of Valentinian his reign it was all in combustion through the outrage of barbarous enemies, wholly set upon slaughter and spoil, that they made by bold & adventurous outrodes: which thing was much increased through the idleness of the soldiers and the covetous desire to encroach & seize upon other men's goods, but especially of one named Romanus, * or Goveme●●. lieutenant there: who forecasting what would come, and his crafts-master in deriving all envy from himself unto others, in regard of his cruel demeanour was hated of many, for this cause especially, that relying himself upon the affinity he had with Remigius, than master of the offices, he strove to outgo the very enemies in wasting of the provinces: by the means of which Remigius, who stuck not to give wrong & false information, the prince, who took himself to be most wary and wise, was the longer ignorant of those losses which the men of Africa sustained. But the full and whole order of the proceedings in those countries, as also the death of Ruricius the Precedent, and of the ambassadors, with other lamentable accidents, I will more exactly deliver, when reason shall so require. And for that there is now offered free opportunity to utter what we think, let us plainly speak it out, to wit, that this Emperor was the first of all others that exalted military men to a great pitch of pride, even to the hindrance and damage of the weal public, whiles he raised on high their dignities and wealth: and that which was a thing both in public and private to be lamented, punished the errors and delinquencies of common soldiers with inflexible rigour, and spared the great ones: who, as if they had gotten a dispensation and indulgence for all faults, grew to stain themselves with horrible sins: who hereupon puffing and taking on, suppose the estates of all men to depend upon their will and pleasure; whose proud blasts and heavy hands the first devisers of ancient laws seeking to restrain, have passed their doom, for the putting to death otherwhiles even of some innocent persons. Which oftentimes happeneth, when for the crimes of a multitude, some harmless folk (such is their hard lot) are punished as culpable: For this hath reached sometimes to the cases of private persons. But in Isauria, the brigands passing by plumpes and companies along the towns adjoining and the plentiful villages, spoiling them at their pleasure, put Pamphylia & the Cilicians to great losses: whom, when Musonius, deputy Praefect then of Asia, who before time had been a professor of Rhetoric at * Satin. Athens in * For twelve cities there were of that name. Ortel. Attica, perceived to waste and consume all in bloody and cruel manner, when their state lay a bleeding in desperate plight, and the soldiers who should have helped, grown feeble with looseness and riot, he taking unto him some few half armed men, whom they term ᵖ Diocmitae, assayed to set upon one squadron of those robbers, if peradventure he could have found his advantage: but passing by a certain narrow winding lane with a steep descent, he fell into the inevitable danger of an ambushment, and there (together with those whom he led) was stabbed and hewed in pieces. These brigands exceeding proud and bold for this good success, and ranging more confidently sundry ways, the main army at length went forth, and after some few of them slain, forced them to the blind craggy mountains which they inhabit; where having neither liberty to rest, nor means to meet with victuals, beside a truce, they required to have peace granted unto them, and that through the motion and persuasion of the inhabitants of Germanicopolis, whose authority (like unto the vanguard in battle) hath always been among them of great force to sway the rest: and so after they had put in their pledges, as they were enjoined, they continued a long time quiet, and attempted no hostility at all. During these affairs, Praetextatus, who in stately port managing the Praefectureship of the city, by many deeds of integrity and honesty, whereby from his very youth he became famous, attained to that which seldom happeneth; namely, that albeit he was dread, yet lost he not the love of the citizens, which commonly is wont to be grounded upon threats, especially toward rulers and judges that be feared. By whose grave authority and just sentence going with the truth, when the tumult was appealed (which the debates and jars of the Christians had raised) and Vrsicinus put to the repulse and expelled, there grew together with a joint purpose of Roman citizens, and the honour of their noble governor, who ordered and disposed many profitable things, a most settled and uniform peace. For he took away all those juttying galleries of pleasure called q Meniana, which even by ancient laws also were forbidden to be built in Rome, and he caused a partition to be made between the walls of private men's houses and sacred temples, whereto before they unseemly joined: and he ordained certain weights throughout all the ʳ regions or wards of the city, when otherwise there could be no means found to meet with the greediness of many, that made false balances according to their pleasure. Moreover, in trying and deciding of controversies, thus much above all others he gained, which Tully reporteth in the commendation of Brutus, That doing nothing at all for love and favour, yet all things seemed lovely and acceptable that he did. CHAP. IX. The expedition of Valentinian and Gratian against the Alemans' in battle discomfited and put to flight with a great overthrow. ABout the same time well near, whiles Valentinian was gone forth warily, as he thought, to an expedition, an Aleman * Regalu. Prince, named Rando, making preparation long before for that which he designed, entered by stealth with a crew of soldiers lightly appointed to kill and rob, into * Moguntia, Majence, or Mentz. Magontiacum, when it was without a garrison. And for that he found there by chance a solemnity holden of the Christians, he led away without any let and impeachment a sort of both sex's undefended, it skilled not of what estate they were of, together with no small store of household goods. Within a little while after there shone upon the Roman Empire an unexpected hope of better days. For when king Vithicabius, the son of Vadomarius, in show an effeminate and diseased prince, but of courage bold and valiant, kindled oftentimes hot wars against us, great care and diligence was employed, that he might be made away and murdered, it mattered not how: and for that being assailed sundry times, he could not either be openly vanquished, or privily betrayed, at the earnest solicitation of our men murdered he was by the deceitful hand of one of his own ministers, belonging to the privy chamber. After whose death, the enemies in some sort gave over their hostile roads and incursions: howbeit, the murderer, for dread of punishment which he feared, in case the business had been discovered, got himself over as fast as he could into Roman ground. After this, preparation was made with good pause and deliberation, as also by sundry kinds of forces, of an expedition against the almains, and the same of greater puissance than usually had been, considering that the defence of the State required no less; because the faithless stirs of a nation, whose forces might soon be renewed, were feared: and our soldiers nevertheless were enkindled against them, for their suspected conditions; who feeble now and suppliants, yet shortly after threatening deadly and mortal hostility, gave them no rest at all, nor cessation of arms. Valentinian therefore, together with Gratian, having assembled an huge host, well furnished as well with arms as victuals, and sent for Sebastian the lieutenant, together with the bands of Illyricum and Italy, whereof he had the regiment to join with them, in the very fresh prime of the year set forward, marching in four square battalions close together and undivided; himself in the midst having jovinus and Severus, ˢ expert and approved warriors, flanking the sides of the ranks on both hands, for fear they might be suddenly assailed. And so from thence, by the guidance of those that were perfect in the ways, having discovered beforehand the avenues through the plain countries, lying out a great length, the soldiers advancing softly forward, yet very eager of fight, as if they had found the enemies already, in threatening manner gnashed their teeth for anger. And for that during certain days journey they could meet with none that made resistance, there was put forth a regiment of certain cohorts, who with the devouring flame of fire consumed the standing corn and houses that they could set eye upon, all save only such food, as their doubtful state wherein they stood forced them to gather and keep. This done, the prince going further forward with a milder pace, when he was come near to a place named * Solms. Heroldo. Bretta. Lazio. Solicinium, stood still, as if a bar had been set in his way, informed by a most true relation of his outriders, that the barbarous enemies were discovered afar off; who seeing no way or means left to save their lives, unless by a speedy encounter they defended themselves, presuming boldly upon their skilfulness in the ways, with one mind and accord gained a very high mountain, by the means of rough and craggy hills, steep and unaccessable on every side, save only the North, whence it hath an easy and gentle fall or descent. Where having out of hand pitched down their standards, as their manner is, and cried the alarm on all hands, our soldiers easy to be directed at the commandment of the Prince and leaders, stood their ground, waiting until the banner were set up aloft, which was the signal to begin battle in convenient time. Now, for as much as there was little or no time allowed to take any deliberation, whiles the impatient Roman soldiers terribly took on and fumed on the one side, and the Alemans' made horrible noises on the other, this course only the shortness of time and quick dispatch admitted, namely, That Sebastian with his companies should possess himself of that North part of the hills, which I said had an easy descent, there with little ado, if good luck were, to have the kill of the Germans as they should fly. Which was not thought good to be put in practice in haste. And while Gratian was detained back about the Corpse de guard, and ensigns of the joviani, as who for his tender years could not yet endure the toilsome perils of battles, Valentinian as a captain that liked well to hold off, and work safely, veiling bonnet, and saluting the centuries and maniples (without making any of the great commanders privy to his secret designment, and having none of his guard about his person) road out with some few in his company, whose industry and fidelity he had good proof of, to view and discover the bottoms of the hills; giving it out (as he was an arrogant prizer and praiser of himself) That there might be some other way found out, leading up to those high and difficult cliffs, beside that which the fore-riders had discovered. As he went therefore out of the way, through unknown and moist marshes, he had surely lost his life by a sudden road of the enemy, bestowed in ambush among the craggy and broken cliffs, but that he took himself to the last help in time of necessity, and setting spurs to his horse, galloped through the slippery mire, got away, and shrouded himself within the bosom of the legions, and so escaped a sudden and unlooked for danger, whereto he was so near, that a gentleman of his chamber who carried his helmet richly set with gold and precious stones together with the very case perished quite, and could never after be found alive or dead. After rest therefore granted for the refreshing of their bodies, and the banner erected, which is wont to give signal and warning to battle, at the menacing sound of the trumpets kindling their courage, Salvius and Lupicinus, two valiant young Knights, chosen of purpose to give the onset in dangerous service; the ᵗ one a * or one of the guard. Targuetier, the other of the Gentiles band before all others readily stepped forth and led the way with a most bold resolution, toward the battalions as they began to advance, with a terrible noise stirring and enticing them forward: and thus brandishing their spears, when they were come to the foresaid cliffs that stood against them, and endeavoured maugre the Alemans' (who shoved and thrust sore upon them) to gain the higher ground, thither came all the main force of the army: and in the end, following hard after these ringleaders through the thickets of bushes, and rough brambles and briars, with much straining of their strength got up to the high tops of the mountain. With a great stomach therefore of both parts the conflict began by the deadly dint & point of the sword to be tried: and of the one side the Romans more skilful soldiers, and on the other the barbarous enemies, though fierce, yet unwary and inconsiderate, coped and joined hand to hand. And verily our army displayed very large, and spreading forth the wings to enclose the enemies on both sides, assailed them sore, terrified as they were with hideous outcries, neighing of horses, and sounding of trumpets: yet nevertheless took they heart again and boldly resisted. And thus for a while the hosts in equal balance of fortune maintained fight with no small ado and endeavour, whiles the conflict continued with mutual kill and slaying on either side. At length such was the valiant courage of the Romans, that the enemy's ranks were broken, and for fear so shuffled together, that the foremost were mingled with the hindmost: and whiles they seek to get away by good footmanship, pierced through they were with casting darts and javelins that the enemies lanced at them. And in the end, whiles they run fetching their wind short and all weary, they laid open to them that followed their hams, the calves of their legs, and their backs. In conclusion, after many of them were beaten down, Sebastian placed with a fresh company for supply at the back of the mountains, slew part of them that had slipped and escaped away, by reason they were hemmed in on that side that they took no heed of: the rest dispersed, betook themselves to the lurking corners of the woods. In this conflict there died of our part also, men of no small account, among whom was Valerianus, the principal of all the * Domestici. guard in ordinary, and a certain esquire or targuetier, borne a very evirate Eunuch, but such an expert and approved warrior, that he might be compared either with old Sicinius or Sergius. These exploits thus performed with such variety of accidents, the soldiers returned unto their Winter harbours, and the Emperors to Triers. CHAP. X. Probus, Pretorio Prefectus, or L. chief justice, a most cunning and experienced Courtier, is here lively depainted. IN these days when Vulcatius Ruffinus was departed this life even in the time of his * For he was Perfect of the Pretorium. government, Probus was sent for from the * of Rome. city, to rule as Prefectus Pretorio, a man for noble parentage, power, and wealth, known all over the Roman world, in which throughout, almost from the one end to the other he held possessions and livelodes dispersed here and there, whether by right or wrong it lieth not in my simple judgement to set down. This man, a certain twofold ᵘ fortune (as the Poets feign) carrying with her flight-wings, showed unto the world one while a bountiful benefactor and advauncer of his friends to great fortunes, otherwhiles again a vengible wayt-layer, and by bloody grudges and displeasures doing much mischief. And albeit he could do much all his life time, by giving great largesses, & suing continually unto those that were in high authority, yet was he now and then timorous in any opposition with those that were bold, but bearing himself big over such as were fearful: so that he seemed when he presumed of himself, to creak and vaunt in a lofty tragical note, and whensoever he feared, to debase himself lower than a comical actor. And, as all the kind of fishes and swimming creatures driven out of their own element, live not long upon dry land: even so drouped he, and could not hold up his head without Prefectures, which he was forced to take upon him for the troubles and law-suites of great families, which by reason of their infinite desires are never innocent; and to the end they may be able to effect many designs without punishment, use to engage their Lord deeply in the affairs of State and government. For, confessed this must be, that being bred up in that magnanimity as he was, he never commanded either * appendent. Client or servant of his, to do any unlawful action. But if he found that one of them had committed any crime or heinous offence, although even justice herself said nay, without due enquiry made into the matter, without respect of goodness or honesty, he would patronise it: a fault, that Cicero by way of reprehension noteth in these words: For, What difference is there (quoth he) between the counsellor to a fact, and the defender of a fact? Or what mattereth it whether I would have a thing done, or rejoice that it is done? Howbeit of his own nature suspicious he was, and of a base and faint heart; and smiling also after a bitter sort; yea and glavering otherwhiles upon a man to do him harm (and that is a notorious and evident bad property in such conditions, and then especially, when it is thought it may be concealed;) so implacable and hard hearted, that if he purposed once to do a man a shrewd turn, he could not possibly be entreated nor inclined to forgive so much as light errors and delinquencies: and therefore his ears seemed to many men (though they were not indeed) close stopped up. In the highest pitch of dignities and riches, full of care, and taking thought, and in that regard troubled always with light diseases. In this order passed the affairs in the West parts. CHAP. XI. Sapor King of the Persians invadeth Armenia. King Arsaces he taketh prisoner, and after dolorous torments killeth him: And whiles he goeth about to murder and make away his wife and son, there fall out some accidents, which were the seeds of a new war between Romans and Persians. But Sapor thus long living king of the Persians, and a prince from the very beginning of his reign much given and addicted to the sweetness of pillage and robberies, after the decease of the Emperor julian, and the covenants of so dishonourable a peace concluded, seeming together with his people for a while to friend us, broke the faithful bond of the articles of agreement made under jovianus, and reached at Armenia: that, as if the strength of the said capitulations had been reversed and canceled, he might lay the same unto his own dominion. And first of all, by divers false and deceitful flights, he put the whole nation that withstood his intent, to some small and light damages, soliciting certain of the chief rulers and great lords of the country, and surprising other by sudden roads and invasions. After this, when he had caught the king himself, Arsaces, by the means of fine allurements, and those interlaced with perjuties, he invited him to a feast, and then commanded him to be drawn away to a secret back door: and when he had caused his eyes to be plucked out of his head, bound him with chains of silver, which among them is reputed some solace and easement yet (vain though it be) for punishment inflicted upon honourable persons, and so sent him away to a castle named Agabana, where after much torture the executioners sword bereft him of his head. This done, because his perfidious treachery might overpass nothing unpolluted and profaned, after he had deposed and driven out Souromaces, who by the Roman authority was ruler of Hiberia, he conferred the said * Potestat●m huiusmodi, for candem. place of government upon one Aspacures, and gave unto him beside, the royal diadem of that nation, thereby to show, that he contemned and trodden under foot the judgement and election of our State. Which after he had effected with a most wicked and ungodly mind, he committed the regiment of Armenia unto Cylaces an Eunuch, and to Artabanes, whom he had in times past entertained as traitorous fugitives from their Prince: (now one of these, before time a captain or Perfect of that nation, was said to have been General of the forces) and them he gave in charge, with special care to raze Artogerassa, a town strongly walled, and stoutly manned, which had the keeping of Arsaces' his treasure, with his wife and son. These chieftains therefore as it was appointed, began the siege; and for that the said fortified place scituat upon a rough and stony mountain, by reason also it was extreme cold weather, and nothing but frost and snow, was inaccessible, Cylaces being an Eunuch, and a meet fellow to deceive a poor woman, taking to him Artabanes, approached quickly near unto the very walls, upon assurance given and taken of safe return: who being with his companion received, as his request was, into the town, persuaded the * defens●●●bus. defendants & the Queen, by a speedy surrender to appease the menacing mood of Sapor, the most unmerciful man in the world. After this, when many words had passed to & fro, and the woman pitifully bewailing the horrible hard fortune of her husband, these motioners, as hot as they were for the betraying and yielding up of the town, inclined to mercy, and changed their minds: and upon hope also of better gain and preferment, by secret conference plotted and ordered the matter so, that in the night season at a certain appointed hour, the gates at once being set open, a strong company should sally forth, and suddenly with bloody sword assail their enemy's camp, promising that themselves would betray them into their hands, so that the attempters of this explo it would keep their own counsel. Which when they had with a religious oath confirmed, they went forth accordingly, & constantly avouching, that the besieged had craved two days to be granted unto them, wherein they might deliberate what course to take, brought the besiegers to this pass, that they sat still and did nothing: So, whiles the sentinels by reason of security were sound asleep that they sonored again, the city gate was set open, and out of it there issued a nimble crew of lusty young gallants: who treading softly for making noise, and creeping close with their swords ready drawn, entered into their camp that feared no such matter, and whiles no man made resistance, slew a number of them as they lay. This unlookedfor revolt, and unexpected slaughter of the Persians, raised mighty quarrels and causes of discord between us and Sapor: and this also aggravated the matter, for that the Emperor Valens had entertained Para the son of Arsaces, who by the persuasion of his mother was departed with some few other out of the said fortified town, and commanded him to abide in * Thocato, Barbaris. Nisan, Bellan. Neocaesarea, a city of great name in Pontus ˣ Polemoniacus, there to be kept with liberal diet and in apparel meet for his person. With which courteous usage Cylaces and Artabane● alured, sent their orators, and craved of Valens aid, yea and required to have the said Para to be their king. But aid for the present being denied, Para was by Terentius captain conducted back into Armenia, to reign for a time over the nation, without any regal ensigns: a thing upon good reason and consideration observed, lest we might be taxed for the breach of covenant and peace. CHAP. XII. After that the widow of Arsaces was taken prisoner, and her son by cursed devices reconciled unto Sapor, the Romans help the Armenians: whereupon the king of the Persians addresseth himself to war upon the Romans. WHen Sapor understood how these proceedings framed, he took on and raged beyond all measure; and so rising in arms with greater preparation, by way of open reises and raising of booties wasted all Armenia. At whose coming Para being affrighted, as also Cylaces and Artabanes, looking about them for no aidforces, withdrew themselves into the noukes under those high mountains, which confine between our limits and Lazica: where lying close for five months together, among the secret woods and winding woulds, they deluded the manifold attempts of the king. Who perceiving all his labour was lost, considering the pinching season of mid Winter, after he had burnt all trees bearing apples and such fruit, fortified also those piles and forts which he had gotten either by force, or treason, with the whole puissance of his army he beleaguered Artogerassa: and after many skirmishes and assaults with variable event, when the defendants were toiled out, and the town laid open, he burned it: out of which he fetched forth the wife of Arsaces, with the treasure aforesaid, and led her away: For which causes, Arintheus a lieutenant was sent with an army to succour and help the Armenians, in case the Persians should attempt to assail them again with fresh war. Mean while Sapor, wondrous wily and crafty, as who could carry himself lowly or aloft for his better advantage, pretending a show of some future alliance and society, by secret messengers rebuked Para as negligent and forgetful of his own estate, thus under a colour and pretence of royal majesty to be a slave unto Cylaces and Artabanes: whom he (too too forward in trusting these trains of flattering and fair enticements) made no more ado but slew, and sent their heads, when they were slain, unto Sapor, whose devoted vassal he was now become. Upon this loss and misfortune, spread far abroad, all Armenia had been quite lost, but that the Persians as the coming of Arintheus terrified, made stay ere they invaded it the second time; contenting themselves with this only, that they sent ambassadors unto the Emperor, craving, That (according as it was agreed between them and jovianus) the said nation might not be protected. But they were rejected, and Sauromaces, who (as I said before) had been displaced and expelled out of the kingdom of Hiberia, was sent back again with twelve legions under the conduct of Terentius: and when he was now very near unto the river Cyrus, Aspacuras requested at his hands, That since they were cousin germans and sisters sons, they might reign jointly together; alleging this for himself, That he could neither surrender nor turn unto the Roman side, because his son Vltus was kept still among the Persians as an hostage. Whereof the Emperor being informed, to the end he might by policy and wisdom appease the troubles which were like to rise from this affair also, condescended to a division of Hiberia, namely, that Cyrus the river, which ran through the midst thereof, might device it: so that Sauromaces should hold for his part that side which bordered upon the Armenians and the Lazi, and Aspacuras the other, which bounded upon * Chipiche. Castal. Zuttia. Ruscello Zitracha, Incolic. Albania and the Persians. Sapor sore aggrieved hereat, and crying out, That indignity was offered unto the articles of agreement, in that, contrary to the tenor of the said covenant, Armenia was succoured, that the embassage which he had sent, about the redress of this enormity, came to nothing, and that without his assent and privity concluded it was, that the kingdom of Hiberia should be divided (as if now the doors had been fast locked against all friendship) laid for the aid of the neighbour nations about him, and put his army in readiness, to the end that when the fair season of the year came about, he might overthrow all that fabric which the Romans had framed for their own behoof. THE XXVIII. BOOK. CHAP. I. The most miserable state of Rome city under Maximinus the Praefect, whose parentage and rising is described. WHiles this perfidious and disloyal dealing causeth in Persia (as I have beforesaid) unexpected troubles on the king's behalf, and wars revived in the East parts begin again, sixteen years and upward after the death of Nepotianus, Bellona provoked upon very small occasions to the working of woeful calamities, raged throughout Rome, and set all in combustion: which I would to God had been for ever buried in silence, least happily there be attempted sometime the semblable, like to do more harm by general examples and precedents, than by delinquencies. And albeit from the exquisite narration of this bloody history, fear might justly pull me back (many and sundry causes duly considered) yet presuming confidently upon the modesty of this present age, I will summarily lay open every particular that is memorable. Neither will I be loath and think much briefly to show, which of those accidents that have befallen unto ancient writers it is, that I might fear. In the first war of the Medes, when the Persians had spoiled Asia, besetting the cities herein with huge and puissant forces, yea, and threatening the defendants thereof with terrible torments and dolorous death, they brought the people, thus shut up and besieged, to this extremity, that they all, sore afflicted with great and grievous calamities, after they had killed their own dear wives and children, and thrown their mooveable goods into the fire, cast themselves also by heaps after them, striving a vie who might be for most in that common flame, that consumed them and their country together. This argument soon after, Phrynicus digested and penned in a swelling tragical style, and brought it upon the Stage in the Theatre of Athens: and having for a while good audience with contentment, when his high and lofty Tragedy went on still, and wrung forth many a tear, the people supposing that he had insolently inserted these grievous afflictions also of theirs among stage-plays, not by way of consolation, but in reproachful manner, to put them in mind of the miseries that their lovely city and country (supported with no helps of protectors and defenders) had sustained, in heat of indignation condemned and confined him to Miletus. For Miletus was a colony of the Athenians, transported and planted among other jonians by Nileus the son of that Codrus, who (by report) in the Dorique war devoted himself to death for his country. But let us come to our purposed history. Maximinus, governor of Rome in times passed in place of vice-Praefect, was very obscurely borne at * Zeeblack. Simler. Soppan. Lazio. Sopianae, a town of * Styria. Lazio, a part of Pannonia. Valeria, and his father of no better calling than a clerk, belonging to the Precedents office, descended from the race of the Carpi, whom Diocletian removed from out of their ancient habitations, and brought over into Pannonia. This Maximinus after he had bestowed some mean study in the liberal Sciences, and become a disnoble advocate and defender of causes, when he had also governed * Corsica at this day. Corsica and * Sardegna. Sardinia likewise, ruled * Tuscan. Thuscia. From whence being advanced to the office and charge of Rome-cities ᵃ purveyor for corn and victuals, by reason that his successor stayed long in his journey, kept in his hands still the rule of that province also. And at the first he demeaned himself very circumspectly and wisely in three respects: first, for that the words were fresh and rife in his ears spoken by his father (who was passing skilful in that which the flight of augural fowls or the singing of birds foresignified) implying thus much, That he should mount to high regiments, but die in the end by the executioners hands. Secondly, because having gotten a man of Sardinia, whom himself afterwards by deceitful treachery and crafty guile murdered (as commonly the rumour ran) one who was very cunning in raising hurtful spirits, and soliciting the presages of such ghosts and spectres, fearing least so long as he remained alive, he should be detected, he was more gentle and tractable. Lastly, because creeping as he did a long time below, like a serpent lying under the ground, he could not as yet raise any great matters of bloody and capital consequence. CHAP. II. The beginning of Maximinus his cruelty. His Patron, and his complices. Without any words of vulgar persons, mention is made of the punishments inflicted upon Marinus, Cethegus, and Alypius. NOw the very beginning, from whence he displayed and spread himself abroad, arose upon such an occasion as this: Chilo late a deputy Praefect, and his wife named Maxima, having complained unto Olybrius, Praefect of the city for that time being, and avouching that their lives were assailed and endangered by * Witchcraft and Sercerie. Venenis. poisons, obtained at his hands a commission, That the parties whom they suspected should forthwith be apprehended and clapped up fast in prison, to wit, Sericus an * Organarius. Organist, or maker of instruments, Asbolius a professor of wrestling, and Campensis a ᵇ Soothsayer. But whiles this business waxed cool, by reason that Olybrius was visited with long and grievous sickness, those aforesaid, who had given information of these things, being impatient of delays, preferred a petition, and craved, That the matter in controversy might be made over unto the * Maximinus. Praefect of the victuals aforesaid, for to be examined accordingly. Which for expedition sake was soon granted. Maximinus therefore having received matter to work mischief upon, discharged and uttered his inbred rigour, that stuck close unto his cruel heart: as oftentimes do these savage beasts, exhibited in the Amphitheatres or Shew-places, when by breaking their back grates and doors in pieces, they get at length to be at liberty. And when this matter was many times handled and discussed, in flourishes (as it were) and shows, so that some having their sides gashed and torn, nominated certain noble persons, as if they had used workers of mischief by the means of their dependents, and other base fellows, this devilish Inquisitor noting as well the parties accused as the informers, and tracing them (as they say) by the foot, roved further, and in a malicious relation advertised the prince, That the wleked and lewd acts which many committed in Rome, could not possibly be either searched out or punished, but by more sharp and quick justice. Who upon the knowledge hereof being enraged (as he was an enemy to vices, rather rigorous than severe) by virtue of one precept or warrant directed for such causes, which he mingled with an arrogant intention of treason, decreed, That all those, whom the justice of ancient laws, and the judgement of sacred princes had exempted from bloody inquisitions, should, if the case so required, be put to cruel examinations by torture. And to the end that a duple authority, and the same strained to the height, might patch matters together, to the utter undoing of persons in higher place, unto this Maximinus (appointed to rule at Rome as deputy Pręfect) he joined in commission for the knowing and determining of these things (which were a framing to the danger of many) Leo, a Notary afterwards, master of the Offices, a very swashbuckler at every funeral, a known robber, and a Pannonian; one who breathed forth of his savage mouth cruelty, and yet was nevertheless greedy still of man's blood. Now the natural disposition of Maximinus bend to do mischief, was much augmented by the coming to him of a like companion, as also by sweet letters [from the Emperor] together with an honourable dignity. And therefore flinging out his feet to and fro for joy as he went, he seemed to leap and dance rather than to go, whiles he affected to imitate the Bracmans, who (as some report) keep a sta●king and stately jetting among the altars. And now by this time, when the trumpets of domestical miseries sounded, and all men were amazed to see the horrible state of the world how it went, beside many cruel and unmerciful examples (the variety and number whereof is incomprehensible) most notable was the death of Marinus an advocate, whom upon a slight and cursarie weighing of proofs and presumptions, he condemned to death, for daring by * Magic, Sorcery, and Enchantments indirect and wicked acts to seek the marriage of one Hispanilla. And because I suppose that some men who haply shall read these reports, will be ready to search exquisitely into particulars, and reprove me, keeping a stir and saying, This was done first, and not that; or such things are overslipped which themselves see: thus far forth we are to give satisfaction unto them, namely, That all things are not worthy to be put down in writing, which passed among mean and base persons: neither, if that should have been needful, had we sufficient instruction from the very records, considering how many public miseries and misfortunes were so rife and hot, and that this new fury uncurbed and unrestrained, made a general pother and confusion, whiles it was evidently known, there was not (a thing much feared) any lawful proceeding to judgement, but a cessation of all law and justice. Then it was, that Cethegus a Senator, accused for committing adultery, had his head chopped off; and Alypius a noble young gentleman, for a small error was sent away and confined; yea and other mean persons were executed and died a public death: in whose calamities every man seeing, as it were, the image of his own peril, dreamt of nothing but tormentors, chains, bonds, and lodging in baleful darkness. CHAP. III. The narration of Hymetius his case. The cruelty of Maximinus repressed for a time, is more hotly enkindled against Lollianus, Clarita, Flaviana, Pafius, Cornelius, Sericus, Asbolius, Campensis, and Aginatius. AT the same time was the business also in hand of Hymetius, a man of excellent towardness and expectation: the order whereof we know was carried in this wise. When he governed Africa as Proconsul, he allowed corn unto the Carthaginians (much distressed now for want of food) out of the garners appointed for the people and State of Rome: and within a while after when the earth had yielded plentiful store of grain, he made full restitution thereof without any delay. But for as much as when he sold unto them that wanted, ten modij after the rate of one ᶜ solidus, and himself had bought thirty at the same price, the whole gain and advantage accrueing thereby, he sent into the Prince's Treasury. And therefore Valentinian supposing that by such return of buying and selling there had been sent less than there ought to have been, fined him with loss of a good part of his substance. And to make his misery the more, there fell out this occurrent also at the same time, no less pernicious to him than the other. Amantius, a famous Soothsayer above the rest in those days, being by secret information discovered and made known, that for the performance and complement of some small matters, he was sent for by the same Hymetius to sacrifice, and hereupon judicially convented, albeit he stood stooping in manner double under the rack, stiffly and constantly denied the same: Who whiles he still made denial, in certain private and secret papers produced from his house, there was found a * or Note. Memorandum written with Hymetius his own hand, requesting him out of his art and learning, by the rites and ceremonies of some solemn sacrifices, to pray unto the divine power of the Emperor, and to procure the favour of his sacred Majesty toward him: in the utmost part of which writing there was read a certain invective against the said Emperor, as being a covetous and cruel Prince. Valentinian advertised hereof, by relation of some informers, who made construction of all things that were done in the worst sense, commanded there should be inquisition made into this business in most rigorous manner. And for that Frontinus a practiser with Amantius abovesaid, was charged to have been * Consutarius, a partner or Counsellor. the minister of that form of prayer which was made, when he had been well tewed with rods, and compelled to confess, he was banished into Britain: but Amantius condemned afterwards for capital matters suffered death. After these affairs in this order passed, Hymetius being brought to the town * Ottegoli. O criculum, to have his cause heard, by Ampelius Perfect of the city, and Maximinus vice Perfect, and like (as it seemed) presently to be put away, when he had liberty granted to speak, took the better course, and appealed for succour to the Emperor, and so protected under the safeguard of his name, was kept in ward safe. And the Prince's pleasure being asked, What should be done with him? he committed the managing of this cause unto the Senat. Who finding by the equal balance of justice how the case stood, and thereupon confining him to Boae, a place in Dalmatia, could hardly endure the emperors wrath, who chafed mightily when he understood, that a man destined (as himself intended) to death, had his punishment by a milder sentence. For these and many such like examples, the dangers seen in a few, men begun to fear would light upon them. And least, if so many enormities being winked at, and creeping on still by little and little, there might grow whole heaps of miseries, by virtue of a decree passed by the * the Senators. Nobility, ambassadors were dispatched unto the Emperor, by name Pretextatus who had been Perfect of the city, Venustus sometime deputie-Prefect, and Minervius late a Consular Governor of a Province, with this supplication, That there should not be inflicted punishment more grievous than the offences required; and that no Senator (after an unexampled and unlawful manner) might be exposed unto tortures. Who being admitted into the Consistory, when they made report of these particulars aforesaid; as Valentinian denied that ever he ordained such a course, and cried out, that he was traduced and sustained abuse, Eupraxius the Questor in modest terms reproved him for it. By whose liberty of speech, that cruel proceeding thus begun, which exceeded all precedents of rigour, was reform. About this time Lollianus a young gentleman, in the very prime of his youth, the son of Lampadius, who had been Perfect, being by Maximinus, who looked narrowly into his cause, convicted to have copied forth a book of * as magic, witch. craft, charms etc. devilish arts (when by reason of young years his head was not well stayed) and upon the point to be sent into exile (as it was feared) at the motion and instigation of his father appealed to the Emperor. And being commanded to be led from thence unto his * or Court, Comitatum. Counsel, which was (as they say) out of the smoke in the flame, was delivered over to Phalangius the governor of the province * Audaluzia. Baetica, and lost his life by the hangman's hand. Over and besides these, Taratius Bassus, afterwards Perfect of the city, and his brother Camenius, likewise one Marcianus and Eusaphius, all * Clarissimi. noble persons, and of Senator's degree, were brought into question, and had their trial: for that as privy all to one and the same practice of sorcery, they were named to favour and make much of Auchenius the * Who peradventure could skill of Sorcery, etc. Chariotier: but for that the evidences and proofs were as then but doubtful, they went away quit, by the means and help of Victorinus (as the running rumour went) who was a most inward friend to Maximinus. Neither escaped women free, but had their part also no less in the like calamities. For, even of this very sex were many of high birth put to death, as guilty of the foul crimes either of adultery or whoredom: among whom Claritas and Flaviana were of greatest name; of which the * altera, to wit, Flaviana. one being led to execution, they stripped so near out of all her apparel wherewith she was clad, that she was not permitted to keep about her, so much as would suffice to cover her secret parts: And therefore the executioner convicted to have committed a most lewd and shameful fact, was burnt quick. Moreover Pafius and Cornelius Senators both, convinced to have polluted themselves with the damnable sleights of poisoning and sorcery, were by the definitive sentence of the same Maximinus put to death. In like sort also the ᵈ Procurator of the Mint lost his life. For, * an Organ-maker or Organist. Sericus and * a professed wrestler. Asbolius afore named, because in exhorting them to appeach and name in any place whom they thought good, he promised faithfully with an oath, That he would command none of them to be punished either by fire or sword, he caused to be killed with the mighty pelts of ᵉ plumbets: And after this he awarded Campensis the Soothsayer to the flaming fire, for that in his affair he was not tied to any such oath. And now convenient it is, as I suppose, to declare the cause that drove headlong upon his own death and destruction Aginatius, a man of noble ancestors descended, according as it hath been constantly reported: For, as touching this matter, there be no evident records extant. Maximinus, whiles he was yet Perfect of the corn and victuals, puffing and brawling still in a proud spirit of his own, and having gotten no mean instigations and encouragement of boldness, proceeded so far as to the contempt of Probus, in the rank of right honourable persons the greatest of all other, and, by virtue of the Prefecture of the Pretorium, a governor of provinces. Which, Aginatius taking to be a mighty indignity, & setting it also to his heart, that in examining of causes Olybrius had preferred Maximinus before him, considering himself had been deputie-Prefect of Rome, secretly in familiar talk showed unto Probus, That the vain man spurning as he did against persons of high desert might be overthrown and brought to confusion, if he thought so good. These letters, as some affirmed, Probus sent (making no body privy thereto but the bearer) unto Maximinus as standing in great fear of him, grown now more cunning and expert in doing mischief, and besides in grace and reputation with the Emperor. Which when he had read, the man fell into such a heat of rage, that from thenceforth he bent all his engines, and leveled his bolts at Aginatius, like to some serpent wounded and squized by a known person. Beside this, there was another greater cause of practising the overthrow of Aginatius, the which brought him to utter destruction. For he accused Victorinus, now dead, That whiles he lived he had sold the friendship of Maximinus, and gained by his proceedings: by whose last will and testament himself had received no small legacies. And in like malapert sauciness he threatened his wife Anepsia, to go to law and by litigious suits to molest her: Who fearing these troubles, to the end she might be protected also by the aid of Maximinus, feigned and devised, That her husband in his will which he lately made, left unto him a legacy of three thousand pound weight in silver: Who burning in excessive desire and covetousness (for he was not without this vice also) claimed the one moiety of the inheritance. But not resting contented herewith, as being but a small portion, and nothing sufficient, he devised another feat, which, as he thought, was both honest and safe: and because he would not forego his hold of so good means offered unto him to gain a wealthy patrimony, he sued to have the daughter in law of Victorinus (whom his wife Anepsia bore unto a former husband) for to be his sons wife: the which with the assent of the woman was soon obtained and concluded. CHAP. four The detestable sleights and practices of Maximinus, that he might continue still in that butcherly execution of his, now being created Prefectus Pretorio. Divers successors after him in the Prefectship of the city; the last of whom exceedeth the cruelty of Maximinus. BY these and other pranks with like sorrow to be lamented, which greatly blemished and stained the beauty of Rome, that immortal city, this man not to be named but with a groan, made outrageous spoil by the manifold overthrows of men's estates, stretching and straining his power beyond the bounds of law and justice. For, by report, he both had a small cord always hanging at a certain remote window of the Pretorium, the * Summitas, for this author useth it indifferently one end whereof should tie or bind together a certain * Here am I gladly Scepticus: whiles one taketh it for a nonze, another a pulley, a third for a hatchet and a fourth for, I woo not what, bloody substance etc. I suppose they almisle the mark: and until we may meet with a more perfect copy I cannot determine. The place I doubt is corrupt. Tamusa (as it were) not grounded verily upon any proofs or presumptions, but like to do mischief unto many guiltless persons: And also commanded sundry times Mutianus and Barbatus, his daily officers and ministers, fellows most apt and fit to deceive others, severally to be clapped up. These, as if they bewailed their own woeful mishaps, whereby they made semblance that they were wronged and oppressed, aggravating still the cruelty of the said judge, and iterating the same speeches very often, pretended and affirmed, That for persons standing then accused and in trouble, there was now no other means or remedy remaining to save their own lives, unless they would seem to charge and accuse some of the nobility of great crimes, who if they were once joined with them in society of danger, than they warranted them they might be easily quit and absolved. By reason whereof, considering that the vile impiety of these courses proceeded further now than to abjects near at hand, it came to pass that many a man had his hands straight manacled; and those of noble birth were seen as unregarded, in poor plight and much distressed. Neither ought any of them to be blamed, when in their simple salutations they crouched and bowed their bodies so low, as that they well-near touched the very ground, considering they heard this robber with the pestiferous breath of his mouth come out oftentimes with this note, If he were so disposed, that no person could possibly be found innocent. Which words turning quickly into deeds, had been enough, I assure you, to have terrified as good men as ever Numa Pompilius or Cato were. For in this wise altogether were matters carried, that some men's eyes were never dry, but shed fresh tears in the beholding of other folk's miseries, a thing that commonly in this life happeneth to men, upon sundry troubles and cross accidents of their own. Howbeit this hard hearted judge how ever he went oftentimes from the course of right and justice, yet in one special point tolerable he was. For, otherwhiles he would spare and pardon some if he were requested and entreated: which, as we read in Tully, savoureth yet of some vice in this place of authority. For if wrath (quoth he) be implacable, it is rigour and bitterness in the highest degree; but if it be favourable, it is as great a lightness and vanity: which notwithstanding, as in choice of bad things, is to be preferred before bitterness. After this, when Leo went forward, and was admitted his successor, Maximinus being sent for to the prince's court, and advanced to be Praetor Praetorio, became never a jot milder, but did harm still even a far off, like to the serpents called Basilisks or Cockatrices. Against that time, or not much before, the very besoms wherewith the noblemen's * Curia used to be swept, were seen to bloom and bear blossoms: and this portended, that some persons of most contemptible and base condition, were to be raised unto high degrees of rule and authority. And although it be now high time to return unto the order of our History begun, yet without hindering the process of times, we will tarry a while in rehearsing some few particulars, that through the iniquity of those, who governed as deputy Pręfects in the city, were done otherwise than aught to have been; which were carried all according to the will and pleasure of Maximinus, by the same ministers, as his agents or apparitors. After him cometh Vrsicinus in place; a man more inclined to milder courses: who because he would be wary and civil, gave information, and referred over to the Emperor Esaias, with others kept in hold, for committing adultery with Ruffina; and who had gone about to accuse and indict her husband Marcellus, late a Pursuivant or Intelligencer, of Treason: And therefore he, despised as a linger delayer, and nothing meet for the stout execution and quick dispatch of these matters, was put out of his deputicship. After him succeeded Simplicius Hemonensis; who of a professor in Grammar became counsellor unto Maximinus after the administration of his deputieship: a man neither stout nor proud, but of a crooked and terrible aspect; who, seeming to frame his words to a kind of modesty, studied and plotted the mischief of many. And first he put to death Ruffina, together with all those that were either parties culpable in the matter of adultery, or privy thereto: as touching whom, Vrsicinus (as I said before) had given information: Then, many others, without any difference of guilty or innocent. For in this bloody battle, contending with Maximinus (marshaled as it were in the main battle before him) he endeavoured to outgo him in cutting the sinews (as one would say) of noble families: imitating ᵍ Busiris in old time, as also Antaeus and Phalaris; so as there seemed nought wanting but that Bull of Agrigentum. CHAP. V. The horrible death of Hesychia a Matron. The tragical history of Fausiana, the bloody Catastrophe whereof is acted by Aginatius and Anepsia, married folk, put to death at the commandment of Maximinus. The just judgement of the almighty powers in punishing Maximinus and other bloody butchers. THese and such like matters in this manner passed, a certain matron named Hesychia, fearing very much some hard dealing and cruel torture for the crime wherewith she stood charged, in the house of an apparitor or sergeant, unto whom she was committed to ward, cast her face grovelling upon a featherbed, and so stopping the breath of her nostrils, ended her life. And here take with you another mischief as cruel as the rest. For Eumenius and Abienus both, of a most honourable rank, having been slandered, under Maximinus, with Fausiana, a worshipful gentlewomen, after the death of * who was a very inward friend with Maximinus. Victorinus, by whose help they lived in more security, scared now with the coming of Simplicius, a man no less minded to do great matters, and that with menaces, betook themselves to live close and secret. But after that Fausiana was condemned, their indictments being taken, and themselves peremptorily called to their answers by virtue of edicts, hid themselves farther out of the way: and as for Abienus, he shrouded himself privily a long time in Anepsiaes' house. But, as usually it falleth out, that when folk are once going down, some cross accidents or other unlooked for will be sure to attend upon them, to aggravate their calamities, a servant of Anepsia, named Apaudulus, taking it very grievously, that his wife had borne some stripes in the house, went forth by night, and gave notice of all unto Simplicius: So there were officers sent, who upon the said discovery made, had them away out of their lurking place; and Abienus verily, upon the crime of adultery strongly enforced against him, which he was said to have committed upon the body of Anepsia, suffered death: but the woman, to the end that by deferring her punishment, she might have assured hope to save her life, avouched, That being by cursed and * by enchantmem and sorcery. wicked arts assailed, she suffered that dishonour and violence in Aginatius his house. These things as they happened, Simplicius rung out again into the emperors ears; and Maximinus, who abode there, upon a malicious mind that he bore against Aginatius already for the cause above specified, now that his privy grudge was together with his power and authority more incensed, made an exceeding earnest suit, that there might be a letter sent back again, for to have him executed. And verily this brainsick incitor, and mighty withal, soon obtained so much: but fearing the heavy load of envy and hatred, in case a man of noble birth should come to his death by sentence of judgement, that Simplicius, both his own counsellor and friend also, pronounced, kept with himself for a while the emperors precept; being at a stay, and doubting whom he might find out especially to be a trusty and sure executor of this horrible design. And at the last (as commonly like will easily sort with like) he lighted upon one Doryphorianus, a Gaul, and a bold frantic person; on whom, for promising shortly to accomplish this service, he took order, that a deputieship should be conferred, and to him he delivered the precept, together with the emperors letters, instructing the man, cruel though he was, yet unexpert and unskilful, with what expedition he might without all let or impeachment dispatch Aginatius, who peradventure, upon finding out any means of delay, would escape and be gone. Doryphorianus sped himself in all haste, and took long journeys till he came to Rome: and at his first coming, before all compliments of salutation ended, he cast about, and with great diligence sought, by what forcible device, with the help of some others, he might take away the life of a Senator, so nobly descended: and having intelligence, that but a while before he had been found in a farme-house or manor of his own, himself with a stern countenance determined to have the judicial hearing of Anepsia, as the chief of all the offenders; and that during the ugly dark night, what time folks minds, possessed with horror and terror, use to be dull and dead, as among an infinite number of examples, ʰ ajax also in Homer showeth, wishing to die by daylight, rather than to abide the terrors of the nightly fear. And for that this judge, or rather a wicked Brigand, intending only that which he promised, made every thing greater than it was, when he had commanded Aginatius to be brought before him judicially, he caused a number of hangmen and tormentors to enter in place, and whiles the chains made an hideous noise with their jingling, he tortured to the very point of death the poor slaves, pined with foul usage and evil keeping a long time, to endanger by some evidence their lord and masters life: a thing that most mild and merciful laws have forbidden to be done in the question and matter of * or adultery: stup●●. for this word is otherwhiles taken as large for all incontinency. fornication. In the end, when some torments were so grievously inflicted, that they had expressed from a silly maid servant, now ready to die, certain ambiguous or suspicious words, no sooner was the evidence by her given, fully discussed and sifted, but without any more ado definitive sentence was pronounced, That Aginatius should be led to execution. And thus without any audience given him (notwithstanding with a loud voice he called upon the names of Princes and Emperors) hoist he was away on high, and put to death: and by the like sentence Anepsia was also executed. As Maximinus himself played these pranks both in his own person whiles he was present, and also by his pragmatical and busy agents, when he was far off, Rome city bewailed the death of many. But the Furies made haste to revenge those that were thus slain. For (as it shall hereafter be showed in due season) not only the same Maximinus, bearing himself intolerably proud under Gratianus, was condemned and suffered death, but Simplicius also was killed and cut in pieces in Illyricum; yea, and Doryphorianus, pronounced guilty of death, and thrust into the deep dungeon ⁱ Tullianum, the prince by his mother's counsel fetched forth from thence; and when he was returned to his own home in Gaul, with dolorous torments made an end of him. But now return we from whence we turned hither. Thus stood the state (as I may so say) of the city affairs. CHAP. VI Valentinian goeth about to bridle the roads and invasions of the Alemans': and they having sued for peace, but not obtained it, set upon the Romans at unawares, and kill two of their martial leaders. But Valentinian conceiving great matters in his mind, and those of behoveful consequence, fortified the Rhine all along, from the beginning of Rhaetia, unto the narrow sea or Frith of the Ocean, with mighty piles and banks; raising up castles, sconces, forts and turrets of a great height, one by another ranged along in meet and convenient places along the coast of Gaul, as far as it reacheth in length, yea, and otherwhiles with houses and buildings planted beyond the rivers, encroaching somewhat upon the limits of the Barbarians, and winning ground. Finally, when he cast with himself and considered, how that high built and strong fenced fortress, which himself at his first entrance had founded out of the very ground, by reason that the river named * Neckar. Nicer running hard by, might by little and little with the violent beating of the waves be undermined and subverted, he devised to turn the stream another way: and having sought out and gotten together cunning workmen, skilful in water-works, and a number beside of stout soldiers, he entered upon this hard piece of work: For certain main pieces of timber, and those of Oak, for many days together were framed and couched close, and the same cast into the channel; notwithstanding huge posts forcibly pitched down hard by, and eftsoons pitched again, at the rising of the mighty billows were shuffled and huddled together, yea, and plucked up with the violence of the stream, and broken in sunder. Yet for all this, the great and earnest care of the Emperor, together with the painful labour of the dutiful soldiers (who oftentimes when they were at work stood up to the chin plunged in water) overcame all difficulties. And so at the last, not without danger of some, the garrison forts were rid quite from the trouble wrought by the mighty wandering river, and now stand strong and sure. Being glad therefore, and rejoicing at so good speed, and gathering those together, who according to the time and season of the year were slipped sundry ways, he had a care of the Commonwealth, as beseemed the duty of a prince. And supposing this to be most fit and meet for the effecting of that which he intended, he purposed in all haste to build a fort on the farther side of Rhine, upon the mountain * where now is Speyr. Herald. Pirus (which place is within the Barbarians ground) and to the end that quick dispatch might work withal a sure effect of this business, he advertised Arator the lord marcher, by Syagrius then * or principal Secretary. Notary, afterwards Praefect and Consul, that whiles all was still and silent on every side, he should endeavour to take the vantage thereof. So the Marcher, together with the said Notary, went straightways over the water, as he was commanded: and having begun by the help of the soldiers whom he led, to lay the foundation, received Hermogenes to be his successor. And at the very same instant certain nobles and lords of the almains, the emperors hostages, came; those I mean, whom according to covenant, and as sufficient pledges of peace long to continue, we had in keeping: who humbly upon their knees besought, That the Romans (whose loyalty and faith at all times had extolled up to heaven their fortune) without forecast of future security would not be deceived with a false error, nor by treading their covenants underfoot, enter upon an unworthy action. But delivering, as they did, these and such like speeches in vain, when they could neither have hearing, nor perceive any mild answer returned, lamenting the destruction of their children and posterity, departed. And no sooner were they gone, but out of a secret nouke of an hill hard by, there leapt forth a company of the Barbarians, waiting, as we were given to understand, what answers should be given unto those nobles aforesaid; and setting upon our soldiers, half naked, and even then busy in carrying of mould, with their swords, lightly and nimbly appointed as they were, slew them downright; among whom were also both the leaders slain: neither was there one left to tell news of what was done but only Syagrius; who, after all the rest were put to the sword, returned to the court, and by sentence of the prince in his anger, cassed and discharged of his military oath and service, went home to his own house, judged by rigorous censure to have deserved no less, for that he escaped alone. CHAP. VII. Gaul is infested by robbers, and Constantianus Tribune of the stable slain. The Maratocupreni, other brigands, play their thievish parts in Syria. The Saxons likewise in Brittany are repressed by Theodosius, who is created General of the horsemen. IN this mean while, a rabble of outrageous and cruel robbers swarmed all over Gaul, to the mischief and utter undoing of many; besetting the frequented high ways, and failing not to lay along and spoil what fruits of the earth soever came in their way. To be short, besides a number of others, who lost their lives by such wait-layers, Canstantianus, Tribune of the stable, and near kinsman to Valentinian, a brother also to Cerealis and justina, was by a privy road intercepted, and soon after killed. But a far off, as if the furies of hell haunted the like thieves and pricked them forward; the Maratocupreni, most fierce brigands, the inhabitants of a * Maratocuprenum. town carrying that name in Syria, scituat near unto Apamia, ranged on every side: and a wonder it was what a number they were, and how cunning and crafty beside: In this regard also much dreaded, for that making show of substantial merchants houses, villages and towns: neither could any man beware of their sudden coming, setting as they did their journey not to any one appointed place, but to sundry quarters, and those far removed, and in one word, breaking in wheresoever the wind served to conduct them. For which very cause, the Saxons are feared above other enemies, doing that they do all on a sudden. And albeit many men's goods were given and dealt among these confederate thieves, yet incontinent herewith, when they were once set a madding and entered into any intended furious action, they committed woeful murders, as being no less blood-thirsty than greedy of prey. But least in reporting every particular occurrent I should hinder the course and proceeding of my story, it shall suffice to put down this one most mischievous practice of theirs. A damned crew of these godless and ungracious folk being gathered in a plump together, resembling in outward show the whole office of a Receivor or Auditor, and the judge himself, in a dark evening at the doleful sound of trumpet, and voice of crier, entered a city, and with sword in hand beset the stately and sumptuous built house of a certain noble and principal parsonage, as if he had been outlawed, and by special commission to be slain: where, after they had seized into their hands and carried away household-stuff of much worth, because they of the house being suddenly taken, and their wits maskered, had not defended the master thereof, slew a number, and before return of the daylight departed and went their ways a great pace. But when thus furnished and laden with the spoil of many, for nothing went beside their hands, that was not too hot or too heavy (such was the sweetness they found in these cheits) intercepted they were by a power that the Emperor raised, and being overmatched lost their lives to the very last man: yea and their issue and progeny, then but young and small, for fear they should grow up, like unto their parents, were in the same manner utterly destroyed, and their dwelling houses subverted, which with the lamentable losses of many they had bravely built. And thus verily went things according to the narration aforesaid. But Theodosius, a noble and renowned captain, having gotten heart and courageous vigour, taking his journey from Augusta, which in old time they called * London. Lundinium, with a power of soldiers that in his politic industry he had levied and trained to his hand, brought exceeding great succour unto the troubled and confused state of the Britan's, gaining before hand such places every where, as gave advantage to annoy the barbarous enemies, and enjoining the common soldiers no service, whereof himself took not the essay with a cheerful heart. And in this kind as he performed the principal part of a stout soldier, and fulfilled the careful function of an excellent leader, by discomfiting and putting to flight sundry nations, whom insolent pride nourished with security, had incensed and incited to set upon the Romans territories, he restored wholly into the former state cities and castles which had sustained many losses, yea established peace surely founded for a long time. Now, there happened whiles he managed these affairs a foul matter, like to break out to a dangerous mischief, if it had not been quenched in the very beginning of the enterprise. One Valentinus in * Stiria. Pannonia Valeria, a man of a proud spirit, brother unto the wife of Maximinus that cursed and mischievous deputy, afterwards Praefect, being banished into Britanny for an heinous act committed, as one impatient of rest, like some noisome wild beast, upon a certain swelling homour of pride, rose up to work mischief and innovation in the State against Theodosius, whom he perceived to be the only man able to withstand his wicked designs. Howbeit, casting many ways about both closely and openly, as the gale of his unmeasurable desire rose higher, he solicited the exiled persons and the soldiers, promising (as the time would afford) rewards for their attempts, thereby to draw them on to his purpose. And now, when the time drew near, that their attempts should take effect, the * Theodosius. warlike leader aforesaid, advertised hereof by such as were meet to give information, and thereby ready to adventure, as also upon a resolute and courageous heart, forward enough to be revenged of such as were detected, committed Valentinus verily with some few of his most inward confederates, unto captain Dulcitius for to be executed with death accordingly. But in his military skill and policy, wherein he excelled all men living in those days, guessing at future dangers, he inhibited all inquisitions to be made as touching the rest of the conspirators with him, lest if this fear proceeding were once spread among many, the tempestuous troubles of the provinces, now well allayed, should revive again. From hence, turning himself to the distress of many matters, and those of needful consequence, now that all danger was quite past (for that it was for certain known, that propitious fortune never failed him in all his enterprises) he re-edified and repaired cities, the garrison castles also, as I have said, and the marches he defended with out-watches, with guards & fore-fences. And thus having recovered the province again, which had yielded subjection to the enemies, he reduced it unto the pristine estate; so, as by his own relation and report made, it both had a lawful governor, and also was from that time called ᵏ Valentia, at the pleasure of the Prince. The Areans, a kind of people instituted by those in ancient time (concerning whom I have said somewhat in the acts of Constans) who by little and little were fallen into disorders and enormities, he removed from their stations: as being manifestly convicted, that induced with the greatness of rewards received, and more promised, they had otherwhiles revolted unto the Barbarians, what was in hand and a doing among us. For, their office was this, by running a great ground to be cursitours to and fro, and to intimate unto our captains upon the marches, what stirs there were among the neighbour nations. Thus having managed most excellently these matters abovesaid, and others the like, being sent for to the emperors Court, and leaving behind him the provinces leaping and dancing for joy: like unto Furius Camillus, or Papyrius Cursor, renowned he was for many victories, and those of good importance. And so, accompanied with the favour of all men to the narrow seas, having passed over with a gentle gale he came to the Prince's camp. And being received with joy and praises, he succeeded in the room of Valens jovinus, who had the conduct of the horsemen. CHAP. VIII. A return to the city affairs. The Prefectship or government of Olybrius and Ampelius. The most corrupt state of Rome in those days. The errors and delinquencies of the Nobility. HAving thus a long time and far digressed from the city businesses (such was the heap of foreign affairs that forced me thereunto) I will return to a brief declaration thereof, beginning at the Prefectship of Olybrius, which was exceeding quiet and mild. Who leaving at no time the constant course of gentleness and humanity, was solicitous and careful that no deed or word of his savouring of rigour should pass in any place: a most bitter enemy and inveyer against false accusations, abridging wheresoever he could the gain accrueing to the Exchequer: an absolute discerner and judge of things that are just, and very temperate towards those that were under his jurisdiction. But there was a vice, and the same verily little hurtful to the Commonwealth (howbeit a foul blot in a judge of high place) that darkened all these good parts: for that he passed the whole course and carriage, in manner, of his private life in clining to riot in stage plays and amorous delights, such as were neither forbidden nor dishonest. After him Ampelius ruled the city, a man given himself also to his pleasures, borne at Antioch, raised from being Master of the Offices to a double Proconsulship, and from thence long after to the high dignity of * of the Pretorium. Perfect: a man otherwise of merry disposition, and most meet to win the people's favour; but now and then rough and rigorous, and would God he had been steadfast and constant in his purpose: for, in some part, though it were but little, he might have reform the instigations to gluttony and shut up naughty houses of riot, had he not taken to lose and lascivious ways, and thereby lost that glory which would long time have lived. For, once ordained he had, That no wine Tavern should be opened before the * ten of the clock. fourth hour of the day, nor any of the vulgar sort ¹ heat his water, or until a certain time of the day any cooks or scullion's set out to sale flesh boiled or roasted: Neither would he have any man of honest calling be seen eating abroad without his own doors. Which shameful abuses, and others greater than these, neglected by continual dissimuling and counivencie, grew so rife and common, without all stint and gage, that even ᵐ Epimenides himself of * Candie. Crete, if, after the fashion of fables acted on the stage, he should be raised from the dead again, and return into our world, would not be sufficient alone to cleanse Rome. So great was the corruption of incurable vices that possessed the most part of the people. And first will we set down the disorders of the Nobility, as divers times we have done, as the opportunity of places hath required: then, afterwards of the commons, by way of a brief digression knitting up such matters as come into our minds. Some growing to be, as they imagine, conspicuous by their glorious and goodly fore names extol themselves above all measure: as for example, when they are called Ruburti, Plabunij, Pagonij, Geriones and Dalijs, together with Tarracij and Perrasijs, and many other such trim and brave sounding titles of their original descent. Some ye have again, whom ruffling in their silks and velvets, there follow in train (as if they were to be led unto the place of execution, or, to speak without any evil presaging off, gathering their armour together, where an host is gone before) a number of servants by troops, bustling and making a great noise as they go. Such as these, when they are entered within the vaulted rooms of any * Stew or hothouse. bane, attended with fifty servingmen apiece at their heels, crying out in menacing manner, Where? Where be they? if haply they have intelligence given them, that either some unknown courtesan hath on a sudden appeared, or a common strumpet that sometime hath prostituted herself to the whole town, or some old whore nought of her body, they run all at once striving a vie who shall be foremost; and after some dalliance with this stranger or new comer, they make love, and by way of much unseemly flattery, fall to praising and extolling of her, as much as the Parthians do ⁿ Semiramis, Egypt Cleopatra, the Carians Artimisia, or the Palmyrenes Zenobia. And this bash not those to do, in whose ancestors time a Senator was taxed and fined by the Censor, that durst, whiles it was not decent and seemly, kiss his own wife, before the daughter of them both. Of these there be some, who when they begin to be saluted, or greeted breast to breast, turning their heads awry when they should be kissed, and bridling it like unto cursed and fierce bulls, offering unto their flattering favourites their knees or hands to kiss, supposing that favour sufficient for them to live happily, and be made for ever; yea and that a stranger unto whom haply they be obliged, hath enough and enough again of all manner of courteous usage, in case he be but asked by them, What bane or water he frequenteth? or under whose roof he lodgeth? And being such grave persons and lovers of virtue, as they take themselves to be, if they once but understand of any man bringing word, there be either horses or chariotiers coming to town, from what place soever, they throng about him, and ply him with a number of questions, like as our forefathers with admiration beheld their two brethren ᵒ Castor and Pollux, when upon the relation of those victories in ancient times, they filled all the city with joy and mirth. These men's houses, ye shall have certain idle talkative fellows ordinarily to haunt, after sundry sorts and devised fashions of flattery, at every word sounding their high fortunes, and praising them: affecting herein the ridiculous conceits and pleasant jests of these smel-feast-parasites in comedies. For, as they use to soothe up vain glorious soldiers in their proud homor, ascribing unto them as to the demie-gods fellows, the besieging of cities, fight of battles, and slaying thousands of enemies: even so these also, wondering at their columns built arch-wise with stately and lofty fronts, their stone walls also trimly set out with beautiful and glorious colours, extol noble men above the degree of mortal weights. Otherwhiles also at their feasts, is the balance called for to weigh the fishes and fowls, yea and ᵖ dormice to, that are set upon the board. The greatness of which delicates oftentimes not without the irksome weariness of those that be in place, they make no end of praising, as a strange thing that hath not been heretofore seen. But most of all, when there stand by ready to number the same, thirty notaries well-near, with their standishes with pen and ink, and writing tables in their hands, so as a man would think there were wanting only the master himself, to make a show of a Grammar school. Some there be, who in detestation of learning no less than very poison, fall to reading with very earnest study juvenal and * an Historiographer. Marius Maximus, handling no other books in the midst of their greatest leisure than these: what the reason thereof should be, it passeth my simple skill and judgement to set down: whereas they ought to turn over many and sundry volumes, according to the amplitude of their glory and parentage; hearing, as they do, that Socrates committed to prison, & appointed to suffer death, requested one who sung excellently in measures certain verses of the Lyric q Poet Stesichorus, to teach him whiles he had time the like cunning: and when the Musician asked him, What good that could do unto him, since he was to die the next day? he answered thus: Even that I may depart out of this life, learning more than I knew before. CHAP. IX. The reproaches of Senators and gowned men laid open. MOreover, there be among them so few grave punishers of faults, that if a servant be somewhat slow in bringing hot water unto him, commandment is given, That he shall have three hundred stripes: but if wilfully he kill a man (though many there be very urgent to have him condemned) yet his lord or master alone thus far forth crieth out, What should a mad man and a lewd knave do? Furthermore, this is held a point of civility among them now adays, That it is convenient for any one, & even by law in their power, to kill strangers invited by them, if they make default, any excuse notwithstanding. For a Senator thinketh, that he sustaineth great damage in his very patrimony, in case one be wanting whom he hath invited once to a feast, after sundry serious consultations with himself thereabout. There be some of them, who if they have gone forth any thing far to see their lands and possessions, or a hunting by other men's labours, suppose they have equalled the journeys and expeditions of Alexander the Great, or of Caesar; yea, or if from the lake * Lago di Tripergola. Avernus they go by water in their painted barges no farther than to * Puzzole. Puteoli or * Gaietta. Cajeta, especially if they adventure such a voyage in a hot season: where, if it chance that among their gilded fans there settle flies upon the silken fringes, or in case any small Sunbeam pierce through an hole of * or Bon-grace. the tilt, hanging over their heads, they whine and complain, that they were not borne among the ʳ Cimmerij. Again, when they use to come from the bane of ˢ Sylvanus, or the medicinable waters of Mammaea, as any of them being forth of the Bath, doth wipe and dry himself with most fine linens, there must be diligent seeking into the usual presses for fair and dainty clothes, and that by the help of light to choose them; which are carried at once together so many as are sufficient to serve eleven persons. And at the last being enwrapped or clad in some of them, picked out especially of purpose, he taketh his rings again which he had delivered unto his servants, because they should not take hurt by the hot waters, and so when he hath fitted them just by measure upon his fingers, away he goes. Of these there be certain, though few, who decline the name of Aleatores, i Dice-players, and therefore are desirous to be called Tesserarij, i Tirlers of square bones; between whom there is as much difference as between thieves and robbers. Yet thus much I must confess, that whereas all sorts of friendship at Rome wax luke warm and begin to cool, this only of Dice-players, as if it were gotten with glorious sweat and travail, is full of good fellowship, & knit most fast and firm with exceeding love and affection. Whence it is, that some there be found of these companies so linked in amity, that one would take them to be very brethren. And therefore a man shall see an ignoble and base fellow, so he be skilful in the secret feat of cheators craft, like unto Cato Porcius for the repulse of a Praetorship (which repulse was neither suspected before, nor feared) go with a set gravity very sad and melancholic, because at a great feast or assembly some Proconsular person was placed above him. Some there are that lie in wait for weak and crazy persons, old or young, it skilleth not, such as have buried their children, or live single, yea, and those also that have wives & children both (for in this case there is no difference observed) enticing and drawing them on by wonderful wiles and crafty devices to make their Wills: now these folk no sooner have ordained their last Testaments, and left that which they had to those whom they were ruled by in making their Wills, but immediately they peak aside, and die. Another ye shall have, who after some dignity and promotion obtained, walketh portly with a big and bolne neck of his own, and upon such as were of his familiar acquaintance before, he casteth a crooked and overthwart look, a man would think who sees him, that a new M. ᵗ Marcellus were returned from the winning of Syracuse. Many there be among them, that deny there is any high power above in heaven to govern us here; neither go they forth of doors, nor take their dinner, nor think they can bathe in safety, before they have curiously looked into their ᵘ Ephemerideses, where (for example) is the Planet of Mercury, or what degree of the sign Cancer the Moon holdeth, as she runneth her course in the heaven. Another, if he perceive once that his creditor calleth hard upon him for debt, runneth presently to a chariotier that dares do any thing very audaciously, and taketh order to have the party charged as a Sorcerer: whereupon he goes not away, before he hath delivered up the obligation or specialty, yea, & sustained great loss therewith. Neither is this all. He fetcheth him in voluntarily to acknowledge himself indebted unto him, and assoileth him not. On another side, the wife beating night and day (as the old proverb saith) upon the same anvil, urgeth her husband to make his Will, and the husband as instantly importuneth his wife to do the same. Then skilful Lawyers are retained on both parts for counsel; the one in the bed chamber, the other his concurrent in the dining room, to handle and debate their controversies. And to the same are brought in and suborned interpreters of bowels and Soothsayers, to calculate their nativities, promising largely on the one side Praefectships, dignities, and burials of rich dames, on the other inviting the women (as it were) to the funerals & obsequies of husbands, signifying covertly, that necessaries ought to be provided for the same. Neither know they any thing in the world to be good, but that which is commodious and gainful. Thus love they their friends as they love cattle; I mean, those best of all, from whom they hope to receive the most profit. And when these folk come to borrow any thing, you shall see them as humble and demisse as Mitio or ˣ Laches in the Comedy; but are they forced once to make repayment, so lofty and big, as you would take them to be those tragical * 〈…〉. ʸ Heraclida, Ctesiphon and Themenus. CHAP. X. The sloth, vanity, and base behaviour of the common people. THus much of the Senators degree. Now come we to the idle and base commons: Among whom, you shall have some going even without shoes bare foot, yet fine and goodly to be known by their trim and elegant names, to wit, Cimessores, Statarij, Semicupae, and Serapini, with others beside, namely, Cicimbricus, Gluturinus, and Trulla; likewise Lucanicus, Pordaca, Salsula, and an innumerable sort of such. These spend all their life and living at the wine tavern, and at diceplay, in brothelhouses also, in wanton pleasures, and seeing of delightsome sights and games: the great Cirque or Shewplace is their temple and habitation, the very Hall that they frequent, and all the hope they rely upon. And a man may see every where in the market places, quarrifours, streets, and meeting places, or assemblies, many companies of them gotten together, frapling one against another pro & contrà, whiles some hold this, others that, as the manner is. Among whom these that have lived with greater authority than others a long time, even to satiety of years, use oftentimes to cry out along the Burses, Lombard's and Pawns, That the Commonwealth and all were lost, if at the games and trials of masteries following, he that each one taketh part with, performeth not his race foremost, and gaineth the goal first. Now, when the wishedfor day of the chariot-running beginneth to peep, before the clear beams of the Sun appear, they all make hast abroad, and high apace, that with their quick speed they may outgo the very chariots that are to strive for the prize: about the success and event whereof, a number of them, whiles they side and wish favourably divers ways, in great perplexity sit up and watch whole nights. Come from thence, to the base sports of the Theatre, those actors upon the stage there, are sure to be hissed out, in case they have not with some money bought the favour of the abject multitude. And if it chance that one of them miss the shout and noise of the commons, by way of approbation, then, in imitation of the barbarous people of ᶻ Taurica, out they cry, That all strangers and foreigners ought to be expelled; even foreigners (I say) by whose aid they have at all times been supported, and stood upright: and this do they in foul and absurd terms, far different from the affections and minds of those ancient commons; many of whose witty and pleasant conceited speeches stand upon record. For now a days this device is found out to serve in stead of studious resound of their praises who be worthy thereof, that by certain persons framed and appointed to speak in every show or spectacle exhibited, you shall have them (unto the Enterlude-rhymer, the Baiter, the Chariotier, and Stage-player of every sort, likewise unto the judges and Magistrates as well the higher as the inferior, yea, and unto the Dames) come out continually with this bald note, Let him learn by thee. But what it is that should be learned, no man is able to declare. Among these, there be a number given wholly to gourmandise and belly cheer, who like smell-feasts tracing the steam and sent of meat, and listening to the shrill voices of women, from the very cocke-crow, in manner of Peacocks crying for hunger and emptiness, tripping a tiptoe lightly upon the ground, are at hand in every great man's Hall, ready even to gnaw their own fingers ends, whiles the dishes of meat be cooling: others again looking and prying over the pot (enough to overturn one's stomach) of raw meat, waiting wistly until it be through sodden: So as a man would think, that with other Anatomists, Democritus were there, searching the entrails of beasts cut up, to teach by what means posterity might cure inward diseases. This may suffice for the whole to have discoursed as touching the city matters: Let us return now to the rest, that have occasioned many and sundry occurrences in the provinces. CHAP. XI. The war against the Saxons, daunted with the very sight and presence of the Roman soldiers, afterwards by a wile enclosed, and bewed in pieces every one. WHiles the Emperors were now the third time Consuls, there broke out a multitude of Saxons; and having passed through the dangers of the Ocean, kept on their march, and bend their journey into the Roman limits; as who had oftentimes been fed with the slaughter of our men. The brunt of which first violent excursion of theirs Nannenus sustained, who was the Lieutenant appointed for those regions: a man approved a long time in the toilsome service of wars. But as then having encountered with a multitude resolute to die, when he saw that some of his soldiers were slain, and himself sore wounded, not able to match those skirmishes redoubled upon him, after he had instructed the Emperor what was to be done, thus much he obtained, That Severus colonel of the footmen, should come to succour his distressed state: Who having the conduct of a sufficient power, when he was come to the place, and had marshaled men into sundry and several ranks, before the conflict began, terrified and disordered the Barbarians so, that they opposed not their hands to make resistance, but having their eyes dazzled with the brightness of the ensigns and Eagles, craved pardon and peace. And upon long debating and consultation, when this was thought in policy behoveful for the Commonweal, after a truce concluded, and many tall and serviceable young men for the wars allowed (according to a capitulation & condition drawn in that behalf) the Saxons were permitted to depart without let and hindrance, to repair unto the place from whence they came. For whom, devoid now of all fear, and upon their return, certain footmen of ours, sent out secretly, lay in ambush within a valley, from whence they might with little ado assail as many as passed by. But it fell out far otherwise with them than they hoped. For at the noise of the Saxons coming, some of our men being raised, leapt forth in an unseasonable time, and being suddenly discovered, whiles they make haste to strengthen themselves, were put to flight by the Barbarians, yelling in a doleful and hideous manner. Howbeit, soon after they cast themselves in a ring, and stood to it, and since extremity ministered strength unto them (though the same was somewhat impaired) forced they were to fight: and after a great slaughter of them made, they had died for it every one, and not left one man alive, but that a cornet of our horsemen, armed at all pieces, placed in like sort on another side near to the parting of the way, for to endanger the Barbarians as they passed by, moved and stirred up with the fearful cry that they heard, nimbly succoured them. After this, the encounter was much more eager and sharp, and the Romans with resolute hearts giving the recharge, enclosed them, and with their drawn swords killed them down right. Neither could any of them return to see his native home again: for, not so much as one of them was permitted to remain alive after the execution of his fellow soldiers. And albeit some just and precise judge of matters, may blame this as a perfidious and foul fact, yet if the case be well weighed and considered, he will not take it indignly, that a mischievous company of robbers were in the end upon an advantage and opportunity surprised and cut off. CHAP. XII. Valentinian setteth the Burgundians upon the Alemans', who being gone forward as far as to the banks of Rhine, and finding no help of Roman succours, return into their native country: But Theodosius setting upon the Alemans' dispersed in Rhetia, partly killeth them, and partly sendeth them into Italy for to dwell about the Po AFter these affairs so fortunately performed, Valentinian tossing sundry thoughts in his mind, was very carefully perplexed, revolving full many ways and casting about, by what means he might take down and quell the pride of the Alemans', and their king Macrianus, who without all measure and end, with restless stirs and broils troubled the Roman State. For, this fierce and cruel nation ever since the first beginning and rising thereof, how ever they were abated with the variety of accidents and chances, yet grow eftsoons so, as that a man would think they had not for many ages been once touched. But as the Emperor had the approving of one counsel after another, at the length he resolved upon this, That the * Burguignians. Burgundians, a warlike nation, puissant for their huge multitude, and therefore dreadful to all their neighbours, should be raised up in arms for the rooting of them out. And many times he wrote unto their kings by certain trusty and secret messengers, That at a foreappointed time they should suddenly invade and surprise them, promising that himself also in person passing over the Rhine with the Roman forces, would encounter them, being once affrighted, and seeking to avoid this unlookedfor power of armed men. These letters of the Prince were thankfully and gladly received in two respects: First, for that the Burgundians knew themselves to be of ancient time an offspring descended from the Romans: and again, because they contested oftentimes with the Alemans' about the salt-pits, and about their bounds: whereupon they sent most chosen and picked bands: which, before that our soldiers were assembled together, being gone forward as far as to the banks of Rhine, whiles the Emperor was busily occupied in raising of forts, terrified our men exceeding much. Wherefore, after they had stayed a small while, when as neither Valentinian came at the day appointed according to promise, nor they could perceive any thing done that was undertaken, they dispatched ambassadors to the Court, requiring they might have some aid sent unto them: intending otherwise to return home into their own country, lest they should expose their back parts naked to the enemies. Which when they perceived by circumstances to be denied, and that the Emperor trifled out the time, they departed from thence with indignation. When their kings and princes understood this, as if they had been deluded and mocked, they fell into a rage, and after they had killed all the prisoners returned into their native countries. Among these Burgundians the king by a general name is called Hendinos, and according to an ancient rite and custom, is deposed from his regal authority and removed, in case under his reign the wars speed not well, or the earth yield not plenty of corn; like as the Egyptians are wont to ascribe such chances unto their governors. For, the highest priest among the Burgundians, is termed Sinistus, and continueth for term of life, not subject to any such dangers as their kings be. By this occasion falling out in so fit and opportune a time, when the Alemen for fear of the foresaid nation were dispersed, Theodosius at that time general of the horsemen, did set upon them, and having slain a number of them, whomsoever he took prisoners, he sent by the Prince's commandment into Italy, where they had fertile lands assigned unto them, and now are become tributaries, and dwell about * The river P●. Padus. CHAP. XIII. The mournful and heavy plight of Tripoli a Province in Africa, is here lively described. FLitting from hence, as it were, into another world, let us come to the trouble of * Tripoli de Barbaria. Tripoli, a Province in Africa, which even justice also herself, as I suppose, hath bewailed: Whence these broils grew so to burn like flaming fire, the text ensuing shall at full declare. The barbarous * of Asturias. Asturians bordering hard upon these parts, ready at all times and nimbly appointed to make roads, used also to live upon rapine and slaughter, having for a little while been at peace, returned again to their natural insurrections, pretending this as a serious cause of quarrel. One named Stachao, a countryman of theirs, in ranging over our Province at his pleasure, committed certain acts forbidden by the laws; among which this was notorious above the rest, that he went about by all subtle and deceitful means to betray the Province, as was proved by most true evidences: for which, he suffered punishment accordingly, and was burnt to death. They then alleging for their quarrel, the revenge of his death, as being their near kinsman, and unjustly condemned, like unto wild beasts enraged, flung out of their own habitation, even whiles jovian was Emperor: and fearing to approach * Neapoli de Barbaria. Leptis, a city strongly walled, and as well peopled, fat them down for three days together in a plentiful place within the territory thereof. And having either killed the rustical people, whom this unlookedfor and sudden fear had daunted, or else forced them to fly unto caves for refuge, and burned much household goods that could not be carried away, enriched thus with much spoils and booties, returned; leading away as prisoner Silua likewise, whom by chance they found in the field, a principal man of his rank and degree. The men of * Neapoli de Barbaria. Leptis, affrighted with this sudden calamity, before the troubles and calamities should increase, which these Barbarians in their swelling pride menaced, in lamentable manner craved the aid of Romanus newly advanced to be the Comes or Lieutenant in Africa. Who when he was come with military forces under his conduct, and requested to succour their distressed state, assured them, that he would dislodge and remove from thence, unless there might be brought together great store of victuals, and four thousand camels provided and put in readiness accordingly. At this answer, the pitiful citizens being astonished, and avouching they were notable after such wastings and burnings to provide any remedy of their exceeding great losses, by the means of such enorm and huge a preparation; the said Lieutenant having spent there after a dissembling sort forty days, without attempting any exploit departed. The Tripolitanes disappointed of this their hope, and fearing extremity, when the lawful and ordinary day was come of their parliament, which with them is yearly holden, ordained Severus and Flaccianus ambassadors, to present unto Valentinian by way of congratulation for his entrance into the Empire, golden counterfeits, or images of α Victories; as also boldly to lay open the lamentable ruins of the Province. Which when Romanus understood, he sent out in post a most swift horseman unto Remigius Master of the offices, who was his near kinsman, or partner rather with him in all his pillages, willing him providently to take order, that by the will and appointment of the Emperor the inquisition for the full knowledge of this affair might be committed unto him as vicar or deputy. Well, the ambassadors aforesaid arrived at the court, & having access unto the Prince, by word of mouth showed what calamities they sustained: and withal exhibited the decrees containing the order and discourse of the whole matter. Which being read, when as credit was given neither to the reports and intelligences of the Master of the offices, who favoured the lewd acts of Romanus, nor to those that related the contrary, the full debate and deciding of this business being promised, was deferred after the same manner as the games of some high magistrate are wont to be, namely, when greater employments and affairs be in hand. Meanwhile that some remedies were expected from the Prince's * of Come. camp, and the Tripolitanes stood long doubtful and in suspense, the bands and companies of the Barbarians came upon them at unwares again (as bearing themselves bold of that which was passed) and when they had with fire and sword overrun the territories of of Leptis and Oea, & laden themselves with mighty heaps of booty and pillage, departed; having slain many β Decurions * of Senators degree. , among whom γ Rusnticanus a Prelate or Clergy man, and Nicasius an δ Aedile were chief. And this out-rode or invasion of theirs, could not be debarred; for, that upon the request of the same ambassadors the whole charge of military affairs conferred upon the Precedent Ruricius, was soon after transferred to Romanus: And now by this time the messenger of this new inflicted calamity being dispatched into Gaul, stirred up the Prince more earnestly to look into the thing. And therefore Palladius a Tribune and Notary both, was sent, as well to give unto the soldiers dispersed throughout Africa their due wages, as to search faithfully (as meet it was) into the occurrences of Tripoli. Howbeit during the delays this of treaty, and the expectation of answer, the Asturians grown insolent by reason of this twofold success, like unto ravening fowls made more cruel and eager with the taste of blood that had so fleshed them, flew upon the inhabitants; and when they had killed all save those who by running away escaped the danger, augmented the booties which beforetime they had left behind them, by cutting up both trees and vines. Then Michon, a certain noble citizen and a mighty, being taken prisoner in a village near unto the city, and slipped away before he was bound, because he was not able to escape quite, by reason he had the gout in his feet, cast himself into a pit without water; whereby he broke a rib, and being lifted out by the Barbarians and brought near unto the gates of the city, for very commiseration of his wife, he was ransomed, and being drawn up by a rope to the battlements of the wall, after two days died. Whereupon these most cruel brigands and robbers grown obstinate in their purpose, gave an assault upon the walls of Leptis, resounding with the woeful weeping and wailing of women, who having never before been by enemies besieged, were with this unwonted fear much amazed and dismayed. Now, after they had besieged the city for eight days together, when certain of the assailants were wounded, without any matter effected, they returned to there own home very sad and ill appaied. CHAP. XIIII. The Courtlike practices of Romanus, Perfect of the Province, of Palladius and others, to work the destruction of the Tripolitanes. FOr which accidents the citizens doubtful of their lives, and assaying the utmost means they could devise, ere that the ambassadors dispatched before were returned, send jovinus and Pancratius, to give faithful intelligence unto the Emperor, of what they had seen, and what themselves had endured: who meeting with Severus and Flaccianus, those former ambassadors, at Carthage, understood by them (after question made how they had sped) that by commandment the hearing of their case was committed to the said Deputy and the Lieutenant. Of those twain Severus who was fallen exceeding grievously sick, strait ways died thereof. Nevertheless, these other ambassadors aforesaid made great journeys and sped them in all haste to the Court. After this, when the said Palladius was entered into Africa, Romanus advertised beforehand for what cause he was come, to the end he might provide for his own security and safety, gave order to the * or Captains. Principals of the bands, by certain that were privy to his secrets, that unto him, as to a mighty man, and next unto the chief personages of the Palace, they * Prastarent, or given unto him. should acknowledge received the greatest part of the wages which he had brought over with him to pay. And this was done accordingly. He then hereby enriched forthwith set forward to Leptis; and that he might the better search out the truth, he led forth with him unto the places which lay wasted, Erechthius and Aristomenes, two eloquent Bourgesses, and men of good note, who frankly ripped up the miseries of themselves, the citizens and the neighbour inhabitants. Now when they had plainly declared and showed all, he having only seen the lamentable ruins and ashes of the Province, returned: and greatly rebuking Romanus as an idle and slothful governor, he threatened that he would most truly relate unto the Prince whatsoever he had seen. And the * Romanus. other again in a great chafe and grief hereat, promised, That he also shortly would give information, that Palladius being sent as an upright and uncorrupt Notary, had interverted and conveyed all the soldiers donative to his own proper gain. In which regard, having his own conscience to condemn him for his lewd dealings, he afterwards grew to an atonement with Romanus. So being returned unto the Court, by the impious art of lying he deceived Valentinian, and reported, That the Tripolitanes complained without cause. And therefore sent back he was again with jovinus the last of all the ambassadors (for Pa●cr atius was departed this life at Triers) to the end that himself with the * or Deputit. Vicarius should see into the reason and cause of this second embassage. Besides all this, the Emperor commanded, That the tongues of Erechthius and Aristomenes, whom the same Palladius had intimated to have spoken certain words * against Romanus. upon spite and envy, should be cut out of their heads. The Notary, as it was appointed, followed after the deputy, and came to Tripoli: which when Romanus knew, he sent with speed a domestical servant of his thither, and Caecilius his counsellor, one borne in that province; by whose means all the burgeffes being circumvented (with money or crafty sleights I wot not) laid great blame upon jovinus, affirming constantly, That they had given him information of no such matters as he had delivered unto the prince: and thus far proceeded iniquity and indirect dealing, that jovinus also himself, to the endangering of his own life, confessed he had told the Emperor a lie. Which being made known by Palladius when he was come back, Valentinian (a prince very prone to ire and cruelty) commanded, That jovinus verily, as the author and principal, but Coelestius, Concordius, and Lucius, as privy and partners with him in that false information, should lose their heads: as for Ruricius the Precedent, he awarded him also to suffer death: and this moreover made much against him, for that in his certificate given up, there were read certain over-big words of his, as it was thought: and Ruricius verily was executed at Sitifis; but the rest at Utica had their judgement by the sentence of Crescens, the deputy there. Howbeit, Flaccianus being heard judicially by the said deputy and lieutenant before the death of those ambassadors, as he stoutly pleaded in defence of his life, with the shouts and outcries of the angry soldiers in their violent heat, and with taunting terms was well near stabbed to death; who objected, That the Tripolitanes could not therefore be defended, because themselves refused to find and allow necessary means for the maintenance of an expedition: and hereupon being cast into prison, whiles the Emperor (being asked his advice, What was meet to be done?) was in determining some course, by soliciting (as might well be thought) his keepers, broke prison, and fled to the city of Rome; where lying close, by the course of nature he ended his days. CHAP. XV. The justice of God calleth for due revenge of these most wicked and ungracious men. WIth this memorable end ensuing, Tripoli after it had been sore plagued as well with foreign as home-calamities, was appeased, and not left without defence; because the eternal eye or justice and the Furies revenging the death of those ambassadors and the Precedent aforesaid, watched over them. For long after, such an event as this brake out and came to light. Palladius cassed and discharged from his military oath, and deprived of that place which made him swell with pride, went to lead a private life; and when Theodosius, that noble General and grand Commander, came into Africa for to suppress Firmus, who attempted mischievous matters, and according to his commission rifled the movable goods of Romanus aforenamed, among his papers and writings there was found a letter also of one Meterius, containing in it these words: Domino Patrono Romano Meterius, i. Meterius to his Lord and Patron Romanus greeting: and in the end, after many impertinent words; Palladius the outcast * or commendeth him unto you. saluteth you, who saith, That for none other cause he was cast out of favour, but for that in the matter of the Tripolit anes he made a lie in the emperors sacred ear. This letter being sent unto the Court, and there read, Meterius by the commandment of Valentinian being apprehended, confessed, That the Epistle was his: and therefore Palladius, commanded to be brought forth and showed in place, thinking with himself, what a deal of criminal matters he had brewed, in a certain * or baiting town. station at the beginning of night observing the absence of the keepers (who upon a festival day of the Christians lodged all night in the church) knit his neck in an halter, and so throttled himself, and died. This overture of more happy fortune being fully known, and the stirrer up of these woeful broils dispatched out of the way, Erechthius and Aristomenes leapt out of their lurking holes: who when they were advertised, That commandment was given to have their tongues (as overlong and lavish) to be cut out of their heads, voided aside to far remote and hidden corners. And when Gratian the Emperor was frankly informed of this lewd and wicked machination (for now by this time was Valentinian departed this life) they were sent unto Hesperius the Proconsul and Flavianus the deputy, to have the hearing of their cause; whose equity, supported with most just and due authority (after that Caecilius was examined upon the rack) found thus much by his open confession, That himself had given counsel and persuaded the citizens to burden the ambassadors with a lie. After these acts, there followed a certificate, which opened to the full the whole truth of all; unto which there was no answer made. And that this tragical narration should leave out no part unhandled of so terrible an argument, thus much also came upon the stage, even after the hangings were drawn and taken down. Romanus being gone to the court, brought with him Caecilius, to accuse the Commissioners aforesaid, as inclined overmuch to the side of the province: and he, received with the favour of Merobaudes, required, That there should be many * necessaries. of their friends and kinsfolks presented and brought in place: Who, when they were come to Milan, and had showed by probable proofs and arguments, without dissimulation, That for no cause they were drawn thither, were discharged, and so returned home. Yet while Valentinian was alive, after the former occurrences which we have told, Remigius also being departed from the court to a private life, strangled himself with an halter, and so ended his days, as we will show in place convenient. THE XXIX. BOOK. CHAP. I. After some light skirmishes, there was a truce agreed upon with Sapor. The court of Valens is disquieted with new troubles, by occasion of intelligence given by Palladius. Whiles Valens was alive, inquisition was made in certain praesages as touching a successor in the Empire. WHen Winter was past, Sapor king of the Persians, exceeding arrogant upon the confidence that he had gotten by his former battles, having supplied the number of his own forces, and furnished them very strongly, sent his men of * Cataphractos, or soldiers in complete harness. arms, archers and mercenary common soldiers to break out and invade our territories. Against these forces, Traianus a lieutenant and Vadomarius late king of the Alemans', went forth with right puissant bands, appointed by commandment from the prince to observe thus much, rather to keep off, than to assail the Persians first. Who being come to Vagabanta, a place renowned for the legions that lodged there, they received the violent charge and brunt of the enemy's troops, rushing and running fiercely upon them full against their wills, and of purpose giving ground and reculing back, because they would not first wound any of their enemies, nor be deemed culpable in breaking of the league; until such time as being forced upon extreme necessity, they joined battle, and having slain a number of them, departed with victory. Yet between while, after some trial of light skirmishes on both sides, and the same performed with sundry events, when truce by common consent was concluded, and the Summer spent, the leaders of both parts departed asunder, as yet not well accorded. And verily the Parthian king returned into his own kingdom, minding to Winter in Ctesiphon, and the Roman * Valeus. Emperor entered into Antioch: who, whiles he maketh his abode there, secured in the mean time from foreign enemies, had like to have lost his life by intestine practices and conspiracies, as the process of this story shall declare at large. There was one Procopius a busy fellow and of a turbulent spirit, given always to the desire of stirs and troubles, that had accused Anatolius and Spudasius, two Palatines (who were commanded, That what moneys they had intercepted from the common treasure, should be demanded) for laying wait and practising against lieutenant Fortunatianus, that eager and importunate collector: who presently growing from extreme rigour to plain rage and madness, by virtue of the place and high authority which he held, caused judicially to be convented before the Praefectus Prętorio, one Palladius, of most obscure and base parentage, hired as a Sorcerer by the said parties, and Heliodorus a teller of fortunes by calculation of nativities, there to be forced for to utter and reveal what they knew. Now, when it came to this point, that the question either of fact or attempt was hotly followed, Palladius confidently broke out into this manner of exclamation, That these were but light toys now in hand, and fit to be passed over: as for me (quoth he) if I may be allowed to speak, I will tell of greater matters, and such as are to be feared indeed, and which being already plotted and well set forward, unless better heed be taken, will bring all to confusion. And being commanded boldly to show what he knew, he unfolded and * immension rudent tem explicuit, as we say, he opened a pack of knavery. laid forth, as one would say, a huge long cable of villainies, avouching, That Fidustius, one toward the office of the Precedent, and Pergamius, together with Irenaeus, had secretly learned by detestable magic the name of him that was to reign after Valens. Fidustius straightways attached (for his hap was then to be present) and closely brought in to be examined, when he saw the party that had appeached him, never went about by way of denial to shadow or hide things already divulged, but discloseth the dangerous and hurtful train of the whole matter, absolutely confessing, That himself, together with Hilarius and Patricius (of which persons, Hilarius served as a soldier about the palace) had sought unto Wizards skilful in prophecies, as touching the Emperor that should be: also, that the Oracle-rolls being by secret arts stirred and set awork, foretold both the proper name of an excellent prince, and also to themselves that were actors in this business, lamentable and woeful ends. And when they were all at a stand, who he should be in those days that so excelled all in vigour of mind and courage, it was thought, that Theodorus, now advanced to the second place among the * or Secretaties. Notaries, surpassed the rest. And verily he was no less indeed than the world took him for. Forbeing of a noble and ancient house descended in Gaul, and liberally brought up from the very first rudiments of his childhood, in regard of his modesty, wisdom, courtesy, credit, favour and learning right honourable, seemed always better than the office and place that he held: accepted and beloved indifferently both of high and low: and the only man he was (in manner) of all others, whose tongue not running at random, but well advised what it spoke, no fear of danger could ever stop. Over and above all this, the same Fidustius being now grievously tormented and mangled to the point of death, went on and said, That upon his report Theodorus had learned all which he foretold by Euserius, a man of singular skill and learning, and besides a very honourable parsonage: for why? it was not long before that he had governed Asia as deputy Praefect. When he was once laid up fast in prison, and the scrow containing these matters read, as the manner is, before the Emperor, his monstrous cruelty broke out farther like a most flaming fire, and the same fed still with the foul and shameful flattery of many, but principally of Modestus, than Praefect of the Praetorium: who, whiles he was daily disquieted with fear of a successor in his room, daily playing the jester, under the shadow of pleasant and merry conceits, divers ways won unto himself Valeus: a man somewhat rude and rough hewn, terming his unpleasant and rustical words the fine phrases and flowers of Tully: and to increase his vanity and vainglory the more, bearing him in hand, that the very stars, if he did but say the word, might be brought there in place out of the sky. CHAP. II. An infinite number of men apprehended for the said crime: First Theodorus as the head of all. What was done in this business throughout by Valens and his ministers, and with what affection of mind. WHereupon commandment was given, That Theodorus also should with all speed be fetched from Constantinople, whither he was gone about some household business of his own. Mean while that he was brought back, by sundry fore-judgements which were holden night and day there were drawn from most diffite regions, persons of good mark, for their dignities and nobility. And when as neither the common goals being already pestered full, nor private men's houses could now hold the number of them that were committed to ward, as being thronged and thrust close together with an hot steam among them, because the most part of them were kept in bonds, every man sore feared his own and his neighbour's case. At length cometh Theodorus himself also, half dead in manner already, and clad * Atratus. or in fullied weed, the same that Sordidatus. in mourning black: and whiles he was bestowed and hidden in a blind corner of the territory out of the way, and all those implements were put in readiness, which the future examinations did require, the trumpets of inward and domestical calamities sounded. And because he seemeth no less deceitful, who wittingly passeth over what he knoweth was done, than he that feigneth things never done, we deny not (for no man maketh doubt thereof) that the life of Valens, both oftentimes before by privy conspiracies and then also, was plunged into most extreme dangers: and the swords blade by military men of his own train set close to his very throat, was by the opposition of Destinies put back, as whom the said Destinies had preordained to lamentable perils in Thracia. For, not only in a certain woody place between Antioch and Seleucia, whiles he lay sweetly asleep afternoon in the shade, he was laid at by salustius, than one of the Seutarij, and oftentimes else forelaid by others: yet escaped he, for that the limits of his life set down unto him from his very nativity, bridled those horrible attempts. Like as it happened otherwhiles under he Emperors Commodus and Severus, whose life was most forcibly oft assailed, insomuch as after many and sundry intestine dangers, the one within the lists of the Amphitheatre, as he should enter in to behold the sights and games, with a spud or dagger was wounded almost to death, by Quintianus a Senator, and a man of unlawful and unhonest life: the other in his very later days, as he lay in his bedchamber, through the counsel of Plautianus the Perfect, had been unwares surprised and stabbed by the hands of Saturninus a Centurion, but that his own son, a young gentleman, came in to help and rescue him. And therefore, Valens also might well be bome withal and excused, in case with all wary circumspection that might be, he sought to defend his life, which perfidious traitors hastenod to take away from him. But this was in him a fault inexpiable, that in the proud humour of an absolute king, with one and the very same course of law, as if there were no difference of deserts, he by way of malicious pursuit proceeded in all haste against offenders and innocent persons indifferently: So that, whiles the crime remained still doubtful, yet the Emperor made no doubt of the punishment, in so much as some heard they were condemned, before they understood that they were suspected. Now, this inflexible purpose of his grew the more confirmed through the covetousness both of himself, and of those also who conversed then in the Court, gaping still for more, and never laying their chaws together, which did set him on and prick him ever forward: who if there were any mention made (and that was very seldom) of humanity and courtesy, termed it timorous dullness: who also with their bloody flatteries corrupting the mind and intent of the man (that carried death in the tip of his tongue) and turning it to the worst ways, with boisterous blasts of unseasonable whirlwinds violently blue upon all, hastening to overturn from the very foundations, most wealthy houses and families. For, exposed he was and lay open to the access of as many as sought the undoing of others, as being dangerously attached with two vices: First, for that he was intolerably angry, and then most, when he should have bashed to be angry: Again, look what he had heard by secret whisperings and suggestions, through the advantage and opportunity of private admittance, in the swelling pride of a Prince, forbearing to examine whether the same were true or no, he entertained the same for undoubted truths. Hence it came to pass, that under a pretence of clemency many innocent persons were thrust out of doors, and driven headlong into exile: whose goods being gotten together and sequestered into the common treasury, himself also reduced to his own proper gains: in so much as condemned folk were feign to beg their bread and live of alms, sore crushed with the miserable straits of dreadful poverty: for fear whereof ᵃ Theognis an ancient Poet and a wise, giveth us counsel to fling ourselves with the head forward even into the sea. Which proceedings of his, say that some man would grant to have been lawful, yet the very excessive rigour thereof was hateful. Whereby this is found to be a sentence well and truly set down, That there is no doom more cruel than that, which whiles it seemeth to spare, is indeed more rough and rigorous. When as therefore the principal men of place together with the Perfect of the Protorium were assembled together, unto whom the hearing and determining of these matters aforesaid were by commission granted, then were the racks ᵇ stretched and bend, the leaden weights or plumbets brought forth, the string-torments also and the whips put in readiness: then rung every prison among the jengling sound of chains with horrible and cruel notes, whiles the ministers and executioners of sorrowful offices did nothing but cry, Hold, shut, strain and hide. And for as much as we have seen many after dolorous and grievous punishment condemned to die, summarily and briefly we will show what we are able to call to mind, because such was the confuse handling of all matters (as it were) in horror of darkness, that the record of such things as were done most secretly within, hath passed by our knowledge. CHAP. III. Pergamius is put to death. Salia suddenly perisheth. Patricius and Hilarius reveal the whole order of the presages and cursed Divination. AT the first calling in, Pergamius after some slight and small questions, being detected by Palladius (as hath been said before) to have foreknown some matters by the means of art-Magicke and wicked impretations; (as he was a man passing eloquent, & desperately given to cast out perilous words) whiles the judges were in doubt what should be examined first, and what afterward? he boldly began to speak: and keeping a great noise appeached still without any end many thousands as privies and accessories, calling and requiring to have some presented there in place, even from as far well-near as the utmost mountain * Cabo d'Alguer. Maercat. A promontory in Africa. Atlas, to be charged with grievous crimes. When he was put to death, as one who packed together such matters as were over hard to be tried, and others after him by whole companies executed, they came to the cause of Theodorus himself, as it were, to the spacious field of some ᶜ Olympic Game. The same day among many other accidents, there fell out this fearful chance also, namely, that Salia, Treasurer not long before in Thracia, as he was led forth of prison and bonds to have his cause heard, in putting foot into his shoe, suddenly strucken with the object of some terrible affright, yielded up his vital breath in the very arms of those that had hold of him. When as the court therefore was set, and the Lawyers showed the prescript words of the law, howbeit ready to handle every point and tittle of causes according to the will of their sovereign Lord, all that were in the place assembled, fell into a fit of fearful quaking. For, the Emperor Valens swerving wholly from the rule of equity, and now better instructed how to do mischief, like unto one of these wild beasts of the Show place, if one brought hard to the cage, chanced to run away and escape, fared as if he had been horn mad, Patricius therefore and Hilanius being presented before them, commanded also to unfold the order and manner of every thing as it was done, when as at the first they began to falter and vary in their words, after their sides were thoroughly furrowed, and the three footed table which they used brought into the Court, driven at length to extreme straits, open the whole truth of the matter, ripped up even from the very beginning. And Hilarius first: We framed (quoth he) my Lords and right honourable judges, after the pattern of that * or Delphic threefooted pan. Cortinae Delphica. Oracle table of Apollo at Delphos, in a cursed and unlucky hour, this unfortunat little table made of bay twigs, which ye here do see, and when with many an imprecation and exercisme, by way of secret charms, as also with a number of long compliments we had ceremoniously consecrated it, we stirred & set it a work at length. Now the order of stirring or moving the same, so often as we sought for answer about secret and doubtful matters, was in this wise. Placed it was in the mids of an * or room. house purged clean, and perfumed with the sweet odours and spices of Arabia, and thereupon a charger round on every side neatly set, and the same made of divers metals: In the utmost ring or compass whereof the characters or forms of the twenty four letters in the Alphabet, being drawn out and engraven cunningly, stood one from another with certain spaces between them precisely set out. Than one arrayed i white linen vestments, and shod likewise with linen pumps, who also had a little wreath compassing his head round, and carried in his hand the * or branche●. leaves of some fruitful tree, having by certain formal charms obtained the favour of that divine power which is the author and precedent of Divination and Prescience of future things, according to the ceremonial skill thereto belonging, standeth above the said table, peising a pendant little ring plaited or woven close and fast of the fine ᵈ Carpathian thread, and the same consecrated with mystical disciplines: which ring lighting by jumps and leaps with distinct pauses between on certain letters one after another, seeming to stay and hold the same, maketh ᵉ heroic verses answerable to the questions demanded, and those fully composed according the rhythmical numbers and measures: like unto those ᶠ Pythicke verses which we read, or such as are delivered by the Oracles of the ᵍ Branchida. There then, as we asked who was to succeed in this present Empire, for that it was said he should he one everieway accomplished, the ring as it hopped here and there quickly made up two syllables, with the addition of the last letter of all in the end: Then one there present cried out that it was Theodorus, who by the prescript oppointment of fatal necessity was meant and afore-signified: neither was there any farther inquiry made into this business; for, we were sufficiently resolved, that this was the very man whom we sought and called for. Now when he had so expressly laid open the full knowledge of the whole matter to the eye of the judges, he added moreover and gently said, That Theodorus was utterly unacquainted therewith. Being after this demanded, Whether by the faithful answer of these Oracles which they practised, they had any foreknowledge of such torments as they had sustained? they uttered those most notable verses, which plainly showed that this their labour and pains which they took in searching after these high secrets above their reach, should shortly cost them their lives: yea and that the Furies threatened nevertheless both the Prince himself and his agents also, calling for vengeance by bloodshed and fire upon their heads: Of which verses it sufficeth to put down only these three last. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Nor unrevenged shall thy blood long remain: For why? that fell and angry Fury she, Tisiphone, will work them deadly pain In Mimant fields, where they shall burned be. Which when they were read, after they had been sore tormented with claws, they were parted one from another by this time in manner breathless and dead. CHAP. four When Theodorus, Eusebius, and Pasiphilus were diligently examined, Simonides the Philosopher, after execution of an infinite number, was burnt to ashes. After whom, follow Maximus and Diogenes, when Alypius and Hierocles his son were sundry ways mangled and tormented. AFter this, to the end that the fabric and workhouse of this designed wickedness might be evidently set open, there was brought in a company of honourable Senators, among whom were the heads and very principal persons of the State. And when every man seeing none but himself, was ready to shove his own imminent mischief upon another, at length by leave and permission of the Inquisitors, Theodorus beginning to speak, at the first lay prostrate before them, and craved pardon; then afterwards, urged more forcibly to make his answer, declared, That he had knowledge indeed of all this by Euserius; but that he should not give intelligence thereof to the Emperor, as divers times he went about to do, he was debarred by him, who avowed, That by no unlawful desire of aspiring unto regal dignity, but by a certain course of inevitable destiny, that which was hoped for, would of the own accord come to pass. Then, as Euserius being under the hand of bloody tormentors, confessed the very same, Theodorus was by his own letters convinced, which he had written by way of oblique circumlocutions unto Hilarius, implying thus much, That since he had already conceived assured hopes from the Divinors and Prophets, he stood not now upon the substance of the thing, as doubting it, but was earnest to know the circumstance of the time, when his desire should be effected. After these points known, when they were had away and sequestered apart, Eutropius, who at that time governed Asia as Proconsul, was drawn within danger, and judicially indicted as privy and party to this faction: but he went away without harm as unguilty; for that Pasiphilus the Philosopher acquitted and cleared him: who notwithstanding he was cruelly tortured to this end, that by fastening some lie upon him, he might defame and subvert him quite, could not be removed from the state of a constant and stout mind. After these cometh in the Philosopher Simonides, who verily in regard of his years was but a young man, howbeit for his carriage the gravest and precisest person within our remembrance: who being informed against, for that he had taken knowledge of this business by the means of Fidustius, and perceiving, that the matter was weighed, not according to truth, but the will and direction of * Talladius the accuser, or the Emperor himself. one, pleaded for himself, and said, That he had heard indeed of these things aforesaid; but when they were imparted unto him, in a constant resolution concealed the same. All which matters being thoroughly from point to point examined, the Emperor in a correspondency to the counsel of the Commissioners, under one sentence and warrant commandeth they should all be put to death: and so, in the sight of an infinite number of people, who scarcely could behold so abominable a spectacle without horror of mind, but filled the heavens again with moans and complaints (for the misery of each one seemed to be the common case of them all) brought they were forth together, and in pitiful manner had their throats cut, all save Simonides, whom only that cruel * Valens the Emperor. doome-giver (grown enraged at him for his grave constancy) caused to be consumed with fire: who running from this life as from a furious mistress, and scorning the sudden falls of worldly things, endured the flames, and never quetched: following the example of that famous Philosopher Peregrinus, surnamed Proteus; who being fully determined to leave this world, at the ʰ Quinquennall solemnity of the Olympic games, in the sight of all Greece leapt up to that funeral fire which himself had made, and there was burnt to ashes. And after him, for certain days following, a multitude almost of all sorts and degrees, whom by name to reckon were a difficult piece of work, driven within the dangerous toil and snares of false imputations, made work for the hangmen and executioners until they wearied them out, after they had been maimed and lamed before with stretching upon the rack, with the weighty pelts of plumbets, and the smart lashes of the whip. And some there were that suffered death without any breathing time or respite granted, even whiles it was in question, Whether they should be executed, or no? So there was nothing but carnage and slaughter scene in every place of the city, as if so many beasts had been slain by the butcher's knife. After this, to allay the envy and displeasure of the people for such a bloody massacre, an infinite number of books and many heaps of volumes were gotten together, and before the judges burnt: such as were fetched out of sundry houses, as if (forsooth) they had been unlawful and prohibited; whereas indeed the most part of them were Tables and Indices of the liberal Sciences & of the [civil] Law. And not long after, that noble Philosopher Maximus (a man of great name and renown for his learning, out of whose most plentiful discourses, julian the Emperor became sufficiently furnished for skill and knowledge) was charged to have heard those verses of the Oracle abovesaid: and having granted indeed, that he knew thereof, (howbeit, in consideration of his profession blabbed not forth such things as were to be concealed, but voluntarily foretold, that the seekers of this Oracle themselves should surely suffer and die for it) was led to Ephesus, the place of his nativity, and there cut shorter by the head: he found and learned by this last experience at his death, That the iniquity of a judge & Commissioner is more heavy than any crime whatsoever. Diogenes also entangled within the snares of impious falsity (a man descended of a noble house for his wit, eloquence at the bar, and sweet behaviour, otherwise excellent, late ruler of Bythinia) to the end that his rich livelode and patrimony might be ransacked and taken from him, was put to death. And now behold, Alypius also, late deputy of Britanny (a man of quiet carriage and pleasant demeanour, after a private and retired life led in repose, because injustice thus far had stretched forth her hand, being tossed and tumbled in most sorrowful plight) was cited and indicted for the feat of * Venefi●ij, or Sorcene. poisoning, together with his son Hierocles, a young man of good towardness, upon the evidence and testimony of one Diogenes, a base fellow, and but himself alone: who after he had been tormented in all butcherly manner, that he might utter words pleasing the prince, or rather his accusor, when his limbs would not serve to endure more painful punishments, being condemned to be burnt quick, Alypius also himself, after the loss of his goods, commanded to go into exile, by a certain good hap recovered his son again, as recalled from death, notwithstanding he was in piteous wise led to execution. CHAP. V. The most wicked and abominable practices of Palladius, the worker of all these so many troubles and calamities, to put oil into the fire. The witty wiles also and crafty fetches of Heliodorus, who together with Palladius framed all these mischiefs, are described: whereupon ensue new tragoedies. During all this time, Palladius, that plotter and worker of all miseries, whom we said at the first to have been attached by Fortunatianus, and one for his very baseness of condition even in the lowest degree, ready to enter rashly into any action, by heaping one calamity upon another, had filled the whole State and Empire with tears and sorrowful lamentations. For having gotten licence to nominate whom he would, without respect of calling and degree, as tainted with unlawful and forbidden arts, like to an hunter skilful in marking the secret tracts and muces of wild beasts, enclosed many a man within his lamentable net and toil: some, as stained with the skill of poisoning and sorcery; others, as privy and accessary to those that plotted and practised treason. And to the end, that not so much as the very wives might be allowed and have leisure to bewail their husband's miseries, straightways there were certain suborned and sent out: who being come to some special houses of mark, rifling the household stuff, and perusing the writings of any one condemned to suffer, should privily foist in some old wives charms, or ridiculous love-spels & enchantments, devised and forged to bring innocent folk to mischief. Which being read in court before the judges, where no law, no religion, or conscience, no equity made difference between truth and lies, without pleading in defence of themselves, they had their goods taken from them, yea, and without touch and attaint of any fault, young men and others indifferently, after they had been lamed in all their limbs, were had away in chairs to execution. Hence it came to pass throughout the East Provinces, that all men for fear of the like, burnt their libraries and closerts, such a general terror possessed every one. For to speak more plainly to the purpose, we all in those days crept as it were in Cimmerian darkness, fearing and faring for all the world like to those guests of Denis the tyrant of Sicily, who whiles they crammed themselves full with viands, more irksome and unpleasant than any hunger whatsoever, quaked to see from the embowed roofs aloft of the rooms wherein they sat at meat, swords fastened only to horse hairs, & hanging just over the napes of their necks. Then it was also, that Bassianus (by birth of a noble house, by calling a Notary, and by his place serving in the wars with the foremost, called into question, as if he had gone about to foreknow high matters of State although himself avouched, That he sought only whether his wife should be delivered of a boy or girl? how ever he escaped death, through the great and earnest suit of his friends that stuck close unto him) was stripped out of a rich livelode and inheritance that he had. Among the crashing noises of so many ruins and overthrows of men's estates, Heliodorus that devilish deviser and framer (together with Palladius) of all mischiefs, the Mathematician or ginger (as the common people termeth him) being wrought and made sure aforehand by close conferences out of the emperors house, put forth now his poisonful and deadly sting, egged on by all procurements and allurements of courtesy, to utter what he either knew or could forego: for both cherished he was right charily with the finest food, and also money good store he got by way of contribution, to bestow liberally upon his harlots and mistresses; yea, and every where as he went, he carried up his head, I warrant you, with a surly and stately look, dread of all men: but bearing himself more big upon this affiance, that to the stews and brothel-house, which (as himself would) was kept with much liberty, he used to come openly and continually, being Provost over all the offices belonging to the bed chamber, bringing with him the writs and writings of the public father of the country, like to breed sorrow and grief enough to many. And by the means of him as an Orator and advocate at the bar, Valens was taught and instructed before hand, what he should place in the foremost parts of his Oration, that he might thereby proceed and profit more easily, as also with what figurative devices he should give the attempt upon brave and goodly places. CHAP. VI Eusebius and Hypatius, two brethren and Consuls, through the sly devices of Heliodorus fall into divers dangers, and are commanded with their personal presence to countenance and honour the funerals of Heliodorus. ANd because it would ask a long discourse, to tell what this mischievous villain, worthy to be hanged, wrought and brought to pass, this one thing I will for example deliver, although in his bold and heady confidence he shook the very chief and principal pillars of the * Senators. Patrician degree: who taking exceeding much upon him, by reason (as hath been said before) that he had secret communication with those of the Emperor's house, and for his own beggarly baseness ready to entertain any action for money, informed against that singular good couple of Consuls, Eusebius and Hypatius, two brothers german, and near allied unto the Emperor Constantius in times past, namely, That upon an aspiring desire to higher estate, they had both projected and also practised somewhat as touching the Empire; adding moreover unto this way, feignedly devised for the making up of a lie, That Eusebius had imperial robes also made already for him. Which informations and suggestions being gladly received, the prince in a great chafe fretting and menacing in furious wise: he, I say, who ought indeed to have done nothing at all, because he thought he might do all, were it never so unjust, made no more ado, but when all those prisoners were brought in from the farthest part of far remote countries, whom the accuser, exempt from all laws, in the height of reckless audacity had given order peremptorily to be sent for and fetched up, commanded there should be holden a judicial inquisition and strict trial of the case. Now, when as for all the difficult and strained enforcements, grounded (forsooth) upon equity (which was a long time pretended) and the wretched varlets standing stiffly still in vouching the thing, no grievous torments were able to wring out any confession of the parties, but that the truth itself cleared these honourable persons, and declared them far removed from all knowledge and privity of any such matter; yet the false accuser verily for his part was much made of, and honourably regarded, as before time: but the other, punished with exile, and put to grievous fines, within a while after were called home again, had their pecuniary mulct repaid them, and were restored to their dignities and places fully as before. Neither yet after these foul and repentable acts, was any thing done by the Emperor in more stayed manner, or in modest wise; whiles, mounted thus as he was to that exceeding high pitch of power and authority, he never considered with himself, that for such as be well minded and framed aright, it is not beseeming to run so rashly into voluntary delinquencies, no not with the hurt of very enemies: and that there is nothing so unreasonable, as when the high spirit and pride of a sovereign prince, is accompanied also with the bitterness of his own nature. But when Heliodorus, I wot not whether by sickness or by some devised violence, was dead (loath I am to say so much, would God the thing itself could not speak it) when his corpse was carried forth to be buried by the biere-bearers, many honourable personages went before it, as mourners in black: among whom were seen those * Eusebius and Hypatius. brethren also, who had been Consuls. And even there and then was the whole corruption of his folly, who ruled an Empire, very openly detected and published to the world: Who being earnestly requested to * It seemeth that Valens himself purposed to grace the funerals with his personal presence. forbear considering this adverse hap admitted no remedy or consolation, stiffly continued inflexible, so as he seemed to have stopped his ears with wax, as if he were to pass by the ⁱ sirens rocks. Howbeit, overcome at length with importunate prayers, he yielded, and commanded, That many should attend on foot bore headed, yea and some also with hand in hand, and fingers clutched cross one within another, to go before the cursed coarse of this bloody villain unto the grave. My heartyerneth and trembleth to think how many right honourable personages in this unseemly and disorderly manner were debased and brought to vale bonnet, such especially as had been Consuls, after they had borne their ivory staves and rich robes, ensigns of that high place, yea and after the monuments of their enrolling upon record in the yearly Calendar, to the view of the whole world. Among all whom this our Hipatius for the groweth and proof of his beautiful virtues right commendable excelled all other, a man of a quiet and peaceable disposition, weighing (as it were) to the plumb line & levelly the honesty of mild behaviour: who both was a glorious ornament to his noble ancestors, & also honoured his posterity by his wonderful acts in two Prefectures that he bore. CHAP. VII. The unrighteous clemency of Valens, faring cruelly as he did against offenders and innocent persons alike, to Pollentianus an impious wretch, and guilty of treason. The judgement and revenge of God in so many massacres. Festinus Proconsul of Asia, following the steps of Maximinus (of whom mention is made in the 28. book) cruelly proceedeth against those in Asia. THis also at the same time made up the roll of Valens his other * Spoken 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or by the contrary. virtues, That whereas toward others he was so infested and cruel, that he could not well endure any lingering torments to end with death, yet one Pollentianus, a certain Tribune, who for wickedness exceeded, being convict at the same time, and confessing how he had ripped up a woman's belly alive, taken forth the untimely fruit before the birth, raised up infernal spirits, and presumed to confer with them as touching the change of the Imperial government: in regard of his familiarity (notwithstanding all states muttered at and repined thereat) he commanded to go his way without any hurt sustained, keeping his life still, his exceeding wealth and place in warfare entire as before. But o thou lovely information and endument of learning, by the heavenly gift of God granted unto blessed and happy weights, which hast oftentimes reform even corrupt and vicious natures, how great enormities hadst thou in that milk missed of those times redressed, if Valens might have had the grace by thee to have known, That an Imperial dignity, as wise men define it, is nothing else, but a care of other folks good and safety: That it is the part of a good Governor to restrain and keep in his absolute power, to withstand covetous desire of having all, and to bridle the passion of implacable wrath: yea and to know (as Caesar the * julius Caesar. Dictator said) That the remembrance of cruelty committed, is but a poor help and comfort to old age: and therefore he that is to give sentence, as touching the life and spirit of a man, who is a part of this universal world, and accomplisheth the number of living creatures, ought much to deliber at and pause a long time, and not to be driven with a rash and heady affection to that, which being once done is irrevocable: according to that example so well known unto antiquity. There was a certain dame of Smyrna, who before the proconsul of Asia, Dolabella confessed, That she had by poison made away her son and husband, for that she knew by manifest proof, that they had murdered a son of hers by a former husband: and her trial being adjourned for certain days, when the Counsel and Court unto which, according to the custom, she was put off, stood perplexed and doubtful what should be set down and determined, in this case, being of a middle nature between a revenge and a wicked act, sent she was unto the ᵏ Areopagites, those severe Athenian judges, whose equity, by report, had decided the debates of the gods. These having duly heard and examined the cause, awarded, That the woman together with her accuser, should make appearance an hundred years after: lest they should either acquit the woman of poisoning, or punish her for revenging the murder of her dear son. So, That is never thought late, which of all things is the last. After these parts aforesaid committed in sundry sorts of injustice, and marks imprinted shamefully upon the bodies of free persons that survived, the never-winking eye of justice, that judgeth and punisheth at all times injuries, diligently watched. For, the Furies, revengers of those that were thus slain, stirred up with most just recital of continual complaints one in the neck of another, kindled the flames of Bellona, to the end that the truth of the Oracle might be confirmed, which foretold, That none of these foul acts thus perpetrated, should pass unpunished. Whiles these iniquities above related, during the cessation of the Parthian wars, are by intestine calamities spread abroad in Antioch, all the dreadful sort of infernal Furies, after manifold misfortunes which they had displayed and sent abroad, departing from the same city, settled upon the neck of all Asia throughout in this manner. One Festinus of * Tridentinus. Trent, a man of base and obscure parentage, beloved of Maximinus as his companion, and taken into the bond (as it were) of brotherhood, and by the appointment and decree of the Destinies, went over into the East Empire: and there having governed Syria, and gone through the Office of Master of the * or Records. Rolls, left behind him good examples of mildness and honour: Whereupon, after he had begun to rule Asia in place of a Proconsul, he set sail (as they say) gently forward, and held on his course toward the port of glory. And hearing that Maximinus wrought mischief, and sought the overthrow of the best men, he reproved otherwhiles his doings, as pernicious and detestable. But when he understood again, that the man without any desert was come up to be Perfect, and all by the means of their funerals whom he had wickedly done to death, he also grew to have an hot desire for to do and hope the like: and so all on a sudden, like unto a player changing his part, and conceived with an ardent affection to do mischief, he went stately with staring and stern eyes, supposing yer it were long that a Prefectship would fall to him, in case he also had imbrued himself with the blood of innocent persons. And albeit there are many and sundry parts which he acted (that I may use a mild term) most rigorously, yet it shall suffice to recount a few of them that are notorious and commonly divulged, which were committed by him in imitation of those examples that were showed at Rome. For, the very same reason there is of things done well or ill, even there also, although haply for the greatness thereof which is unlike, there be some defect in the comparison. A certain Philosopher named Caeronius, a man of no small desert, he killed with excessive and most cruel torments (whose death remaineth unrevenged) for that in a familiar letter of his written unto his own wife, he put in the end this postscript in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a proverbial speech commonly taken up, that when one heareth it, he may take the deeper knowledge and impression, that some great matter is to be done. A simple and silly old woman there was, who used with a gentle charm to heal intermittant * as tertians, quartans, quotidians, and such like. agues, coming by fits, her he put to death, after that she had cured a daughter of his, notwithstanding she was sent for with his own privity. Among the papers of a certain worshipful * or citizen. Bourgesse, which by commandment were searched upon some business in controversy, there was found the * the figure of his nativity. Horoscope of one Valens. And when he was charged often thus far, namely, Why he had calculated the constellation of the Prince? the party whom it concerned, notwithstanding that, to refel such false slanders, he promised to show by good and evident proofs, that it was his own brother Valens, and that he was a good while since departed: yet without waiting for evidence of the truth, all torn and mangled he was cruelly slain. There was a young man seen within the bane to lay the fingers of both hands upon a marble stone, and his breast, by turns one after another, and therewith to have numbered and recited the seven ¹ vowels, taking this to be a good remedy for the pain of the stomach, hereupon he was judicially convented, and after torture had his head smitten off by the sword. CHAP. VIII. Ammianus Marcellinus turning his pen to the state of the West Empire, rehearseth certain cruel proceedings of Valentinian, made more fell by Maximinus Perfect of the Pretorium. BY reason hereof turning my pen toward Gaul, I also meet with the order and course of the affairs there troubled and confused, finding among many and fearful occurrents, Maximinus now become * Praetorio. Perfect, by reason of his large power and authority a perilous firebrand to incense the * Valentinian. Emperor, who with the majesty of his high fortune intermingled his licentious will. Whosoever therefore considereth what is said, may ponder also and weigh all the rest that is concealed, and in his wisdom pardon me, in case I comprise not every particular which the naughtiness of judges and their assessors by aggravating crimes, and making them worse, hath committed. For, Valentinian naturally of himself fierce and fell, as rigour (enemy unto all righteous proceedings) grew more and more, after the coming of the said Maximinus, whiles there was none either to advise him better, or to hold him back in a certain swelling current (as it were) of waves and storms, was carried through a sea of rigorous acts; in so much as many times in his fits of anger his very voice, his countenance, his gate and colour would change. Which, to be true, sundry evidences there be, and those most certain that do testify, of which it shall suffice to set down a few. A well grown youth, one of these whom they term * Pages. Pedagogianos, being appointed in a place, for the better marking of the hunter's game, to hold a Spartan hound, chanced to let him slip before the set time, for that the dog whiles he strove to be gone had assailed and bitten him: For which, he had by his commandment the bastinado, until he died therewith, and was buried the same day. The master of a certain ¹ forge or workhouse, who had presented unto him a cuirass most workmanly polished, and therefore looking for his reward, he commanded to be killed, for nothing else but this, that the said piece of iron armour was somewhat less in weight than the pattern which he had given him. Constantianus the horse-chooser, because he was so bold as to exchange some of those horses of service, for the ᵐ allowing of which he had been sent into Sardinia, by his commandment also was stoned to death. Athanasius a chariotier, and favourite then of his, whom he had in suspicion for some vulgar levity, in so much as he gave commandment he should be burnt quick, in case he attempted any such thing; notwithstanding that not long after he had (by report) done him pleasurable service, without any pardon at all vouchsafed to this artificial deviser of his delights and sports, was by precept from him consumed to ashes. Africanus, a well practised Advocate and defender of men's causes in the city, after he had governed a Province, aspired to the rule of another: unto whose friend and mediator Theodosius captain of the horsemen, who sued in his behalf for the said preferment, he returned this churlish and rude answer, Go thy ways Lieutenant (quoth he) and change his head, who desireth thus to have his Province changed. And by this warrant-parol the eloquent man lost his life, whiles he hastened to greater preferments, as many do. A certain fellow for his very base condition contemptible, accused Claudius and salustius, who from out of the band of the joviani were advanced to the dignity of Tribunes: for that when Procopius sought to be an Emperor, they had given out some good words in his behalf. But when there could appear no matter of substance against them, by any examinations upon the rack, the Prince never gave over to give the captains of the horsemen, who had the hearing of their cause, in charge, That they should banish Claudius, and pronounce sentence of death upon salustius; promising therewith, That when he was had away, and haled to the place of execution, he would recall him back again. Now when according to appointment they ever looked and waited for this delivery, neither salustius escaped death, nor was Claudius freed from this heavy plight of banishment, before the death of the said Valentinian ....... when as they were very often tortured. After many inquisitions therefore by torments holden one after another, and some examinats through excessive and dolorous tortures killed, there were not found so much as any presumptions of those crimes which were laid against them. In this business, the * Soldiers of the Guard. Protectores, sent to exhibit and bring the persons in place, are said to have (against all custom before time) given them the Bastinado. My heart quaketh, and withal is afraid to reckon up all, lest I should be thought of purpose to have searched into the vices of him, who otherwise was a very good prince, and studious of the Weal public. Howbeit this one thing it is not meet either to be over-passed or concealed, namely, that having two cursed and cruel she Bears, that used to feed of men and women's flesh, the one named * Mi●a aurea. Golden Mica, and the other Innocentia, he carefully took order to place their cages near unto his own bedchamber, and to set trusty keepers diligently to see that they wanted nothing, nor had nought that might offend them. As for Innocentia, after he had seen many burials of dead bodies rend and dismembered by her, he suffered her, as having well deserved liberty, to go her ways without any harm done unto her, into the forests. CHAP. IX. Valentinian raiseth war upon Macrianus king of the Alemans', and without effect returneth to Triers. After this he causeth Hortarius a petty king to be burned for treason. ANd verily these are most true proofs of his bloody behaviour and cruel intent. But of his prudent purpose about the Commonwealth never digressing .... If any of the enemies was discovered from above out of the watchtowers or barbicans once to stir, he was overwhelmed. Now among many and sundry cares, this above all other he first and principally cast in his mind, how by open violence or privy trains he might catch alive and carry away king Macrianus, grown among so many changes of successions to be rich and mighty, and now by reason of his puissant forces rising up in arms against our men: like as long before julianus had intercepted Vadomarius. But this business required both foresight and also time. When it was known therefore by that which the fugitives told, where the foresaid king, who looked for no such thing, might be taken; as closely as possibly he could (for fear that any should hinder the framing and setting together of a bridge) he made a passage over the Rhine with ships. And Severus, who had the conduct of the Infantry, being gone before just against * Martpury, as some think. Mattiacae Aquae, considering full well how few our soldiers were, was affrighted and stood still, fearing least not able to make resistance, he should be borne down with the mighty power of the enemy's squadrons, rushing violently upon him. And because he suspected, that they (who brought with them certain buffoons as slaves to be sold) whom by chance they found there, would by speedy riding out give intelligence of that which they saw, those he spoiled of their commodities, and slew them all. By the coming therefore of more forces, the captains being animated, and having pitched their tents for a very short time, because no man had either packhorse nor pavilion but the prince, whose carpets of tapistry served for his tabernacle, after they had stayed a small while by reason of the dark night, no sooner was the Moon risen, but in order of battle they marched on farther, having for their guides such as were skilful in the ways ...... with a great stir and noise of his own people he was hindered; whom for all that he charged continually to forbear burning and spoiling, yet could he not prevail. For by reason of the crackling that the fire made, and the dissonant cries beside, the Pensioners and Squires of * Macrianus. his body were raised; who suspecting that which happened indeed, mounted the king up into a most speedy chariot, and in a narrow * or nouke. entry within the hills which were round about broken, bestowed him. Thus Valentinian, defrauded and disappointed of this glorious exploit, through the default neither of himself nor of his captains, but through the unruly intemperance of the soldiers, which oftentimes hath cost the Roman state grievous losses, after he had fired the enemy's land fifty miles forward, returned to * Treviros. Triers with heavy cheer: where fretting and grinding his empty jaws, like unto a Lion, for the loss of a Stag or Roebuck, whiles the scattered ranks of the enemies were affrighted, he ordained Fraomarius in stead of Macrianus to reign over the * Weisbaden. Heroldo. Bucinobantes, an Aleman nation just against * Mogunce. Mogontiacum: Fraomarius (I say) whom shortly after, because in a late road the same territory had been quite wasted, he sent over into Britanny, and made Tribune and Colonel over a regiment of the Alemans', which for number and valour in those days was renowned. But Bitheridus and Hortarius, principal men likewise of that nation, he commanded to have the charge of soldiers under them. Of which two, Hortarius detected by the means of Florentius, duke of Mogontiacum, to have written somewhat against the State unto Macrianus and other nobles of the Barbarians, after the truth was by torture expressed and fetched out, were burnt for it. CHAP. X. Firmus a prince of Mauritania raiseth troubles and commotions, which Theodosius General of the Horsemen endeavoureth to appease. FRom hence, among .... these occurrences that followed next, I thought good should be delivered in one continued narration, lest while in businesses and places far distant other matters be inserted, there ensue of necessity a confused knowledge of many things. Nubel a petty king, as it were, through all the nations of Mauritania right puissant, departing this life, left behind him sons, both legitimate, and also base begotten of his concubines: One of these named Zamma, well accepted and in favour with the lieutenant named Romanus, being secretly by his brother Firmus murdered, gave the occasion of much discord and war. For the said lieutenant making haste with all earnest desire to revenge his death, wrought many means, and those very dangerous, to the utter overthrow of the foresaid privy murderer. And as it was by sundry rumours reported, great diligence and labour hereabout was employed in the emperors palace. And verily, the relations made by Romanus, which cast many and grievous imputations upon Firmus, were willingly entertained of the prince, and read before him, whiles there wanted not many besides favourably to second the same. But on the contrary side, look what Firmus impleaded, and oftentimes by his friends alleged in defence of himself and of his life, the same, how ever it was received, did remain a long time smothered, by reason that Remigius, master at that time of the Offices, allied by marriage, and a friend unto Romanus, constantly always affirmed, That among many weighty and important affairs of the Emperor, these so frivolous and superfluous matters ought not be read unto him, but at some convenient and seasonable time. Which when the Moor perceived to be a practice for to overthrow his defence, trembling now for fear of extremity, lest haply when those allegations which he pretended and pleaded were cast aside, he might be condemned as one pernicious and contumacious, and so put to death, renounced his allegiance unto the Empire, and rebelled: and such helps ... for fear least by increase of his power he might grow to be an implacable enemy, to the suppressing of him, with the help of some few soldiers attendant about the court, was Theodosius, General of the Horsemen, sent: whose virtues in those days, as of great efficacy, above the rest shone forth, being like for all the world to those ancient knights Domitius Corbulo and Lusius, whereof the former under Nero, the other under trajan, Emperors of Rome, were renowned for many valiant acts. Being departed therefore from * Arelate. Arles with most lucky and fortunate Auspexes, and having passed the sea with that fleet whereof he had the conduct, without any rumour going before, he arrived at the shore of Mauritania Sitifensis, which the inhabitants call * Gigell. Igilgitanum: and there finding by chance Romanus, and speaking gently to him, he sent him to set in order the sentinels & fore-guards, with little or no rebuke at all for those things that he feared. Who being gone away to [Mauritania] Caesariensis, he sent Gildo the brother of Firmus, as also Maximus, to reform Vincentius; who whiles he was lieutenant of Romanus, became partaker of his uncivil behaviour and his thefts. When he had therefore received his soldiers, late though it were, who made the longer stay by reason of the main and wide sea, hastening to Sitifis, he gave order, That Romanus with his domestical attendants should be committed unto the safe custody of the * Guard. soldiers. Protectores. And whiles he abode within the town, distracted he was with doubtful thoughts and cares, casting and tossing in his mind, by what way or by what device he might either through hot and scorched countries lead his soldiers, accustomed to frosts; or take the enemy prisoner, that used to make sudden roads, and trusted more upon secret ambushes than any set battles. Which when it was known unto Firmus, first by running rumours, and afterwards by plain and open intelligences given, sore affrighted at the coming of a most approved and expert captain, he confessed his error, and craved pardon of all that was past, both by Orators whom he sent, and also by letters which he wrote; showing and declaring, That he broke not forth of his own accord to that fact which he knew to be wicked, but by reason of unjust dealing, which grew to licentious outrage, as he promised by demonstration to prove. Which missives being read, and pardon promised upon the receipt of hostages, the captain * Theodosius. aforesaid went forward to take a review of the Legions which defended Africa, unto a station named Panchariana, whither as to the rendezvous by commandment they were to repair. There having with honourable and wise speeches confirmed all their hopes, he returned to Sitifis, and assembled the soldiers there inhabiting, together with those whom he brought with him; and impatient of farther delays, he made haste to exploit some warlike service. Moreover, among many and notable parts of his beside this one thing mightily increased the love of the country unto him, in that he expressly forbade, That the provincial inhabitants should find the army any victuals, giving out, and that with a brave & confident spirit, That the harvests and hoards of the enemies were the garners of our valorous men. CHAP. XI. Through the treacherous and deceitful dealing of Firmus, it came to pass, that upon a battle fought, wherein the Barbarians were discomfited, Firmus in the end was glad to crave peace and pardon: which being obtained, Theodosius repaireth Caesarea. THese things thus ordered with joy of the * Tenants, Farmers, or Lords themselves. Possesson●m. Land-holders', he marched forth to Tubusuptus, a town adjoining to the mountain Ferratus, where he rejected the second embassage of Firmus, which had not brought according to appointment the hostages with them. From whence, when he had warily viewed and searched all, as the time and place would give leave, he sped himself apace toward the nations of the Tyndenses and Masinissenes, furnished and well appointed with light armour, whom Mascizel and ... dius, brethren of Firmus, had the leading of. Now, when these enemies, nimble and deliver of limb, were within view, after discharge of shot and casting-weapons on both sides, there was strucken a most sharp and cruel battle; and among the groans, deaths, and wounds, was heard lamentable yelling and weeping of the barbarous people, taken prisoners and slain: And when the fight was finished, many of the territories were forrayed and fired: Among which the miseries of the * or Borough. Burgade Petrensis exceeded, as being utterly razed and destroyed: which place the lord thereof Salmaces, brother to Firmus, had built in manner of a city. The conqueror lifted up with this good success, with wonderful celerity possessed himself of the town Lamforctense, situate among the nations abovesaid: where he caused great abundance of victuals to be laid up, to the end, that if as he went more inward into the country, he should find scarcity of food, he might give order to have it fetched near at hand. In these train of affairs, Mascizel having repaired his forces, with the aid-souldiors of the nations bordering upon him, joined battle with our men, wherein after many of his part defeated, himself through the swiftness of his horse with much ado escaped the danger of death. Firmus wearied with the adverse fortune of two battles, and chafing at the very heart root, because he would not omit the utmost means that were, sent certain Christian bishops with hostages, to treat for peace. Who, because they were courteously entertained, and upon promise of victuals sufficient for the soldiers, according as they had in charge, brought back a joyful answer, the Moor himself sending his presents before him, very confidently went forth toward the Roman General, mounted upon a courser, meet for any doubtful chances that might betide him. And when he drew near, being strucken amazed at the glittering ensigns, and the terrible countenance of Theodosius, he alighted from his horse, and bowing down his head, stooped almost to the very ground, and so with tears blamed his own rashness, craving pardon and peace: who being received with a kiss (for it was thought behoveful to the Commonwealth) and now full of good hopes, furnished us with sufficient food: and so leaving some of his own kinsfolks behind in am of the hostages, departed, with a purpose to redeliver the captives, as he promised, whom in the very beginning of the troubles he had caught up and carried away: and within two days after, without any longer delay, he rendered back, according to commandment, the town * Orano. Nigr. Acor. Castald. called Icosium, of the 20. founders thereof. Solin. I cosium (the founders whereof I have before related) the military ensigns also, and the Sacerdotal crown, with all the rest that he had intercepted. From hence, when our General after speedy and great journeys entered into * Taves, Mercat. Tipasa, unto the ambassadors of the Mazices, who had combined themselves with Firmus, and now in humble manner besought pardon, he answered thus with an high spirit, That forthwith he would war upon them, as perfidious rebels. Whom being dismayed and cast down with fear of imminent danger, he commanded to return home into their own country; and so he marched toward * Cabo Figalo, Pinot. Caesarea, a wealthy and noble city in times past, the original whereof likewise we have fully showed in the description of Africa. Being entered into it, when he saw it in manner all burnt and consumed with the fires that spread all abroad, and the flint stones of the streets covered and grey all over with ashes, he determined to bestow there for a time the first and second legions, that whiles they were casting up at one side the heaps of dead embers, they might keep a garrison there, lest by a second assault of the Barbarians it should be wasted again. Which news being carried divers ways abroad by true rumours, the rulers of the Province and Vincentius the Tribune came forth of their lurking holes wherein they had bestowed themselves, and at length without fear repaired with speed unto the General. CHAP. XII. Firmus starting from his promised allegiance, forceth Theodosius to take arms. Certain horsemen of the Romans, who had revolted to the rebels, are thrust down to the lowest degree of warre-service. Afterwards Theodosius executeth others with loss of their heads. And then, by occasion that the enemies were with many overthrows brought upon their knees, and weakened, he politicly delivereth out of danger a small company of his own men. WHom when Theodosius had seen and received with joy, making his abode still at Caesarea, upon very diligent search made for the truth of every thing, he understood for certain, that Firmus under colour of a well-willer and suppliant, in a covert policy reached at this, to come in manner of a sudden tempest upon our army fearing no hostility, and to put it in disray. The General therefore turning from hence came to a free borough town named Sugabarritanum, seated upon the rising of the mountain Transcellensis: where he found the horsemen of the fourth cohort of archers, which had revolted unto the rebel: and to show that he was content with some mild punishment, he thrust them all down to the lowest degree of war service: and both them and also part of the Constantian footmen, he commanded to come to Tigaviae with their Tribunes; one of whom had done upon the head of Firmus a chain for a diadem. Whiles these things are a doing, Gildo and Maximus returned, leading with them Bells a Prince of the Mazices, and Ferinus Perfect of that nation, who had aided the faction of him that had troubled the the common peace .... to produce them bound. Which being performed according to appointment, himself went forth at break of day, and finding them in the army enclosed round about, What think ye (quoth he) my devoted fellow soldiers, aught to be done with these wicked traitors? and when they cried all with one voice and required, That they who served among the ¹ Constantiani, should lose their lifeblood for it; he following their desire delivered them, after the old manner, unto the soldiers to be massacred. As for the principal of the archers aforesaid, he cut off their hands, the rest he beheaded after the example of Curio, that most fierce & valiant captain, who by this kind of punishment made an end of the Dardanians stoutness, which after the manner of the ᵐ Lernaean serpent otherwhiles sprung up new again. But malicious backebiters, as they commend that ancient fact, so they condemn this, as cursed and over rigorous; saying, That the Dardanians were mortal enemies and justly deserved those punishments that they sustained, whereas the soldiers serving under their colours, when they all happened to fall into one error, should have been dealt with in a milder kind of correction: Whom, I knowing that I do, answer and give to understand, That this cohort both by fact and example were rebellious. As touching Bells and Fericius aforesaid, whom Gildo brought, as also Curandius, Tribune of the archers, he commanded them to be killed in this regard, for that neither himself in person would ever encounter with the enemies, nor exhort his soldiers under him to fight. And in this wise proceeded Theodosius, considering this sentence of Tully, That wholesome rigour and severity surpasseth the vain show of clemency. After this he went forth, and came before a fort named Gaionatis, having a strong wall round about it, which was the most safe & sure place of refuge for the Moors: with violent push of the Ram this he cast down, & when he had slain all the inhabitants therein, & laid the walls even with the ground, he went forward to the castle Tingitanum, & by the hill Ancorarius set upon the Mazices assembled there together, who now also discharged darts back again, that flew as thick as hail: & when as on both sides they had skirmished, the Mazices not able to abide our hot charging so violently with men & munition (a warlike nation though they were and fierce) thus beaten down in sundry slaughters, in a foul fright broke their arrays: and as they fled amain, were killed, all save those who making shift to escape, by humble suit afterward obtained pardon & peace, which the time so requiring was granted. Suggena their leader ...... who succeeded Romanus, appointed to go into Mauritania Sitifensis, there to take order for the placing of garrisons, himself lifted up still with these accidents past, marcheth against the nation of the Musones, whom their own privity and guiltiness of robberies and murders had gathered together to join in action with Firmus, who as it was hoped would shortly attain unto greater matters. And when he was entered well forward on his way, near unto the burrough-towne Addense, he had certain intelligence that a number of nations, how different soever they were in fashions and language, yet in one accord of heart agreed to raise and begin cruel war: whereto they were incited and encouraged with very great hope of rewards from a sister of Firmus, named Cyria; who abounding in wealth, and in a wilful resolution of a woman, purposed with all her power and endeavour to help her brother. Theodosius therefore fearing to adventure himself upon an unequal match, and least if encountering an huge multitude with a few (for he was but three thousand and five hundred strong) he might lose them all, keeping a mean between shameful flight and eager fight, gave ground and retired softly, by reason that the multitude pressed sore upon him, and so got away. Upon which event the barbarous people taking an exceeding good heart .... and lost he had them all to the last man, but that those nations seeing the aids of the Mazices, before whom marched certain Roman corporals, were mightily troubled and affrighted: and supposing they had been many battalions, ready with violence to charge upon them, took them to their heels, and so opened the passages and ways for our men to get out, which before were quite stopped up. CHAP. XIII. Theodosius by a wise policy and military holding off assailing his enemies, forceth Firmus by flight to shift for himself, abandoning his camp that was ransacked: followloweth him in chase: and when he had vanquished the Isaflenses, who received and harboured him, and put certain of the principal enemies to death, bestoweth his own people in safety. WHen Theodosius afterward leading his soldiers safe, was come to a * or Burgh. Burgade named Mazucanum, after he had burnt up some few revolters, dismembered and maimed others after the example of those archeiss who had lost their hands, he came in the month of February to Tipata: Where making his abode a long time, like unto that ancient and wary * Q. Fabius Maximus. temporizer, he consulted as the business did require, intending if he might haply spy his advantage and opportunity to vanquish the warlike enemy, by dint of dart and weapon invincible, rather by stratagems and policy, than by dangerous encounters in plain field. Howbeit, he sent continually certain persons skilful in persuading, unto the nations round about, namely, the Baiurae, the Cantorians, Avastomates, Cafaves, Devares, and other borderers, one while by fear, otherwhiles by fair promises inducing them to an association, yea and sometime by promising them pardon for their malapert folly, purposing so to vanquish the enemy who much abated his violent forces, by such fair fetches and delays, like as Pompey in times past overcame Mithridates. For which cause, Firmus declining a mischief so near at hand, although he was well strengthened with great guards about him, leaving the common multitude of soldiers whom he had levied and assembled with great wages, taking opportunity of the still night to be unseen, reached as far as to the mountains Caprarienses, which were far off, and by reason of broken and craggy rocks inaccessible. Upon whose secret departure the multitude being scattered, slipping and dropping away one after another, now that they were without a leader, ministered unto our men good and ready means to enter upon his camp. Which being ransacked, and those slain that made resistance, or else upon their yielding taken to mercy, when he had wasted the greatest part of those countries, like a most prudent and politic captain, he set over those nations which he passed through, Prefects and rulers, men of approved trust and fidelity. The enemy terrified with this unlookedfor pursuit of Theodosius, accompanied with some few servants, minding by quick departure to save himself, to the end he might not be hindered by any let or encumbrance, threw away the packs of precious wares and commodities which he had brought away with him. For, his wife, wearied out with continual & very dangerous labour .... Theodosius sparing none, when the soldiers were refreshed with finer food, & cheered with wages, after that the Caprarienses the & Abbannae their neighbours, were in a light battle defeated, made haste to the Burrow town .... ense: and being by true messengers advertised, that the Barbarians were already possessed of the hills, which on every side with winding in and our mounted up aloft, and were passable for none but the inborn inhabitants that knew the ways very well, in his return back gave the enemies good means, during a truce (though it lasted but a while) to make themselves stronger, with passing great aids of the Aethiopians near adjoining. Who with a menacing noise rushing in by whole plumpes, without any regard of themselves to fight, forced him to turn back as affrighted with a terrible sight of inestimable troops: but straightways taking heart again, he returned, bringing with him plentiful store of victuals: and with his men cast round into a ring, and shaking their shields after a terrible kind of gesture, made head against them. Albeit therefore that the bands of furious enemies with their Barbarian armour clattering one against another, and making an hideous and fearful kind of noise, were at the point to give the charge, yea and themselves also knocked their bucklers against their knees, yet like unto that * Fabius Maximus Cunctator. wary warrior and politic soldier aforesaid, distrusting his small forces, boldly marching with a square battailon, flee turned his way without any fear to a city named Contensis, where Firmus for fear of our men had, as in a remote and high fort bestowed his folk. And so after he had recovered all his own soldiers, he sharply punished (as his wonted manner was) the traitors and the guard of Firmus aforesaid. As he most happily was in achieving this exploit through the help of his great name, advertised he was by a true discoverer, that Firmus was fled into the country of the Isaflenses. For the demanding of whom together with his brother Mazuca, and other near kinsfolk and dear friends he entered thither; but seeing he could not have them delivered, he proclaimed open war against the whole nation. And upon the joining of a cruel battle against the Barbarians, who beyond all measure braved & behaved themselves most fiercely, he opposed his battle shaped after a round fashion: And with the forcible violence of mighty troops and squadrons, the Isaflenses were so driven to the worst, that many of them lost their lives: and Firmus himself as hardy as he was, and running oftentimes headlong upon his own mischief, was with his horse carried quite back out of the field, as having been used nimbly to run over rocks and crags: but Mazuca his brother deadly wounded, was taken prisoner; who being by order appointed to be sent to Caesarea, where he had left cruel and durable memorial of most wicked deeds, in the opening of his wound died: howbeit his head severed from the rest of his body, with great joy of as many as came to see it was brought into the city aforesaid. After this, the noble General having vanquished the nation of the Isaflenses that withstood him, plagued them (as justice required) with many losses and calamities. And there he caused to be burnt Evasius a mighty Bourgesse, with his son Florus, and some other openly convicted, by their secret conferences to have assisted the breaker of peace. And then marching there within the land, in a brave mind and powerful courage, having invaded the country jubalena, where he heard say that Nubel the father of Firmus was borne, being put back with high mountains and winding crooked straits, he stayed his journey. And although by setting upon the enemies and killing many of them he made himself way to pass forward, yet fearing the lofty hill tops most meet for ambushments, leading his soldiers in safety he returned to the fortress Audiense: Where the Isaflenses, a savage people, yielded themselves, promising voluntarily to furnish him with aid-souldiors and victuals. CHAP. XIIII. When Firmus was returned to the Isaflenses, Theodosius goeth to meet him, and with a small power setteth upon the enemies: and in the end, after a doubtful battle, discomfiteth and foileth them. Which done, he so courseth the Isaflenses, that Firmus in despair of himself, endeth his life with an halter: whereby the Province recovered quietness. FOr these and the like glorious achievements, this most noble captain taking great joy and contentment, with a puissant power sought to be meet with the principal troubler himself of peace: and therefore making his abode a long time near to a fort named Medianum, after many and politic debatements of means projected, good hope he had that he might be betrayed unto him. But whiles with perplexed thoughts and deep care he did forecast how to compass this, he understood for truth, That the enemy was returned again to the Isaflenses, whom without any farther delay, as before, he marched against with speed. Unto whom, their king named Igmazen, a prince in those tracts of high reputation, and famous for his wealth, advancing forth and boldly affronting him: Whence art thou (quoth he) and what business hast thou, that thou art hither come? Answer me. Upon whom Theodosius in a resolute mind looking wistly with a stern countenance: A Lieutenant I am (saith he) unto Valentinian, Lord of the whole earth, sent to subdue a bloody and cruel robber: and unless thou render him out of hand, according as the invincible Emperor hath determined, thou and the whole nation which thou rulest shall utterly perish. Which when Igmazen heard, after many reviling taunts that he let fly against the General, much troubled with anger and grief together, he went his way. And the next morning betimes the armies on both sides advanced forth in most menacing wise, ready to encounter and join battle. On the Barbarians side there were 20000 very near, marshaled in the very front of the vanguard; behind whose backs were bestowed secretly the squadrons of auxiliaries for supply; who rising up by little and little, might show themselves, and with their multitude enclose our men ere they were aware. Besides these, there came in many of the jesalenes as aid-souldiors, who (as I showed before) had promised our men help and provision of victuals. On the other side, the Romans, although they were very few, yet bearing valiant hearts, and lifted up with precedent victories, having set their flanks thick thrust together, & fitted their shields close one to another in manner of a fence-roufe, stood their ground and resisted. And when from the Sun rising unto the end of the day the fight had continued, Firmus a little before the evening was seen mounted upon a tall courser, & displaying forth a good way from him his red coat armour, with loud cries to move and exhort our soldiers for to deliver up Theodosius betimes (terming him cruel, detestable, & a bloody deviser of torments and executions) in case they were desirous to be rid from the extremities which they endured. These words of his unlooked for, incited some of them more eagerly to fight, but enticed others to forsake the field. And therefore, so soon as the still time of night was come, whiles both sides were enwrapped within wandering darkness, the Roman General returned to the fortress Duodiense, and taking a review and muster of his soldiers, look how many of them cowardly fear and the words beside of Firmus had turned from their purpose of fight, he punished sundry ways with death; some by cutting off their right hands, others by burning alive. And most carefully keeping watch & ward, some of the Barbarians who adventured after the Moon was down, when they could not be seen, to set upon our camp, he either discomfited, or else if they rushed in very audaciously, took them prisoners. After this, departing from thence a great pace, he coursed the jesalenes (as a people hardly to be trusted) through crooked lanes, where he was little looked for, and afflicted them so, as he brought them to extreme penury: and being returned by the towns of Mauritania Caesariensis to Sitifis, after he had racked and tortured even to death Castor and Martinianus, partakers with Romanus in all robberies and foul facts, he burned them. After this, the war began afresh with the Isaflenses: and in the first conflict, when many of the Barbarians were beaten back and slain, Igmazen their king (who heretofore was wont ever to be a winner) distracted & terrified with this present distress, and supposing that if he should bear himself obstinately still, when commerce and traffic were once prohibited, there remained for him no hope at all to live, as warily & closely as possibly could be out of the battle he broke forth alone, and espying Theodosius, humbly besought him to command Masilla, a chief Peer of the Mazices, to come unto him. By whom, being sent at his request, in secret conferences he advised the General, who of his own disposition was no starter, but constant and resolute, That to give him means whereby he might bring more easily his purpose about, he would press hotly upon those of his own nation, & by continuance of fight turn them to fear, who verily were ready enough to affect and favour the Rebel, but wearied out with many losses. Theodosius gave ear & condescended to his words, & with often skirmishing foiled the Isaflenses so, that whiles they fell down like so many beasts, Firmus privily slipped aside, and when he had been confined a long time within starting holes out of the way, whiles he consulted there how to fly and escape, was stayed & kept in ward by Igmazen. And for as much as he was informed, what had been underhand & secretly practised by Masilla, seeing now in this extremity & despair of his estate, there was no remedy left but one, he determined by a voluntary death to tread under foot all desire of life: and being for the nonce full of wine, till his skin strutted again, himself lay awake for terror of the misery hanging over his head, whiles the warders having their load likewise of heady wine, lay sound asleep in the dead time of the night. Then leaving his bed, and creeping on all four without making any noise, he severed himself apart far off, and having found a cord, which to end his life happened to be ready for his hand, he hung it upon a nail or spike that stuck in the wall, and so knitting his neck within it, without any linger torments ended his life. Which accident Igmazen taking grievously, and groaning again, that he was disappointed of his glory, in that it was not his good hap to lead this rebellious enemy in bonds to the Roman camp, after assurance made of safe conduct by the means of Masilla, himself carrying the dead body of him thus murdered, upon a Camel, when he approached the tents of the army, pitched under the sort Subicarense, he shifted it upon a packhorse, and presented it unto Theodosius, who joyed & triumphed thereat. And calling together as well the armed soldiers as the common people, he asked, Whether they knew that visage? and when without any delay or circumstance made, he understood certainly it was his face, after he had remained there a little while, he returned to Sitifis in triumphant manner, and was received solemnly with the favour of all sorts of age and degree. CHAP. XV. Valentinian warreth upon the Quadi: whose king Gabinius is by the wicked plots of Maximinus murdered. WHiles the * Theodosius. General aforesaid is thus painfully employed within Mauritania and Africa in the wars, the * Markfelders. Aventin. Quadi rose up in arms upon a sudden, a nation now little to be feared, but wonderful it is, how warlike and puissant they were before time, as their speedy exploits do show; for that by them and the * the people of M●thern. Dubra●io. Marcomanni, Aquileia was on a sudden besieged a long time, * Od●iso. Leandro. Opitergium razed, and many bloody exploits performed with quick dispatch, whiles * or Mauricus. Maricus the principal (of whom I have spoken before) by breaking through the Alpes juliae was hardly able to withstand them: and in truth (as Barbarians) just cause they had to quarrel & complain. For Valentinian burning in a desire (glorious I must needs say and generous, but excessive and immoderate) and that from the beginning of his Empire, to fortify the limits, commanded garrison castles to be built beyond the river Hister, upon the verylands of the Quadi, as if the same had been already under the Roman jurisdiction: whereat the inhabitants much discontented, & wisely looking to the main chance, so far forth as they might, partly by embassage, and partly by secret murmurings hindered the same for a time. But Maximinus greedily set upon all mischief, & not able to mitigate his inbred humour of pride, which was puffed the more by his Praefectship, blamed and rebuked Equitius, * Magistrum armorum, or Con●stabile as Remigius Florentius taketh it. General of the Forces at the same time throughout Illyricum, as one obstinate, heady and slothful, for that the said work was not yet finished, which was appointed to go forward with all expedition: and he said moreover, as one tendering the common good, That if his * parvo suo. little [son] Marcellianus were once made * Ducis, or Lord Marcher. General of the Forces in Valeria, the fort would be erected without more ado, or any allegation to the contrary. Both which soon after came to pass accordingly. For he being promoted to that place of command, was no sooner gone forth & arrived in those parts, but swelling with pride unreasonably as * ut filius. his own son right, without winning of them by any talk and conference, whom the feigned furmises of that desire and design which was never attempted, caused to avoid their own countries, setteth in hand again with that work, which a little before was begun, and by means of some entreaty granted, had been forelet for a time. And at the last, when king Gabinius in modest terms required there might not be any new alteration, Marcellianus under semblance of courtesy, as if he would condescend unto him, invited him, with others, to a feast; whom in his departure, after his good cheer, whiles he feared no harm, with breaking most wickedly the religious bond of hospitality, he caused to be murdered. The rumour of whose horrible fact being incontinently spread abroad divers ways, set both the Quadi and the nations seated round about them all in a rage; and bewailing the king's death, they assembled themselves into one place, and sent out companies in arms to raise booties and spoil all before them: which being passed over Danubius, what time as no manner of hostility was looked for, assailed the country people, busied in their harvest: and when they had killed the greater part of them, whatsoever remained, they had away and carried home, with numbers of cattle of sundry sorts. And verily, at the same time there had like to have happened an inexpiable mischief, to be reckoned among the dishonourable losses of the Roman State. For it went within a little, that the daughter of Constantius taking her repast in a certain manor, which they call * Vis●rici●. Lazio. Pistrensis, what time as she was brought to be wedded unto Gratianus, had been taken prisoner, but that by the fair grace of God, Messala governor of the Province being present, mounted her into a swift post-chariot, and with a main pace road away, and brought her back to Sirmium; which was six and twenty miles from thence. By this good and fortunate hap, the royal virgin and damosel being delivered from the danger of miserable servitude (whose captivity, unless she might be ransomed, would surely have brought much misery upon the Commonwealth) the Quadi, together with the Sarmatians, ranging and spreading themselves farther abroad (as nations most meet to spoil and rob) drove before them booties of folk, both men and women, of cattle also; rejoicing in triumphant wise to see the ashes of villages burnt, and the woeful miseries of inhabitants lying slain, whom they took on a sudden, and killed without pity and mercy. CHAP. XVI. Probus, Praefect of the Praetorium, a base minded man, is not able to abide the violence of the Quadi. Two Legions are put to the sword. Theodosius the younger, Emperor afterwards, a young gentleman of most approved valour, valiantly represseth the Sarmatians, making a tumultuous broil. The inundation of Tiberis, resembling so many deluges. THe fear therefore of the like calamities being dispersed over all parts, Probus the Praefectus Praetorio abiding then at Syrmium, a man not acquainted with any terrors of wars, but astonished with the woeful sight of such strange and new occurrents, and scarce able to lift up his eyes, was doubtful a long time, and to seek what to do: and when as he had prepared swift steeds, and purposed the next night to fly, being advised by better counsel, stayed still and stirred not. For advertised he was, that straightways upon his flight, all they (who were enclosed within walls) would follow after, to shroud and hide themselves in commodious lurking places: which if it had happened, the city undefended would have fallen into the enemy's hands. Wherefore his fear being somewhat allayed, he took a good heart and courageously set in hand with such matters as were urgent and needful; he scoured the ditches that were choked up and filled with rammell; and, as he was enured in an humour of building, he quickly brought up the greatest part of the walls (which through long peace lay neglected and subverted) as far as to the battlements of high towers. And by this means the work was quickly finished; for that he found sufficient money to effect that which he hastened forward, laid up erewhile to defray the charges of building a Theatre. And to this approved policy he adjoined another of right good consequence, in that he sent for the cohort of the * on horseback. Archers from the next station and standing ground, ready to be assistant, in case there had happened a siege. By these bars, as it were, the barbarous enemies, put back from assailing the city, as who were little acquainted with these stratagems of war, and besides encumbered with bag and baggage which they had gotten by pillage, betake themselves wholly to hunt after Equitius. And when they had learned by intelligence given them from those whom they took prisoners, that he was gone aside into the far removed parts of * a part of Pannonia. Valeria, thither they hied them apace, fretting and fuming; for this very reason fully bend to cut his throat, because they thought the innocent king aforesaid was by his means circumvented and made away. Against whom running on end forward with a bloody mind, there advanced in the very way two legions * or squadrons. ᵐ Pannonica and * ⁿ Moesiaca, a warlike and puissant army: which if they could have jointly agreed, no doubt had gone clear away with victory. But whiles they in all hast severally set upon the said robbers, the devil cast a bone among them, so that they fell at variance, and (which sore hindered their service) strove for honour and dignity: Which when the Sarmatians (as they were passing witty) perceived, not expecting any solemn signal of battle, charge upon the Moesiack legion first. And while our soldiers were some what slack in this tumult, to arm and make ready their weapons, they slew the most of them: and herewith more emboldened, they broke through the Pannonian legion, and having broken the ranks with mere might and main, they had redoubled the charge, and put them in manner all to the sword, but that some of them made so quick shift that they escaped the danger of death. During this disastrous danger and heavy loss, the marquess of Moesia, Theodosius the younger, a young gentleman (whose beard began but then to bud forth, and who afterward proved a most politic and experienced Emperor) divers times drove out and sore annoyed, yea and with many skirmishes one in the tail of another crushed the free Sarmatians (so called for difference from the rebellious bondmen) that from another side invaded our confines, and so defeated whole multitudes of them conflowing together, and resisting right manfully, that the most part of them most justly slain, satisfied the bloody fowls and ravenous wild beasts. Whereupon the rest, now that their swelling pride was fallen and well abated, fearing lest the same captain a warrior of expedite prowess, as it appeared, and quick dispatch, would either beat down or put to rout the troops that made roads, even in the first entry of the borders, or else bestow ambushments secretly along the woods; after many offers and attempts of breaking through, made from time to time in vain, casting aside all trust in fight, craved a toleration and pardon for all that was passed. And thus being overcome, for a time entered into no action contrary to the covenants of peace granted unto them: as being most of all kerbed and kept down with this fear, for that there was come a strong power of the * that served in Gaul. Gallicane soldiers to the defence of Illyricum. Whiles these occurrents so many and of such sort, by way of continual troubles do pass, in the time that Claudius governed Rome city, the river Tiberis which running through the mids thereof, together with many sinks, sewers and riverets abundant intermingleth himself with the * Mar Tosco, Leandr. Mar de Mareille, Vincent. Lupar. Tyrrhene sea, swelling big and overflowing with outrageous fall of rain, and pouring showers, and spreading now beyond the terms of a river, well-near surrounded all. And for as much as all parts of the city besides, seated upon an even and level place, were all a standing pool, the hills only and what great houses built apart by themselves were mounted upon the higher ground, saved themselves from the present fearful danger. And lest a number of the people should pine and perish for want of food (considering the water was so great, that it suffered no man to go forth any whither) with boats and wherries there was plentiful store of meat brought unto them. But when as the tempestuous weather was appeased, and the river by breaking those bars that held it in, returned to his wonted course, all fear was done away, and no more trouble afterwards expected. This very Perfect carried himself in his place very quietly, as having endured and tasted of no sedition upon any just cause of quarrel and complaint: and besides, he re-edified many buildings: among which he reared a mighty gallery or walking place hard by the ᵒ bane of Agrippa, which he named, The Baine of ᵖ good event, by reason that there is seen near unto it a temple bearing this name. THE XXX. BOOK. CHAP. 1. Para King of Armenia taken by a wile, and wrongfully detained by Valens, wittily maketh means to escape. AMong these dangerous troubles which General Perrha raised after the King of the Quadi was treacherously slain, there chanced an execrable fact to be committed in the East, by the murdering of Para King of Armenia, by villainous and secret trains: of which matter upon an impious intent conceived, this we know to have been the original cause. Certain persons there were, having shrewd and unhappy wits of their own, fed and maintained many times with the losses of commonweal, who before Valens complotted and packed against Para, being as yet but a young Prince, divers imputations, aggravating the same in the worst manner: Among whom was Terentius Lord Warden of the Marches, one that walked lowly, and always somewhat heavy and sad, but so long as he lived a perilous sour and stirrer up of dissensions. Who having taken into his society some few people, such as for their lewd and heinous offences stood in doubtful terms of fear, by writing to the emperors Court and Counsel, ceased not to reiterate the death of Cylaces and Artabanes: adding moreover, That the said young Prince, reaching and aiming at proud deeds, became exceeding hard and cruel to his subjects. Whereupon the said Para, under a colour, as if he should be made partaker of a treaty then to be holden, as the instant affairs required, called after a royal sort, and under a pretence of serviceable courtesy attended at Tarsus in Cilicia, when as he neither could be admitted into the emperors camp, nor yet know the cause of this urgent appearance of his, for that every man held his tongue, at the length by a secret inkling given unto him, he found, that Terentius by his letters advised the Roman Emperor, to send straightways another to be king of Armenia, lest in hatred of Para, and for fear that he should return, the whole nation, of such importance to us, should revolt and become subject unto the Persians, who were hot upon the getting of it either by force, or fear, or flattery. Which when he the said king revolved in his mind, he presaged that some grievous mischief hung over his head. And being now aware of this deceitful plot, and finding no other means to save himself but by a speedy departure, at the persuasion of such as he had affiance in, he having gathered about him three hundred of his train, who had followed him forth of his * Armenia. country, upon most swift horses, when the greatest part of the day was spent, more adventurous than advised (as commonly it is seen in great and dangerous frights) he went forth in manner of a pointed battailon, and hastened away fearless. And when an officer belonging to ᵃ the * Corrector, or Governor. Moderator of the Province, who warded the gate, much troubled to see him make such haste, found him in the suburbs and quarters near unto the city, he besought him very earnestly to stay; and seeing he could not prevail, turned back for fear of being killed. In like manner a little after, the legion also that pursued, and now approached near unto him, himself together with the forwardest of his company galloping back, and shooting arrows that flew as thick as sparks of fire, but missing them for the nonce, put to flight, so that all our soldiers togegether with their Tribune terrified, retired back again to the walls more lustily than they came forward. Then freed from all fear, after he had for two days and two nights together endured the painful labour of journeys, when he was come to Euphrates, and for want of ships could not at any ford pass over the river, full of gulfs and whirlepite, as a number of them not skilful in swimming were afraid, so himself most of them all held off and adventured not. And verily remained he had behind, but that (as every man cast about sundry shifts) he was able to find out this means of evasion, which at the very point of necessity was most safe. Such little beds as they found in the villages, they supported with two leather bottles or budgets apiece, whereof there was good store near at hand in the fields where wine was made. Upon every one of which, a chief peer and the Prince himself sitting severally, to wing and haling after them their horses, by winding passages that they made, declined the high waves and billows of the water, surging full against them. And by this device, at length after extreme perils, came to the bank on the farther side. All the rest riding upon their horses that swum, and oftentimes by reason of the stream dashing round about them, dowsed under the water, and tossed to and fro, after they had been weakened with this dangerous wet that they took, were cast upon the banks against them: where after they had refreshed themselves a little while, they marched more speedily lightly appointed than they did the days past. When the Emperor heard news hereof, much troubled at the flight and escape of the foresaid Para, who he thought now being out of the snare, and at liberty, would break his allegiance, he sent out Danieles and Barzimeres with a thousand light and nimble Carbines, for to fetch him back, the one a Lieutenant, and the other a Tribune of the Scutarij. These trusting upon their own perfect knowledge of the ways, for that he hastening away as he did, like a stranger and one unacquainted with the country, made many winding turns and fetched a compass, prevented his journeys, going the next way through the valleys: and having parted between them their forces, beset the two next passages, which were three miles a sunder, that as he should pass by either of them, he might be intercepted yet he was aware. But this device and project of theirs came to nothing, by such an accident as this. A certain wayfaring man making haste on his journey, to a place on this side, espying the hill full of armed men, for to avoid them, going aside by a cross back lane in the middle, chanced upon the Armenians all wearied: and being brought unto the king, informeth him in secret talk alone what he had seen, and so without any harm done unto him was there detained. And soon after, without any semblance or show made of fear, there was sent out an horseman secretly to the right side of the way, to provide lodging and victuals: When he was gone a little forward, another likewise had commandment to go most speedily to the left tract for to do the like, who knew not that the other was sent another way. These things thus ordered to a good purpose, the king himself with his followers returning back again with the wayfaring person himself that showed him the way through the bushes by a rough beaten path, and little enough for an horse laden to pass, got away and left our soldiers behind his back: who having caught his ministers sent out to cast a mist (as it were) before their minds that waited for him, looked in manner with hands reached forth to catch an hunter's prey. And whiles they look still for him when he would come, he having in safety recovered his kingdom, and with exceeding joy of his people being received, continued firm and fast in the same true and assured loyalty, putting up with silence all the wrongs that he had sustained. CHAP. II. The same king is by a new plat of deceitful treachery set upon at a feast, and by the commandment of Valens murdered. DAnicles after this, and Barzimeres, when thus deluded they were returned [to the Court,] being with reproachful terms reviled as dastards and cowards, faring like unto venomous serpents, which with the first blow are astonished, plucked up their spirits and whetted their deadly chaws, purposing as soon as possibly they could if it lay in their power to be meet with him that thus escaped their hands, and to do him mischief: and so partly to extenuate this their own offence, and partly to excuse themselves that they were over-raught in subtle policy, they charged Para with false slanders and imputations in the ears of the Emperor, most apt to entertain all rumours: devising, That he could skill of the witchcrafts and enchantments of Circe, to transform and enfeeble folks bodies wondrously: saying thus much moreover, That by such juggling tricks, a mist being cast before their eyes, he was changed in the shape of divers other things, and passed by them invisible; and would (no doubt) work much woe and teen, in case he should remain alive after this scornful illusion. Hereupon an inexplicable hatred of the Emperor was increased against him, and crafty means were wrought from day to day, to take his life away, either by open violence or secret practice. Which design by writing closely under hand was committed unto Traianus, abiding then in Armenia, and having the charge of the martial forces and affairs there. Who going about to compass the king by alluring sleights; one while delivering unto him the letters of Valens, showing his gracious favour and affection toward him; another while bidding himself to his feasts, at length upon a mischievous plot he invited him also in modest and reverend sort to a dinner: who fearing no evil toward, came and sat him down at the table in the most honourable place allowed for him. Now, when there were exquisite and dainty viands served up to the board, and the house rung again with the sound of stringed and wind instruments, fingered right artificially, when the wine also went merrily about, whiles the master himself of the feast was gone forth of the room under a colour of some urgent business of nature, one steps stoutly into the place, with a stern and grim look, a barbarous and rough hewn fellow, one of those whom they term Suprae, shaking a drawn sword in his hand, in menacing wise ready to run the young prince through, who was now so penned in, that he could not leap forth from him. Whom, when the said prince saw, sitting forward, as it fell out, on the farther side of the dining * or table. pallet, and upon this discovery of treason rising up to defend himself by all the means he could, was stabbed through the breast, and so lay a long like a beastly sacrifice, foully and shamefully mangled with many a bloody stroke. And thus his credulity being villainously deceived, by this fraudulent device, in the midst of a feast, which with reverence is regarded even in the Euxine sea, in the very sight of the ᵇ Hospital God, the blood of a stranger spurting upon the rich table-clothes and carpets, and foaming again, gave all the guests their fill, who by this time, in exceeding horror, were dispersed. Now would that noble Fabricius ᶜ Luscinus groan and weep (if folk departed have any sense of grief in them) at this arrogant and desperate act, knowing, as he did, with what courage and magnanimity he rejected Demochares, or (as some write) Nicias the king's minister, promising by way of a secret parley, That he would in a cup of wine poison king Pyrrhus, who then plagued and wasted Italy with most cruel wars, and wrote withal to the said king, That he should take heed of his inward servitors and attendants near about him: such a reverend regard in that time of ancient justice carried the Genialitie, even of an enemy's table. But this late unexampled and shameful fact was excused (forsooth) by the like precedent of ᵈ Sertorius his death; and that by flatterers (iwis) who happily never knew, as Demosthenes (that everlasting ornament and honour of Greece) affirmeth: That whatsoever is argued and objected, as done otherwise than rightfully, can never be answered and assoiled by the like precedent or impunity of another crime. And thus much of the memorable occurrents that passed in Armenia. CHAP. III. The Embassages of Sapor and Valens that took no effect. The horrible death of Remigius, who had acted not the least part in the Tragedy of Tripoli, described in the 29. book. But Sapor, after the former overthrow and slaughter of his men, having certain intelligence of Para his death, whom he earnestly endeavoured to combine with, was strucken with grievous sorrow; and, as the cheerful courage of our army still increased his fear, he projecting greater designs unto himself, sent Arsaces in Embassage unto the * Valens. Emperor, and gave advice, To have Armenia (the continual cause of all troubles) to be utterly destroyed: And in case that motion were misliked, he required another thing, namely, That the division of Hiberia being annulled, and the garrisons of the Romans side from thence removed, Aspacures might be permitted to reign alone, whom himself had made Governor over that nation. Whereunto Valens returned answer to this effect: That he could not foredoe aught of the capitulations and articles by consent confirmed, but was right willing and careful to maintain the same. To cross this glorious purpose and resolution of his, when as the Winter now was at an end, the king's letters were brought, alleging vain and arrogant reasons. For he constantly avouched, That the occasion of discord might not possibly be stocked up by the roots, without the presence of those that were privy to the peace covenanted with jovianus, some of whom he understood were departed this life. After this, the Emperor, as his care grew greater, and took deeper impression, being better able to choose, than to devise good counsels, and supposing this to be expedient for his affairs, commanded Victor, General of the Horse, and Vrbicius, marquess or Warden of the marches of Mesopotamia, to go with all speed, carrying with them an absolute and uniform answer, That it little became a just Prince, contenting himself with his own (as the king usually gave out of himself) thus wickedly to covet Armenia, considering the inhabitants thereof, by his own agreement, were permitted to live at their own will: and unless the garrison soldiers, imparted unto Sauromaces, returned without fail and let in the beginning of the year following (as it was ordered) he should against his will accomplish those articles, which of his own accord to do, he omitted. Which verily was a plain and frank Embassage, had it not swerved in this one point, That without any direction or commission in that behalf, these Ambassadors accepted of those small countries in Armenia that were offered. Which Embassage being returned, there arrived Surena, chief in authority under the king, offering the very same parcels unto the Emperor, which our Ambassadors had boldly taken. Who being liberally and honourably entertained, but sent back again without obtaining that for which he came, great preparation there was and furniture for the wars, considering that the Emperor, so soon as the rigour of Winter was abated, minded with three armies to invade Persis, and therefore with all expedition levied and waged aid soldiers of the Scythians. Sapor therefore missing of those matters, which in a vain hope he had conceived, and chafed more than he used to be, for that he had intelligence, That our great Commander and Ruler prepared for an expedition, yet biting in his anger, gave Surena in charge, to claim and recover by force of arms, those pieces which Lieutenant Victor and Vrbicius had received: and in case any man made resistance, that the soldiers also, which were appointed for the garrison and defence of Sauromaces, should be plagued with extremity of miseries. And for these designs quickly put in execution, as he had ordained, there was no remedy nor means to cry quittance, because the Romans were beset with another fear of all Gothia, which in licentious manner had violently broke into Thracia: The doleful and lamentable events ensuing whereupon, may then be summarily set down, when we shall come to handle those affairs also. These were the proceedings that passed along the East tracts, within the train whereof, the powerful vigour of eternal justice (which though it be divers times slow, yet is a curious and precise Commissioner, to inquire into things well done, or otherwise) took revenge of those miseries of Africa and the Ambassadors of Tripoli, whose manes and ghosts as yet were unrevenged, and wandered without rest: which fell out in this sort. Remigius, who (as I said before) had favoured and countenanced Romanus in spoiling of the Provinces, after that Leo in his room was entered into the mastership of the Offices, giving over now the affairs of State, betook himself to country businesses, near unto Mogontiacum, in his own native country. Whom, making his abode there in great security, Maximinus the Praefect Praetorio despising, as one returned to a private and quiet life, studied and sought how by all means possibly he might hurt; as he was one, that like unto some contagious and pernicious plague, used to infect and work mischief still, where ever he came: and to the end that he might search out more matters still that lay hidden, he attached and by way of bloody torture examined Caesar (before time one of his domestical guard, and afterward the Prince's Notary) to know of him, What Remigius had done? or how much he had received, to help and further Romanus in his wicked acts? Which when Remigius understood, whiles he remained yet (as hath been said) in a retired place, either for that he was pricked in conscience for his lewd parts committed, or that the fear (occasioned by slanderous accusations) overcame his reason, he made no more ado, but knit his neck fast in an halter, and so strangled himself to death. CHAP. four Valentinian making haste at an unseasonable time against the Illyrians, is drawn back. An amity is concluded and established with Macrianus king of the Alemans': and then returneth the Emperor to Triers. IN the year next following, when Gratianus was Consul, and had taken unto him for companion in office, Equitius; as Valentinian after the wasting of certain territories in Alemaine, was building a fort near unto Basile, which the neighbour inhabitants call * Au●sburg. Vrstitio. Ro●thauss. S●ingero. Robur, there was presented unto him the certificate of the Praefect Probus, giving intelligence of the losses and calamities of Illyricum. Which when he had with good advisement read, as became a captain, that made no great haste in his affairs, but loved to take good leisure, being astonished with careful thoughts, he sent out his * or Secretary. Notary Paternianus, and by him sought precisely into the business. And soon after, when as by his means he had received the true report of what was done, he hastened forthwith to take the field, ready in person with the first stir and noise of arms (as he had before intended) to suppress the Barbarians, who dared to rob and spoil our limits. And because now in the latter end of Autumn there were many difficulties to hinder this project, all the nobles and principal officers of State about the palace endeavoured hard to persuade him for to hold off until the beginning of the Spring, alleging first, That the ways hardened with frosts (where could be found neither grass well grown for pasturage, nor other things meet for use) were not passable: then, pretending the cruelty of princes, near neighbours unto Gaul, and above all others, of Macrianus, as one in those days much dread; who as it was for certain known, if he were left behind unreconciled, would attempt the very siege and assault of the walled cities: By these allegations and other motives put thereto, tending to his good and profit, they reduced him to a better mind, and presently (as it made for the good of the Commonwealth) the said king was sent for courteously to come near unto Moguntiacum; who also was of himself forward enough (as it appeared) to entertain a league. And wonderful it was, with what and how great pride puffed up he came, as one that should be the superior judge of peace: and at the day before appointed for the parley and conference, he stood bearing his head aloft on the very bank of the Rhine, with a clattering noise of his country shields resounding on either hand. On the other part, the Emperor embarked in certain river-barges, being guarded also himself with a multitude of warlike companies for his more safety, approached the banks, all goodly to be seen, with a brave show of glittering ensigns. Now when the unseemly gestures and rude noise of the barbarous people were at length allayed, after words passed to and fro on both sides, there was peace and amity concluded, and the same ratified with an oath. These things thus finished, the king, who made all these troubles, departed well pacified, and became our associate from thenceforth, and afterwards, unto his dying day, gave by his noble exploits good proof of his constant mind, embracing concord. But after this, his hap was to die in * France. Francia; which whiles he greedily invaded, and with fire and sword wasted, beset he was by a train of the warlike king Mellobaudes, and so slain. Howbeit, after this league, with solemn rites and compliments concluded, Valentinian departed to Triers, there to Winter. These were the affairs in Gaul and the North quarters. CHAP. V. The lament able plight of the East Provinces under Valens deceived by his Courtiers, and making much of these frapling Lawyers and petiefoggers. Whereunto is set in opposition the felicity of former ages. But in the East parts (whiles all was hushed and quiet abroad) an inward mischief increased, by means of the friends and favourites of Valens, with whom profit was of more reckoning than honesty. For, great care and diligence was employed, that the man of a rigorous disposition, and desirous to hear causes and controversies pleaded, should be reclaimed from all desire of deciding and judging them, lest as in julians' days, while innocency got a breathing time by lawful defence, the swelling pride of mighty persons should be abated, which by taking of liberty was wont to break out and range at will abroad. For these and such like respects, when as with one consent and accord many dehorted him, and especially Modestus Perfect of the Pretorium (a man wholly made and squared to the pleasure of the Prince's Eunuches, and one with a forced countenance deceiving his rude and rustical nature not polished with reading of any antiquity) bearing him also in hand, that these small and trifling private causes were far inferior to his Imperial dignity, he supposing (as he said) that the examination and hearing of causes was a device to take down and humble the highness of his Majesty, forbore wholly to sit in judgement, and so did set open the doors of pilling and extortion, which grew strong every day more than other, through the wickedness of judges and Advocates both, agreeing together, and drawing in one line: who setting to sale the suits and causes of meaner persons unto military men and managers of martial affairs, or to such as were mighty in Court, gained thereby either much wealth or great honours. This profession of Orators and pleading Barresters, that noble Plato defineth to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. the image or shadow of some part of civility, or more truly, the fourth part of flattery: But Epicurus naming it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, reckoneth it among bad arts: Ctesias and with him Leontinus Gorgias, saith, it is the worke-mistresse of persuasion. Which being thus by old writers defined, the subtle craft of some Easterlings hath brought it, to be hated and detested of good men: whereby also it is bridled and restrained by the reins of a set and prefixed time. After therefore that I shall deliver some few words, as touching the indignity thereof, which I found by experience conversing in those parts, I will return to the intended course of those matters which I have begun. Then, and never else, flourished the Tribunes with pleading patrons of ancient elegancy, when as Orators of quick and pregnant eloquence, seriously given to the studies of learning, for wit, faithfulness, copious words, and many ornaments of oratory excelled, as for example Demosthenes; who, whensoever he was to make an oration, there was wont to be a great concourse of people out of all parts of Greece, to hear him, as we find in the Attic records: also Callistratus, whom at the time that he pleaded that noble cause as touching Oropus, a place in Euboea, the same Demosthenes followed, leaving the ● Academy together with Plato. Likewise Hyperides, Aeschines, Andocides, Dinarchus, and that famous Antiphon of Rhamnus, who was the first of all others, as ancient histories make report, that took a fee for the defence of a cause. Semblably among the Romans also, the * Rutilius, Galb●, and 〈…〉, etc. a kind of Hellenisme, whereof this author favoureth not a little, though he wrote in La●i●e. Rutilij, Galbae, and Scauri, men for their life, behaviour, and frugality approved: and after them for sundry years together of the age ensuing, many that were Censors and Consuls in their time, yea and had triumphed, to wit, the * The like Hellenisme and Synecdoche. Crassis, Antoniuses, the Philippi, and the Scaevolae, with a number more beside, after most fortunate conduct of armies, after victories achieved and trophies erected, flourished in the performance of civil offices between citizen and citizen, even for their stipends: and gaining by their goodly prizes played, the laurel garlands of the Bar and Common place, enjoyed glorious honours in the highest degree. After whom Cicero, the most excellent of all, who oftentimes with the thunderbolts of his commanding speech, delivering some that were oppressed and cast down out of dangerous flames of judgement, affirmed, That men haply might be undefended altogether without blame and reproof; but negligently defended without a sinful act they could not possibly be. CHAP. VI A little table representing to the life these ravenous Harpies, and a sorting or division of them into certain forms or ranks. But now adays, you may see throughout all those tracts divers in that kind very violent and most ravenous men, such as go swouping and flinging over all the Courts and Halls of justice, yea and closely do beset rich men's houses, who like unto hounds of * Misithra, Sop●iano. Sparta or * Candie. Crete, by following with a quick sent every cause, as it were by the tract and footing, come at length to the very dens thereof. The first company of these are they, who by sowing sundry controversies and quarrels, have their hands in a thousand actions & bonds for appearance at the Law-day; haunting the doors of widows, and entries of childless parents. These desirous to entertain privy grudges between friends, kinsfolks and allies that are at variance, for some * as boxes of writings etc. Scr●●ij recept acula. small matters of no moment and importance, go about to make them hate and detest one another. And in these their vices they wax not more calm and mild (as others do) by process of time, but get greater head, and grow stronger: who also among the unsatiable extortions of the poor, for to enveagle and deceive by their subtle orations the integrity of judges (whose name sprung of justice) draw forth the keen blade of their wits. In this their obstinate course of dealing, their rashness seemeth to resemble liberty, their heady boldness constancy, and a certain vain flowing tongue of theirs, eloquence: through the violent force of which arts, as Tully affirmeth, a foul shame it is that the upright conscience of a judge should be deceived. For thus he saith: And whereas there ought nothing to be in a Commonwealth so pure and sincere, as the giving of vayce, or the sentence of a judge, I cannot see how he that hath corrupted the same with a piece of money, should deserve punishment, and he that doth the like with eloquence go away with praise: And verily in my conceit, he seemeth of the twain to do more harm, who corrupteth a judge by his eloquent speech, than he that doth it by plain ●riherie; for that no m●● is able to corrupt a wise man with money, but with eloquence he may full well. The second sort of these men are they, who professing skill of right and law, which the difference of statutes and ordinances opposite one unto another hath quite fored one, atri● their mouths were muzzeled and made up, with their continual silence, are like their own shadows. These resembling them that calculat and foretell folks destinies by their nativities and horoscopes; or wizards that expound Sibyls Oracles, composing their grave countenance to a sad and solemn habit, make even their drowsy yawning and supine negligence saleable. And these fellows, because they would be thought to have a deep insight into the laws, have altogether in their mouths ᶠ Trebatius, Caesellius, and Alfenus, and their whole talk is of the laws of the Aurunci and Sicani, such as long since are grown out of knowledge, and many hundred years ago, even with Evanders' mother buried. And if thou shouldest devise and say, That wilfully thou hadst murdered thine own mother, they are ready to bear thee in hand, and promise, that they have read many hidden bookcases and precedents, that afford means to acquit thee: provided always, that they perceive thee to be well moneyed. A third crew there is of those, who to the end that in this turbulent profession they may get a name, whetting their mercenary tongues to the beating down of truth, by their shameless foreheads and base bawling make open way for themselves to pass whither they list: who taking the opportunity of the judges cares, in many matters distracted, linking and entangling causes with insoluble quirks and quilits, endeavour by long demurs to have controversies depending still, and by their intricat questions that of purpose they foist in, hold off, and delay judgements: which when they proceed well and fall out aright, they are the very shrines and * Oraclos. temples of equity: but if they be wrong and unjust, they are both deceitful and blind pits; whereinto if any man fall and be caught, he shall not be able in many * justra. five years together, to to get forth, sucked dry in the mean while even to the very marrow. CHAP. VII. The last sort of them that uphold this profession of Lawyers, impudent, froward, wilful, and unlearned, is here in lively colours depainted. THe fourth and last rank is impudent, overthwart, stubborn, and withal unlearned, those I mean, who having broken loose oversoone from the Grammar school, run to and fro in all corners of cities studying for scoffs, and frumping flowers, not for meet pleas to help any cause: who also haunting rich men's houses, lay for to get part of exquisite dainties at their suppers and meals. Who when they have once betaken themselves to secret and private gains, and given their minds to get money every way, it skills not how, set any innocent and harmless persons together by the ears, and make them for nothing go to law: and being admitted into the court (and that seldom happeneth) for the defence of a cause, at the very instant time when they should come to plead at bar, they are feign to be instructed from the very mouth of the client that is defendant, what is the name and nature of the cause that he hath taken in hand: And these are so full of their confused circumlocutions, that a man would think he heard ᵍ Therfites with a frapling and bawling clamour to come out with a mishmash and hodge-podge of most distasteful and unsavoury stuff. But when they are once driven to a nonplus, and want matter to maintain their allegations, then turn they all their speech to an unbridled liberty of railing and foul speaking: in which respect, for their reproachful and reviling terms, which continually they would give even to honourable personages, they have divers times been condemned, And of these there be some so rude, that they cannot remember they were ever masters of any law books. And if at any assembly or meeting of learned men, there happen to be mention made of some ancient author, they suppose it to be some foreign name of a fish or dish of meat. And, in case any stranger chance for example sake to ask for Marcianus, an Orator, whose name they were not before acquainted with, straightways they imagine themselves all to be named Marciani. Neither do they set any right now before their eyes, but as men sold unto covetousness and possessed wholly with it, they know nothing at all but an engrafted licentious liberty of craving and getting. And look whom they once catch within their toil, they ensnare him with a thousand nets, under pretence of sickness forsooth, lingering for the nonce, and making delays with this and that, one after another by turns: and for the proceeding of one reading of a vulgar and common law, they prepare seven vendible entrances and returns, plotting and plaiting as long examinations as possibly they can to protract the time. Now, when as there have so many days, months, and years gone over the party's heads that are in suit, that they become stripped bare of their money, at length when as the matter in controversy is grown stale and thoroughly worn in continuance of time, then are the very principal heads and great doctors admitted and let in: who being entered bring in with them other dumb shows of Advocates. And when they are come within the enclosure of the bar or rail, and the whole estate or life of some man begins to come in question and trial, what time as all endeavour should be used to keep either the edge of the sword from an innocent, or put by loss from a poor and miserable person, with frowning foreheads on both sides, and arms composed after the gesture of actors on a stage (so that there seemeth nought wanting but Gracchus his ʰ pipe behind their backs, by which he was wont in his orations to temper his voice) they stand still along time on either hand: And at last, out of some premeditate flourish, there comes forth by him who is the bolder of the twain and more confident of speech, some pleasant and delightsome exordium or beginning of speech, promising as it were the Rhetorical ornaments, resembling those of the famous orations pronounced either for Cluentius or Ctesiphon: and when all that hear it are desirous to have an end made, the matter groweth to this conclusion at length, that the patrons (for sooth) after a show made of a three years suit depending in the court, allege for excuse, that they be not yet sufficiently instructed and prepared: and so when they have obtained a longer time still of adjournment, as if they had already wrestled hard with that old Antaeus, they cease not to call earnestly for their fees, in regard of this their dangerous conflict and doubtful combat performed. Howbeit, things being so, these Advocates are not without many inconveniences, which a man of worth that would live in good fashion could not well endure. For, being fleshed with the baits of idle gains coming in with sitting still, and doing little or nought, they are at daggers drawing among themselves; and breaking forth into a malapert humour of railing, as hath been said, they offend and displease many: Which bitter humour of theirs than do they discharge and rashly disgorge, when as they are not able with all their stout speeches and orations to cover and protect the weakness of their causes. And otherwhiles they have for their judges such as have learned Philistions or Aesop's frumping scoffs or fables, rather than those that have come forth of the school either of that just Aristides, or of grave Cato, who having purchased with round sums of money public offices of state, like unto busy and troublous creditors, prying and searching straightly into the wealth & estate of all sorts of men, whatsoever they be, fetch booties perforce out of other men's bosoms. To conclude, the profession & practice of these lawyers hath among many other things this one mischief grievous and fearful, for that as many almost as go to law, are of this nature, that whereas controversies and suits by a thousand chances do miscarry, look whatsoever falleth out otherwise than well, they suppose the same lay in the power of their patrons and advocates; and what issue ensueth upon any variance and contention, they are wont to impute & ascribe the same even to them, and in no wise are they angry either with the defect of their matters, or the iniquity otherwhiles of the judges, but only with the defenders of their causes. But now return we whence we hither digressed. CHAP. VIII. Valentinian going to the Sarmatians and Illyrians, neglecteth those things that belong to his charge, giveth no audience to the complaints of the Provincial inhabitants, neither duly chastiseth the prefects and Governors, who a long while abuse their public authority. WHen as now the prime of the Spring was come, Valentinian removing from Triers, marched apace through the known ways wherewith he was acquainted: and as he approached the countries that he went unto, there was presented unto him an embassage of the Sarmatians: who lying prostrate at his feet, besought him by way of peaceable prayers, to come among them with a propitious and gracious mind, as who should find their countrymen neither party nor privy to any wicked and cruel act. Unto whom, as they still iterated the same petition, thus far forth upon good advisement and considerate deliberation he made this answer, That these matters were to be inquired into upon most true and certain evidences, yea, and to be punished accordingly, in the very places where it was said they were committed. And when after this, he entered into * 〈…〉. Carnuntum, a town of the Illyrians (forlorn now (God wot) & in woeful plight, yet of great importance to the leader of an army, whensoever either good fortune or politic reason ministered any advantage and opportunity) from out of the next station he repressed the attempts & invasions of the barbarous enemies. And albeit he struck a terror into all men, whiles it was looked for and feared, that (as he was quick and sharp) he would shortly give commandment, That the judges and rulers should be condemned, through whose treachery or departure from their charge, one side of Pannonia was laid naked; yet when he was thither come, he became so calm and cool, that he neither made enquiry into the death of king Gabinius, nor searched narrowly to know, by whose permission, connivency, or slack dealing those wounds and losses came which had been deeply settled in the commonweal: just according to his wont manner, which was, to be sharp & severe in correcting those of the common sort, but over remiss in rebuking such as were in high place, so much as by way of rough and bitter words. Howbeit Probus was the only man whom he coursed and pursued with an hateful & malicious mind, never from the time that he first saw him giving over to menace him, or growing to be any whit appeased with him; whereof the causes were neither small nor unknown. This Probus being then newly entered upon his Praefecture of the Praetorium, and very desirous to continue the same a long time by many means (and would God they had been direct and reasonable) far otherwise than the nobility of his descent & parentage taught him, regarded glozing flattery more than modest honesty. For observing well the purpose of the prince, who sought all the ways every where to get money by hook or crook, without any difference or respect made of right and wrong, reduced him not, thus wandering out of the right way, unto the path of equity, as oftentimes sober and peaceable Governors have done, but himself also followed him, winding atoe side and going cross: Whereupon ensued the heavy haps and grievous chances of the provincial subjects, and the mischievous names and articles of entitled causes provided aforehand, enfeebled and cut in twain the sinews of men's estates, as well rich as poor, and that by means stronger every one than others before, according as the long practice of doing hurt could devise. In the end, such were the grievous burdens of tributes and the exactions of customs and imposts so much enhanced and multiplied, that some of the peers and nobles disquieted with the fear of extremity, were forced to change their habitations & void the country: yea, and certain persons there were, so overlayed with the rigorous and bitter dealing of under officers and ministers, calling still for more, that when they had not for to give them, they became perpetual tenants of prisons: of whom there were some, who being now weary of their lives, and not desirous to see the light of this world any longer, ended their days by the wished for remedies of hanging themselves. And thus verily went matters without all regard of giving content or of humanity, as the constant rumour blazed it all abroad. But Valentinian, as if his ears had been daubed up with wax, as one greedy to get and gain indifferently, he passed not how, even out of the least things that were, was ignorant hereof, thinking of nothing else but that which was offered and presented to his hand: yet peradvenventure he would have spared Pannonia, if he had known before, these woeful and lamentable means of gain, who too too late learned then by such a chance as this. According to the example of the rest of the provincials, the Epirots also compelled by the Pręfect to send ambassadors for to give him thanks, forced one Iphicles a Philosopher, a man of approved courage and resolution, against his own will & accord to go forward to the performance of this office: who when he had seen the Emperor, after knowledge taken who he was, being demanded the cause of his coming, answered in Greek: and as the Emperor very diligently inquired of him, Whether they that sent him ambassador, thought from their hearts well of the Praefect? like a Philosopher and professor of the truth; Groaning (quoth he) and against their wills. With which word of his he being strucken as it were with a dart, curiously searched like some quick scenting beast into his acts and doings, questioning with him in his natural language about that which he knew not, namely, where was such an one (for examples sake) that in honour and name excelled his neighbours? or where was such a rich man? or another, the principal and chief of his rank? And when he understood, that one perished with an halter, another was fled beyond sea, and another killed himself, or lost his life with plumbets of lead, he grew into an exceeding passion of indignation: and evermore his wrath was fed by Leo, than master of the offices (o shameful villainy) who himself also, in case the other, now aloft, should once fall down from the rock, was ready to step into his Praefectship: which if he had gotten and managed, surely the government of Probus had been extolled up into heaven, in comparison of those parts which he would have played. CHAP. IX. Valentinian invadeth and warreth upon the Quadi. He is terrified with many strange sights, denouncing his end: He receiveth the Quades ambassadors, and at a speech of theirs is so forcibly strucken, that with the loss of his voice, having a dead sweat coming all over him, he died within a while after. NOw, whiles the Emperor abode at Carnuntum, for three Summer months together, he provided himself of armour and victuals, ready (if fortune were any thing favourable unto him) with the first opportunity to invade and overrun the Quadi, authors of an horrible tumult and commotion. In which * Carnuntum. town, Faustinus the sister's son of Viventius Praefect of the Praetorium, serving in quality of a Notary in the wars, was after torture executed by the hangman's hand under Probus, who had the hearing and determining of his cause: called into question and indicted he was, for that he had slain an ass, thereby to practise secret arts, as some averred, who laid that to his charge: but as he vouched himself, for to stay the falling and shedding of the hair off his head, another matter also was mischievously framed against him, namely, That when one Nigrinus desired him by way of mirth to make him Notary, he laughing at the fellow, cried out and said: Make me Emperor, if thou wouldst have that at my hands. And this mere jest being untowardly and in a wrong sense expounded, cost both Faustinus himself and Nigrinus also, with others, their lives. But to proceed, after that Merobaudes was sent out before with a warlike power of footmen, whereof he had the conduct, for to waste and burn the Barbarian territories, with whom was joined in commission Lieutenant Sebastian, Valentinian removed his camp forward near to * Petro Varadin. Nigr. Acincum; and when he had set his ships together, against what sudden chance might befall, and with all the quick speed that might be planked them over in manner of a bridge, he passed over another way into the country of the Quadi, who lay verily in espial waiting for his coming from the high craggy mountains, whither most part of the country, uncertain & doubtful what accidents would happen, together with their wives and children, lief and dear unto them, were retired; but altogether amazed and astonished, when contrary to their expectation they saw the emperors ensigns displayed within their country. Having therefore advanced forward with a forced pace, as occasion served, after he had killed up the people of all ages indifferently one with another (whom as they straggled then abroad this sudden road surprised) as also burnt their houses, he returned with the safety of all them whom he led forth with him: And in like sort, when he had made his abode in Aciencum in the latter end of Autumn he sought convenient Wintering harbours along those tracts, which were wont to be frozen all over with the coldness of the weather: neither could he meet with any convenient seat but * Slain, or Stainam Angern. Sabaria, although it was a place at that time of no strength, and with continual calamities from time to time sore afflicted. Whereupon aboundoning the town for a while, although it was of great importance, he thence removed lustily, and coasted along the rivers bank: and when he had fortified the castles and forts with a competent garrison, he came to * Bregnir●, or 〈…〉. Bregitio, and there fatal destiny, framed long ago for the prince's rest, denounced unto him his last end, with many a prodigy betokening the same. For very few days before, the blazing stars burned forth, which commonly are forerunners of the fall of princes, the original cause whereof I have declared already: and at Sirmium, the lightning, with a sudden clap of thunder shot out of the clouds, set on fire part of their * C●ris. Counsel-house and Palace. Likewise at Sabaria, whiles himself as yet there remained, an Owl sitting upon the top of the kings Baines, and singing out in a doleful note, could by no expert hand of those that shot arrows and flung stones, be made to fall, albeit they laid hard at her, striving a vie, who should do the feat. Semblably, when from the city afore side he marched to give battle, he would needs go forth at the same gate by which he entered in, to the end that he might gather some good pręsage of his speedy return back again into Gaul: also, when the place that lay forelet and neglected with heaps of rammell therein, was scoured and made clean, an iron door happened to fall down, which made up fast the passage out of it; and a multitude of people laying all their power and strength thereto, was not able to remove it: and so while he spent a day thereabout in vain, upon constraint he was feign to go out at another gate. And that very night which went next before the day that should bereave him of his life, he saw (as men commonly do in their sleep) his wife, being absent, sitting with her hair lose about her ears, and clad in poor and mournful array: which was imagined and esteemed to be his own fortune, now ready to depart from him in foul attire and habit. As he was setting forward from thence in the morning betimes, somewhat sad and with a frowning countenance, when the horse which was brought unto him, would not suffer him to get on his back, but contrary to his manner rose up with his forefeet aloft, his inbred cruelty was soon up, and (as he was by nature fell) he commanded the right hand of the soldier, that was yeoman of the Stirrup, to be cut off which had put him beside, as he was ready to mount his accustomed beast; and died for it in dolorous manner had the innocent young man, but that Cerealis, Tribune of the Stable, with the danger of himself, put off and deferred so cursed an act. After this came the ambassadors of the Quadi, in humble wise requesting pardon, with the final abolishing of all that was passed: which that they might obtain without any bar or impeachment, they promised both their young trained soldiers, and some behoveful things also for the Roman State. Whom, because it was thought good to receive and entertain, yea, and to suffer for to return, with grant of truce which they required (for, any longer to trouble and molest them, neither want of victuals, nor the adverse time of the year would permit) they were conducted by Equitius, and admitted into the Consistory. And when enfeebled for fear and daunted, they stood with their bodies bowing and stooping forward, after they were commanded to deliver their errand, they averred constantly those usual and ordinary shows of excuses, and bound the same also with an oath, protesting. That no trespass had been committed against our part by common consent or counsel of the nobles of the land, but look what had been rudely and uncivilely done, the same happened by the means of certain out-lying robbers in the borders, and confining upon the river. This moreover they added, avowing the same to be a sufficient reason to assoil them of all that was done, in that the fort which was begun and going up neither justly nor conveniently, did set the hearts of the rustical and wild peasants on fire, and made them so fierce and stout as they were. Hereat the Emperor in a mighty passion of anger, and as he began to make answer thereto, puffing and swelling very much, all to rated and in a high strain of chiding reproved the whole nanation as unmindful of benefits received, and unthankful: but being by little and little pacified and inclined to milder terms, behold, as if he had been shot into his vital parts with a dart, and bereft at once of his speech, he was seen all on a light fire: and suddenly the blood being penned and restrained, as he stood all in a cold and deadly sweat, for fear he should sink down and fall in the sight of exiled persons, the servants of his privy chamber came running together about him, and so he was led into an inward parlour. Where being laid upon a bed drawing yet some small remains of vital breath, without any impairing at all of his intellectual faculty and power, he knew all that stood by him, such as his chamberlains had with great celerity gotten together about him, lest any man might suspect that he had been secretly murdered. And for as much as by reason of the excessive heat of the midriff that knit his bowels together, there was of necessity a vein to be opened, there was not a Physician or Chirurgeon to be had, upon this occasion, that he had sent them all sundry ways scattering abroad to cure the soldiers which lay sick of the pestilence: yet was there one found, who notwithstanding that he had pricked his vein once or twice, yea and oftener too, could not draw forth so much as one drop of blood, so scorched were his inward parts with excessive heat: or as some thought, for that his body was dried up, by reason that certain passages therein, which now we term ⁱ hemorrhoids, were closed up and grown to a very hard crust, they were so bound up with cold. Well, such was the violent and infinite rage of his disease, that he perceived the prescript hour of his death was now come, and as he assayed to speak somewhat, and give something in charge, as the yex that often shook his flanks and small guts, the gnashing of his teeth, and the moving of his arms, laying about him as if they had been fight at hurlebats, plainly showed, being now overcome and speckled here and there with ᵏ wan and blue spots, he yielded up his ghost, after it had long struggled for life, in the five and fiftieth year of his age, and when he had reigned 12 years lacking 100 days. CHAP. X. The birth and rising of Valentinian: His growth and progress: His acts and whole course of life briefly run over. NOw is it time to unfold, as divers times we have done, and from the nativity of this Prince's father, by way of a brief collection to discourse of his acts even to the death of himself: not leaving out the distinct difference of his vices or good parts, which his high place and dignity showed, that is always wont to lay naked the inward dispositions of the mind. Gratianus the elder was borne at * Palma. Lazio. Cibalae a town in Pannonia, of ignoble and base parentage, surnamed from his very childhood Funarius, because that he, as yet but a stripling, as he carried a rope about with him to sell, shrunk not five soldiers, that with great endeavour were in hand to snatch the same violently from him: following herein Milo ˡ Crotoniates, from whom as he held many times and clasped close either in his right hand or his left any apples, no man was ever able with might and main to wrest them away. For the clean strength therefore of his mighty body, and the skill he had in wrestling, as the manner is of soldiers, being very well known unto many, after the dignity borne of a Protector and a Tribune, he managed in Africa the office of ᵐ Comes reicastrensi: whereupon being touched with the suspicion of theft, and departed thence, long after in the like place he had the rule of the Britain's army; and at the last discharged honestly of his military oath, returned home to his private house: and notwithstanding that he lived far remote from all stir and noise of the world, yet was he fined by Constantius with the loss of his goods, for this cause, that in the heat and broil of civil war, he was said to have entertained and lodged Magnentius, as his guest, what time as by his lands and possessions he made haste to his intended designs. In regard of whose deserts, Valentinian [his son] from the very prime of his youth commendable, with the help also of a long train of his own virtues, being adorned at Nicaea with the investure of Imperial Majesty, took his brother Valens unto him as fellow Emperor: who in respect of brotherhood in the whole blood, sorted and accorded most jointly with him; a * Valens. man that carried himself in a mean between reproachful and praiseworthy acts, which I will in convenient place declare. Valentinian therefore after many dangerous troubles passed, whiles he led a private life, was no sooner entered upon his Empire, but he visited the castles scituat near unto great rivers & violent streams, as also Gaul, that lay exposed to the Alemans' roads and invasions, who began the more boldly to revive and stir again, upon knowledge of the Emperor julians' death, whom only of all the men in the world they stood in awe of. And for this good cause also was Valentinian much dread, because he both reenforced his armies with strong supplies, and also fortified Rhine on either side with high castles and fortresses, that the enemy making roads & breaking out upon our province, might no where be undiscovered. And to let many-particulars pass which he did by the authority of a stayed and well grounded governor, as also what abuses he reform either by himself or his industrious captains, after he had assumed his son Gratian into the society of his power and high place, he privily stabbed (because openly he could not) Vithigabius, a king of the Alemans', the son of Vadomarius, a young prince in his very flower and first down of his cheeks, for stirring up the people to insurrections and wars. Also in a battle against the Alemans' near unto * Solms, Herold●●. Solicinium, a place where he was forelaid and like to have lost his life, he might have put then to the sword every man of them, but that by vantage taken of the dark night some few of them made quick speed and escaped. And yet among these politic and wary exploits, by a treacherous stratagem (I must needs say) but advantageous to him, he slew the Saxons, that now were grown to fearful outrage; a nation at all times making sudden roads and invasions, and then arrived at the Maritime tracts, with the spoils whereof they were returned almost laden: these robbers, I say, and brigands then by force defeated, he stripped of all their booty and pillage. And in like manner the Britain's, who were not able to endure such troops of enemies overrunning them, he restored to their liberty and quiet peace, with hope of better days, suffering not one in manner, of the foresaid brigands to return home into their country. With semblable valour, and fortunate success whereas one Valentinus, a banished person in Pannonia, went about in these provinces to trouble the common peace, he suppressed him, before his plotted design grew to any strong head. After this he delivered Africa out of great dangers, being much troubled with a sudden mischief, what time as Firmus not able to abide the greediness and pride of the military men, raised the nations of Mauritania, who upon every small gale are forward enough to entertain all commotions and discords. And with like fortitude he had revenged the lamentable losses and calamities of Illyricum, but that prevented by death he left that serious business unfinished. And albeit these achievements which we have related, were performed by the service of his excellent captains, yet full well it is known, that himself also, as he was of a quick and nimble conceit, yea and thoroughly grounded with long experience of warfare, achieved many acts beside, among which this might have more notably appeared, in case he could have taken alive king Marcianus, who in those days was very terrible, according as with great industry he had assayed, after he understood with sorrow and grief that he was escaped to the Burgundians, whom himself had annexed unto the Alemans. Thus much may serve for a brief discourse as touching the acts of this prince. CHAP. XI. His vices are at large described. Upon assured confidence now, that posterity enthralled neither to fear nor foul flattery, is wont with an uncorrupt and single eye to behold things past, we will summarily reckon up his vices, and afterward show also his good deserts. He pretended sometime an outward show of clemency, whereas by heat of nature he was much inclined to cruelty: forgetting, I assure you, this lesson, That a King and Emperor ought to avoid all excessive courses, no less than so many steep and craggy rocks. For, never do we find that he took up with any mild correction and punishment, but commanded otherwhiles bloody examinations to be multiplied one upon another; when as some after cruel interrogatories were tormented even to the danger of their lives. And so much given he was to do mischief, that he was never known by a merciful note of his subscribing to have saved any one person from death, were he once condemned to die; whereas otherwhiles even most cruel princes have done so much: And yet might he have beheld as in a mirror, many precedents of his ancestors and forefathers, yea and imitated as well foreign as home examples both of humanity and of piety (which virtues wise Philosophers define to be cousin germane) whereof it shall be sufficient to set down these following. Artaxerxes that most puissant Monarch of the Persians, who for the length of one joint was called * Long-hand, or Long-arme. ⁿ Macrocheir, by a natural lenity of his own correcting and abridging those sundry sorts of punishments which that cruel nation always practised, in stead of certain malefactors heads did chop off their tuffes or turbans only: and for that he would not crop off men's ears, as kings used to do for some trespasses, he did cut away the strings or cordons only that hung down from their hats. Which temperate behaviour of his, caused him to be so well beloved and reverenced withal, that with the help and assistance of all his subjects he achieved many wonderful acts, renowned by the Greek writers. The Praetor upon a time of Praenest, who in a certain war of the Samnites, being commanded to make haste unto the garrison, came late, to wipe away this offence was presented and brought in place: Papyrius, ᵒ surnamed Curfor, for the time being Dictator, caused the * the officer, or Sergeant. Lictor to make ready the axe, and when the man casting aside all hope and confidence to purge himself, stood all astonished, Papyrius chanced to espy a shrub hard by, and caused it to be grubbed up, and so having by this kind of pleasant conceit chastised the party, set him free: neither was he therefore despised, but esteemed sufficient to make his part good with Alexander ᵖ the Great, in case he had come upon Italian ground in his days. Valentinian perhaps ignorant hereof, and nothing at all considering, That the merciful mildness of Princes yields always solace to an afflicted State, by fire and sword made executions more grievous: which the piety of our forefathers devised as the utmost remedy in adverse fortune, according to that excellent Orator Isocrates, who used always to teach and say, That otherwhiles a Ruler and General vanquished in battle ought to be pardoned, not knowing how just a thing is: Whence I suppose Tully was moved to pronounce this notable sentence, what time as he defended Opius: For, to be able (quoth he) to do much for the saving of another, hath been honourable to many: to have been of small ability to bring another to mischief, hath been dishonourable to none. A covetous desire to have more and more still, without respect of right or wrong, as also to hunt after divers gains by the wreck and overthrow of other men's lives, exceeded in this Prince, and grew hotter every day than other: which some assayed to excuse and make good, pretending the example of the Emperor Aurelianus, pretending thus much in his behalf, that like as he, when the Treasury was emptied after Gallienus, and the lamentable calamities of the Commonweal, came violently in manner of a swelling stream upon the rich men; even so this Emperor also after the overthrows and losses sustained by the Parthicke war, wanting money to defray his great charges, that the broken bands of the soldiers with fresh supplies might be made up, and contented with pay, joined with cruelty a greedy desire to heap up an excessive mass of money, making semblance that he knew not thus much, namely, That there be some things which although they may, yet they ought not to be done. far unlike unto that Themistocles, who after the battle fought with the Persians, and their forces defeated, when as he walked up and down at his pleasure, he espied a pair of bracelets and a collar all of gold, lying on the ground, Take up these things (quoth he, speaking to one of his company that stood near unto him) thou that art not Themistocles: as one that allowed not all manner of lucre in a noble minded captain. Of like examples in this kind of continency there is plentiful store among the Roman captains: but to leave them, because they are not the signs of perfect virtue (for, not to take other men's goods away, is not iwis such a commendable part) I will set down out of many one only sure and constant proof of innocency in this behalf, even of the common people in the old world. What time as Marius and Cinna gave unto the commons of Rome those wealthy and rich stored houses of them that were proscribed for to be ransacked, those rude minded commons, and such as were wont to regard worldly pelf, forbore to rif●le the labours of other men: so as there could not be found any so needy, or of so low condition, who found in his heart to lay hand upon that commodity and booty granted unto them, arising from the woeful fall of any citizens. Moreover, this our Emperor aforesaid, was inwardly tainted and scorched with envy, and knowing as he did, that the most part of vices are wont to carry a resemblance of virtues, he used evermore to say, That spite was the companion of vertnes, and envy the associate of absolute power. And, as commonly those that are placed in high places of honour, are of this mind, That they may do all things, and be over forward to traduce their oppositer, and to thrust out their betters and superiors, he hated all such as were well clad, were learned, were rich or nobly descended. Those that were valiant he depraved and detracted, that he alone might seem to excel in all good parts: of which disease we read, that the Emperor Hadrian was sore sick. This selfsame prince found fault many times with those that were timorous, calling such, stained and spotted persons, foul and filthy, yea, and to be made no reckoning of, but to be thrust down under the base sort of people; whereas himself used otherwhiles in abject manner to change colour, & wax pale at vain fears, & inconsiderately to be affrighted where nothing was to be seen: which Remigius, master of the Offices, knowing well enough, when he perceived him upon some occurrents in his heats of anger, among other matters would buzz into his ears, that there were some insurrections and commotions among the Barbarians: Which no sooner he heard (for quickly he was daunted with fear) but he became as meek and calm as Antoninus Pius. He never of purpose chose any bad and wicked judges, but after they were promoted once to the place, if he understood that their proceedings were rigorous and extreme, he would make his boast, and say, He had met with Lycurgi and Cassijs, those principal heads of justice in old time: and in his letters he exhorted them from time to time sharply to punish even light offences. Neither had poor distressed persons any refuge or succour in the princes gracious goodness, which always had been a desired harbour and haven open to receive those that were tossed in the surging and troubled seas: For the end of a just and lawful rule (as wise men teach us) is thought to be the profit and safety of the subjects. CHAP. XII. His virtues. The personal presence and feature of his body, and his funeral. His son Valentinian a child four years old, is admitted to the Empire, and in the absence of Gratian his brother, who afterwards loved and brought him up, styled Augustus. Requisite it is after all this to come unto his deeds, which to men of a right judgement are to be followed and approved; wherewith if he could have tempered the rest of his doings, he had lived like unto Traianus and Marcus. Very respective he was in sparing the provincial tributaries, mitigating in all places the heavy burdens of their tributes: a founder in good and convenient time of towns and limits: a singular Censor of military discipline; erring only in this point, That whereas he punished the light escapes and delinquencies of the common soldiers, he suffered the foul faults of great captains and leaders to grow to a mighty head; divers times giving no ear, but thick of hearing, when complaints were made against them: whence it was, that the troubles in Britanny, the losses in Africa, and the wasting of Illyricum, arose. His body he kept clean and chaste every way both at home and abroad, distained and defiled with the contagion or privity of no foul and filthy demeanour; no wantonness or unclean behaviour was he acquainted with: and for this cause, as it were, with reins and bits he bridled the loose wantonness of the court, for that he could easily keep himself chaste. Nothing passed he by grant unto his near friends or dear kinsfolk, whom he either kept under in private estate, or else meanly advanced to honours, unless it were his own brother, whom he took to him (compelled thereto by the straight necessity of the time) as partner of his imperial greatness. Very precise and scrupulous he was in bestowing of high offices and dignities: neither during his reign was there any banker that had the rule of a province, nor any office sold under him, but at the first entry into his Empire; as commonly some lewd parts are wont to be committed, in hope of being unknown through the business of the time, or else of escaping with impunity. In making of wars both offensive or defensive, most politic and wary he was, hardened with the laborious practice of martial toil: a passing wise adviser to goodness, and as prudent a dissuader from badness: most curious and exquisite in marshalling and embattailing his army: he wrote a fair hand: he painted and cast counterfeits right properly and with a fine grace: he devised also new kinds of armour and weapons: a good memory he had: and for his speech, ready he was enough in quick deliverance; but seldom came his utterance near unto pleasant eloquence. He loved to have all things neat and trim; taking delight not so much in sumptuous and lavish fare, as in fine and dainty diet. Finally, for this moderate carriage of himself during his Empire he was much renowned; and namely, in that among sundry sorts of religion he stood as one indifferent: neither troubled he any man for his conscience, nor commended either this or that to be observed and kept: ne yet with menacing edicts and injunctions forced he his subjects to bow neck and stoop unto that which himself worshipped, but left these points as clear and untouched as he found them. His body was well brawned, musculous & strong, the hair of his head shining bright, the colour of his complexion clear and fair: he had with his grey eyes a skew cast at all times, and looked stern. The goodly presence of his stature, together with a due knitting and proportionable making of his bodily lineaments, accomplished the full beauty of a royal majesty. Well, after the compliments and last obsequies performed of this Emperor, and his corpses bestowed in a coffin ready for sepulture, that being sent unto Constantinople, it might be interred among the relics of other Emperors of sacred memory, by reason of the instant war depending, feared it was, what doubtful and dangerous event thereof would be, by reason of the cohorts serving in Gaul: which being not always devoted to yield allegiance unto lawful princes, as if they were to make and choose Emperors at their pleasure, were feared, lest they would when time served attempt some innovation: and this was no small help to such as aimed at an alteration, that Gratianus as yet ignorant of that which happened, abode then at Triers, where his father, when he went forth in his expedition, appointed him to remain. Things standing thus upon these ticklish and straight terms, and when all those who being, as it were, embarked in one ship, were like to take part of the same dangers, if aught should happen, and feared the same troubles, by counsel of the principal officers of State thought good it was and resolved upon, That having plucked the bridge in pieces, which upon necessity had been framed and set together before, when invasion was made into the enemy's land, Merobaudes by warrant from Valentinian, as then living, should immediately be sent for: and he (as he was a man of quick note and conceit) supposing that indeed which happened, or instructed peradventure by him who was sent to call him, and suspecting that the soldiers in Gaul would break the laws of concord and unity, feigned, that there was a warning word and privy token sent, to return with him, for guarding and looking to the banks of Rhine, as if the furious rage of the barbarous enemies were broken out afresh: And as he had with advice secretly given him in charge, he sent far out of the way Sebastian, who as yet knew not of the emperors decease; who verily was a quiet and peaceable man, howbeit borne up aloft with the favour of the soldiers; in which regard at that time especially to be dread. When Merobaudes therefore was returned, with deep forecast and providence propounded it was in counsel, That young Valentinian, the son of the Emperor late departed, a child then of four years old, should be sent for and called to assume the imperial diadem, who then was an hundred miles of, and remained with his mother justina in a certain village called * Muets. Ortel. who calleth it a city. Murocincta. Which being by a general accord of all that were in place ratified, Cerealis his uncle by the mother's side was sent with all speed, and brought the said child in a litter into the camp. Thus the sixth day after his father's death he was lawfully proclaimed Emperor, and in solemn manner styled Augustus. And albeit whiles these things were thus in contriving, men thought that Gratianus would take it to the heart, That without his permission there should be set up another Emperor, yet afterwards, when the fear and care was past, they lived in more security: for that he, a prince both kind and politic also, loved his * half brother, to wit, by the father's side. brother exceeding well, and brought him up in all tender affection. THE XXXI. BOOK. CHAP. I. Praesaging signs and prodigious sights in the East, portending hurt unto Valens. The original cause of his destruction, and of divers calamities. The nation of the Huns exactly described. Mean while the swift wheel of Fortune making at all times an alternative change of prosperity and adversity, armed Bellona, together with the Furies, her * 〈…〉 associates continually, and brought over sorrowful events into the East; against the coming whereof, evident praesages and strange signs gave true warning. For after many other accidents, which by way of Soothsaying the Prophets and Augurs foretold, dogs leapt and frisked when the wolves howled, the night-birds also in groaning wise sounded forth a moanful and lamentable note; and the mournful rising of the Sun dimmed the clear light of the morning. Likewise at Antioch, in every brawl and tumultuous fray among the common sort, a byword was usually taken up, that as any thought himself to suffer violence or abuse, he would in licentious manner cry out, Vivus ardeat Valens, i. A light fire catch Valens quick. Besides, the Criers were heard continually to call and charge, That there should be wood gotten together, for to set on fire the Baine ᵃ Valentinum, which the prince himself with great desire and diligence had built: all which put together, spoke out in manner and plainly showed, That this kind of death was toward him. Over and above, the pale and dreadful spectre representing the king of Armenia, as also the woeful ghosts of those, who a little before in the matter of Theodorus were put to death, appearing by visions in the night time, and skreaking out certain horrible and dreadful verses, disquieted many folk in their sleep, and put them into terrible frights. A * Tragula: or understand something left out in the text, and take [Tragula] for a weapon, to this sense, That some woman or living creature of the female sex having the throat thrust through with a casting-dart called Tragula, was seen etc. And this is the conceit of Marcell. Donatus. little Goat was seen after the throat thrust through to lie along dead, the death whereof showed very great and notorious calamities of public funerals. To conclude, as the old walls of Chalcedon were in pulling down, for to build up a Baine in Constantinople, when the range and course of the stone-worke was loosened, upon a four square stone which lay couched in the middle of the work, these Greek verses following were found engraven, opening fully the future events. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 poties, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 * fort. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. That is, But when new wives and damsels fresh, in dances that delight, Shall range along the citie-streets, with guirlands gaily dight, And when the wall with many a groan shall down, to mound a Baine, Then shall the Huns by multitudes break forth with might and main: By force of arms the winding stream of Ister they shall cross, To Scythic ground and Mysian land working much teen and loss, They shall both * I suppose by Paeons in this place, are meant Pannonians, whom we now term Hungarians, who are thought to have taken this name of the Huns. As for Paeonia, which is part of Macedon, it was far out of their walk, & not near the river Domw or ●ster. And I find in Authors. Paeonia and Pannonia confusedly put, one for the other. Paeons' horsemen brave, and furious Gaulois stay, Nor but with loss of life and breath, their fight shall ever stay. Now the seedness of all mischief, and the original of sundry calamities, which the fury of Mars, by making a confusion and combustion of all, after his wont manner, first raised, we find for certain to have risen upon this cause. The nation of the Huns, little or nothing known by any ancient records, seated along the frozen sea, beyond the marshes of Maeotis, exceedeth in felnesse and cruelty beyond all measure: where (for that their infant's cheeks from their very nativity are deeply gashed with a knife, that by reason of the riveled and wrinkled scars, the young hair, when it should bud forth in due season, might be checked and kept down) they grow until they be old all of them beardless, without any favour or beauty at all, like unto gelded eunuchs. Generally, their limbs be well knit and strong, and by reason of their fat chuffe-necks they are monstrously deformed and * hog-backs. bending in the back, that a man would take them for two footed brute beasts; or else resembling those image-like posts, which in the borders and sides of bridges, are ill favouredly hewed and shaped in form of men. Semblably, in their manner of life, they seem to be so rude and rough, that they need neither fire nor savoury and seasoned meats, but feed upon the roots of weeds, and the flesh of any cattle half raw, which being thrust between their own thighs and their horses backs, they keep warm, and give a short heat unto. Never come they under any roof, but all houses they no less decline than if they were sepulchers standing out of the way and apart from any common use; for there cannot be found among them so much as a cottage thatched over head with reed. But ranging here and there over the mountains and the woods, they are enured from their very cradle to endure both hunger and thirst. When they travel abroad into other countries they come into no house but upon exceeding great necessity: For they do not think themselves secured and safe under any roof. They are clad all over in garments made of linen, or else patched up of wild ᵇ mice skins: neither wear they one kind of apparel at home, and another abroad; but come there once over their head a coat of some overworn colour, it never goes off nor is changed, before that with long wearing it be over-rotten and run to rags and tatters. They cover their heads with hats shooting out and bending forward; and goat's skins serve for stockings and hose to cover their hairy legs: And their shoes not made fit by any last, hinder them for setting their feet forward at liberty, and going at ease. For which cause they are not well appointed for service on foot in the wars: but being locked fast (as it were) to their horsebackes, which are tough and hard (I must needs say) but yet misshaped and ill favoured; and otherwhiles sitting upon them sidelong as women do, they follow and perform their ordinary businesses. The fashion is throughout this nation, for every one sitting still on horseback, all night and all day long to buy and sell, to eat and drink, yea and leaning forward and couching himself upon the narrow neck of his horse, to fall sound asleep until he have had a sort of sundry dreams. And in this manner also sit they all in counsel together, consulting deliberately upon serious affairs proposed. Now, directed they are by no regal authority, but contenting themselves with the tumultuary conduct and leading of their principal Potentates, break through they do whatsoever stands in their way. Sometime also they maintain defensive war, and fight when they be provoked, but they begin battle by plumps and companies one after another, setting up divers noises, sounding after an hideous manner. And as they are for quick dispatch of service very light, and doing all of a sudden, so also as suddenly for the nonce they disperse themselves and fall a wailing; and then when the battle chargeth full upon them, they ride all abroad, with committing much slaughter: and so neither entering upon the rampire and trench, nor rifling their enemy's tents, for the most part they decide the quarrel. And in this respect a man may well say, they fight like most sharp and eager warriors: for that a far off with casting weapons, with sharp pointed bones in stead of heads, and those fastened and fitted with wonderful cunning, but near at hand laid here and there with iron ........ and whiles their enemy's ward and observe the mischievous venues of their pointed weapons, they entangle and bind them fast within cords that they fling from them, to the end that when their limbs as they make resistance be thus ensnared, they might bereave them of all power either to ride or go. There is not one among them that eareth the ground, or at any time layeth hand to the plough tail: For all of them, without any set habitation, without house or home, without law or settled order wander here and there, like always to those that are in flight, together with their wagons in which they dwell. Wherein also the wives wear garments of hairy wool, and lie with their husbands. Ask any among them, Where he was borne, there is not one of them can directly answer, as being in one place * or conceived. begotten, borne in another far off, and brought up yet farther. In truce-time treacherous and unfaithful, inconstant, upon every gale of rumour ready to rise, and upon new hopes passing mutable; in one word, putting all upon the issue of most violent fury: Like unto inconsiderate and unreasonable creatures, utterly ignorant of what is honest or unhonest: doubtful, double, and dark in their speeches. Awed at no time with reverend regard either of religion or superstition: burning exceedingly in greedy desire of gold. So variable and prone to anger, that in one and the same day, at several hours they will many times revolt from their allies, without any quarrel and provocation; and in like sort be pleased, reconciled, and become friends again without the mediation of any to mitigate their mood. This kind of men so quick and nimble, so untamed and unreclaimable, burning in monstrous desire to rob and spoil foreigners, after they had by spoil and slaughter of the neighbour inhabitants made foul work and havoc, went on as far as to Achaia. CHAP. II. The Massagets, Neuri, Vidini, Geloni, Agathyrsi, Melanchlaenae, Anthropophagis, and Alani, who they were, and their manners. NOw remain the * Chata●dae, Leoni. Ahinadal. Thevet. Massagetae, who whence they are descended, or what lands they do inhabit (because the course of our story is devolved upon them) meet it is to declare. The ambiguous Geographical description being showed, which a long time ....... many and sundry ..... found out at length the inward secrets of the truth ..... Ister flowing with a big stream of strange waters running into him, passeth by the * Russians and Tartarians, Ortel. Sauromatae, reaching as far as to the river Tanais, which boundeth Asia from Europe. When you have crossed over it, there inhabit the desert wilds of * Cathay and Ta●taria, Ortel. Scythia (stretched out an infinite way) the * Those of Lico●●o, Willich. Alani (so called after the name of the mountains) and having by little and little in many victories vanquished the nations bordering upon them, brought them at length to be endenized and naturalised in their own name, like as the Persians also did. Among these the Neuri possess the midland places, dwelling near unto those high topped hills, which being steep upright, and frozen all over, are subject to the nipping * Aqui lones, or Northern. northeast wind. Beyond them are the Vidini and Geloni, very fierce and savage nations: these use to slay off the skins of those enemies whom they have slain, and thereof make for themselves garments, and for their horses comparisons: a warlike people I assure you. Confining with the Geloni are the Agathyrsi, the skin of whose bodies, also their hair, is speckled all over with blue coloured spots. And verily the meaner sort have marks of that kind, small and standing here and there thin: but the noble men and gentry, broader, with a colour set upon them, and thicker one by another. Next beyond these, we have heard that the Melanchlaenae and Anthropophagis dwell scattering in divers places: these use to live by eating the flesh of men and women's bodies, whom all the borderers forsook for this abominable feeding, and went far from them into the remote parts of the land. And therefore the whole tract that lieth northeast until you come unto the Seres, is become inhabitable. In another quarter near unto the place where the Amazons are seated, dwell the Alani mounting Eastward, and those be spread into mighty and great nations, bending and bearing toward the tracts of Asia: which people (as I have heard) stretch out in breadth as far as to * Ganga, Castald. Cantan, Mereat. Gualgas, Thovet. Ganges, a river that cutteth the Indian land through the mids, and carrieth his stream into the South sea. And there the Alani being divided into both parts of the world (the sundry nations of which people it skilleth not now to reckon up) albeit they keep a great way asunder, and wander like unto the Nomads, in those enorm and huge cantons, yet in process of time they grew into one name, and generally they be all termed Alani. In their manners, custom and means of savage living they be in manner all one. For they have no cottages at all, nor any care to handle the plough, but live of flesh and plenty of milk, sitting upon * or carts. wanes, which being made of the bended covers of barks they carry with them along the desert wilderness, that holdeth on still without end. And when they are come to any places of green grass, placing their cars in a round form, they fall to their victuals, and feed as wild beasts do: Now when their food and forage is spent, they carry (as one would say) whole cities upon those carts: and above in them their males and females engender together: in these are borne their infants, in these they have their breeding and education. These and no other have they for their habitations continually, and whither soever they go, there they take to be their native dwelling and homestall. As they drive their herds and flocks before them, they let them have their pasturage; but especially of their horses they have an extraordinary care. The fields there be evermore green and full of grass, with places here and there between set thick with trees bearing apples and other fruit: and therefore what way soever they go, they are at no default either for food or fodder: the reason hereof is the moist ground, and the courses of many rivers running hard by. All those therefore that for age or sex be not serviceable in the wars, keep about the very wagons or carts aforesaid, and are busied in easy kind of work: but the lusty youth, that have grown up from their very childhood in the practice of riding, think it a base thing to go on foot: and they be all for military knowledge expert and politic warriors. Whereupon the Persians also, who by their first original are Scythians, be most skilful soldiers. Now the Alani in manner all be tall of stature, and fair of complexion, their hair meetly yellow, with the cast of their eyes, that yield a temperate sternness, terrible, and by reason of their light armour swift and nimble. Equal and suitable to the Huns in all respects, save that in their feeding and apparel more civil they be than they ....... in swimming and hunting, ranging over the countries as far as to the meres of Maeotis, the Cimmerian Bosphorus, Armenia likewise and Media. And like as quiet and peaceable men take pleasure in rest and ease, so delight they in dangers and wars. Happy is that man reputed there, who in battle hath lost his life: For such as die by age and other accidental death, they revile and reproach with bitter taunts, as base and cowardly. Neither is there any thing that they glory and vaunt more of, than the kill of some man or other. And instead of glorious spoils, when they have slain any, off go their heads: the skins they flay and use them instead of trappings for their great horses of service. There is not a temple or chapel to be seen among them, nor a shrine; nay, a man shall not see there so much as a cottage thatched over head with straw. But after a barbarous rite and ceremony, there is a naked sword sticking fast in the ground, and the same in am of Mars the Precedent and Prelate of those countries which they range about, they adore with much devotion. A wonderful device they have to presage and foreknow things by: For the women gathering the straightest wands and rods they can get, and looking wistly upon them, at a fore-set time (and with certain secret charms and enchantments) know evidently what is imported. All of them, as descended of gentle blood, in times past knew not what servitude meant. And even at this day, they choose those for their judges and Rulers, who for their long practice and experience in the wars, be of approved worth. But now return we to that which remaineth of our intended history. CHAP. III. Sundry nations of the Goths, through the puissance of the Huns partly vanquished and driven out of their native habitations, and partly smitten withfeare, having seized the banks of Danubius, crave aid of Valens, and quiet habitation. WEll then, the Huns after they had overrun the countries of the Alani (who confining upon the Geuthungi, are by custom called Tanaitae) and both slain and spoiled many, upon a faithful covenant of concord and unity, joined in league and confederacy with the rest: and thus presuming more confidently upon their association, they boldly and with sudden violence broke into the goodly large and plenteous territories of Ermenrichus, a most warlike king, and for his many and sundry valiant exploits dread unto the neighbouring inhabitants. Who being strucken with the force of this unexpected storm, although he held out a long time, as one resolved and able to abide, yet considering there went a brute commonly abroad, that made the terror of imminent calamities more and more still, the fear of so great dangers he quieted and ended with voluntary death: after whose decease Vithimiris created king, withstood for a while the Alani, as trusting upon the aid of other Huns whom for money he had waged to side with him. But after many overthrows and losses which he sustained, his fortune was by fine force to be vanquished in the field, and there to end his life. The charge of whose little son named Viderichus, Alatheus and Saphrax, experienced captains, and for their valiant and trusty hearts well known, undertook as guardians and protectors. Who being prevented by the straightness of time, when they had cast from them all hope and confidence of resistance, departed and came to the river Danastus, which runneth a great way along the champain fields, between Ister and Broysthenes. Then Athanaricus the judge and Ruler of the Theruingi (against whom, as hath been said before, Valens a good while since had bend his forces, for sending aid unto Procopius) advertised how these occurrents fell out otherwise than it was hoped and looked for, assayed to make good his ground and to stand upon his guard, ready to rise up in arms, in case he also as the rest were put to it and provoked. In conclusion, when he had commodiously encamped his forces within a rampire near unto the banks of the river Danastus (and the same extended along the vale Vngorius) he sent Munderichus, Lord Warden of the Marches afterward in Arabia, together with Lagarimanus, and other noble personages, twenty miles off, to lie in espial, and to discover the enemies coming, whiles himself in the mean time, without the molestation of any man, ranged his army in battle ray. But it fell out far otherwise than he thought it would. For the Hunni (as they are a people in their conjectures quick and witty) suspecting there was some great multitude of enemies lying farther off, letting them alone whom they saw, and who, because no man stood in their way, betook themselves to their quiet rest, so soon as the Moon showed herself, and dispatched the darkness of the night, passed over the river at a fourd, and chose that piece of service which made most for their behoof. But fearing least some forerunning discoverer might scare those that kept aloof, they made what speed they could, and directly advanced against Athanaricus himself. Who being amazed at the first brunt and impression, after he had lost some of his men, was constrained by the enemies to make all the hast he could, for his succour, to the high mountains. Upon this strange accident, and for fear of some greater mischief to ensue, he was put to his trumps: And so from the edge of the mountain * Pruth. Mercator. Pruthes. Gortechto Gerazus unto Danubius, passing along the territories of the Taifali, he erected walls higher than ordinary; and with speedy diligence having furnished the battlements and cope thereof, he thought thereby to provide the better for his security and safety. And whiles the work went up with effectual diligence, the Huns made quick speed after him: and now had they at their sudden coming surprised him, but that loaden with the heavy burden of their booties, they gave over their pursuit. But when the fame was spread all abroad over the rest of the Gothicke nations, That a strange and unknown kind of people before time, now rushing in violently as a whirlwind from the high mountains, but risen from out of a secret nouke, was ready to ruinate and destroy all before them, the greater part of the multitude, which for want of necessaries had forsaken Athanaricus, sought to plant themselves in some place far remote from the knowledge of the Barbarians. And deliberating a long time with themselves, What seat to choose, they thought that Thracia was a meet country to receive and entertain them, and that for two reasons, both for that it is a most fruitful soil, and also because by the large streams of the river Ister it is severed from the lands that now lie open to the thunderclaps and flashes of foreign war. This self same course also the rest, as it were, in one common consent, thought upon. And therefore under the conduct of Alavivus their leader they possessed themselves of the banks of Donaw: and sending their Orators unto Valens, craved in humble manner to be received, promising to live peaceably, and to send aid, if he would require it. CHAP. four Parts of Thracia are granted unto infinite troops of the Goths to be inhabited. WHiles things go thus in the foreign parts, fearful rumours ran all abroad over the country, as far as lieth along from the Marcomanni and the Quadi unto Pontus, That the Northern people raised new tumults and made greater troubles than ordinary, and namely, That a barbarous multitude of obscure and hidden nations, disseised by sudden violence of their own seats and habitations, wandered together with their wives and children about the river Ister. Which news at the very first were by our men carelessly received as a matter of no importance, for this cause, That in those tracts the nations being so far off, were not wont to hear of any wars, before they were either finished or appeased. But when the true relation of these tidings became now rife, whereunto was added a rumour of the coming of those Gentile ambassadors, who by prayer and humble entreaty made petition, That a people flitting from out of their native country, should be entertained about the river, it was thought a matter rather of mirth and joy than fear; whiles cunning and skilful flatterers extolling the emperors fortune very high, gave out, That from the farthest lands of the earth the Thracians offered unto him, before he looked for so much, so many young trained soldiers, that when his own power and foreign forces were gathered all together, he might have an invincible army, and for the supply of soldiers which was yearly levied and sent, what from one province, and what from another, there might accrue unto his coffers a great mass and heap of gold. And upon this persuasion divers were sent out, to convey over by wagons this fell and cruel nation: and great diligence was used, that of them (who should another day overthrow the Roman Emperor) there might not be left behind so much as one, though he were deadly sick. And so by the emperors permission having leave granted unto them to pass over Donaw, and to inhabit the parts of Thracia, night and day they were ferried and transported over, embarked by companies in ships, in floats and hollowed trunks of trees. And whiles some of them, in that river of all others most dangerous, and as then grown bigger & higher by reason of much rain which had fallen, because they were so thick penned and thrust together, strove against the current and stream of the water, and endeavoured to swim, a number of them were drowned. Thus in a turbulent and tumultuous heat of such as were very urgent to have the thing done, was the very bane and mischief of the Roman world brought over. And as for this one thing, it is neither unknown nor doubtful, that the unfortunate ministers which holp to transport this barbarous people, when they assayed many times to cast with counters, and comprise the full number of them, miss of their purpose, and were feign to give over. Which number just who feign would know, He may desire as well, The sands, while Western wind doth blow, In Libye sea to tell. As saith that most lofty and excellent * Virgil. Poet. Now may the ancient Records and Histories at length savour of truth, reporting how the army of the Medes was led into Greece: which long ago taking up all Hellespont, and by a certain artificial * through the mountain Athos. partition made by man's hand for the sea to pass between, where at the hill foot the said army was set a land; as also the survey and review of the said host by troops and squadrons, taken at Doriscus, by the general consent of all posterity hath been read as fabulons. For seeing that infinite multitudes of people spread throughout the provinces, and displaying themselves all over the large plains and champain countries, replenished whole regions and all the mountain tops and ridges, by so fresh a proof and argument as this, the truth also and credit of antiquity is confirmed and averred. Well, the first that had entertainment, were Fritigernus and Alavivus together, for whom the Emperor appointed victuals for the present, and grant of lands to be tilled and husbanded hereafter. CHAP. V. The avarice and most cruel pride of some prefects or Rulers of Thracia. Also the wicked treachery and bloody butchery of Lupicinus, drive the Goths to take arms, for to war upon the Romans. AT the same time, when our limits lying now common and open without bars (whiles a barbarous nation displayed whole troops and hosts of armed men as thick as the hot sparks that fly from the mountain Aetna) required in these hard points and extremities of necessity to have for the managing and direction of military affairs some such persons, as for their brave and noble exploits were most renowned, there were sought out and gotten together (as if some adverse and unlucky deity made the choice) noted men, and distained with infamy, to have the chief rule in camp, and manage warfare: among whom, Lupicinus and Maximus bore the greatest stroke; the one of them Lieutenant in Thracia, the other a most mischievous Warden of the Marches, but both of them striving who should go beyond the other in heady rashness: whose greedy covetousness lying ever in the wind for cheats, was the very matter and cause of all evils and miseries. For (to let all other particulars pass, wherein these said rulers themselves, or at leastwise others with their permission, by naughty and wicked means trespassed against these strangers at their first coming in, who as yet were harmless and innocent) this one odious and unexampled fact of theirs I will not fail to tell: which if it were to be heard even before judges in their own case, could not by any means pass clear and be pardoned. When this barbarous people thus brought over, was sore distressed for want of victuals, these two most hateful Governors devised a foul and dishonest kind of commerce and merchandise. For, look what number and store of dogs their unsatiable greediness could get together from all parts, they exchanged for so many slaves, that their chief persons and nobles brought. In this mean while also, Victhericus king of the Greuthingi, accompanied with Alatheus and Aphraces', by whose direction and will he was wholly ruled, as also with Farnabius, approaching the banks of Ister, sent his ambassadors with all speed, and besought the Emperor, That he might be received with like courtesy. Which ambassadors, according as it was thought expedient for the Commonwealth, being rejected, and standing doubtful what course to take, Athanaricus beginning somewhat to fear, departed; remembering well, how a good while since, at a treaty of concord upon covenants to be concluded, he had despised Valens, and avouched, That he was obliged in conscience, never to tread upon Roman ground, and for this cause compelled the said Emperor to make that peace in the midst of the river: which notwithstanding he fearing withal, as standing yet in force, he declined aside with all his people to Caucalandensis, a place by reason of high woods and woulds inaccessible, out of which the Sarmatians had been thrust. But the Theruingi, permitted long before to pass over, wandered even then near unto the banks, impeached with a twofold encumbrance, for that through the wicked dissimulation of the said rulers, they were not succoured with necessaries meet for their living, and of set purpose tied to an intercourse of commerce and traffic, which was horrible and wicked. Which being well and deeply considered, they dissimuled their turning to treachery, which was the help of their urgent miseries near at hand: and Lupicinus fearing also very much, least shortly they would revolt and rebel, advanced close unto them with his forces, and constrained them quickly to take their journey and be gone. The Greuthungi having gotten this good opportunity, when they perceived, that whiles our soldiers were elsewhere employed, the ships which used for the hindrance of their passage to skud up and down the river, were quiet and at rest, by the means of certain floats and punts ill favouredly made and set together, made shift to be transported, and encamped themselves a great way from Fritigernus. But he in a witty forecast, which naturally he had, preventing what future chances might betide, to the end that he might both obey the sovereign commandments, and also combine with puissant kings, marching very slowly, came by easy journeys at length (late though it was) to Martianopolis: where, to help the matter, there was practised another more horrible designment, which kindled and set on a light fire the torches of the Furies, ready to burn out, even to the mischief and destruction of the State. Lupicinus having entreated Alavivus and Fritigernus unto a feast, upon intelligence given by a secret messenger, with a regiment of soldiers repelled far from the town walls the barbarous multitude, who as subjects to our dominion, and continuing in peace and unity with us, by way of request continually from time to time desired to enter in, for to provide themselves of victuals and other necessaries. Now, after greater broils and quarrels risen between the inhabitants within, and those that were thus debarred, they grew at length to this, that of necessity they must make a fray and fight. The Barbarians perceiving their friends and kinsfolk in hostile manner to be spoiled, grew more enraged herewith, fell upon the said soldiers, slew and rifled them. Which occurrents the said Lupicinus by a privy messenger being advertised of, whiles sitting long at a riotous table, amid many sports and pastimes, wherewith the room resounded, with much drinking wine, he grew heavy headed and drowsy, and guessing what the future issue would be, slew all them of the guard, who before the Praetorium or Palace-gate, as well for honour as safety, waited and attended upon their leaders. Which the people without, who now besieged the walls, taking grievously, growing by little and little to a greater head, in revenge of their princes, whom they supposed to be detained, threatened to do I wot not how many shrewd displeasures. And Fritigernus, as he was a prince politic and of quick conceit, fearing lest he with the rest should be kept still as hostages, cried out, That there would be another conflict with greater mischief and slaughter, unless himself together with his associates might be suffered to go forth, for to appease the common sort, which imagining that under a pretence of courtesy their leaders were slain, grew very fierce and ready to make a tumult. This being granted, they all went out, and being received with applause and great joy, mounted on horseback and galloped away, minding to set on foot many and sundry instigations to war. CHAP. VI Lupicinus in arash braid encountering the Goths, after the loss of his Tribunes and many soldiers, flieth. An historical narration of Marcellinus, as touching these foreign and new upstart nations, which in former ages grievously afflicted sundry parts of the world. WHen Fame the shrewd nurse of rumours, had dispersed these news abroad, the whole nation of the Thuringi was inflamed with an hot desire to fight; and so among many fearful overtures and forerunning presumptions of the greater dangers, when the banners after their manner were set up on high, and the doleful sound of trumpets heard, out went in roads straightways whole troops of robbers and brigands, spoiling and firing villages, wasting also and making havoc of whatsoever they could meet. Against whom Lupicinus, having in tumultuary haste assembled his soldiers, more rashly than advisedly, went forth, and nine miles from the city stood ready to try it out by battle. The Barbarians also when they perceived so much, broke violently upon the companies of our men at unwares, and with their targuets before their bodies, pressing hard upon them, as many as stood in their way with their spears and swords they ran through. And in this bloody rage both Tribunes and the most part also of the armed soldiers were slain and lost their ensigns: only the unfortunat General, who minding nothing else but this, that whiles others were fight, he might save himself by flying, hied as fast as he could to the city. After this, the enemies clad in the Romans armour, made foul work in sundry places, and no man gave them the check. And for as much, as after manifold and divers acts, we are come to these parts, our hearty desire is to those (if ever there will be any) who shall read this story, that none of them would precisely require at our hands every thing in particular that was done, nor the just number of such as were slain, which indeed could in no sort be comprised. For it shall be sufficient, without masking the truth under any lie, to digest and set in order the very principal points only of all occurrents, considering that to the unfolding and laying abroad the records of each thing, requisite it is there should be in every place a faithful and sincere relation. Those that be ignorant in ancient records deny, that the Commonwealth was ever at any time overcast with so great mists of calamities: but astonished as they be now with the beholding of late and fresh miseries, they are deceived. For, if they revolve either the former, or these late foregoing ages, they plainly show, that the like and as woeful troubles of the State have oftentimes happened. The * Osterlings, or Dutchmen. Teutons together with the * juitlanders. Cimbri suddenly from out of the hidden parts of the Ocean overflowed Italy. But after exceeding and infinite mischiefs inflicted upon the Roman State, in the last battle vanquished by our most noble and renowned captains, and quite rooted out, they learned with their uttermost perils, what martial valour proceeding from the habit of wisdom and policy is able to do. Semblably in the days of Marcus the Emperor, a raging rabble of sundry and different nations banding themselves together, after exceeding great frights of horrible wars, after many a city won, sacked and razed down to the ground ........... had like to have left but small parcels of them untouched and whole. But within a while, after these woeful losses and calamities, the State was set upright again, by reason only of this, that the sober ancient world in those days, not yet infected with loose riot and wantonness, gaped neither after sumptuous and costly fare, nor wicked and detestable gains, but in an uniform and joint affection, the highest and lowest agreeing together in defence of Commonweal, hastened as it were, unto some calm haven and quiet harbour, to die a glorious and honourable death. With a fleet of two thousand sail the Scythian nations in great numbers, having with breaking through Bosphorus and the coasts of Propontus passed over, made great havoc, and wrought much mischief, I must needs say, both by sea and land: but yet when they had lost the greatest part of their people, returned back. There died in fight with the Barbarians, the Emperors Deccis, both the father and the son. The cities of Pamphylia were besieged, many islands harried and wasted, Macedonia set on a flaming fire, and the whole multitude of them beleaguered a long time * Salonichi. Thessalonica, and Cyzicum likewise. * Anchialo, Sophia. Kenkis, Mereat. Anchialos was won, and at the same time * Nicopoli, or Nigeboli. Nicopolis, which the Emperor trajan in token of victory against the Daci, built. After many and cruel overthrows given and taken riciprocally, * Philippopoli. Philippopolis was destroyed, and (unless the Annals doelye) an hundred thousand men were put to the sword within the walls thereof. Also foreign enemies ranged at their pleasure throughout * Albania, Leandr. Epirus, Thessaly, and all * Rumelia, or Rom●chi. Greece. But after that ᵃ Claudius, that noble and renowned leader, was assumed to be Emperor, and the self same Prince untimely taken away by an honourable death, discomfited & expelled they were by Aurelianus a valiant man, and a most severe revenger of harms and damages done: whereby they became quiet and stirred not for a long time, unless it were, that afterward certain routs of robbing brigands made hot incursions (but to their own destruction) into the territories near adjoining. But now go forward I will in that train of history from which I have digressed. CHAP. VII. Other petty Princes and nations of the Goths, commanded to pass over into Hellespontus, and wrongfully misused, join with others that were already armed, and afterwards west and spoil Thracia. THe whole course of these acts being carried all abroad and divulged, by messengers coming thick one after another, Sueridus and Colias, Princes of the Goths, who with their people long before were entertained and set to look unto the wintering harbours at * Hadrianopoli●. Hadrianopolis, regarding their own lives and safety above all things in the world, beheld all with quiet and peaceable minds. But upon the emperors letters which suddenly were brought unto them, whereby they were commanded to pass over into Hellespontus, they required without any swelling humour of pride, to have their warfare money, meat, and two days respite allowed them [of the city.] Which the head magistrate of the city, taking not well, and picking a quarrel thereat (for displeased he was and angry with them about some spoil and waste made in a country house of his not far from the city) made no more ado, but brought forth all the commons together with the artisans and craftsmen, of whom there is a mighty multitude there, and them he armed to their utter confusion: and so commanding the trumpets to sound the battle, unless they went their ways the sooner (as it was decreed) he threatened them all with the utmost peril of death. The Goths sore troubled with this unexpected adversity, and affrighted with the citizens, more hasty iwis than considerate) pressing upon them, stood still and moved not. But at length when they had been railed at, reviled and cursed at their hands, yea and assailed otherwhiles with some few casting darts lanced at them, they broke forth into open defiance, and professed rebellion. And thus, when they had slain a great number of the citizens, whom their over-malapert violence had deceived, and put the rest to rout, and wounded them with sundry kinds of weapons, after they had difarmed and spoiled the dead bodies, and put themselves into Roman armour, they espied Fritigernus near at hand, and joined themselves unto him, as dutiful and obeisant allies, and so distressed the city, now shut up, with those troubles and miseries that follow siege. In which difficulty of dangerous service, being a long time employed, they ran on head every where, and without all respect. Some of them, who were more bold and adventurous than their fellows, perished without revenge, yea and many with shot of arrows and discharging of stones out of slings, lost their lives. Then Fritigernus, considering that men unskilful in sieges and assaults, wrestled in vain with so many misfortunes and losses, leaving there a sufficient power, advised them to depart and leave their business undone, saying, That he was at peace with bare walls, and persuading them that they would set in hand without endangering their lives, to spoil the rich and plentiful countries, as wherein as yet there were no garrisons to impeach them. Then they commending highly the king's counsel, whom they knew would be an effectual partaker with them in these projects and designs, dispersing themselves into every quarter and coast of Thracia, marched warily, having those that either yielded or were taken prisoners, to show them plenteous towns, and such especially, wherein, by their saying, might be found great store of victuals: and beside an inbred courage and boldness of their own, which set them on, this principal help they had to put them forward, in that there conflowed daily unto them a multitude out of the same nation, such as of late had been sold by merchants, with a number of others flocking still unto them, whom at their first coming over, those that were pined and starved for hunger, had exchanged for some course or small wine, and pieces of broken bread. There came also unto them for to increase their company, many that were expert in following after the veins of gold in mines, not able any longer to endure the heavy burdens and taxations laid upon them of impost and customs. And being with the willing consent of all gladly received, they stood them in very good stead as they passed through unknown places, showing unto them where were the hidden garners of corn, the privy lurking places and secret receipts of the people, and by the guidance and direction of the same men there remained not untouched and unassailed any thing, unless it were inaccessible and unpassable. For without difference made of age or sex, with fire and sword all went to wrack: the young babes sucking at the breast, were pulled away and killed; their mothers were ravished, and wives likewise made widows, and bereft of their husbands, slain before their faces: the striplings and well grown boys were haled and trailed along the dead carcases of their parents: in sum, many old folk crying out that they had lived their fill, after loss of their goods, together with beautiful women, with their hands writhed and pinioned behind their backs, when they had bewailed the embers and ashes of their native habitations, were led away perforce out of their own country. CHAP. VIII. Valens distracted with manifold cares, sendeth an army into Thracia. The Goths and the Romans strike a battle. The victory not without sweat, blood, and tears, falleth to the Romans. THese news out of Thracia, Valens the Emperor hearing with much grief and sorrow of heart was distracted into divers and sundry cares. And immediately sending Victor General of the cavalry into Persia, there to compound and conclude as touching the state of Armenia, according as these imminent occasions and troubles did require, himself ready forthwith to depart out of Antioch, that he might in the mean time go to Constantinople, sent Profuturus and Traianus before. Both of them were great Rulers and Cammaunders, who verily reached at brave and noble exploits, but were unskilful in feats of arms. Who when they were come to the places where this multitude of enemies should have been cut off and diminished by peecemele, by way of stealth and robbery rather than otherwise, wholly before it was full time, bending themselves to that course which was dangerous and pernicious, oppose against the Barbarians whiles they were yet in their hot blood and furious mood, the legion brought out of Armenia, which verily in martial services had oftentimes been well tried and approved; but not able to match so infinite a number of people that overspread both high hills and deep dales. These companies and bands, I say, having not as yet experience what untamed rage, joined with desperateness, is able to do, when they had driven the enemy beyond the cloven and broken cliffs of the mountain Hemus, bestowed themselves in the steep passages and gullets, partly that the Barbarians enclosed within those places without end, might with long famine be consumed; and partly that themselves might attend Frigeridus Warden of the Marches, who with the aids of the Pannonian and Transalpine soldiers was coming: and whom at the request of Valens, Gratianus appointed to go into the field for to succour and help those that were sore distressed and driven to extremities. After whom, Richomeres then captain of the ᵇ Domestici, by commandment of the said Gratian removing out of Gaul, hastened into Thracia, having in name only the conduct of certain cohorts: of whom the most part forsook their colours and went from him (as some gave it out) through the persuasion of merchants, who feared least Gaul being left destitute of the means of defence, should be wasted, now that the enemies at their pleasure had broken through the bar of Rhine. But by occasion that Frigeridus was stayed with the gout, or else (as some malicious backbiters falsely devised) feigned himself sick, because he would not be at any hot service and dangerous skirmishes, Rhicomeres by a general consent having the regiment of all the forces, joined with Profuturus and Traianus as they were marching along near unto the town Salices. From whence not far off, an inestimable number of the Barbarians having orderly placed a multitude of wanes and carts round in manner of a circle, enclosed apart, as it were, within a circuit of walls, took their ease and solaced themselves with the rich booties they had taken. The Roman captains then by the good guidance of better hopes (in case fortune afforded than opportunity) meaning to adventure upon some glorious exploit, wittily observed, what the Goths intended to do, forecasting this especially, That if they dislodged and removed their camp to another place (which they used very often) they might with confidence set upon the backs of the hindmost, gore a number of them through, and turn away a great part of their spoils. The enemies perceiving this, or else having intelligence given thereof by the fugitives (by whose means nothing was so secretly done, but they knew of it) abode in the same place a long time. But strucken with fear of the army that was abroad, and of other forces which they feared were at hand to join with them, by virtue of a watchword given after their country manner, they sent for their wast-making companies, which were spread in divers parts near by, and of every great captain and commander among them well accepted: and so forthwith having made light fires at the Carrago ᶜ (for so they term it themselves) returning with passing great celerity, they incensed and incited still their countrymen to attempt greater matters. After this, there was no intermission between both sides, more than short truce. For when those were returned, whom upon necessity they had called forth, the whole multitude thrust together still within the compass of the enclosure aforesaid, keeping an horrible noise, and set upon a furious and mad mood, hastened in a fell and cruel gare to try the utmost hazard of battle; neither were the princes of their nation there present against it. And for that these matters thus passed, when the Sun was going down, and the night so fast drawing on, stayed them against their wills and with heavy hearts to go to rest, after they had taken their meat as their leisure would serve, they remained without sleep. On the other side, the Romans having intelligence hereof, continuing also watchful themselves, feared the enemies and their brain sick leaders, as if they had been so many enraged wild beasts; howbeit, with undaunted hearts they expected, that the event, although doubtful and dangerous (by reason they were in number much inferior) would yet prove fortunate on their side, in regard of their more just and righteous cause. So, at the very later end of the day, upon the signal of the alarm sounded by the trumpets on both parts, the Barbarians after they had, as their manner is, sworn one unto another, assayed to gain the hilly places, to the end, that from thence down the hill they might with greater violence like wheels over run and tumble down before them all that were in their way. Our soldiers seeing this made haste every man to his own colours and companies, and so standing their ground neither ranged abroad, nor leaving their ranks, ran out of the array for to skirmish. When as therefore the armies thus embattled on both sides, marched on warily, and came at length to stand still, the warriors with grim looks and traverse cast of eye beheld wistly one another. And the Romans verily setting up a martial note on all sides, which useth to begin low, and so rise higher and higher, a noise that by a peculiar term they call Barritus, plucked up their valiant hearts and strength together: but the Barbarians with untunable cries and shouts creaked forth the praises of their ancestors: and thus among sundry words passing between of dissonant noise, began the lighter skirmishes. And now, when they had aloof assailed one another on both sides with louped darts and such like casting-weapons, they came together in menacing wise to close fight and hand strokes, and couching their shields in form of a roof over their heads, they set foot to foot and maintained the medley. The Barbarians, as who were always repaired with fresh supplies and nimble withal, hurling at our men huge clubs, parched and hardened in the fire, and fiercely foining with point of sword full upon the breasts of those that stood against them, broke through the left wing; which being ready to recoil and go down, a right strong and hardy regiment which lay for supply, rising valiantly from a side hard by, when as the * of horsemen. cohort now was hard at their necks, succoured and supported again. When as the fight therefore grew exceeding sharp and hot, with much slaughter & bloodshed, every one who was more ready to rush upon the thickest of the enemies, whiles on all sides swords swashed and darts flew as thick as hail, lost his life: and the horsemen followed both on the one side and the other, with strong arm slashing those that fled in the neck & back: likewise on both parts the footmen hewed the houx or hamstrings of as many as slipped away or lagged behind for fear. And whereas every place was full of slain bodies, some there were that lay among them half dead and half alive, feeding themselves with a vain hope of life. Some were shot with bullets thrown out of slings, others with reeds or arrows headed with iron: the heads of some cloven with the sword through the midst of the forehead and crown, hung down with great horror on both shoulders. And both sides not wearied as yet with tough fight, plagued one another indifferently, and sped alike: neither was there one that slacked one jot his own natural vigour of body, so long as his courageous heart served him to stir up his strength. Howbeit, as bloody & mortal as this conflict was, it ended with the day: and when as many as could any ways make shift departed in disorder, the rest every one recovered their tents again, heavily appayed. To conclude, when as some honourable personages among the dead were interred as place and time would give leave, the bodies of the slain that remained, the cursed fowls of the air devoured, such as were wont at that time to feed upon carcases, as appeareth by the fields, all over white with bones, at this day. Howbeit for certain it is known, That the Romans, fewer far in number, having encountered with that huge multitude, and abidden many deadly dangers, yet not without woeful & lamentable calamities foiled the barbarous people. These chances of battle thus piteously ended, our men went to the next retiring places of Martianopolis, and the Goths thrust & penned of their own accord within the foresaid circuit & precinct of their wagons, never durst for seven days together go forth or be seen: and therefore our soldiers taking the advantage of this opportunity, enclosed an infinite sort of other Barbarians within the straits of Haemimontum, barred with high hills against them, building (as one would say) upon this hope, That this mischievous multitude of enemies hemmed in between Ister and the deserts, and finding no way out, would perish by famine, considering that all necessaries of this life were carried into the strong cities; of which, they never went about to besiege any one, as yet being altogether ignorant in these and such like machinations. After this Richomeres returned into Gaul, minding to bring other helps and means from thence, in regard of greater and more troublous wars which were feared. CHAP. IX. The Goths having taken in the Huns and Alanes to the society of their booty, with horrible slaughter and spoil waist Thracia, and in vain lay siege to the town Dibaltum. As they pursue Frigeridus, a most puissant warrior and leader, they are terrified with a new overthrow: and Frigeridus having taken many of them, confineth them about Mutina, Rhegium, and Parma, there to till the grounds. THese things were done in the year that Gratianus was the fourth time Consul, together with Merobaudes, toward the Autumn season: in which time, when Valens heard the doleful events of wars and spoils, after he had committed the charge of the cavalry for the time unto Saturninus, he sent out Traianus and Profuturus, bringing aid and help with them. And it fortuned in those days, that when throughout the regions of Scythia and Moesia, all things comestible were spent, the Barbarians, what upon a cruel fierceness of their own, and what for mere want that set them forward, were exceeding hot and eager to work mighty matters. But having many a time given the attempt, and seeing themselves overweighed with the vigorous valour of our men, manfully resisting them, notwithstanding all rough and stony difficulties, driven at length upon extreme necessity, they procured (upon hope of exceeding great booties) to combine with them, certain of the Chuni and Alani. Which when Saturninus knew (for by this time was he come and had placed the fore-fences and out-standing guards abroad in the fields) gathering by little and little his forces together, he prepared to depart (and that in good policy) lest the sudden multitude, like to a violent stream of water, breaking the banks and gushing forth, should with little ado disrank and discomfit all those that diligently watched the suspected places. Then, after the straits were laid open, and our soldiers (in good time for the enemies) departed, those aforesaid that were * within the Car●ago. enclosed, every one what way he could find, after a disorderly manner, bend his whole power and set his mind (seeing no man to impeach him) for to set all in a garboil; and throughout Thracia, as wide as it is, spread themselves, spoiling and wasting without controlment, beginning at those very coasts which Ister runneth by, and so going on as far as Rhodope and that tract which severeth the main and huge seas, making foul work and havoc of all in most shameful manner, what with spoiling, robbing, and bloody murdering, and what with firing and abusing the bodies of free borne persons. Then might a man have beheld with groaning grief of heart, facts horrible to be said and seen: women massacred and amazed with fear, coursed all about with scourges that rung again, even great bellied wives with babes in them, yet unperfect and untimely, before they came into the world enduring many impieties. Other little infants also clinging to their mother's arms, you might have heard piteously crying; as also the lamentable moans of young springals and damosels nobly borne, with their hands straight bound, whiles themselves were haled into cruel captivity. And after them, virgins of ripe years and chaste wedded wives, with blubbered faces weeping and bewailing their extreme miseries, were led away, wishing by death, though dolorous and painful, to prevent the abusing and defiling of their bodies shortly after. Among which calamities, when a gentleman, rich and free but a little before, was dragged and haled like a beast, he complained of thee, o Fortune, as unmerciful and blind withal, that didst in the turning of an hand appoint and betake him, violently wrung out and sequestered from his beloved wife, dear children, and sweet house and home, which he saw before his face turned into ashes, and altogether ruinat, either to be mangled and dismembered limb after limb, or under whips and torments to serve as a slave the cruel and bloody conqueror. The Barbarians yet, like unto so many savage beasts broken out of their cages, when they had overrun a great way in that large country, went to a town named * Develto. Soph. Dibaltum, where finding Barzymeres, a Tribune of the Scutarij, with those soldiers of his own, with the ᵈ Cornuti also and other companies of footmen pitching their tents, him they set upon, being an approved and well experienced warrior: who presently, as the necessity of so imminent a danger required, commanded, That the trumpet should sound the battle; and after he had strengthened the flanks, broke through before with as many as were ready appointed, to battle, & by valiant resistance had made his part good, & departed out of the field on even hand, but that a troop of horsemen running violently upon him, when he was very much out of breath & weary, beset him round about. And thus with the slaughter of many Barbarians, whose overthrow was not seen in so great a multitude, he was slain. This exploit after this manner performed, the Goths doubtful what they should do afterward, sought for Frigeridus, intending where ever they could find him, to overthrow and beat him down, as the only strong bar that stood in their way. And therefore, after they had taken more liberal and finer food, as also slept a little, him they followed like a sort of savage beasts, as being given to understand, That by direction from Gratianus he was returned into Thracia, and encamped near unto Beroea, where he lay in espial to discover the doubtful events of things. And verily the Goths for their parts road up and down, and made haste to put their designs in execution. But Frigeridus, that knew well enough how both to govern and also to preserve his soldiers, either suspecting what their intent was, or plainly informed thereof by relation of those discoverers whom he had sent out, returned through the high mountains and thick grown woods into Illyricum, much emboldened by a passing good hand that Fortune, unlooked for, presented unto him. For in his return, as he marched softly on with his soldiers, marshaled in good array into squadrons, he prevented Farnobius, a great lord of the Goths, as he with his troops of robbers and spoyle-makers ranged up and down the country at his pleasure, and leading with him the Taifali, drawn but lately into his society: who (if it be worth the telling) whiles our soldiers were dispersed upon the fearful invasion of strange and unknown nations, had passed over the river, with full purpose to ransack and spoil the places, void of defendants. Upon the sudden discovery of their companies, this most politic captain prepared to join battle with them: and so charging upon all the sort of those nations, discomfited these bold brigands, who still stuck not to give out many threats: and put them he had every mother's son to the sword, but that after Farnobius, a terrible trouble-maker before time, was with many others slain, he was importuned very much and entreated to spare as many as remained alive: and all those he sent away with life to occupy and husband the lands about * Modem. Mutina, * Rexxo, Rhegium, and Parma, towns in Italy. This nation of the Taifali, I have heard say, was filthily given, and so much abandoned to the horrible sins of beastly living, that with them it was an usual matter to have boys and men company together in that foul and abominable act of wantonness which is not to be named, spending the prime and flower of their youth in such unclean and unnatural abuse. Furthermore, if any one of them grown now to riper years, could alone by himself, either take a wildboare, or kill a savage and cruel bear, freed he was from this stinking puddle and sink of pollution. CHAP. X. The Lentienses, a people of Alemaine, with a mighty army break into the Roman signiories. In this battle Gratian hath the upper hand, and few remained alive, such as escaped by flight, who being coursed in the mountains, make humble supplication and obtain peace, and are suffered without any harm to go into their native countries. THese were the calamities that in the later end of Autumn, when Winter drew fast on, the cruel whirlwinds of troubles swouped and huddled together throughout Thracia: Which rage of the time, as if the Furies were disposed to raise tumults in all places, going on still to countries also far off, spread itself all abroad. And now the * Lintzgoewer. Lentienses, a people of Alemaine, bordering upon the coasts of Rhetia, by way of crafty and treacherous roads having broken the league lately made, invaded and assailed our marches. Which calamity began first upon such a mischievous occasion as this: One of this nation serving under the Emperor in quality of a * Armiger, or Scutarius. Squire of the body, by occasion of some weighty business, was rerurned home into his own country; and, as he was over lavish and a blab of his tongue, when many of his countrymen asked him, What news in Court? he telleth them, That Gratianus sent for by his uncle Valens, was shortly to make a warlike expedition toward the East, to the end that they with their joint and double forces, might repel the inhabitants upon the borders, conspired to destroy and root out the Romans. Which intelligence when the Lentienses had with great affection received, being also themselves (as it were) bordering neighbours, and seeing how these matters went, as they are swift and quick of dispatch, gathered themselves into thick plumpes for to rob and spoil: and so, as the * Companies serving under the Romans. Celtaes and Petulantes together, were marching near the Rhine in the month of February, when by reason of hard frosts it was all of an ice and passable on foot, after they had sore distressed them, not without some loss of their own, with main strength forced them to turn back. But these Germans being constrained thus to retire, and knowing that the most part of our army was gone into Illyricum before the Emperor, who shortly would be there, grew more hotly incensed. And conceiving greater projects, assembled all the inhabitants of their towns and villages together; and so having raised an army of forty thousand armed men, or threescore and ten thousand (as some have given out, who love to extol the emperors praises) being grown to an exceeding height of pride, broke more boldly into our territories. Which when Gratianus with great fear had true intelligence of, he called back the cohorts which he had sent before into Pannonia, as also assembled others, that in wise and circumspect policy he had kept still in Gaul, and committed the managing of this service unto Nannienus, a valiant and discreet captain. And to him he joined as Colleague in equal commission and power, Mallobaudes Lieutenant or captain of the band Domestici, and king of the Franks beside; a man expert in warfare, and hardy withal. When as Nannienus therefore duly considered the variable chances of fortune, and therefore thought it good to hold off and linger the time, Mallobaudes carried away with desire of fight (as his manner was) and impatient of delay, was much troubled thinking it long until he might advance his standard against the enemy. And therefore when on the adverse part they came forward with an horrible noise to give a valiant charge, after the signal given by blowing of the horn, they began first to encounter before * Horburg, Rhenano, Colmer, Lrenicho. Argentuaria; and with shot as well of arrows as casting javelins, down they went thick both on the one side and the other. But in the very heat of battle, our men seeing an infinite number of the enemy to avoid open and manifest danger dispersed themselves every man as he could among the narrow lanes beset with trees, howbeit within a while after they stood their ground more confidently: and carrying the like resplendent show, and glittering afar off with their bright armour, did put the Barbarians in a mighty fear that the Emperor was come. Who suddenly turning their backs, yet between while making head again (because they would omit no means even in extremity unattempted) they were so beaten down and hewed in pieces, that of the number aforesaid there escaped, as it was esteemed, not above five thousand, and those shrouded within the thick woods: and among many other bold & hardy knights, Priarus also the king was slain, even he that was the inciter and setter of all these mischievous and deadly troubles. Gratianus much encouraged with the confidence of this fortunate success, and now marching toward the East parts, and turning his way on the left hand, closely passed over the Rhine; and upon a good hope that set him ward, determined (if fortune had favoured his enterprise) generally to root out the whole nation, so treacherous and desirous of rebellion. Which purpose of his being known by messengers arriving thick one after another, the Lentienses strucken into their dumps, what with the miseries of their own nation consumed in manner all, and what with the sudden coming of the Emperor, doubtful what way to take, considering they could not find any breathing time (were it but short) to bethink themselves either to make resistance, or what else to do or go about, with all the speed and force they possibly could, made toward the hills beset on every side with unpassable cliffs. And taking up their standing upon the craggy rocks and rags round about, with all their might and main defended their goods, together with their wives and children which they had brought with them. Which difficulty when it was weighed and considered, there were chosen through every legion five hundred armed soldiers of approved experience and politic skill in war, to be opposed against them same, as if they had been so many walled fences: Who the more emboldened and encouraged hereupon, for that the Emperor in person was seen to bear himself manfully with the foremost in the vaward, they assailed to climb the said hills, minding immediately without any fight at all, if they might once get the higher ground under their feet, to carry them all away as hunters preys. So the skirmish beginning when it was well toward noon, continued until dark night: for why, they fought with great slaughter on both sides. Our men fell to kill and were killed themselves not a few, and withal the armour of those in the emperors train about him shining again with gold and bright colours, were with the flinging thick of heavy and massy [stones] all to bruised and broken. And then, upon consultation had a good while between Gratian and the principal officers of the army, it seemed evidently to be a most dangerous service, & to no effect, thus all in haste to strive without intermission against such rough banks and mounts bearing out against them. And after much debating, and sundry opinions passed to and fro (as in such a business) considering the barbarous enemies had for their defences such places as were disadvantageous unto us, concluded it was, That they should by our soldiers sitting still, and doing nothing else, be round about beleaguered and wearied out with famine. But when the Germans strove again for their parts with the like obstinate resolution, & knowing the country very well, went unto other mountains higher than those which before they had kept, the Emperor with his army turning thither, with the like fortitude as before sought for the paths and tracts that led up to those high places. The Lentienses then perceiving him to be so fully bend to have their lives, and never giving over his earnest pursuit, after they had yielded themselves to his mercy (the thing that by their humble request they obtained) upon the tendering of their lusty able young men (as they were commanded) to be intermingled with our new trained soldiers, were suffered without any more harm received, to go into their native countries. CHAP. XI. The commendation of Gratian. Frigeridus a most excellent Captain, and the terror of the Goths, is unseasonably called back by Valens, who leadeth a strong army against the Goths, who near unto the river Hebrus were grievously discomfited and defeated by Sebastian Colonel of the Infantry. THis victory of such importance and consequence, that it daunted the Western nations, by the gracious pleasure of the eternal God, incredible it is with how great vigour and effectual celerity Gratian hastening another way, dispatched. And in truth a young Prince he was of singular towardness, well spoken, temperate, warlike and martial, yet mild and merciful: In which virtues he had proceeded with emulation to excel the best Emperors, even when as yet the lovely down began to grow upon his cheeks, but that his own nature (inclined to toyish and ridiculous actions, especially when his favourites and minions let him have the reins at liberty) turned him to the vain delights and sports of Commodus Caesar; although this Prince was nothing bloody and cruel. For, like as Commodus because he was wont in the people's sight to kill a number of wild beasts with darts, and when an hundred lions were let out at once in the Shewplace of the Amphitheatre, slew them with divers kinds of shot, and never struck one of them twice: even so this Prince also, among those impaled enclosures which they term Vivaria, i Parks, whiles with the stroke of many an arrow he killed wild boars, made small reckoning the while of many and those serious occurrents; at such a time especially, when as if Marcus Antoninus himself had sitten at the helm of the Commonweal, he could hardly have been able to remedy the lamentable calamity of the State, without Colleagues like to himself, and much sage counsel beside, when Gratianus therefore had disposed of his affairs according to the time, and as the occasions in Gaul, and the nations there did require, and punished withal that traitor, the Squire or Scutarius aforesaid, who had told the Barbarians, that the Emperor made haste into Illyricum, he departed from thence by a castle bearing the name of * A●bon, Rhenano. A●bor, Netit. Foelix arbour, and by the way of Inaureatum sped him apace with stretched out journeys, to help the part that went down the wind. And about the same time, to succeed Frigeridus (who most politicly devised many profitable means for the common security, and made haste to fortify the straits of Succi) for fear lest the enemies (nimble as they were and used to make roads) breaking also violently forth like unto some swelling streams, should range and overrun at their pleasure the Northern Provinces, there was sent a Lieutenant named Maurus, a man under a show of stout courage, altogether made for money, and at all assays mutable and uncertain. This is he, of whom in a former part of our history we wrote thus much, That when Caesar julianus made some question about the setting of a crown upon his head, whiles he served among his Squires, and attended upon the palace, took the collar that he wore about his own neck, and presented it unto him for a diadem: and being a wary and diligent captain, was removed from his service at the very time when all things lay a bleeding: whereas, though he had long before departed and betaken himself unto a private life at home, he ought, considering the great affairs of state so required, to have been brought again into the field. About this time it happened, that Valens now at length roused out of Antiochia, after a long way travailed, came to Constantinople, where when he had stayed very few days, and been disquieted with a light mutiny of the people, and committed unto Sebastian a vigilant leader known (who a little before was sent from Italy, as himself desired) the conduct of the Infantry, which Traianus had the charge of before, himself went to * Melitiat. Melantias a village, belonging to the Caesars, where he refreshed the soldiers hearts with money, with food, and many fair and affable speeches. From whence, when, upon a new journey by a solemn watchword proclaimed, he was come to Nice, a station so named, he understood by the relation of the spies and discoverers, that the Barbarians full of rich pillage, were returned from the tracts of Rhodope near to Hadrianopolis. Who taking knowledge that the Emperor with a great power of soldiers was in his march, make haste to join with their countrymen, having planted guards for the defence of the people about Berora and Nicopolis: and straightways, as the present occasion of necessity required, Sebastian with three hundred choice soldiers drawn out of every band, was appointed to make speed, minding to do some service as he promised for the good of the Commonwealth: Who upon great haste in his journey made, being discovered nigh unto Hadrianopolis had the gates shut and locked against him and was prohibited to come nearer: for the * Defensoribus. ᵉ Magistrates of the city feared, that being taken prisoner by the enemy, he was come as one suborned, and so might work somewhat to the cities undoing; the like as had happened by another Lieutenant, whom the soldiers of Magnentius by a wile had caught, by whose means the strong gates of the julian Alpes were laid open. At length, though late, Sebastian being known what he was, and permitted to enter into the city, after he had cherished with victuals and sleep (according to the store that the place afforded) those whom he had under his conduct, the morrow following he secretly broke forth and went his way. Now, by that time that the evening drew on, when he had upon a sudden descried near unto the river Hebrus the companies of the Goths, well appointed to waste and spoil, hiding himself for a while within the banks and shrubs, in the dark night he marched softly for being heard, and set upon them disordered as they were and out of array; and performing also this piece of service, that beside some few, who by their good footmanship escaped death, all the rest fell upon the edge of the sword: and so he fetched back again infinite booties and spoils, which neither the city nor the wide plain fields were able to receive. For which cause, Fritigernus being thoroughly roused, and fearing greatly lest he, a fortunate and victorious captain, as he had often heard, should defeat and bring to nought the bands of his men, dispersed here and there at their pleasure, and wholly minding their prey, by setting upon them at unawares, after he had called them all back near unto the town Cabyle, he quickly departed, to the end, that making their abode in the open countries, they might neither be distressed with famine, nor endangered by secret ambushments. CHAP. XII. Valens who envied the virtues of Gratian, bringing with him many bands of old experienced and select soldiers, without expecting any aid, but in his own pride pricked forward by the foolish words of flatterers, and a certain mischievous destiny, hasteneth to encounter the Goths: and when their ambassadors treated about conditions of peace, sent them away without effect. WHiles these affairs went thus in Thracia, Gratianus having certified his * Val●us. uncle by letters, with what industry he had overcome the Alemans', sent all his carriages with bag and baggage before by land, and himself with those forces, which were more lightly appointed, passing along the river Danubius, arrived at * Bo●monster. Simler. Bononia, and entered Sirmium. And when he had remained there four days, by the same river he went down to * a town named Marotha. Lazius. Martis Castra, troubled sore by the way with fits of an intermittent ague: in which tract he was suddenly set upon by the Alanes, and lost some of his followers. And at the very same time. Valens troubled sore in two respects, both for that he understood for certain, that the Lentienses were vanquished, and also because Sebastianus by letters, eftsoons with words amplified his own deeds, dislodged from Melanthias in warlike manner, hastening by some doughty and notable exploit to equal the young prince his brother's son, for whose virtues he was vexed at the heart: and under his conduct he had a great army, and the same right puissant and of courageous stomach: for unto it he had joined also the strength of the old beaten soldiers: among whom there were ready in the field likewise those of more honourable place, and by name Traianus, late General of the horsemen. And for as much as by careful espial intelligence was given, That the enemies intended with strong guards to stop the passages, by which necessary provision of victuals was conveyed; to meet with this project and design of theirs in some competent manner, there were sent betimes archers on foot and a troop of horsemen to keep the opportunities of the straits, which were hard by. And when for three days next ensuing the Barbarians marched gently, & for fear of a sally keeping the byways fifteen miles from the city, held on their journey to the station called Nice, by reason that the fore-riders and discoverers (upon what error I wot not) affirmed, That all the said parcel of the main multitude which they had seen were not passed ten thousand, the Emperor in a certain gare and violent heat made haste to encounter them. And therefore marching in a four square battle, he came to the very suburbs of Hadrianopolis: where having encamped himself within a rampire, fenced with a palisado and a ditch, waiting impatiently for the coming of Gratianus, he received Richomeres the lieutenant and captain of the Domestici, sent before from the Emperor with letters importing thus much, That himself also would soon after be there. According to the tenor and contents of which letters, being requested to attend a little while for his coming, who should be partaker with him of all perils, and not rashly to commit himself alone to the doubtful hazard of darts, he called to counsel divers great officers of the field, and consulted what was needful to be done. And when some, moved and set on by Sebastian, were very instant forthwith to give battle, the General of the horsemen named Victor, a warrior, but yet a wary delayer of time for a vantage, gave his opinion (and many more were of the same mind) That he should expect his fellow Emperor, to the end that by augmenting his power with the forces out of Gaul, the swelling pride of the Barbarians, now in the flaming heat, might more easily be suppressed. Yet for all this the mischievous resolution of the prince, together with the opinion of the courtiers, altogether set upon flattery, who advised him to make all speed and hast possible, for fear that Gratian should have part of that victory, which (as they thought) was in manner won already to his hand, took place and prevailed. Now, whiles preparation was made of all things necessary for to strike a battle, a Christian Elder or Presbyter (as themselves term him) sent in embassage with other mean persons from Fritigernus, came unto the emperors camp: and being mildly received, in the end presented the said Fritigernus his letters, requesting in plain terms, That unto him and his people (whom the violent roads of savage nations had driven as banished folk out of their native habitations) there might be granted Thracia and no more to be inhabited, together with all the cattle and corn, promising (if he might obtain so much) perpetual peace and concord. Moreover, the said Christian, as being privy unto his secrets, and a trusty counsellor, tendered unto him other private missives of credence from the same king, who, in craft and sundry wily casts being exceeding politic, informed Valens, as one shortly to be a friend and confederate, That otherwise it was not in his power to assuage the cruel mood of his countrymen, or to draw them to any conditions for the good of the Roman State, unless he otherwhiles would show unto them near at hand his host in arms, and so by the dread of his imperial name reclaim them from their pernicious desire to fight. And thus verily the ambassadors nothing at all regarded, in doubtful terms what would be the issue of their embassage, departed. CHAP. XIII. Fritigernus the principal leader of the Goths, requireth to have host ages given on both sides, that with more safety there might be a treaty of peace, but by the unreasonable and hurtful endeavour of some Romans they betake themselves again to arms. But betimes in the morning, on that day which in the yearly Calendar appeareth to be the fifth of the * 9 of August. Ides of Augustus, the banners in great haste were advanced, and the carriages with all bag and baggage bestowed near unto the walls of Hadrianopolis, together with a sufficient defence of the legions. For all the treasure and other princely ensigns & imperial ornaments, together with the * or Profectus. Praefect and the * Counsellors of State, or Courtiers. Consistorians, were enclosed within the compass of the walls. At the length therefore, upon the eight day after, the enemy's carts and carriages having dispatched a great way of rough and stony ground, what time as it drew on apace to the parching heat of noon, were discovered, which by the relation that he had of the discoverers, were couched and set in order round in form of a circle. And while the barbarous people, as their manner is, kept an hideous, cruel, and fearful howling, the Roman captains marshaled their soldiers in order of battle: and when the right wing of the horsemen was placed before, the greatest part of the footmen lay behind, and beset the ways. But the left wing of the horsemen (considering a great number of them were yet disparkled asunder) being with much difficulty brought together, marched a main pace. And whiles the same wing was in displaying and stretching out, there being none as yet to trouble the same, behold the Barbarians were terrified with the horrible noise that the armour counterfeited, and the clattering which in threatening wise the shields made; and for that part of them abiding far off with Alatheus and Safrages, being sent for, were not yet come, they dispatched ambassadors, to covenant and conclude peace. Whiles the Emperor contemned the baseness and mean condition of these ambassadors, requiring, That the better sort of them, as sufficient persons, should be sent to ratify and confirm, what articles were to be agreed upon; they in the mean while of purpose held off and trifled out the time, to the end, that during these fraudulent cessations of arms their horsemen might return, who they hoped would shortly become; and that our soldiers, enchafed with the heat of Summer, with dry chaws might become faint & heartless; considering that the fields all over, as wide and large as they were, shone again with fire, which the same enemies set a burning with wood and other dry fuel put under for that very purpose. And here was not all: for beside this, there fell out another mischief also, namely, that both men and beasts were grievously distressed for hunger. In this mean time, to help the matter well, Fritigernus, as one who wisely could guess and cast what might be, and fearing the doubtful fortune of war, sent upon his own head one of the common sort, as an herald, to treat of peace, craving, That certain of the nobility and elect persons should forthwith be sent unto him as hostages; being himself resolved without all fear to abide the violence of the soldiers & the necessary consequents thereof. This project and motion of so dread a prince & commander being commended & approved, Equitius a Tribune, who then had the charge committed unto him of the palace, and a kinsman of Valens, with the assent of every man is appointed with all speed to go as a pledge. But when he denied to go, because being once taken prisoner by the enemies, he had broken from them and made an escape out of Dibaltum, in regard whereof he feared their unreasonable passions, Richomeres of his own accord offered to go: who willingly had promised as much, thinking this also to be a brave act and beseeming a valiant man: and forward he went, minding to show good tokens of his dignity and noble parentage. Now, as he was going toward the enemies for't, the archers and targuetiers, whom one Baturius an Iberian than had in charge, together with Cassio, in a violent heat adventured to engage themselves forward too far, and being now to join skirmish with their adversaries, as they broke out over soon before their time, so by their cowardly reculing dishonoured the beginning of the battle. And thus by this impeachment, occasioned by an unseasonable attempt, both the cheerful and forward service of Richomeres was abated, considering he was not permitted to go: and the Goths horsemen by this time returned with Alatheus and Safrages, together with the power of the Alemans', intermingled among them; who being sent out like a lightning or thunderbolt shot from the high mountains, whomsoever they could with swift roads meet with, quickly discomfited and slew. CHAP. XIIII. The armies of the Goths and Romans embattled, and their most sharp conflict: At length the Romans are put to flight. As touching the death of Valens a twofold opinion: while some think he was killed with an arrow, and never after seen: others, that he was consumed with fire. NOw, when as on every side they fell to shake both armour and weapons, and Bellona blew the doleful and lamentable blast of trumpets, our men, who began to give ground at the crying out of many unto them, made head and resisted. And verily the fight in manner of flashing flames affrighted even the stout hearts of our soldiers, when they wistly beheld some thrust through with the whirling shot of darts and arrows. And then the armies buckling and dashing one against another, like unto ships pointed in the beak-head with pikes of brass, and thrusting one at another by turns, were with reciprocal and alternative motions as waves of the sea driven to and fro. And because the best wing of the Romans horsemen was come as far as to the very wagons, ready to advance farther if any had seconded and succoured them, being forsaken of all the cavalry beside (the enemies in such numbers pressed upon them) like as if some great rampire or fortification had fallen, was borne down and disrayed. The footmen then, wanting defence on their flanks, stood in plumps with their companies so thrust and thronged together, that as if they had been clunged, not one of them could either draw his sword or bring back his hand. And by this time such a dust was raised, that no man was able to see the sky before him, resounding as it did with horrible cries and shouts: which was the reason, that the casting-weapons discharged every way miss not, but where ever they fell gave a deadly stroke, and did mischief, because their venues could neither be foreseen nor avoided. But when as the Barbarians rushing on still with huge multitudes, overthrew horse and man together, and considering the ranks [of our men] stood so close together, that there could in no place be room made for to retire, and the enemies likewise were so thick thrust together, that there was no means to make way through them and escape: then our soldiers also setting light by the utmost extremity of death, took again their swords, and with full butt running upon them hewed them in pieces, and withal such main blows were dealt to and fro with axes, that both head-pieces and habergeons were flat and dashed a pieces. There might a man have seen the stout stomached Barbarian, when his teeth gnashed and were set in his head, for all his hamme-strings were cut, or his right hand smitten off with a sword, or his side thrust through, even when he was ready to give his last gasp, yet in menacing wise to look round about him with a stern and terrible eye. Thus, by reason that the bodies on both sides as they fought pell mel, were laid along on the ground, the fields were covered all over with the slain, and with great horror were heard the grievous groans of men either dying or else shot into the body with deep wounds. In this so great and so confused a tumult, were the footmen with toil and dangers clean spent: but afterwards when their strength failed, and their wits would not serve to devise some counsel, now that most of their javelins with continual thrusting and knocking together, were broken asunder, contenting themselves with drawn swords, they engaged themselves into the thickest troops of the enemies, as men unmindful any more of saving themselves, and seeing how all about them there was no means left of escape and refuge; and because the ground standing all over with lakes of blood, was so slippery underfoot, that it overturned them as they went, they endeavoured all they could to sell their lives dear, and not to die unrevenged, with so great courage and stoutness opposing themselves against those which pressed hard upon them, that some of them died even upon their own weapons: when as now at length all was overspread with a confused show of nothing but black blood, and what way soever one turned his eyes, there lay heaps of men slain, then without any spare at all they trampled over the dead carcases. And withal, the heat of the Sun mounted a great height, as having passed through Leo, and now in his course to the house of the celestial sign Virgo, overcame the Romans: who besides that they were more weakened with hunger, and undone for very thirst, had their heavy armour also, to weigh them down. To conclude, the Barbarians charged them still with so main force, that our battalions being discomfited in great disorder, took them to their heels (the only help they had in this desperate extremity) and fled every man what way he could. Now, whiles they all thus dispersed in blind lanes make shift to be gone, the Emperor beset, as one would say, round about with horrible and fearful sights, by little and little mounting over the heaps of dead bodies, betook himself to the ᶠ Lancearij and ᵍ Mattiarij; who all this while that the violent numbers of the enemies were abidden, had stood their ground still, with their bodies sound and unshaken. Whom when Traianus saw, he crieth out, That all hope was for ever past and gone, unless the Emperor, thus forsaken of his own guard and Squires, might at length be protected by the aid of strangers: Which when a captain named Victor heard, hastening with all speed to assemble the ʰ Batavi, who were bestowed not far off, to succour and help at a pinch, for the defence and guard of the emperors person; when he could meet with none of them, he retired back and departed. In like manner Richomeres and Saturninus made shift for themselves, and escaped out of the danger. The Barbarians therefore in a furious rage, which sparkled even out of their very eyes, followed hard in chase upon our men, who now for very heat of their veins were ready to melt and faint again. Some of them fell and knew not who smoat them, others again were overwhelmed with the press only of such as coursed them: and there were who died upon their own fellows hands: For neither was there lightly any yielding to those that strove again, nor any one spared those that yielded. Over and besides all this, many lying half dead, not able to endure the smart and torment of their wounds, stopped up the very ways; with whom also the corpse slain & huddled on heaps together, filled the fields with carcases. Well, of these losses, that never amends can be made for, and which cost the Romans so dear, the night without all moonlight made an end of: And when it began once to be dark, the Emperor among the common soldiers, as it is probably to be thought (for no man ever directly said, that he saw the thing or was by) mortally wounded with an arrow, fell with it, and presently thereupon yielded his vital breath, and departed: neither was he ever after found. For by occasion that some few of the enemies took up their lodgings there about, for love that they would spoil the dead, none either of our men that were put to flight, or of the inhabitants hard by, durst go unto the place. The like woeful case befell, as we have heard say, unto Decius Caesar, who manfully fight with the Barbarians, chanced to fall from his horse, whom being full of spirit and courage, he could not hold in; and so being flung by him into a bog or moor, could neither rise again, nor be ever found. Others say, that Valens yielded up his ghost not presently, but with some few of his gallants and gelded eunuchs was brought back to a country cottage hard by, made workmanly and strong, with two * or lo●ts. stories, where whiles he was dressed by unskilful hands, the enemies beset him, not knowing who he was, and delivered him from the shame and dishonour of captivity: For, when they that followed in chase, who went about to break open the doors surely bolted, were evidently from the high built house assailed with arrows, lest by cumbersome delays they should lose their opportunity of harrying and making spoil, they gathered together bundles of stubble and faggots of wood, which they kindled with fire put under them, and so burned the house with all that were in it: From whence one of the foresaid gallants, or followers of his, having gotten out at a window, and being taken prisoner by the Barbarians, bewrayed and revealed the deed, and put them to much grief and sorrow of mind, for that they were disappointed of great glory and honour, in that they took not the Sovereign Ruler of the Roman Empire alive. And even this young gentleman, when he was afterward returned unto our companies, made relation unto them of this accident in manner and form abovesaid. Such was the unfortunat hap of one of the ᵏ Scipio's, whom after he had recovered Spain, we find to have been by the enemy consumed to ashes in a tower which they set on fire and burnt, whereunto he was fled: And yet this is for certain known, that neither Scipio nor Valens had the fortune to be buried, which is the last honourable duty conferred after death. In this manifold calamity and loss of brave men, the death of Traianus and Sebastian was remarkable, with whom there lost their lives five and twenty Tribunes all Vacantes, and having charge of regiments under them, together with Valerianus and Equitius, the one great Master of the stable, the other Grand Seneschal of the Palace. Among these, Potentius also Tribune of the Promoti was slain in the very prime and flower of his youth; a knight of every good man beloved and commended, as well in regard of the approved virtues of his father Vrsicinas' sometime General of the horsemen, as of his own good parts. And most true it is, that hardly the third part of the army escaped. Neither read we in our Annals and Chronicles, of any battle so fought out to the outrace, unless it were the field at ᵐ Cannę: albeit the Romans otherwhiles at the turning back of fortune's wheel, being overtaken with deceitful sleights and stratagems, gave way for the time to disadvantageous battles: and the Fabulous sonnets of the Greeks so highly commended, have in lamentable manner bewailed many conflicts ...... CHAP. XV. The virtues and vices of Valens. The end of his life, and the place where he perished foresignified by the Oracle. THis was the end of Valens, when he grew fast upon fifty years of his age, having reigned Emperor fourteen years, or somewhat under: whose good parts and vices, so far as we know, we will put down. A fast friend he was, and a faithful or sharp punisher and revenger of all ambitious courses. A severe reformer as well of military as civil discipline: Passing vigilant at all times and careful, that no man under the pretence and colour of kindred with him should bear himself over high: A right just protector and defender of the Provinces; every one of them he preserved no less than his own house from hurt and damage: mitigating, with a singular regard and affection their heavy tributes, and admitting no augmentation of tolls and imposts. In calling for the debts and arrearages of the rest, nothing hasty and importunate: A sore enemy and a bitter to thieves, and judges detected for robbing the common treasure. Neither can the East Empire remember, that they were in such businesses better dealt with under any Emperor beside him. Over and above all these parts, he carried with him a liberal mind, yet with moderation. Whereof albeit there are many examples, yet it shall suffice to set down but one. If any person, as divers there be in Prince's Courts, greedy of other men's goods, had begged, as the usual manner is, a thing fallen in escheat, or aught else, he would with great respect of justice and reservation of liberty for him that could gainsay the suit, pass a grant unto him that had made the petition: but joining divers times three or four others that were absent to share with him in those things by him obtained: to the end, that such busy and restless suitors, seeing the gains where at they gaped, by this devise to prove so much the less, might deal more sparily in this kind. As touching edifices, which in sundry cities and towns he either repaired or built from the very first foundation, for brevity sake I say nothing, giving leave unto greater persons themselves, to show that more at large. Well, these were virtues I suppose, that all good men are to follow. Now let us as briefly run over his vices. Most covetous he was and greedily set to gather great wealth: Impatient of all travel and pains taking, and rather affecting exceeding great hardness: given over much to cruelty: of nature somewhat rude and rustical, furnished neither with martial arts, nor liberal studies: Willingly hunting after gains and commodities, though it were with the grievous groans of others. And then was he most intolerable, when drawing such trespasses as happened, either to a contempt of the Prince's dignity, or to high treason, he cruelly fought the blood and undoing of rich persons. Neither was this in him tolerable, that whereas he would seem to commit the examination and enquiry of all causes unto the laws, yea and give order that such businesses and controversies should be tried and decided by certain Commissioners appointed, as especial and chosen judges, yet he suffered nothing to pass contrary to his own will and pleasure. Otherwise also a doer of wrong he was and wrathful, lying very open to entertain all promoters and accusers without respect of truth or falsity: a foul fault, and which even in these pivat and daily dealings between man and man, is exceeding greatly to be feared. In one word, an idle loiterer, and a slow-backe. For colout and complexion black: The apple or sight of the one eye quite closed up, yet so, as a far off the blemish appeared not. For feature of body, his limbs well made and trust together, his stature neither over tall, nor yet too low: bow legged, and carrying a good grand paunch before him. Thus much may serve the turn to have spoken of Valens: and that all this is true, I report me to the full testimony of the time wherein both he and I lived together. Moreover, this also would not be passed over in silence, That whereas in the Oracle delivered from ● threefooted table that Hilarius and Patricius, as I have showed, practised with, he found those three Prophetical verses, of which the last goeth thus: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: That is, In Mimas fields, where their heads burnt shall be: At the first as he was altogether unpolished and rude, he contemned the same; but in the process of those most lamentable accidents that befell unto him, so fearful he was, that upon the very calling to remembrance of the said Oracle, he quaked and trembled at the name of Asia: where, over a town called Erythraeum, he heard say, by the relation of learned men, that both Homer and Tully wrote, there stood a mountain named * Cabo Stillari, Nigr. Mimas. But at the last, after he was dead, and the enemies departed out of the country, near unto the very place wherein it is thought he caught his deadly wound, there was found, by report, a tomb or monument of stone raised above the ground: upon which one stone there was fast laid, which in Greek letters engraven, showed, that one Mimas a noble man in old time was there interred. Well, after this mortal field fought, when as now the dark night had overspread the earth, of those that remained alive, some took the right hand, others the left, and every one as fear carried him any way, went seeking for his next fellows and friends: when as indeed never a one of them could see any but themselves alone, supposing the enemy's sword was hard at their heads behind them: Yet, hear they might, though it were a great way off, the piteous cries of those that were left behind, the doleful gaps and yexes of such as lay a dying, and the dolorous plaints and weeping of as many as lay wounded. CHAP. XVI. The Goths after this victory besiege Hadrianopolis, but take the repulse, and many of them in the assault were slain. NOw, no sooner began it to be day light, but the Conquerors like savage beasts, more fell and enraged with the taste of blood that fleshed them and whetted their stomachs, moved with the alluring inducements of vain hope, marched with their troops strongly embattled toward Hadrianopolis, with a full purpose to race and destroy it, though it were with much hazard and danger: as having intelligence given them by traitorous fugitives, That the greatest personages and officers of highest place, the regal ensigns also belonging to the imperial dignity, together with all the treasure of Valens, were there bestowed as in a strong place of defence. And lest ●y long delays and respite between, their heat should cool, at the * ten of the clock. fourth hour of the day, after they had encircled the walls, there began a most cruel fight, whiles the assailants of an inbred stoutness hastened headlong to present peril, and the defendants on the other side were not behind to show their vigour with might and main: and for that a great number of our soldiers and campe-drudges, together with their horses, not suffered to enter, standing close unto the walls, and the dwelling houses joining thick, fought valiantly (as they might for the low ground,) and their rage that pressed upon them, got the upper hand unto the * three of the clock after noon. ninth hour of the day, suddenly three hundred of our footmen, who stood hard unto the very parapet of the walls, casting themselves into a thick squadron, revolted unto the Barbarians, whom they greedily caught within their clutches, and presently (upon what policy I know not) put them all to the sword. But from that time forward observed it was, That not one of them (in what danger and desperate estate soever they stood) ever so much as thought to do the like again. In these so many calamities coming thus hotly and so huddled upon the besieged, all on a sudden, with mighty cracks of thunder, there poured out of black clouds such violent showers of rain, that they scattered the companies of this raging multitude: and after they were returned to their * or camp. hold, set out and cast into a round form of their carts and wanes, breathing out still more and more their cruel minds and stomachs, they fell to command and summon our men by minatory letters, and an ambassador sent unto them, upon security received to have his life saved. But when as he durst not enter in who was sent, by a certain Christian the letters were carried and read, which being thoroughly (as he said) scanned upon, the rest of that day and the whole night following, was spent in preparing of fortifications: For within-forth the gates were immured and dammed up with mighty huge flints, the weak and undefensible parts of the wall strengthened, and for the discharging from all sides of casting weapons, darts, and stones, were engines planted in meet and convenient places, yea and there was conveyed near at hand sufficient store of water. For, the day before some of them that fought, for very thirst were endangered as much as their lives were worth. chose the Goths casting with themselves how difficile and dangerous were the events of war, and driven into their dumps to see that the valianter sort of them were slain and hurt, and how by piecemeal still their forces were decayed, devised a wily and crafty stratagem, which the goddess justice herself bewailed and divulged abroad. For, certain Gallants of our side, who the day before had revolted unto them they enticed, that under a colour of running away, as if they meant to return home to their own country, they should endeavour to be received within the walls; and being entered in, closely set on fire some one part of the city: to the end, that by a signal hereof secretly erected, whiles the whole multitude of the besieged were busily occupied about quenching the fire, the enemies might break violently into the city void of defendants upon the walls. These gallant youths abovesaid went forward, as it was appointed, and when they were come under the ditches, stretching forth their hands they prayed and besought, That themselves being Romans might be let in. And thus received (because there was no suspicion to the contrary) upon interrogatories, as touching the designs and purposes of the enemies, they varied and disagreed in their tales. Whereupon it came to pass, that after they had been by bloody torture farther examined upon the point, and confessed plainly, what they came for, they had their heads chopped off for their labour. Now, when all warlike engines and fabrics were in readiness, toward the third * midnight. watch, the Barbarians forgetting quite all fear of wounds past, with many ranks one seconding another, conflowed like so many billows and waves of the sea, to the gates of the city, which were made fast against them, and that with much greater resolution of their mighty men and rulers among them: but together with the armed soldiers, both the Provincial and the Palatine bands rose up and bestirred themselves very quick to overthrow and bear them down: And such were their darts and casting-weapons, that being once discharged, though at a very venture, yet among so great a multitude they could not light without doing some harm. And then our men perceived, that the barbarous enemies made use of the same weapons and darts which were flung or shot at them: And therefore commandment was given, That the arrows, by gelding or cutting the strings and sinews which knit the iron heads and the wooden steiles together, before they were flung, they then should be shot out of the bows; which all the whiles they flew in the air, kept still their strength sound; yea, and if they stuck in the bodies, lost not their efficacy; or verily if they fell to the ground, streightwaies knapped asunder and fell in pieces. In this fervent heat of skirmishing one unexpected accident there was, of great moment and importance. A Scorpion, which is a kind of Instrument or Engine, that the common people term Onager, planted just over-against a thick battaillon of the enemies, discharged from it a mighty stone. Which although it took no effect, but violently grazed upon the ground, yet upon the sight thereof, the enemies were so daunted and amazed with fear, that wondering as astonished men at this so new and strange a sight, they recoiled out of the way, and made an offer to be gone: But upon the fresh sound of the trumpets, as the chief Officers and Captains gave order, the assault was renewed again: And in like manner, the Romans for their part got the better hand, as having flung, in manner, no other weapon, or shot, were it but out of the slings-loupe, in vain. For the rest of the enemies behind, who followed hard after the companies of those their Leaders that were inflamed with a greedy desire, to have the rifling of that wealth which had been gotten together by the bad endeavours and studies night and day of Valens, vaunted and gave it out with open mouth, That they had endured as many dangers as their betters and superiors. And thus some of them half dead, as being squashed with huge weighty stones, or shot into the breast with darts and arrows, lay tumbling upon the ground: others carrying ladders, and going about on every side to scale and climb up the walls in an infinite number of places, were under their very burdens overwhelmed with stones, fragments of pillars, and with * or Rollers. ⁿ Cylinders, borne down the steep descent. Neither was there any one of these furious enemies, whom the sight of so horrible carnage and bloodshed could (until it was very late in the evening) turn away from their courageous mind, to fight manfully, and do some noble service. Which courage of theirs was so much the more quickened, for that seeing a far off a number also of the defendants, with sundry sorts of shot overthrown and fallen down dead, they joyed thereat. Thus without any rest or stint, fight there was right courageously both for and against the walls: And because now they fought not in any order, but skirmished by starts and several companies, as they could sally one upon another (which was a sign they grew to the utmost point of despair) at the shutting in of the evening they all withdrew themselves, and returned to their tents evil appayed and heavy, blaming one another for their inconsiderate folly, in that (as Fritigernus gave them counsel before) they had not in all places declined the toils and sorrows that use to follow sieges. CHAP. XVII. Having left Hadrianopolis, they gave the attempt of Perinthus and Constantinople: but by sundry calamities daunted, they invade the Northern Provinces. They that seized upon Thracia, by the means of julius, Colonel of the Footmen, in one and the self same day, as if a signal haa been given, were all murdered: and so the Provinces of the East are delivered from dangers. AFter this, all the night, which was not long, as being in the midst of Summer, they betook themselves to the care of their wounds, and to use the means both to dress and heal them, after the manner of their own nation: and upon the return of day light they fell to consultation, and were divided into sundry opinions, doubting which way to take their journey. After much debating and dispute pro & contra, they determine to take in Perinthus, and from thence to seize all places stored with riches: as knowing which they were by the relation of fugitives (who told them all the secrets, not of cities only, but of every house also.) Following therefore this resolution, forward they went (for none there was to withstand them) making havoc still, by robbing spoiling, and firing all the way. But after their departure, those that were besieged within Hadrianopolis, when discoverers of approved truth and fidelity had reported unto them, That all the quarters next adjoining were cleared from the enemy, went forth at midnight, avoiding the common high ways, ran over the woods and wields beyond Philippopolis, and from thence to Serdica, another city of Macedonia, together with all the goods which they had yet whole and untouched, making all the speed and hast they could devise to find out Valens (forsooth) as if he had been in those countries, not knowing one whit, that he was slain in the very tempestuous storms of the battle, or at leastwise fled to a country cottage, where he was thought to have been burnt to death and consumed. But the Goths intermingled with the Huns and Alanes, nations exceeding warlike and valiant, yea, and hardened in many adventurous and dangerous services, whom Fritigernus in his wit and policy had by wonderful allurements of rewards associated unto himself, having encamped hard by Perinthus, durst not in remembrance of their former foils and calamities either come unto or assault the city itself, but forrayed the fertile fields and territories about it, that reached far and wide, even to extreme penury killing or taking prisoners the inhabitants therein. From whence they made great haste, marching for fear of wait-laying and ambushments in four square battalions to Constantinople, gaping after the exceeding wealth and riches there, minding to make many attempts for to force and destroy the said city: whom thus unmeasurably advancing themselves, and at the point almost to do violence upon the port-cluses of the gates, the heavenly power of God repulsed by such an accident as this. A regiment of the Saracenes (as touching whose original and manners I have in divers places related much) a people meet rather for the service of quick expeditions, than for any encounter and conflict in battle, being newly sent for thither, no sooner espied the troop of Barbarians, but with a mind to join battle, all on a sudden boldly issued forth of the city, and after a stiff bickering between them, maintained a long time, both parts left the field on even hand. Howbeit, by a certain strange event, and never seen before, the foresaid regiment of Easterlings got the upper hand. For out of it a certain shag-haired fellow, naked in all parts save the groin and privy parts, making a rusty, hoarse, and doleful noise, drawing out his skein or short cuttleaxe, thrust himself into the midst of the Goths: and after he had slain an enemy, by cutting his throat, set it lips close unto the wound, and sucked out the blood that gushed forth. At which monstrous and wonderful sight the Barbarians affrighted, marched afterwards not in any outrageous and proud sort, when they went about any exploit, but paced their ground in wary and doubtful manner. And so in process of time, when their boldness was well abated and taken down, considering well the compass of the walls, which by reason of huge and spacious * or houses standing by themselves. Islands lay out in length, beholding also the beautiful fortifications of the city, how inaccessible they were, and withal, the infinite number of the inhabitants, yea, and hard by it a Frith or narrow cut of the sea, which divideth Pontus from Aegeum: after the worke-houses of warlike engines were cast down which they prepared, and more deadly blows taken than given, departed thence in dissolute manner as fast as they could by the Northern provinces, which they overran licentiously at their pleasure, even as far as to the foot of the julian Alpes, which in old time they termed Venetian. In these days remarkable above the rest was the profitable and expedite service of julius, colonel of the Footmen on the farther side of Taurus: for by the direction and appointment of the Destinies he gave commandment, That all the Goths entertained before time in Thracia, and now dispersed into many cities and castles, by sending secret letters unto their generals and captains all Romans (a thing at this time that seldom happeneth) should in one and the same day, as if a banner had been erected for that purpose, be killed in a general massacre, even when they feared no such thing, but in expectation of wages promised unto them, were drawn forth into the villages near the city side: By which prudent policy put in execution without any noise made thereof or further delay, the East Provinces were delivered from great perils and dangers. Thus have I, as a soldier sometime, and a Grecian borne, according to the measure of my ability, drawn out an history, beginning at the reign of the Emperor Nerva, and continuing it unto the death of Valens: A work professing truth, and which I never wittingly (as Ithinke) durst corrupt either with silence or leasing. Let other men, for age more sufficient, and for their learning better known, write the rest: Whom, if it shall please them to enter thereupon, I advise to frame their * or penus. tongues unto an higher stile. FINIS. ¶ Annotations and Conjectures upon the 14. Book of Ammianus Marcellinus. THe very entrance into this Book depending upon a former relation, bewrayeth the loss and want of 13. books before, even from the beginning of Cocceius Nerva his Empire unto the battle at * or Murti●●●. Mursa, in Constantius his reign, what time he had made Gallus his cousin german Caesar with him, and defeated the forces of Magnentius, with loss also of much blood on his own side: For in this battle were slain 54000 and above. And whereas the army of Magnentius the Usurper consisted of 30000, and that of Constantius, of 70000, there died in the field of Magnentius Pomton. 〈◊〉 Magnen●io. his part 24000, and of Constantius, 30000. Howbeit Magnentius fled, and afterward stabbed himself to death. Considering therefore this bloody execution on both sides, no marvel it is, that our author saith here, While the hearts of both the sides were yet fainting and daunted, as being sore crushed with such variety of toil some dangers. (a) Comitem Orientis,] Lieutenant General in the East. Among many significations of this word Comes (which I will distinctly show as they shall occur) it importeth here the Lieutenant, deputy, or * Pancirol. in Netitiam. Vicarius, under the Praefectus Prae torio per Orientem. He is sometimes termed * Metapina ●. Praefectus, and * V●●●e. in Aurelian●. Praeses Orientis: also, by a more proper denomination * Constantin. Vicarius Orientis. His government under * See the note upon Prafectus Pratorio, at the letter (a) Praefect. Praetor. Orientis, extended * Z● mass. throughout the East (taking it restrictively and divided from Illyricum, which also was within the East Empire in a larger signification) evenover 15 Provinces and their Rulers; whether they were Consulares, i. governed by Consulares, as Palaestina, Phoenicia, Syria, etc. or Praesidales, ruled by Praesides, as Phoenicia Libani, Euphratensis, Mesopotamia, etc. or under judices, who were * See the note upon Prafectus Pr●torio. Perfectissimi, as Arabia and Isauria. He was in the second rank of dignities, not Illustris vir, but Spectabilis. As touching the Ensigns belonging to his place, the ornaments of his investure, his officers and train about him, and other particulars, to his jurisdiction and government appertaining, I refer the reader to Notitia Imperij Orientalis, and the Commentary thereupon by Guidus Pancirolus. (b) Amphiaraus] was a renowned Prophet or Wizard among the Greeks, like as Martius among the Romans. Amphiaraus, son of Oecleus, and husband to Eriphyle, whom when Adrastus Ovid. de Ponto. Plutarch. Parallel. Statius, lib. i. 〈…〉. king of the Argives would have had with him to make war against the Thebans, he knowing by his skill, That if he went he should never return, hid himself for a time: but being discovered by his wife, and that for a rich ouch or jewel of gold, and so forced to that journey, the very first day of his coming to Thebes was swallowed up of the earth. As for Martius [Rutilius] he prophesied of the famous battle at Cannae. See T. Livius. lib. 5. 3. Decad. (c) So cruel was this Maximinus the father, that he was termed by some Cyclops and Busyris, by others, Scyron, Phalaris, etc. Having murdered Alexander Se●crus his liege prince, he usurped the Empire. He was above eight foot high: he wore his wife's bracelet upon his thumb for a ring. Of his strength and cruelty answerable to his bigness, read morein jul. Capitolinus. (d) Praefectus Praetorio.] At the first a martial officer, and captain of the guard, resembling Tribunus Celerum under Romulus, or Magister Equitum under the Dictator: but afterward he grew so great in authority, as that he was next unto the Emperor, and managed under him the whole state. Augustus instituted two of them, that the one might impeach the other, if either of them went about any alteration. Sejanus under Tiberius being sole Praefectus Praetorio, became so mighty, that he was by him suspected and put to death. Commodus following his pleasures, committed the regiment of all unto his Pręfect Perennius, even in civil affairs. But Constantine the Great, when he altered the whole government in manner of the Empire under him, purposing to clip the wings of this so great an Officer, ordained four of them, two in the East, & two in the West Empire. In the East, the one was called Praefect. Praetor. Orientis; the other, Illyrici: in the West, the one went under the name of Praefect. Praetor. Italiae & Africa; the other, Galliarun, Hispaniarum, & Britanniae: allowing them to be (as one would say) LL chief justices in civil jurisdiction, and abridging them of their authority in martial matters, which he put into the hands Zosimus. lib. 2. of Magistrimilitum, i Generals over the Forces. Howbeit, as Cassiodorus writeth, their authority was very large, & their command reached even to martial men also. Praefectus Praetorio was styled Illustris, which we find to be the highest title of dignity under the Emperor: & in the rank of Illustres he had the chief place; as under whom were other governors of provinces, as Comites, Consulares, Duces, Praesides, Praefecti, Rectores, or Correctores etc. The manner of his creation & investure, with the port he carried, see in Dion. & Herodian. Pancirolus knoweth notwell, what magistrate in these days he should resemble, unless it be the two Belerbees under the Turk; the one governor of Romania, the other of Anatolia. What if I compare him to the L. deputy or justice of Ireland, who, as we read, not only sitteth in court judicially, but cometh armed also into the field? (e) Sciron] a notable Brigand or Robber, who kept certain rocks near to Attica and Megara, and the narrow pass between, killing and spoiling the passengers that way: whereupon those rocks were called Scironides p●trae, or Scironia saxa. Strab. lib. 9 (f) Comes Castritius.] Among other significations of Comes, it betokeneth here a Captain, Lieutenant, or Colonel over certain Legions: the same that Legatus Consulis in former times. joh. Rosinus de Rom. Antiquitatibus. (g) Magister Equitum.] Of those Magistrimilitum or Generals of the Forces, whom Constantine the Great instituted, when he abridged Praefectos Praetorio of their military command, he ordained, That the one of them should be General of the horsemen, the other of the footmen: so called, for that their forces consisted especially of horse or foot, according to their title. These had the same power and jurisdiction in a manner over the soldiers even in civil and criminal causes, that the Praefecti Praetorio had over the provincial subjects, * Hie●onym. in 23. ●z●chtel. the very next immediately under the prince. In the East there grew to be five in number of these Magistrimilitum, under Theodosius Magnus, but in the West Empire they continued still to betwaine. Zosim. lib. ●. (h) Ad Nili Cataractas.] Certain rocks bearing up within the channel of the river Nilus, where between two hills he hath a straight passage, down which his stream seemeth to rush rather than to run; whereupon they have that name. Much like (si magna licet componere parvis) to the Salmon leap within the river * Guil. Camdenus in ●●mitatu P●mbroch. Tivy in Pembrochshire, to which when the Salmon come up, against the stream (seeking for some quiet mere to shoot their spawn) they take tail in mouth, and with a jerk spring up & mount aloft. Such falls of water there beat the Salmon leaps within the Liffy by Dublin in Ireland; but more notable in the ban, a noble river of the same kingdom, in Ulster. Of either side toward the land the stream runneth even & admitteth easy passage, but in the midst it hath a mighty downfall; howbeit, expertwatermen with their barges adventure to pass down the same, and exhibit sport to the beholders. The main thereof somewhat Strab. lib. 17. resembleth the shooting of London bridge at an ebb or low water. ay Blemmyes, or Blemmyae, Blemiae also and Blenae, or Bleptae.] All these names seem to come of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, to see: And yet Stephanus saith, they were so called of a captain named Blemes, who warred in those parts of Aethiopia: A monstrous people without heads, having their eyes and mouth in their breast, if we may believe Pliny, Pomponius Mela, and Solinus. (k) Circenses Ludi] as one would say Circu-enses: For at first, before the large lists and great Shew-places called Cirques were built, the plot of ground wherein were performed these horserunning with chariots and other Masteries, was flanked on the one side with the river Tiberis, on the other with swords. Turneb. Advers. lib. 3. cap. 5. The Emperors used to celebrate these solemnities at certain times, according to the vows, for 10. 20. or 30 years. Here it appeareth to be at the 30 year of his Empire. And hence it is, that in old marbles and elsewhere are found these inscriptions, Votis x. Votis xx. or Votis thirty. (l) Gerontium Magnentianae comitem partis.] Take Comes here forsome Praefect or captain, that had a charge of soldiers under Magnentius the usurper: for this sense also doth [Comes] bear in our author. (m) Among sundry acceptions of this word Elogium] I take it in this place to be a testimonial or certificate in the praise of the party condemned for some good parts or service performed that might merit pardon: or a gracious revocation of sentence pronounced, sent as a pardon from the prince. (n) Notarius.] This Paulus, whether he were Primicerius, or Primus Notariorun, i. the Protonotary (who together with his x. Tribu●i Notary, so called, for that they were in dignity equal to Tribunes, had the keeping of the book termed Laterculum Mai●s, or Commentary Principi●, which contained the names of all those that by the Emperor were preferred to dignities, together with their ensigns or badges of their office, their stipends, patents, & charters whereby they held their places, together with the prince's Mandates & directions etc. as appeareth in the Novel:) in which place he may be compared (as Pancirolus saith) with the great Chancellor of the state of Venice, & was ranged into Viros Spectabiles: or were of a second order & rank, one of the Domestici Notary, to wit, Secretary to the Emperor: or one of the inferior Tribuni Notary, i Scribes, was no doubt in high place, & might do very much in court. These Notaries, * Not of so great dignity as now with us, as appears in Vopiscus: and therefore I sometime term him Chancellor. Chancellors, Secretaries, or Scribes (so called, because they commonly wrote with abbreviations by way of cyphring) were girt with a military girdle as knights, attended the Emperor at home & abroad. Gratian. Cass●odor. Suidas, Cod. Theodosii. The ensigns belonging unto him are these: a smaller book shut, with these letters endorsed, F. L. I. N. T. ALL. CO. M. ORD. PR. that is, Foelix liber iniunctus Notar●●s Tribunis, à Laterculo, continens mandata or dine Principis vel Primicer●●, i. primi Notariorun, which he exhibiteth to the Comites, Duces, & other magistrates: also, a bundle of books or rolls wrapped up round; & the Laterculun Mai●s, containing all the imperial dignities etc. as is abovesaid; so called, for that it is in form a long square like a brick, called in Latin Later. See Pancirol. upon Notitia. (o) Comitatus Imperatoris] is the Emperor's privy counsel, consisting of Comites, i counsellors of state, accompanying him wheresoever he was: and therefore commonly put for his court. (p) Eculei, or Equulei,] Not instruments of burning plates, like unto an horse, in which men were tormented (forsooth) as in Phalaris his Bull, like as some Grammatists have imagined: but according as Carol. Sigonius hath collected out of ancient records, Eculeus was a frame or piece of wood going with vices or screws, to stretch or let lose accordingly. To this, the tormentors with cords or strings called fidiculae fastened the arms and feet of the poor examinate or condemned person to be tortured: then with the screws they stretched him on the said instrument as upon a teintor, and withal hoist it on high, that the woeful wretch might seem to hang as on a cross: which done, with wresting still they disjointed his bones, applied red hot plates unto his body, and with iron hooks raked into his sides & furrowed them, thereby to increase his pains. And whatsoever Sigonius hath gathered out of Sozomenus, Prudentius, Eusebius, Nonius Marcellus, Isidorus, Cyprianus, Cicero and Seneca, may be all found here & there in this one author of ours, Marcellinus. Devised it was first to put slaves & servants to torture, for fetching out of the truth, but used afterwards to torture Christians and others condemned to death. (q) To the Caesars.] By Caesar's are to be understood in this place as well the Emperors or Augusti, as their colleagues in the imperial government, called in a more special signification Caesar's, and choose by the Augusti. I am not ignorant, that both in Suetonius & also in Aelius Spartianus certain princes sons were termed Caesars, as the heirs apparent of the Augustall or imperial dignity. (r) Of M. Acilius Glabrio] his worthy acts & triumph read T. Livius in his 36 & 37 books. (s) Pabl. Valerius Publicola, or Poplico●a] so called, either for that he so loved and affected the people of Rome, or because the people so much favoured and honoured him. Of his poverty see T. Livius, 1. Decad. lib. 1. & Valerius Max. (t) Of Attilius Regulus] a Consul of Rome, his brave exploits in the first Punic war, his promise faithfully performed to his enemies, and his death by cruel torture, read Epist. Flor● upon the 17 & 18 books of T. Livius, & Tul. Cicero, lib. 3. Offic. As touching his poverty & the kindness of the Senate to his wife and children, see more in Valerius Max. lib. ●. cap. ●. (u) What Scipio] this should be appeareth not in our author. Pliny in the third chapter of the 21 book of Nat. Hist. reporteth, That Scip●o, surnamed Serapio, was deemed worthy the noble lineage of the Africani, and so highly esteemed of the people, but withal so poor, that he was at the charges of the city by way of a contribution interred, and his funerals honourably adorned with garlands of flowers. But * Lib. ●. 〈◊〉 Valerius Maximus reporteth this of Cn. Scipio in the second Punic war. Her dowry was ●0000 asses. (x) Nomenclatores] so called anomen calando, i. of calling by name: a certain beadle or such like officer in Rome, who knew by heart the name of every citizen; used in their Courts of justice to call men to make appearance, to instruct such as stood for any office, to speak unto the people with much affability, as also to invite guests. Apuleius. He was so perfect also in men's names, that if any withdrew themselves, and appeared not at the general cessing in the Subsidy book, he could by name call them forth. (y) These [Lotophagi] took name of the tree Lotus or Lotos (growing originally and naturally in Africa, and termed by our countryman john Gerard, Nettle tree) of the fruit whereof they feed and live: which is so sweet, that if any strangers there arrived happen to eat thereof, they become forgetful of their native country. And therefore, when the companions of Ulysses landed there, and had tasted of the berries or fruit of this tree, they could hardly be waned from thence: whereof, as also of the kind inviting and entertainment that this people gave unto Ulysses his company, see Homer, Odyss. 9 Pliny also writeth, That this tree hath given name unto a land and nation, nimis hospitali advenarum oblivione patriae, i. that giveth so kind entertainment unto strangers, that for the contentment they there find, they quite forget their own country. Nat. Hist. lib. 13. cap. 17. (z) Elogium] in this passage I take to be a brief, writ, warrant, or precept, by virtue whereof this execution was to be done: or else a bare commandment by word of mouth, which our writer expresseth elsewhere by the word Proloquium, in the very same sense. It seemeth also, that with this precept or commandment there went some pretended reason of such proceeding; which is sometime called Titulus, as in Sueton. and Elogium, as in Ael. Spartian. in Sept. Severo: who being * Lieutenant. Legatus Proconsulis in Africa, when one of his old acquaintance met with him going in state with his Fasces and Lictors before, and embraced him familiarly, without due respect of his high place, caused him to be scourged, sub elogio [praeconis] LEGATUM P. R. homo plebeius temerè amplecti noli, i. Take heed another time how you, a commoner, seem rudely to embrace a Lieutenant of the people of Rome. (a) Scholis Palatinis.] These Scholae Palatinae were companies or societies of soldiers and other ministers, attending upon the prince's palace or house for defence, and keeping state, whereof they took that name: and these guards or societies be also called Scholar's. Every of these Scholae hath their Comites, called also Scholarum capita: under them there were Primicerij, who also be termed Tribuni Scholarum, all Spectabiles: and in a rank under them ten Decemprimi; the foremost whereof is named Secundocerius of such a Schola, and those Clarissimi: under these were ranged Ducenarij, who had the charge of 200 soldiers, Centenarij of an hundred etc. Of these Scholae there were in number nine, Armenians all by the first institution, in each 100L, or somewhat fewer, amounting in all to 3500, to wit, of the Scutarij ●. of the Gentiles 2. Armaturarum 1. Domesticorum Equitium 1. Domesticorum peditum 1. Besides these, were other two Palatinae Cohortes, but unarmed, to wit, Agentium in Rebus, & Silentiariorum. Pancirol in Notitiam. (b) Protectores] were the guard of the Emperor, whether he were Caesar or Augustus: as Squires of the body protecting his person wheresoever he went. Antoninus Caracallus was by his own Protectores murdered. Ael. Spartian. in Caracall. These were called Domestici Protectores, and served not as soldiers in the wars, but were in the highest place of the Palatini, advanced for their good service: and (as S. Hierome writeth) soldiers wish for their highest preferment to be Protectores. There were of them as well horsemen as footmen: and yet both Suidas and Zonaras affirm, That properly Domestici were horsemen, and Protectores footmen. Chosen these were out of the Scholae abovesaid, even the flower of the Armenians. And of this band was Ammianus Marcellinus himself, as appeareth in the 15. book, where he was sent with Vrsicinus. (c) Scutarij] were of the Scholae Palatinae, so called of their goodly shields ll guilded, as may appear by the verses of Corippus Africanus, lib. 3. in laudem Iustini Minoris, and were armed at all pieces: and some of them, to wit, Clibanarij or Cataphractarij, had their horses likewise armed. They may be termed Targuetiers. (d) Gentiles] were Idolaters of the Gentiles or Heathens, not subdued under the Romans, but their allies and associates; who out of sundry nations served the Emperor among his Palatine bands: whereof were two Scholae or companies, Seniorum and juniorum. (e) Ex comite Largitionum.] I am not ignorant, that this great Officer under the Emperor, and placed in the rank of Viri Illustres, according to the notation of his name, gave the emperors largesse and his bountiful gifts where it pleased him, in regard whereof I might (as some will think) have given him a more proper name than Lord Treasurer: but for that I read, he not only distributed the said gifts, but paid salaries to divers officers, and wages to captains and soldiers; because also I find that it belongeth to his office, to exact tributes, tols, and imposts, etc. and to keep the money arising thereof; seeing likewise, that in divers constitutions, he is termed Curator, and Praefectus Thesaurorum, Imperialium pecuniarum Quaestor (as Nicephorus & Theodoretus name Foelix) and S. Hierom calleth him Praefectum Canonicarij tituli; finally, for that with us there is no such officer to convey the K. bounty and liberality where his Majesty thinketh good, unless it be the Lord Treasurer, (for the name of Almoner, I cannot see how it can express the nature of this office) I thought it not amiss, aiming (as I do) to write populariter, and to the understanding of the vulgar sort, to translate Comitem sacrarum Largitionum, and Comitem Largitionum, Lord Treasurer: Neither see I, who may better either pay or give all, than he that receiveth and keepeth all. Concerning the robes that he weareth by his office, and the ensigns belonging thereto, read Pancirol. in cap. 73. Notitia dignitatum Orientis Imperij, which make somewhat for my assertion. And here by the way (not to pass by Grammatical minutias, which study sometimes I professed, and yet do love) I observe a peculiar phrase in Ammianus Marcellinus, which comes very often in my reading: That whereas other writers when they would express significantly him that hath been Consul, Praetor, Censor, etc. call him Consularis, Praetorius, Censorius, etc. he useth the abstract with the Preposition ex: as, for example, ex Agente in Rebus, i one late Agens in Rebus: ex Campiductore, ex Comite privatarum, ex Magistro memoriae, etc. i. who had been Campiductor, Comes privatarum, etc. And in my conceit, this phrase more properly expresseth the thing, than Consularis, etc. For we find them to be termed Consulares, that never were Consuls, as I have noted elsewhere. The same manner of speaking useth * In Maximi●●. jul. Capitolin, when he writeth, That after the death of the two Gordians, the Senate created Maximus Pupienus ex Praefecto urbi, Emperor. So that ex implieth a thing past, and not in esse. For in this place Domitian had been Comes Largitionum, and was now Praefectus, sc. Praetorio, as Pomp. Laetus plainly showeth, to wit, advanced from the former place, to the highest dignity of all under the Emperor. Neither is the Preposition (ex) in this manner of phrase compounded with the abstract or Substantive following, and the same always ending in (e) as ex rege, ex Consul, (as one Scholiast would seem to observe) but divided and joined to words of both numbers, and of another termination, as ex Primicerio, ex Notario, ex Agentibus in rebus. Sedmanum de tabula, ne ex Grammatico, Criticus etiam esse videar. (f) Praetorium] signifieth the Lord General's pavilion in the camp, the praetors house in Rome, or elsewhere: as also the Lord Deputies, or chief justice his habitation of estate in any City or Province, as it doth in this place. Likewise the house of justice, where he sitteth judicially: Here, his house of estate in the city. (g) Consistorium.] The Roman Emperors or Caesar's Counsel and counsel-chamber: much like unto the Cardinal's Conclave now at Rome, assistant to the Pope. Pancirol. in Notitiam. Whence, his Counsellors and gowned officers about him be termed Consistoriani, in opposition of Militares. (h) Quaestor.] How ever before time Quaestores (especially Aerarij) were Treasurers of the State, whether they went under the name of Vrbani, Provinciales, or Castrenses; and in justinian's time and after, Quaestores were ordained to inquire into the multitude that conflowed out of the country of Constantinople, and to dispatch their causes with expedition, that they might have no pretence of long abode there: Yet in Constantine's days, & the age ensuing, being called Questores sacri Palatij, they were of all gowned Ministers most inward with the Emperor as their Secretaries: and of their robes termed Candidati, like as those about kings Purpurati. And many times divers matters were by the Emperor put over unto the Praefectus Praetorio together with the Questor, as it is to be thought even in this place. They were always so learned in the laws, that nothing in civil jurisdiction passed without their direction and allowance. They framed and penned the laws that were by the Emperor to be promulged and published. They drew the Mandates unto the Governors and Precedents of Provinces: Commissions to Delegates from the Prince, by them were indited and penned, and without their Subscriptions were of no force. And to the edicts that passed, the Questor subscribed in this form, Subscripsi, Quaestor: much like as the great chancellors of France at this day, and of Savoy; as also the Regent's of the King's Chancery in Naples use to do. See more in Pancirolus upon Notitia. Which considered, together with the ensigns belonging to their office, to wit, a Cabinet with these capital letters upon it, LEGES SALUTARES, a bundle of Rolls, etc. Questor hath no resemblance of a Treasurer of State, as now adays the word is used. Entitled they were Egregij, and sometime Perfectissimi. Cassiodor. ay Tribunis Fabricarum.] Sundry forges or worke-houses we read of for the making of armour as well in the East as West Empire, called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and the Smiths or Armourers Fabricenses. Of these in every city where they kept there was a College or Society, and the chief or principal of that fellowship was termed Primicerius Fabricae, whom Ammianus Marcell calleth here Tribunus: who after he had served two years in that place, was discharged, and admitted into the band of the Protectores, or Squires of the body to the Emperor. (k) Suspensus.] By this place and others in Am. Marcell. it appeareth, that when an examinat or other was fastened to the rack called Eculeus, the tormentors erected it up on high, either to be seen, ad terrorem populi, or to increase the torture. (l) This was Zeno Eleates,] (for other there were Stoic Philosophers also of that name) an auditor or disciple of Parmenides, (as Suidas witnesseth) together with Perdiccas, and a governor of the State: The author and inventor of the Art Logic, as Aristotle writeth. Of whom it is reported, that when he was by torture examined to discover and nominat the complices in a conspiracy against Nearchus the tyrant, would name none of them, but appeached those only that were the tyrant's favourites and minions etc. howbeit, being forced still by dolorous torments to detect the conspirators, he bit his own tongue and spit it in the face of the tyrant, whereupon the people stoned the tyrant to death. (m) Protector domesticus.] See the note upon (o) in this book. (n) Eusebius praepositus Cubiculi.] This is that Eusebius the L. Chamberlain, with whom, as Marcellin. writeth, Constantius the Emperor could do much: for indeed, he ruled the Emperor at his pleasure: and the Ecclesiastical writers term him the Euriuch. This great officer in Court, was at the first only Spectabilis: but in Honorius his days, Macrobius the L. Chamberlain, for his learning and wisdom was esteemed Illustris; which dignity his successors in that place retained. He was chief and ruler over all the rest of the Cubicularij, or Ministeriani, i Gentlemen of the bedchamber: to whose office it appertained to apparel and make the Emperor ready, to see unto the bedchamber, the beds, etc. and the doors into it. This chief Chamberlain enjoyed by his office many privileges & immunities, & in the later Emperors time he went richly arrayed in a kirtle embroidered of needle work, and cloth of bawdkin, a purple mantle, surcoat of scarlet likewise of bawdkin work, with the image of the Emperor before, standing, behind, sitting in a chair; he bore also a mace or sceptre, etc. Sophorat. Curopatat. in Offic. Palat. (o) Comes Domesticorum] was captain of the guard, termed Protectores domestici, who were both footmen & horsemen within the palace, and had immunity of warfare, attendant only upon the Emperors or Caesar's person, and were called Praesentales thereupon, quasi principi astantes. Under this Comes, who was Illustris, are named Tribunus protectorun, who was Spectabilis, & Primicerius: then Secundocerius; and so through all the Decemprimi, who were accounted Clarissimi. These Protectores or Domestici, every day ordinarily saluted the Emperor, & were allowed to kiss the skirt of his purple rob, kneeling upon their knees, which was a worship or adoration first devised by Diocletian, and so appropriate to this place, that purpurun adorare, was as much, as to be one of this guard. As touching the ensigns belonging to him, & the coats of arms that these Protectores gave, as well horse as foot, read Pancir. in Notit. ca 89. Dignit. Orient. (p) Comes Stabuli.] This officer was under Illustris comes privatarum, and had the charge of the Prince's horses out of afric and other provinces, called by a peculiar name Canonicarij, and Curiatij equi Some think from hence came Conestabilis in France. He is called also Magister stabuli. (q) Rectorem Scutariorum,] I take to be the same that Tribunus domesticorum, or Protectorum, next under Comes, of whom hath been said before. (r) Auspicijs] not only the Romans, as we may read in T. Livius, but barbarous nations also, were in their affairs directed much by Auspicia, that is the observing of birds, either in their singing & flying in the air, or in their gesture and manner of feeding in the coupe. By which their Augurs and Pullarij knew, and out of their learning pronounced the pleasure & will of the gods, whether they favoured their enterprises or no. More as touching Oscines, Praepetes, Auspicia sinistra, Solistimum Tripudium, etc. you may find in the Annotations or second Index to T. Livius in English. (s) Prosper comes.] This Comes was in this place great Commander of forces, howbeit inferior to Magister, and so, his Vicarius or Lieutenant only. (t) Diocletiano & eius Collegae.] Diocletian & Maximian reigned together. Diocletian was termed jovius, & Maximian as his son (for he adopted him) Herculius. The Caesars by them created, were Constantius * So called for ●i● green or pale look. Chlorus, the father of Constantine the Great, & Galerius Maximinus, who behahaved themselves right dutifully unto their sovereigns the Augusti, until they both resigned up the Empire, and lived private. (u) For that Galerius Maximinus, by some named Armamentarius, in a battle that he struck in Syria went away with loss, Diocletian, whom he calleth here Augustus, was highly offended with him, and gave him leave (Caesar though he was, and in his purple) to run on foot by his waggon side a whole mile together. Pomp. Laetus. (x) What were these Equestres ludi] see before in Circenses ludi, at the letter (k) And note, that these solemn games were not exhibited but upon some occasion of joy, as at the entrance of a new Emperor, or the prosperous process of 10. years, 20. years, or 30. years reign, according to vows 10. 20. 30. (y) These seem in Notitia to have had other names, as Flavia, Foelix, Tertia Diocletiana, and Prima Maximiana, etc. (a) Apodemio agente in Rebus.] A strange term, taken up in Constantine's time, & used afterwards. Now, these Agent sin rebus were the prince's messengers, sent post into the provinces and other places about his Negotia, i. his affairs, which by Constantine himself in a letter unto them, are termed Curae and res agendae. The same in manner they were that Veredarij & Frumentarij, before Constantine his time: like unto which Frumentarij, for all the world, as Sext. Aurel. Victor saith, were these Agentes in rebus. For as Frumentarij purveied corn, and sought it out where it was to be had, but withal came back with all the particulars and occurrents of a province; so these hearkened after all things that were done abroad, & brought the same to the Emperor's ears: and as these carried the Emperor's letters & mandates forth, so they brought home all the news in the country. Busy fellows they were, and very pragmatical: and howsoever by their first institution they seem to resemble our Pursuivants, Messengers, & bailiffs errant, yet in practice they were very spies, intelligencers, & informers. Of these there was a Schola or Fraternity: and after they had for a time executed this office well, they grew up & became Principes or Primicerij in sundry offices belonging to superior magistrates even in the prince's court. Pancir. in Notit. (b) These Armaturae] in this place were a certain company or fellowship of soldiers heavy armed in complete harness, whereof they had the name. There were of them juniores that served in the East, and Seniores, which are here meant, serving in the West Empire; both Palatines and attending upon the Court. (c) Adrasteo Pallore,] whether it be a proverbial speech arising from the same head that Adrastea Nemesis doth, to wit, from Adrastus the Phrygian, son of Midas (who after he had killed his own brother, slew also the son of Croesus, when he had been kindly by him entertained and expiated, yea & made guardian of the same son, who for grief of heart laid violent hand upon himself. Herod. Cleio.) and betokeneth guilt of conscience, and a blanknesse which a pale colour will bewray: or be derived from Adrastia, that imagined goddess of vengeance, whereof the author discourseth a little after, which the privity & guiltiness of sin calleth for and meeteth with one time or other, I leave it in medio. And as touching Adrastia or Nemesis, which is said here to be precedent over fata partilia, i. Natalia, that is, our Nativities, and signifieth Divine justice and vengeance attending upon sinful & wicked persons; how ever it may seem in this place (by that she is said omnia despectare terrena, and in another passage is termed by Marcellinus, Spectarix) to be derived of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. to see, as if nothing of her were unseen: albeit also that * 〈◊〉 some fetch the etymology otherwise, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as one would say, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, always operative, and leaving nothing undone; and Strabo reduceth it unto Adrastus the K. of the Argives, who first built a temple to Nemesis, & called it Adrastia: yet I approve rather of Aristotle and Pausanias: of Erasmus also and Natalis-comes, who derive it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. effugere, to escape: for that no man is able to escape vengeance and the justice of God waiting upon wickedness. (d) This Andriscus, a base fellow (because * Florus de g●st. Rom. being like unto king Philip, he gave it out confidently, That he was Philip's or Perseus his son, king of Macedon, and so was termed Pseudo-Philippus) drew many after him, usurped the crown, defeated M. juventius a Roman Praetor, with his whole army; but afterwards by Q. Cecilius Metellus Macedonius the Praetor, was put to flight. Sigonius. Annotations and conjectures upon the 15. Book. (a) DOmitius Corbulo.] A brave warrior in the days of Nero: what acts he achieved in particular, you man read in Tacit. Annal. 13. His virtues see in Xiphitinus Epitome. Dion. He was killed by Nero, who before used to call him Pater, and Beneficus. Xiphitin. (b) They were of Cybira a town of Lycaonia, named Tlepolemus and Hiero, the one a wax Image maker, the other a Painter, who for a sacrilege committed, fled their country, and were entertained by Verres in Asia, whom he used as his hounds to fetch in preys and booties to his hand: For so termeth them Tully [Canes venaticos diceres.] in Verrem lib. 6. (c) This Marinus] had been Campiductor, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Glossario, or as Vegetius by a kind of Archaismus termeth him Campi-doctor, i. he that traineth up soldiers to feats of arms, Veget. lib. 1. ca 13. in that exercise which Vegetius calleth Armatura. And whereas he is said here [Vacans] I suppose there is to be understood Tribunus. (d) These Armaturae,] of whom Arintheus was Vice-Tribune, were (as it appeareth in Vegetius) certain lusty and tall soldiers trained up in that exercise, called Armatura, and counted inter levis armaturae milites. But I read in Notitia dignitatum utriusque Imperij, that there was a Schola or company of these Armaturae, among the Palatine guards of the Emperor, and those not lightly armed: [over whom there was a Tribune or Rector] for they were so called, as Pancirolus saith, because they wore, not Loricae, i light arms, as coats of male, habergeons, and brigantines, but Solida arma, good corslets and complete harness, which likewise are called Armaturae. Now for that the Emperor himself, as Ammianus saith, was here in procinctu, I conjecture, That upon the foil that Arbetio with his forces had newly taken, the Emperor sent out of the camp to rescue him and help at a pinch, his Palatine power, the Scutarij Armaturae, etc. with their captains: together with Seniauchus, qui equestrem curam Comitum tuebatur. (e) And these Comites] I take to be elsewhere termed * not as the Quaestores were termed Candidats, who were gowned men. Candidati, as namely, where the Emperor Valens was defeated by the Huns. Which were gallant horsemen, keeping close unto the emperors side and his followers. (f) As Comes Largitionum] was the great Treasurer of the Imperial revenues, tributes, etc. which came into the Aerarium, so Comes rei privatae, or Privatarum, dealt in those revenues that came into Fiscus, i. the Exchequer, or emperors private coffers. He is termed also Comes Aerarij privati, but unproperly. He is likewise called Procurator Caesaris, Curator, Rationalis, Procurator privatae rationis, Magister rei privatae, Comes rei Dominicae. He may be named the Prince's Treasurer: for he was Imperialium Thesaurorum or Pecuniarum curator. See more in Pancirol. cap. 87. in Notit. dignit. Imp. Orient. In some causes also he was a civil judge. (g) Magister Memoriae Annotationes omnes dictat & emittit, & precibus respondet. Notit. ca 9●. Imp. Orient. by which description this officer seemeth to be of a mixed nature, of the Prince's Remembrancer, the Master of Requests, and of the Ro●ls. (h) This seemeth by Notitia to have been Scutaria, wherein shields, targuets, and bucklers were made. (ay) By Consistoriani] are meant the emperors Counsel and gowned officers, and are sometime called Comites Consistoriani. By Militares, the officers of the Army. (k) Magister Officiorum.] He was a great officer Palatine, or of the emperors house, next under Praepositus sacri Cubiculi, i High Chamberlain. Zosimus calleth him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. Dux ordinum Palatinorum, which Pomponius Laetus seemeth to expound (although as I take it not very properly) Magister Copiarum, although at his disposition were not only Scholae Palatinae, but also Limitanei duces, and Comites etc. He was called Magister Officiorum, because he had the charge of all the ministries or Ministers that gave attendance upon the Emperor in Court. In some respect he resembleth the Lord Controller of the king's house. But his office reached farther, as you may read in Notitia Imp. Orient. cap. 62. And for that in the Ensigns belonging to his Office, there be expressly represented, spears, shields, and other arms, we are given to understand, that he had government over the Fabricae, i Forges where such arms were made. He is termed by Cassiodorus, Magister Palatij, as one would say, Maior Domus Regiae, i Grand Seneschal, or High Steward of the king's house. He was for his dignity ranged among Illustres. (l) Correctores] were Governors of Provinces in the East and West Empire, of a middle nature between Consulares and Praesides, yet Clarissimi. They were allowed to wear a purple cloak or mantle, and had the emperors visage carried before them. Pancirol. in Notit. Imper. Orient. cap. 156. And whereas it followeth a little after, that Thuscus was commanded Corrigere, reliquam principis creduli militiam, I take it to be the ordinary allegory transferred from warfare to the Court: For usual it is in this author, to term the Court Castra, and Commilitium Principis, yea and divers Offices Palatine, by martial names used in the Campe. (m) The militant ensigns or banners in the Roman legion, had the image of dragons in purple represented: the original whereof some fetch from the dragon or serpent Python, killed by Apollo. Every cohort in a legion had one of them, and a Draconarius to bear it, and each legion had ten of them. Vegetius 2. lib. cap. 13. (n) Brachati and Cornuti.] Among the auxiliary soldiers Palatine, under Magister Peditum Praesentalis, were Brachati Seniores in the West, so called of Bracha a town in Spain; like as juniores in the East. Of their coat of arms, see Pancirol. in Notit. Cornuti, were likewise such auxiliary or aid-souldiors, so named of Cornutum a town in Illyricum or Sclavonia. Of their arms, ibidem. There were Braccati also, who had their name of Bracata Gallia. (o) Decentius] ordained Caesar by his brother Magnentius, when he usurped the Empire of Rome; but he sped no better than he, for he strangled himself with an halter at Sens. Pomponius Laetus. (p) Proprium pignus.] Either take it for one whom they loved no less than their own child, (for children be called Pignora) or whom they honoured as their only champion and defender: for Pignora reipub. signify pillars of the Commonwealth. Also those whom here Marcellinus calleth Apparitores, i Officers or attendant Ministers, he termeth a little after Obsequentes. (q) Manichees] were heretics in the Primitive church, so called of Manes, or Manicheus, their first father, a mere frantic person, as his name importeth: Howbeit his disciples afterward called him Mannicheus, quasi, Manna fundens, i. yielding heavenly food, and celestial doctrine. He was not so frantic himself, as his opinions were fanatical. August. Euseb. also Centur. 3. cap. 5. Annotations and conjectures upon the 16. Book. (a) THis Erechtheus, or Ericthonius,] (for as Eusebius writeth they were both one) was fostered (as they say) by Minerva, and became king of Athens. His parents, birth, and education is altogether fabulous. Pausan. in Atticis. (b) (c) Of Scutarij and Gentiles see before. (d) Many laws there were in Rome called Sumptuariae and Cibariae, to restrain excess at the table, namely Fannia, Licinia, Aemilia, julia, etc. Read Aul. Gell. Noct. Attic. lib. 2. cap. 2●. Macrob. Saturnat. lib. 3. (e) Niceteriorum centurionem.] Niceteria were certain ornaments, as rings, chains, bracelets, etc. bestowed upon wrestlers and soldiers, in token of victory, according to that in juvenate: Et Ceromatico fert Nicerteria collo. Feasts also and merriments kept in regard of such victories, as some think, were so called. But whether in respect of these Niceteria, Dorus was termed Nicetoriorum centurio, like as * Mereurius 〈◊〉. 15 another in this author they called Comitem Solenniorum: or whether there might be a company of soldiers, which for good luck sake went under the name of Niceterij, like as others were called Invicti, Victores, etc. of whom he was a Centurion, I cannot determine: But I rather incline to this latter conjecture, for that he speaketh immediately before of Scutarij, who without question were soldiers. (f) I find, that as well the General of the cavalry, as of the Infantry, even in this author, was called Magister Armorum: and it was not only, as the Logicians say, Praedicatum, to them both, but equivalent also to Magister militiae. Here it is to be understood, of the General of the horsemen, Marcellus. (g) This Cyneas,] a wise Counsellor, was sent from king Pyrrhus to Rome, for to treat about peace & amity, but by the means of Appius Claudius the Blind, was denied, and returned home without effect. Flor. Epitome. in. 13. lib. T. Livij. Being demanded of the king his master, What he thought of the Senate of Rome? he said, They sat in counsel as if they had been so many Kings, or Gods, as some write. (h) Odeum] was in Rome a certain Theatre or Shewplace, for Poets and musicans to contend in for the prize and victory. ay (k) Whereas in the Roman legion there were Hastati, Principes, and Pilani, who also are called Triarij: They were so marshaled in battle during the free State, as that the Hastati stood in the vaward, Pilani in the rearward; whereupon Antepilani in this place must of necessity be Principes, i. the main battle, according to the ancient manner of array. Liv. Yet it seemeth here that this manner of embattelling was altered in the emperors time, and Principes were placed foremost. (l) Primani] were soldiers Primae Legionis, i. of the first legion, like as Secundani of the second, Vicesimani of the twentieth, etc. As for the Castra praetoria, which he termeth here Confirmatio, I take it to be that place of strength or quarter within the camp, where were Principia and Praetorium: in the battle also where the Primani and Principes serve or be marshaled ordinarily. (m) Mirmillones;] Sword-fencers in Rome, using to exhibit sport unto the people. They were well armed, and thereupon called Hoptomachis, as also Secutores, and commonly matched in opposition with Retiarij, otherwise termed Threces, or Thrace's, and Tunicati, for that they were lightly appointed; as you may read in Ausonius: Quis Mirmilloni componitur aequimanus? * or Threx. Thrax. See more of these in Sueton. Caligula. (n) A Tribune here is called Vacans, namely, such an one as was enroled extraordinarily, and not promoted thereto by degrees of service. These also as well as others placed in any dignity after that manner by other authors, are expressly termed Ascripti, and Ascriptitij. For thus writeth Ael. Lampridius in Alexandro Severo, Nec qu●mqua passus est esse in Palatinis nisi necessarios homines: iureiur ando deinde constrinxit, ne quem ascriptum, id est, vacantem haberet, ne annonis rempub. gravaret. Also Terbellius Pollio in Balista; where Valerianus the Emperor, in a letter unto Balista, seemeth to joy, that by his counsel, nullum ascriptitium, i. vacantem haberet, & Tribunum nullum stipatorem, qui non verè pugnaret. But take this for my conjecture only, as touching Tribunus vacans. I will gladly yield to him that shall bring a more probable reason of this term. (o) Dion writeth, That Augustus admitted certain Batavian horsemen to keep residence in Rome within camp: How ever Tranquillus Suetonius affirmeth, that he allowed no more than three cohorts to harbour within the city, and those, sine castris. But it seemeth, that by occasion of many strangers conflowing to Rome, who could not be received in the hostelries and ordinary Inns, there was a certain place assigned by itself for their lodging, called thereupon Castra peregrina, or Peregrinorum. And of this opinion is Guidus Pancirolus de 1●. Regionibus urb. Rom. Annotations and conjectures upon the seventeenth Book. (a) BRasmatiae,] or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Arist. de mundo, are those earthquakes which shake the earth upward and downward, ad angulos rectos, so called of the resemblance of water boiling, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. to seethe or boil up. (b Clinatiae.] 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as I guess, because they bend sidelong: or Climatiae, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. pervertere vel diruere, as Marcellus Donatus thinketh. (c) Chasmatiae,] of Chasma in Greek, which signifieth a gaping or wide chink, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, to gape. Aristotle maketh mention of them De mundo. (d) Mycematiae,] or rather Mycetiae, as Aristotle termeth them, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. to bellow, to loow, or roar. (e) Donative] was a largesse or liberality bestowed upon the soldiers by the General: or upon the people by the Prince. (f) Cicero in his second book de Divinatione, writeth thus, It is reported, that in the territories of the Tarquinienses, when an husbandman ploughed the ground, and took one deeper stitch than the rest, there started up out of the earth on a sudden this Tages, and spoke unto the said Ploughman: (now this Tages, as is found written in the Tuscan books, seemed in parsonage and countenance a very child, but for wisdom was equal to the aged:) who being affrighted at this sudden sight, cried out, in so much as out of all Tuscan the people flocked soon thither. And then Tages uttered many speeches in the hearing of them all, which they noted and put in writing: and this his speech contained the whole knowledge and learning of Soothsaying. Ovid also in his Metamorphos writeth of him. But it is like he was some base and obscure fellow, who by his impostures deceived the world, professing as he did the art of Divination. Annotations and conjectures upon the eighteenth Book. (a) LVstrum] was the space of four years, after which time complete there was a solemn review and cessing holden at Rome; and the city, by a Sacrifice purged with sundry other ceremonial compliments, almost duly observed in every revolution of such a term of years: whereunto peradventure our author alludeth, it was so ordinary a thing in Constantius his Court (which he termeth Castra, by a word borrowed of warfare) to have these alterations and changes: like as at every Lustrum new Magistats, as Censors, etc. (b) Diribitores,] otherwise called Distributores, were certain persons employed in tendering unto the Roman citizens certain little tablets as they went to give their voices at their solemn elections of Magistrates, therein to write their affirmative or negative. There were also of this denomination the Paymasters of wages to soldiers in an army. Coelius Rhodigin. (c) Homer in his ninth, tenth, and eleventh books of his Poem Odyssea, feigneth, how Ulysses held these Phaeaces, upon whose land he was cast by tempest, with a long discourse and narration of his travels: In imitation of whom Virgil bringeth in his Aeneas, making the like reports unto Queen Dido. The silent audience of the Phaeaces, Homer expresseth in this verse eftsoons repeated: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. (d) Tricesimani] were soldiers picked out of the thirtieth legion. (e) Fortenses,] A company of soldiers auxiliary, so called of Fortia a town in Sarmatia Asiatica. (f) Superventores.] Companies of soldiers placed apart from the body of the army or battle, ready to come upon the enemies forcibly on a sudden, whiles they are otherwise employed or secure. (g) Praeventores.] Companies of soldiers keeping likewise apart from the main army or battle, ready to prevent the enemies, or gain a place before them. (h) jam Comite:] For having been one of the guard called Protectores before, he now became a captain, and had the charge of a regiment, and was dignified also with the name Com●s. Annotations and conjectures upon the 19 Book. (a) THese solemn holidays and feasts were kept for memorial of Adonis the darling of Venus, slain by a wild boar in hunting, in the month of july, what time Fruges sunt adultae, corn is ripe. ay Siccitas, i. drought.] I suppose he meaneth heat, the active quality: for dryness being a passive quality is not so powerful: And that he meaneth heat, it may appear by the Plague in the Greek camp and army before Troy, occasioned by the arrows of Apollo, i. the Sun. Homer Ilia. α. (k) By this stranger, or guest, is meant Paris, who took away Helena the wife of Menelaus: for which indignity and wrong arose that war and siege which continued ten years. (l) Of this Pestilence ye may read more in Thucydides lib. 2. and in Lucretius lib. 6. where it is described very pathetically, and to the life, and in manner word for word out of Lucretius. (m) Leviores.] I suppose he meaneth acutiores, i more quick and sharp. (n) (o) (p) In putting down these names of maladies, we are to observe, that Marcellinus, although he was a soldier, and out of his own element, yet speaketh not unproperly, nor doth exorbitate from the doctrine of Hypocrates, Galene, and the rest, who among these vulgar diseases called here 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, allow some to be Epidemij simply, not pestilential; but such as kill for the most part, to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and pestilential. (q) Rhesus] was King of Thracia, and came to aid the trojans against the greeks, who together with his horses were the first night they came surprised by Diomedes and Ulysses, and slain before they had drunk of the river Xanthus, which ran by Troy; and so Troy was lost: For the Oracle had delivered this answer, In case he and his hor●es might once drink of that river, Troy should never be won. (r) Proletarij and Capite censi,] were the poorer sort of the people, not ordinarily, but upon great extremity employed in warfare, but appointed to keep at home, ad prol●m excitandam. Alexander ab Alexand. Genial. Dierum lib. 6. cap. 22. (s) Libitina.] The Goddess of Funerals, supposed to be Venus Epitymbia, in whose temple at Rome were all things to be sold necessary for burials. The word is put for death and Funerals, at which Sword-Fencers were wont to practise their feats, and gain well thereby: Whereupon they were termed Bustuarij, as using to haunt funeral fires. (t) Ludius.] The god likewise of Games and Plays; at which also were employed, for more state and pomp, the same Sword-players, and reaped no small commodity from thence. So that by Commercia Libitinae, and Ludij, are meant Funerals and plays, and by consequence commodity growing unto such Fencers at such solemnities. (u) Claros.] A city in jonia, renowned for the Oracle there of Apollo, whereupon he was called Clarius. (x) Dodona] a city of Chaonia within Epirus, near to which was a Wood consecrated to jupiter, and the same consisting all of Oak, wherein (by report) there s●ood the temple of jupiter, thereupon named Dodonaeus, and in it an Oracle, the most ancient of all others in Greece. Some write, That the very trees gave answer by way of Oracle. y Delphi,] A city in Boeotia near to the mount Parnassus, where stood the most famous temple of Apollo, and in which, he or the devil (whether ye will) pronounced Oracles, foreshowing future events. Thence was he called Delphicus. (z) C. Cornelius,] a Tribune of the Commons, proposed a law; likewise L. Cornel. Sylla, Dictator; which were called Leges Maiestatis: very strong against any person whatsoever that practised against the State, and so by consequence against the Sovereign authority. Carol. Sigon. Annotations and conjectures upon the 20. Book. (a) H Eruli,] A right valiant nation in Sarmatia, above the river Ister or Danubius. Procop. (b) Draconarius.] As every century or Hundred in a Cohort had Vexilum, i. a Banner: so in each Cohort of a Legion there was the Ensign called Draco, of the portraiture of a Dragon; the bearer whereof was called Draconarius. Veget. lib. 2. cap. 13. And he was allowed, for an ornament, to wear a collar or chain. From this place he might be preferred to be Hastatus, and so forth a Comes, i. a Captain or Leader of a band. For in this sense is Comes taken, as it seemeth, in this passage: and Leo the Emperor in his third book De bellico apparat. defineth Comes to be unius Bandi sive Cohortis Praefectum. (c) The Aureus] among the Romans was a piece of gold coin, currant in the Empire, and in round reckoning equivalent to our Spur-royal of 15. s. For an hundred Sestertij made one Aureus, and those amount to 15. s. 7. ob. which is the fourth part of Mina or Pondo in silver, or of one ounce of French-crown gold, or much thereabout with us in these days. And note here, that in electing of an Emperor, as it was required on the soldiers part, beside the salutation of him, by these terms, Salve Imperator, Salve august, Dij te servant, or sospitent etc. to do the purple rob upon him and a Diadem: So the Emperor thus saluted and invested, used on his behalf to promise a largesse among them by the poll. (d) The Heathen were persuaded in their blind superstition, that as every man had his several Genius or angel, so to each country and state likewise there was appropriate a tutelar god or divine power for the protection thereof. (e) Many Legions were called Flaviae] as Constantiana, Theodosiana, etc. This seemeth here to be Constantiana, of Constantius then Emperor, and the son of Constantine the Great, who assuming to him this fore-name Flavius, gave that title to this Legion. Other Emperors also following, took up that name, and derived it from them to sundry Legions of their enrolling. (f) Parthica] so called, for that it consisted of Parthians. As for the addition Prima, it was given in regard of ancienty or priority. This also is confirmed by those Legions following. (g) To wit, Secunda Flavia. (h) Secunda Armeniaca] consisting of Armenians. (ay) And Parthica Secunda. (k) Bitumen] is a certain clammy and slimy substance arising out of a lake in jury, and approacheth near unto the nature of Brimstone, for that it catcheth fire so soon. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 35. cap. 15. Being once afire, it is inextinguible, unless it be by throwing dust upon it, as Ammianus Marcellinus showeth afterward. Some take Naphtha to be a kind of it. (l) Magister Armorum] is a title of high place, and more than Comes, indifferent as well for Infantry as cavalry, and may properly be termed General of the Forces; yet for the most part hath respect unto horsemen. He was in the same place under the Emperors, as Magister Equitum in the free state under the Dictator's. Annotations and conjectures upon the 21. Book. (a) I Vlian had been already five years Caesar, and therefore being now Augustus, he performed his Quinquennall vows, as the manner was also, for ten years, twenty, and more. (b) Xystarcha,] the master professor of Wrestling, so called of Xystus, a place where they used to wrestle and practise that and other exercises of activity, out of the Sun and rain. (c) Auguria and Auspicia:] although they be commonly confounded, yet for as much as they be here distinctly put down, you may understand, that properly Auguria were the signs taken by birds flight, and their singing or voice, (and some will have Augurium to be quasi avium garritus;) Auspicia by their manner of feeding etc. (d) Many Prophetesses there were and wise women under the name of [Sibyllae,] which some Etymologize to be as much as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i privy to the secret counsels of jupiter: I would rather say 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, for they were the very limbs of the devil, with their impostures deceiving the world. The chief of them was Cumana, of Cumes, a city in Asia the less, called also Erythraea: who coming into Italy, bewitched the Romans with her prophecies, and left among them those famous books, whereof Livy and other Historians make so much mention: unto which they had recourse in all their extremities. (d) epiphany] is that festival holy day among Christians, which we call Twelve-day; upon occasion, that about that time our Saviour Christ began to appear unto the Gentiles; what time as the Magi came out of the East to adore him. Yet Epiphanius in his book Advers. Harese will have the epiphany to be the very day of his nativity, which we call Christmas; for then Christ appeared unto us in flesh: and so saith Suidas. Others take it for the memorial day of Christ's Baptism, on which also the Catechumeni were baptised. But by the circumstance of the month in this place I take it in the first signification. (e) Apud signa.] The strongest place in battle and camp both, was called Principia, where stood the Praetorium; and there were the Standards, Ensigns, and Banners bestowed: where also was the safest custody of any committed to ward. And that the Signa were in the main battle among the Principes or Principia, it appeareth by this, That they who were marshaled in the vaward, be usually called Antesignani, and those in the rearward, Postsignani. (f) The goddess of War: she is also named Enyio. (g) How ever Praefectus Praetorio was an high Magistrate, and secundus ab Augusto, yet you must always except the [Consul's;] whose place and authority was peculiarly called Amplissimus Magistratus. The Ensigns belonging to this Magistrate, was especially the Purple or Scarlet rob, called Trabea: insomuch as by a Metonymy it is in this Author put for the Dignity itself; as namely in the beginning of the 23. Book: Ascito in Collegio Trabeae Sallustio, i. assuming Salustius to be fellow Consul with him. As touching the Ensigns belonging to Praefect. Praetorio, see at the note upon Praefectus Vrbi. (h) Largitiones curandas.] Have recourse to the note upon Comes Largitionum. Domesticis.] See the Annotation upon Protectores. ay Legiones Constantiacae.] They took name of Constantius the Emperor, who enroled them. (k) Iniectis Ponticulis.] The manner of putting forth these little bridges out of towers and other fabrics, to the walls of a city besieged, you may see lively described and portrayed by Godescalcus Stenechius, at the seventeenth Chapter of the fourth Book of Vegetius. (l) Cum part validiori exercitus.] Understand it of the legionary footmen, in whom the Romans reposed greatest confidence. The like phrase our Author useth elsewhere, and namely in the 15. Book, cap. 3. Arbetio Magister Equitum, cum validiore exercitus manu: where doubtless he speaketh of the Infantry. (m) Lancearij] were soldiers of a Palatine Legion under the General of the Forces, called Praesentalis; haply of the Lances or Spears that they served with: Some had the addition Stobenses, of Stobium a town in Macedon: others Augustenses, of Augustus, as Vegetius thinketh Lib. 2. Cap. 7. and divers denominations beside, as you may read in Notitia. (n) Mattiarij, or Martiarij] were auxiliary forces, so called of Mattium, a town in Germany, the Metropolis of the Cattis, where now Marpurgum standeth. Laeti also were soldiers levied out of a people in Gaul so named, and they served in divers nations, whereupon they have sundry additions. Notitia. Zosimus. Howbeit, Donatus Marcellus saith, they were so called of Mattia, i. a Club, or Maza, a Mace; such as Clavatores were in Plautus. (o) These jambicke verses are called Senarij, because they consist of six single feet; otherwise Trimetri, for that they stand of three measures or duple feet; for distinction of other jambickes, named Dimetri, Tetrametri, etc. (p) Hermes] a noble Philosopher, Priest, and King of Egypt, whom our writer calleth Ter-Maximus, others Trismegistus, in the same sense, for that he was Philosophus Max. Sacerdos Max. & Rex Maximus. (q) Ecclesiastical Writers and other Historians agree not with Marcellinus, either in the age of Constantius, or the years of his reign, or day of his death. For some say, he lived ●●. and reigned 2●. as Pomp. Laetus: but evident it is in the 1●. Book of this History and fourth chapter (unless there be some notable fault in the copy) that he had then reigned 30. years. And Socrates saith plainly, he ruled 38. in all, and lived ●5. So doth Sozomenus. Howbeit, I mean not to reconcile Historiographers about this point. I attribute much unto Marcellinus, for that he was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. (r) (s) For the better unfolding of this place, you shall understand, that under the Rom. emperors there were devised five degrees or ranks of dignities, following one another in this order, to wit, Illustris, Spectabilis, Clarissimus, Perfectissimus, and Egregius, albeit Notitia maketh no mention of this last and lowest. The principal of all the rest, as chief Senators, were termed Illustres, and ten magistrates there were of this rank, Consuls, Praefectus Praetorio, Praefectus Vrbi, Magistri Militum, Magister Officiorum, Quaestores, Praepositus sacri cubiculi, Comes Largitionum, Com●s rerum privatarum, & Comes Domesticorum. The middle sort of Senators had the title of Spectabiles; among whom were ranged ten other Magistrates or Rulers, namely, Primicerius sacri cubiculi, Primic●rius Notariorum, Comes Castrensis, Magister Scriniorum, Proconsules, Comes Orientis, Praefectus Augustatis, i. Aegypti, Vicarij, Comites, & Duces rei militaris. Z●no also reckoneth, Tribunus Notariorum to be Spectabilis. And these Spectabiles be sometime confounded with Clarissimi. The rest of the Senators be styled Clarissimi, and their dignity Clarissimatus: Such be Consulares, i Governors of Provinces; so called, for that they were adorned with Consular ornaments, although they had not been Consuls: Correctores, otherwise called Modera●ores of Provinces, and Precedents: Likewise the Comites of a second degree, such as had the government of the Provincial Scholae: Also Silentiarij, otherwise called * Amon. Marce●●. lib. 10. Decuriones Palatij, Officers in the emperors Court, to see that all were quiet, and no noisemade to trouble and disquiet the Prince etc. These Clarissimi were otherwhiles termed Speciosi. See more of them in Notitia: as also of the privileges and immunities granted unto them, and the other two degrees above them. Next under these were ranged by Constantine the Great Viri Perfectissimi, of whom Marcellinus here speaketh: and (to determine of them precisely) they were in higher account than Equites Rom●ni, although sometimes they also be styled Perfectissimi. Thus were entitled the Governors of smaller Provinces: as the Precedents of Arabia, Dalmatia, and Isauria: The Procurators or Auditors under the Emperor, called Rationales: The Principals of the Scrinia, of Comes Largitionum, and his Comites in each Diocese, whom I take to be under-Treasurers. And as there were three degrees of Comites, so were there also of Viri Perfectissimi. Egregij were such, as out of Equestris ordo attained place of government in the State. Such were the emperors Scriniarij, called also Tribuni Notarij, whom I suppose to be under Secretaries: Also the rulers of some provinces. Their dignity was called Egregiatus, but now it is grown out of use. Howbeit, the modern interpreters reckon Prelates, Advocates of the Exchequer, Doctors, Knights and Gentlemen, among Egregios. But for that the handling of this matter of Precedency is a ticklish point and offensive, Verbum non amplius addam: only thus much of them and other titles it shall suffice, what * The Praeceptor of Crisp●●, Constantine's son. Lactantius writeth: Nemo Egregius nisi qui bonus & innocens fuerit: nemo Clarissimus, nisi qui opera misericordiae largiter fecerit: nemo Perfectissimus nisi qui omnes gradus virtutis impleverit. What immunities as well Egregij as Perfectissimi enjoyed, see Pancirol. in Notitiam. I am not ignorant, that there was another title of Nobilis and Nobilissimus, which belonged properly to the Caesars, or heirs apparent of the Empire: like as Ethlius and Clito among our ancestors the Saxons. But that title properly belongeth not to this place. (ss) As touching the Mastership of the Offices and Comitiva Largitionum, hath been written before. (t) Is not the same reason hereof, as of other things, which the more pure and perfect they be in their right nature and constitution, as blood, seed, milk, etc. the more corrupt and noisome they are, if they be out of their temperature? (u) Protector Domesticus,] One of the emperors guard in ordinary. (x) It seemeth that the Roman Princes as they road in progress, or any expedition, when they approached near any provincial city, for honour and duty there was by way of state presented unto them the assays of provision for corn, as also the beasts, as Horses, Asses, Mules, Camels etc. for carriage; and the Saddle, to serve for to ride post or draw wagons for the State, that it might appear all things were in good order, and ready as they ought to be: beside the complement of meeting upon the way etc. Annotations and conjectures upon the 22. Book. (a) (b) (c) OF the joviani and Herculiani,] how they took name of Diocletian, who called himself jovius, and of Maximianus his Colleague in the Empire, who assumed unto him the name of Herculius, for that he was so dutiful unto Diocletian, as Hercules might have been to his father jupiter, I have said somewhat before: As also of Principes and Principia, both in the army and in the camp. (d) Cura Palatij, and Curator Palatij,] the same may be taken for the grand Seneschal or Steward of the emperors house. (e) Of Adrastia] see the note before in the 14. Book. (f) These Rationales] were Procurators or under Treasurers in every Province, to inquire into Escheats for the Emperor, and to receive the Canon, i. the due tributes: unto whom other inferior Receivers in Cities, called Arcarij, i Chamberlains, made account; and they unto Comes sacrarum Largitionum. These went richly appareled, as it seemeth by this place. (g) (h) Diurna Annona] was the allowance of one day for a man in victual or money: so that this Barber got the ordinary living of 20 men, beside as much provender, or the worth thereof, as would find 20 horses. (ay) It seemeth by this place, that julian at the very first was but an hypocrite, and pretended Christian Religion in show only; for he was from his youth inclinator ad numinum cultum, i. Deorum, as Ammianus expressly declareth afterwards, to wit, plain Idolatry. (k) Of the Games Circenses] see before. (l) Per admissionum proximum.] Under the Master of the Offices were belonging to the Privy chamber and chamber of Presence certain Ushers or Officers called Admissionales, who brought suitors or others to the presence of the Emperor. The head of them was called Admissionum Magister, as we read before in the 15. Book; the next unto him, Proximus Admissionum. (m) Lege agere, or Lege agi:] A form of words in divers senses used: in T. Livius, To execute the condemned according to the rigour of Law: in Cicer. 1. de Oratore, To put in a claim or demand etc. in this place as much as ius poscere, i. If any man had a matter depending in the Court, to call for the hearing of it, at such and such an hour before appointed, upon the Criers pronouncing, That the hour was come; and namely, nine of the clock in the forenoon, which was most usual, what time the judges and the Bench were set. Hence it is, that Martial hath this verse, Exercet raucos tertia causidicos. (n) Praetextatus.] I guess that here Praetextatus is the proper name of this Senator: neither am I ignorant, that Senators of their embroidered garments were called Praetextati. But if any one will have this Senator (whatsoever his name was) to be here present in his said rob, Súsque déque habeo. (o) Delos] the chief Isle of the Cycladeses, wherein Latona was delivered to Apollo and Diana. (p) Diomedes] a bloody king of Thracia, who fed his horses with men's flesh, and being vanquished by Hercules, was given unto his own horses to be eaten. (q) This goddess among the Romans, brought unto Rome out of Phrygia, was called Cybcle, Magna Mater, & Mater Deorum, Ops or Opis, Rhea, Vesta, etc. (r) Amycus] a cruel king of the Bebrycians, a tyrant over his own people, and bloodily minded unto strangers: but in that voyage of the Argonauts for the golden fleece, he was by Castor and Pollux slain. Apollonius Poeta. (s) Elice, or Helice] that conspicuous star in the North, about the Pole, which otherwise is called the great Bear, & by us charlemagne wain. Helice it is named, for the turning round about the Pole every 2●. hours. (t) Although Orgia] at first was a general name of all ceremonial feasts and holy days, as Servius writeth, yet peculiarly those of Liber or Bacchus came to be so called; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i furious anger, in which the Priestresses Bacchaes were said to be, when they celebrated this feast. Some derive them, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. of Hills where they were celebrated: or, as the Scholiast upon Apollonius saith, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. ab arcendo profanos: for that profane persons were thence debarred. (u) This solemnity was kept every three years, and therefore called Tri●t●rica: instituted first by Bacchus after his navigation and voyage into India. Of this you may read more in Ovid. Metamorphos. lib. 6. & Faster. lib. 1. (x) This sea Euxinus] by Antiphrasis, or the contrary, is so called, whereas indeed it is Axinus, i. inhospitalis. (y) What a number of surnames Diana had, and upon what reason and occasion, see Natalis Comes. Mytholog. lib. 3. cap. 8. (z) These sea birds are in Latin named Alcedones.] They do lay, sit, and hatch in the midst of Winter, what time the sea also is calm. Hence come Halcionij dies, proverbially spoken for time of tranquility and rest; alluding whereto, Plautus saith: Tranquillum est, Alcedonia sunt circa forum. (α) Among many names that Diana had, she was called Trivia, quod Trivijs praeesset, because she was Precedent over the cross ways; whereupon she is said to have three faces, and to look three ways. Virg. Tria Virgins or a Dianae. (β) Cornucopia, or Cornucopia.] Ovid writeth, That when Hercules had vanquished the river Achelous, transformed into a Bull, he plucked from h●m an horn, which the nymphs called Naiads,— Etpomis & flore repl●tum— sacrârunt. Others as fabulously feign, That jupiter was by his mother Ops put to nurse unto Amalthea and Melissa, two nymphs, and that Amalthea succled him with the milk of a she Goat, that had two Kids; which Goat chanced to break a fair horn that ●t had, against a tree: the said nymph took it up, garnished it with all manner of flowers, and filled it with apples and other fruits, and presented it to the lips of the infant jupiter: whereupon Cornu Amalthaeae is proverbially put for plenty and abundance, and so commonly to be called Cornu copiae. (γ) Adonia.] As touching these holy days, somewhat I have written already: and ominous they were accounted, for the lamentation that women made all the city over. At such a time the Athenians did set forth a fleet to the Sicilian war, and foretold it was by the Wizards, That they should have an unfortunat voyage of it. Coelius Rhodigin. (δ) The diversity of pointing, which I find both here and in the 25 book, as touching this matter, according unto sundry impressions, yieldeth a twofold sense, namely, That he prohibited either Christian professors, such as were Grammarians & Rhetoricians, to read and teach in public schools; or the same professors, although they were Gentiles, to teach the Christians: for the words will carry both constructions. And as it appeareth by the Ecclesiastical writers, his purpose indeed was, That the Galilaeans children (for so he termed Christians) might not be learned, lest they should gall and prick the Ethnics with their own quills, and as we say, beat them at their own weapon. His fear likewise was, that the Gentiles and paynim, by hearing Christian professors in Grammar and Rhetoric, should be drawn away from the worship of their gods, i idols; as it appeareth in the said 25. Book, if you read [ne transirent à numinum cultu.] (ε) Infulio natus, ut ferebatur, apud Epiphaniam etc.] I am here forced even against my will to be after a sort Criticus: not of any desire that I have to touch the credit of a learned man, who hath taken pains to do good, but to find out a truth. Ortelius in his Thesaurus saith, That Infullio or Infulio was the native country of this Georgius; but allegeth this only place to prove it, not citing any other Author that ever made mention of such a place so called: To grant that it was so, there followeth an absurdity and a mere contradiction in the sentence, where it is said, That at Epiphania, a town of Cilicia, he was borne: and more than that, a very soloecism and incongruity of Syntaxis. For, if Infulio be the proper name of a place, it can be no construction in Grammar to say, Infulio natus, i. borne in or at Infulio, as every Schoolboy can tell. I must conjecture therefore, that in this word Infulio we are to seek for Georgius his father, whether his proper name were Infulius, or that he was by calling Infulius, i. a maker or seller of Infulae, i ornaments that Bishops and Prelates wore on their heads; or labels, pendant on either side of a Mitre, or some such things: the rather, because he saith, [ut ferebatur] i. as the report goeth; for that there may be more doubt made, whose son one is, than where he was borne; which is here expressly said to be, apud Epiphaniam: and two places surely there could not be of his birth. But most of all maketh for my conjecture, the comparing of this passage with many other in this Author, where there can be no doubt made of the father and native country both, namely, in the eight and twentieth book and first chapter, Maximinus etc. apud Sopianas Valeniae oppidum obscurissimè natus est patre tabulario praesidalis offi●ij. Also in the five and twentieth book and fifth chapter, Natus apud Constantinopolin. etc. And who can make exception against this Latin, Telamone & Amyntore nati? Now, if any one will not believe, that Infulius may be such a tradesman or artificer as I speak of, for that the analogy of our Latin tongue will not very well bear it (and yet that might be tolerable in our Author) and because (forsooth) he findeth it not in any Dictionary, let him read this Book advisedly, and he shall meet with not so few as an hundred words that are in no Dictionary, and which our great Lexicographers have either shly or ignorantly passed by and left behind them: and say there were no such word at all in that sense, yet Infulius must needs be the proper name of his father, and Infulio cannot possible be his place of nativity: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. (ζ) Thiodamas or Theodamas, Lindius or Lydius.] Hercules coming with his wife Deianira and his son Hillus into the country of the Dryopes, being in great distress for want of victuals, craved meat at Theodamas his hand; which he rudely denied: whereupon Hercules killed one of his Oxen for food: Then Theodamas raised the country upon him; but in the end was subdued. Apollon. Argonaut. As for Pygmaei, Pliny saith lib. 7. cap. ●. in his Natural History, They are a people dwelling in the utmost mountains of India. Some derive this name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. a cubit, for that they be no higher; but without the analogy of derivation: rather yet of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which, among other significations, is the measure from the elbow to the fingers clutched, Pollux. Yet S. Hi●rome upon Ezechiel saith, they take the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, signifying fight or wrestling, at which they were most nimble, and very great warriors. (▪) Petulantes] were a company of soldiers serving in the East, together with the Celtaes. Some think they took that name of a place: but Pierius is of opinion, they were so called of 〈…〉. their malapert behaviour; considering, that in a field Gules, they gave for their arms a dog or etc. which is as he saith, Symbolum petulantiae militum: and well it may so be, if we consider how they demeaned themselves to julian, in casting forth a libel, lib. 20. cap. 3. And in this very place it is said, That their Confidentia, [i. audaciousness] creverat ultra modum. (▪) Apollinis Daphnaei fanum.] He was so called of a most pleasant grove or wood near unto Antioch, called Daphne, containing 89 stadia, where his Image, answerable to that of jupiter Olympiacus, was worshipped. jul. Capitol. (▪) Deae Coelestis.] I read of Deus Coelestis, a god of Africa, Ulpian. Tit. 12. whom Lactantius, cap. 15. de falsa Religione, saith, the Moors called Uranus, and is the same that Coelus, the father of Saturn: Why therefore may not Vesta be this goddess? (κ) Cercops] is a subtle and flattering beast like a dog, using to wag the tail much and yet bite. Hesychius: whence 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek signifieth to flatter. Coelius Rhodiginus. (λ) He is compared to a brother of Otus and Ephialtes, the sons of Neptune, who, as Homer writeth, were at nine years of age nine cubits broad and nine fathom long. His verses are in the 11 Book of Odyss. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Where note, that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifieth no● iugerum, for then the length were disproportionall to the breadth, but the measure of six foot, which we call a fathom. (μ) These Etesiae] be Northeast winds and by North, which begin to blow about the midst of july, 2 days after the rising of the dog-star, & hold ●0 days. Pli. li. 2. c. ●7. Nat. Hist. Lucretius termeth them — Etesia flabra Aquilonum: because they come yearly and kept their set time. (▪) The Prodromi] also be winds from the same quarter returning every year, and rise eight days before the dog-days begin, called Prodromi, as one would say, Forerunners. (▪) Bucali, or rather Buculi,] a small kind of Oxen or Bullocks. Likewise Bisturnicia, ill favoured and misshapen Camels or Dromedaries, quasi malè tornati, or formati. So Vegetius lib. 2. de re Veterinaria, calleth Equos Bisturnicios, i. malè conformatos. And such little and ill favoured ones it seemeth were bred in these dry countries. (▪) This little bird some take to be a Wren. The king of birds it is called in Italy. See more in Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 8. cap. 25. (ω) Hydrus] being hear restrained to a kind of Ichneumon, i. a Rat of Indie, and otherwise called Enhydrus, seemeth to be a four footed beast, like unto a Weasel or Ferret. Otherwise, Hydrus is a most venomous serpent: See more in Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 8. cap. 25. & Edw. Wottonus, Angl. de different. Animal. lib. 6. cap. 113. (π) Of Blemmyes' o● Blemmyae] see before. (▪) This Ibis] resembleth a Stork: they fight with winged serpents: of two sorts they be; white over all Egypt; save only about Pelusium; and black, which be there only, and in no part of Egypt beside. Wottonus Anglus de different. Animal. lib. 7. cap. 1●7. That Ibis which fighteth with serpents, is very black, long legged like the Crane, having an hooked bill etc. Generally they bring forth young at the bill. (σ) Basilisk, or Cockatrice,] A serpent, as Pliny saith, of the length of 12 fingers breadth: Solinus saith, he is half a foot long almost. Of his venomous biting, hissing, breath, and aspect, wherewith he killeth, see Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 8. cap. 21. also lib. 29. ca ●. It seemeth to be called Basilisk of a certain mark on the head representing a diadem; which Pliny calleth Macul● candida: I think rather with our countryman Edward. Wotton, it should be [mitrula.] He creepeth not along, winding as other serpents do, and putting his body by parts forward, but beareth his head and rest of the body upright from the mids thereof, as Pliny writeth. (▪) Amphisbaena.] Pliny saith it is a serpent with two heads; one before, as others have, another at the tail, & therefore named by some 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i headed behind & before. Indeed it cannot be discerned what part of the body is the lesser (as in other serpents that toward the tail grow smaller) but for bigness is alike throughout, it creepeth backward and forward; and thence is the name Amphisbaena. (ν) Scytale] is much like unto Amphibaena, but bigger: The back thereof hath spots of so glistering a colour, that therewith he ravisheth (as it were) those that behold it, and astonieth them: Being of itself slow of creeping, hereby it overtaketh those whom it would assail, whiles they stand gazing and amazed at her beauty. Ed. Wottonus, Angl. de diff. animal. lib. 7. cap. 118. (φ) There is a Serpent in Nicander called Acontias] reckoned among those that be harmless: but this here seemeth to be venomous; which Pliny writeth of under the name of jaculus, according as the Greek name Acontias importeth. There be of Serpents (saith he) that from the boughs of trees shoot and lance themselves: So that we are not only to take heed of Serpents as they glide upon the ground, but also to look unto them that fly as a dart or arrow sent out of an Engine. Of these meaneth Lucan, when he saith, — jaculique volucres. This Serpent is named also Cenchrites, of green coloured spots all over the body, but about the belly especially, like unto Millet, whereof it is so called, and is most hurtful and forcible when it flowereth. (ξ) Dipsas] a kind of Viper (as some think) or at leastwise resembling a small Viper. Upon the sting or bite of this Serpent follow these Symptoms, An intolerable heat of the bowels and parts within (whereupon it is named also Prester and Causos;) an unquenchable and deadly thirst (whereof it hath the name Dipsas) insomuch as no drink will allay it. A more ample description thereof you shall find in Aetius. (▪) A Viper] is a kind of Adder, as some think: the male is in Greek called Echis, the female Echidna: and whereas all other Serpents lay eggs, and those come to life without their bodies, she only bringeth them forth alive, after they have had their perfection in her womb. The description of the Viper, the manner of their engendering etc. you shall find in Galen, de Theriaca ad Pisonem, out of Nicander. (ω) Of these Aspides] there be three sorts: Chelidoniae, like unto Swallows, whereof they have that name: Chersaeae, breeding and keeping in desert, rough, and untilled lands, whence they are so named, whereas the former haunt river sides and the banks of Nilus especially. Ptyades, the most venomous of all other, which spiteth forth her poison, and therefore is so called. The sting of Aspis, mortal though it be, and worketh speedily, yet it causeth no pain, not worketh any grievous Symptom of swelling etc. but only killeth with a deadly sleep men or beasts, all but the Ichneumon or Rat of Indie. Wottonus lib. 6. cap. 11●. de different. Animal. No marvel therefore if Queen Cleopatra chose to dispatch herself of life by this means. (aa) Hieroglyphickes.] The word importeth as much as sacred sculptures or engravings. They were Monuments of the Egyptians, under the form of beasts etc. in am of letters, expressing and signifying some hidden sense. See Picrius his books, entitled Hieroglyphica. (bb) Solstitium] i. Sunne-stead. It is in Summer and Winter, when the Sun entereth into the signs Cancer and Capricorn, and is run his utmost course either North or South, seeming for a while to stand still, and to return back again: whereupon those points be termed the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. And although this he doth twice in a year, yet commonly Solstitium is put for that only in the midst of Summer. (cc) Of so great authority was Pythagoras,] that for the maintenance of any Assertion, it was sufficient to say, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. He said it. How beit, so modest withal, that he would not be termed Sophus, that is, Learned and Wise, but Philosophus, i. A lover, or one desirous of learning and knowledge. Annotations and conjectures upon the 23. Book. (a) THis Alypius] being deputy Praefect, was Vicarius Britanniae, which under Praef. Praetor. Galliarum was his Dioecesis, and contained five Provinces, Britannia prima, Britannia secunda, Maxima Caesariensis, Valentia, Flavia Caesariensis. (b) This acordeth well with that of Hector in Homer, Iliad. μ. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. (c) This festival solemnity by the first institution was holden at Rome the day before the T Liva●●. ● de 〈◊〉. Ides, i. the twelfth day of April: Ovid saith it was upon the Nones, i. the fifth day of the said month. Therefore I suppose there is a defect in the copy, and for ad diem sextum Calendas, should be read ad diem sextum Aprilis, i. about the sixth day of April: unless you will say, that the Pomp here importeth not the great solemnity itself, called Megalesia, or Megalentia, but some ceremonial complement going before it, and then it might be 6. called [Aprilis,] i. the 27. day of March. (d) Cicero citeth this Oracle or prophesy in the second book de Divinatione, in this verse: Croesus Halym penetrans magnam pervertet opum vim. (e) This Oracle we read in Herodotus Polymnia: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. For whereas the Oracle darkly implied, that they should build a wall of wood and therewith defend themselves, by the counsel of Themistocles they built a navy of ships, and at sea vanquished the Medes. (f) Pyrrhus] King of the Epirots, who derived his pedigree from Achilles, and so from Aeacus by the mother's side, and by the father from Hercules. (g) Her sons name was Spargapises, general of an army against Cyrus the great king and ●ounder of the Persian Empire; whose hap was to be defeated and taken prisoner by Cyrus, after much bloodshed, and afterwards slew himself: in revenge of whose death his mother Tomyris gave Cyrus a great overthrow, cut off his head, and put it into a pail of men's blood killed in that battle, with certain words of indignation. justin, Herodotus, Cleio. I find not that any more sons than this one were slain, and therefore ye must admit here a Synecdoche, the plural for the singular, a usual figure in Hellenisme. (h) (i) Of Bitumen and Naphtha] somewhat hath been said before, and more ye may read in Plin. Nat. Hyst. lib. 2. cap. 105. (k) Brachmenes.] Certain Philosophers, or Gymnosophists of India, called at this day Brahmins. Strabo lib. 15. Hieronym contra jovinianum lib. 2. (l) Of these Abi● and Galactophagi, who a little after are mentioned, Homer writeth Iliad. 13. where 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is put for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, by the figure Syncope for the verse sake. But as touching the etymology of the Abij, the Greek Scholiast upon Homer putteth down divers conjectures; either for that they use not 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, bows, where 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: or, if you take the said 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, augmenting the signification, as the other is a privative thereof, they are implied to be rich, for that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifieth riches: or else long lived, of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is life: or that they be peaceable, and use no violence, of the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that signifieth violence: or lastly, because they set not their mind on living daintily, in which sense it seemeth here to be taken: for those that desire riches and full fare, are commonly unjust and wrong doers, whereas these were most righteous. (m) Of these Mirmillones] see before. Annotations and conjectures upon the 2●. Book. (a) THis is an island near to the mouth Canopicus of Nilus in Egypt, called Pharus, and a town therein built upon an high rock, at the charges of Ptolomaeus Philadelphias, named also Pharus, wherein there were lights burning all night long, for the better direction of Sailors in their course on the sea: whence all other the like towers are termed Phari, Perot-Sip 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉. (b) These devises called Vin●ae and Plutei, whereof there is so much mention in Livy and other Historiographers, were certain fences to protect soldiers approaching the walls of a city to give assault, or to undermine, in manner of penthouses, and roofs of houses fencing on both sides. Some think that Plutei were the single penthouses, and Vineae the double. (c) Helepolis.] A word derived of the verb 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, to take, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a city, although it generally signifieth any engine or fabric devised for the forcing of cities, yet 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, this one which Demetrius invented in am of the Ram, is so called. The description whereof is set down in the former book. The mechanic or workman thereof was Droclides of Abdera. Athenaeus lib. 5. (c) Poliorcetes,] is as much as the besieger of cities. This Demetrius was the son of Antigonus king of Macedon. In Plutarch's Parallels he is matched with M. Antonius. (d) Tribunus] in this place and often beside seemeth to be the leader of one cohort, or a colonel of five hundred men, and then he is Tribunus minor: for every cohort, whereof were ten in a legion, had unum vexillum, i. a banner. The leader of the whole legion or more, was in times past called Legatus; in Ammianus he is known by the name of Comes, and Tribunus mayor, and therefore may well be Englished Lieutenant to the General, for so was Legatus under the Consul. (e) These Silver pieces I take to be Sestertij, by excellency termed Numi; valued at two asses and an half, whereupon by way of abbreviation they are commonly noted thus HIS: it was the fourth part of a Roman Denarius, which was much about the Attic drachm, and in our money 7. d. ob. an hundred of which Sestertij in round reckoning amount to a Roman Aureus, that is, 15. s. or thereabout: which was but a small donative in comparison of that which he had given before at his inauguration. (f) There was a device to make bridges upon leather bottles or budgets full of wind, the description whereof ye may see in Vegetius, set out by Steroechius. Such a bridge is called there Ascogefrus, as I take it, of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, i. a leather bottle or budget, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. a bridge. Incertus author derebus bellicis, at the end of Notitia. (g) Titus Manlius, surnamed Torquatus, for despoiling a Gaul his enemy (whom he had in fight slain) of a golden collar or chain about his neck. Liv. Dec. I. li. 7. There was also one Valerius Torquatus, upon the like occasion, but I suppose our author meaneth Manlius. (h) M. Valerius, surnamed Corvinus, by occasion of a raven that settled upon the crest of his morrion, as he maintained combat with a Gaul. See Titus Livius Decad. I. lib. 7. ay Disvessis.] What if we read discissis? both come to one sense. (k) This was Caius Fabricius Luscinus,] of whom Cicero writeth in his book Laelius. (l) These amount in precise reckonings to six and forty shillings ten pence halfpenny. (m) At nine of the clock at night began the second watch: For, the night containing 12. hours, was divided into four watches, the first began at 6. of the clock in the equinox, and continued three hours, and so the rest, But these hours were not always equinoctial, but longer or shorter according to the length of the night. (n) Of Callimachus,] a brave warrior, and captain of the Athenians, ye may read in plutarchs Parallels, how notwithstanding he was run through the body with many a spear, yet stood upright and shrunk not. And of Cynaegirus an Athenian captain, it is reported, That with his right hand he stayed and held the enemy's ship, and when it was strucken off did the like with his left; and when he had lost that also, took hold of the ship with his teeth. Trop. Herod. (o) Naval Coronets,] are portrayed with sternes, or beake-heads of ships round about the hoop or circle of the crown. See Veget. lib. 2. cap. 7. Civicke coronets were of Cuicke grass, called gramen, for saving of an army. Coronets Castrenses, fashioned like to a pallaisado or rampire, with pales round about the circlet, for entering the camp of the enemies first. Annotations and conjectures upon the 25. Book. (a) IT seemeth these Tertiaci] be the same that Tertiani in Notitia, to wit, those of the third legion Italica. (b) Eight stadia] or great forlongs are said commonly to make a mile, but in true measure seven stadia and an half are a mile. (c) Understand by Legio] in this place and divers other, not a complete Roman legion, but a company or band. (d) These here termed Candidati] otherwise Comites, were a crew of gallants and brave knights, that usually kept about the emperors person: the same that Purpurati among the Persians. (e) Of this M. Marcellus] and his triumph, ye may read at large in Titus Livius Decad. 3. lib. 6. (f) For Siccius] read Sicinius Dentatus, out of Valerius Maximus lib. 3. cap. 2. He sought an hundred and twenty battles: gained the spoils by combat of six and thirty enemies: saved fourteen Roman citizens at the point to be killed in the field: carried the scars of five and forty wounds in his breast and forepart of his body, but not one on his back: followed hard after the triumphant chariot nine times: And had carried before him in honour of his chivalry eight crowns of gold, fourteen Civic coronets, three mural, one obsidionall, one hundred fourscore and three collars, one hundred and threescore bracelets, eighteen spears, and five and twenty trappers or comparisons. It is said that he took the surname Dentatus, because he had for his row ofteeths one solid and entire bone; or for that the first of that house was borne with a tooth. Alex. ab Alexand. Genial. Dierum lib. 1. cap. 9 (g) This Sergius] it may seem was the first of that noble family Sergia, and he took that name of Sergestus in Virgil. Idem. (h) Anno aetatis altero & tricesimo,] That is, the 32. year of his age: as it appeareth in the Chronologie of Cassiodorus and others; according to that phrase in Virgil, Alter ab undecimo, that is, the thirteenth, which I observe, lest any man should think he died in the 31. year of his age. (ay) What right he had to succeed his brother in the Empire, considering that Constantine had three sons, I see not; unless by his testament he made him one of his heirs: For Pomp. Laetus writeth thus: Some say that Constantine the great divided the whole Empire among his heirs by will: Others, that his sons parted it by lot among them. Or haply he might be heir in remainder, if he survivied his brother's sons, and they died without issue. (k) It appeareth plainly by this place, that he debarred Christian professors in Rhetoric and Grammar to teach in open school, for fear least [the Gentiles] (for now himseife was turned a Pagan should leave numinum cultum, ●. Idolatry. (l) The Antiochians, as he writeth before, among other scoffs, slouted him for using to put forth his narrow shoulders: and here he saith he had big and broad shoulders. There must be admitted in the former place a kind of Antiphrasis, or speech by the contrary: or else to cover his broad flat shoulders, he used belike to thrust them forth to make them seem narrower. (m) Ordo Domesticorum] here, is the same that Schola before, to wit, a Society or company of guard soldiers about the emperors person in ordinary: and they be called Scholari●. Next unto the Comes, or captain of these, was he that they called Primus, or Tribunus Domesticorum: Then Primicerius, Secundocerius, and so through the ten, which were termed Decemprimi, and had better wages than the rest. Pancirolus in 〈◊〉 Orientis cap. 89. (n) joviani] took the name of Diocletian, who called himself jovius, and instituted this company. (o) The Domestici aforesaid were called also Protectores, as appeareth by this place. (p) As the Iovian● took name of jovius, ●. Diocletian, so 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉: for so Maximian Emperor with Diocletian termed himself. (q) These jovijs were certain people in Gaul, and a company of them was so called. As for those that were instituted by Diocletian, surnamed jovius, they were rather termed joviani. Pancirol. in Notit. Victores likewise were a company or band of soldiers, taking name either of Victoria a town of Britanny, or else so called for good luck sake. (r) These Palatini are elsewhere named Comites, and Candidati. (s) A principal foregate in the camp was called Praetoria; near unto which was Praetorium, i. the General's pavilion, or the Princes, if he were in procinctu, called here Principis Tabernaculum. (t) About the mids of july, 15. days before the Kalends of August, what time Nilus also in Egypt beginneth to rise. (u) Armorum Magister,] is the General of the forces, horse or foot, here put for the General of the cavalry in Gaul. In the time when Notitia was written, which was in the days of Arcadius, Honorius, and Theodosius the younger, there were not known any Ensigns belonging to his place of command: Haply, because that Province was held by the Barbarians, Goths, Huns, and Vandals, who not long after subverted the West Empire. But it may seem they differed not much from those of the General in the East, to wit, a book standing upright on a cupboard or table spread with a white cloth of tapestry. The cover of the book was of murrey colour, with strings in the mids and at both ends, of the same colour. In the middle of the side there is a tablet of gold, and in it the faces engraven of two Princes or Emperors, to signify, as I think, both East and West Empires. Notit. Orient. cap. 31. (x) Modius] seemeth to be a measure somewhat more than our peck, containing 16. Sextarij. And if every Sextarius receive 2●. ounces, it is a peck and half, if but 18. it is in proportion a fourth part less. y Capita Scholarum] were the Captains and Tribunes of every Palatine company. (z) Of Domestici and Heruli] both, enough hath been said already. (α) Gallicani] were such soldiers as served in Gaul, of what country soever. (β) Sellacurulis.] A certain chair or seat of estate, one of the regal ensigns at Rome belonging to the Kings, afterwards to Consuls, etc. It was made of Ivory. Annotations and conjectures upon the 26. Book. (a) SIgna.] A place in the camp where the Eagle standard and other military ensigns stood, where the Tribunes and chief officers quartered, and soldiers punished. (b) The odd day which every fourth year arising out of the six excrescent hours in each year, maketh the leap year, is called Bissextus, which is occasioned hereby: the 2●. of February, is the 6. day before the Kalends of March: Now when this day cometh unto it, and maketh 29. days of that month, the day following the said four and twentieth is the 6. day likewise before the Kalends, and therefore they used to reckon that sixth day twice; and the year thereupon is called Bissextilis; and Intercalaris of the odd day put between. (c) The imaginary circle in heaven, through which the Sun and other Planets run their race in twelve signs, is called Zodiac, of Zodion in Greek, a little living creature: because those twelve signs are represented by certain creatures, as the Ram, Bull, etc. (d) Intercalation,] is a putting between of a month, or days, thereby to defer or delay. (e) Martenses] were a company of soldiers serving under Dux Armoricani tractus and N●rvicani. Notit. They served in the marches and limits. (f) Patricij] were the Nobility of Rome, and the Senators degree. (g) Divit●nses,] Soldiers so called of Divitum, or Divetum, a Mediterranean or inland town in Sicily. Tungritani, or Tungricani, of Tungri a town in Secunda Germania. (h) Pomponius Latus maketh mention of Constantia, a daughter that Constantius Chlorus the father of Constantine had by his wife Theodora. But I read not elsewhere of this Anastasia. ay Heliogabolus assumed unto him the firname of Antoninus unworthily, as degenerating from that line and name, which seven Emperors before him bare, and himself was the last so styled. Ael. Lamprid. (k) How Alexander Severus, with his mother Mam●●● was killed, see Ae●●ilius Lamprid. (l) 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.] That is to say, a dart or javelin. It seemeth it was a long, narrow, and straight passage. (m) See a little before at the letter (g.) (n) To wit, with iron hooks and beasts claws. (o) Phalaris,] a most cruel tyrant of the Agrigentines, who devised a brazen bull to torment condemned persons in, by making a fire under it, causing them to fry within it, and bellow like a bull: But both the artisan Perillus, who made this bull, was for proof of his handiwork, by the tyrant's commandment tortured therein; and Phalaris himself also in a commotion of the people worthily put into it, and so ended his tyranny. (p) It may be collected, that by [Defensores] are meant here certain officers or Magistrates in Cities and great Provincial Towns, called Municipia, which were Protectors of the Commons in them, like as Tribuni Plebis among the Romans: for here is no mention made of besieging or assaulting this city. But if the reader will understand it of the defendants upon the walls, and generally of the citizens that withstood a siege which here may be implied, I will not be against him. Annotations and conjectures upon the 27. Book. (a) WHat Soldiers these Divitenses and Tungricani were, hath been showed before. (b) Armaturae] signifieth a certain military exercise in Vegetius, whereto young soldiers were trained by the Campiductores: also light armours: and the soldiers so trained and so armed. But I suppose in this place are meant a certain Palatine Schola, or company of soldiers about the Emperor, whereof Notitia speaketh, and I have written somewhat before. (c) Hastarij and Hastati,] were Pikemen, or Spearemen, who in libera Repub. Romanorum, fought in the vaward, before the Principia: as is to be seen in Titus Livius every where. Howbeit in the later times of the Emperors, and in Vegetius days, Principes were marshaled in the vanguard and Hastati in the battle and middle: and even so much Amm. Marcell. in one place seemeth to show. (d) That part of Tuscia, or Tuscan, which was more upland into the country, and therefore better for corn, was so called, for distinction from that which was Maritime. (e) A part of Rome was seated on the other side of the river Tiberis, and thereupon called Transtiberina regio. (f) This herb, because it delighteth to grow upon walls, we commonly call Pellitarie of the wall, for parietary. The scoff will fit those well, that love to write their names on every wall. (g) (h) These were built by Constantine the Great: Where note, that howsoever Malleolus be by Marcellinus described elsewhere as a fire-dart, or engine in war, yet here Malleoli be certain bundles of tow, dry sticks, or such light fuel ap● to take fire, besmeared with pitch, bitumen, or such matter, used to set houses on fire, as Cicero chargeth Catiline with provision of them [ad incendium urbis,] or to throw down the walls upon enemies that are ready to assault, or upon their engines and fabrics. We may in these days call them balls of wildfire. There is use of them also to kindle and make fire without such intent, as we read how the Goths kindled them, ad Carraginem, i. their camp or strength, fenced with their carts and carriage. Am. Marcell. lib. 31. (ay) Of Bellona.] She is taken to be the same that Minerva, according to that of Virgil, Praeses Titonia belli. See before. (●k) Of Magister Memoriae,] have recourse to the note before. (l) As Comes was in dignity before Dux, so he is here set in the first place: like as in the Notitia also he is called Comes Maritimi tractus, for that he kept the coasts of the East side of the island, like as the Lord Warden of the Cinque ports in these days. Afterwards Comes limitis Saxonici per Britanniam, was erected, against the invasion of the Saxons, who had then set foot on that side of the island, and encroached farther. (m) As Comes Maritimi tractus] had the charge of the sea coasts, so Dux Britannioe of the Mediterrancan and inland parts: what forces and legions were under the one and the other, ye may find in Notitia Occidentalis Imperis. (n) Yet note, that Dux hath a reference to the Marches of the Empire; for the inland part of Britanny was nearer to the limits of the Empire than the sea coast, whereof there was a Comes. (o) jovis] either are the same that joviani before, erected by Diocletian who named himself jovius: or else levied out of a nation in Gaul so called. As for Victores, they were haply souldidiors of Victrix legio, that served in Britanny, or termed of Victoria a place in Britanny, as we find in Notitia: or else so called boni ominis causa. (p) Diocmitoe] were light appointed horsemen and half armed, for better expedition to pursue and follow in chase, whereof they had that name. (q) Meniana] were buildings jutting forth into the street, partly to enlarge the room, and partly to gain better prospect: devised by one Menius an unthrift, who having spent all his land and living, reserved yet such a gallery the better to behold public sights and games, of whom such jutties are named Meniana. (r) There werein Rome 1●. regions. (s) Magistrirei Castrensis,] I suppose are here the same that Magistri militum, or martial captains. (t) This Sicinius was before called Siccius Dentatus for Sicinius. (n) Well suiting with this was that device of Archilochus, who depainted fortune in the form of an old woman, carrying in her right hand flaming fire, and in her left water. Natal. Comes Mytholog. lib. ●. cap. 9 (x) Pontus Polemoniachus,] so called of Polemon or Polemo, a king that ruled that province. Strab. 11. 12. for difference from the great country Pontus, bordering upon the sea Pontus. Annotations and conjectures upon the 28. Book. (a) SIngular care was always had in the Roman State, that corn and other victual should be very cheap: For which purpose in the free Commonweal there were especial officers called Aediles, and after in the emperors time one ordained out of the degree of Knights or Gentlemen, named Proefectus annonoe, and Curator annonoe. The policy of that Commonwealth was such, that by good forecast there was always plenty rei annonarioe, and the price thereof always low; yea and many times there was given away among the people a mighty deal and dole of corn and bread: also, that which they called Edulitas, which was a largesse of flesh given by the Emperor, and distributed among the common people in time of scarcity. Read hereof Aelius Lamprid. in the life of Alex. Severus. (a) Because there is so often mention made of Proefecntus urbi, the Perfect of the city, that is * And note that Rome is often in this our author called Vrbs aternoe, and so T. Liutus lib. 33. speaketh of it to the same sense in these ● earmes, Vrbem auspicato Dijs aucto ibus in aternurne conditam. Rome, called ordinarily in this author Vrbs oeterna, it will not be impertinent some what to write of that magistrate. In the free state he was Provost or governor of the city deputed in the absence of the Consuls, whiles they solemnised the festival sacrifices on the mount Albanus during the Latin holidays, as appeareth in Livy. In the emperors time he resembled somewhat for civil jurisdiction and government within Rome and about it, the Proefectus Proetorio: and they two were of chiefest authority, as appeareth by the same or very like ensigns belonging to the office. And as it may be gathered out of Notitia, they were these. A chariotman on foot wearing upon a red, or (as some books have) a green coat, a white loose mandilian, or a green, without sleeves: his arms both he putteth out, wearing upon his red stockings * or blue buskins up to the knees. blue shoes: in his left * or contrariwise. hand he beareth a rod, with his left he holdeth the reins and guideth them, hanging from the head of the last or next horse of the four, whereas the other three are unbridled, and be all of white colour. The chariot is of Ivory guiltall over, and of that kind which they call Carrucha. Above the portraiture hereof, there is a table covered with a blue carpet fringed, of tapestry, which carrieth a book standing upright with a leather cover silvered, bound in the mids, & toward both ends, with golden strings, with the image in gold likewise of the Prince in the mids of the back: and the same containing the articles of his charge, putting him in mind, to have care of the city, and to gather up the revenues thereof. These in a certain frame had the emperors images in gold carried before them, and under them the image of a woman, carrying in her hand Cornucopia. There were represented also two tapers gilded, burning on each side of the said book. And as to the Proefects Proetorio there were besides women portrayed with crowns on their heads, and chargers or boles full of golden pieces of coin, according to the number of the Dioceses under them: so it is probable, that this Perfect had among his ensigns the picture also of Rome. More hereof you may read here and there in Notitia. (b) Aruspex] properly is that Soothsayer that foretelleth future events, by peering and prying into the inwards of beasts killed for sacrifice: so called à speciendo victimas ad aram, and is the same that Extispex. (c) The Solidus among the Romans, as Budeus saith, was Aureus, i. a coined piece of gold: whereof four went to an ounce, so that by this reckoning it was about 15. s. Now if Modius were our peck and half, and ten of these pecks were sold in time of a great dearth for one Solidus or Aureus, that is, every peck for 18. d. of our money, than a measure with us called a strike, or London bushel would have cost ●. s. which was counted dear among the provincials, which no doubt would have been afforded much cheaper unto the citizens of Rome: For the Roman provision out of which this want was supplied, cost but the third part of that price. (d) Under Comes sacrararum largitionum] in the West Empire, were six Procuratores monetoe, or Masters of the mint, which had their mint-houses in several places: at Sciscia in Pannonia secunda, at Aquileia, at Lions, at Areles, at Triers, and at Rome, in the temple of juno Moneta. Triberis. Here is meant the Mintmaster at Rome. (e) Among other devises to torment folk, were certain plummets or pellets of lead, called Plumbatoe, different in form from those Plumbatoe in Vegetius, which were a kind of casting weapons: and herewith poor prisoners and martyrs were pelted to death. These Constantius the Emperor called Plumbatorum verbera. And Prudentius expresseth the manner of this torture lively in these verses: Tudatur tergum crebrisictibus, Plumbóque cervix verberata extuberet. Pulsatus ergo Martyr illa grandine Postquam inter ictus dixit hymnum Plumbeos, etc. (f) Although this word Summates may very well agree to all the Senators in Rome, or Curiales in provincial cities and towns, yet properly it is meant of those that had been superior magistrates, and borne office of estate. (g) Busiris] the son of Neptune, a most cruel tyrant of Egypt, whose manner was to sacrifice all strangers unto his Idol jupiter. In the end, when he would have dealt so by Hercules, he and his son, together with the bloody ministers of such sacrifices, were by him slain. Of him so no torious a tyrant Virgil writeth thus: Georgic. 3. Quis illaudati nescit Busiridis arras? Antoeus likewise the son of Neptune and Tellus, a mighty Giant (as Poets feign) in Libya, 6●. cubit's high: He ufed to lie upon the bare ground, and overcame all others in wrestling, until he met with Hercules, in wrestling with whom when he was weary and laid upon the ground here covered eftsoons his strength thereby, and became more vigorous than before: which Hercules perceiving, and how he got more strength by touching his mother the earth, overthrew him no more, but in his arms held him between heaven and earth, so long and so fast, that he crushed him to death. Natalis Comes of this fabulous narration doth mythologize in this manner, namely, that hereby is confirmed the great Axiom in Physic, That contraries be cured by contraries: for that as Hercules signifieth the Sun, or heat, and the earth cold; so, hot diseases be cured by cold remedies. Thus much by the way, and by the Paracelsians leave. (h) He pointeth at a place in the seventeenth book of Homer's Iliads, where the greeks fought for the dead body of Patroclus, and were bemisted and overcast with darkness. The words Ai●x useth are these: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Where note that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is put for caligo, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i. a mist or darkness that taketh all sight away. (l) Tullianum,] one part of the jail or prison at Rome added to the other named Robur, by Serv. Tullius the king. salustius saith, it was walled round about with stone, and arched over head. And Carolus Sigonius collecteth, that herein condemned persons were throttled and strangled with the halter. De judic. lib. 3. cap. 16. (k) Valentia] seemeth to be the North part of that province in Britanny, which is called Maxima Caesariensis: and so called in honour of Valens the Emperor, under whom Theodosius had recovered it out of the hands of the Picts etc. Camd●n in Britan. (l) Whether he meaneth here hot artificial bathing, or drinking water hot, (a device of Nero) I leave indifferently to the reader's judgement. (m) The son of Agiasarchus, and a Poet, who being by his father sent into the field to keep cattle, slept in a certain cave 75. years: whence came the proverb, Epimenidis somnum dormere. Suidas. (n) Semiramis] Queen of the Assyrians, and wife of Ninus, who dissimuling the death of her husband in his habit, governed until her son Prince Ninus was come to his age. One day as she was dressing her head, word was brought, that Babylon rebelled: & presently undressed as she was, with one half of her hair lose about her ears, she ran forth to assault the city, and made not an end of trimming her head, before she had brought the city to her devotion. Whereupon the Babylonians erected her statue at Babylon in that manner and habitas she hastened forth to that exploit. Valer. Max. lib. 9 cap. 3. Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, wife of Ptolemeus Auletes, the sister and wife both of the last Ptolemy, after whose death being wedded to M. Antonius, she accompanied him in his wars. Of her you may read more in Pliny, Plutarch, and others. Artemisia the wife of Mausolus' king of Caria, a Lady of incomparable chastity, and withal right valiant. So affectionate to her husband, that when he was dead, she spiced her wine with his ashes and drank it: She procured Orators out of Greece to solemnize his funerals with eloquent Orations, and erected for him a stately tomb, reputed a wonder of the world: whereupon all goodly and costly monuments are called Mausolea. Zenobia Queen of the Pasmyrenes, after the death of her husband Odenatus, she usurped the Empire in Syria, and is reckoned one of the thirty tyrants or usurpers in Galienus the Emperor his time: of her rare chastity (as who never companied with her husband but for procreation) of her magnificent estate, her martial strowesse, beauty, eloquence, skill in languages, writing of an epitomical History, and training up of her children in learning, read Treble. Pollio. jul. Capitolinus. (o) Castor and Pollux,] the sons and twins of Leda and their reputed father Tyndarus, whereupon they were called Tyndaridae. They lived and ruled together most lovingly, and were placed after death in heaven, by the name of the sign Gemini. There is a certain Meteor or fiery impression appearing many times to Mariners, called after their names, and the same apparition is fortunate: for they are reckoned 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, i Daemons averrunci, or depellentes: and the Romans held the appearing of them to be lucky. (p) Pliny in his eight book, and 57 chapt. Nat. Hyst. reckoneth up Dor-mices about delicate meats served up at the table. The manner of keeping and feeding them for that purpose, you may find there, and in Wottonus de Animalibus. (q) Stesichorus] a famous Lyrical Poet, so called, for that he was the first that joined song and dancing with the sound of the harp: for his true name was Tisias. The nightingale settled upon the lips of him, being a babe, and sung, praesaging thereby, what a sweet Poet he would prove another day. Lyric verses were such at first, as the Chorus upon the stage between every Act in a Tragedy sung and acted with the Music. (r) Cimmerij] were Northern people inhabiting about the lake Męotis, where there is a frith or strait of the sea called Bosphorus Cimmerius, for difference of Bosphorus Thracius by Propontis and Constantinople. The place of their habitation was dark, cold, and bleak; like unto that vale in Italy between Cumae and Barae; environed about with high hills, so that the Sun is neither morning nor evening seen; whereupon they also are called Cimmerij. Strab. (s) These be certain Baths and wholesome waters, taking the name of Mammaea, the mother of Alexander Severus. (t) Of M. Marcellus] his behaviour and triumph after the winning and sacking of Syracusę you may read in T. Livius, 26 book. (u) Ephemeris] in this place, or Ephemerideses, as we term it, is an Astronomical table, showing day by day the figure and position of the heavens, and the divination thereby, in which sense juvenal taketh it in this verse: In cuius manibus, ceu pinguia succina, tritas Cernis Ephemeridas— (x) Mitio and Laches] were two actors in Terence's Comaedies, representing good plain and simple old men, speaking popularitèr in a civil and vulgar manner, which is meant here by Socci, i certain light shoes or startups that Players in Comaedies used. He meaneth a lowly and humble behaviour. (y) chose, Ctesphon & Themenus] acted parts in Tragoedies of Hercules his sons, in an higher and loftier strain, & expressed here by Cothurnus, i. a buskin, which tragical players used, and are here brought in, speaking big, and faring as those that are in a proud and disdainful humour. What these Ctesphon and Themenus more particularly were, or in what Tragoedies they be actors, I have not read: but well might they be some of the race of Hercules, especially seeing, as Varro writeth, There were known by the name of Hercules 43. and one of them had 50 wives and concubines, and left 70 children behind him. Alex. ab Alex. Genial. dierum, lib. 2. cap. 5. (z) How infamous this nation was for sacrificing unto their idol Diana such strangers as arrived at their costs, especially those that had suffered shipwreck, or greeks, Strabo and other Authors write: but Herodotus in Melpomene saith, That they sacrificed not unto Diana, but to Iphigenia, the daughter of Agamemnon. (α) The portraiture of Victory] is to be seen in many old coins, in habit of a woman, and with wings, holding forth a guirland in the right hand, and bearing in her left an Olive branch. (β) The cities, colonies, & towns called Municipia] within the Roman Empire were much like unto Rome in their manner of Commonweal and government: And as the Romans had a Senate-house and Senators, so had they in resemblance thereof a Curia and Curiales; who likewise were termed Decuriones, because at the first erecting & planting of Colonies the tenth man was enroled a Senator, or one of the Patres of the place. They had to name likewise Possessores, Ordo, Honorati, and in Greek Buleutae. As in the Roman Senate there was a Precedent called Princeps Senatus, so that Decurio or Curialis, who had borne all offices of State, they called Primus Curiae. And like as in Rome the chief of the Senators degree were styled Illustres, the rest Clarissimi, so in these provincial corporations, in the first rank were Summales, Principales, and in Greek Protestasiae. According to the greatness of the place there were more or fewer of this order: in some 20 or 10, in others 7 or 5: so that when you read in this Author of Decuriones in any city, or Curiales, or Honorati, or simply Ordines or Ordo, understand this degree of chief burgesses: how ever others expound Curiales, either courtiers, whom we in Latin call Aulici, or those that be officers of any judicial court, as Accursius doth, and the author of the law Vocabularia. (γ) As in Rome there was a College of Prelates called Pontifices, so in these Municipia the chief Clergy men were called Sacerdotales. (δ) Likewise, Aediles] in these colonies and corporat towns resembled in many points those of Rome: howbeit they had no jurisdiction, but were clerks of the Market etc. As touching whose charge, you may read more in Papinian his Astynomicus. Annotations and conjectures upon the 29. Book. (a) The verses in Theog●is that he alludeth unto are these in Greek. * sc. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. (b) By this you may know that these Ecule●] were racks, to be wrested up or let down; and Eusebius writeth thus: 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: Whereby it is gathered, that the utmost stretching was to the fifth hole. (c) Famous were those Quinquennall Games] holden in Greece every fifth year at the city Olympia, near unto the hill Olympus, whither assembled people from all parts: whence grew Olympias, i. the space of four years complete and past, by which they reckoned their times as the Romans by their Lustra, and we Christians by the nativity of our Saviour, to wit, the first, second, or third year etc. of such an Olympias. (d) Carpathos.] An Island between Rhodes and Candie, from whence it came. (e) Heroic verses] so called, because in them most commonly were penned the acts of demie gods and Worthies, such as they termed Heroes; as were the Pommes of Homer's Iliad. and Odyssea; likewise Virgil's Aeneid. This stately verse is likewise called Hexametre, for that it consisteth of six feet. (f) Pythici] were such verses as Oracles were delivered in, so called of Pythius, one of the surnames of Apollo, who rendered answers to them that consulted with his Oracle, whereupon he also was so named 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and his Priestresses Pythiae, Strab. lib. 9 (g) Branchidae] the Priests of Apollo Didymaeus, Strab. lib. 1●. (h) Of these Olympic Games] see a little before. (ay) Of these sirens or Meremaids] you may read in Homer. Odyss. lib. 12. how Ulysses as he passed by them in the Sicilian sea, stopped the ears of his companions with wax, and caused himself to be fast tied unto the mast of his ship, because they should not be alured with their sweet melody. (k) The Areopagites] Counsel and Court of justice in Athens was most severe & upright, instituted by Cecrops first, as Eusebius thinketh, and not by Solon. The reason of that name is twofold, either for that there passed in that court trial and judgement of bloodshed and murder, which is expressed under the name of Mars, in Greek Ares: or because Mars, when he was judicially accused by Neptune, for killing his son Halirrhotius, there stuck down his spear. More hereof, and of the fabulous concertation at the bar of the gods, you may read in Carol. Sigon de Rep. athenians. lib. 1. cap. 3. (l) Seven vowels he meaneth in Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Pliny writeth, That the pain of the stomach, next unto the Strangury, occasioned by the Stone, is most intolerable. Now, whether he meaneth that which the Physicians term Cardialgiam, or Ileos', otherwise called Volvulus, Iliaca passio, & [Domine] miserere mei: which although originally be seated in the small & higher guts, yet for the vicinity soon affecteth the stomach, as appeareth by dolorous vomiting: or rather the disease or Symptom Cholera, wherein the stomach is most painfully affected, and dischargeth itself upward and downward, I cannot determine. (kk) Whereas in the 29. book, cap. 8. Valentinian is said to have kept two she Bears, the one named Innocentia, the other Mica aurea, i golden Mica, probable it is by the former name, that the other also alluded to Mica, the name of some woman. I call to mind therefore, that in Plutarch's Morals, among praiseworthy women, th●●e is a large narration of one damosel, the daughter of Philodemus, an Elean, named Mica, or as some read, Micca, who under the licentious reign of Aristotemus the tyrant, one Lucius was enamoured upon, and after much courting and soliciting of her to forfeit the honour of her body, but all in vain, killed her in the sight and bosom of her father, whose guilded image was set up for a memorial in Rome. And this is the conjecture of Pancirolus. (l) Of these Masters of Forges] wherein armour was made, see before. (m) There were certain officers belonging to the emperors stable called Stratores] who were to choose and allow horses meet for service. (l) Constantiani] were a band of soldiers erected by Constantius the Emperor. (m) Lerna or Learn] a Mere in the territory of Argos, which the Serpent Hydra haunted, and did much mischief to all the country about it, whereinto also they used to cast all filth etc. Whence came the Proverb, Lerna malorum, i. a sink of all sin and mischief, Strab. This serpent (as they say) had to one body 50 heads, and as any one of them was cut off, there grew presently two in the place, Palaeph. de Fabulis. It was one of Hercules his labours to destroy this serpent. (m) (n) These two Legions took the name of Pannonia and Maesia, out of which provinces they were levied. Annotations and conjectures upon the 30. Book. (a) PRovinciae moderatoris apparitor.] Although Moderator strictly taken signifieth the Ruler of a small Province, who properly is termed Corrector, yet here it is more generally put for the governor of Cilicia, who was Consularis; and an officer of his had the charge to ward this gate of Tarsus, a city in that Province. (b) Among other Attributes given to jupiter, one was * Herod●●. i● Cl. Xenius, or Hospitalis, the superintendant, as it were, of guests, and their entertainment. So religious they were in old times, that a guest once received should be inviolable, according to that verse in Virg. Aeneid. 1. jupiter, hospitibus nam te dare iura loquuntur. (c) This is that Fabricius Luscinus, or Lucinus] who was so poor (because he contemned riches) that his daughters (as is beforesaid) were married with dowries out of the chamber of the city. (d) Who was slain as he sat at supper by Perpenna his companion in the same faction. Plutarch. (e) Academia] a shady and woody place a mile from Athens, where Plato was borne and did first teach; so called, as Eupolis saith, of Academus a god, according to the verse, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: and Horace, Atque inter sylvas Academi quaerere verum. Hence it is, that all famous Schools of Learning and Universities be called Academies. (f) Trebatius] a renowned Lawyer, and familiar friend of Tull. Cic. as appeareth in his Epistles: the rest also were deep Lawyers in their time. (g) Of his intemperate speech and railing upon Achilles, you may read Homer. Iliad. β. That which Ammianus alludeth unto is this, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: wherein he compareth his prating to the untunable chattering of Choughes and Dawes. (h) This is that Caius Gracchus] of whom Tully writeth in his third book de Oratore, as also Fabius Quintilian, cap. 10. lib. 1. & Aulius Gell. lib. 1. cap. 11. That when he was to plead, he had a man or physician that stood closely behind him with a little ivory pipe, such as they call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, thereby to put him in mind of raising or letting fall his voice. (ay) Some writers go clear away with this opinion, That Valentinian died of an Apoplexy: But if we confer the nature of an Apoplexy with the manner of his disease, and some other circumstances here put down, namely, That Physicians and Surgeons were employed then in the cure of his soldiers, sick of the pestilence, the fiery heat that he was surprised and possessed with, his deadly yexing, gnashing of his teeth, his laying about him with his arms, & last of all, the blue spots appearing on his body, we may the rather be induced to think he died of the plague. (k) As for those passages which he calleth here hemorrhoids] they be certain veins, in number five, descending from the master vein, called Cava or Chilis, to the circle of the fundament or tiwill: which for that they do void blood sometimes naturally, or by art are opened and caused to bleed, for avoiding of melancholy diseases, be termed hemorrhoids. (l) Of this Milo] his strength, & his strange death (occasioned by the confidence of his own strong arms, whiles he would assay to cleave the body of a * An Oak saith Valerr●. Max. having wedges set in it. tree, that had a rift or chink in it) you may see more in Valer. Max. lib. 9 cap. 12. of whom the Poet juvenal also writeth thus: — Viribus ille Confisus perijt admirandi● que lacertis. * satire. x. (m) Comes praefuit rei Castrensi.] He was General of the Forces, and not Comes Castrensis, which was another officer in the time of the Emperors, attending in court, otherwise called Tricliniarcha in the days of Alexander Severus, under whom were the ministers and servitors of the Emperor's house, all save those of his Chamber, as butler's, carvers, yeomen of the cellar, waiters at the table etc. going all under the name of Ministeriani and Castrensiani: For the emperors house is compared to Castra, i. the camp, and from thence borroweth many terms. Habent. n. Aulici (as saith Tertullian) militiae imaginem. Under him were the Paedagogiani, such as now we term Pages, and used to wear purple shoes, etc. like unto whom Ammian. compareth Procopius, when he was newly invested in his imperial robes: He used to go before the Emperor with a golden Verge or Warder: He was called in the later times Curopalata, and as Pancirol, upon Notitia saith, may be compared to the Major, Steward, or grand Seneschal of the king's house. The Ensigns belonging to this office import as much, as side Tables, Cupboard, Basin and Ewer, Flagons etc. By way of agnomination Marcellinus nicknameth one Hyperechius, apparitor Gastrensis for Castrensis, ltb. 26. cap. 10. (n) Artaxerxes] as some think, was a general name in times passed of the kings of Persia, as now Sophi is. This Artaxerxes, called here Macrocheir, is named in Latin to the same sense Longimanus, for that one hand, to wit, the right, was longer than the other, and is thought to be the same that Assuerus in Hester, the son of Xerxes. See justin. Coelius Rhodigin. (o) (p) So called, for that in running he had not his peer. Of this argument read the pleasant digression of T. Livius, Decad. 1. lib. 9 Annotations and conjectures upon the 31. Book. (a) This Baine took the name of Valens himself. (a) By Trebellius Pollio he is named Divus Claudius, and reigned presently after the 30 tyrants or usurpers, in sundry parts of the Empire. (b) Of Domesticorum Comes] hath been written before. (c) Carrago] was a fortification in manner of a camp, that these Barbarians made, fenced about with their carts, whereupon it took the name. Of the like Trebellius Pollio maketh mention in the Gallieni, and Divus Claudius, also Zosimus. (d) Of the Cornuti] somewhat hath been written already. (e) Take Defensores] here for the townsmen generally, and not those magistrates of the people that be called Defensores. (f) (g) (h) Of these Lancearij, Mattiaci and Batavi] see before. ay Pomponius Laetus writeth, That he did this voluntary, according to the example of the ancient Deccis, surnamed Mures, who for their country exposed themselves to death. (k) Cn. Scipio] who with his brother Pub. died in Spain, and his hap was to be burned within a tower. T. Liv. 25. Florus. He is otherwise called Cura, or Curator Palatij, Curopalata likewise, and Comes Castrensis. (l) As for Promoti] they were a company of soldiers so called, for that they had been by certain degrees for their good service promoted. Pancirol. in Notitiam. (m) Of this notable overthrow of the Romans at Cannae, wherein were slain of Romans and Allies above 85000 men, T. Livius reporteth in the second book, Decad. 3. (n) These Cylindri] Vegetius calleth Taleae. FINIS. ▪ The Chronologie to Ammianus Marcellinus, from the beginning of NERVA his Empire, unto the death of VALENS. Years of the world Years of our Lord Consuls. Acts. Years of their Empire. Years since Ro. foundat. 4067 97 ¶ C Fulvius Valens. C. Antistius. IN this year, on the (18.) day of September was Domitian the Emperor slain, in the year of his age 45. 15 849 After him succeeded NERVA COCCEIUS CAESAR. AUG. PONT. MAX. TR. PLEB. PA. PATR. the xiij. Emperor, and reigned one year, four months, and ix. days. Dion. From the beginning of his empire Ammianus Marcellinus began his Histories, drawn out to 31. books, whereof the former 13. be lost. 4068 98 ¶ Imperator Nerva, the third time. Virginius Rufus the third time. ¶ Traianus is by Nerva adopted and called Caesar. 1 850 S. john the Evangelist returneth from exile to Ephesus. 4069 99 ¶ Imperator Nerva 4. ● time. Traianus adopt son of Nerva August. Caesar, the third time. Cornelius Tacitus was Consul in the room of NERVA deceased: who died the 27. of january. 1 851 After whom succeeded Nerva Traianus, Opt. Aug. Germ. Dacic. Parthicus, the xiv. Emperor, and ruled years 19 months 6. days 15. Dion. 4070 100 ¶ C. Sosius Senecio the second time. A. Cornelius Palma. Traianus refused the third Consulship due unto him, as the new Emperor, Plin. secund. in Panegyrico. The same did Augustus an hundred years before: Both of them by the secret counsel of God, unwitting of so much themselves, giving place to Christ the monarch of all monarchs. 2 852 S. john the Evangelist dieth at Ephesus, in the ninetieth year of his age, or the 91. Euseb. Hieron. 4071 101 ¶ Traianus the Emperor the third time. M. Cornelius Fronto the third time. In this time flourished Plutarch Cherrhonensis, who left behind him, as monuments of his learning and wit, his Parallels and Morals: Also L. Florus, who wrote a 3 853 Breviary of Livy: and Plinius the sister's son of Plinsecund. who wrote the Natural history: whose Panegyric to Traianus and Epistles be at this day extant. 4072 102 ¶ trajan the Emperor the fourth time. Sex. Articuleius Paetus. 4 854 4073 103 ¶ C. Sosius Senecio the third time. L. Licinius Sura the second time. The third persecution of Christians under trajan: which exhibited unto us an infinite number of most constant Martyrs. Ecclesiastical history. 5 855 4074 104 ¶ trajan Emperor the fifth time. L. Appius Maximus the second time. 6 856 4075 105 ¶ Suranus the second time. P. Neratius Marcellus. The Church is troubled by certain Heretics, whose names are to be buried in silence and oblivion. 7 857 4076 106 ¶ Ti. julius Candidus the second time. A. julius Quadratus the second time. 8 858 4077 107 ¶ L. Ceronius son of L. L. Tutius Cerealis. 9 859 4078 108 ¶ C. Sosius Senecio a third time. L. Licinius Sura, the third time. Plinius secundus governing the Province Bythinia, when during his government he had put many Christians to death, much moved at their Multitudes and Constancy, wrote unto trajan, to know his mind what was to be done with them: certifying him, that beside their obstinate refusing to sacrifice, he could find nought else in their religion, but that their congregations met before day light, to sing certain Hymns to one Christ: that their Discipline forbade manslaughter, theft, adultery, robbery, etc. and otherwise, that they led a godly, temperate, and sober life. Unto whom trajan writeth back again, that there should be no inquisition made after Christians: but if they were presented, they ought to suffer punishment. Euseb. lib. 3. Tertullian. in Apologet. Orosius, and others. Now Tertullian taxeth this absurd Edict of the Emperor in this wise: He prohibiteth enquiry after them as Innocents, yet commandeth they should be punished as offenders: He spareth, and cruel fareth: he dissimuleth, and yet chastiseth, etc. The name, saith he, of Christians is condemned and punished; but no wicked act of theirs: The name only is hurtful, the men themselves harmless. 10 860 4079 109 ¶ Ap. Annius Trebonius Gallus. M. Atilius Metilius Bradua. Evaristus Bishop of the Church of Rome, for professing Christ, suffereth death. 11 861 4080 110 ¶ A. Cornelius Palma the second time C. Caluisus Tullus the second time Ignatius Bishop of Antioch is condemned at Rome to be exposed unto savage beasts. Euseb. 12 862 4081 111 ¶ Clodius Crispinus. Solenus Orphitus. A mighty Earthquake, which Dio describeth at large, shaketh the city of Antioch. 13 863 4082 112 C. Calpurnius Piso. M. Vettius Rusticus Bolanus. About this time trajan having expelled Cosroes, held for 3. years the kingdom of the Parthians, reduced Dacia, Scythia, Syria, Armenia, Assyria, and Mesopotamia, into the form of Provinces: He much enlarged the bounds of the Roman Empire: brought under his dominion the Iberians near unto Pontus Euxinus, the Sauromatae, Agarens, Arabians, beside the cities of Seleucia, Ctesiphon, and Babylon. Dion. He appointed the river Euphrates, or as others write, Tigris to be the limit of the Roman Empire. Eutrop. He so prepared and rigged a fleet in the Red-sea, that thereby he might invade and waste the borders of India. Cassiodorus. 14 864 4083 113 ¶ Trajan the Emperor the sixth time. C. julius Africanus. The Column of Trajane, which is to be seen in Rome at this day, was about this time erected: bearing Date of the 17. Tribuneship of Trajane. 15 865 4084 114 L. Publius Celsus the second tune. C. Clodius Crispinus. 16 866 4085 115 Q. Ninnius Hasta. P. Manilius Vopiscus. 17 867 4086 116 M. Valerius Messala. C. popilius Carus Pedo. The jews in Libya, Egypt, and other Countries, made an Insurrection, and began to rebel; but by the Gentiles were vanquished and repressed. And when in Mesopotamia they warred afresh upon the Inhabitants, Trajan gave commandment unto Emilius, to root them out, or expel them that Province. Against whom Quietus came with banner displayed, and put infinite thousands of them to the sword: whereupon the Emperor ordained him to be Procurator of judaea. Dion. Spartian. Euseb. 18 863 4087 117 L. Antistius son of D. L. Aemilius Aelianus. Many in sundry places became Martyrs, and died for Christ his name. At Rome, Alexander pastor of that Church, or Bishop: together with Eventins a Presbyter, and Theodulus a Deacon was slain the third day of May. Alittle before Hermes Praefect of the City together with his family; Zeno a noble man, and Eustathius with his wife and sons were killed. Hist. Ecclesiast. 19 869 4088 118 ¶ Quinctius Niger. T. Vipsanius Apromanus. Trajanus the Emperor dieth about the 11. day, or as Dio saith, the 7. of August, in the 64. year of his age. He was by the Senate styled by the title of Princeps optimus. More of his praises you shall find in Dio. Among the rest this is recorded, That in the Creating of Praefectus Praetorio, the highest officer of Estate under him, when he invested him with the Sword, he said, This Sword thou shalt draw for me so long as I rule justly: but if I shall rule unjustly, draw it hardly upon me. He was the first Stranger or Alien borne out of Italy that was made Emperor. He used the familiarity of Plutarch. 20 870 In his Empire he demeaned himself so well, that unto any new created Emperor after him the acclamation went in this note, More happy than Augustus, more honest than Traianus. Among many other excellent sayings of his, Eutropius recordeth this unto his friends seeming to blame him for being over courteous to all men, he answered thus: That he was such an Emperor to private persons, as he would wish Emperors to be unto himself if he were private. Him succeeded ¶ Imper. Caesar trajan. HADRIANUS Aug. P. Max. COS. III. the 15. Emperor. He reigned years 20. months 10. days 29. Dion. Spartian. Here would be observed the difference in Chronologers: whiles Ptolemy, Gerhart, Merc. will have the beginning of Adrians' Empire to be in the year since Christ's Nativity 117. The Rom. writers in the year 118. and this difference continueth unto the year 162. 4089 119 ¶ Hadrianus Augustus the 2. time. Ti. Claudius Fuscus Salinator. Hadrian envying the glory of trajan, calleth home the armies out of Armenia and Mesopotamia: and rendereth up those provinces again unto Cosroes the king of the Parthians. Volater. 1 871 4090 120 ¶ Hadrianus Augustus the 3. time. Q. junius Rusticus. He brought colonies into Libya wasted with the tumultuous commotions of the jews. Euseb. Dio. 2 872 4091 121 ¶ L. Catilius Severus. T. Aurelius Fulvus. Who was afterward called, Antoninus Pius Augustus. 3 873 4092 122 ¶ M. Annius, son of M. Verus 2. Augur. 4 874 4093 123 ¶ M. Acilius Attiola C. Cornelius Pansa. The Christian Church is much troubled with the Gnostici, most filthy Heretics. 5 875 4094 124 ¶ Q. Artius Paetinus. C. Veranius Apronianus. Hadrian persecuteth the Christians, and purposeth to punish the jews that made turnults in jury especially. 6 876 4095 125 ¶ M. Acilius Glabrio C. Bellicius Torquatus. Learned men are raised up by God to withstand Heretics, and defend Christian Religion: among whom were Agrippa Castor, Aristides a Philosopher of Athens, and Quadratus bishop of Athens and disciple of the Apostles: and these two having written books in defence of Christian Religion, exhibit them to Hadrian the Emperor. Euseb. lib. 4. cap. 3. This Quadratus in a book that he presented unto the Emperor writeth, that himself being very aged, had seen many who in the days of our Saviour, having been afflicted with maladies, were by him healed in judea, and who also had risen from the dead. Hyeronimus. 7 877 In this age lived Papias bishop of Hierapolis, who heard the disciples of the Apostles, and wrote that in his hearing the daughters of Philip reported, how in their time one was raised from the dead: and that (which was no less admirable) justus Barsabas, of whom mention is made in the first chapter of the Acts of th'apostles, by reason of the grace given unto him from our Lord, found no trouble or harm by drinking a cup of deadly poison. Eusebius lib. 3. Hadrianus built and erected in Athens an admirable Library. He disputeth and discourseth there in manner of a Philosopher: he removeth those from professing and teaching schools who were insufficient. He contendeth with learned men, by way of writing and disputation. Spartian. 4096 126 ¶ P. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus the 2. time. Q Vettius Aquisinus. 8 878 4097 127 ¶ M. Lollius Pedius (by others Vespronius) Verus. Q junius Lepidus Bibulus. Sixtus Bishop of the Church at Rome for maintaining the Gospel, is put to death. In whose place the next morrow after was Telesphorus the son of Anachoreta elected. Onuph. 9 879 Serenus Granius, or, as some write him, Serennius Granianus, a Lieutenant and of noble parentage descended, wrote a letter unto Hadrian the Emperor, advertising him that it was a most unjust course, to yield unto the clamours of the common people, the shedding of innocent Christians blood, & that without any crime committed, they should be held guilty & condemned for their name and sect sake only: wherewith Hadrian being moved, wrote unto Minutius Fundanus Proconsul of Asia, That no Christians should be condemned without inditement of crimes and the same proved. The copy of which letter remaineth extant to this day. Euseb. lib. 4. 4098 128 ¶ Gallicanus. D. Coelius Titianus. Lampridius in the life of Severus writeth, that Hadrian was once minded to build a Temple unto Christ, and commanded that for the use of Christians their should be Churches founded and erected in Cities without images: but was prohibited and stayed by some, who said, if this were done, all men would forsake the temples of their gods, and embrace Christian Religion. 10 880 4099 129 ¶ L. Nonius Asprerias (or Asprenas) Torquatus. M Annius Libo. About this time flourished Aquila Ponticus, who translated the Bible or Holy Scriptures out of Hebrew into Greek. Suetonius the Historiographer, who was secretary unto Hadrian. Phlegon the Chronographer. Also P. Iwentius Celsus, Nerasius Priscus, and Domitius Labeo, famous Lawyers. Likewise Lucianus Samosatenus Atheus, who with much liberty of tongue and pen marketh and revileth the gods of the Gentiles: He spareth not Christ also, naming him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, ay, The sophister hanged upon a Cross, Some set this down 2. years after. 11 881 4100 130 ¶ P. juventius Celsus the 2. time. Q. julius Balbus. Rufus the Procurator or Governor of judaea killeth a great number of the jews. josip. Many Christian soldiers for the Christian faith suffer death at Rome. Eus. 12 882 4101 131 ¶ Q. Fabius Catullinus. M. Flavius Apet. Barcozba, a Prince of the jews and their counterfeit Messias haileth to execution such Christians as persevere in the faith. Euseb. lib. 4. cap. 6. 13 883 The city Hadrianopolis was built. Niceph. lib. 3. ca 24. 4102 132 ¶ Servant Octavius Lenas' Pontianus. M. Antonius Rufinus. The furious tumults and outrages of the jews increase in Syria and Palestina, assembling themselves together by infinite numbers, and promising themselves exceeding great victory, under the leading of Barcozba their Mock-Messias. Dio, Euseb. This Barcozba is otherwise named Barcochab, that is, the son of a star, for so he termed himself, and deceived the credulous jews, and expounded that prophesy of himself, Out of jacob shall arise a star. 14 884 4103 133 ¶ Serius Augurinus. Arrius Severianus. The last war of the jews under Hadrianus. The jews revolting openly from the Romans, and taking arms, spoil and waste all Palestina. Unto Tinius Rufus Governor of the Province Hadrian sendeth an Army to sub due the Rebels. This was a dangerous and a long war, continuing three years: whiles the jews take it to the heart, that foreign Nations came to inhabit their City jerusalem. At first the Romans made small account of them, but after they understood once that all jewry was up, and all the jews wheresoever dispersed, Hadrian sent the most expert and valiant Captains that he had against them, Dio. Euseb. 15 885 4104 134 ¶ Heberus julius Silanus Sesennius. Barcozba, or Barcochab aforesaid, not only adjoined unto him the jews, but went about also to draw the Christians into society of war against the Romans: and therefore as many of the Christians as refused this service, he put to sundry torments and kinds of execution. 16 886 4105 135 ¶ C. julius Servilius Vrsus Servianus. C. Vibius juventius verus. But julius Serverus sent into jewrie, and not daring to fight with these most audacious and desperate Brigands, drew out the war in length. Mean while the Power and Forces of Barcochab were confirmed: so that for certain years, he held within jewrie 50. castles, 98. villages, and Bethoron a town right strongly fenced: 17 887 4106 136 ¶ Pompeianus Lupercus. L julius Atticus Acilianus. Out of which town he sallied upon the Romans, and oftentimes put them to flight. Whereupon Hadrianus returned into Syria, and besieged the jews for three years together, forced Bethoron at length, and slew Barcozba. 18 888 4107 137 ¶ L. Ceionius Commodus Verus, who was afterward called Caesar. Sex Vetulenus Civita Pompeianus. The number (by report) of the jews slain in this war, was 50000. And as for them that died of Pestilence and Famine, they were innumerable. [Hear note by the way, that when the jews were thus defeated, and their Leader slain, they knew him to be a very counterfeit, and their false Messias, whereupon they termed him Ben-cozban, that is, the son of Lying] Hadrian thus having ended the jews war, and subdued them, debarred the jews of entrance into jerusalem. He walled the City about, and called it Aelia after his own 19 889 name: and upon the gate that leadeth to Bethlehem he caused a Swine of Marble to be engraven. And this was the last and utmost destruction of the jews: who being expelled, and utterly oppressed, he granted jerusalem unto the Christians. Euseb. lib. 4. cap. 5. Dio. in Hadrian. Thus was the prophecy of Daniel 670. years before fulfilled. And by this might the jews see, that all hope of their Messias to come was quite cut off. And now upon their desolation, and rooting out, began the Church of Christ to flourish, etc. Then, I say, was jerusalem inhabited by Christians, and other nations, according to the saying of our Saviour, Luke 21. jerusalem shall be trodden under foot by the Gentiles. And by Computation of the years this destruction falleth out to be an hundred years after the suffering of Christ upon the Cross, and the 63. year after the former destruction by Titus. So that now was fulfilled their cry, His blood be upon us and our children. Moreover, Hadrian made a Law, that none of the jewish nation should be so hardy as enter the territory of jerusalem. Then was the prophesy of our Saviour fulfilled: There shall not remain one stone upon another, etc. The jews taken prisoners in that war Hadrian sent away into Spain, there to live in exile. From whence also in the year of our Lord 1500. they were expelled by Ferdinandus King of Spain, and Emanuel of Portugal. Vasaeus. 4108 138 ¶ L. Aelius the son of Hadrian August. Verus Caesar the second time. Yet for all this ceased not the persecution against Christians. Certain noble women suffered Martyrdom at Rome: And in the beginning of this year Telesphorus Bishop or Pastor of that Church was killed: whom seven days after succeeded Higinius of Athens. 20 890 4109 139 ¶ Sulpitius Camerinus. Quinctius Niger Magnus. Hadrian the Emperor dieth the eight day, or as some say, the tenth of julie, when he had lived 62. years 5. months, and 19 days. Dio. Spartian. At his death he pronounced these verses, which bewrayed he was no good Christian. 1 891 Animula, vagula blandula, Hospes Comésque corporis, Quae nunc abibis in loca? Pallidula, rigida, nudula, Nec ut soles dabis iocos. After whom succeeded ¶ T. Aelius Hadrianus ANTO NINUS Aug. Pius. Par. Patr. the sixteenth Emperor: He ruled years 22. or (as some say 23.) months 7. days 26. The apothegm of Scipio Africanus was rife in his mouth, That he had leifer save one citizen and subjects life, than kill a thousand enemies. julius Captiolinus. 4110 140 ¶ Antoninus Pius Emperor the second time. Brutius Praeses. The people of Britanny affecting liberty, are in many battles vanquished by Lollius Vrbicius, and brought to good order and allegiance. Capitolin. 2 892 Ptolemaeus the great ginger, and Galen that renowned Physician in these days flourish. Likewise Salvius julianus the learned Lawyer, and justin the Historiographer, who drew the Books of Trogus Pompeius into a breviary. 4111 141 ¶ Antoninus Pius Emperor the third time. M. Aurelius son of August. Pius, Caesar: who after was called Augustus. justinus the Philosopher compiled a Book in defence of Christian Religion, and delivered it to ANTONINUS. Holy and godly Christians endure persecution, and are much troubled by these Heretics, Valentine, Cerdon, and Marcus Colarbassus. Eusebius, Irenaeus. 3 893 4112 142 ¶ M. Paeducaeus Sylogas Priscinus. T. Hoenius Severus, Hyginius Minister and Pastor of the Church of Rome, for Christ's Gospel suffered Martyrdom. Him succeeded after three days Pius of Aquileia. 4 894 4113 143 ¶ L. Cuspius Rufinus. L. Statius Quadratus. Antoninus withdrew from many of his Ministers and servants in Court that lived idly, their salaries, saying: There was not a thing more base, nay, more cruel, than that they should consume the riches of the commonwealth, who with their own labour brought no profit thereto. jul. Capitolin, 5 895 4114 144 ¶ C. Bellicius Torquatus. Ti. Claudius Atticus Herodes. Lucius and Ptolemaeus were at Alexandria killed for the testimony of Christ. 6 896 Now began the Question at Laodicea in Asia, about the day of the Pasche, i Easter. Onuphr. 4115 145 ¶ Lollianus Avitus. C. Gavius Maximus. 7 897 4116 146 ¶ Antoninus Pius the Emperor the fourth time. M. Aelius Aurelius son of Augustus Pius, Caesar, the second time. Sundry Heretics, companions and disciples of the former, work much trouble in the Churches of Christ, groaning under the Cross of persecution. Eusebius. Irenaeus. 8 898 4117 147 ¶ Sex. Erucius the son. Clarus the second time. Cn. Claudius Severus. In this year justinus wrote two Apologies for the Christians. Onuphrius. Severus, afterwards Emperor, was now borne. Spartian. 9 899 4118 148 ¶ M. Valerius Largus. M. Valerius Messalinus. The learned men of this age were Arianus of Nicomedia, Maximus Tyrius, Apollonius, and Basilides. 10 900 4119 149 ¶ C. Bellicius Torquatus the second time. M Salvius julianus the second time. 11 901 4120 150 ¶ Servant Cornelius Scipio Orphitus. Q. Nonius Priscus. 12 902 4121 151 ¶ Romulus Gallicanus. Antistius Verus. 13 903 4122 152 ¶ Sextus Quinctilius Gordianus. Sextus Quinctilius Maximus. 14 904 4123 153 ¶ Sextus Acilius Glabrio. C. Valerius Omollius Verianus. An Edict of Antoninus Pius the Emperor promulged at Ephesus in the behalf of Christians, in the general Council of all Afia to this effect: If any man proceed, to molest, or accuse any Christian (for his Profession) let him who is thus troubled, although he be found a Christian, be absolved, and his accuser suffer just and due punishment. 15 905 Euseb. And there Antoninus allegeth the Edict of Hadrian in these words: In favour of which men, that is, Christians, other Governors also of Provinces wrote before time unto my father of sacred memory: To whom he wrote back again, That no man should trouble this kind of men, unless they were convicted to have plotted and practised aught against the State. Eusebius. 4124 154 ¶ Bruttius Praesens. M. Antonius Rufinus. 16 906 4125 155 ¶ Aelius Aurelius son of Pius Augustus, who afterwards was called Augustus, the second time. Sextillus Lateranus. 17 907 4126 156 ¶ C. julius Severus. M. Rusinus Sabinianus. 18 908 4127 157 ¶ M. Ceionius Silvanus. C. Serius Augurinus. Marcio Ponticus and his disciples, heretics, trouble the Church. Onuphr. 19 909 4128 158 ¶ Barbatus. Regulus. 20 910 4129 159 ¶ Q. Flavius Tertullus. Sacerdos. Under Anicetus' Bishop of Rome, Polycarpus a disciple of S. john the Apostle came to Rome, and reduced many that had been seduced by Heretics unto the true faith. He sharply, and with great courage, repressed Martion. Euseb. lib. 4. 21 911 Irenaus affirmeth, that in his youth he had seen this Polycarpus, a very aged man, and further faith: There be that have heard Polycarpus say, that Saint john the disciple of our Lord going to Bath, when he saw Cerinthus within, leapt forth of the Bain before he had bathed, saying withal, That he feared left the house would have fallen, whiles Cerinthus an enemy to the Truth, was within it. And Polycarpus himself meeting upon a time with Cerinthus, when he said, Take knowledge and acquaintance of us, returned this answer, I know thee indeed to be the first begotten son of Satan. Irenaeus lib. 3. 4130 160 ¶ Plautius Quinctillus. Statius Priscus. Antoninus the Emperor having a wealthy estate of his own by inheritance, gave away most liberally all his riches among his friends: but made the Common Treasury exceeding rich. Euseb. 22 912 4131 161 ¶ T. Vibius Barus. Ap. Annius Bradua. 23 913 4132 162 ¶ M. Aclius Aurelius some of Augustus Pius Caesar the third time. L. Aclius son of Augustus Pius Caesar the second time. Antoninus Pius the Emperor died the 7. day of March, at Lorium, an house or manor of his own, in the year of his age 75. 1 914 ¶ After whom succeeded in the Empire the 17. & 18. Emperors, to wit, MARC. AURELIUS ANTONINUS, surnamed Philosophus: and, Luc. AURELIUS VERUS. Euseb. jul. Capitolin. ANTONINUS the Philosopher governed years 19 days 11. and VERUS, years 9 Eutrop. This was the first time that Rome began to have two Augusti or Emperors at once. Capitolin. Euseb. 4133 163 ¶ Q. junius Rusticus Vettius Aquilinus. The Parthian war with King Vologesus, unto which Verus the Emperor went: who lying at Antioch, and about Armenia, performed by his Captains many noble exploits. Statius Priscus fought fortunately in Armenia, Avidius Cassius and Nartius Verus, marched with a puislant army as far as to Babylonia, and Armenia. Seleucia that most noble city of Assyria, with 500000. men he won: He brought backewith him the Parthic Triumph, and together with Antoninus Philosophus triumphed. Eutrop. An exceeding great famine and pestilence at Rome. Most straight Laws as touching sepultures and burial of the dead are enacted. 2 915 4134 164 ¶ L. Papirius Aelianus. junius Pastor. 3 916 4135 165 ¶ C. julius Macrinus. L. Cornelius Celsus. 4 917 4136 166 ¶ L. Arrius Pudens. M. Gavinus Orfitus. Aufidius Victorinus is sent against the Cattis, who had invaded Rhetia. jul. Capitolin. 5 918 The Church under the Cross hath divers Pastors and Doctors excelling in Piety and Doctrine, To wit, Polycarpus, Dionysius of Corinth, Melito, justinus, and others. Euseb. 4137 167 ¶ Q Servilius Pudens. L. Fusidius Pollio. Tatianus the father of the Heretics Encratitae disquieteth the Church. Ecclesiast. writers. 6 919 The two Emperors triumph at Rome over the Parthians. 4138 168 ¶ Antoninus Verus the Emperor the third time. T Vinidius Quadtatus. The fourth persecution against the Christians, wherein Polycarpus Bishop of Smyrna 86. years old, justinus the Philosopher, Maturus, Pothinus, Attalus, Blandina, and an infinite number of others, as well in the East as the West, are killed. Euseb. lib. 4. & 5. Blandina in the mids of her tortures cried ever and anon, I am a Christian: with which she refreshed herself to endure all. 7 920 The war against the Marcomanni whereunto the Emperors addressed themselves, was by reason of the Pestilence, stayed a good while. Capitolin. 8 921 4139 169 ¶ L. Vettitus Paulus. T. junius Montanus. The persecution of the Church continueth. Eusebius. When in the expedition against the Marcomans, the Emperors were come to Aquileia, certain of their Princes entreated for pardon and peace. Capitolin. 9 922 4140 170 ¶ Sosius Priscus. Q Caelius Apollinaris. Lucius Aurelius Verus, as he was in his journey from the city Concordia to Altinum, sitting together with Antoninus Philosophus in his Chariot, died of an Apoplexy. A man by nature nothing civil, howbeit in a reverend regard of his Companion in the Empire, he never attempted any forcible act. Eutropius writeth that he died in the eleventh year of his Empire: but the Chronographers think otherwise, whom we have followed: after his decease Antoninus Philosophus ruled alone. Capit. 4141 171 ¶ M. Aurelius Severus ●ethegus. L. julius Clarus. Avidius Cassius nominated, in the East, Emperor, was presently by the soldiers beheaded. Sparta. Vulcat. Gall. 10 923 4142 172 ¶ T. Titienus Serenus. C. Scoedius Natta Pinari●●s. Egesippus now lived, who is accounted a famous writer of the Ecclesiastical history. 11 924 The Church still flourisheth under the Cross. 4143 173 ¶ Claudius Maximus. Cornelius Scipio Orfitus. Dame Felicitas with her seven sons at Rome, & Concordius an Elder of the Church at Spoletum, became martyrs. Asianus & Apollinaris present Apologies unto Antoninus. 12 925 The whole world was afflicted with so great a mortality, that the Roman armies were consumed therewith almost to the last man. The Germans that made an insurrection were repressed. Euseb. Niceph. Capitolin. 4144 174 ¶ M. Aurelius Severus the 2. time. Ti. Claudius Pompeianus. The frantic Heresy of Montanus spread into the Churches. Eclesiast. histor. 13 926 The Marcomans war (none before it hath been recorded so great) by singualr prowess & felicity both was by M. Antoninus Philosophus dispatched, and brought to an end: whereof we may read in Oros. li. 7. ca 15. jul. Capitol. Eutrop. Eus. lib. 5. Tertullian. cap. 5. Apologet. and in others. 4145 175 ¶ Ap. Annius Trebonius Gallus. Flaccus. A notable victory of M. Antoninus Philosophus the Emperor over the Quadi and Marcomanni, obtained by the prayers of the Christian Soldiers. For when the army of Antoninus was distressed five days together, for want of water, and the Soldiers within the straits of certain mountains in Germany enclosed round about with the Quadi, were in a manner killed with thirst; the Praefect of the Praetorium came unto the Emperor being in a great agony and sore appalled, saying, That the Christians by prayer could obtain any thing at the hands of their God. Antoninus hearing that, requested of them to pray unto their God. Which when they had done, kneeling on the bare ground, and pouring forth their prayers to Christ, suddenly there powered down also from heaven abundance of rain, wherewith the Romans, by receiving water, partly at their mouths, and partly with their shields, were refreshed: but chose the Quadi, and other Nations of Germany were haunted with Lightnings. Oros. Capitolin. Euseb. Tertull. The Emperor amazed at so great a miracle, highly honoured the Christian Soldiers, mitigated the rigour of persecutions, and named that Legion of the Christians for an ever lasting memorial thereof, in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 i. Fulminatrix. Thus by the means of Christians were the Quadi vanquished. 14 927 Extant there be yet the Letters of Marcus the Emperor, wherein he layeth open all this matter to the Senate of Rome, and testifieth, that this heavenly benefit is to be ascribed unto the Prayers of Christians. Credible it is, saith he, that these Christians howsoever we account them impious, have God in their breast for their defence: For, no sooner did they cast themselves down upon the ground, & offered their prayers to a God unto me unknown, but presently there fell from heaven a most cold rain to us, but on our enemies hail & lightning. Unto their prayers was that God presently assistant, who cannot be vanquished: therefore let us grant unto such persons, that they may be Christians, lest they procure against us by their prayer such darts to confound us. 4146 176 ¶ Calpurnius Piso M. Salvius julianus. After these enemies thus subdued M. Antoninus Philosophus, delivereth Pannonia out of servitude. Eutrop. 15 928 4147 177 ¶ T. Vitrasius Pollio the second time. M. Flavius the second time. ANTONINUS triumpheth again at Rome with his son Commodus Antoninus, whom he had made Caesar. Eutrop. Lamprid. jul. Capitolin. 16 929 The Common Treasure in this war was wasted. But Marcus for two months together sold by port sale in the Forum or Hall of Traianus, all the furniture and stuff that belonged to his own private estate: and after his Triumph, gave back the money again to as many as would restore the said goods which they had so bought: neither molested he any that chose rather to keep still with than what they had once bought. With public feasting he cheered up the people; and likewise with shows and public sights, and at once, by report he exhibited an hundred horse in the Shewplace. Eutrop. 4148 178 ¶ Imp. Caesar L. Aurelius Commodus Augustus. Plantius Quinctilius. Severus Praetor elect, governeth well in Spain. Spartianus. 17 930 Irenaeus Bishop of Lions, wrote against Heretics, Books that are yet extant. Euseb. In the time also of Irenaeus, as himself witnesseth in his second Book against Heresies, the gift of casting out Devils, or evil spirits, and of healing, continued still. Tertullian maketh mention of this Irenaeus, and nameth him to be a most curious and exact examiner and searcher of all kinds of learning. 4149 179 ¶ Vettius Rufus. 18 931 ¶ Cornelius Scipio Orfitus. 4150 180 ¶ L. Aurelius Commodus Augustus the second time. Vespronius Candidus Verus. Persecutors and Heretics both, are overcome with the patience of Christians, and the godly erudition and learning of Bishops. Ecclesiast. hist. 19 932 4151 181 ¶ Bruttius Praesens the second time Sex. Quinctilius Gordianus. Marcus Antoninus Philosophus dieth the 17. day of April, in the 59 year of his age, as Tertullian noteth, who lived in this age. Onuphr. He left unto the world a great miss of him for the present, and to posterity a perpetual memory of his virtue. Happy had he been, as Capitolinus writeth, if he had not left a son behind him: Yet took he order to have him excellently well brought up and instructed. From hence the Roman Story proceedeth from the golden age to that of iron: such a sudden change there was, under Commodus, of the Roman Empire. From this year beginneth Dio his Story, wherein he relateth for fifty years space, what himself was an eyewitness of. And from this very year of Antoninus his death, beginneth Herodian his Story, which holdeth on for 59 years, namely to the year of our Lord 239. Now whereas Herodian saith, that he wrote the acts of 70. years, haply he compriseth therein some years of Antoninus Philosophus whereof he was no eyewitness. 1 933 Him succeeded AURELIUS COMMODUS ANTONINUS, the nineteenth Emperor, at nineteen years of age. He ruled twelve years, eight months, and fifteen days. In nothing resembled he his father, but that in person he also fought fortunately against the Germans. For rigour and cruelty he was even another Domitian: For silthy and unbridled lust, another Nero: taking pleasure in the bloody exercises of Sword-players: a very monster in the shape of a man. Dio. Lamprid. Herodian. Dio writeth, that Martia, a Concubine that Commodus kept, was well affected to the Christians; and for that she might do much with Commodus, conferred many benefits and favours upon them. 4152 182 ¶ Aurelius Commodus August the third time. Antistius Burrhus. The Temple of Serapis in Alexandria was burnt. Eusebius. 2 934 A little before Smyrna a city of Asia fell in an Earthquake. Euseb. Commodus triumpheth over the Germans, who as yet were not fully subdued. Herodian. 4153 183 ¶ Petronius Mamertinus, M. Vettius Stlavius Albinus Trellius Rufus. Among so many hindrances, occasioned by the Tyranny of Commodus, yet Pantaeus erected and kept a famous School of Christians at Alexandria: out of which came the Doctors of many Churches. The Scholar of Anteus, was Clemens Alexandrinus, whose works entitled Stromaton, are read at this day. Euseb. 3 935 4154 184 ¶ Imp Commodus the fourth time. M. Aufidius Victorinus. 4 936 4155 185 ¶ M. Eggius Marcellus. N. Papirius Aelianus. The Baines of Commodus were built with exceeding great charges. 5 937 4156 186 ¶ Triarius Maternus. M. Atilius Metilius Bradua. Origen about this year was borne at Alexandria. Then flourished many famous Doctors of the Church. Ecclesiast. hist. 6 938 4157 187 ¶ Imp Commodus the fifth time. M. Acilius Glabrio. Perennius the Perfect, a bloody Minister of as cruel a Lord, by wicked devises entrappeth many of the Nobility, and killeth them. Lamprid. Herodian. 7 939 4158 188 ¶ Clodius Crispinus. Papirius Aelianus. The Capitol of Rome was smitten with lightning, and a great sire occasioned thereby. A most renowned Library, and all the houses near adjoining were burnt. Lamprid. Herodian. 8 940 Divers Synods are by the Bishops holden about Easter day. Whiles the Church hath but a little rest from persecution, the Ministers thereof fell to jars and brawls. Ecclesiast. hist. 4159 189 ¶ C Allius' Fuscianus. Dullius Silanus. Perennius is torn in pieces by the soldiers: after him succeeded Cleander a notable sycophant of the Court: who by Domitian is put to death. A great famine at Rome. Lamprid. Herodian. 9 941 Apollonius a Senator of Rome, when he had read unto the Senate a Book which he had written, Of true Religion, for his Christian faith lost his head. Euseb. lib. 5. 4160 190 ¶ Iwius Silanus. Q. Servilius Silanus. Commodus took away the head of a Colosse, and caused the head of his own image to be set thereupon. He would needs be styled Hercules, and God. Lamprid. Cassiodor. 10 942 4161 191 ¶ Imp. Commodus the sixth time. Petronius Septimianus. The jews Thalmud was now written. Seder Olam. 11 943 4162 192 ¶ Cassius Apronianus. M. Atilius Mesilius Bradua the second time. There happened in Rome a great scarre-fire: whereby the Palace and Temple of Vesta, with most part of the City was laid even with the ground. 12 944 Among so many calamities Victor Bishop of Rome busieth and troubleth the East Churches about Easter day. Ecclesiast. hist. 4163 193 ¶ Imper. Commodus the seventh time. Helvius Pertinax, the second time, who afterwards was called Augustus. Commodus, so incommodious to all men, was strangled in the night that went before the Kalends of januarie, that is, Newyears day, when he had lived 31. years, and 4. months. Lamprid. Dio. Herodian. 13 945 This Prince lived for nothing but the mischief of his subjects, and his own shame. Lamprid. Here Clemens Alexandrinus endeth his supputation of times, who was an Elder or Minister of the Church at Alexandria, and in profession of Catechizing, was placed in the room of his Master Pantaenus. 4164 194 ¶ Q. Sosius Falco. C. julius Fructus Clarus. ¶ After Commodus succeeded Helvius PERTINAX, the twentieth Emperor, who reigned two months, and eight and twenty days. And was slain by his own soldiers, in the 68 year of his age. Dio. Spartian. Herodian. 1 946 This Pertinax was at first a Professor of Grammar: and in that function succeeded his master Sulpitius Apollinaris. The greeks term him 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, for that he was rather affable than beneficial. Pescennius Niger, was by the army in Syria saluted Imperator. Spartian. After Pertinax ruled Didius julianus as Emperor 66. days. Dio. Spartianus. Septimius SEVERUS, after that Didius julianus was slain, obtained the Empire; dread both of the Senate and people of Rome. He reigned seventeen years, eight months, and three days. Of this Emperor this was the doom of the Senate, That either he should never have been borne, or never died: because he seemed too too cruel, and exceeding profitable to the commonweal. Dio. Spartian. Herodian. Clodius Albinus is by the Army in Gaul saluted Emperor. jul. Capitolin. 4165 195 ¶ Imp. Septimius Severus Augustus the second time. D. Clodius Ceionius Septimius Albinus Caesar the second time. (Sparrianus names Apuleius Rufinus.) Severus goeth forth with an army against Niger, whom he vanquished in three battles, and in the end, in a suburban place near to Cizicum, others say Antioch, commanded him to be beheaded. Spartian. Herodian. 2 947 4166 196 ¶ Q Flavius Tertullus. T. Flavius Clemens. An end of the war against Pescennius Niger. Severus mindeth to make war against Clodius Albinus. 3 948 During the noise of so many wars, the Controversy is very hot about Easter day, between the Churches of Rome and of Asia: for which Victor the Bishop of Rome, would needs excommunicate the Bishops of Asia. Unto whom by Letter Polycrates the Bishop of Ephesus, and Irenaeus the Bishop of Lions do answer. And Irenaeus verily was of opinion, That for the difference about Rites and Ceremonies, the concord of Doctrine and of Faith ought not to be broken or dissolved. Eusebius lib. 5. Artemon the Heretic raiseth trouble in the Church. 4167 197 ¶ C. Domitius Dexter the second time. L. Valerius Messala Thraseas Priscus. 4 949 4168 198 ¶ Ap. Claudius Lateranus. M. Marius Titius Rufinus. Severus overcometh Clodius Albinus at Lions: setteth the city on fire: and sendeth the head of Albinus to Rome. Herodian. Spartian. and others. 5 950 4169 199 ¶ Ti. Alterius Saturninus C. Annius Trebonius Gallus. When Severus was returned to Rome he dealeth cruelly with the friends of Albinus, and with the principal Nobles. Herodian. and others. 6 951 M. AURELIUS ANTONINUS the son, being by his father saluted Emperor the 6. day of May, reigned with him 13. years. Herodian. with others. 4170 200 ¶ P. Cornelius Anullinus the second time. Marcus Aufidius Fronto. Severus turneth the war into the East against Barsenius K. of the Atrenians. Dio. Herodian. 7 952 4171 201 ¶ Ti Claudius Severus. C. Aufidius Victorinus. The king of Armenia maketh a league with Severus. 8 953 Abgarus king of the Osroens yielded himself, and giveth his sons for Hostages. After this Severus wasteth Arabia the Happy. Herodian. Spartian. 4172 202 ¶ L. Annius Fabianus. M. Nonius Mucianus. Severus vanquisheth the Adiabenes. He besiegeth Atras a city of Barsenius in vain. Herodian. Spartian. 9 954 4173 203 ¶ Imp. Septimius Severus the third time. Imp. M. Aurelius Antoninus. Severus arriving by fortune rather than of purpose, upon the coasts of the Parthians, disseiseth Artabanus of Ctesiphon, and winneth the city, and so becometh master of all the Treasure, and of a very great pillage. Herodian. 10 955 What was the discipline, rites and manners of the Christians in this age, Tertullian who then flourished in the Church, describeth in his Book Adversus Gentes ca 39 The fifth persecution of Christians is set on foot. Euseb. wherein Leonides the father of Origen by glorious martyrdom was translated out of this life: and his very son, a child, exhorted his father by Letter cheerfully to abide martyrdom. Euseb. Origen saith Hierom with six brethren, and his mother, a widow, is left poor, about seventeen years of age. Being eighteen years old in the dispersed Church of Alexandria laboured in the function of Catechizing: and afterwards by Demetrius the Bishop of that city was confirmed in the room of Clemens, and many years flourished. Severus in his journey to Alexandria, made Laws unto the Palestines: under pain of grievous punishment, forbade that any should be made Jews, and ordained the same as touching Christians. 4174 204 ¶ P Septimius Geta. L. Septimius Plautianus the second time. 11 956 4175 205 ¶ L. Fabius Cilo Septimius the second time. M. Annius Libo. For fear of persecution many Christians lie hidden in desert wildernesses. Ecclesiast. hist. 12 957 4176 206 ¶ M. Aurelius Antoninus the second time. P. Septimius Geta. 13 958 4177 207 ¶ M. Nummius Ceionius Annius Alb●us. Fulvius Aemiliaous. Severus translated the war into Britanny: and for to make the provinces which he had recovered more secure of the Barbarians incursions he drew a rampire or wall one hundred thirty and two miles in length, from sea to sea. But Polydore Virgil in his second Book De Reb. Anglicis, and in the life of Severus avoucheth, that this work was done almost 200. years after. 14 959 4178 208 ¶ M. Flavius Aper. Q. Allius' Maximus. Tertullian, a most witty and sharp Disputer, and a famous Divine, wrote against Martion. This Tertullian in his Book to Scapula showeth, that the Precedents of Provinces, who persecuted the Christians, went not away clear and unpunished: Also, that Severus himself favoured Christians. Cyprian, as S. Jerome witnesseth in his Catalogue, attributed so much unto tertullian's Writings, that whensoever he called for the Book thereof, he usually said unto his Clerk or Notary, Give me hither my Master, meaning Tertullian. 15 960 4179 209 ¶ M. Aurelius Antoninus the third time. P. Septimius Geta the second time. 16 961 4180 210 ¶ Ti. Claudius Pompeianus. Lollianus Avitus. 17 962 4181 211 ¶ M. Acilius Faustinus. C. Caeso●ius Macer Rufinianus. 18 963 4182 212 ¶ Q. Elpidius Rufus Lollianus Gentianus. Pompo●●●s Bassus. In this year, the fourth day of February, died the Emperor Septimius Severus, when he had lived three score and five years, nine months, and twenty five days: unto whom his sons were much dearer than his Subjects. Upon his deathbed he said unto his sons: Agree together, every the Soldiers, despise all others. Dio. This Prince, whom his good fortune from a base condition, had by the offices of learning and warfare 1 964 by many degrees brought to the Imperial dignity, was wont, by report, to say; I have been all, but nothing booteth. Sparta. After him succeeded M. Aurel. ANTONINUS CARACALLA the 23. Emperor of Rome, who ruled, years 6. and months 2. and together with him, his brother P. SEPTIMIUS GET A 1. year, & 22. days. Herod. Sparta. Dio. 4183 213 ¶ M. Pompeius Asper. Asper. Septimius Geta Emperor, was by his brother Antoninus Caracalla slain in the very bosom of his mother about the end of February. Papinianus the Lawyer being commanded to excuse that murder, refused, saying. That it was not so easy to excuse a parricide, as to commit it. This man therefore, worthy of immortal praise, was beheaded, because he would not defend so wicked and abominable a cause. This Papinian was called the Sanctuary or Oracle of the Law, out of whose School many skilful Lawyers have come. 2 965 4184 214 ¶ Imp. Antonin. Caracalla the fourth time. P. Caelius Baldinus the 2. time. Caracalla giveth order, that aswell the friends, as enemies of Geta should be killed. Herodian. 3 966 4185 215 ¶ Silius Messala. Q. Aquil. Sabinus. 4 967 4186 216 ¶ Aemilius Laetus. Anicius Cerealis. Baines were built at Rome of most curious and admirable workmanship. The emperors Court is stained and become infamous, through many foul kinds of licentious lusts and bloody cruelty. Dio. Spartianus. 5 968 4187 217 ¶ Q Aquilius Sabinus he 2. time. Sex Cornelius Aemillinus. Antoninus Caracalla not able to bridlc and rule his fleshly lust, taketh to wife his stepmother. Spartianus. 6 969 Asdruball he taketh a view of Alexandria, and beholdeth it, he assembleth all the youth of the city together, and then, by giving a watchword and signal to his soldiers, procureth them all to be cruelly massacred. Herodian In certain tumultuary skirmishes he vanquisheth the Goths in the East. Blondus. 4188 218 ¶ Bruttius Praesens. Extri atus. Antoninus colorably pretendeth to marry the daughter of Articanus King of the Parthians. And so having passed over Euphrates, whiles the Parthians suspected no harm, as who took him for a friend, and their king's son in Law, he put a great number of the Parthians to the sword. Herodian. 7 970 Antoninus Caracalla, when he had polluted himself with the blood of so many excellent men, was slain the 8. day of April in the 29. year of his age. Dio. Spartianus writeth, that in the mid way between Carrae and Edessa, what time as he went to war again upon the Parthians, he was stabbed with a dagger by a servitor of his, who had mounted him on his horse back: and that by the means of a train that Macrinus Praefect of the Praetorium had plotted against him, who after him entered upon the Empire. Caracalla, saith Dio. never thought to do good, because, as himself confessed, he never knew any goodness. After Caracalla succeeded OPILIUS MACRINUS the 24. Emperor, who reigned one year, one month, and 28. days. Eutrop. jul. Capitolin. 4189 219 ¶ M. Opelius Antoninus Diadumenus Caesar the second time. Adventus. Artabanus King of the Parthians, for this notorious injury which he had received at the hands of Antoninus Caracalla, with a puissant power invaded the Roman limits: Whom Macrinus encountereth, and for three days fought fortunately. But when news came of Antoninus his death, he maketh a league with the said king of the Parthians. Herodian. 1 671 The seventh day of june Macrinus the Emperor, and Diadumenus Caesar were by the soldiers slain. After them succeeded. M. AURELIUS ANTONINUS HELIOGABALUS the five and twentieth Emperor, a very monster, made altogether of abominable lusts and excessive cruelty. He ruled three years, nine months, and four days. Dio. Lampr. Herodian. Eutrop. 4190 220 ¶ Imp. Antoninus Heliogabalus the second time. Sacerdos. Thus Heliogabalus a slave, enthralled to all lust and filthiness, demeaned himself as a woman, and like a woman became wedded unto men. His Teachers and Ministers of most lewd and wicked acts he advanced to honours, whiles in the mean time he thrust down or murdered excellent persons: Insomuch as he left nothing behind him but the infamous memorial of beastly filthiness and cruelty. Herodian. Lamprid. Dio. 2 972 4191 221 ¶ Imp. Antoninus Heliogabalus the third time. M. Aurelius Eutychianus Camazon the second time. This monster most cruelly persecuteth the Church. Ecclesiast. Histor. 3 973 4192 222 ¶ Annius Gratus. Claudius' Seleucus. The Temple Heliogabaleum at Rome was built. 4 974 Pammachius a noble parsonage of Consular degree, Simplicius a Senator, and their families, Calepodius an Elder of the Church, Quirinus and Martina a virgin, were crowned with Martyrdom. Ecclesiast. hist. Cyprian Bish. of Carthage now flourisheth, whose writings full of manifold learning & piety, be extant: Likewise julius Africanus a most renowned Chronographer. Nicopolis a city in Palestina, called before Emmaus, is now built. Euseb. 4193 223 ¶ Imp. Antoninus Heliogabalus the fourth time. M. Aurelius Alexander Severus Caesar. Heliogabalus in the eighteenth year of his age, upon the eight day of March, as Onuphrius saith, is killed by the soldiers, together with his mother, Semiamira, a notorious wicked woman, and a worthy mother of such a son: His carcase was trailed, tugged, haled throughout the city, and all to be mangled even as far as to the draughts and sinks thereof, and at length thrown into Tyberis, with a weight fastened thereto, that it should not float above water, nor be buried. Thus a foul and filthy end attended upon the unclean and beastly life of this Sardanapalus. Lamprid. Herodian. Dio. 5 975 Him succeeded ALEXANDER SEVERUS the 26. Emperor, who governed years 13. days 9 Lamprid. A right praiseworthy Prince he was, and most profitable to the Commonwealth: he loved learned men, and was himself learned also: he enacted many Laws, but passed no constitution without the advice of twenty lawyers, and those most learned and wise men, the chief of whom was Vlpianus. He made much of Christians (although some think otherwise, for that under his Empire, Callistus and Vrbanus Bishops of the Roman church, Cecilie a Roman Virgin, Tiburtius, Valerianus, Maximus, noble personages, and others in divers places, were killed for the profession of Christ) and especially he delighted in this speech, which he caused to be written upon the walls, and proclaimed by the Crier, What thou wouldst not should be done to thyself, do not to another. His mother was Mammea the daughter of Maesa, a christian woman: who sent for Origen a man in those days famous for his excellent Doctrine, and of him learned Religion. 4194 224 ¶ Maximus. Papyrius Aelianus. This Alexander Severus drew those to bear offices of State and Dignity, who drew back and refused, saying, That those went to be placed in authority who were unwilling thereto, and not such as sued therefore. A certain Scribe or Notary, who at the emperors Counsel Table recorded untruths, he caused to have the sinews of his fingers cut through that he might never be able to write again, and then banished him. Unto his own wife, who complained and blamed him, for that by his exceeding courtesy he made his power and authority more contemptible; Yea, answered he, but yet more secure and durable. He was minded to build a Temple in the honour of Christ, and to receive him in the rank of gods, whose Image also he had in his closet. And when the Christians had possessed themselves of a certain place, which had been public or common, and the company of Victuallers challenged it to be theirs, he wrote unto them, That it was better God should be worshipped there, it skilled not how, than that the place should be allowed for Victuallers. Ulpian the Lawyer, he protected and defended, from the anger and violence of the soldiers, by putting his purple rob between him and them. Lamprid. Herodian writeth moreover, that he ruled the Empire without blood: and that in his time there was no man killed without condemnation. 2 976 4195 225 ¶ Claudius julianus. Clodius Crispinus. 3 977 4196 226 ¶ L. Turpilius Dexter. M. Maecius Rufus. Vlpianus a most learned Lawyer, and the maker of many Laws, which are contained in the Pandects, was killed by the Praetorian soldiers. Eusebius, and others. 4 978 Thinking doom of the Parthians had now an end, by reason that Artabanus their King was vanquished and slain by Artaxerxes King of the Persians. Agath. lib. 4. 4197 227 ¶ Imp. Alexander Severus August the second time. 〈…〉 5 979 4198 228 ¶ D Cęlius Balbinus the second time, who was afterward called Augustus. ●. Clodius Pupienus Maximus, who afterwards was called Augustus. Severus prepareth an army against the Persians. 6 980 4199 229 ¶ Vettius Modestus. Probus. Severus defeated Artaxerxes or Abgarus King of the Persians: and triumphed over him. Herodian writeth that this war was right dangerous unto the Romans. 7 981 4200 230 ¶ Imp. Alexand. Severus Aug. the third time. Cassius Apronianus son of Dio ●he second time. Armies are sent into sundry parts of the Empire. Lamprid. 8 982 4201 231 ¶ Calpurnius. Agricola. About this time flourished Origen at Alexandria, where he had succeeded Clemens his Master in the Catechizing chair. Among other works he compiled also 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, the whole volume of the Bible he digested and divided into six columns, and as many languages or editions. In the defraying of the charges, helped and furnished he was by one Ambrose a rich man, whom Origen had convicted of heresy, and reduced into the right way of truth. 9 983 In Mauritania Tingituna Furius Celsus made war and sped well: In Illyricum Varus did likewise, and junius Palinatus in Armenia. Concerning which victories, see Lamprid. and others. 4202 232 ¶ T. Claudius Pompeianus. Fetctanus. 10 984 4203 233 ¶ julius Lupus. Maximus. Alexander Severas suiteth certain Almes-boyes and Girls, whom after his mother's name he called Mammaei and Mammaeae. Lamprid. 11 985 4204 234 ¶ Maximus Ovinius Paternus. 12 986 4205 235 ¶ Maximus Vrbanus. 13 987 4206 236 ¶ L. Catisius Severus L. Ragonius Vr●nanus Quinctianus. The war in Germany wherein Ale xander Severus the eight day of March, in a tumul 〈…〉 the Soldiers, was with his mother slain at Mogunce. Lamprid. Herodian. jul. Capitolin. He had then lived 29. years, 4. months, and 7. days. Lamprid. Herodian. 1 988 After Alexander Severus succeeded MAXIMINUS the 27. Emperor, who ruled about three years E● ab. Capitolin. Ior●and. This Muximums was at first no better than a Shepherd, and kept sheep in the m●ch times of Thracia: but for his goodly tall and big body, he was enroled a soldier, and by little and little Fortune led him by the hand, and raised him from that low condition to the imperial estate. Alexander Severus the Emperor cast a liking and favour unto him for his military strength, yea he advanced and endowed him with many benefits, but to his own destruction: and in truth, nourished, as they say, a Viper in his bosom. For Maximinus was no sooner in a tumult of the soldiers saluted Emperor, but he commanded Alexander and his mother Mammea to be killed. This Maximinus was the very plague and bane of the Commonweal, as one who went about to establish his Empire, not with justice, but with cruelty and tyranny: whomsoever it pleased him, he killed, without audience given them to plead for themselves, he thrust out of the Court, deprived of goods and offices, at his pleasure. More rigorous and cruel to citizens and Subjects then to his enemies: odious to all good men, acceptable to the wicked for his cruelty, oppression, and exaction. Capitolin. jornandes. Maximinus vanquished the Germans. The friends of Severus he caused cruelly to be murdered. Capitolin. Herodian. 4207 237 ¶ Maximinus Augustus C. juliu Africa●us. The sixth persecution against the Christians, and especially against the Pastors of the Church, was by this Cyclops raised. Ecclesiast. hist. 2 989 Than it was that Origen writ a Book of Martyrdom. 4208 238 ¶ P. Titius Perpetnus. L. Ovinius Rust●cus Cornelianus. Maximinus the Emperor, in the 65. year of his age, was together with his son murdered by his own soldiers at Aquileia. Their dead bodies in shameful and reproachful manner being cast out into the open streets, were left to be devoured of dogs and fowls. Their heads were pitched upon poles, and sent to Rome, where they yielded a pleasant spectacle unto all men: and at last, by the people leaping for joy, burnt in Campus Martius. When the son of Maximinus was killed, a cry was set up, That of so bad a kind, there ought not to besaved so much as a whelp. There was not (saith Capitolinus) a more cruel beast that lived upon the face of the earth: such a confidence he had in his own strength, as that he thought he could not possibly be killed. And when as for the goodly greatness of his body he believed in a manner that he was immortal: there stepped up one in the Theatre, even in his presence; who pronounced certain Greek verses to this effect: 1 990 And he that cannot be killed by one, is killed by many. An Elephant is big, and yet is killed. A Lion is strong, and yet is killed. A Tiger is strong, but yet is killed. Take heed of many together, if thou fear none severally. ¶ The two GORDIANS, father and son, being by the Army in Africa made Emperors, for 36. days, and no more, retained both life and dignity: For vanquished they were and slain by Capellianus Perfect of the Moors. When their death was known, the Senate of Rome created PUPIENUS MAXIMUS, and BALBINUS, Emperors, and by a new name styled them EATHERS OF THE SENATE. These reigned together one year. Herodian. Capitolin. There happened so great an Eclipse of the Sun, that it was as dark at noon day as at midnight, neither could any thing be done without candle light. Capitolin. 4209 239 ¶ M. Vlpius Crinitus. C. Nonius Proculus Pontianus. Pupienus Maximus, and Balbinus, were at Rome, by the Praetorian soldiers killed, in the time of the Capitoline Games. Herodian. 1 991 After them succeeded M. ANTONIUS GORDIANUS the younger, who the year before was styled CAESAR, and he reigned six years. It was a saying of his, Miserable is that Emperor from whom true reports are kept. Capitolinus. 4210 240 ¶ Imp. M. Anton. Gordianus. M. Acilius Aviola. Sabinianus in Africa raiseth sedition and rebellion against Gordianus: whom Gordianus, by the Praefect of Mauritania forceth to yield. Capitolin. 2 992 4211 241 ¶ Vettius Sabinus the second time. Venustus. 3 993 4212 242 ¶ Imp. Marc. Anton. Gordianus the second time. T. Claudius Pompeianus. The Persian war. Gordianus espouseth the daughter of Misitheus a learned and wiseman, of whose valiant service and politic counsel in the Persian war he had good proof. Capitolin. 4 994 4213 243 ¶ C. Aufidius Vettius Atticus. C. Asinius Praetextatus. Gordianus openeth the Temple of janus: marcheth against the Persians: vanquisheth Sapor King of the Persians, and regaineth many cities. Capitolin. Eutropius. 5 995 There happened so great an Earthquake, that itswallowed up many cities with their inhabitants. Capitolin. 4214 244 ¶ C. julius Apriaws. Aemilius Papus. Misitheus Praefect of the Praetorium, dieth. In whose place was ordained Philippus Arabs, who being forgetful of a benefit received by Gordianus, attempted with wicked and cursed devises to hoist him out of his Imperial seat. Capitoliu. 6 996 Argunthis King of the Scythians, wasteth the borders of the Roman Empire. Capitolin. 4215 245 ¶ Pereg●inus. Fulvius Ae●ilianu●. ¶ After that GORDIAN was by the soldiers slain in the month of March M. JULIUS PHILIPPUS ARABS governed as Emperor, together with PHILIPPUS his son, 5. years, & certain months. Eutrop. Victor. This Philippus Arabs was the first Roman Christian Emperor. And Eusebius reporteth of him, that on Easter day, the Bishop would not admit him to the Lords Supper, before that among others confessing their sins, he stood up in the Church and showed tokens of repentance. 1 997 4216 246 ¶ Imp. Mare. julius Philippus. T. Fabius Titianus. New heresies sprung up in Arabia, which Origen suppressed for spreading further. Ecclesiast. hist. 2 998 4217 247 ¶ Bruttius Present. Nummius Albinus. 3 999 4218 248 ¶ Imp. M. julius Philippus, the second time. Philippus Caesar his son. This being the thousandth year after the foundation of Rome, was by Philippus solemnised with great games and starely plays. Some reckon this solemnity in the year following under the third Consulship of PHILIPPUS: 4 1000 As touching this celebrity of Sports, see Capitolinus. 4219 249 ¶ Imp. M. julius Philippus the third time. His son Philippus Caesar the second time. 5 1001 4220 250 ¶ Fulvius Ae●ilianus. Vettius Aquilinus. Both Philip's Emperors, are by the soldiers killed. 1 1002 After whom succeeded GN. MESSIUS QUINCTUS TRAIANUS DECIUS, who reigned with his son DECIUS CAESAR two years and certain months. The Parthians invade Armenia, and possess themselves of it, having put Tyridates the King to flight, and taken his sons into their hands upon submission. Pomp. Laetus. 4221 251 ¶ Imp. Traianus Decius August. the second time. Maximus Gratus. ¶ The seventh Persecution of the Christians set on foot by DECIUS, which like unto some cruel tempest, swallowed up and drowned many holy men and Saints in sundry places: Among whom was Fabian Bishop of Rome. S. Laurence, whose constant faith shining among the very flames as he lay upon the gredyron, Prudentius depainteth to the life, and Babylas Bishop of Antioch: Also Apollonia a virgin, who when her teeth were strucken out of her head, leapt of her own accord into the flaming fire that was made for her, and so was consumed to ashes. Ecclesiast. hist. 2 1003 The Schism of the Novatians troubleth the Church. Dionysius Bishop of Alexandria reporteth in Eusebius, that Chaeremon a bishop, very aged, together with his wife fled unto a mountain in Arabia, and was never seen; and notwithstanding his brethren sought him and his wife divers times, yet could they never find them nor their bodies: Whereupon some have guessed that they were taken up alive into heaven. 4222 252 ¶ Imp. Traiantis Decius the third time. Q. Herennius Hetruscus Decius Caesar. Decius in the war against the Goths was with his whole army defeated, and his body being swallowed up in a deep whirlpit, or quave-mire, could not be found. In the same battle was the son of Decius slain. jornand. Cassiodor. Orosius. Eutrop. 1 1004 A pestilent disease reigneth in divers Provinces of the world: but most of all plagueth Alexandria, and all Egypt throughout. VALENS LUCINIANUS usurpeth the Empire. Sext. Aurel. Victor. After the Deccis succeed C. VIBIUS TREBONI ANUS GALLUS, and CAIUS VIBIUS VOLUSIANUS, who reigned not full two years. Euseb. Eutrop. Under these emperors the people of Rome began first to pay an yearly tribute unto foreign and barbarous nations. Pomp. Laetus. and Blondus. 4223 253 ¶ C. Vib. Trebon. Gallus August. the second time. C. ●ib. Volusianus August. Aemilius Maurus usurpeth the Empire, but within a little after perished. Pomp. Laetus. 2 1005 4224 254 ¶ C. Vib. Volusianu. August. the second time. M. Valerius Maximus. After the two Emperors GALLUS and VOLUSIANUS were slain, there succeeded VALERIANUS, and GALLIENUS, who reigned 7. years: whose life Trebellius Pollio hath described. 1 1006 Origen an Ecclesiastical writer departed this life at Tyros, when he was threescore and nine years of age: and there was he buried. Concerning whose writings, this speech went in old time, Where he wrote well, no man wrote better. Ecclesiast. hist. He left behind him many Scholars, and among them, Gregory Bishop of Neocaesarea. 4225 255 ¶ Valerianus August. the second time. Gallienus Augustus. 2 1007 4226 256 ¶ Valerianus August the third time. Gallienus August the second time. The Goths break into Asia, wasting and spoiling all before them. Treble. Pollio. 3 1008 The Temple of Diana at Ephesus is burnt. jornandes. 4227 257 ¶ M. Valerius Maximus. M. Acilius Glabrio. 4 1009 4228 258 ¶ Valerianus August the fourth time Gallienus August the third time. The eight persecution of Christians. Valerianus in the first year of his Empire, as Eusebius witnesseth, was mild and gracious to the Christians: but afterwards at the persuasion of a certain Egyptian Magician, not only bitterly and cruelly persecuted the Christians, but also being given to art-Magicke, learned by that Master of Iniquity, to cut the tender bowels of infants, and to offer men and women for sacrifice. 5 1010 Sapores or Sapor King of the Persians, layeth Syria, Cilicia, and Cappodocia waste. Treb. Pollio. Cornelius, a Bishop of Rome, and Cyprian Bishop of Carthage, in whose writings every word, in manner, savour of martyrdom, were beheaded, the one at Rome, the other at Carthage. Cassiodor. 4229 259 ¶ M. Aurelius Memmius Fuscus. Pomponius Bassus. Valerian with a puissant army taketh a journey to war upon Sapores. The Soldiers in Gaulesalute Posthumus for their Emperor: And in Pannonia Ingenuus is by the army styled Emperor. Vopi c. Pomp. Laetus. 6 1011 4230 260 ¶ Fulvius Aemilianus. Pomponius Bassus the second time. The persecution holdeth still under Valerianus, and Gallienus. Ecclesiast. hist. 7 1012 One Paulus a Deacon began first to keep the wilderness, and lead an Eremites life. Hieronymus. Ingenuus was by Gallienus overthrown, and his whole army put to the sword. Regillianus was by the Maesians made Emperor, after he had vanquished the Sarmatians: and was by the Roxolanes killed, for fear they should be infested by Gallienus. Pom. Laet. Aureolus in Illyricum obtains the empire. 4231 261 ¶ L. Cornelius Seculatis the second time. junius Donatus. Valerianus, after that he had ruled the Empire with his son Gallienus seven years, encountering in Mesopotamia the Persians, struck a battle, wherein he was discomfited, and taken prisoner by Sapores in the 77. year of his age, and in miserable and perpetual servitude lived out the rest of his years among the Parthians. For, the King, whensoever he should get upon his horse, used his neck, bowing and stooping underneath in steed of a footstool; in such sort, as that Valerian was forced to mount the King up into his saddle, not with his hand, but his back. Gallienus moved with this calamity of his father, and affrighted at this manifest judgement of God, granted peace again unto the Church: and by proclamation of his Edicts, remitted and eased the persecution. Eusebius, and others. 1 1013 During the Empire of Gallienus, there usurped Imperial dignity in divers places, and at sundry times, 30. going under the name of Tyrants, who called themselves Emperors. Treble. Pollio, and others. 4232 262 ¶ Gallienus Augustus the fourth time. Petronius Volusianus. Gallienus saluteth Valerianus his younger brother, & his own son Gallienus, Caesar's, & jointly with them reigneth. 2 1014 The Germane and Franks with a great power forcibly invade Italy, killing and spoiling, until they come as far as Ravenna. Eusebius, Orosius. Aemilianus in Egypt, assumed the Imperial rob. Him Theodorus taketh prisoner. Tr. Pollio. Odenatus King of the Palmyrenes, taketh upon him the Empire of the East, and in a great fought field, vanquisheth the Persians, in so much, as having put Sapores to flight, he encamped hard under Ctesiphon. Tr. Pollio. Macrianus the father, together with Macrianus and Quietus his sons, became Emperors. But both the Macriani are by Aureolus the usurper of the Empire in Illyricum slain in battle. And Quietus within a while after was killed by Odenatus. Tr. Pollio. The error of the Chiliasts, together with the heresies of Sabellius & Samosatenus trouble the church. Euseb. 4233 263 ¶ Gallienus Augustus the fifth time. Ap. Pomponius Faustinus. A terrible plague reigneth in Rome, and elsewhere. Many great earthquakes happen, and fearful darkness for many days together. Treb. Pollio. 3 1015 4234 264 ¶ Numnrius Albinus. Maximus Dexter. The Goths waste Greece, Macedon, Pontus, and Asia. And the inroads of the Barbarians sore shaketh other Provinces. Tr. Pollio, Cassiodor. jornandes. 4 1016 The Quadi and Sarmatians seize into their hands Pannonia. Euseb. 4235 265 ¶ Gallienus Aug. the sixth time. Aemilius Saturninus. The Franks, Saxons, and Germans break into Gaul. Euseb. 5 1017 Odenatus holdeth the whole Empire of the East. Tr. Pollio. 4236 266 ¶ Valerianus Caesar the second time. L. Cesonius Macer Locillus Ruf●ianus. The Franckes, Saxons, and Germans enter also into Spain. Euseb. 6 1018 Odenatus is assumed by Gallienus into the fellowship of the Empire, and styled Augustus. Tr. Pollio. Posthumius with his son Posthumus, was killed in the seventh year of his Empire among the Gauls by a train that Lollianus laid for him. Treble. Pollio. Theheresie of Samosatenus is oppugned by the authority of Synods, and godly learned Pastors of the Church, Eusebius. 4237 267 ¶ Gallienus Aug. the seventh time. Sabimlius. The Franks, Saxons, and Germans under the conduct of Antharius and Lutterus, sons of Bartherus & Marbodus kings of the Saxons, force Tarracon a city of Spain, and lay it even with the ground. Euseb. Trithemius. 7 1019 Odenatus by an ambush that Maeonius his cousin German laid, was with his son Herode slain. Victorinus, whom Posthumus had made his companion in the kingdom of Gaul, killeth Lollianus, & alone obtaineth the sovereign rule among the Gauls. Tr. Pollio. 4238 268 ¶ Ovinius Paternus Arcesilaus. Zenobia the wife of Odenatus, together with her sons 8 1020 Herennianus and Timolaus holdeth the kingdom of the East. Tr. Pollio. After that Victorinus was slain at Agrippina, for abusing the bodies of wives & matrons, Marius kept the Empire for 2. days. This Marius had been a Smith: and when he was likewise killed, Tetricus entered upon the Empire, & after sundry occurrents & events, was at length by Aurelianus (but not before he had laid down the Imperial dignity) promoted to sundry honours. Tr. Pollio. 4239 269 ¶ Ovinius Paternus the second time. Marinianus. Aureolus Emperor in Illyricum, after he had put Tetricus to flight, concluded a peace with Gallienus: which being soon after dissolved and broken, Gallienus together with his brother, was at Milan by the soldiers of Aureolus slain about the 22. of March. Tr. Pollio. 1 1021 After Gallienus succeeded M. AURELIUS FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS, who ruled one year, ten months, & fifteen days. 4240 270 ¶ M. Aurel. Fl. Claud. Aug. the second time. Ovinius Paternus. Claudius' the Emperor vanquished Aureolus & disseiseth him of his Empire. He subdueth the Goths, wasting Illyricum & Macedonia, & in battle slew of them 320000. Tr. Pollio. 2 1022 4241 271 ¶ Flavius Antiochianus. Furius Orfitus. The fourth day of February Claudius dieth, after whom succeeded M. Aurelius Quinctilius his brother, who the twentieth day of February was killed. 1 1023 After Claudius succeed L. DOMITIUS AURELIUS VALERIA. AURELIANUS, who governed the Empire four years, eleven months, and seven days. He giveth the Suevians and Sarmatians an overthrow. The Marcomans that wasted Italy, he overcometh at Placentia. Fl. Vopiscus. This Aurelianus was a severe, rigorous, and bloody prince. He killed his own sister's daughter for a very small cause. Military discipline he kept most severely: for a soldier, who had committed adultery with his hosts wife, he punished in this manner: he caused the tops of 2. trees to be bend downward, which he tied unto the feet of the said soldier, and so dainly suffered them to go back again: so as the poor wretch being rend insunder, hanged by the half on both sides. Unto his deputy or lieutenant general he wrote in this wise: If thou wilt be a Captain and Commander, nay if thou wilt enjoy thy life contain thy soldiers hands: No man be so hardy as to take away other men's goods: let none trample corn under feet: let the soldier be content with his allowance, and live of the enemy's spoil, not of the Provincialles tears: let him have his wages in his belt, and not in the Tavern and Taphouse. Of this Aurelianus Vopiscus writeth thus, that many reckon him neither among good princes nor bad; for that he wanted Clemency the principal virtue of a Prince: and himself saith, He was a necessary Prince rather than a good. 4242 272 ¶ Aurelianus Pomponius Bassus. A seditious broil arose in Rome, whiles the Emperor maketh war against the Marcomans. Vopiscus. 2 1024 Constantinus Magnus, who afterwards was Emperor, this year was borne in Britanny, whose father was Constantius, and his mother Helena. Bucholcer. Samosatenus is declared an heretic, and cast out of the Church. Eusebius, and others. 4243 273 ¶ Quietus Voldumianus. After the Marcomans war was dispatched, the authors of the foresaid sedition in Rome are grievously punished. Aurelianus vanquisheth the Barbarians in Illyricum and Thracia. Cannabas the Leader of the Goths he killeth on the further side of Danubius. Vopiscus. 3 1025 4244 274 ¶ M. Claudius Tacitus, who afterward was called Augustus. M Moecius Memmius Balburius Furius Placidianus. After the Barbarians were subdued, Aurelianus marcheth into the East, and recovereth many pieces that had been lost. He vanquisheth Queen Zenobia, and taketh her prisoner. One Firmius seizeth Egypt into his hands, and keepeth it: which soon after was by Valerianus a great captain recovered. Vopiscus. 4 1026 4245 275 ¶ Imp. Aurelianus August. the second time. C. julius Capitolinus. Aurelianus triumpheth over his enemies vanquished. He buildeth a Temple unto the Sun: Fortifieth Rome with stronger walls round about: Delivereth the Vindelici from the Barbarians siege: Then setteth he forward in a warlike expedition into Illyricum: and proclaimeth war upon the Persians. Vopiscus. 5 1027 The ninth persecution against Christians, was by Aurelianus proclaimed, but by occasion of his death interrupted and impeached: wherefore some reckon it not among the ten persecutions. 4246 276 ¶ Imp. Aurelianus Augustus the third time. T. Annonius Marcellinus. He became never the more reclaimed, nor better minded, notwithstanding a thunderbolt fell violently hard by him: nay, rather wrote his Mandates to the utter destruction of the Christian churches: which done betwixt Heraclea and Byzantium he was by his own company slain the 29. day of january. After his decease there continued an interreigne or vacancy for eight months. Vopiscus, Eusebius, Orosius, Onuphr. 1 1028 After Aurelianus succeeded M. CLAUDIUS TACITUS, who reigned six months, and 20. days: a prince adorned with many virtues, & singularly well accepted of the Senate. Vop. Eut. 4247 277 ¶ Imp. Tacitus August. the second time. Fulvius Aemilianus. After they were all dispatched and put to death who murdered Aurelianus, Tacitus enforced all those Barbarians who had broken forth from Maeotis to return back again thither. But in the sixth month, as some say, he was murdered by the treacherous practice of his own soldiers: others affirm, that being surcharged with factions, his heart was broken, and his wits cracked, and so for thought died. Vopisc. 1 1029 FLORIANUS the whole brother of Tacitus, after his brother, took the Empire upon him of his own motion; but held it scarce two months, and was killed by his soldiers at Tarsus, who heard that Probus was Emperor, whom all the army had elected. After Tacitus therefore succeeded M. AUREL. VALERIA. PROBUS, who ruled five years, and four months. So noble a warrior he was, and mighty in feats of Arms, that the Senate wished for him, the soldiers chose him, and the people of Rome with open acclamation called for him. His virtues and brave exploits Fl. Vopiscus hath described. The madness and cursed heresy of the Manichees is entered into many parts of the world. 4248 278 ¶ Imp. M. Aurel. Probus Augustus the second time. M. Furius Lupus. Probus recovereth Gaul, which the Germans had possessed themselves of having put 400000. of them to the sword. Eutro. and regained 60. cities out of the Barbarians hands. Vopiscus. 2 1030 4249 279 ¶ Imp. M. Aurel. Probus Augustus the third time. Ovinius Paternus. Probus having vanquished the Germans, subdued also the Sarmatians in Illyricum: He overcame the Nations of the Geteses in Thracia, and upon their submission took them into favour and friendship. Vopiscus. From thence he marched into the East. 3 1031 4250 280 ¶ junius Messala-Gratus. Probus took Palfurius a most puissant Brigand prisoner, and slew him, freed Isauria, after he had quieted the parts of Pamphilia, subdued the Blemmies, and granted peace unto the Parthians and Persians at their suit and request. Being returned into Thracia, he planted an hundred thousand Bastarnae, and other Nations of the Gepidians, Goths and Vandals assembled together in Roman ground. Vopisc. 4 1032 4251 281 ¶ Imp. M. Aurel. Probus Augustus the fourth time. C. junius Tibetinus. Saturninus aspiring to the East Empire, was by Probus overcome. 5 1033 Bonosus and Proculus at Agrippina make themselves Emperors of Gaul, and usurp therewith Britanny, Spain, and Gaul Braccata: These Probus overthrew. The Gepidians, Goths and Vandals that rebelled, at divers times, and in sundry victories he subdued. After this he was received at Rome in a magnificent Triumph, and exhibited unto the people most sumptuous shows. Vopisc. 4252 282 ¶ Imp. M Aurel. Probus August. the fifth time. Pomponius Victorinus. Probus an exactor of Military discipline, and an enemy of idle persons, and withal, desirous to end all wars, whiles he addresseth himself to the Persian war, as 6 1034 he journeied through Illyricum, was treacherously by his own soldiers killed the second day of November. Howbeit afterwards all the soldiers together erected for him a mighty great sepulchre, with such a title or inscription as this: Here lieth the Emperor Probus, and truly called Probus, that is, Good: Conqueror of all barbarous Nations: Conqueror also of Tyrants. See more in Vopiscus. Him succeeded M. AURELIUS CARUS, who together with his sons CARINUS and NUMERIANUS reigned one year. 4253 283 ¶ Imp. M. Aurel. Carus. M. Aurel. son of August. Carinus Cęsar. CARUS taking in hand that Persian war, which Probus prepared for, together with his son Numerianus, gained Mesopotamia, and came as far as to Cresiphon: and there with lightning was consumed. Vopiscus. 1 1035 4254 284 ¶ M. Aurel. Carinus Augustus the second time. M. Aurel. Numerianus August. the second time. C. VALERIA. DIOCLETIANUS JOVIUS, was saluted Emperor, and reigned twenty years: Numerianus was by his father in law, that is, his wife's father, Aper, slain. 1 1036 * Dryas in Gaul. Diocletian, yet a privateman, having been told by a * witch or wise woman, that he should then be Emperor when he had killed Aper, which signifieth a wild Boar, hunted oft, and killed many a one, but miss still of the Empire. He would often say; Many a Boar have I slain, but others go away still with the sweet venison: At length with his own hand he ran Aper aforesaid Praefect of the Praetorium through with a sword, and then thought himself surely invested in the Empire. Fl Vopiscus. Carinus fought many a field with Diocletian: but in the last battle at Murgum he was vanquished, and suffered due punishment for his wickedness: For, murdered he was by a Tribune or Captain, whose wife he had committed adultery with. Vopisc. Eutrop. Aurel. Vict. 4255 285 ¶ Imp. Diocletian. Aug. the second time. Aristobulus. Many Commotions there were in certain regions of the Empire: also certain usurpers or tyrants, who soon after were put down and oppressed. Pomp. Laetus. 2 1037 4256 286 ¶ M. junius Priscillianus Maximus the second time. Ve●tius Aquilinus. MAXIMIANUS HERCULIUS was by Diocletian made partner with him in the Empire, & created Augustus. This Maximian with wonderful celerity destroyed Amanius and Aelianus chieftains and principals of the faction Bugarida or Bacaudica (for so the rural multitude termed themselves:) the Almans beginning to stir he repressed: Semblably, the Chaibones, the Heruli, and Gaul he quieted. Pomp. Laet. Sigonius. 3 1038 4257 287 ¶ Imp. Diocletian. August. the third time. Imp. Maximianus Augustus the second time. Diocletian driveth back the Goths, and placeth forts again in the limits of the Empire. Sigon. 4 4093 Carausius usurped the kingdom of Britauny, and held it for six years, whiles the Romans strove in vain against him. Maximian tameth the Almains again: maketh a bridge over the river of Rhine, and erecteth Trophies in the mids of Almain. Sigon. Eutrop. Pomp. Laetus. 4258 288 ¶ M. Aurel Max. the second time. Pomponius januarius. Some refer to this time, the martyrdom of Saint Maurice, who was the Leader of the Theban Legion: which being Christian, and abhorring the worship of Idols, and abstaining from sacrifices, at the commandment of Maximian, was first tithed, that is, every tenth man thereof was executed; and afterwards every one of them, together with their Captain Mauricius, hewn and cut in pieces. Otho Frising. lib. 3. cap. 45. 5 1040 4259 289 ¶ Annius Bassus. L Ragonitis Quinctianus. Achilles possesseth himself of Egypt. Pomp. Laetus. Maximian invadeth the Frankes country, and forceth their King Gennobon to seek for peace. But he had like to have lost Mauritania sore infested by the Quinquegentians. Sigonius. 6 1041 4260 290 ¶ Imp. Diocletian August. the fourth time. Imp. Maximianus Aug. the third time. Sundry wars in divers places begin to show themselves. Diocletian marcheth beyond the river Ister, against the Goths, Carpi, Quades, and Marcomans. Pomp. Laetus. 7 1042 4261 291 ¶ C. junius Tibetianus. Cassius Dion. Diocletian and Maximian being overlaied with business, adopted unto them two Caesars, to wit, Maximianus GALERIUS and CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS. As for Galerius he took to wife Valeria the daughter of Diocletian, and Constantius wedded the wife's daughter of Maximian, after they had rejected and cast off their former wives. CONSTANTIUS reigned fifteen years, and GALERIUS one and twenty. Sigon. Onuph. Pomp. Laetus. 8 1043 4262 292 ¶ Afranius Hannibalianus, or Anabalianus. M. Asclepodotus. Galerius taketh the charge of defending Illyricum. He vanquisheth the Sarmatians, and the Carpi. Constantius being sent against Carausus, recovereth Gessoriacum. He delivereth Clivia besieged by the Frankes. Maximian requireth to have the recovery of Mauritania to be committed unto him. Constantius giveth unto Galerius his son Constantinus as a pledge of his love. Sigon. 9 1044 Galerius vanquisheth the Basternae, the Carpi, and the Sarmatians: and at the comma undement of Diocletian draws the Sarmatians over on this side Ister. Constantinus the son of Constantius beareth himself manfully, and with singular commendation in the Sarmatian war. Constantius prepareth to war in Britanny against Carausius, who is slain by alectus. Maximian restraineth the Franckes, and sendeth an army into Africa against the Quinquegentians. Constantius having vanquished alectus, recovereth Britanny. Pomp. Laetus. Carol. Sigon. 4251 293 ¶ Imp. Diocletianus August. the fifth time. Imp. Maximianus August. the fourth time. Diocletian overcometh Achilles in Egypt. Having won by force Alexandria, he dealeth cruelly with the Citizens, sacketh the city, pulleth down the walls, and so bringeth the Egyptian war to an end. He removeth the Nabatheans out of their borders, and entereth into a counsel and purpose with himself to persecute the Christians. Euseb. Sigonius. 10 1045 Maximian and Constantius bring over the Franckes into the waste deserts of Gaul. Sigon. 4264 294 ¶ Constantius Caesar. Galerius Caesar. Galerius encountereth Narses King of the Persians, fighteth a battle with him, and gaineth victory. But within a while after; having received a foil and overthrow, fled to Diocletian, where being rebuked by him, he repaireth his army with fresh forces. After this, returning to the war, he over cometh Narses, and regaineth two Provinces beyond Tigris. Diocletian cannot contain the felicity of the Roman Empire, & his own: but will needs be adored and worshipped, yea he intendeth an horrible persecution against the Christians. 11 1046 4265 295 ¶ Nummius Tuscus. Annius Cornelius Annullinus. 12 1047 4266 296 ¶ Imp. Diocletian August the sixth time Constantius Caesar the second time. Maximian goeth forward against the Quinquegentians, whom at length he subdueth. 13 1048 Constantius fighteth with the Lingones: at the first he had the foil, but afterards the upper hand. He adventureth a dangerous journey to the Vindones. Pomp. Laetus, Euseb. Sigon. 4267 297 ¶ Imp Maximian August the fifth time. Galerius Caesar the second time. 14 1049 4268 298 ¶ Anicius Faustus the second time. Severus Gallus. Diocletian giveth commandment, that most sumptuous and magnificent Baines should be made at Rome: and Maximian at Carthage. These two Giants have no better conceit of the Christians, then of the refuse and off-skouring of the world. Constantius granteth unto the Clivians, Eumenes the Rhetorician, who might plant Schools of learning in Gaul. Sigon. Pomp. Laetus. 15 1050 4269 299 ¶ Imp Dio●l. August. the 7. time. Imp. Maximianus August. the sixth time. Maximian buildeth baines at Milan: likewise a palace at Aquileia and at Brixia, and an Amphitheatre at Verona. Sigon. 16 1051 4270 300 ¶ Constantius Caesar the third time Galerius Caesar the third time. Aelius Spartianus, julius Capitolinus, Aelius Lampridius, Vulcatius Gallicanus, Flavius Vopiscus, and Trebellius Pollio, Historiographers, all at this time lived. Bucholeer. 17 1052 4271 301 ¶ Posthumius Titianus the ● time Flavius Popilius Nepotianus. The church now beautified with many men endowed with pity and singular erudition, whiles these Emperors prepare themselves to triumph, beholdeth the cross hard at their shoulders. Euseb. 18 1053 4272 302 ¶ Constantius Caesar the 4 time. Galerius Caesar the fourth time. Diocletian and Maximian triumphed most gloriously and magnificently at Rome over the Persians and Germans: having the wife, sisters, and children of Narses King of the Persians going before their Chariot. A little after this they intent the tenth and most cruel persecution against the Christians, in divers countries of East and West both: whereof Eusebius and other Ecclesiastical writers relate at large. 19 1054 4273 303 ¶ Imp. Diocletian Aug the 8 time. Imp Maximian the 7 time. In the second year of this perfecution Diocletian and Maximian laid off their purple, and resigned up the Empire at Nicomedia the thirtieth day of April, and committed the charge of defending the State and Commonweal to Constantius and Galerius, who before were Caesar's, and now proclaimed Augusti. These two divided 20 1055 the Roman Empire between them. CONST ANTIUS the Father of CONSTANTINE reigned two years, and GALERIUS seven. Euseb. Pomp. Laetus. 4274 304 ¶. Imp. Diocletianus, Aug. the ninth time. Imp. Maximianus Augustus the eight time. Galerius having gotten the Empire of the East, continueth the persecution against the Christians. Constantius yielded up again unto Galerius Italy and Africa, neither troubleth he the Christians. Eusebius, Sigonius. 1 1056 4275 305 ¶ Imp. Constantius Aug. the fifti Imp. Galerius August. the fifth Galerius riddeth his palace wholly of all holy men. Constantius gracious unto Christians hasteneth into Britanny against the Picts and Caledones. 2 1057 4276 306 ¶ Imp. Constantius Aug the 6. time. Imp. Galerius Aug. the 6. time. Constantius dieth at York the five and twentieth day of julie, in the six and fiftieth year of his age. With him was present Constantine his son, who had fled from Galerius. Others will have the death of Constantius to fall upon the year following. 1 1058 After Constantius succeeded FLAV. VALERIUS CONSTANTINUS, who ruled thirty years, nine months, and 27. days. Likewise M. AURELIUS MAXENTIUS, and CAIUS GALLUS MAXIMINUS: For these two were called Emperors. Onuphr. Sigonius. Galerius maketh over unto Severus, Italy and Africa, and unto Maximinus the East: he keepeth unto himself Illyricum, and together with Maximinus continueth persecution of Christians in the East. Euseb. Maxentius at Rome is by the Praetorian soldiers made Emperor against Severus Caesar, and seemeth favourable and gracious to the Christians. Maximian resumeth the purple imperial rob. Sigonius. 4277 307 ¶ Imp. Constantinus Augustus. Maximianus the ninth time. Maximian by a wile killeth Severus. Diocletian solicited by Maximian, refuseth to take the purple again, contenting himself with a quiet rustical life. Constantius warreth with Asaicus and Gaiso Kings of the Franckes. Maximian deviseth to depose Maxentius from the Empire, and afterwards goeth into Gaul, to Constantine, unto whom he granteth his daughter Fausta in marriage. Sigonius. 2 1059 4278 308 ¶ Imp. Galerius Aug. the seventh time. Diocletian the tenth time. Galerius and Maximinus continue the persecution of Christians in the East. 3 1060 Constantinus goeth against the Bructeri people of the Frankners. Maxentius challengeth Africa to himself, after he had slain Alexander the Tyrant, and triumpheth at Rome. Pomp. Letus, Sigonius. 4279 309 ¶ After the seventh Consulship of Imp. Galerius August. the tenth of Diocletian. Maximinus intendeth to warreupon Maxentius, and with Galerius continueth persecution of Christians in the East. Maxentius beginneth to tyrannize at Rome, persecuteth Christians, after he had cast Marcellus this Bishop into a Mill-house. Maximian in Gaul layeth wait for Constantine his son in law, and by him is slain at Marsils. Constantine goeth against the Bructeri, Eccles. histor. Pomp. Laetus and Sigonius. 4 1061 4280 310 ¶ After the seventh Consulship of Galerius Aug. and the tenth of Diocletian. Galerius persecuteth the Christians in Pannonia. Quirinus' the Bishop, not without a miracle valiantly taketh his death for Christ's sake. Prudentius in his Hymns: For having a querne stone tied unto his neck, he was thrown headlong from a bridge down into the river, and swum aloft a great while, and when he had spoken unto the beholders, that they should not by reason of his punishment be affrighted from Christian Religion, he prayed unto God that he might sink, and so he was with much ado drowned. Euseb. 5 1062 Maximinus and Maxentius with infested arms and minds both trouble the provinces and the Empire. Whereupon the sea could not be safely passed: whence arose an exceeding great dearth of corn at Rome. Sig. 4281 311 ¶ Imp. Galerius Augustus the eight time, without a Colleague: and after his decease Licinius Augustus stepped into his place. Galerius being visited with a most filthy disease, and acknowledging it to be the heavy hand of God punishing him for the unjust death of Christians, divulged an Edict, that Christians should be spared, and their churches and chapels restored unto them: craving withal, that they would offer up prayers and vows for the emperors health. And within a while after of that disease he pined away, and died. Euseb. lib. 8. 6 1063 During his sickness he took in Caius Aurelius Valerius Licinius to be his consort in the Empire. Licinius held Illyricum, and concluded a league with Constantinus and Maximinus. Maximinus spareth the Christians, and afterwards urgeth against them. Constantinus is sent for by the Romans against Maxentius, who prepareth to make war. Pomp. Laetus, Eutropius, Sigonius. 4282 312 ¶ Imp. Constantinus Augustus the second time. Imp. Licinius Augustus the second time. Licinius espouseth Constantia sister of Constantine. And these two jointly together sent an Edict to Maximinus, that he should forbear the Christians. Maxim. suppressing this Edict, permitted all to use & exercise their religion. 7 1064 Constantine being confirmed by a sign from heaven, becometh catechised in the Faith: and arming himself against Maxentius, after a field fought in the Taurins country, when he had gained the hither part of Italy goeth toward Rome, struck a battle at Pons Milvius, where Maximinus was slain, and his army put to flight. Constantinus, when he had recovered Rome, triumpheth, settleth the Roman State, granteth free liberty to worship Christ, setteth forth plays and games, restoreth them to their places whom Maxentius had condemned, the Complices of Maxentius he condemneth, the Praetorian soldiers he riddeth away, he disordereth the Praetorian Hold, is by the Senate honoured with laudatory Titles, an Arch and Statues, a Trophy of the Cross he erecteth in the middle of the city, he honoureth with good respect the Bishops, he buildeth a stately church to Christ in the Lateran: then leaving Rome, goeth to Milan, recovereth Africa, refresheth the afflicted cities of Italy, and by Italy is adorned with a Column, Scutchoon, and a Crown of gold. Euseb. Eutrop. Pompon. Laet. Sigonius. The Schism of the Donatists ariseth in Africa. Onuphr. 4283 313 ¶ Imp Constantinus Augustus the third time Imp. Licinius. Augustus. Licinnius having married Constantia, together with Constantine maketh an Edict as touching the liberty of Religion: goeth again into Illyricum, warreth against Maximinus, discomfiteth, and at length vanquisheth him at Astacum. Maximinus at Tarsus, suddenly surprised with most dolorous torments of his body dieth, when being four years Caesar, and three years Augustus, he had reigned as a most malicious enemy of Christians. Licinnius after he had vanquished the army of Maximinus, adjoineth unto him the East, seateth himself at Nicomedia, maketh decrees against Maximinus, and favoureth the Christians. Euseb. Eutrop. Victor. Pompon. Laetus, Sigonius. 8 1065 Constantinus abolisheth the secular Plays, passeth an Edict for the liberty of Christian Religion, went again into Ga●le, repressed the Frankes that coveted to pass over Rhine, and fortified the limit: provideth for the peace of the Church. Then was Constantine his son borne. At Triers he setteth forth Games and Plays. Euseb. Eutrop. Aur. Victor. Pomp. Laetus. Diocletian having received minatory letters from Constantinus and Licinius, for that he had favoured Maxentius and Maximinus, killed himself. Aur. Victor. 4284 314 ¶ C. Ceionius Rufius Volusianus. Anianus. Crispus (whose Schoolmaster Lactant. Firmianus was) Constantinus junior, & Licinius junior, the sons of Constantine and Licinius Emperors, are proclaimed Caesares. 9 1066 Constantine condemneth the Donatists at Milan. Eusebius, Sigonius. 4285 315 ¶ Imp. Constantinus Aug the fourth time. Imp Licinius August, the fourth time. Constantine enlargeth the cathedral churches of saint Peter and saint Paul, enricheth the churches, erecteth a sacred Font to baptise in: Then making war upon Licinius that he might win to himself part of the Provinces of Maximinus, vanquisheth Licinius at Cibala a town in the lower Pannonia, and having gotten Illyricum, letteth him go. He sendeth Crispus into Gaul against the Germans. Eusebius, Sigonius. 10 1067 4286 316 ¶ Fl. Rufius Ceionius Cecina Sabinus. Q Arcadius Rufinus Valer. Proculus. Constantine warreth fortunately by Gallicanus in Illyricum. Sigonius. 11 1068 Romans and Gauls invade Frankeland. Clogio the five and thirtieth King of the Frankes (after whom succeeded Clodomirus) was slain in battle. Eutrop. Trithemius, Funccius. 4287 317 ¶ Ovinius Gallicanus. Septimius Bassus. Constantine himself in person goeth into Illyricum against the Barbarians. Crispus valiantly defendeth the limits of Germany. Constantius the son of Constantine is borne. Sigonius. 12 1069 4288 318 ¶ Imp. Licinius Augustus the fifth time FI Valer. Aug. F. Crisp. Caes. Crispus obtaineth a noble victory of the Frankes that rebelled, and tameth them. Constantine adorneth Rome with sumptuous and stately buildings. Euseb. Sigonius. 13 1070 4289 319 ¶ Imp Constantinus Aug the 5. time. C. Valer. Aug. F. Licinius junior Caesar. Licinius the Emperor forgetting his Lieutenants, and seeking by secret trains to overthrow Constantine, went about to persecute the Christians: whom notwithstanding 14 1071 that Constantine by his Letters admonished of his duty and allegiance, and to desist from his malice, yet could he not persuade him. Cedrenus. Arius a most pestilent heretic, enemy to the Godhead of Christ, began now to spread abroad his blasphemies. Eusebius, and other Ecclesiast. hist. Constans the son of Constantine is borne. Sigonius. 4290 320 ¶ Imp. Constantinus Aug the 6. time FI Valerius Constantinus the younger, Caesar. Licinius in a mischievous mind to Christians intendeth cruelty against them. Constantine appeaseth a mutiny of the old soldiers in Gaul. Eusebius, Sigonius. 15 1072 4291 321 ¶ Crispus Caesar the second time. Constantinus the son, Caesar, the second time. Licinius afflicteth the Christians. Constantine warreth against the Sarmatians, and having slain their King, Rausimodus, retired to Thessalonica. Zosimus. He maketh a law, That every man might leave his goods to the Clergy. Eusebius, Sigonius. 16 1073 4292 322 ¶ FI. Petronius Probianus. Anicius julianus. Licinius carrying still a malicious mind against Christians, is warred upon by Constantine: whereupon he raiseth a power of 150000. footmen, and 15000. horse men: and beside, riggeth forth a most strong Armada. Zosim. Constantine relieveth Rome distressed with penury, Euseb. Sigon. 17 1074 4293 323 ¶ Acilius Severus. FI. junius Rufinus. Constantine layeth siege to Byzantium, and vanquisheth Licinius in fight, both on land & at sea. Licinius adjoineth unto him Martinian to be his associate, and nameth him Caesar. Zosimus. 18 1075 4294 324 ¶ Crispus Caesar the third time. Constantinus Augustus the son Caesar, the third time. Licinius and Martinianus march against Constantine with a puissant army in battle ray. Constantine after a hot field fought, got the upper hand. Of the Licinians, who (by report) were an hundred and thirty thousand strong, scarce thirty thousand escaped. When Constantine had recovered Byzantium, he besiegeth Nicomedia. Licinius and Martinianus being deprived of their imperial dignity, are beholden to Constantine for their life, and so retire unto a private life. Eusebius, Cedrenus. 19 1076 The Churches delivered from external tyranny, are grievously troubled with the inward assaults of Arians. Constantine appeaseth the East, and against the year following, proclaimeth the Nicene Synod. Licinius and Martinianus plota rebellion. Euseb. Sigon. 4295 325 ¶ M. junius Caesonius Nichomachus Anicius Faustus Paulinus. P. Publilius Ceionius julianus Camoenius. Constantine killeth Licinius and Martinianus: and after he had rooted out all the persecutors of the Church, and obtained an absolute Monarchy, brought external peace to the Christians. But than was the Church much molested with inward and domestical stirs occasioned by heretics. At the Nicene Synod Constantine is present: the Bishops there assembled he honoureth with respect, and being at a jar, he laboureth to reconcile them: and purposeth to build sundry cathedral Churches in divers places. Being returned into Italy, he putteth his son Crispus to death, charged grievously with imputations by Fausta. Zosimus, Euseb. Sig. Terrible Earthquakes and Eclipses both of Sun and Moon. Cedr. 20 1077 4296 326 ¶ Imp. Constantinus Augustus the seventh time. Constantinus triumpheth in Rome: and for that his mother Helena found the Cross of Christ, he commandeth a 21 1078 Gonstanti. Caesar. more magnificent church to be built, and putteth the common wealth in order. Euseb. Sigonius. 4297 327 ¶ Fl. valerius Constantinus. Fl. valerius Maximus Basilius. Helena hearing that Crispus Caesar, by the instigation of his stepmother Fausta was put to death, chid Constantine, and caused Fausta to be shut within a hot burning Baine, and so with excessive heat to be killed. Zosim. Victor. jerom. 22 1079 Presently after Fausta followed Helena, now four score years old; but dying in peace, was by Constantine interred. Constantine returneth into the East, buildeth Drepane, and calleth it Helenopolis; and beginneth the Cathedral church of Antioch. Euseb. Sigonius. 4298 328 ¶ Fl. Magnus januarius. Fabius justus. Constantine determining to build a new city for the imperial seat of the East, and to call it after his own name, first goeth in hand with Ilium, then with Chalcedon, and last of all with Byzantium. Hierom. Sigon. 23 1080 Constantine removeth the soldiers of the Marches. Sigonius. 4299 329 ¶ Imp Constantinus Augustus the eight time. Constantius the son Caesar the fourth time. 24 1081 4300 330 ¶ Ovinius Gallicanus. L. Autelius Symmachus. Constantine divideth the Provinces and Magistrates of the East and West Empire: and ordaineth generals of Armies. Byzantium is re-edified by Constantine, enlarged, walled about, and beautified with buildings. Sigonius. Onuphr. 25 1082 4301 331 ¶ Annius Bassus. Ablabius Aegyptius. Byzantium by the new founder and reedifier thereof Constantine, is named Constantinopolis, and upon the eleventh day of May, is with solemn ceremonies, and compliments dedicated, to be the Seat of the East empire, and therefore it was called New Rome: and advanceth the church of Constantinople to a patriarchal dignity. Hieron. Sigon. 26 1083 4302 332 ¶ Ovinius Paca●ianus. Mecilius Hilarianus. By an Edict of Constantine the Temples of the Gentiles are overthrown, thirty years after the subversion of the Christian churches under Diocletian. Constantine ordaineth Laws for both the Empires. The eunuchs of his chamber he restraineth. Great stirs and troubles in the church. Euseb. Hieron. Sigonius. 27 1084 4303 333 ¶ Fl. Valerius Dalmatius named afterwards Caesar. M. Aurelius Xenophilus. Constantine, after he had repressed the Goths, being misled by an Arian Elder or Priest, commandeth Arius to come unto him, and for his sake troubleth Athanasius, the faithful Orthodox Bishop of Alexandria. He bringeth over the Limigantes of Sarmatia, and the Vandals likewise into the Roman Provinces. Euseb. Sig. 28 1085 4304 334 ¶ L. Ranius Optatus. M. junius Caesonius Nichomachus. Anitius Faustus Paulinus junior. The Arians by their blasphemies and deceitful slights infestmany people: assemble Synods, to establish that execrable heresy of theirs. Ecclesiast. histor. 29 1086 Constantine styleth his son Constans Caesar, and writeth to Antonius a famous Eremite. Euseb. Eccles. hist. 4305 335 ¶ FI. Valerius Constantinus C. Cesonius Albinus. Constantine confineth Athanasius to Triers. Celebrateth the espousals of his son Constantius: is honoured by the Indian Ambassadors: and killeth Sopater a wise 30 1087 4306 336 ¶ FI. popilius Nepotianus. Facundus. 31 1088 and learned man. Eusebius in the life of Constantine, Ecclesiast. hist. Sigon. Arius cometh to a foul end. Ecclesiast. hist. 4307 337 ¶ T. Fabius Titianus. Felicianus. Constantine having received a little before, holy Baptism, dieth at Nicomedia during the feast of Pentecost, the two and twentieth day of May, in the year of his age 64. or 65. and after he had fully reigned one and thirty years. Interred he was at Constantinople, within the church by himself built. Eusebius in his life, Hist. Ecclesiast. 1 1089 By his last will and testament he had divided the Empire among his sons. After his death he had great honour done unto him, and is most honourably, and in sumptuous manner buried. Eusebius, Sigonous. After Constantine succeeded Impp. Caesar's, FLAV. VALERIUS CONST ANTINUS JUNIOR, FL. JUL. CONST ANTIUS, and FLAVIUS VALERIUS CONSTANS. They ruled together three years: after that, Constantius and Constans ten years: and Constantius in all 25. years, 5. months, and 5. days. CONSTANTIUS governed in the East, in Thracia, Asia, and Egypt. Constantine in Gaul, Spain and Britanny; requireth of Constans part of his Empire, and restoreth Athanasius Bishop of Alexandria. Constans in Italy, Africa, and Illyricum. 4308 338 ¶ Vrsus. Polemius. Constantius causeth his near kinsmen, to wit, Constantius his uncle by the father's side, Dalmatius Caesar, and Annibolianus his brother, Optatus also a noble man of Rome of Senators degree, and Ablabius before time Praefect of the Praetorium to be killed. 2 1090 He withstandeth Sapor King of the Persians in Mesosopotamia, Zosimus. Constans in Pannonia keepeth his residence against the Barbarians dwelling beyond Danubius: and Constantinus seateth himself against the enemies beyond Rhine, and endeavoureth to order all matters well in Gaul. Zosimus, Pomp. Laetus, Eutrop. Sigon. 4309 339 ¶ Imp. Constantius August. the second time Imp. Constans Augustus. Constantius not very constant in maintaining the Decrees of the Nicene Council, began to banish the Bishops of the true faith, and to foster the Arians. Ecclesiast. histor. 3 1091 4310 340 ¶ FI. Septimius. Acyndinus. L. Aradius Rufinus Valerius Proculas. Constantine the younger is slain near Aquileia by his brother Constans: and his Empire is devolved upon Constans. Eutrop. Hieronym. Zonar. Zosim. 4 1092 Constantius become an Arian, after the death of Alexander ordaineth Eusebius of Nicomedia, an Arian, to be Bishop of the church at Constantinople: whereupon there sprung innumerable contentions. Ecclesiast. hist. 4311 341 ¶ FI. Anton. Marcellinus. Caelius Probinus. A Synod is holden at Antioch against Athanasius and the Bishops of the true faith. Brawls & broils between the Bishops of the true faith, and the Arians. Constans 5 1093 returneth out of Italy into Pannonia to encounter the Barbarians. Whiles he was busied in Pannonia, the Frankes taking that vantage and opportunity, broke their covenant, pass over Rhine, and began foully to waste Gaul, even against their Leaders mind. Ecclesiast. hist. Eutrop. Sigon. 4312 342 ¶ Imp. Constantius Augustus the third time. Imp Constans Aug. the 2. time. Constantius expelleth the Bishops of the true faith: In steed of Athanasius there is substituted George of Cappadocia a most cruel varlet, whose tragical stirs and troubles the Ecclesiastical Writers do report. Constans vanquisheth the Frankes. Eutrop. Sigan. 6 1094 4313 343 ¶ M. Maecius Memmius Furius Placidus. Fl. Pisidius Romulus. Constans maketh his abode in Italy, and before his brother Constantius defendeth the cause of the true faithful Bishops, whom he had driven away. Hieronym. Ecclesiast. hist. 7 1095 4314 344 ¶ Dom●ius Leontius. Salustius. By sundry devises and artificial sleights the Arians strive against the Bishops of the true Faith. Eccles. hist. 8 1096 There happened great Earthquakes in this year, and the next following: whereby Neocaesarea, Dyrrachium, and twelve cities of Campania were shaken, and fell. Sigonius. 4315 345 ¶ Amantius Ceionius. Rufus Albinus. The Bishops of the West Church refuse the Form of Belief set down in the Heretical Synod of Antioch, and published. Ecclesiast. hist. 9 1097 Constantius in Mesopotamia keepeth watch and ward against the Persians: Constans likewise in Gaul against the Germans, that made incursions. Sigon. 4316 346 ¶ Imp. Constantius Aug. the 3. time Imp. Constans Aug. the 3. time. By commandment of both Emperors, a Council is proclaimed at Sardica. Hist. Ecclesiast. 10 1098 4317 347 ¶ F. Rufinus. Fl. Eusebius. The Council at Sardica confirmeth the Decrees of the Nicene Synod, and restoreth the Bishops of the true Belief unto their Churches, and condemneth the Arians. Socrat. 2. Hist. Tripartit. 11 1099 Constans by his threatening Letters driveth his brother Constantius to that pass, that he condescended to the Decres of that Synod. Sigon. 4318 348 ¶ Fl. Philippus. Fl. Salleas. Constantius calleth home unto their Churches, Athanasius, and other banished Bishops, whom the Decree of Sardica had absolved. Eccles. hist. 12 1100 4319 349 ¶ Vlpius Limenius. Aeo Fabius Catullinus Philonianus. Constantius joineth in battle with Sapores king of the Persians, and had the worst. Constans leading a wanton and voluptuary life, draweth thereby his principal captains, and Magnentius above the rest, to assail and set upon himself. Zosim. Sigon. 13 1101 4320 350 ¶ Sergius. Nigrinianus. Magnentius killeth Constans in Gaul, by the hand of one F. Gaiso: he maketh Decentius and Desiderius his two brethren, Caesars: possesseth himself of Gaul, Spain and Italy. 14 1102 Nepotianus hearing of the death of Constans, usurpeth the Empire in Italy, and within a while, is by the Captains of Magnentius slain. Vetrannio likewise catcheth the Empire in Pannonia. Zosim. Zonar. Constantius hearing of Constans his death, maketh an agreement with King Sapores, and for to be revenged of Magnentius returneth to Constantinople. Being seduced and persuaded by the Arians, he persecuteth Athanasius and other Bishops of the true and sincere belief. Full craftily he draweth away Vetrannio from Magnentius, because he would not be forced to fight with two at once. Zosimus, Sigon. 4321 351 ¶ After the Consulship of Sergius and Nigrianus. Magnentius tyrannizeth upon certain of the Roman Nobility. Constantius rejecteth Vetrannio, and declareth Caesar, Gallus his cousin german, the son * his uncle's son. of Constantine's brother, and more openly than before favoreth the Arians. Oros. Eutrop. Socrat. Sozom. Victor. 15 110 4322 352 ¶ Imp. Constantius Augustus the fiftt time. Fl. Constantius Gallus caesar. Constantius maketh war upon Magnenttus, who at Mursa is overthrown by Constantius: but afterwards at Ticinum he giveth the Romans an overthrow. Zosimus. 16 110 4323 353 ¶ Imp. Constantius August the sixth time Fl ●onstantius Gallus Caesar the second time. Magnentius vanquished in Gaul by Constantius, slew himself. Decentius his brother being Caesar, was his own hangman. Desiderius submitteth himself. Constantius assumeth the joint Empire of East and West. At Arles he exhibiteth Games and Plays. Being by the Arians solicited, he summoneth a general Cnuncell to be holden at Milan. Zosim. Zonara's, Sigon. 17 110 4324 354 ¶ Imp. Constantius Augustus the seventh time. Fl. Constantius Gallus Caesar the third time. Here Am. Marcellinus beginneth the fourteenth book of his Story, the first of those eighteen which are left of the one and thirty: and containeth the acts of six and twenty years, which he reporteth at large: whereof solloweth a Brief. 18 114 Constantius, whiles he intendeth his war against the Lentienses Almans, causeth Gallus Caesar, who in the East committed foul and wicked facts to be brought unto him, and commandeth that he should be killed in I-stria. And after this he vanquisheth the Almans. Am. Marcell. lib. 14. 15. cap. 1, 2, 3. 4325 355 ¶ Fl. Arbetio. Mavortius Lollianus. Silvanus usurping the Empire in Gaul, is slain. Am. lib. 15. cap. 1, 2, 3. 19 1104 Constantius ill affected unto Athanasius, banisheth Liberius out of Rome. Amm. lib. 15. cap. 6. * his own uncles sanne. Constantius declareth julianus, brother of Gallus, and Constantine's * brother's son, Caesar, cap. 7. and affianceth his sister unto him in marriage. cap. 8. 4326 356 ¶ Imp. Constanti us Augustus the eight time. julianus Caesar. julianus marcheth into Gaul against the Almans. lib. 16. cap. 1. etc. Constantius entereth Rome after a triumphant manner, and viewerh it: in foolish wise he wondereth at it, and being affrighted, goeth his ways, and leaveth it. cap. 5. 6. 20 110 4327 357 ¶ Imp. Constantius Augustus the ninth time julianus Caesar the second time. julianus, in a bloody battle before Argentoratum, overthroweth and defeateth the Almans, taketh their King Chonodomarius prisoner, and sendeth him to Rome. Hereupon arose the grudge and displeasure of Constantius against julian. Am. Marcell. lib. 16. cap. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. 21 1109 4328 358 ¶ Dacianus. Nerat●us Cerealis. julianus restraineth the Almonds, Frankes, and other 22 1110 neighbour Nations, making tumults in sundry places, and forceth them to keep quiet. Lib. 17. cap. 1. 2. 8. 9 The Persians Embassage. Ca 6. A dreadful Earthquake, which shook mountains and many towns of Asia, Macedonia, and Pontus. Cap. 7. Constantius subdueth the Sarmatians and Quadi. The Sarmatian slaves he defeateth in battle. The Picenses and Limigantes upon their humble supplication, he reduceth into their ancient habitations, and thereupon is styled Sarmaticus. Cap. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 4329 359 ¶ Eusebius Hypathius. julian wearieth the Almans, and forceth them to crave peace. Lib. 18. cap. 1. 2. 23 1111 The war is kindled between the Persians and Romans: in the beginning whereof Constantius is grievously foiled. cap. 4. 5. 6. 7. The former acts and occurrents of this war, and the flight of the Roman troops. cap. 8. 9 10. 11. 12. 13. Amida a most strong town is by the Persians assaulted, and after much loss on both sides, forced, and won. lib. 19 cap. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Great dearth of corn and victuals in Rome. cap. 9 Constantius putteth to the sword, the Limigantes of Sarmatia, who rebelled, cap. 10. Constantius cruelly proceedeth by the means of one Paulus his Notary or Secretary, against those that sought unto Oracles, and were given to the superstitions of the heathen. An horrible monster was seen at Antioch. The Isaurians making a commotion, are by Lauritius appeased. cap. 11. 12. 4330 360 ¶ Imp. Constantius Augustus the ninth time. julian. Caesar the third time. A memorable Eclipse of the Sun in the East empire. lib. 20. cap. 2. julian in Gaul is styled Augustus. With what cunning sleight this was brought about, Am. Marcellinus layeth open in the twentieth book, cap. 3. 4. 5. 9 The fortunate success of the Persians in the East against the Romans. cap. 6. 7. 8. The attempts of Constantius against julianus and the Persians take no effect. cap. 10. 11. 12. 13, julian represseth the Athuarij, a nation of the Frankes. cap. 10. 24 1112 4331 361 ¶ Fl. Taurus. Fl. Florentius. julian, desirous to overthrow Constantius, embraceth the study of unlawful and forbidden Arts: and for the time maketh semblance of Christianity. lib. 21. cap. 1. 2. Certain Almain traitors he chastiseth. cap. 3. He purposeth to make open war upon Constantius. cap. 4. The memory of Constantinus Magnus he traduceth, and penneth an Invective against Constantius, cap. 8. He besiegeth Aquileia, which was intercepted by Constantius his Legions; and in the end winneth it. cap. 9 10. Constantius being freed from the Persian war, taketh arms against julian, whom he termeth a Rebel: But in the way, when he was come to Tarsus, he died the third day of November. cap. 11. 12. 13. julian hearing of Constantius his death, cometh out of Moesia to Constantinople, & fetleth the affairs of the State: Impiously, hatefully, and craftily he dealeth against Christ, and the Christians: A most foul sight and view of julians' court and army both. lib. 22. cap. 1. 2. 3. 25 1113 4332 362 ¶ Fl. Mamertinus. Fl. Nevita. JULIANUS is now Augustus and Emperor alone. He maketh his abode at Antioch. A professed enemy of true religion. Christian Grammarians and Rhetoricians he debarreth from reading in Schools, lib. 22. cap. 9 10. Great personages that were his adversaries and opposites he maketh away: the seditious Alexandrines, who had murdered Georgius the Arian Bishop, he mildly entreateth. cap. 11. Addicted to magic arts, he addresseth himself to the Persian war, and writeth against the Antiochians. Certain prodigious signs are seen: and an Earthquake happeneth, whereby Nicomedia is overturned. cap. 12. 13. 1 1114 4333 363 ¶ Imp. julianus August. the fourth time. Secundus salustius Promotus. julian goeth about in vain to re-edify the Temple of jerusalem. lib. 23. cap. 1. He maketh a journey into Persia. cap. 2. etc. With a most puissant army he entereth Persia: Anatha is yielded unto him: and after many warlike expeditions he winneth Maiozamalcha. libr. 24. cap. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7, etc. 2 1115 Being scared with an ominous sign, leaving the siege of Ctesiphon, and wearied together with his whole army with the distemperature of the air and the soil, forced he is to alter his journey. cap. 11. 12. At the last, after certain skirmishes and battles fought, forgetting to take his cuirace, and hasting to fight, he was mortally wounded by an unknown person, and within a while after yielded up his vital breath, in the two and thirtieth year of his age, the six and twentieth day of june. lib. 25. cap. 1. 2. 3. 4. After him succeeded Fl. JOVIANUS, who reigned seven months, and two and twenty days, being chosen by the Soldiers: he departeth out of Persia, after he had concluded peace with Sapor, and yielded up the provinces beyond Tigris. Am. Marcellinus. lib. 25. cap. 7. 10. 4334 364 ¶ Imp. Flavius jovianus August. Fl. Varronianus August. his son, a child. jovianus dieth in Galatia. lib. 25. cap. 14. 1 1116 After him succeeded. Fl. VALENTINIANUS chosen by the Soldiers, who reigned eleven years, eight months and two and twenty days. He being returned to Constantinople, took unto him, in the Society of the Empire, his brother Fl. VALENS, and declared him Augustus: and when he had committed unto him the East Empire where he ruled fourteen years, four months and fourteen days) himself took his progress into the West. Am. Marcell. lib. 26. cap. 1. 3. 5. 4335 365 ¶ Imp. Valentinianus Augustus. Imp. Valens Augustus. Whiles Valentinian thinks of making war upon the Alemans', Valens is by Procopius the usurpers' troubled and wearied. li. 26. cap. 6. 7. 8. 9 10. 11. 2 1117 4336 366 ¶ Fl Gratianus jonne of Valentinian. Fl. Dagalaiphas. Procopius being apprehended hath his head strucken off. lib. 26. ca 12. Marcellus giving the attempt to succeed 3 1118 Fl. Dagalaiphas. Procopius, within a while after was put to death, cap. 13. Fearful Earthquakes throughout the world, cap. 14. Valentinian in three battles under the conduct of jovinus, discomfiteth the Almans making war, lib. 27. cap. 1. 4337 367 ¶ Fl. Lupicinus. Fl. jovinus. A bloody sedition at Rome between Damasus and Vrsicinus contending for the Episcopal dignity, cap. 2. 4 1119 Valens passeth over Ister against the Goths, but seeing none to make head against him, returneth with his forces, libr. 27. cap. 4. Valentinian sore visited with sickness, declareth GRATIAN his son Augustus, who reigned eight years, two months, and eight and twenty days, cap. 5. The Britan's war is by Theodosius the General happily achieved, cap. 7. Rigorous judgements are exercised at Rome, cap. 6. The most miserable state of Africa under Romanus the Lieutenant, cap. 8. 4338 368 ¶ Imp. Valentinianus August. the second time. Imp. Valens Aug. the 2. time. Valens warreth upon the Goths, libr. 27. cap. 4. Valentinian beateth down the Almans, cap. 9 The king of the Persians having subdued Armenia, prepareth for war against the Romans, cap. 11. 12. 5 1120 4339 369 ¶ Fulius Felix Valentinianus Sex Aurelius Victor. Valens maketh a road into the Almans lands, where there is a treaty of peace, lib. 27. cap. 4. Valentinian maketh straight inquisition at Rome about Witchcraft and Sorcery, libr. 28. cap. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. His wars upon the Almans, cap. 6. 6 1121 4340 370 ¶ Imp. Valentinianus Augustus the third time. Imp. Valens Aug. the 3. time. The war that Valentinian made against the Saxons, discomfited, by a wise enclosed, and killed to the last man, lib. 28. cap. 11. The Almans are subdued, cap. 12. Africa is oppressed by Courtiers, cap. 13. 14. 15. In the Court of Valens be horrible Tragedies acted about the enquiry of a Successor in the Empire by devilish arts, lib. 29. cap. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7 1122 4341 371 ¶ Imp. Gratianus Aug. the 2. time. Sex. Anicius Petronius Probus. Valentinian, by the means of Serverus, discovereth what the Almans do, and putteth them to flight, libr. 29. cap. 9 8 1123 The war in Mauritania is by Theodosius happily achieved, cap. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 4342 372 ¶ Fl. Modestus. Fl. Arintheus War against the Quadi not justly begun, is as unhappily managed, lib. 29. cap. 14. 9 1124 Theodosius the younger a brave young Gentleman represseth the Sarmatians, cap. 15. 4343 373 ¶ Imp. Valentinianus Augustus the fourth time. Imp. Valens Aug. the 4. time. Para King of Armenia, by commandment of Valens is murdered at a feast, lib. 30. cap. 1. 2. 10 1125 4344 374 ¶ Imp. Gratianus Aug. the 3. time. Fl. Equitius. Valentinian maketh war upon the Alemans'; and entereth into a league and amity with their king Macrianus, lib. 30. cap. 4. The woeful condition and state of the East Provinces under Valens, cap. 5. 6. 7, 11 1126 4345 375 ¶ After the third Consulship of Gratianus August. and Fl. Equitius. Valentinianus in his journey to the Sarmatians and Illyrians giveth audience to the Ambassadors of the Quadi: and being much enchafed and vexed with their speech, is surprised with an Apoplexy, and so dieth the seventeenth day of November, libr. 30. cap. 8. 9 When he was dead, VALENTINIAN his son a very child, was by the army styled Augustus, cap. 12. 12 1127 4346 376 ¶ Imp. Valens Aug. the 5. time. Imp. Valentinianus junior Aug. By the permission of Valens, the Goths, by the Huns oppressed, passing over Danubius were received into Thracia; and misused by the Roman Captains and Governors, set upon the Romans, Ammianus Marcellinus lib. 31. cap. 1. 3. 4. 5. 6. 13 1128 4347 377 ¶ Imp. Gratianus August. the 4. time Fl. Merobaudes. Valens giveth order to meet with the tumults that the Goths made in Thracia, who receive a great overthrow, which notwithstanding was to the Romans cause of much sorrow, lib. 31. cap. 7. 8. 14 1129 Gratianus happily endeth the war against the Lentienses, libr. 31. cap. 10. Valens advancing against the Goths, and envying the glory of Gratian, is vanquished and slain in Thracia, cap. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15 1130 Thus endeth the Chronologie of Marcellinus his Story.