Markham's FAITHFUL FARRIER. Wherein the depth of his Skill is laid open in all those principal and approved Secrets of Horsemanship, which the Author never published, but hath kept in his Breast, and hath been the Glory of his Practice.  
Printed at London, by T. C. for Michael Spark, dwelling in Green Arbour, and are to be sold by RICH: ROYSTON, at his shop in ivy Lane: 16●0.   

To the Reader or Buyer of this Book.  
IT is a true saying, Tempus omnia terminat. So I, Gentle Reader, having gained experience all my life to these present days wherein I am ready to creep into the earth, willing now at the important request of my best Friends, have yielded myself to lay the Glory of my Skill in Horsemanship open to the World: And having kept secret in the Cabinet of my Breast, these Secrets, by which I have gained from many a Noble person many a fair pound, I now bestow it upon thee for the value of Four Pence. It may be some will account me a Fool in print for disclosing my Secrets, but I ever regarded the life of a worthy Horse, before the Word of a Foole. For be thou Noble, or what else, this here I do is for thy Good. If you take pleasure either in an Horse to Hunt, or for the War, or for the Race, or for to Draw, or a Hackney, come hither, buy, see, and welcome. Take my opinion, and thou shalt find in this my honest Faithful Farryer, a Shop of Skill for thee to view: Let this be thy Doctor, and thy Druggist: Let this be thy Instructor and Director. I hope that no good minded Farryer will be grieved with me because I give insight to the Master of the Horse: For if thy House were on fire, why shouldest thou run to fetch thy Neighbour's Water to quench it, when thine own is nearer at hand? So if the Horse's Owner know by this Book how to save the life of his Horse, why should he either ride or run to the Farryer? But it may be every Owner of an Horse will not buy a Book. It matters not if but every Farryer have one, and but that one in a Town, I doubt not, but with making use of that one, many a Man shall save the life of his Beast. Come therefore and read these Secrets, which cost me Pains, Study, Practice, and Labour; All which hath cost me Trouble for thy Ease. This shall be thy Pleasure which hath been my Toil. It shall be thy Profit which hath been my Trouble: And this shall be thy Faithful Farryer and Inctructer.  
For what Creature canst thou name more necessary than the Horse, and what more helpful at a time of need?  
For were we without Horse, in what a straight should we be in, he being our best Servant both in War and Peace, and of that inestimable value, that he makes a Man proud of his service.  
Now if an Horse be such a profitable Servant for Man, let us then respect the means that God hath given us for his Cure: For here is a School of Skill for thy knowledge. First, How to make choice of a good Horse: Secondly, what Country Horse is the most fit for thy use: Either for service in Marshal or Warlike employment, or for Swiftness, or for Long travel, or for Draught, or for Coach, or for Cart, or for Pack, or any other Burden. This shalt thou find here, in as ample manner, as if thou wert an old Master in Smithfield. And this shall be my Glory even as long as I live, that I have lived to leave this my last and best Work to the World, and to them which will not live to see it buried in Oblivion.  
But me thinks I here some Momus say, That the old Captain was unadvised to put this in print, which he ever kept as a rare Secret, and it is true, Veritas odium parit. But I reply, Tempus omnia terminat. And though I had promised to myself, never to have published this work, yet being so continually importuned to print it, I was forced to yield, though I had promised the contrary. And let this excuse me to those Noble persons whose bounty I have felt, that for them I was the willinger to publish it in print while I lived, fearing that after my death, my then Fatherless Child might get a new name. But now I leave this, being begot in my old age, to all Noble, & Worthy Gentlemen, and when they look not after him to the Faithful Farryer to be cherished and to be known by the name of Captain GERVAS MARKHAM'S last and best Labours.   

The Contents of this BOOK.  

Observations in the electing of Horses. and what Country Horse is for what use. Folio 1  
The occasions of inward Sicknesses, and Accidents, which happen upon those occasions. 4  
The signs of inward Sicknesses. 7  
The curing of any Heart sickness, or Head sickness, or any ordinary inward sickness. 21  
To cure any violent Sickness, if the Horse be at the very point and door of death. 41  
The preventing of all inward Sicknesses. 50  
Two sorts of Balls to cure any violent Cold, or Glanders, to prevent Heart sickness, to purge away all molten Grease, to recover a lost Stomach, and to keep the Heart from fainting with exercise, and to make a lean Horse fat suddenly. 55  
Another way how to fatten an Horse suddenly. 60  
How to keep an Horse, or jade from tiring. 62  
Another Receipt against tiring, or for any sore or dangerous Cold. 64  
Another Receipt for any extraordinary Cold, dry Cough, or Pursicknesse in an Horse, which the weak Farriers call, Broken-winded. 66  
An excellent Scouring after any sore Heat, or for any fat Horse after his exercise. 74  
For any dangerous Bots, Mawwormes, or poisoned Red Worms. 78  
For Gourded, or foul swelled Legs, or other parts, by reason of melting the Grease, or other Accident. 80  
To hole or dry up any old Ulcer, or cankerous Sore. 84  
To cure the running Frush, or any Impostumation in the sole of the Foot, to dry up Scratches, Pains, and the like cankerous Sores. 86  
For any sore Eye of Horse, or Beast. 88  
For a Backe-sinew strain, or any other Strain. 90  
For any old Strain, or lameness in loynts, Sinews, etc. 91  
For any grief, pain, numbness, weakness, or swelling in loynts, and cometh of a cold cause. 92  
For any desperate and incurable strain in the Shoulder, or other hidden parts, for any Fistula, Polle-evill, or other Impostumation or swelling. 93  
For Foundering, Frettizing, or any Imperfection in the Feet, or Hoofs of an Horse. 96  
For hurts upon the Crownets of the Hoofs, as Overreach, Stub, or Pricqe, etc. 99  
How to help Surbating, or soreness in the Feet. 101  
For any Bony excression arising upon any member of an Horse; as Splint, Spanen, Curb, Ringbone, etc. 102  
Observations in giving of Fire, or using of Corosines, which heal all sorts of Farcies', Cankers, Fislulas, Leprosies, Maungees, Scabs, etc. 103  
How to defend a horse from flies. 104  
How to make a white Star, or white Spot in an Horse's face, or in any other part. 105  
How to keep your weollen Horse-clothes, Breast clothes, Rubbers, and the like from Moths. 109    
THE Faithful Farier, OR A Catalogue of all those principal and approved Secrets in Horsemanship, which the Author never published, but hath kept Secret in his own Breast, and which have been the Glory of all his practice.  

Observations in the electing of Horses, and what Country Horse is for what use.  
THE first and principal thing which giveth the noblest Character to a good horseman, is the well electing of horses for that use and purpose for which you intent to employ them: And in this choice there is no better or readier a way then the knowledge of Races and Strains from whence horses descend; for it is certain, that the Climate, Heat, and Cold, are three excellent Elements, in an horse's Composition.  
Touching the election of horses by their Shapes and proportions, by their Colours and Complextion, and by their Marks and other outward Semblances; I have written sufficiently in my former books, and intent to reiterate nothing: for nothing shall fall from my pen in this Treatise, but the very secrets of mine hart, things certain and approved, things secret and unpublished.  
To come then to the election of horses, according to their Races, Breeds, and Climates: ●f you will elect an horse for service, or a Marshal or warlike employment, than these are best, 

The Neapolitan.  
The Sardinian, etc.  
The Almain.  
The French.    
Or any of these Bastardized in themselves, or with a fair well shaped and well mettalled English Mare.  
If you will elect for swiftness and service, then, 

The Arabian.  
The Barbary.  
The Spanish.  
The Grecian.    
Or any of these Bastardized in themselves, or with our best English Mares.  
If you will choose for long travel and service, then, 

The English.  
The Hungarian.  
The Sweathland.  
The Poland.  
The Irish.    
If you will choose for draught and for service, then; 

The Flanders.  
The Freisland.    
Or any of the Netherlands, either Bastardized in themselves, or with our English Races, and these are excellent for Coach, for Cart; for Pack, or any burden.   

The occasions of inward Sicknesses, and Accidents, which happen upon those occasions.  
SIcknesses are of diverse kinds, and proceed from diverse causes, have their diverse Signs, and their diverse Remedies, as I have showed in my books: But to come nearest to the mark of curing, let me persuade you to call to account these few observations.  
First, to remember that all sicknesses in horses come either, by Hears, in over violent exercise; and then is the Grease melted, the heart over strained, the vital blood expelled outward, and the large Pores and Oryfices of the heart, so stopped, that the spirits cannot return back to their proper places, but confound and mortify.  
Or else by Colds, in indiscreet keeping either before or after exercise, and then is the Head perplexed, the Eyes pained, the roots of the Tongue swollen, the Lungs tickled and offended with rheumatic moisture, occasioning coughing, and the nostrils still pouring out filthy and corrupt matter.  
Or else by Surfeit of Food, in either eating too much, or too little of that which is good; or in giving any thing at all of that which is unwholesome. The first kills the stomach, macke, oppresseth the heart, and sends up those evil fumes into the head, by which is engendered the Staggers, Frenzy, and other mortal diseases. The second putrefies the blood, and turns all nourishment into corruption, from whence proceeds the Yellows, and other such like pestilent diseases, which suffocating the heart, spreads itself universally over the whole body, and confounds every faculty and member.  
Or lastly, by Accidents, as when a horse receiveth some grlevous and deep wound, either in his body, or else in some other vital and dangerous part, by which, nature is so offended, that instantly a general sickness seizeth upon the horse, and (if not prevented) death suddenly followeth; and these sicknesses, are called Accidentall-feavers; for if you observe it, you shall find the horse sometimes trembling, sometimes sweeting, sometimes cold, and sometimes burning.  
Thus you see there are four occasions of sicknesses in horses, as Heats, Colds, Surfeits, and Accident.   

The signs of inward Sicknesses.  
NOw to know the signs of these sicknesses; if it proceed from the first occasion, which is Heats; then the signs are these. First, heaviness of countenance, swelling of the limbs, scouring or looseness of body in the beginning of the sickness, and dryness or costiveness, in the latter end; short breath and hot, and a loathing or forsaking of his meat.  
It it proceed from the second occasion, which is Colds: then the signs are, heaviness of countenance, and either dull or else closed up eyes, hard boil or big pustules, between the Chops and the roots of the tongue, and sometimes an hard swelling up from the chaps to the roots of the ears: A rotten and moist cough, the horse ever chawing some loose, filthy, phlegmatic matter in his mouth after his coughing: which in one respect is no evil sign, because it showeth a rotten cold that is newly gotten, and soon to be cleansed: whereas to cough clear and hollow, and not to chaw after it, shows a dry cold that is of long continuance, sore festered, and hard to be recovered: Lastly, his body will fall away, and when he drinketh, the water will issue forth at his nostrils; and his eyes will be ever mattery and running, and his hair rough and staring.  
If it proceed from the third occasion, which is Surfeit of Meats and Drinks, either natural or unnatural, than the sign●s are these; First, heaviness of head and countenance, in such a violent manner, that the horse can hardly lift his head from the manger; a dull and dead eye, a staggering and re●ling pace, and (if the disease be far grown) a frantic and mad behaviour, as biting the Rack and Manger, and at such as shall come about him, sometimes biting at himself, and beating his head against the walls, boards, or ground, and other frantic passions: But if the disease be less contagious in the brain, but more inwardly settled at the heart, than the signs are, yellows in the whites of the eyes, and in the inside of both the upper and neither lips; and (if the disease be far gone) then a yellows over all the skin, a continual faint sweat, and a desire rather to lie down, then to stand, besides a general loathing and forsaking of his meat, which is the common sign of all sicknesses.  
Lastly, if it proceed from the forth occasion, which is Accident, than the signs are a perplexed and troubled body, sometimes sweeting at the roots of the ears, in the flank, and behind the foureshoulders against the heart, sometimes trembling over all the body, and sometimes glowing and burning in the vital parts, and on the Temples of the head, against the heart, on the inside of the forelegs next of all to the body, and on the inside of the hinder thighs close to the body; also his mouth will be hot and dry, and his tongue subject to furring and to a white scalded complexion; lastly a general loathing of his meat, but a great thirstiness & desire of cold drink, and when he can drink no more, yet a desire still to hold his mouth in the water.  
Thus you have the four occasions of sicknesses, and the signs by which to know those occasions. Now for as much as sicknesses come many times suddenly and unlooked for, and that not any man (how skilful so ever) but may sometimes be overtaken with the sudden sickness of his horse: And though he can after upon consideration, give an account for such sickness when it is apparent, yet till nature have thrust it forth, the disease was obscure to his knowledge; therefore I will here show those general and most usual signs which do attend and wait upon every sickness, by which you may be enabled to know the approach or beginning of sickness before it take fast hold on the vital parts, and so use prevention; or if it have taken some small hold, then how to fortify nature against it, and so to kill the Contagion, ere it come to any great height of danger; or being at the highest, how to qualify the extremity, and to bring every vital part and spirit to its first moderate state and temper.  
Now that you may effect this the better, it is requisite that you acquaint your knowledge well with the complexions, qualities, customs, and conditions of horses; for whensoever you shall find any alteration in any of these, be sure there will follow alteration of health, as thus.  
First, in the complexions of horses, which I draw from their colours and countenances: If your horse be a fair bright daplegray or a fleabitten, a white, a white-gray or the like; if any of these colours, being naturally clear and bright, shall grow duskish or cloudy, or the white hairs shall turn sandy and reddish, it is a sign of some unnat urall distemperature in the horse, and that he is evil affected, and either entereth into a consumption, or into some other inward disease of body.  
If the horse be of a pure black colour, a bright bay, a brown bay, or a red sorrel without flexen Maine, or flexen Tail, a clear chessenut or a mousedun; if these hairs shall grow discoloured and contrary to their proper natures, that is to say, of a weaker and worse complexion; as if the black turn dunnish or yellow, the bright bay, cloudy, pale, & sandy; the brown bay like the mousedunne; the redsorrell, coral or like the yellowdunne; the chessenut, hoary and grey; and the mousedunne, of a more black and pale blue then is natural, all these are signs of inward sicknesses. And as of these colours, so of any other colour whatsoever, if they shall alter from their proper and true natures, to a worse and more uncomely complexion, that is to say, to a complexion that is unuaturall and unproper for an horse, they are most pregnant signs of some inward sickness, which either lingereth upon the horse, or else is suddenly in breaking forth; and therefore by all means remember, that the alteration of colours be unnatural. For you must understand, that if the daple-grey, in process of time, do turn to white; the dark Iron-grey, to a bright grey; the black, to an Iron grey, and such like; that then this is a natural, and no unnatural alteration, and so no sign of sickness; and therefore not to be deceived, or to stand doubtful at all, acquaint yourself well with the true colour and complexion of your horse, which you shall best discern when he is in the pride and height of lust, when he is wanton, full of flesh and smooth, sleek, and shining: and when you shall see this complexion alter, in part, or all; then ever expect some sickness,  
As you thus acquaint yourself with the complexion of your horse, which I include in his colour; so you must also have a settled knowledge in his countenance and gestures; and to that end you shall be careful to mark and note his countenance and behaviour in all his actions and motions, as well within doors as without, as well in his play, ●s in his rest, at his times of feeding, & at his times of exercise; you shall note the cheerfulness of his eye, the carriage of his head and neck; which be his angry Characters, and which be his pleasant, when he biteth for wantonness or for offence; and these you shall best find out, in his feeding, in his exercise and playing, and in his dressing; and if at any time you find any of these Characters of fail on the sudden, and that ●is gesture is more lumpish heavy; then call yourself to account what you have done, either in exercise, feeding, airing, or ordering: For there is no doubt but there is distemperature, and sickness is approaching, if it be not prevented.  
As you thus acquaint yourself with the complexion and countenance of your horse; so you must also not be ignorant, but observe divers other outward and inward qualities, for they are the greatest lights that can be, both to health and sickness; and to this end you shall especially mark his filling & his emptying, that is, his manner of feeding, and the manner of discharging his body.  
In his feeding, whether he eateth with a good appetite, or a weak stomach; the first is healthful, the latter unwholesome. If he eat with a good Appetite, he will Neigh and call for his meat before it come, when either he seeth his Keeper, or a preparation for feeding, as sifting of his Oats, chipping of his Bread, and the like; he will receive it cheerfully, and greedyly, shaking his Head, and showing other signs of alacrity and rejoicing, which qualities after he hath used, if on the sudden he refrain and so receive his meat dully and unpleasantly, it is a great sign of sickness.  
As his feeding, so you shall mark his qualities in emptying, as the Time, the Place, the Substance: the Time, as whether he emptieth in the Nighttime better than in the Day; the Place, as whether he emptieth better in the House or abroad, whether in the Hand or when you are mounted, whether before you begin exercise, or else after some gentle motion or stir, whether at the Stable door or at some vsu●all places by the way, or in th● Ground where you give him hi● Exercise; lastly, for the Substance whether it be much or little, if i● be much, you must forbear exercise and make him empty the oftener; if it be little, than you may fall to labour at pleasure, then whether it be good or bad, and tha● commonly falleth out according to the Food he eateth; if it be clear, firm, and pale, with white grains, and in complexion like sweet soap, than it is wholesome; if it be black it shows heat in the body, if greasy than it shows foulness, if red and hard, it shows costiveness, if pale and loose, then inward coldness. And as thus you observe his Ordure, so you must also observe his Urine: Of both which I have written sufficiently in my former Books.  
As these qualities of feeding and emptying, so you shall note his qualities in Rest and Watching, that is, in his lying down and standing up, what hours and time he observeth for either, and how long he persevereth in them, and if at any time you find any sudden or gross alteration, then be assured of some sickness approaching. And thus of any other particular quality in your Horse (which you shall observe in his health) for it is impossible to nominate all, if you find them suddenly to surprise, it is doubtless that there is some sickness following.  
As you thus observe the Complexion & qualities of the Horse, so you must observe his natural customs and conditions, and how in his livelihood and best health he standeth affected, for to name them I cannot, because they proceed most from hidden inclinations, or else accidental apprehensions, which by continuance of time grow to natural habits. And any of these when they shall surcease or fail, are true progoastications of distemperature and sickness.  
Many other signs of sickness there are, as the not casting of the Coat in due time, Hydebound, continual dislike and leanness, where there is good feeding, beside many other: But they are so vulgar and commonly known, that I need not rehearse them; and these signs already written, are sufficient for knowledge.   

The curing of any heart sickness, or head sickness, or any ordinary inward sickness.  
I Will now descend to the cure of these inward sicknesses; and although every several sickness have a several cure, as I have showed at large in my Books, yet I will draw all here, into one hidden, but certain and most infallible approved Method, which I have never found prosperous and fortunate.  
Whensoever, either by the signs before rehearsed, or other accident or knowledge you shall find your Horse grievously pained with inward sickness, the first thing you do you shall open his Neck-veine and receive some of the first blood into a Pewter porringer, which if you set it in cold water it will presently discover the foulness and putrefaction; so than you shall let the Horse bleed well till the blood change, neither must you be nice or tender in this action, because you must understand, that all inward sicknesses in Horses, draw their effects from the putrefaction of the blood only: And this is the reason.  
It is certain that the Horse (of all other Creatures) hath no Gall or natural Vessel into which to receive the skummy and putrefied matter which ariseth from the corrupt and choleric blood, but it is either avoided in excrements, humours, or moderate exercise and sweats, or else by immoderate exercise and violent labour. By too much repletion and fullness, by unwholesome food and evil diet, or by some other natural defect, this choleric corruption increasing and overflowing, it presently and in an instant over-spreads the whole body, having its course through every vein, and so discoloureth the skin, and makes all the outward parts yellow, especially the Eyes, and inside of the Lips; also mixing with the better blood, and confounding the strength and virtue thereof, it brings a general faintness over all the body, and in the end suffocating the heart, of force there must follow sudden and certain mortality, and hence proceedeth those sudden deaths of Horses for which our weak Farriers can give but an idle and foolish account.  
But to return to my purpose, after you have taken away good store of blood, and (as you imagine) all, or at least most part of that which is corrupt, you shall then set him up in the Stable, tying his head to the emptic Rack gently and at liberty, neither so high that he shall be compelled to rest his Head upon the Bridle, nor yet so low that he may thrust his Head into the Manger, and thus ye shall let him and at least two hours.  
Now if the sickness be not very contagious, and dangerous, you shall not administer any potion unto him that day, because the vein being opened, and all the humours, powers and faculties of the body disturbed, it will be a double vexation to the spirits to have the working of the Potion also; therefore in this case, the sickness not being violent, you may forbear further administration, and only after the Horse hath fasted, as before said, you shall give him such food as he will eat, whether it be Hay, Bread or Corn, and always provided, that it be strong savoury, sweet, dry, and clean dressed: as for the quantity, it matters not, for a small pittance will maintain life; and humour is now to the Horse as food, beside, emptiness is no great displeasure.  
At high Noon you shall give him a sweet Mash of Malt and Water made in this manner.  
Take half a peck of good Malt well ground, and put it into a pail by itself, then take a gallon of fair, clear Water, and set it on the fire, then when it is come to the height that it is ready to boil, put as much of it to the Malt as will moist and cover the Malt all over, and stir them exceedingly well together, crushing the Malt with a flat Rudder as much as you can, ever and anon tasting it with your finger, till it be as sweet as any Honey, and then cover it over with clothes as close as you can, and so let it stand and stone for two or three hours at the least; then the hour being come in which the Horse is to receive it, uncover the Mash, and stir it well about, but finding it too hot, then put to it some clear cold Water that may temper and allay it, but in any wife not so much as may take away any part of the sweetness, and in this tempering, with your hand crush and squeeze the Malt as much as you can, than (the Mash being luke warm) give it the Horse to drink, and if he will eat of the Malt, let him take thereof at his pleasure. This is the best manner of making an ordinary Mash, or Horse-Caudle, for of that nature and quality it is, and to that purpose that a Caudle is administered to a Man, is this given to a Horse, for you must understand, that in these contagious diseases nothing is more pestilent than cold Water, and especially when exercise cannot be used.  
The ruder Farriers and Horse-Groomes do make the Mash another way, putting the Malt to the Water at the first, and so boiling them both together, but this is unwholesome and naught, and that every good Housewife can witness, for this long boiling over-scaldes the Malt, takes away the strength and sweetness, and gives an harsh and unsavoury taste, which is offensive to the Horse's nature.  
If your Horse be coy and refuse to take the Mash, as many are, partly for want of use and custom, and partly through weakness of stomach, than you shall strain the Water from the Malt exceeding hard, and so give it him with an Horn to drink, then take the Grains which you have so strained and put them in the Manger before the Horse, on which whether he feed or no it matters not, for if he but smell and snuffell his nose upon them, it is sufficient, and the fume thereof is wondrous wholesome for his head.  
After you have thus given him his Mash, you shall see that he be very warmly clothed, as namely, a good woollen Body-Cloath to come round about his heart, a large Cloth or two to come over it, and to be well wispt round about, with soft, thick, and large wispes; for the little, hard, and neat wispes, though they are comely to the eye, yet are they unwholesome for the body, for their hardness and smallness makes an impression into the Horse's sides, and causeth him forbear to lie down when Nature and rest requireth it.  
The Horse being thus warmly clothed as aforesaid, and with a very warm Brest-cloath before his breast, for that is an especial part to keep warm, you shall then cause one or two to rub all his four Legs from his Knees & Cambrels downward with very hard wispes, and to rub them so hard as may be, and whilst his limbs are thus in rubbing, you shall take a course rubber or two made of new harden or hempen Cloth, and warming one after another over a pan of Coals, with them rub the Horse exceeding much in the nape of the Neck, or the Polle just between his Ears, and on the Temples of the Head; for there is nothing more wholesome than these frictions and chafings, for they dissolve humours, revive all natural heat, bring a cheerful nimbleness into the climbs, and purge the head of all gross, cold, and tough matter, cleansing and purifying the Brain, by which the members and other faculties are fortified, and the whole Body reduced back to its first strength and ability.  
As soon as you have ended this action of rubbing, you may then let the Horse take his rest for two or three hours, and only leave a lock or two of sweet Hay in his Rack, and no more, for the least quantity of any things too much soon cloyeth a sick Horse.  
In the Evening you shall come to the Horse again, and having rubbed all his limbs and head, as was before showed, you shall then perfume his head in this manner.  
Take of the best and purest Olibanum an ounce, then as much Storax, and as much Benjamin, and bruise all them together, I do not mean bruise them to small powder, but only break them into small lumps, and mix them well together, so that taking them up between your fingers, you may not take up one ingredient alone, but some of all. Then take a Chafing-dish, and if it be possible, a Chafing-dish after the manner of the perfuming Chafingdish, which is wide below where the fire is, and narrow at the top where the smoke avoideth, and in this Chafingdish put well kindled Wood coal, or small Charcoal; then take some of the aforesad perfume, and lay it upon the Coals, but in any wise so as it may not flame but smoke, then hold the Chafingdish under the Horse's nose, and let the smoke go up into his Nostrils, and thus perfume him well for the space of a quarter of an hour, or half an hour at the most. Now it may be the Horse may seem coy to receive this at the first, because it is strange unto him, but do you continue the action, and cherish him, for be you well assured, after he hath once received the smell into the head, he will be as greedy to have it, as you are willing to give it, for there is nothing that delighteth an Horse more, or more rejoiceth his spirits, than sweet savours, and odoriferous smells, of which this perfume is one of the chiefest.  
The effect which this perfume worketh, is, that it purgeth the Brain of all filthy and corrupt matter, and (as you shall find by experience in the working) it dissolves tough matter into water, and brings it away in such abundance, that it is sometimes ready to extinguish the fire as it falleth. It is the greatest comforter of the Brain that can be, and from thence sendeth such cheerfulness to the heart, that it rejoiceth the whole body.  
There are diverse other perfumes which weak Farriers use in this case, as namely, wet Hay, or rotten Litter, and putting a burning Coal therein, give the smoke to the Horse: But this is a stinking savour and no perfume, and although it make the Horse snoare and neese, and so you may imagine it avoideth fowl matter, yet it is nothing so, but it offendeth both his Brain and stomach, and by the noisomeness of the smell dulleth and weakeneth the spirits, and rather engendereth infection, than any way abateth infirmity; for from rottenness there can but rottenness proceed.  
Next there is the Perfume of Brimstone, either simple of itself and put upon the fire; or else compound with another body, as Butter, Oil, or the like, and so thrust up into the Horse's nostrils. This I must needs confess is a sharp Perfume, and evacuateth much foul matter, and dissolveth the thickest matter into thin water: But yet you must know, that there is in this Sulphur, or Brimstone a certain earthy and poisonous quality, which not only doth offend the vital parts, but is also most malignant and injurious both to the eyes of Man and Beast, so that like Margery Goodcowe, if it have one virtue, yet two vices attend it.  
Then there are the Perfumes of the Stalks of Onions, Garlic, Leeks, Mustardseed, and the like, or the Perfume of the Fruits themselves either burnt or boiled; Bu● these are also great enemies to the eyes of an Horse, so that I can by no means allow them, especially fo● this reason, becase that generally all these inward sicknesses in Horse● do most of all afflict the head an● eyes, to which these things are enemies.  
Also there is the Perfume o● Wheat, Peniroyall, & Sage, boiled til● the Wheat burst, and so put it into a● Bag fastened about the Horse● nose. This I must confess is the best of many, yet it is much to● weak for a strong infirmity, and the Penir●yall hath a bitterness that is offensive.  
As these, so I could nominate divers others, but none so excellent as the first of all prescribed, and therefore to it I refer you.  
After your Horse hath been wel● perfumed, as beforesaid, you shall let him rest for a quarter of an hour, and then give him such food as he will eat, either Bread or Oates, of which how little soever he eateth it skils not, for it is to be intended that his stomach is now at the weakest.  
After he is fed you shall toss up his Litter, for you must know that he must stand upon Litter Night and Day, and then (if need be) give him more Litter, and but a lock or handful of Hay, that you may be sure to have him very fasting the next Morning, and so let him rest all the Night without disturbance. The next Morning early, you shall take half an ounce of the powder of Diapente, as the greeks call it, because of the number Five, which Diapente is thus made & compounded.  
Take of round Aristoloch, of Gentian, of the best Myrrh, of B●y-berries, and of the purest shave of ivory, of each one ounce, beat all but the Myrrh together in a Mortar in a fine powder, and ●earse it through a fine Searse, then likewise beat the Myrrh by itself, and fierce it also, and then mix all well together in a Mortar, and so keep the powder in a close Galley-pot.  
When you have taken half an ounce of this powder, you shall put it into a pint of the best Muskadine that you can get, and brew them very well together in two pots, tossing it well too and fro, because otherwise the Myrrh will clotter and lump together: when it is well brewed (after you have made clean your Stable, and righted your Horse's clothes) you shall with an& Horn give him this Potion to drink. Then if he have any small strength, you shall mount his back, and walk up and down in some warm or sunny place for an hour, or thereabout; then set him up in the Stable warm and well littered, and tying him to the Rack in his Bridle, let him so stand and fast for another hour, or more, then offer him a little sweet Hay, or any other meat that he will eat, and so let him stand till betwixt twelve and one of the Clock in the afternoon, at which time you shall first rub his Head and Legs well, as was formerly declared for the day before. Then you shall perfume him, as was beforesaid, and both those works finished, you shall give him a sweet Mash, as was also showed before, and so let him rest till the Evening, at which time you shall offer him either Oats or Bread, but in little quantity, as handful by handful and be sure it be sweet & clean dressed, sifted and dusted, and so let him rest till eight of the clock at Night, at which time you shall again perfume him. Then put sweet Hay in his Rack, toss up his Litter, and right his clothes, but in any wise bore not his body: then having made the Stable clean, you may leave him to his rest for that night.  
The next day being the third day▪ you shall do all things as you did the second day, already rehearsed. As first, you shall give him his Potion of Diapente and sweet wine, than air him, at Noon his Mash, at Evening and Night his perfume, with all other observations that were before declared.  
The next day, which is the fourth day, there is no doubt (with the help of God) but you shall find alteration and health approaching, which you shall know by his stomach, by his more cheerful countenance, and by other outward gestures, and finding that health is coming, you may then forbear to give him any more Potions, and only attend him with good Food, good dressing, and moderate exercise, neither shall you give him any more Mashes, for although they be wholesome in the extremity of sickness, yet being any thing too much used, they take away the Horse's stomach, and brings him to a loathing of other meat, and therefore in stead thereof, you shall in the Morning after your Horse is well rubbed and dressed, take a pottle of fair Water, and heat it scalding hot, then put it into a gallon, or two of clear cold Water, that it may take away the extreme coldness thereof, and then being scarcely lukewarm, give it the Horse to drink: You may, if you please, throw an handful of Bran, or an handful of Wheat-Meale into the Water, for it is good, and not hurtful. As soon as the Horse hath drunk, take his back, and ride him forth gently for an hour, or two.  
At Noon perfume him, at Evening water him as you did in the Morning, and ride him in like manner. Feed him at usual hours as i● time of health, and thus do for three or four days more, then finding his strength increasing, you may be degrees abate his clothes, you may water him abroad at some clear River, or Spring, gallop him after his watering, and draw every thing to the same custom as you did in best health.  
Thus you see the manner how to cure an Horse that is sick, but not violently sick, and as it were at the very point and door of death, which Cure is this which followeth.   

To cure any violent Sickness, if the Horse be at the very p●ynt and door of death.  
IF you shall have an Horse in this extremity, and desperate case then the first thing you do, you shall open his Neck vein, and let him bleed very well: Then two hours after his bleeding, take two Ounces of the Powder of Diapente, before rehearsed, and beat it in a Mortar with as much clarified, pure life Hony, as will bring it to a substantial Treackle, for this is an excellent Treackle, and of the Italians called Horse. Mithridate, and is the same which our Physicians call Th●●iaca Diatessaron.  
When this Confection is made, you shall take a full half ounce thereof, or more, and dissolve it in a pint and an half of Muskadine, and so give it the Horse to drink with an Horn: Then if he have so much ability of Body, walk him up and down for half an hour, or an hour, either in some sunny place, or some close Barn, or empty House, than set him up, and let him fast full another hour.  
At Noon give him, if you can get it, a gallon, or near there about of the first running of the strongest Ale, before it be put to Barm, and when it is clear, strong, and carrieth a Royal on the top: But where this is not to be had, then give him a sweet Mash, perfume him, r●b him, clothe him, diet, and order him in all respects as was showed you in the former Cure, and thus you shall do for three days together without all fail, and then no doubt but you shall see health approaching.  
At the end of three days you shall forbear all sorts of Mashes of both kinds, and follow all the prescriptions before declared.  
Now if during the Cure, either through the violence of the Medicine, or the foulness of the Horse's Body, you shall find any hard Pustules or Swellings to rise up between the Horse's Chaps, and at the Root of the Tongue, than you shall first clip away the hair as close as may be; than you shall take a Wax Candle, and therewith burn the swelling, till you may scarify the Skin, then take a piece of Leather, somewhat larger than the swelling, and having pricked it all over with the point of your Knife, spread thereupon in some thick manner your black Shoomakers-Waxe, that is well seasoned and new; then warming it over a few Coals, lay it upon the swelling and remove it not, till it either fall off by itself, or else the sore break, then renew the Plaster, and with it only heal up the Sore. This Plaster for the cheapness, and meanness will hardly win credit with those which are curious: But I dare assure you (that are a lover of Truth) that there is not a more excellent or sovereign Plaster which belongs to an Horse, for it ripeneth and breaketh any Impostumation whatsoever, it assuageth any hard swelling or tumour, whether in joints, or other Fleshy parts, and it healeth what it breaketh or ripeneth, and with its heat it dissolves all manner of humours that are knit together, and occasion pain or swelling.  
There is another accident which attendeth the sickness of Horses, and that is Costivenesse, or Belly-binding, which maketh an Horse that he cannot Dung, or avoid his Ordure. This accident when at any time it happeneth, it shall be good for you first to rake him, that is, you shall anoint your hand all over with sweet Butter, or clarified Hogs grease: Some use Oil of Bays, but it is too sharp, and too hot, and many times (if the action be used too roughly, or unadvisedly) it breedeth exulceration and soreness in the Tuell, and inward parts. Therefore, as before I said, take either Butter, or Hog's grease, and your hand being all besmeared therewith, thrust it up into his Tuell till you feel his Ordure, and then drawing out as much thereof (if it be black and hard) as conveniently you can, without doing injury to the Horse, or striving with your hand to go too far: And if you find it to be very sore baked within, then after you have raked & got what you can, you shall take a great Candle or Percher of three or four in the pound at the most, and cutting off an inch or two of the upper or smaller end, with your hand anoint as before, thrusting the great end forward, put it up into his Tuell so far as you can get it, then suddenly drawing out your hand, and leaving the Candle behind you, clap down his Tail close to his Tuell, and drawing it up between his Legs, hold it with both your hands hard and constantly for the space of an hour, or more, in which time the Candle will dissolve in the Horse● body, and so separate and break his Ordure, that upon the letting loose of your hands, he will presently dung.  
This you may do in every case of extremity, but not otherwise: and believe it, you will find this the most excellentest Suppository of all other, and that there is no● clyster which can work with greater efficacy, or more wholesomeness.  
There is another accident which attendeth the sickness of Horses, and that is quite contrary to this before rehearsed, and is called Lax, ativenesse or Looseness of Body, which is expressed by a vehement and violent scouring: This, if at any time it shall happen, you shall at first note the violence thereof, and the continuance thereof.  
The violence is known by the thinness, the sharpness, and the oft and speedy avoiding of the Excrements.  
The continuance is known by the unchangeableness of the Infirmity, and by the process and long continuance of time, contrary to all natural and wholesome custom, for you are to observe that an horse may have a scouring for a day, or two, or a little more, and this is not unwholesome, but natural and good, and if after it stay of itself, than it worketh no evil effect, but if it continue longer, and bring the Horse into any extraordinary weakness of Body, than you shal● seek to stop it in this manner.  
Take a quart of new Milk, and putting thereunto a good spoonful or two of fine Bean flower, and as much Bolearmoniacke finely beate● to powder, boil all together til● the Milk thicken, and then being made lukewarm, give it the Horse with an horn, and doing thus 〈◊〉 morning or two; no doubt but it will bind the horse; which if it do● not, than you shall take a quart o● Red-Wine, and put thereunto 〈◊〉 handful of the Herb called Shepherd's Purse, and half so much of Tanner's Bark, and boyl● all very well together till the Herb and the Bark be soft, than strain●● it, and put thereunto two spoonful of the powder of Cinnamon, and being made lukewarm, give it the Horse to drink with an Horn, and this do one morning, or two, or three if need require. For mine own part, I never found but it wrought good effect, and so I hope all men shall find that approve it.  
Now whereas in all my Cures heretofore in this Book for Sicknesses of what extremity soever, I make you only rely upon Diapente, or Horse Mithridate, which is a kind of Diatessaron. And for as much as at any times, & in many places, these things cannot be had, then in such extremity, and the Horse being at the point of death, in stead of the Powder of Meth●date aforesaid, you shall take half a pint of Dragon water, and dissolve into it, a good spoonful or more of the best Treacle upon a soft fire of embers, then being lukewarm, give it the Horse to drink with an Horn, and thus do for a morning, two, or three, till you see alteration and health approaching.  
This expelleth all infection and evil from the heart, comforts the spirits, and restores nature to its first best strength.  
And thus you have the uttermost secrets of my heart concerning the curing and discerning of all manner of inward sicknesses in Horses, how desperate, mortal, or contagious soever.   

The preventing of all inward Sicknesses.  
THE preventing of inward sicknesses, consisteth in two special observations and considerations.  
The first, is to prevent it before 〈◊〉 come, so that it may not offend at● all.  
The second, is to take it at the rst appearance, and so prevent it that it arise not to any great danger or hazard.  
To prevent sickness that it offend not your Horse at all, it is an excellent course when you put your Horse to grass, ever three or four● days before you turn him out, to take Blood from his Neck vein; then the next day after to give him a pint and an half of Muskadine, and half an ounce of the Powder, of Diapente, or three quarters of an ounce of the Horse Mithridate, or Treacle, before rehearsed; and then by degree● to abate his clothes, if he have been used to any, and to make his body familiar with cold. Also you shall observe when you let your Horse blood, to proportion the quantity which you take from him, according to the goodness or badness of the blood when you behold it, for the loss of good blood is unwholesome, and doth hurt, and to preserve ill blood, is both dangerous and noisome. Also if you observe, when you take blood from your Horse, to rcceive it into a vessel, and by stirring it about continually as the Horse bleedeth, to keep it from clotting, then having bled, to take the blood, and to besmear it all over the Horse's back and body, you shall find it wonderful wholesome, for it comforteth the body, cleareth the skin, and breedeth a rejoicing in all the Horses vital parts.  
Now if you have no determination to put your horse to grass, and yet you would prevent inward sickness, than you shall observe, once in two or three months, when you have the best leisure to rest your Horse after it, not to fail to give your Horse Muskadine & Diapente, or Muskadine & horse Mithridate, as was before showed, and not to let blood at all, for this very Potion is the greatest purger and purifier of the blood that can be, and avoideth all that yellow choleric matter, and other evil and undigested humours whrch corrupt the blood.  
Now you are to observe here, that although I only prescribe Muskadine wherein you shall dissolve your Powder, or Mithridate, yet know that when you cannot get Muskadine, or other sweet Wine, that then you may take strong Ale, or Beer, but in greater quantity, for as you take but a pint & an half of Wine, you shall take of Beer or Ale a full Ale quart; as for the powder or Mithridate you shall keep the first quantity already prescribed, and if you warm your Beer or Ale a little on the fire, it will not be amiss, but better, yet that I refer to your own discretion.  
Now to take sickness at the first approach, and to prevent it, that it arise not to any great danger, you shall by all means observe to look well into the occasions of sicknesses which are already showed, and into the signs of those occasions, and if you find yourself guilty of any of those occasions, or that the Horse discovereth any of the former signs, then presently let the Horse blood, and three several mornings after give him the Drink or Potion before prescribed, and undoubtedly it will prevent all the force of sickness, and restore the Horse to his former strength, and good estate of Body. And thus much of all inward sicknesses, and their prevention.   

Two sorts of Balls to ●●re any violent Cold, or Glanders, to prevent Heart-sicknesse, to purge away all molten Grease, to recover a lost Stomach, and to keep the Heart from fainting with exercise, and to make a lean Horse fat suddenly.  
TAke of Aniseeds, of Cominseeds, of Fenegreekeseedes, of Canthamus seeds, of the Powder of Elicampane roots, of each 2. ounces, beat them, and ●earse them to a very fine Powder, then add to them one ounce of the flower of Brimstone, then take an ounce of the best juice of Liquorice, and dissolve it in half a pint of White wine, which done, take an ounce of the Oil of Aniseeds, and as much of the Syrup of Coltsfoot, then of Salad oil and of fine Life Hony, of each half a pint, then mix all this with the former Powders, and with as much fine Wheat flower as will bind & knit them altogether, then work them into a stiff Paste, and make thereof Balls somewhat bigger than French walnuts, and so keep them in a close Galley por, for they will last all the year: & when you have occasion to use them, take one, and anoint it all over with sweet Butter, and so give the Horse every morning one in the manner of a Pill, and ride him a little after it, if you please, otherwise you may choose; then feed and water him, abroad or at home, according to your usual custom, and thus do (if it be to prevent sickness) for three or four mornings together, but if it be to take away infirmity, then use it at least a week, or more; if it be to take away molten Grease, or foulness, then instantly after his heat, and in his heat only; but if it be to fatten a Horse, then use it at least a fortnight or more. Now if you find any difficulty in the giving of it as Pills, you may then at your pleasure dissolve one of these Balls, either into sweet Wine, Beer, or Ale, and so give it the Horse to drink with an Horn. But if it be to fatten, and to take away infirmity, as the running Glanders, or such like; then besides these Balls, you shall make you these second Bals.  
Take of Wheat flower six pound or more, as shall suffice to make stiff the Paste, then take of Aniseeds, of Cominseeds, of Canthumus, of Fenegreeke, of ordinary Brimstone, of each two ounces, of Salet Oil a pint, of Honey a pound and a half, of White wine a pottle; beat the hard simples to a fine powder, and ●earse them, then with the rest make them into a stiff Past. Then of this Paste take a Ball as big as a Man's fist and dissolve it in two or three gallons of clear cold running water, by washing and laving the Paste therein, and so give it the Horse to drink at his ordinary watering times, or at any other time when he is disposed to drink, for he cannot drink too much of this water, then ride and warm him a little after it. Then when the water is spent, do not cast away the bottom, but filling the Vessel up again with new fresh water, dissolve another Ball therein, and thus do fourteen days together at the least, and you shall see wonderful effects arise thereof.  
This Water scoureth, cleanseth, and feedeth in admirable manner. And the other lesser Balls, first spoken of, purge the stomach and intrayles of all foulness, avoideth molten Grease, and fortifieth Nature so powerfully, that it leaves no evil in the Body.  
And this small Ball (if it were for my life) would I give to an Horse immediately upon his drawing forth, if he went either to run, to hunt, or use any violent or extreme labour.   

Annther way how to fatten a Horse suddenly.  
THere is another way to fatten an Horse suddenly, but not better than that before showed, yet this I have found both good and certain, and therefore I refer it to your own discretion.  
Take of Elicampane, of Comimseeds, of Turmeric, of Aniseeds, of each two ounces, of groundsel an handful, boil all these very well with three Heads of Garleeke cleansed and stamped, in a gallon of strong Ale, then strain it well, and give the Horse a quart to drink lukewarm in the morning fasting, then ride him till he be warm, then ●et him up warm, and thus do for four or five mornings, and then turn the Horse to grass (if the time of the year be suitable therefore) and he will feed wonderfully and suddenly.  
But if the time of the year serve not for Grass, than you shall keep him in the House, and over and beside the drink before showed, you shall take the fine Powder of Elicampane, & the fine Powder of Cominseeds, of each a like quantity, mix them well together, than every time you give your Horse Provender, which would be at least thrice a day, as morning, noon, and night: Take half an ounce of this Powder, and sprinkle it by little and little into his provender, for fear of offence, till all be eaten up. And thus do for fourteen days together at the least, and you shall see the Horse prosper in wonderful and strange manner.   

How to keep a Horse, or jade from tiring.  
IF you ride on a tiring jade, o● fear the perplexed cruelty of ● tired jadc, then be sure to carry about you the fine searse powder of Elicampane, and when others bayt● their Horses▪ or that you come to the place of Bait for your Horse● the first thing you do, set up you● Horse warm, and do not walk him. After he hath been well rubbed, take a quart of strong Ale, and put thereto half an ounce of th● Powder of Elicampane, and brew i● altogether, then give it the Horse with an Horn, which done, tie hi● head to the Rack, for you need no● care for Provendar till night, a● which time Provendar him well and in the morning give him Oate● or Bread, or both, in plentiful manner, and being ready to backe him, give him the former quantity of Ale, and the powder aforesaid, and doubtless you shall find him to travel with great courage and spirit.  
Also if you take a bunch of penniroyall, and tie it to the mouth of your Bit, or Snaffell, you shall find it very comfortable, & it will cause your Horse to travel lustily.  
Now if your Horse, notwithstanding all this, do happen to tyre, than you shall take off the Saddle, and with the Herb called Arsesmart, rub his back all over very hard; then laying Arsesmart also under the Saddle, so ride him, and if there be any life in him, it will make him go. For this is a notable torment, and the smart is almost unsufferable, and therefore I would have you use it with great discretion, and but seldom, or when extremity requireth it.   

Another Receipt against tiring, or for anysore or dangerous Cold.  
TAke of the best Indian Necotian (which we call Tobacco) and be sure it be not sophisticated, or by any other accidental means adulterated. Dry this in the Sun in a Glisse close luted, than pound it very small, and mix it with an equal quantity of the Powder of Cockel-shels, then with the Oil of Dill, and the Oil of Cloves, make the Powder into a Paste, or solid body; then make pretty round Balls thereof, as big as Walnuts, and dry them in the shadow, in the Canicular days, otherwise called the Dog days, then keep them close in a sweet Galley Pot, and give them as Pills in the time of necessity, that is to say, a Ball at a time whensoever your Horse shall faint in travel, or if your Horse have taken any sore cold, or surfeit, then give him the Ball in the morning fasting, and let him have a little exercise after it, then clothe warm, rub well, & be sure not to lay any cold water to the Horse's heart, without moderate exercise after it, for of all dangers that is the greatest.   

Another Receipt for any extraordinary Cold, dry Cough, or pursicknesse in an Horse, which the weak Farriers call, Broken wound.  
BEcause the former Receipt i● curious in the making, and asketh the observation of times, an● Seasons, neither can be effected a● all times and hours, therefore●● will set you down here, the secret of my knowledge, and those ready●● easy, and approved Receipts, whic● I never found to fayl●, but to work● that goodness which I have eue● desired.  
Therefore whensoever you find your Horse taken with any extream● old Cold, dry Cough, or Pursickne● (which ignorance Farriers call Bro●ken wound) you shall take three● quarters of an ounce of the Conserve of Elicampane, and dissolve it in a pint and a half of the best Sacnk and so give it to the Horse with an Horn, in the morning fasting, and ride him alittle after it. And this you shall do diverse mornings together, till you see the infirmity decrease, and waste away.  
Now because there is some curiosity in the making of this conserve of Elicampane, and that diverse men do compound according to their divers opinions, I will here show you the several compositions, their several uses, and their several virtues, together with mine own opinion of the goodness, as I have found it in my practice, & so to leave it to your own judgement.  
The conserve of Elicampane, is of two kinds, the one is Simple, the other is Compound.  
The Simple Conserve is made in this manner:  
Take of the purest Roots of Elicampane, that are preserved in swee● Syrup, and beat those Roots an● the Syrup together in a Mortar till you have brought it to an entity thin Substance, then with the fine● refined Sugar that can be got, thicken it up, and bring it to the perfect body of a Conserve, than put it in 〈◊〉 Galley pot, and keep it close, an● use it in time of necessity, as wa● before showed.  
This Simple Conscrue is of excellent use, and taketh away any ordinary Cold, or stopping; it comforteth the Lungs, enlargeth th● Wind, purgeth the Head of all fil●thy matter, and dissolveth man● other obstructions; yet is not th● the best Conserve, neither works the best effect, if the infirmity b● old and dangerous, or if there b● any attainture in the Lungs or L●uer, therefore in that case you sha● fly to the Compound Conserve which is made in this manner.  
Take the best candied Roots of Elicampane that can be gotten, and beat them in a Mortar with the Syrup of Coltsfoot till it be brought to a very thin substance, then with the finest refined Sugar thicken it, as before showed, till it be brought to the true body of a Conserve; then keep it close in a Galley pot, and use it with Sack, as was before declared.  
This is the true Conserve, and hath the greatest virtue; for I have known it in the continuance of a small time, and by the daily use thereof, to take away diverse dry (and supposed incurable) Coughs, it hath taken away the heaving of the body, and so enlarged the wind that albeit the motion was before swift, like the broken wound, yet it hath come to a moderare and ●low temper, and the dry Cough which did accompany it, hath been quite put awae.  
Now whereas I prescribe unto you the taking of the candied Roots of Elicampane, I think it no● amiss because the apothecary is not ever at your elbow, to show yo● how you shall candy them you● self: As thus,  
Take of the finest refined Sugar, or the best white Sugar Candy, an● dissolve it in Rose water, than boil● it to an height, and when the Syrup is cold, put in your Roots, being clear and well cleansed, and let them rest in the Syrup a pretti● space, then take them out, and boil● the Syrup over again, and as before put in your Roots, then boil the Syrup over again the third time to an hardness, putting i● more Sugar, but no Rose water then put in all your Roots, the Syrup being cold, and so let the● stand till they candy. And in this wise you may candy all manner o● Roots, Flowers, or any thing else.  
Now if you find any difficulty either in the making, or the procuring of these Midicines before showed, or that the Infirmity not being great, or dangerous, you think a Medicine of less force, and easier to compass, will accomplish it:  
Then you shall take of the Syrup of Coltsfoot an ounce, of the fine Powder of Elicampane, of Aniseeds, and of Liquorice, of each half an ounce, of brown Sugar Candy an ounce, divided into two parts, then with as much sweet Butter as will suffice, work all the former Powders, and one part, or half of the Sugar Candy, and all the Syrup, into a stiff Paste, then divide it into two or three Balls, and role them into a round form, or the fashion of an Egg, and after role them all over in the other half, or part of the Sugar Candy, and then give this whole quantity at one time to the Horse in the manner of a Pill, and give them in the morning fasting, then ride the Horse half an hour after the giving, and let him fast two hours at the least after he cometh in, and let him be warm clothed, and stopped, and his Limbs, and Body well rubbed, especially his Head: Let him by no means drink any cold Water, but so, as he may have exercise after it, and let his exercise be moderate and not violent: let his Hay be a little sprinkled with Water, & his Oats with Beer or Ale; as for bread, it is of itself moist enough; and let all his meat generally be well dusted, sifted, or chipped, for nothing is more offensive than foulness, and dryness, nor more comfortable than cleanness, provided that your Corn be not green and unsweet in the Mow or Reek, your Bread new, nor your Hay unsweet or rotten.  
Thus you shall do, not for one morning, or two, but for divers, till you find amendment; neither shall you spare any travel or occasion; but have medicine about you, use it in your journeying, for this doth not take away anything to weaken Nature, but adds to the force thereof, and makes the Body a great deal more able.   

An excellent Scouring after any sore Heat, or for any Horse after his exercise.  
TAke a quart of good Sack, and set it on the fire in a Basin, or open Skillet, and when it is warm, take an ounce of the clearest Rosen and bruise it exceeding small, then by degrees little after a little put it into the Sack, and stir it fast about for fear of clotting, and when the Sack and it is incorporated, then take it from the fire, and put thereto half a pint of the best Salad Oil, and in the cooling stir them all well together, than lastly take an ounce of the brown Sugar Candy beaten to Powder, and put it in also, and being lukewarm give it to the Horse in the height of his heat, as soon as you come home from exercise, then rub hard, cloth warm, and let him fast at least two hours after, but yet depart not yourself, or some deputy for you out of the Stable, but stay and keep the Horse stirring, and waking, partly by extraordinary noise and clamour, and partly by action about him, or making him move up and down as he standeth, for there is nothing more hurtful to the Horse, or the working of the Medicine, than sleep, stillness and rest; and nothing better or more available to the working of the Medicine than action or motion: for they make the spirits work, and stir up those humours which should be removed, when rest keeps the spirits dull, and the humours so enclosed and reserved, that Nature hath nothing to work upon.  
Whensoever you give any scouring, be sure that day to give no cold water after it, for it is binding, and knitteth, and detaineth that foulness which the Scouring should take away.  
Thus you see how to give a Scouring in the proper and due time: But if now either through Error, Ignorance or Imagination that your Horse is so clean that he needeth no Scouring (as I know many of opinion, that scourings are idle unnecessary things, and not to be used at all) yet your Horse, having his Grease molten, and no course taken for the avoiding thereof, you find he droopeth, and languisheth, as of force the ahorse must do, and experience daily shows it us. For the opinion that Scowrings are unprofitable, is frivolous and idle. In this case, upon the first apprehension of the evil, you shall give the Horse a sweet Mash in the Evening, which is in the same nature, and of the same quality that a Preparative is before a Purgation: Then the next morning very early mount his back, and ●n some convenient piece of ground give your Horse a gentle heat: I do not mean that you shall run him furiously, or violently, but to gallop him gently; neither to heat him through the extremity of sudden and sharp labour, but to warm him kindly through the continuance of moderate exercise. Nor would I have you, to melt his Grease anew, but only to loosen and stir up that which was before molten  
Your exercise being finished, do not alight from his back suddenly, but rub him as you sit on his back and so bring him home; then presently having the Scouring ready, as soon as you are alighted, give it him lukewarm, then rub him dry, cloth and stop him very warm, and then in all other things do● as hath been before declared.   

For any dangerous Bots, Maw worms, or poisoned Red Worms.  
TAke as much precipitate (which is Mercury Calsoynd) as will gently lie upon a Silver Twopences and lay it in a piece of sweet Butter almost as big as an Hen's Egg, in the manner of a Pill, and then in the morning fasting, the Horse having stood all night on the Mussel, or at the empty Rack, if it be possible, or otherwise (if the extremity of the disease compel you) at any other time, draw forth the Horse's Tongue, and make him swallow down the Pill, then chafe him a little up and down, and after set him up warm, making him fast, full two hours after, and it will kill all manner of Worms whatsoever: Yet in the administration hereof, you must be wondrous circumspect and careful, for in the Precipitate there is a strong poisonous quality, so that by no means there must be taken more than is prescribed, except with good caution.  
Again, if you mix the Precipitate with a little sweet Butter, as much as an Hazel Nut, before you lap it up in the great lump of Butter, it well not be worse but better, and it will allay much of the evil quality. But this I leave to your own discretion, assuring you that there is not any thing comparable to this, for this infirmity.   

For Gourded, or foul swelled Legs, or other parts, by reason of melting the Grease, or other Accident.  
FIrst with a Fleame prick the parts that are swelled, then take a pint of Wine lees, an ounce of Cominseeds, & an handful of Wheat flower, and boil them together till they be thick, then apply this Pultus very hot to the swelled part, renewing it but once in four and twenty hours, and if this in two or three days draws it to an head, than lance it, and heal it either with a plaster of Shoemaker's wax, or else with the yealke of an Egg, Wheat flower and Honey beat●n together to a Salve.  
But if it do not draw to any head, and yet the swelling continue, then take of Pitch a quarter of a pounds, and much Virgin Wax, of resin half a pound, of the juice of Isop half an ounce, of Galbanum half an ounce, of Myrrh secondary half a pound, of Bdelium Arabicum half an ounce, of Deers Suet half a pound, of Populeon half an ounce, of the drops of Storax half an ounce: boil all these together in an Earthen pot, and after it is cold, take of Bitumen half a pound, of Armoniacke an ounce and a half, and of Costus as much; beat these into fine powder, and then incorporate them with the other, and boil them all over again very well, which done, pour the whole mixture into cold water, and then roll it into seven big Rolls plasterwise, after spread this Plaster upon a piece of Leather, and fouled it about the swelled member, or lay it upon the swelled part, & if any thing, than this will assuage it, and give much strength to the Sinews.  
You shall by no means remove this Plaster, so long as it will stick on.  
This Plaster I must confess, is costly and curious to make, but it is wonderful sovereign, and of singular use. For the Horse that is continually kept with it; I mean that hath it applied to his Limbs ever when he cometh from travel, he shall never be troubled with swelled Legs, nor yet ever put out Wind● galls.  
Now if you will neither go to this cost, nor endure this trouble, yet would have your Horse cured of this Infirmity, then assuredly know not any thing better or more approved, then continually both before and after travel, and in the House, nany times in the day to lave and wash your Horse's limbs, or other swelled parts, with the coldest and clearest Fountain Water that you can get, and sometimes let the Horse stand in some cold clear River for the space of a quarter of an hour or more, up to the knees, and cambrels, but no further.  
This Medicine, how poor soener it look, is of infinite virtue, and though I write of cold Water, yet is the operation hot and fiery; only this you must take to your remembrance, that this application appertains not to Impostumations, but to Strains, and Swellings, which are without much anguish.   

To heal or dry up any old Ulcer, or cankerous Sore.  
TAke Mastic, Frankincense, Clo●es, green Copperas, and Brimstone, of each a like quantity, of Myrrh double so much as of any one of the other. Beat all to a fine Powder, then burn it on a chafingdish and Coals, but let it not flame. Then as the smoke take a good handful of fine Lint, or Tow, and hold it over the smoke so that it may receive all the perfume thereof into it. Then when i● is thoroughly well perfumed, put the Lint into a very close Box, and s● keep it.  
Then when you have occasion to use it, first wash the Sore with Urine, then dry it, and lastly lay o● some of this Lint, or Tow; and thus do twice a day, and it is a speedy Cure.  
As this is sovereign for an Horse, so it is as sovereign for any man also.   

To cure the running Frush, or any Impostumation in the sole of the Foot, to dry up Scratches, Pains, and the like cankerous Sores.  
TAke old Urine, and boil it with good store of Allome, and keep it in a close Vessel by itself; then take a good handful or two of green Nettles, strong and keen, and spread them on some Plate, or other vessel, and dry them either before the fire, or in an Oven (after the household bread is drawn) then crush and bruise them into a very fine Powder, then look what quantity of Powder there is, and take the like quantity of Pepper beaten to as fine a Powder, & mix both very well together, then keep this Powder in a close Bladder. Now when you have occasion to use it, first wash the sore place with the Urine and Allome, made very warm, and the sores thoroughly scoured; after dry them with a fine Lawn, or Linen rag, and lastly strew or pounce of the Powder, so as it may cover all the sore: and thus do ever after travel, or once a day in the time of rest.   

For any sore Eye of Horse, or Beast.  
TAke the sh●ls of seven or eight Eggs, and cleanse away the inner slime from them so clean as may be; then lay those shells between two clean Tiles, and so lay them in hot glowing Embers, and cover them all over, & on enery side and so let them lie a good space, till the shells be all dried, then take them up, and beat the shells to a very fine searst Powder; then with a Goose quill blow this Powder into the▪ Horses eye that is offended with Pin, Webbe, Film, or any thickness, or fullness, and it is a certain Cure: And thus do Morning, Noon, and Night. But if it be for any watery or inflamed Eye, for any Bruse, Stripe, or descending humour, then take a spoonful and an half of the fine searst Powder of white Sugar Candy, and being mixed together with as much May▪ Butter (if you can get it, or for want thereof, the best sweet Butter) work both these Powders into a gentle Salve, and therewith anoint the Horse's Eye Morning, Noon, and Night, for it cleanseth, purgeth, comforteth, and cooleth.   

For a backe-sinew strain, or any other Strain.  
TAke an ounce of Turpentine, and two or three spoonfuls of Aquavitae, and beat them together in a Bladder, or other Vessel, till they come to a perfect Salve; then anoint the Strain very well therewith, and heat it in, either with an hot Brick, or else a Bar of Iron: and thus doing three or four times, it will take away the Strain.   

For any old Strain, or lameness in joints, Sinews, etc.  
TAke Boars Grease, Bolearmoniacke, black Soap, and Nerve Oil, of each a like quantity, boil them well together, and then apply it hot to the grief, rubbing and chase it in exceedingly, and also heating it in very well, either with an hot Brickbat, or hot Fire shovel, or an hot Bar of Iron; and thus do once a day until the pain do depart away.   

For any grief, pain, nambnesse, weakness, or swelling in joints, that cometh of a cold cause.  
TAke Aquavitae, and heat it on the fire, and therewith bathe the grieved part or member very well, and holding an hot Bar of Iron before it, make the Medicine to sink in; then take a Linen cloth and wet it well in the same Aquavitae; lastly take Pepper beaten and searst to a fine dust, and there with cover the wet Cloth all over very thick, and so fold it about the grieved part; then take a dry Rouller and roll it about the wet, and so let the Horse rest: And thus do once a day at the last, till you find amendment.   

For any desperate and incurable strain in the Shoulder, or other hidden parts, for any Fistula, pole-evill or other Impostumation or Swelling.  
TAke a large earthen Vessel of a gallon, two, or three, & almost fill it with the Herb Arsesmart, and Brookelime, equal in quantity and equally mixed; then put to them as much of the oldest and strongest Urine that can be got, as will cover the Herbs all over, and fill the Vessel full, then cover the pot close with a stone, board, or such like thing, and so let it stand, for this can never be too old.  
Now when you have occasion to use it for any grief aforesaid, you shall take an earthen Pipkin, and put there into both of the Urine and the Herbs so much as shall be convenient for the grief, and you shall boil it well upon the fire. Then if it be for a shoulder strain, you shall take an old Boot, and cut off the Foot, so that you may draw it over the Horse's foot, and about his knee, almost to the elbow of his shoulder, keeping the neither part of the Boot as close and straight about his Leg as may be, but the upper part (which covereth all the shoulders) must be wide and spacious: Into this Boot thrust all your mixture as hot as the Horse can suffer it, and lay it fast and close about the shoulders, especially before and behind; then drawing up the upper part of the Boot, so fasten it to the Main of the Horse, that it may by no means slip down, but keep constant and firm. And thus you must do once or twice a day till the grief depart.  
As for the effect thereof, you shall find it, for this is the violentest of all Midcines, so that if there be any foul matter that must come forth, this will in an instant bring it to an head, ripen, break, and heal it: if there be no such thing, then in as short a time, it will drive away the offending humours, take away the swelling, and give present ease.  
Yet would I have you to use this but in extremity, because for the time, the torment is almost insuffe. rabble, and indeed, for nothing but an Horse to endure.  
Now if it be for a Fistula, or any such like Impostumation, or Swelling, than you may spare the Boot, and only lay on the Medicine in the manner of a Pultus, and it will be altogether sufficient.   

For Foundering, Frettizing, or any Imperfection in the Feet, or Hoofs of an Horse.  
FIrst pair thin, open the heels wide, and Shoo large, strong and hollow; then take a good quantity of Cow's Dung, half so much Grease, or Kiching-fee, a like quantity of Tar, and a like quantity of Soot; boil all these very well together, and then boiling-hot as may be, see you stop your Horse's Feet therewith daily, and it will not only take away all anguish, but also strengthen the Hoofs, and make them to endure any labour. But when you journey or travel the Horse (as exercise availeth much for this Cure) then put in the aforesaid Stopping cold, the first night after his labour, & add unto it the white of an Egg or two, for that will take away the heat and beating of the former day's labour, and will keep the F●ush strong and dry. But in time of rest, let it be boiling hot as aforesaid.  
Now if the Hoof be naturally brickle or by accident broken, or by the former infirmity dried up and straytned; Then to enlarge it, to make it tough, and to make it to grow swiftly, take of Pig's grease or of Hogs grease, of Turpentine and of Mastic, of each a like quantity, and half so much Lard as of all the rest; melt all but the Turpentine on the fire, and being melted take it from the fire, and then put in the Turpentine, stirring it about, incorporate all very well together, then put it into a Galley-pot, and when it is cold, be sure you cover it close.  
With th● Salue, twice or thrice a day anoint the crownets of the Horses Hoofs, close by the Hair at the setting on of the Hoof, and it will make it shoot fast, and grow tough and large.   

For hurts upon the Crownets of the Hoofs, as Overreach, Stub, or pricks, etc.  
FIrst take of Soap and Salt, of each a like quantity, and mix them together like a Paste; Then having cut out the overreach, or hurt, and laid it plain, first wash it with Urine and Salt, or Beer and Salt, and with a Cloth dry it; then bind on the mixed Soap and Salt, not renewing it in 24 hours, and thus do (if the wound be great) for three or four days together: then having drawn out all the venom as this Salve will quickly do) then take a spoonful or two of train-oil, and as much Ceruse (which we call white Lead) and mix it together to a thick Salve, then spread that upon the Sore morning and Evening till it be whole, which will be effected suddenly; for nothing doth dry up sooner, nor is more kindly and natural for the breeding of a new Hoof then this, as you shall find by experience.   

Ho to help Surbating, or ●●renesse in the Feet.  
WHen you find your Horse to be surbated, presently clap into each of his fore-feets two new laid Eggs, and crush them therein, th●n upon the top of them lay good store of Cowdung, thus stop him, and in four hours he will recover.   

For any Bony excression arising upon any member of an Horse; as Splint, Spaven, Curb, Ringbone, etc.  
TAke the Root of Elicampane well cleansed, and lap it in a paper, and roast it as you would roast a Warden in hot embers, then as hot as the Horse can suffer it (for you must not scald) after you have rubbed and chafed the excression, clap this thereunto and bind it on hard, and in once or twice dressing it will consume the excression.  
Also if morning and evening you rub the excression with the Oil of Origanum, it will consume away the hardness.   

Observations in giving of Fire, or using of Corosives, which heal all sorts of Farcies', Cankers, Fistulays, Leprosies, Maungees, Scabs, etc.  
THere are two ways to give Fire; the one Actual, and the other Potential: the first is done by Instrument or hot iron, the other by medicine, either Corosive, Putrefactive, or caustic.  
The Actual fire, stoppeth corruption of members, and stauncheth blood, provided the Sinews, Cords and Ligaments be not touched. The best Instruments to cauterise or sear with, are of Gold or Silver; the second best are of Copper, and the worst, but most usual are of Iron.  
The Potential fires are medecins Corosive, Putrefactive, or Caustick. Corosives are simple or compound; the simple Corosives are Roch-Allome, burnt or unburnt, Red Coral, Mercury sublimed, etc. The compound are Vnguentum Apostolorum, Vnguentum Aegyptiacum, and Vnguentum Coraceum, with others.  
Medecines Putrefactive are your Arsenic, Resalgar, Chrysocollo, and Aconitum. Medecines which are caustic are strong Lie, Lime, Vitriol, Aq●a fortis, and the like.  
Corosives over weaker than Putrefactives, and Putrefactives are weaker than Caustics. Corosives work in the soft flesh, Puttefactives in the hard, and Caustics break the sound Skin.  
Thus you see the use of these things, you may apply them at your pleasure, for these cure all sorts of Farcies', Cankers, Fistulas, Leprosies, Maungees, Scabs, and suc● like poisonous Infections.   

How to defend a Hor●●e from Flies.  
THis is a noisome offence in the Summer time, therefore when you find the trouble thereof, take Arsesmart and streep it in running water, & make it exceeding strong of the Herb, and therewith sprinkell and wash the Horse all over, and no Fly will touch him a second time.  
The juy, or Rue, or Herb of Grace will do the like.   

How to make a white Star, or white Spot in an Horse's face, or in any other part.  
TAke two or three Apples, the sourest you can get, and roast them at a quick fire, then being in the height of their heat, take one of them in a Cloth, or other defence, and having cut off the Skin, clap the hot Apple to the Horse's Forehead, and hold it hard thereto till the heat be assuaged; then try if the Hair will come off, which if it will not, then take another hot Apple, and do as before: then when the Hair is come off as broad as you would have it, take another hot Apple, and clap it to the scalded skin, holding it hard to, till all the skin blister, and come off as well as the Hair, then anoint the sore place twice or thrice a day with Honey, and the next Hair which cometh will be white.   

How to keep your woollen Horse-Cloathes, Breast▪ clothes, Rubbers, and the like from Moths.  
WHen you turn your horse or Horses to Grass, take all your Woollen clothes of what kind soever, and first wash them clean, and dry them; then hang them in the Sun, dust them, and brush them; then lay them on some Fleakes or other open things, a pretty distance from the ground, and spread all open; then take the hoofs of Horse or Cattle, and chopping them in pieces, burn them under the Woollen things, so as the smoke may come to them in every part, then being thoroughly smoked, fold them up handsomely, and between every fold strew the powder of Wallnuttree L●aues well dried, and so lay them up in a Chest, and you shall never care for the offence of Moths, which is very unwholesome for the Horse, and breeds in him a dislike.  
Others use to rub their clothes on the wrong sides all over with the tops and tender parts of Wormwood, and it hath the like effect.  
Thus you may also preserve any Arras, Tapistree, or other hangings, and any Linen or Woollen Garments whatsoever.   
FINIS.