MARKHAM'S MASTERPIECE OR, What doth a Horseman lacke.  
Containing all possible knowledge whatsoever which doth belong to any Smith, Farrier or Horseleech, touching the curing of all manner of diseases or sorrances in horses; drawn with great pain and most approved experience from the public practice of all the foreign Horse-Marshals of Christendom, and from the private practice of all the best Farriers of of this kingdom.  
Being divided into two Books.  
The first containing all cures Physical. The Second whatsoever belongeth to chirurgery, with an addition of 130 most principal Chapters, and 340 most excellent medicines, receipts and secrets worthy every man's knowledge, never written of, nor mentioned in any Author before whatsoever.  
Together with the true nature, use, and quality of every Simple spoken of through the whole work.  
Read me, practise me, and admire me.  
Written by Gervase Markham Gentleman.  Pro. 12. ver. 10. 
A just man hath pity on his beast: but the mercies of the wicked are cruel.  
LONDON, Printed by Nicholas Okes, and are to be sold by Arthur johnson, dwelling at the sign of the white Horse near to the great North door of S. Paul's Church. 1610.   

TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE AND HIS SINGULAR GOOD LORD, the Lord Clyfton, Baron of Layton.  
IF the tribute of poor men's labours (Right Honourable, and my most best Lord) be the al-witnesses of our most serviceable loves: then I hope mine which comes to kiss your hand, will protest and vow for me, that my zeal and duty towards you and your house, hath no date but in my last breath. And all be this work, which hath been my many years experience (for the rude and deformed collection) may seem too humble for your support: yet in as much as I know both your own excellent and well approved knowledge in the same art (and so best able to judge either of my worth or vanity) and your most noble affection to men of any virtue, I dare with better boldness present you with this my last sacrifice of writing, beseeching you in it to behold not only how my time is employed, but how infinite my longing is to be numbered only your creature.  
Your Honours in all humble duty to command, Gervase Markham.   

THE FIRST BOOK containing all cures Physical, or such infirmities as being inward, crave the administration of Physic, and are called in Horse-leach-craft, Horses sicknesses.  

CHAP. 1. Of the natural composition of horses bodies.  
MAny, yea even of those which are nearest to my studies, will not only wonder, but in part condemn me for this work when they shall but read the title, without any excuse imagining, that I having in my last book done my uttermost endeavour, and spent my best skill in this subject, that surely this reiteration, can be nothing but either mere Tautology, or some surfaite of ostentation. But how much I hate the one & condemn the other, both myself and those with whom I hold any comercement, can justly and truly witness: ●or believe it, I never stood affected either to Absalon's pillars or to the music of mine own words. Truth it is, that at the publishing of my last book, I intended to have inserted this in the same form and method as now it is, but the over hasty greediness of a self-hurting Stationer, and the confusion of many Printers (one poor book being mangled into divers hands) did both so confound, and defeat all my better purposes, that I was compelled to give way to their wills, and to suffer it to come forth with that misshapen and distracted face which now it beareth; every page being loaded with the Printers faults, and no way to save their reputation, but by most wilful neglecting to fix to any Errata. Well, for every part of that book (excepting that of cures) the Printers faults excussed, I dare boldly defend it against either envy, censure, or any preiudication; and though it be not the perfection or most perfect (for those fruits grow not on my tree,) yet it is such, and so sound as shall give a full satisfaction to every indifferent and upright judgement. As for that part, (the book of cures I mean) which myself must needs confess, giveth not that ample satisfaction which I intended, I have in amends thereof compiled this volume with such earnest care, practice and diligence, that I dare engage even my best fortunes, that simplicity and ignorance itself (I mean such as never intermeddled with this art in the whole circuit of their lives) shall not only with good judgement perform as great and as invincible cures as the best Smith-farriers of this kingdom, but also shall give such substantial reasons and uncontrollable accounts for whatsoever they do, (which yet never Smith that I knew was able to do) that not the best artist shall be able with undoubted truth to refute them. And with this protestation and full assurance to every well practising reader of this work, I will proceed to my purpose, according to every branch and head in the title.  
It is most necessary then for every man who shall endeavour himself to have knowledge in this art, first to learn whereof and how a horses body is compounded, that according to the natural composition thereof, and the unnatural workings in those compositions, he may compound his medicines, and make them agreeable with the effects of his infirmities; and not as our farrier's do, many times use one medicine for all inward diseases, and one salve for all sores.  
Touching therefore the true composition of a horses body, you shall understand that it is as the body of a man is, compounded of thirteen several things, that is to say, seven natural and six not natural; the seven natural are, Elements, Temperaments, Humours, Members, Powers or Virtues, Actions or Operations, and Spirits; all which be called natural, because the natural profession and excellency of every sensible body, doth wholly depend upon them, and hath his moving no longer than they have power of working. The six which are not natural, be the Air, Meat and Drink, Motion and Rest, Sleep and Watch, Emptiness and Fullness, and the Affects or motions of the mind; and these are called not natural, because as (being rightly and in due order applied) they preserve, sustain, and fortify the body; so being misgoverned, or used in any excess or disorder, they are the only corrupt destroyers of the whole body: and of these thirteen simples which compound the fabric or whole frame of the body, I intent to speak severally.   

CHAP. 2. Of the four Elements, their virtues and operations.  
FIrst, for the exposition of this word Element, you shall understand that it is the primere or first beginning of things, being of itself pure, uncorrupt and simple; all things being first made thereof, and all things at the last being resolved into the same again. It is also in it own nature so bright, clear, and without contraction or impurity, that it is not to be discerned by any sensible eye whatsoever. Lastly, it is the least part or Atomie of that thing which is made, or proceedeth from it.  
Now of these elements which are the usual first movers or beginners of all moving things, there are only four in number, that is to say: Fire, air, Water and Earth; meaning not that fire, air, water and earth, which is visible here with us beneath, and which through the grossness thereof, is both palpable and to be discerned; but those which are mounted aloft, and through their purity invisible, and concealed from us, (for the other are compounded bodies and not simple) And of these perfect and distinct elements you shall know, that the fire is the highest, as being fixed or joined next unto the Moon, being hot and dry, yet naturally exceeding or being most predominant or ruling in heat.  
The air is placed next unto the fire, and is naturally light and hot, yet his predominant or chief quality is moist.  
The water is adjoined unto the air, the disposition thereof, being heavy and moist, but his predominant or chief quality only cold.  
Lastly, the earth adjoined to the water, is the lowest, and it is most heavy and cold; but the predominant or chief quality thereof is only dryness.  
Now for the virtues, properties, and operations of these four elements, you shall understand, that first the fire by means of his heat, moveth matter to generation, and stirreth up warmth in all living things; it is that which the Philosophers call Heterogenia, which is in mixed bodies to separate things of divers kinds, one from another, and also to join things of like kinds together, which they likewise call Homogenia. For by virtue of the fire, the bones of horses are separated from the flesh, the flesh from the sinews, the sinews from the veins, the veins from the arteries, the heart from the liver, the liver from the spleen, and so forth, in such sort as we see the divers parts of the fuel we burn, by the virtue of the fire and heat to be separated and divided one from another, as the vapour from the smoke, the smoke from the flame, and the flame from the ashes. And as in these things, so in many other things, as in the trial of metals and such like, where the fire by virtue of his heat, separateth body from body, that is, metal from metal, and corruption from incorruption, gathering and knitting together every thing of one and the self same kind. Besides, the virtue of the fire is to ripen, order and digest things raw and undigested, mingling the dry with the moist, and opening the powers that the air being somewhat more solid and gross, may enter into the body; and lastly, it breatheth and moderateth the coldness of the water and the earth, so that it may not distemper or confound the body.  
Touching the virtue and operation of the air, you shall understand that by the moistness thereof it maketh the matter apt to receive shape either natural or accidental, and by the help and assistance of the fire, bringeth the powers and influences of the heavens and stars into the inferour bodies, making the mixed bodies, not only subtle and penetrable, but also light and mounting, to the end they may neither be too gross nor too heavy. Secondly, the air through his moistness cooleth the burning heat of the heart, liver and entrails, as we daily see by the office of the lights and lungs, which like a pair of bellows draweth uncessantly fresh air unto the heart and inward members. And albeit the air doth not seem to the sense of our outward eyes, to be any thing near so moist as the water, yet according to the opinions both of our books and best Physicians, it it is by much the moister; which is well proved, say they, by the abundant flux it containeth, which flux spreadeth itself so far abroad in the body, that it filleth every empty part and corner thereof with the special properties and characters of moistness; and by that reason is much harder to be kept within his own bounds then the water is. Lastly, as the water was altered by God from his first natural place, for the better profit both of man and beast, even so the air, according to Schoole-mens opinions was not left altogether in his first natural disposition, lest being overmoist it should so confound and suffocate all sense, that neither man nor beast should be able to breath or live.  
Now for the virtue and operation of the water, it is to be noted that through the coldness thereof, it conglutinateth and bindeth in mixed bodies, both parts & members together, which be of divers kinds, as bones with flesh and sinews, flesh with sinews & bones, and sinews with bones and flesh. Even as for a familiar example, we see in the time of any great frost, the strength of the cold how it bindeth things of divers kinds together, bringing into one mass or substance both water, dirt, stones, straws, sticks and leaves: the water also with its coldness, doth temper and cool the inflammation and heat of the fire, gathering together those things which otherwise the violent heat would disperse and scatter abroad.  
Lastly, for the virtue and operation of the earth, it is through his dryness in mixed bodies, so to harden and fix them together, that they may retain their shapes, which otherwise by the power of the air and water, would be so soluble and loose, that they could not hold together; as we may see in paste, wax, and such like, which whilst it is moist will receive no print, but being once hardened it retaineth any form that is priest into it. And here to be noted, that according to the opinion of Hypocrates, when any sensible body dieth, not only every quality but every substance and part makes his return to the element from whence it came; as heat to the fire, moistness to the air, coldness to the water, & dryness to the earth. And thus briefly you see, that of these four common elements or common beginners of things, the fire being hot separateth, the air being moist shapeth, the water being cold bindeth, and the earth being dry hardeneth and retaineth. The use that you are to make of this knowledge, over and beside the composition of a natural body, is, that when you find any sickness or infirmity which proceedeth from the fire, as inflammations of the body, or such like; that then you apply simples of the nature of the air or water, which may moisten and cool the violence of that heat. If the infirmity proceed from the air, as flux of blood, or too much moisture; than you shall apply simples of the nature of the fire or earth, whose heat and dryness may disperse and harden such moisture. If the disease spring from the water, as colds, rheums, apoplexies and such like, than you shall seek simples of the nature of the fire and air; that through the heat of the one, and the moist lightness of the other, all such cold, gross and solid humours may be dispersed. But if the disease proceed from the earth, as manginess, and leprosy, or their like that are dry & hardened infections, than you shall seek simples of the nature of the fire only, whose heat may dissolve & loosen those ill knit, dry, and hard humours. Thus you see too much heat is abated by coldness and moistness, too much moistness by heat and dryness, too much coldness by heat and moistness, too much dryness by heat only.  
Thus much of these four common elements, which begin all things living and unliving, sensible and unsensible; yet of sensible things which live and have blood, there be other more near elements or beginnings, which are called proper elements or generation, as the engendering seed, and menstrual blood, from whence every beast taketh his first shape and beginning; and yet these proper beginnings have their whole dependency and hanging upon the qualities of the first common beginnings already spoken of, which is moist, dry, hot and cold; for without them they are nothing, nor can do any thing.   

CHAP. 3. Of Temperaments and their several kinds, and how far every way, they extend in horses.  
THese Temperaments or Temperatures, which are the second things in a horse's composition, do spring from the commixture of the four elements, and are nine in number, whereof eight are unequal, and the ninth is equal. Of the eight unequal, four are ●imple, and those be hot, cold, moist, and dry, which Physicians call the first qualities; and of these, the first two be active, and the other two passive: the other four are compound, and they be hot & moist, hot & dry, cold and moist, cold and dry. Now the equal temperament is divided into two, an universal and a special. The equal Temperament universal, is when the four elements are in an equal proportion, genenerally divided through the whole body, nature enjoining no more from the one then from the other. The equal Temperament special, is when the elements are proportioned according as every kind doth most properly require, be it either plant or beast: in plants, when every plant hath that commixture of elements which are proper to its kind, the hot plant being hot, the cold being cold, and so forth: whereas chose, to have a hot plant cold, or a cold hot, to have rue cold, or sorrel hot, were a false and unequal commixture of elements. So likewise of beasts, that horse, that dog, that swine is said to have his due Temperament, when he is of such temperature as is most proper unto his kind; which only is best discerned by his actions or motions. As thus, the horse is known to be hot and m●●st by his lightness, swiftness, valiantness and long life; and also to be of a temperate nature, in that he is easily tamed, docible, obedient and familiar with the man. And so long as either horse or any other thing, continueth in the mediocrity and excellency of his proper Temperament, so long we may truly judge him of a good temper & disposition; but if there be any overflow of qualities, or excess in his humours, as either in heat, coldness, moistness or dryness, than we say, he is either a hot choleric horse, a cold dull horse, a dry mischievous horse, or a moist cowardly horse, according to the overflow of that quality which reigneth in him.  
Again, every horse is said to have his due Temperament according to his age, and the country wherein he is bred▪ and sometimes according to the time of the year wherein he liveth. And thus a horse in his foal●-age, which is till he be six years old, is naturally hot and moist. In his middle age, which is till twelve, more hot and dry then moist; and in his old age, which is past eighteen, more cold and dry, than either hot or moist. So likewise the horses which are bred in southern parts, as either in Spain, Barbary, or Greece are naturally more hot than those which are bred either in the seventeen lands, Germany, or England; either is there any horse which is in good state of body, that is so hot in the spring time of the year, as in the summer, nor so cold in the summer as in the winter. All which observations are with most curious diligence to be observed of every horseleech, when he goeth about to cure any sickness: for unless he consider their natures & temperatures, and every other circumstance already declared, he shall right soon be deceived in the administration of his physic. Therefore I earnestly advise every Farrier, before he give any drench or potion, first to inquire the kind, race, and disposition of the horse, next his age, than the country, and lastly the time of the year: and so according to the truth thereof, to mix his receipts.  
It is most expedient also for every horseleech to consider the second qualities, which are so called, because they take their beginnings from the first qualities already declared; of which second qualities some be called palpable, or to be touched, as these, softness, hardness, smoothness, roughness, toughness, brickelnesse, lightness, heaviness, thinness, thickness, smallness, grossness, and such other like. Some again are not palpable, as those which appertain to hearing seeing and smelling, as noysses, colours, odours and such like; and by observing well these second qualities, he shall with much ease, know whether the horse be disposed to any sickness or not, as shall be more largely declared hereafter in every particular chapter.   

CHAP. 4. Of humours, and to what end they serve.  
NOw concerning Humours, which are the third composers of a horses body, and so likewise of every other beast also; you shall understand that they are four in number, that is to say, Blood, Fleame, Choler and Melancholy. As touching blood, it is in it own nature uncorrupted, and therefore hot and moist, and sweet in taste, as participating of the elements, Fire and air. Fleame is cold and moist, and either sweet or wallowish without any taste at all, as participating of the elements water and air. Choler is hot and dry, and bitter in taste, as participating of the elements fire and earth. Melancholy is cold and dry, and in taste ●ower and heavy, as participating of the elements water and earth: so that these four humours by their qualities, are every way allied unto the elements. For to speak briefly, and according to the manner of Physicians, Blood is of the nature of air, it being most predominant therein; Fleame of the nature of water, Choler of the nature of fire, and Melancholy of the nature of the earth. And albeit these humours are simbolized or mixed through every part of the body; yet every one of them, aboundeth more in one part then in another, and have their places of residence absolute and peculiar to themselves, as Blood about the heart, Fleame in the brain, Choler in the liver, and Melancholy in the spleen. Now as these humours do more or less abound, or have greater or lesser sovereignty in the body of the horse: so is the beast naturally better or worse coloured, qualified or disposed, as thus. That horse in whom blood hath the greatest predominance, & may be called a horse sanguine, is bright bay of colour, and in disposition pleasant, nimble, and of temperate or moderate motion. That horse in whom phlegm hath the greatest dominion, and may be called a phlegmatic horse, is for the most part, of a milk white colour, and so consequently slow, dull and heavy. If choler bear the greatest rule in his constitution, then is his colour commonly a bright sorrel, and by that means of disposition hot, fiery, and of little strength. Lastly, if the earth have gotten power above the other elements, so that he may be called a melancholy horse, then is his colour commonly a mouse done, and his disposition cowardly, faint and slothful. But because these particularities are properly appertaining to the complexions of horses, of which we shall have cause to speak more largely hereafter, I will not stand upon any greater relation; only I give you thus much in conclusion: to understand that every one of these aforesaid humours hath his proper use or end, whereunto it serveth, as thus. Blood serveth most properly to nourish the body. Fleame giveth motion to the joints. Choler provoketh the avoidance of excrements, and Melancholy begetteth an appetite or longing to his meat. Now during the time that these humours do possess their natural qualities, so long they are wholesome, and be called by their simple names, without gloss or addition; but if by any mischance they be disordered or corrupted, than they are unwholesome, and are no longer called by their simple names, but have other epithetons annexed unto them, as Melancholy Blood, Salt Fleame, Choler adust or Burnt Choler, and fretting Melancholy, whereof proceedeth many pestilent and dangerous diseases, as shall be at large declared hereafter. And thus much for the state of humours.   

CHAP. 5. Of Members and their several kinds.  
TOuching Members, which are the fourth main instruments in this great fabric of a horses body, they are by Schoolmen divided into two parts. The first is called similaria, which is like, semblable or one and the same thing. The other is called instrumental, and are contrary to the first.  
Members alike are those which being separated or distributed into parts, yet every part thereof is alike in substance to the whole, neither altering in definition, appellation or nature; as flesh, bone, sinew, and such like: for flesh being cut or incised into many parts, yet is every part still flesh, so reputed and so called, as well as when it was in combination altogether, and as of this so likewise may it be said of bones, sinews, and their like.  
Now for members instrumental, they be those which being made of parts semblable, and divided into parts; yet the parts are not alike, neither have all one name with the whole, as the head, leg, foot, and such like: for every part of the head is not called the head, nor every part of the leg, the leg; but have other appellations, as the brow, the temples, the knee, the feetlocke, and so forth. Now these instrumental members, in doing of their offices and duties are of much more perfection than the semblable members; wherefore Schoolmen have made amongst these instrumental members four sovereigns or princes above the rest; that is, the Brain, the Heart, the Liver, and the Stones; of which the first three are the preservers of the singular body; and the fourth of the whole kind: the first three giving motion and agitation to the body, the fourth generation and 〈◊〉 to succ●eding ages.  
Now from these principal members, like branches from a well grown tree, do spring other members which do them service▪ as from the brain springeth sinews, whose office is feeling: from the heart arteries, whose office is sprightinesse and lively hood; from the liver, veins, whose office is warmth and strength; and from the stones the seed vessels, whose office is procreation and increase. Now for as much as from those doth likewise proceed a world of other members, as Tendants, Ligaments, Lungs, Spl●ene, Guts and such like; all which, in as much as the knowledge of them doth more properly belong to the office of the Chirurgeon then to the Physician (though most necessary for both) I am her● to advertise every studious reader, that when he shall have occasion to meddle with any member about a horse, that he turn to the second book in this volume, which treateth only of surgery; and there he shall not only find every member and lineament in a horse, but also the true anatomies so lively demonstrated, that there shall be nothing wanting to the perfecting of his understanding. And thus much in this place of members.   

CHAP. 6. Of Powers and how a Horse's body is governed by them.  
Pours which by some are called virtues or principal faculties, and do govern and control both the body of man or beast, and have the fifth place in this work, are in number three, that is, the Power animal the Power vital, and the Power natural. The Power animal is a virtue incident to the brain, which through the sinews coming like little conduit pipes from the brain, distributeth feeling and moving to all the parts of the body. The Power vital is a virtue belonging to the heart, which doth give life and spirit to all the body by means of the arteries; which proceeding from the heart, which is the chief fountain of natural heat, carries in their little channels over the whole body, that air and spiritual blood which makes it full of lightness and alacrity. The Power natural is a virtue belonging to the liver which gives nourishment unto all the body, and to every part thereof, by means of the veins, which do likewise proceed from the liver like greater conduits, carrying the blood from the liver which is the fountain of blood, into every part of the body. Besides the Power natural containeth four other virtues, that is, the virtue attractive which draweth food meet to sustain the body; the virtue retentive, by which it retaineth and keepeth the food received: the virtue disgestive whereby it concocteth and disgesteth the same. And lastly the virtue expulsive, by which it expelleth excrements and superfluities. Thus these powers or virtues being of no less validity than you perceive by this discourse. it is the part and duty of every good Horseleech, to have a most careful and vigilant respect unto them: for if any of them fail, the horse cannot live. Therefore whensoever you see that either your horse refuseth his food, or that he doth not retain and keep his foody, but casteth it up again, or that he doth not digest his food, but keeps it corruptly in his stomach, or that he can not void his excrements in a natural manner, but holds it burning in his body, take them for most certain signs of mortal sickness. And thus much of powers or virtues.   

CHAP. 7. Of Actions or Operations, and whereto they belong.  
AS touching Actions or operations, which are the sixth column or pillar which doth uphold this natural body of which we treat, they are not only belonging, but even derived from the three powers immediately spoken of in the former chapter, as thus. The action and operation of the Power animal, is to discern, to move, and to feel. Horses discern by means of the virtue Imaginative, Discoursative, and Memorative, whereof the first is placed in the forehead, the second in the middle of the brain, and the third in the hinder part of the head. All which are comprehended under the Power animal. Horses move by means of the virtue Motive, whose action & operation is to strain or let slack the sinews, whereby every member hath his moving. And horses feeling is by means of the virtue Sensitive, whose action or operation is busied in the five senses, as to See, Hear, Smell, Taste, and Touch; and all these actions spring from the Power animal.  
The action or operation of the Power vital, is to restrain and loosen the heart, and the arteries, which proceed from the heart, which action whether it be hurt or disturbed in a horse's body is easily known of every good Farrier or horse Martial by the unequal beating of his pulse, that is to say of the arteries which cometh down from the heart, to the insides of both his fore legs, a little below the knuckles of his shoulders, and likewise cross both the temples of his head, a little higher than his eyes. And if any man be so simple to imagine that the thickness of the horses skin shall be any impediment to the feeling of this motion, let him remember that as a horses skin is thicker than a man's, so also are his arteries greater, and beat with more violence; and so consequently to be felt without any great difficulty.  
The actions or operations of the Power natural, are to engender, to increase, to nourish, to desire with appetite, to attract, to change, to digest, to retain and to expel, and many others of like kind. These actions therefore are carefully to be looked unto by every Farrier, to the intent that he may learn by them, not only the whole state of a horses body, but also what particular member thereof is evil affected, as thus. If either in your horse you find much forgetfulness, unnimblenesse of his limbs, or dullness upon correction, it is a sign of sickness in the brain, and that the Power animal is evillaffected. If you find that his pulses do beat extraordinarily flow, or much to fast, it is a sign that his heart is grieved, and his Power vital evil affected; but if you find that he doth consume, pine away, & loseth his stomach, it is a sign that his liver is perplexed, all his inward parts out of frame, and his Power natural evil affected.  
Now you shall again understand that of actions some be voluntary, some not voluntary.  
The voluntary actions be those which a horse may either further or hinder, stay or let when themselves pleaseth, as the moving of the legs: for they may go, stand, or lie down, at their own pleasure.  
The actions not voluntary, are those which depend not upon the will of any beast, but be done of their own accord and naturally, as the moving of the heart and of the arteries, and the passage of the blood: the first whereof beateth sleeping and waking; and the other hath his course every minute. And thus much of actions and operations.   

CHAP. 8. Of Spirits, and in what parts of the horses body they remain.  
Spirit's, which is the seventh natural builder of this natural work, are to be understood to be that fine, pure, clear, and airy substance which is engendered of the finest part of the blood, whereby the virtue of every principal member may visit all the other parts of the body, making them to do their duties according to the rules of nature. Now of spirits, according to the opinion of some Physicians, there are but two kinds, that is, the Spirit animal and the Spirit vital. The Spirit animal is that which giveth power of feeling and moving to a horse, and hath his resting place in the brain, from whence through the sinews it is dispersed into all other parts of the body; and as it is engendered of the vital spirit, being more vehemently wrought and laboured, and partly of continual breathing: even so it is partly preserved by the Chaule of the brain, which doth hourly water and nourish it.  
The Spirit vital is contained in the heart, from whence it floweth into every part of the body, being the chief cause of all natural heat; and it is preserved and nourished, both by breathing and blood.  
To these two spirits, there be some Farriers, both Italians and French, which add a third spirit, and call it the Spirit natural, saying, it hath its residence in the liver & the veins; but the two former are of such power, and have such superiority, that the body cannot live without them, nor have any being at all; wherefore it is the office of the Farrier continually in all his medicines to have ever some comfortable simple which may maintain and keep these spirits in their full strength, livelihood and virtue. And thus much touching spirits, & those seven natural things which compact a natural body.   

Chap. 9 Of the six thing not natural, how they profit, and how they hurt.  
Having spoken of the natural things whereof a horses body is compounded, it is needful now that we speak something of the other six which be not natural, so far forth as they concern the office of the Farrier and no further: for with other matters we have not to do. The first thing then which is not natural, yet preserveth a horse's body in good state, is the air, which being pure, sharp, clear and piercing, giveth great life and nourishment to a horse, but being contrary, that is, gross, thick, and full of putrefaction, it cannot choose but alter the good habit of his body, and breed in him many infirmities. Therefore every Farrier shall have great respect to the air wherein a horse either liveth or was bred in, as if a horse that was bred in a hot air, come to live in a cold, and through that exchange grow sick, the Farrier shall by warm diet, close house, and moderate clothing, bring his nature to a stronger acquaintance: also when a horse exceedeth in any of the four qualities, that is, in heat, moistness, coldness, or dryness, it is best for him to, live in that air which is contrary to that quality wherein he exceedeth. Lastly, in many diseases, the change of the air is most wholesome, as shall be showed at large in the particular diseases.  
For the meat and drink of a horse which is the second thing not natural in a horse's composition, it is not to be doubted but whilst it is sweet, clean, & good, as bread well made and baked, dry oats, dry beans, dry pease, sweet hay, sweet straw, or short grass, so long it nourisheth and preserveth the horse's body; but if it be fully, raw, corrupt and unclean, or if he eat tars, fitches', rye, or barley, then must he needs be unsound and full of infirmities. Therefore the Farrier shall be careful to keep him from all such foods as breed naughty evil blood; as for his water, the more pure it is, the better, and the more muddy, thick and pleasant, so much the more unhealthful.  
Now for his moving and rest, that is either his travel or standing still, which is the third thing not natural in a horse's composition, doubtless they be great preservers of a horses health: for as moderate exercise dissolveth gross humours, engendereth appetite, and addeth strength unto the limbs, so likewise indifferent rest, causeth digestion, comforteth the sinews, & maketh the heart cheerful against ensuing labour. But on the contrary part, immoderate travel or exercise, when a horse is ridden beyond his strength, breedeth many dangerous & mortal sicknesses, as the foundering in the body, the consumption of the lungs and liver, molten grease and such like, besides the pissing of blood, manginess, farrye, and such like; all which inward diseases crave strong purges, and the outward sharp and corroding medicines▪ Immoderate rest, which is when a horse doth stand long still without any exercise. Feeding foul and grossly is as great an enemy to a horses health as the other: for it congregateth & bindeth together all sorts of ill humours, breeds corruption in the blood, rottenness in the flesh, & generally as many diseases as any ill diet whatsoever.  
The sleep or watch of a horse (which is the fourth thing in our composition) is so necessary a comfort to a horse, that he cannot live without it; it is the greatest mover of digestion: and so consequently gives comfort to the whole body. For whilst a horse sleepeth, the Powers animal do take their rest, which otherwise would be overwearied, and neither able to discharge their duties, nor to continue their actions and operations, which is the giving of feeling and moving only: & whilst a horse doth sleep the powers natural have more liberty to do their work, in concocting the meat, and comforting the body; in so much that I account sleep to be the only quieting of the senses, ordained by nature to engender strength. Sleep is begotten by sweet, fatty and gross vapours, (& not by their contraries) which are raised from the heart to the brain; with the coldness of which brain those vapours being congealed and thickened together do stop the pipes of the sensitive spirits, so as they can not resort to the instruments of the senses, to give the body feeling & moving, whereby the body at that time is deprived of those motions. And according as those vapours do more or less fill the pipes, so is the horses sleep more or less found and undisturbed; but when this sleep shall at any time grow into excess, and you shall perceive a horse to sleep beyond both nature and custom, than you shall know that such sleep cometh from an evil habit of the body, and is a sign either of Lethargy, and a numbness of the spirits, or else that he hath some inward grief and pain in his limbs when he standeth; which being eased by lying, makes him covet a continual rest and sleeping. Now for the watch of a horse, because it is the mere contrary to sleep, there needs little to be said more than this: that as the excess of the one showeth the want of the other, so the unnatural working of either shows the evil state of a horses body, and gives the Farrier's warning to expect ensuing sickness.  
Now for emptiness and fullness (which is the fifth not natural compositor) for as much as it is only an adding to, and a taking away, some Farriers have held opinion, that all Physic belonging to a horses body, consisteth in them two only; and truly I am of this mind, that whosoever can take away corruption, and add perfection, shall without doubt, ever keep an able and substantial body. But to our purpose, of this fullness there are two sorts, the one fullness by excess of humours, the other fullness by excess of meat; either of which perturbing the spirits are the grounds of sickness. Again, excess of humours are of two kinds, the one an equal increase of all manner of humours gathered together, and the other a particular excess either of too much Melancholy, Fleame, or other waterish humours whatsoever, the first being termed an abundance of humours, the latter an excess of evil juice or nutriment: lastly, their fullness in quantity, and fullness in quality. Fullness in quantity is when a horse is full of blood or any other simple humour. Fullness in quality is when any of those humours is too hot or too cold, too gross or too thin. Now for emptiness, as all diseases of fullness must be cured by it only, so all diseases of emptiness must be healed by fullness, as by taking of blood, by purge, friction, scarification, boxing, sweeting, bathing, and a world of such like, as shall be very largely set forth hereafter.  
Lastly, touching the affections of a horses mind, you shall understand that so far forth as the sensitive soul doth stretch, so far they have sense and feeling of affections, as namely to love, to hate, to be angry, to rejoice, to be sorry, and to fear: for all which, there needs no great apology, sith we have it in daily experience: as who seeth not the love of some horses to their keepers, their hate to strangers, their anger in their fights, their joys in their prides & woo, their sorrows in their sicknesses, and their fears unto their riders? Now these affections sith many times they are the grounds of strange motions in the body; therefore they ought carefully to be looked unto by the Farrier, and that the horse be not over-oppressed with any of them; especially fear and hatred, the first whereof compelleth the blood and spirits to fly to the inward parts, and to leave the outward without sense or feeling, and the latter makes him to be unquiet, fierce and raging; both together breeds distemperature in a horse, and those distemperatures engender mortal sicknesses. And thus much for these six things, being held not natural in a horse's composition.   

CHAP. 10 Of Horses complexions.  
Having spoken of whose thirteen natural and not natural things, whereof a horses body is compounded, we will now in a somewhat more particular manner speak of the complexions of horses, which is one of the most necessary faces that a Farrier can behold, both for the judging of a horses infirmities, and also for the true compounding of his medicines for every disease: therefore you shall first understand that by the colour of the horse you shall ever judge his complexion: for look which of the elements is most predominant in him, from that element we draw his complexion, as thus. If he participate more of the fire then of any of the other elements, than we hold him to be a choleric horse, and his colour is either a bright sorrel, a coal black without any white, or an iron grey unchangeable, that is, such a grey as neither will ever turn to a daple grey, to a white or to a fleabitten; and these horses are of nature light, hot, fiery, and seldom of any great strength: these horses are much subject to pestilent fevers, yellows, and inflammations of the liver. Therefore every Farrier shall be careful in the composing of any medicine for such a horse, to purge choler; yet very moderately, and not with any extraordinary strength in the potion or drench: because the horse being in his best strength not reputed strong, should you apply any violent thing to him, that little strength being abated, there were great danger in the confounding of the whole body.  
If the horse participate more of the air then of the other elements, then is he of a sanguine complexion, and his colour is either bright bay, or dark bay; which hath neither skouling countenance, mealy nose, nor white flank, or a white fleabitten, white lyard like silver, or a black with white star, white rache or white foot; these horses are of nature pleasant, nimble, free, and of a good strength. The diseases to them most incident, is consumption of the liver, leprosy, glanders, or any disease that is infectious. They are of a good strong constitution, and may endure strength in their medicines, especially any thing that cooleth the blood.  
If the horse participate more of the water then of the other elements, then is he of a phlegmatic complexion, and his colour is either a milk white, a yellow dun, a kiteglewd or a pyedball, in whom there is an equal mixture of colours, that is, as much white as of the other colour: otherwise if the bay, the black, or the done exceed the white, he is said to be of that complexion of which the colour is greatest. These horses are of nature slow, dull, and apt to lose flesh; the diseases which are most incident unto them, is colds, head-atch, rheums, staggers and such like. They are able to endure the reasonable strength of any medicine; because the abundance of phlegm which is in them, sufficeth both nature and the potion to work upon: all cold simples are to them exceeding hurtful, so are also they which are violently hot in the third degree; the first because it bindeth too soon; the latter because it disperseth too suddenly, therefore simples of a moderate mean are the best.  
If the horse participate more of the earth then of the other elements, then is he of a melancholy complexion, and his colour is mouse done, russet, chestnut, a sky grey, dark bay, with mayly nose, red or white slanke, or a reddish bay, having long white hair, like goats hair growing on his legs. These horses are of nature heavy, and saint hearted: the diseases to them most incident, is inflammations in the Spleen, Frenzy, Dropsy and such like. They are commonly of better strength than they will suffer to appear by their actions, and are able to endure the strength of any reasonable medicine: all cicatrizing and dry simples are hurtful unto them; the cold and moist are the most profitable.  
Having thus showed you these four complexions, Choleric, Sanguine, Phlegmatic and Melancholy, together with their qualities and strengths, you shall understand now that amongst Farriers there is another complexion, or fifth constitution, which is called the composition or mixture of complexions, that is, whensoever a horse doth participate of all the four elements equally and in due proportion, none being greater or less than another; and this complexion of all other is the best and and most perfect; and the horse which is of this complexion, is ever of one of these colours, that is to say, either a fair brown bay, dapled or not dapled, a daple grey, a black, full of silver hairs, or a fair roan red or black. And those horses are of nature most excellent, most temperate, strongest, gentlest, and most healthful; though they may have any disease, yet are they naturally inclined to no disease; but what infirmity soever falleth unto them is merely accidental, and not through any overflow of natural distemperature. All medicines must be compounded for them according to the nature of the sickness, and the time of their languishment: for if their sickness be young and new bred, then are they able to receive any well composed receipt; but if it be old, & the inward powers and faculties feebled, than you must be careful to help nature, by adding to every medicine of what nature soever, some simple of comfort, that as evil humours be cleansed, so strength may still be repaired & maintained. And thus much for complexions.   

CHAP. 11. Of inward sickness, the causes and several kinds thereof.  
Sigh I have already passed over all those things which have a natural and perfect working in a horse's body, and do maintain, uphold and preserve the same in good state and health, except accidentally they be encountered and crossed by some excess, or in diet, or in exercise: it shall now be meet that we begin to speak of the things which be contrary and against nature, which are all those things whereby at any time, the healthful estate of the horses body is any way impeached; and they be three in number, that is, the causes, the sickness, and the accidents which follow every sickness.  
Now the causes of sickness are all unnatural affects, and evil dispositions, which going before, do as it were by violence, bring sickness after them: and of these causes there be two sorts, some internal, some external; the internal be those which breed within the body of the horse, as evil humours, evil obstructions and evil juice. external are they which communicate with the outward parts of the body, as heat, cold, wounds and such like, of which I shall speak more in the second book: and for so much as I intent at the beginning of every particular disease, to show the cause of that disease, I will at this time speak no more of that subject.  
Now for sickness itself which is any thing that is contrary to nature, it is divided into three general kinds: the first an evil temperature, the second an evil state or composition, and the third a loosening or dividing of an unity. Now of these two latter, I intent not to speak in this place, because they appertain to surgery, which I reserve for the second book; but for the first kind which is an evil temperature, it is taken two fold, that is, either simple or compound; simple, when one quality only doth abound or exceed, as to be too moist or too dry: compound when more qualities than one do grow into excess, as for a horse to be too hot, and too dry, or too cold and too moist. Again, sicknesses are said some to belong, as consumptions, glanders and such like, which linger and wear a horse away by small degrees. Some short, as the staggers, yellows, anticor, and such like, which as soon as they be perceived, so soon they be mortal.  
Now of inward sicknesses, some do occupy all the whole body, some but particular parts; those which occupy the whole body are fevers, the pestilence, convulsions and such like: those which occupy parts or members, are colds which annoy the head, surfaits which perplex the stomach; and so likewise all outward infirmities proper to every particular member, as splints upon the legs, spavens on the houghs, pearls in the eyes, and such like, as shall be amply showed hereafter. And thus much for sickness and the several kinds thereof.   

CHAP. 12. Of the signs of sickness, and of what nature it consisteth.  
THe signs and faces by which sickness is discerned, are many, and almost numberless; yet in the best sort that I may, I will show you such and so many as shall amply serve for any man's understanding. Know then first that there be according to the rules in physic, four especial ways to judge of inward and outward infirmities. First, by accidents, as by the shape, number, quantity, & place of the member grieved: for if it carry not his true proportion, or be more or less in number or quantity, or out of his proper place, then questionless it is diseased. Secondly, by alteration of the quality, as when it is either too hot, too cold, too moist or too dry. Thirdly, when any member in the body is hindered from doing his office; as when the eye cannot see, or the foot cannot tread: and fourthly, by excrements, as by his dung or his urine. But for as much as in the speculation of these qualities, many of the ignorant sort may be either amazed, distract or deceived; and that my desire is to give an absolute satisfaction to all sorts of people, I will briefly and plainly show you the most undeceiveable signs of all sorts of inward sicknesses, as thus. If a horse be slower in labour, or duller in the spur than he hath been accustomed, if he be shorter breathed, if his ears hang down more than they were wont; if his hair be more staring, if his flanks be more then usually hollow, if he burn betwixt his ears or about his pasterns, if in travel his stomach fail him; or his mouth that in labour was usually wont to be foaming, become dry; all these are most apparent signs of inward sickness.  
When a horse holdeth down his head which was wont to be of a cheerful countenance, it is a sign either of a fever, headache, or else foundering in the body.  
If a horse be dim of sight that was clear sighted, it is a sign either of headache, the staggers, or sore eyes.  
When a horse turneth his head backward to the place grieved, if it be to the right side▪ it is a sign of obstructions in the liver; but if he turn it down to his belly, than it is a sign either of choleric, bots or worms.  
When a horse hath water running from his mouth, it is a sign of the staggers or the wet cough.  
If a horses breath stink, or foul matter issue from his nostrils, it is a sign of an ulcer in the nose or head; but if the matter be white, than it is a sign of glanders: if the matter be black, than it is a sign of the mourning of the chine; but if the matter be yellow, than it betokens the consumption of the liver; but if he cast little lumps out of his mouth, than it betokens the consumption or rottenness of the lungs.  
If a horses body and breath be hot, it is a sign of a fever and heat of the stomach, if therewithal he forsake his meat, it is a sign of inflammation in his liver, and either of dry or moist yellows.  
If the temples of a horses head be very hollow, it is a sign either of the strangle or old age.  
Shortness of breath, and a breathing flank, is a sign either of a fever or the strangle; but if the passage of the throat be stopped, it is a sign the film of the lungs is broken, & the spleen troubled, or else broken wound.  
If any thing lie on both sides the forehead, which may be felt beat, it is a sign of the staggers.  
If there be any swelling between the ears, it is a sign of the poll evil; swelling under the ear, a sign of the vives; and swelling in the mouth, a sign either of canker, flaps or lampasse.  
Swelling under the throat is a sign of the glanders; and swelling about the tongue roots▪ a sign of the strangle; but if there be about the tongue roots, nothing but little small knots like wax kernels, than it is a sign but of cold only.  
Swelling on the left side is a sign of a sick spleen. Swelling in the belly and legs, a sign of the dropsy; and swelling in the flank, of the choleric only.  
To cough, or to offer to cough, is a sign either of the glanders, of the mourning of the chine, of a feather in the wezand, of the wet or dry cough, of the film broken, of the dry malady, of a consumption, or of foundering in the body.  
Staggering is a sign either of a fever, of the staggers, or of swaying in the neck; but if he stagger, or roll behind only, than it is a sign either of foundering in the body, or of pain in the kidneys.  
Trembling is a sign of a fever, or of foundering in the body: and here is to be noted, that a horse which trembleth after the drinking of cold water, hath during that time of trembling, a very certain sit of an ague; and if any Farrier or other, will but observe it, he shall find that the horse after he hath done trembling, will burn and glow in as great extremity at least an hour and an half after; and some horses after their burning, will sweat also.  
The hollowness of a horses back is a sign of the dry malady or the dropsy.  
Hair staring, is a sign either of a cold stomach or of foundering in the body.  
If a horse stale with much pain, it is a sign either of foundering in the body, the wind cholike, or the stone; and if the urine which comes from him be yellow, it is a sign of the glaunder; but if it be blackish and thick, it is a sign of pain in the kidneys.  
Leanness and gauntnesse is a sign of hidebound, or of the consumption, of the dry malady, of foundering in the body, inflammation of the liver, the yellows, colic or worms.  
Laxativenesse or looseness of the body, is a sign of a hot liver.  
Costivenesse in the body is a sign of dry yellows, or of diseases in the gall.  
If a horses dung stink, it is a sign of a hot liver; if it have no smell, then of a cold liver; but if it be undigested, then either of a consumption, or of a dry malady.  
If a horse go stiff, it is a sign either of wrinching, hipping, stifling or foundering either in body or legs; if he go crouching behind and stiff before, than the grief is in his forelegs; but if he go only weak behind, then is the grief in his hinder legs only.  
If a horse desire extraordinarily to lie down on his right side, it is a sign of heat in the liver. If on the left side, then of a diseased spleen; if he be oft up and down, finding no rest, than it is a sign of botts, worms, colic, or gripping in the belly; if when he is down he spread himself abroad, it shows the dropsy; if he groan when he is down, it shows either a sick spleen, moist yellows, colic, bots, or film broken; if he be not able to rise when he is down, than either mortal weakness, foundering in the body or legs.  
To be troubled with much wind is a sign either of grief in the spleen, or loss of much blood.  
If a horse forsake his meat, it is a sign either of a fever, headache, strangle, staggers, consumption, or dry malady, anticor, foundering in the body, a hot and consumed liver, moist yellows, colic, or the worms; but if when he forsaketh his provender he doth, as it were, chavell or chaw a little hay, and in his chawing doth make a certain sharp noise in his mouth, and if his tongue could not well part from the roof without a kind of chanking, it is then a certain sign that the horse is troubled with the falling of the palate of the mouth, a disease which only cometh by over much travel, or too sore a burden.  
If a horse desire to eat much and drink little, it is a sign of a cold liver; but if he desire to drink much and eat little, it is then a sign either of a fever, rotten lungs, heat in the stomach, heat in the liver, or the dry yellows.  
If a horse both eat and drink with an extraordinary greediness, it is a sign of rotten lungs, or a diseased spleen.  
Lazy and heavy going contrary to true nature, is a sign either of a fever, sick spleen, yellows, or else obstructions of the liver.  
If a horse strike with his foot at his belly, it is a sign of the colic; but if when he striketh, he fiske with his tail also, then is it either bots or rough worms.  
If a horse be scabby and ulcerous all over his body, or but about his neck, it is a sign of the mangy; if it be an ulcer full of knots, creeping alongst a vein, it is the farcy; if spreading abroad only in one place, it is a canker; if the ulcer be hollow and crooked, it is a fistula, but if it be a spongy wart, full of blood, it is then an Anburie.  
If a horses tongue hang out, and be swollen, it is a sign of the strangle.  
To conclude, if a horse in health beat short, thick, & fast in the flank, it is a sign of sickness in the lungs & lights, which we call broken wound; with a world of other such like signs and tokens, as shall be more amply declared in every particular chapter.   

CHAP. 13. General observations in the Physicking of Horses.  
AFter you can by these signs and characters judge and approve either the health or sickness of a horse, it is then necessary that you learn some general rules and observations which belong to the physicking of a horse; lest that either by your rashness, unskilfulness or uncleanliness in what you go about to do, you commit errors more gross than the medicine you administer hath power to do good. Know then first, that whensoever you go about to give your horse any inward potion or drench, you must first take very careful heed that your drink be no more than milk warm: for there is nothing more mortal to a horse then the scalding of his stomach. Next you must be very careful that you give the drench easily and gently, lest in making too much haste, the drink pass into his wezand or windpipe, and so force him to an extreme coughing, and almost suffocate him; which if it do, you must then let his head loose, and walk him up and down, till the passion be past. Lastly you shall observe in giving a drench, to draw out the horses tongue before you put in the horn, and then presently let it loose again: for that will compel him to swallow whether he will or no. And this is principally to be used when you give your horse pills, as butter and garlic, bulter and Saunders, or butter and saven. Also every drench will work the better, the longer you keep the sick horse fasting, both before and after his medicine; wherein is likewise to be observed, that moderate exercise (as gently walking, or trotting up and down according to the horses strength after his drench is received) is most wholesome, and maketh the medicine work a great deal the better.  
You shall likewise observe if your horse's sickness be a fever, to mix always your simples either with warm water, with honey, or with oil; but if the disease be coughs, rheums or any thing that proceedeth of cold causes, than you shall mix your simples with good ale or wine; and if your horse be brought low & weak with sickness, than you shall mix your simples with milk or eggs.  
You shall also observe that in blood letting, you must take but half so much from a young colt as from an old horse; and but the fourth part from a yearling foal: also in letting blood, you must carefully regard the age and strength of your horse, taking more or less according to his ability of body. Lastly, letting of blood is either to divert sickness and preserve health, or to refresh and cool the spirits, or to diminish blood, or else to purge gross and bad humours.  
Observe before you let your horse blood, first moderately to chafe or exercise him; then let him take rest a day before his letting blood, and three days after; not forgetting that April and October are the two principal seasons of the year for that purpose, except urgent occsion be ministered.  
Observe whensoever you rake your horse with your hand (which is to draw his ordure out of his fundament when he cannot dung) that then first you anoint all your hand with salad oil; the like you must ever do when you put up any suppositary; but when you administer any glister, you shall then but anoint the glister pipe only. Many other observations there are which be more particular, and those you shall find annexed to the several cure of every disease. Thus much then of these general observations.   

CHAP. 14. Of the urine and excrements of an horse.  
AFter you have made your memory acquainted with the signs and observations before specified, and so in the end find a horse which by the demonstration of some of these signs appeareth most certainly to be sick and diseased; my advice is then (if conveniently you may, and that the violence of the sickness do not urge the contrary) that before you administer any thing unto him, in any case you see his urine, from which urine you shall reap these knowledges.  
First, if the urine of a horse be of a pale, whitish, yellow colour, like unto amber, & therewithal somewhat strong smelling, and not very clear, than you shall be assured that the horse is in good state of body, strong and healthful; but if it be extraordinary white, and as it were, creamy, than it is a sign the horse hath weak reins and is subject to the stone, and the stopping in the kidneys.  
If the urine of a horse be somewhat high coloured, bright and clear like lamber and not like amber, or like a cup of strong march beer; than it showeth the horse hath inflammation in his blood, and that he hath either a fever, or else some great surfaite; but if it be red like blood, then is his inflammation more great, and his surfaite is only an over heat taken by over-riding; insomuch that if present remedy be not applied, either by scouring or other healthful physic, the horse cannot choose but fall into some mortal sickness.  
If the urine of a horse be of a pale greenish colour, thick and slimy, it is a sign of a weak back, and consumption of the seed.  
Lastly, if the horses urine be high coloured, yet therewithal cloudy and full of blackness, than it is a sign that the horses sickness is mortal, and hardly to be preserved by any physic; but if the blackness and cloudiness of the urine do not remain, as it were, bound up together in one body, but is broken & dispersed, showing many clouds in one water, than it is a sign that the violence of the sickness departeth away, and there is great hope, by good government, that the horse will recover his health, as at the beginning.  
Now for the excrements or dung of a horse, which is no less worthy of note then the urine. You shall first understand, that if his dung be ever of alliance with his food, I mean either in part or whole coloured like unto that he eateth; as thus for example: If your horse go at grass, his dung will ever be green, and the brighter such greenness is, and being in a mean between hardness and softnsse, the sounder and in more perfect estate the horse standeth; but if the greenness be bright, yet the ordure so soluble and loose, that it cometh from the horse like water, than you shall understand that either the horse hath eaten up some feather, or else that he hath an inward coldness both in his stomach and bowels.  
If a horses dung be of a reasonable thickness, neither too costive nor too soluble, yet the greenness inclined to some blackness, it is a sign that the horse hath a hot stomach, and is easile subject either to the yellows or staggers.  
If the horses dung be in round hard pellets, and of a blackish green colour, like the dung of a sheep, or a Deer, than it is without fail that the horse hath had some great surfait, either by over-riding, or by ill food, or else is certainly possessed either of the yellows, or fever, or foundered in the body.  
Now if your horse be fed only upon straw, than his colour will be of a high coloured yellow, rather costive then soluble, and the grain thereof long, and not well coutched together: and all these be good signs of great healthfulness; but if the colour be inclined to redness; or if it be exceeding dry without moisture, or if it be thin like the dung of an Ox or a cow, they be all apparent signs of inward sickness; but if the redness turn to blackness, and that his ordure doth lose the strength of its smelling, than it is a great sign of death and mortality.  
If your horse be fed with hay and provender, than your perfect and sound dung will be of a brown yellow colour, the grain somewhat long, yet moist and well fixed together; but if the brownnesse turn to redness, it is a sign of distemperature; and if it turn to blackness, then of death. Now for the smell of this dung, you must vndestand that the more provender you give, the greater will be the smell, and the less provender, the less smell.  
Lastly, if you feed your horse only upon provender, as bread, oats, and such like, than the dung which shows a perfect and a sound body, will be of a pale yellow colour, like course honey, firm like a thick salve, having within it when you tread upon it, or break it, little white grains, like those which are in soap; or if the dung be harder, like the ordinary ordure of a man, it is not amiss: for both be signs of health and strength; but if the dung look red, than it is a sign that the horse hath taken some inward heat, and his stomach and bowels do rest still inflamed.  
If his dung be brown and slimy, or if it shine and look greasy, it is a sign that he hath had some of his inward grease molten, and that it resteth and putrefieth in his body; but if with his dung you see him void great clods and lumps of grease, than you may be assured that his grease was molten, but nature hath overcome infirmity, and the worst danger is passed already; but if his dung be matter undigested, so that you may either perceive therein whole corns or whole bits of bread, it is a sign the horse hath either taken a late surfaite, or is entering into a mortal consumption. Lastly, if his dung be black, or have lost the smell, it is an apparent sign of death. And thus much for urine and excrements, and the several know●ledges are attained by them.   

CHAP. 15. Of Fevers in general, and the divers kinds thereof.  
THat horses have fevers, and those fevers of divers and sundry natures, there is nothing more certain, as by strict observation may daily be perceived, especially when either we use much travel, or disorderly diet: for questionless from these two and none other heads do spring most fevers whatsoever. But first, that I may give you an account what a horses fever is, you shall know that it is an unnatural and immoderate heat, which proceeding first from the heart, disperseth itself not only through all the arteries, but even the veins of a horses body, & thereby hindereth all the actions and wholesome movings of the same. Now of fevers, some Farriers make three forts: the first those which breed in the spirits, being inflamed and set on fire beyond the ordinary course of nature: the second those which breed in the humours, being likewise distempered by heat: and the third those which breed in the firm parts of the body, and are continually hot. Now I for your better memory, will divide them only into two parts, that is to say: Ordinary and extraordinary. The ordinary fevers are all those which are bred either in the spirits or in the humours, as namely: Quotidians, Tertians, Quartans, Fevers continual, Fevers Hectic, Fevers in Autumn, Summer, or Winter. And the fevers extraordinary are all those which are bred in the firm parts of the body, and are ever hot, as Pestilent Fevers, and the Plague, which ever are accompanied with ulcers; and the fever accidental, which proceedeth from the anguish and pain of some mortal wound.  
Now for the causes from whence these fevers do proceed: you shall understand that all these which I call ordinary fevers, do generally spring either from surfaite by extreme labour, or from surfaite by naughty meat, as raw pease, rawfitches, raw oats, mouldy and unwholesome bread, and such like: sometimes they do proceed from the extreme violence and heat of the suns beams, when traveling with disorderly haste in the extremest heat of the day, those two heats mixing together, labour & the Sun, there cannot choose but be bred in the horse some mortal inflammation: and for mine own part I have seen horses fall down dead in the high way: for whose deaths I could find no reason more than their labour and the heat of the Sun. Fevers sometimes spring from a contrary cause, as from extreme cold in this manner: when a horse in the Winter time hath been traveled sore all the day, and is brought into the house hot, if after his blood and inward powers are settled and cooled, you then presently or the same night, give him cold water as much as he will drink, you shall see him out of hand fall into an extreme quaking, and from that quaking, into a violent burning, with all other distemperatures of a Fever.  
Now for extraordinary fevers, they ever proceed either from corruption of blood, or from infection of the air; and albeit these fevers are not usually known unto our Farriers, yet they are as common as the former; only the violence of them is so great, and the poison so strong, that they ever carry with them some other mortal sickness, as namely, Staggers, Yellows, Anticor, and such like, which never are, but a pestilent fever ever goeth before them. And they, like the marks of the plague, are seldom seen till the cure be desperate; and then the unskilful Farrier, neither noting, nor knowing if he did note, the effects of the fever, doth ever mis-baptise the name of the horses infirmity, and taking the lesser for the greater, fails many times to do the good office & cure which he intendeth.  
Now the signs to know a fever be these: first he will ever hold down his head, he will quake and tremble; but when his trembling is past, then will his body burn, and his breath be hot, he will breath fast, and his flank will beat; he will reel, he will forsake his meat, his eyes will be swollen and closed up, yet therewithal much watering; his flesh will, as it were, fall from his bones, and his stones will hang down low, he will oft lie down, and oft rise up again; all his desire will be to drink, yet at no time drink much; neither will he at any time sleep. Now for the general cure of these general fevers, you shall understand, that some Farrier's use to let the horse blood in the face, temples and palate of the mouth, and the first day to give him no meat, but warm drink only, by a little at a time, and after, the finest grass or finest hay wet in water, keeping him warm, and often walking him up and down in a temperate air, and giving him good store of litter; then when he begins to mend, to feed him with barley sodden, huskt and beaten as you do wheat before you make furmity. And this cure is not amiss, for it agreeth with the ancient experience of the Italians; but in our English horses (through the clime as I suppose) it often faileth.  
The best cure therefore that I have found is, as soon as you perceive him to begin to shake, to give him the yolks of three or four eggs, beaten with seven or eight spoonful of aquavitae to drink; and then chase him up and down till his shaking be past, and then set him up close and warm, and with many clothes make him sweat an hour: let his food be oats very well dried and sifted, and one day some washed in ale. If his shaking fit be passed before you perceive his sickness, you shall only give him a pint of muscadine, and an ounce of sugar-candy beaten to powder, and brewed together, to drink, and so let him rest, feeding him by little and little as aforesaid, and giving him no water but such as is warm; and this order you shall observe at the beginning of every fit if you can note them, or else every morning if his sickness have no ceasing.   

CHAP. 16. Of the Quotidian or one days fever, and the cure.  
THe Quotidian or one days fever is that which taketh a horse, and holdeth him with one fit once every day; it will at first appear somewhat violent, but seldom or never endureth long, if the Farrier have any discretion. It proceedeth most commonly from extreme riding, either after water or a full stomach; and then suddenly after his heat, being thrust into a stable, & neither stopped nor rubbed, a sudden coldness to that sudden heat beggars a shaking, and so consequently the effects of a fever.  
The signs to know it, are waterish and bloodshotten eyes, short and hot breathing, panting, loathing of his meat, and stiffness in his limbs; but above these, to know it is a Quotidian, you shall observe that these signs together with the sickness, will not last above six or eight hours in one day, and then he will be cheerful and in health again, till very near the same hour of the next day, at what time his fit will begin again. And here is to be noted, that the more it altereth the hours, the more hope there is of his health, as if it take him at seven of the clock of the one day, and at three of the clock of the other, and so forth. The cure is: You shall only during his fit, give him nothing but a sweet mash made of malt and water being lukewarm, and walk him gently up and down in a temperate air; then as soon as his fit is past, you shall set him up, and rub his body & legs exceedingly: then four hours after, you shall give him this drink. Take of strong ale a quart, and boil therein half a handful of wormwood, of long pepper and grains two ounces, of the best treacle two ounces, and of the powder of dried rue one ounce: now when a third part of the ale is consumed, take it from the fire and strain it; then put therein three ounces of sugar-candy, beaten to powder; then when it is lukewarm give it him with a horn to drink. Do this twice at the least, or thrice if his fits continue, and there is no doubt but he will recover.   

CHAP. 17. Of the Tertian Fever.  
THe Tertian fever is that which cometh every other day, holding the horse with one sick day, and one sound: it is not so violent as the Quotidian, but much longer lasting; it happeneth oftest in the spring time of the year, when blood begins to increase, and most commonly to colts and young horses: it proceeds of the same causes that the Quotidian doth and sometimes of rankness and ill blood. The signs to know it, are all the signs formerly spoken of, and this as the chiefest, that the horse will be apparently sick, as it were, on the Monday, then apparently well on the Tuesday, and sick on the Wednesday following. This fever is never seen, but it beginneth with shaking. The cure therefore is, assoon as you perceive the horse to begin to shake, you shall take a certain herb, or rather weed, called stone-croppe, and bruising it in a stone mortar, take some four spoonful of the juice thereof, and infuse it in a quart of strong alè, and give it the horse to drink; then walk him gently up and down in some temperate air for an hour, than set him up, & with the help of clothes put him into a sweat for an other hour, then cool him; and in any wise till his fits leave him, let him drink no cold water, and let his provender be the oldest and dryest oats you can get, only upon his good days before his fits come, keep him very long fasting and empty.   

CHAP. 18. Of the quartan Fever.  
THe quartan fever is that which some Farriers call a third days sickness, as thus. If his fit begin on the Monday, he will be well on the Tuesday and Wednesday, and sick again one the Thursday. It proceedeth from the same causes that the Tertian fever doth, yet in his working is not so apparently violent, but of much longer continuance: for if great care & help be not, these fevers will last some a quarter of a year, some half a year, and some a whole year. There needs no other sign to know it, than the coming and going of the fits as hath been declared already. And for the cure, it is the self same which is described in the former chapter for the Tertian fever: only if his fits do not leave him at the first taking of the medicine, you shall then give it him again the second time, but not above thrice at the most in any wise.   

CHAP. 19 Of the Fever Continual.  
THe fever continual is that which continueth without any intermission, and it is most dangerous and violent: for there is in it the effects of all the former fevers, ever one taking place as the other endeth; as a Quotidian beginning, is pursued by a Tertian, and a Tertian by a quartan, and those two supply so many hours till the Quotidian doth begin again. This kind of continual fever, most often springeth from some inflammation or violent heat engendered in the principal members about the heart: and the signs thereof are want of rest, and falling away of the flesh, besides certain inflammations or swellings, which will appear about his withers and flanks. The cure is, first to purge his head by sneezing, the manner whereof you shall find in a particular chapter hereafter; which done, you shall give him this drink. Take of jermander two ounces, of gum dragant, and dried roses, of each half an ounce, beat them into fine powder, and put them into a quart of ale, adding thereunto of oil Olive two ounces, and as much honey; and when it is lukewarm, give it the horse to drink: then walk him a little space, and after set him up close and warm, keep him from cold water, and let his provender be dry oats.   

CHAP. 20 Of the Hectic Fever.  
THe Hectic fever in horses, is a dangerous and mortal fever, being in a horse the first original breeder of a consumption; it is a certain hot and dry humour, which runneth between the skin and the flesh, proceeding from a sick stomach, which having been scalded with hot drinks (as those ill dieted running horses be, which feed upon much spice, or those which take hot drenches upon every foolish and slight occasion) hath almost clean lost the power of digestion: it sometimes happens to those horses which men too carefully teaching to drink beer and wine, do so continually apply them thereunto, that in the end they become subject to this sickness. The signs to know it is: the horse will never eat with any appetite, and when you draw out his tongue you shall find it raw and almost scalded; his flesh will be loose and flaggy, and his body will be subject to a continual trembling. The cure is, first wash his tongue either with the syrup of mulberries, or with alum, running water, sage, and woodbind leaves boiled together; then give him fasting in a morning, this drink. Take of aloes one ounce, of agaric half an ounce, of liquorice and aniseseeds of each a dram, beaten to powder, & let him drink it with a quart of white wine, lukewarm, & made sweet with sugar-candy or honey; let him drink no drink but warm mashes of malt & water, and let his meat be sweet bay, or green corn blades; and ever after his medicine l●t him be chafed a little, kept fasting two or three hours, and stand warm and well clothed.   

CHAP. 21. Of the Fever taken in Autumn, or the fall of the leaf.  
ALl these fevers before spoken of, do for the most part, commonly happen to horses in the spring time of the year, by reason that the new blood is ever aptest to be inflamed; yet notwithstanding we find by experience, that fevers will sometimes come at the fall of the leaf, which we call Autumn, and they are of longer continuance than the other. The signs are none other but such as I have already declared▪ for they are the same fevers, only altering in the time of the year. If therefore your horse do chance to catch a fever at the fall of the leaf, you shall let him blood on his neck vein, and in the palate of his mouth, and you shall give him to drink the same drink which is formerly set down for the fever continual, and there is no doubt of his recovery.   

CHAP. 22. Of the Fever taken in the Summer season.  
A Fever taken in the Summer season is the worst of all ordinary fevers whatsoever, especially all such as are taken in the Dog days; because according to the opinion of Farriers, all accidents are then most furious: the especial signs of this fever are, that his arteries will beat most palpably, & wheresoever he staleth, there you shall perceive he sheddeth his seed also. The cure according to the ancients is▪ to let him blood on the great vein which he hath on his hinder haunch, almost four inches beneath his fundament; but for mine own part, because that vein is not so easily found of every ignorant Smith, & that many times by mistaking, they may cut the artery in stead of the vein, I hold it fully as good to let him blood upon the neck vein; which done, give him to drink two hours and a half after, this drink. Take the juice of a handful of purslane, and mix it with gumdragant, anise seeds, and damask rose leaves beaten to powder; then put them into a quart of strong ale made sweet either with sugar-candy or honey, and fail not to give him this drink three mornings together, keeping the horse warm during his sickness.   

CHAP. 23. Of the Fever taken in the winter season.  
A Fever taken in the winter, is not so dangerous touching the life of a horse, as the fever before mentioned; yet is it a fever which will continue long, and ask great circumspection in the cure: the causes thereof are the same which are formerly described; and the signs are no other than hath been already declared. Touching the cure it is thus: you shall first purge his head by making him neese, that done you shall let him blood both in the neck, and the palate of the mouth, and then two hours and a half after, give him this drink. Take of treus three ounces, of round pepper half an ounce, of bay berries and the seed of smallage, of each half an ounce; boil these in white wine, and give it him to drink lukewarm. Other Farriers use to take a pint of new milk, and to put therein two ounces of salad oil, of saffron one scruple, & of myrrh two scruples, of the seed of smallage a spoonful, and to make him drink it lukewarm; but the horse which taketh this drink, must be in good strength, for it he be brought low, it is somewhat too strong.  
The ancient Italians did use for this fever, to give this drink: Take of Aristolochia half an ounce, of Gentian, of Hyssop, of wormwood, of Southerwoort, of each half an ounce, of dry fat figs three ounces, of the seed of smallage an ounce and an half, of rue half an handful; boil them all with running water in a clean vessel, until almost half be consumed; then when it begins to thicken, take it from the fire, strain it, and give it the horse luke warm. Now there are not any of these drinks but are sufficient for the cure; but the first is best. Now for his diet, be sure to keep him fasting long before his fits come, and let his drink be only warm mashes of malt and water. Now if you perceive that his fits continue, and bring the horse to any weakness, you shall then to comfort and quicken the natural heat of the horse, rub and chafe all his body over, either in the Sun, or by some soft fire with some wholesome friction, of which frictions you shall find choice in a particular chapter hereafter following, together with their several natures and uses.   

CHAP. 24. Of the Fever which cometh by surfaite of meat only.  
THe Fever which cometh by surfaite of meat only, without either disorder in travel of corruption of blood, is known by these signs: The horse will heave and beat upon his back, his breath will be short, hot, and dry, and his wind he will draw only at his nose with great violence. The cure therefore is, you shall let him blood in his neck, under his eyes, and in the ●●late of his mouth, you shall also purge his head by making him nee●e; then keep him with very thin diet, that is, let him fast for more than half of the day, and let him not drink above once 〈◊〉 four and twenty hours, and that drink to 〈◊〉 ●arme water: you shall also once or twice chafe his body with wholesome friction; and if during his cure he chance to grow costive, you shall cause him to be raked, and afterward give him either a suppositary, or a glister, of both which, and of their several natures, you shall read sufficiently in a chapter following.   

CHAP. 25. Of Fevers extraordinary, and first of Pestilent Fevers.  
WE find by many ancient Italian Writers, that both the Romans, and others their countrymen, have by experience found many horses subject to this pestilent fever, which is a most contagious and pestiferous disease, almost incurable; & for mine own part, I have seen it in many colts and young horses. Surely it proceedeth, as I judge, either from great corruption of blood, or from infection of the air. The signs thereof is, the horse will hold down his head, forsake his meat, shed much water at his eyes, and many times have swellings or ulcers rising a little below his ear roots. The cure is, first you shall not fail to let him blood in the neck vein: then two or three hours after you shall give him a glister: then make this plaster: Take of squilla five ounces, of elder, of castoreum, of mustardseed, and of euforbium, of each two ounces; dissolve the same in the juice of daffodil and sage, and lay it all about the temples of his head, and between his ears: then give him to drink for three or four days together, every morning, two ounces of the best treacle dissolved in a pint of good muscadine. The Italians use to give him divers mornings, a pound of the juice of elder roots, or in stead of his hay, a good quantity of that herb which is called Venus' hair; but if the time of the year be such that they cannot have it green, than they boil it in water, and strain it▪ and give it him to drink; but I hold the first drink to be most sufficient, his diet being thin, and his keeping warm.   

CHAP. 26. Of the Plague or pestilence in Horses, of some called the gargill, or murrain.  
THis pestilence, murrain, or gargill in horses, is a contagious and most infectious disease, proceeding either from surfaite of heat, cold, labour, or hunger, or any other thing breeding corrupt humours in a horse's body, as the holding too long of his urine, drinking when he is hot, or feeding upon gross foul & corrupt foods, as in low grounds after floods, when the grass is unpurged, & such like. Sometimes it springs from some evil influence of the planets, corrupting the plants and fruits of the earth, and cattle too sometimes also, & from divers other such like causes; but howsoever, when the disease beginneth, certain it is, that it is most infectious, and if there be not care and prevention used, of multitudes it will not leave one. Not any of the ancient Italian Farriers, nor any of our English Farriers that I have met with, do or can yield me any sign or token to know this disease, more than that one or two must first die, & then by their deaths I must adjudge & prevent what will follow; but they are mistaken: for this disease is as easily known by outward ●ignes as any disease whatsoever, as namely the horse will first begin to lower and hang down his head; & within two or three days after such lowering, you shall see him begin to swell under his ear roots, or under the roots of his tongue, and that swelling will run universally over all one side of his face, being very extreme hard and great. Moreover all his lips, mouth, & whites of his eyes, will be exceeding yellow, and his breath will be strong, and stink exceedingly.  
The cure of this disease, according to the manner of the Italians & French men, is first to separate the sound from the sick, even a far distance from that air where the sick breatheth: then let them blood in the neck veins, and give every one severally to drink, two spoonful of the powder of Diapente brewed in a pint of strong sack; of the composition of which Diapente, and of the particular virtues thereof, you shall read in a chapter following. If you cannot readily get this Diapente, you may then take a pint of muscadine, and dissolve it in two ounces of the best treacle, and it will serve the turn. Questionless these medicines are both exceeding good, for they are great preservatives against all inward infections; yet that which I have found, far to exceed them, and to be most excellent not only for this plague amongst horses, but for the plague or murrain (of some called the mountain evil) amongst beasts, is this. Take a good quantity of old urine, and mix therewithal a good quantity of hen's dung, stir them well together till the dung be dissolved: then with a horn give to every horse of beast a pint thereof lukewarm. This have I seen help hundreds.   

CHAP. 27. Of the Fever accidental, coming by some wound received.  
IF a horse shall receive any grievous and sore wound, either by stroke or thrust, by which any of the vital powers are let or hindered: certain it is that the pain and anguish of such wounds will bring a horse to a hot fever, and then his life is in great danger: beside, a horse being naturally subject to moist distillation in his throat, there will many times rise therein great swellings and ulcers, through the pain whereof a horse will fall into a burning ague. The signs whereof are, that he will covet much to drink, but cannot drink, and his flesh will fall away in much extraordinary fashion. The cure besides the remedies before mentioned, is, to let him blood under his ears and in the mouth: and then to take a fine manchet, & cutting it in slices, steep it in muscadine, and compel him to swallow them: it shall also be good if once in three ●ayes you steep your manchet in salad oil, and make him eat it. As for his drink let it be only warm mashes of malt and water, which if he cannot drink, you shall then give it him with a horn. And thus much touching fevers both ordinary & extraordinary.   

CHAP. 28. Of the diseases in the head.  
AS a horse's head is composed of many parts, so are those many parts subject to many and sundry grievances, as namely, the panicles or thin skins, which cleaving to the bones, do cover the whole brain, are subject to headache, mygram, dizziness, and amazes; the whole brain itself, is properly subject to breed the frenzy, madness, sleeping evil, the taking, and forgetfulness. And here is to be noted, that many Farriers, and those of approved good skills, have strongly held opinions, that horses have very little or no brains at all: and myself for mine own part, being carried away with their censures, did at last upon good considerations ●ut up the heads of divers horses, some dead, some in dying, and I could never find any liquid or thin brain, as in other beasts, but only a very thick, strong, tough, and shining substance, solid and firm, like a tough jelly, which I ever held to be only a panycle, and so resolved with others that a horse had no brain; but after upon further discourse with men of better learning, I had this solution given me: That a horse being a beast of extraordinary strength and ability, made even to endure the worst of all extremities, either by sore labour or heavy burden, that nature in his creation had endowed him with members answerable to such vigour: as namely, that his brain was not liquid and moist, as subject to fleet, or to be distempered with every small disorder; but tough and hard, even unpenetrable, and not to be pierced by any reasonable motion. And for the panicles, they showed me those thin skins over and beside that great substance; so that by experience I saw, and now know, that a horse hath both brain and a pannicle, and in them two are bred the diseases before mentioned. Now in the ventricles, or cells of the brain, & in those conduits by which the lively spirits give feeling and motion to the body, there do breed the turne-sicke or sturdy, the staggers, the falling evil, the night mare, the apoplexy, the palsy, and convulsion, or cramp, the catharre, or rheum, and lastly the glanders. And thus much of the head in general.   

CHAP. 29. Of headache, or pain in the head.  
THe headache is a pain that cometh either of some inward cause, or of some choleric humour, gathered together in the panicles of the brain, or else of some extreme heat or cold, or of some sudden blow, or of some noisome savour. The signs are the hanging down of the horses head & ears, dropping of his urine, dimness of sight, swollen and waterish eyes. The cure according to the opinion of some of our English Farriers, is to let him blood in the eye veins, and to squirt warm water into his nostrils, and for that day give him no meat; the next morning fasting, give him warm water and some grass, at night give him barley and fitches' mixed together, and so keep him warm till he be sound; but this cure I do not fancy, the best help is first, to make him neese by fuming him, then let him blood in the palate of the mouth, and keep him fasting at least twelve hours after: then power into his nostrils wine, wherein hath been sodden euforbium, frankincense, and after feed him, and keep his head warm.   

CHAP. 30. Of the frenzy and madness of a horse.  
THe madness of a horse by the most ancient and best approved Farriers, is divided into four passions: the first is when some naughty blood doth strike the pannicle of the brain but in one part only, it presently makes the horse dull both of mind and sight: and you shall know it by this sign, the horse will turn round like a beast that is troubled with the sturdy; the reason being, because the outside of the head is grieved only. The second is when the poison of such blood doth infect the middle part of the brain: then the horse becometh frantic, leaping against walls or any thing. The third is when that blood filleth the veins of the stomach, and infecteth as well the heart as the brain, then is he said to be mad. But the fourth and last is when that blood not only infecteth the brain and heart, but even the panicles also, and then he is said to be stark mad, which you shall know by his biting at every man which comes near him, by his gnawing of the manger and walls about him. And lastly by tearing of his own skin in pieces. Now for the cure, you shall cause him to be let blood in all the lower parts of his body, to draw the blood from his head, as namely, on the shackell veins, the spur veins, the plat veins, and the thigh veins, and you shall let him blood abundantly, then give him this drink: Take the root of wild cucumber, or where that cannot be gotten, take a handful of rue and mints, and a handful of black elleborus, and boil them in strong red wine, and give it lukewarm to the horse in a horn. Some use to give man's dung with wine, three mornings together; and also to rub his body over with a friction at least twice a day, and not to fail to give him moderate exercise. Other use to pierce the skin of his head with a hot iron, to let out the ill humours. Others as the most certain of all medicines, use to geld him of both, or one stone at the least; but I like it not for mine own part: the cure I have ever used for this grief, was either to make him swallow down hard hens dung, or else to give him to drink the root of Virgapastoris st●mpt in water; and for his ordering during the cure, I would have his stable quiet, but not close, and his food only warm mashes of malt and water, yet but a very little at one time, for the thinnest diet is best.   

CHAP. 31. Of the Sleeping evil, or Lethargy in horses.  
THe sleeping evil is an infirmity which maketh a horse to sleep continually, depriving him thereby both of memory, appetite, and all alacrity of spirit. It is most incident to white and done horse, because it proceedeth only from phlegm, cold & gross, which moysturing the brain too much, causeth heaviness and sleep: There needs no other sign more than his sleeping only. The cure is to keep him waking whether he will or no, with great noises and affrights▪ then let him blood in the neck, and the palate of the mouth, and give him to drink water lukewarm, wherein hath been boiled camomile, mother wort, wheat, bran, salt and vinegar; you shall also presume his head, and make him neese, and anoint the palate of his mouth with honey and mustard mixed together: it shall not be amiss if with the ordinary water which he drinketh, you mix either parsley seed, or fennel seed, for that will provoke urine, you shall also bathe his legs and stop his hooves with bran, salt, and vinegar boiled together, and applied as hot as may be, and his stable would be lightsome and full of noise.   

CHAP. 32. Of a Horse that is taken, or of shrew running.  
THose horses are supposed by Farriers to be taken, or as some call it, planet struck, which are deprived of feeling or of moving, not being able to stir any member, but remaineth in the same form as he was at his time of taking. Some hold it proceedeth from choler and phlegm, when they are superaboundantly mixed together, or of melancholy blood, which being a cold dry humour, doth oppress and sicken the hinder part of the brain. Other ancient Farrier's hold, it cometh of some extreme cold, or extreme heat, or raw digestion, striking into the empty veins suddenly; or else of extreme hunger caused by long fasting. The signs thereof are numbness, and want of motion before spoken of: as for the cure, it is divers; for first you must note whether it come of cold, or heat; if it come of cold, you shall know it by the stuffing and pose in the head, which ever is joined with the disease: if of heat, by the hotness of his breath, and clear fetching of his wind. Now if it proceed from cold, you shall give him to drink one ounce of Lacerpitium mixed with salad oil and muscadine luke warm: if it proceed of heat, you shall give one ounce of Lacerpitium with water and honey lukewarm; but if it proceed of crudity or raw digestion, than you shall help him by fasting; and if it proceed of fasting, than you shall heal him by feeding him often with good meat, as with wholesome bread, and dry oats; yet but a little at a time, that he may ever eat with a good stomach.  
Now for the French Farriers, as Monsieur Horace and the rest, who call this disease Surprius, they hold it cometh only from cold causes, following hot accidents; and they use for their cure to let him blood on the breast veins, and then put him into a sweat, either by exercise, or multiplicity of clothes, but many clothes is better, because the horse is not capable of labour: and sometimes they will bury him all save the head in an old dunghill, till throuh the heat thereof his limbs receive such feeling that he begins to struggle out of the same. All which cures are not much amiss; yet in mine opinion, this is the best, easiest, and surest way: First to let him blood in the neck and breast, then to anoint all his body with oil Petrolium, then give him this drink. Take of malmsey three pints, and mix it with a quartern of sugar, cinnamon and cloves, and let him drink it lukewarm: then take old rotten wet litter, and for want thereof, wet hay, and with clothes, sursingles and cords, swaddle all his whole body over with the same of a good thickness, and renew it once in three days till he be whole, let his stable be warm, his exercise moderate, and if he grow costive, let him first be raked, and after give him either a glister, or a suppositary, according to his strength. There is also another kind of taking, and that is when a horse is planet struck, or stricken with thunder; but it is utterly uncurable, and therefore I will omit to speak further of it. The last kind of taking is when a horse is shrew run, that when a horse lieth sleeping, there is a certain venomous field mouse, called a shrew, whose head is extraordinary long, like a swine's head, and her feet shorter of the one side then the other. This mouse if she happen to run over any of the limbs of the horse, presently the horse loseth the use of that limb she ran over; and if she run over his body, he commonly loseth the use of his hinder loins; and these accidents having been often found unexpected, common Farriers have held the horse to be taken, or planet struck. As for the cure thereof, the best is to seek out a briar which groweth at both ends, and take the horse or beast that is thus vexed, and draw him under the same, and it is a present remedy. For mine own part, I have heard much, both of the infirmity, and of the cure, but I have had no experience of it, but only in one young foal, which being suddenly lame, was as suddenly helped to my much contentment.   

CHAP. 33. Of the Staggers.  
THe staggers is a dizzy madness of the brain, proceeding from corrupt blood, or gross, tough, and heavy humours, which oppress and make sick the brain, and from whence proceedeth a vaporous spirit, dissolved by a weak heat which troubleth all the whole head; it is almost of all diseases the most common, yet very mortal and dangerous: it cometh many times from surfaite of meat, surfaite of travel, or from corruption of blood. The signs to know it, is dimness of sight, swollen and waterish eyes, a moist mouth, staggering and reeling of the horse, and beating of his head against the walls, or thrusting it into his litter. The cure is divers, for almost every Smith hath a several medicine, yet these which I shall rehearse are the most approved. The ancient Farriers, both Italians and Fren●h, use to let the horse blood in the temple veins, and then with a knife make a hole of an inch long, overthwart his forehead, underneath his foretop, and raising the skin up with a cornet some two or three inches about, stop the hollowness with a taint dipped in turpentine and hogs grease molten together; but some of our Smiths finding this cure fail, except the disease be very young, use to stop the hollowness with a dock root. Others with a clove or two of garlic. Others use for this disease to take selladine, and stamping it, to stop it into his ears, and so tie up his ears, or stitch the tips of his ears together, that he may not shake the medicine out. Others use to mix salt and water together thick, & to put it into his ears. Others use to mix ground-fill and and aquavitae together, and to put that into his ears. Others use to take garlic, rue, and bay-salt, and beat them grossly, then mix vinegar with them, and put it into the horses ears, then wet wool or tow in the medicine, and stop that in his ears also: let the medicine rest so four and twenty hours, and if he forsake his meat, wash his tongue with vinegar, and it will recover his stomach. Others use, first to perfume the horses head to make him neese, then to take half a handful of selladine, and as much herb of grace, three or four cloves of garlic, and a little bay salt, and stamp them all together: then mix therewith two or three spoonful of vinegar or verdges, and thrust it hard into the horses ears: then tie up his ears with a soft inkle string, that no air may come in, and let this medicine remain the space of a day and a night: then let him blood in the neck vein, and give him a comfortable drench, of which drenches you shall find great plenty, together with their uses in a chapter following. There be some Smiths which only take rue and selladine, of each like quantity, and stamping them with white salt, thrust it into the horse's ear, and it helpeth. Others take an ounce and a half of the oil of bitter almonds, two drams of an ox gall, an half penny in black Ellaber stamped, and five drams of the grains of Casterum, vinegar and verdges; seeth them all together till the vinegar be consumed, then strain them, and put it into the horses ears. All these medicines have been divers times approved to be singular good, and for mine own part I have found great effect in them; yet that which I have found at all times most excellent, is, if the disease be young and early taken (that is, before the horse be grown into any extremity of weakness) to take only verdges and bay salt, and mixing them well together, to stop it into the horses ears. But if the disease be old, and the horse brought to a desperate state of mortality, than you shall take Assafoetida, and having dissolved it in vinegar, warm it upon a chaffing dish and coals, and with round balls of tow, thrust it hard into the horses ears, and so bind them up for four and twenty hours, after which time give him a comfortable drink. Now whereas some Smiths do use to stamp aquavitae and garlic together, and stop that into his ears, I for my part, think it too strong, except the horse be in great lust, and full of flesh, which if he be, doubtless it may do well enough.   

CHAP. 34. Of the Falling evil.  
THis falling evil, or as the Italians call it, this Maleaduco, is nothing else but that which we call in men the falling sickness, in beasts the falling evil: for it doth for a certain season, deprive them of all sense whatsoever, it is a disease not commonly incident to our English races; but amongst the Italian, Spanish and French horses, many times found. Now considering that the most of our best English stables are furnished ever with some horses of these countries, I think it not amiss to write something touching the disease. It proceedeth from cold and gross phlegm gathered together in the forepart of the head, betwixt the pannicle and the brain, which being by any hot vapour dispersed over the whole brain, it doth instantly cause this falling. There be others which suppose that it is governed by the Moon; and that by a certain course thereof both horses and other beasts do fall, and as it were, die for a small time. The signs to know the disease is, the horse will fall suddenly, both through the resolution of his members, and the dissension of his sinews; all his body will quake and quiver, and they will foam much at their mouths; yet when you think them past all hope of life, they will start up suddenly and fall to their meat. Now if you will know whether these fits will come often or but seldom, you shall feel the gristle betwixt his nostrils, and if it be cold he will fall oft, but if it be warm he will fall seldom. The cure is, you shall first let him blood on the neck vein, taking good store of blood away: then within four or five days after, you shall let him blood on his temple veins, and on his eye veins: then anoint all his body over with a comfortable friction, then bathe his head and ears with oil de bay, liquid pitch and tar mixed together, and of the same put some into his ears: then make him a cap or bgigin of canvas quilted with wool, to keep his head warm: then give him a purgation or scouring, of which you shall find plenty in a chapter hereafter: you shall also force him to neese, but if the disease notwithstanding continue still, you shall then with a hot iron pierce the skin of his forehead in divers places, and after anoint it with sweet butter, for thereby you shall draw out the gross humours which do oppress the brain; and in any wise during the time that he remaineth in physic, let his stable be kept exceeding warm, and his diet thin.   

CHAP. 35. Of the Nightmare.  
THis disease which we call the Nightmare, is an infirmity which only troubleth the horse in the night season, stopping the drawing of his breath, in such violent sort, that with the struggling and striving he will be driven into a great sweat and faintness: it proceedeth, according to the opinion of ancient Farriers, from a continual crudity o● raw digestion of the stomach, from whence gross vapours ascending up into the head, do not only oppress the brain, but all the sensitive parts also. Now for my part, I rather hold it an infirmity of the stomach and inward bowels, which being cloyed with much glut and fat, doth in the night season so hinder the spirits and powers from doing their natural office, that the beast having, as it were, his breath strangled, doth with an unnatural struggling in his sleep, put his body into an extreme sweat, and with that passion is brought to much faintness; of which I have had much and continual experience, only in horses exceeding fat and newly taken from the grass, but especially from such horses as are either fatted upon eddish grass, which in some countries is called after-maths; or such as are taken up fat in the winter season. The signs to know this disease is, that in the morning when you come early to your horse, you shall find him all of a great sweat, and his body something panting; or perhaps you shall but only find him sweat in his flanks, upon his neck, and at the roots of his ears: either of both are signs of this sickness, especially if at night when you litter him, you find that he is dry of his body, and giveth no outward sign of inward sickness. Now there be some that will object against me, and say: that this infirmity is not the nightmare, but an ordinary infirmity engendered by superfluity of cold, gross, and unwholesome food, got in the winter season: which nature, through the help of warm clothes, and a warm house, expels in this manner, in the night season. To this objection I answer, that if they do disallow this sickness to be the nightmare, that then without all contradiction, there is no such disease as the nightmare at all, and that it is but only a name without any substance or consequence; but forasmuch as this sickness is not only very usual, but also carrieth with it all the effects and attributes ascribed unto the nightmare, and that it is as yet a disease unnamed, I do not think I can give it a more proper term then to call it the nightmare. The cure whereof is, every morning and evening, both before and after his water, to give the horse some moderate exercise, as to make him go at least a mile and more for his water; and after he is watered, to gallop him gently on the hand a good space: then when he is brought into the house, and well rubbed, to give him his provender, being oats, and to mix therewith a handful or better of hempseed; only in this cure you must be careful, that your exercise do not enforce him to sweat, nor shall you have need to use it longer than you find that he sweateth much in the night season. This exercise and medicine will not only cure this infirmity, but also any cold that is newly gotten whatsoever.   

CHAP. 36. Of the Apoplexy or Palsy.  
THese palseyes or apoplexies which happen unto horses, are of two sorts: the one general, the other particular. The general palsy is when a horse is deprived of all sense and moving generally over his whole body, which is seldom or never found out by our Farriers; because the mortality and suddenness of death which pursues the disease, takes from them all notes & observations of the infirmity: and indeed for the general palsy there is no cure, and therefore there needs no description of sign or cure. For the particular palsy, that is, when a horse is deprived but of some part or member of his body, and most commonly it is but the neck only, as both myself and others have found by daily experience. The disease proceedeth from foulness of food, or from fen feeding, which breedeth gross, cold, and tough humours, which joining with crudities and raw disgestions, oppress the brain violently altogether; it also cometh many times by means of some blow or wound given upon the temples of the head. The signs to know the disease, are the gathering together of his body, going crookedly, and not strait forward but seldom, and holding his neck awry without motion; yet never forsaking his provender or meat, but eating it with greediness and much slavering. The cure is to let him blood on his neck vein, and temple vein, on the contrary side to that way he wrieth: then anoint all his neck over with the oil Petroleum, and with wet hay ropes swaddle all his neck over, even from his breast to his ears, but having before splented his neck strait with splints of wood, made strong, smooth & flat for the purpose: then for 3 mornings together, give him a pint of old muscadine with two spoonful of this powder to drink. Take of Opoponax two ounces, of Storax three ounces, of Gentian three ounces, of Manna Su●carie three ounces, of Mirre one scruple, and of long pepper two scruples; beat all these into fine powder. Now there be some Farriers, which for this disease use to draw the horses neck on the contrary side, with a hot iron, even from the neck to the shoulder, and on the temple of his head, of that side also, a long strike, and on the other a little star in this manner, , and from his reins to his mid back, small lines in this manner. But I that know this sickness proceedeth from the brain and sinews, cannot conceive how any help should come from burning of the skin, because it is the sinews themselves, and not the skin, that is drawn up and straightened: and therefore I would wish every Farrier to forbear this tormenting, unless he apparently see that the skin itself, through dislike and weakness is shrunk also, and then the cure is not amiss.   

CHAP. 37. Of the general Cramp, or convulsion of sinews.  
THese general cramps or convulsions of sinews are most forcible contractions or drawings together of the sinews and muscles; and they happen sometimes generally into many parts of the body, sometimes particularly, as but into one member and no more: when they are generally diperst in horses, they proceed commonly from some wound, wherein a sinew is half cut and no more; and so there runneth a general contraction over the whole body by degrees. When they are particular, as but in one member, than they proceed either from cold windy causes, or from the want of blood. For the general contraction which cometh by a wound, you shall read the cure thereof in the book of Surgery following, where, the sinew being cut in two pieces, the contraction ceaseth. For the particular, where but one member is grieeved, you shall know it by these signs: the member will be stark and stiff, insomuch that neither the beast nor any man will be able to bow it: the sinews will be hard like sticks, and the horse being down, is not able to rise during the time of the contraction; he will also halt extremely whilst the fit is upon him, and presently go well again, as it were in one moment. The cure is, to chafe the member exceedingly, either with linseed oil, sheep's foot oil, or neat's foot oil; & during the time of his chafing, to hold up the contrary foot that he may stand upon the limb which is most pained. There is also another cramp or convulsion of sinews, which doth extend into the neck, and reins of the horses back, & so almost universally over the horses whole body: it proceedeth ever either from some extreme cold, as by turning a horse suddenly out of a warm stable and warm clothes into the piercing rage of the cold winter; or by the loss of much blood, whereby great windiness entereth into the veins, and so benumbeth the sinews: or else by too much phisicking & drenching of a horse, whereby the natural heat is much weakened or dried. The signs of this convulsion is, his head and neck will stand awry, his ears upright, & his eyes hollow, his mouth will be clung up that he cannot eat, and his back will rise up in the midst like the back of a Camel. The cure hereof is, with great store of warm woollen clothes, as blanckets, and coverlids, some folded double about his body, and some girded all over from his head to his tail, to force him into a sweat; but if the clothes will not force him to sweat; than you shall either fold all his body over with hot wet horse litter, or else bury him all save the head in a dunghill or mixion; then when he hath sweat an hour or two, and is moderately cooled, you shall anoint him all over with this ointment (holding hot bars of iron over him, to make the ointment sink into his body:) Take of hogs grease one pound, of turpentine a quarter of a pound, of pepper beaten into powder half a dram, of new wax half a pound, of old oil olive one pound, boil all these together, and use it, being made warm. There be other Farriers which use this ointment: take of new wax 1. pound, of terpentine 4. ounces, of oil de bay as much, Opoponax two ounces, of Deeres suet, and of oil of Storax, of each three ounces, melt all these together and use it warm. There be others which use after his sweat, nothing but oil of Cypress, and oil de bay mixed together, and with it anoint his body over. After this unction thus applied, you shall take twenty grains of long pepper beaten into fine powder, of Cedar two ounces, of Nitre one ounce, of Lacerpitium as much as a bean, and mingle all these together with a gallond of white wine, and give him a quart thereof to drink, every morning for four days▪ Now for his diet and order, let his food be warm mashes and the finest hay, his stable exceeding warm, and his exercise gentle walking abroad in his clothes, once every day about high noon.   

CHAP. 38. Of the cold or Pose in the head.  
THe cold or pose in a horse's head is gotten by divers sudden and unseen means, according to the temper and constitution of the horses body, in so much that the best keeper whatsoever cannot sometimes warrant his horse from that infirmity. Now according as this cold is old or new, great or small, and according to the abundance of humours which abound in the head, and as those humours are of thickness or thinness, so is the disease & the danger thereof greater or lesser, stronger or weaker. For you shall understand that if the horse have but only a cold that is newly taken, the signs are, he will have many knots like wax kernels between his chaules about the roots of his tongue; his head will be somewhat heavy, and from his nostrils will run a certain clear water; but if about his tongue roots be any great swelling, or inflammation like a mighty botch or bile, than it is the strangle; but if from his nostrils do issue any thick, stinking or corrupt matter, than it is the glanders, of both which we shall speak hereafter in their proper places. Now for this ordinary cold which is ordinarily taken (the signs whereof besides his much coughing are before declared,) you shall understand that for the cure being very easy, it is helped sundry ways: some cure it only by purging his head with pills of butter and garlic, the manner whereof you shall find in the chapter of purgations. Other Farriers cure it with purging his head with fumes, and forcing him to neese, the manner whereof is in the chapter of sneezing; which done, you shall ●●●● because those kernels are called of the Italians, Glandule, that thence we borrow this word glanders; adding moreover that a horse which is troubled with this disease, hath great kernels underneath his jaws, easy to be felt, paining him so that he cannot eat or swallow any thing. Others say, it is a swelling upon the jaw bones great and hard, which being inflamed doth putrefy and rot; but both these opinions I hold erroneous: for although our old Farriers might (according to the custom of our nation which loveth the imitation of strangers) borrow this word glanders from the Italian Glandule; yet these inflammations under the chaps of the tongue roots, is that disease which we call the strangle, and not the glanders; and whereas they would call the strangle the Quinsy, or Squinancy, there is no such matter, neither hath a horse any such disease, except they will call the Vives, by that name which is far more fitter for the application.  
Now for the glanders, you shall understand that it is a running impostume engendered either by cold, or by famine, or by long thirst, or by eating corrupt and musty meat, or by being kept in unsavoury places, or is taken by standing with infected horses. It is a gathering together of moist and corrupt humours, which runneth at the nose; or may be said to be a flux of rheum, which issueth sometimes at one, sometimes at both the nostrils: the cause being the wideness of the passage, so that the cold liberally entering into the brain, bindeth and crusheth it in such manner that it maketh the humours there to distill; which descending to the spiritual parts, and possessing them, in the end suffocates the horse either by their abundance, or killeth him by corrupting the principal parts; or else by congealing there by little and little, overrunneth the natural heat. Now that distillation that by cold cometh from the brain and breedeth this glanders, is of three sorts. The first is a cold which maketh indigest humours to pass from the brain, which cometh by taking off the saddle suddenly when the horse is hot, or by letting him drink before he be inwardly cooled, or before his body be dried: this distillation commonly is slimy matter that smells not, and is easy to be cured: for it is no inward ulcer, but only abundance of humour, the substance whereof is gross and white. The second is a greater cold, engendered and congealed, causing humours something thin and slimy, of the colour of marrow, or the white of an egg: this descendeth to the throat and lieth there till it be discharged through the nostrils. The third is by long continuance thicker and therefore harder to be cured: if the colour thereof be yellow, like a bean, then is the glanders most desperate, and lieth also in his throat; but if it be a brown or darkish yellow, then commonly a fever will accompany the disease. To these three distillations there is commonly added a fourth, which is, when the matter which comes from his nose, is dark, thin, and reddish, like little sparks of blood; but then is it not said to be the glanders, but the mourning of the chine, which is a disease for the most part, held incurable. It is therefore most necessary for every good Farrier, when he shall take this cure in hand, to consider well the matter which issueth from the horses nose: for if the humour be clear and transparent, so that it may be seen through, than it is not greatly hurtful, or of much moment. If it be white, it is worse, yet with much ease cured. If it be yellow, separate him from the sound horses, for he is infectious, yet to be cured: if that yellow be mixed with blood, it is with much difficulty helped; or if the matter be like unto saffron, the horse is as hardly to be saved: he must also consider whether the matter stink or have lost the smell: the first is a sign of an ulcer, the latter of death: also whether he cougheth with straightness in his chest or no: for that also is a sign of an inward ulcer, and that the disease is past cure. Now for the cure of these three distillations, which are all that make up a complete glanders, you shall understand that when the glanders is of the first sort, it is easily helped by moderate exercise, and by warm keeping; but if it be of the second sort, you shall give him warm mashes of malt & water, and perfume his head well, and purge it by sneezing: and into his mashes you shall put fennel seeds bruised. Others will take a pint of white wine, a handful of soot, a quart of milk and two heads of garlic bruised; brew them together, and give it the horse to drink. Others will take a pottle of urine, a handful of bay-salt, and a good quantity of brown sugar-candy, boil it to a quart: then add liquorice and anise seeds beaten to fine powder, and give it lukewarm to drink. Others will take lard or swine's grease, and boil it in water: then take the fat from the water, and mingle it with a little oil olive, a good quantity of urine, & half as much white wine; give a quart of this lukewarm to drink. Others use to give of ale a quart, of grated bread an ounce and a half, the yolks of two eggs, of ginger, saffron, cloves, cinnamon, nutmegs, cardimonium, spicknard or lavender, galingale and honey, of each a pretty quantity; mix these together, and give it to drink. Now if the distillation be of the third sort, which is the worst of the three, you shall take half a pound of swine's blood, and melt it at the fire, add to it a pound of the juice of beets, with three ounces of Euforbium finely beaten; and when it hath boiled a little, take it from the fire, and add an another ounce of Euforbium to it: keep this ointment, and anoint therewith two very long feathers, or little rods, leapt with linen about; and so anointed, put them into his nostrhrels, and after rubbing them up and down, tie them to the nose-band of the bridle, and walk him abroad: do thus three days together, and it will either absolutely cure him, or at least take away the eye sore. Others use to take a quart of ale, an half penny worth of long pepper, a little brimstone, and a penny worth of Galingal, two pennyworth of spygnal of Spain, two penny weight of saffron brayed, with two ounces of butter boiled in the ale; when it is lukewarm, cast the horse and holding up his head, power it equally into his nostrils: then hold his nostrils close till his eyes stare, and that he sweat; which done, give him bays and ale to drink: then let him rise, and set him up warm, feeding him with warm grains and salt, or with sweet mashes; but the best is, if the weather be warm, to let him run abroad at grass. Other Farriers use to dissolve in vinegar three drams of mustard-seed, and as much Euforbium: then to give him one dram at his nostril every day before he drink. Others use to take of myrrh, Iris Illyrica, seeds of smallage, Aristolochia, of each three ounces, Sal-niter, Brimston, of each five ounces, bays, two ounces, saffron one ounce; make this into powder, and when you give it, give part in pills, made with paste and wine, and part by the nostrils with strong ale: do this for the space of three days at the least. Others use to take of malmsey a pint, of strong ale a pint, of aquavitae four spoonful, and brew them together with a pretty quantity of anise seeds, liquorice, ellocampane roots, long pepper, garlic, and three or four new laid eggs, and a little buter; give this luke warm to drink: then walk him abroad, and set him up warm: do thus every other day for a week together. Others use to take stale urine that hath stood three or four days, and ten garlic heads, and seething them together, give it the horse to drink. Others use to take swine's grease well clarified, and as much oil de bay as a walnut, and give it the horse to drink with fair water lukewarm. Others use to take of ellocampane, anise seeds and liquorice, of each one penny worth, boil them in three pints of ale or beer till one pint be consumed; then add unto it a quarter of a pint of salad oil, and give it him to drink lukewarm: then with a quill blow Euforbium up into his nostrils, and within three days after, take mustard four spoonful, vinegar a pint and an half, butter three ounces, boil them together, then add thereto half an ounce of pepper, and give it the horse luke warm to drink: use this medicine a fortnight. Others use to take a handful of piled garlic, and boil it in a quart of milk till a pint be consumed: then add thereto two ounces of sweet butter, and a pint of strong ale, stir them well together, and give it the horse fasting to drink lukewarm: which done, ride him a little up and down, and use this the space of nine days. Thus I have showed you the opinions & practise of all the best Farriers both of this kingdom and of others, & they be all very good & effectual; yet for mine own part, that which I have found ever the best in my practice is, if the disease be of the first or second sort, to give the horse to drink fasting every morning for a fortnight together, a pint of strong ale, and five spoonful of the oil of oats, the making of which oil, you shall read in a particular chapter following; but if the disease be of the third sort, which is most desperate, you shall then take of Tanner's ouse a pint, and of new milk a pint, and of oil olive half a pint, and the quantity of a head of garlic bruised, and a little turmeric; mix these well together, and give it the horse to drink: do this thrice in one fortnight, and it will help if any help be to be had.   

CHAP. 41. Of the mourning of the Chine.  
THis disease which we call the mourning of the chine, or as some Farriers term it, the moist malady, is that fourth sort of corrupt distillation from the brain, of which we have spoken in the chapter before, showing from whence it proceeds, and the signs thereof; to wit, that the corrupt matter which issueth from his nostrils, will be dark, thin, and reddish, with little streaks of blood in it. It is supposed by some Farriers, that this disease is a foul consumption of the liver, and I do not dissent from that opinion: for I have found the liver wasted in those horses which I have opened upon this disease; and this consumption proceeds from a cold, which after grows to a pose, then to a glanders, and lastly to this mourning of the chine.  
The cure whereof, according to the opinion of the oldest Farriers, is to take clear water, and that honey which is called Hydromel a quart, and put thereunto three ounces of salad oil, and power it into his nostrils each morning the space of three days; & if that help not, then give him to drink every day, or once in two days at the least, a quart of old wine mingled with some of the sovereign medicine called Tetrapharmacum, which is to be had almost of every Apothecary. Others use to take garlic, houslicke & chervil; and stamping them together, to thrust it up into the horses nostrils.  
Others use to let the horse fast all night; then take a pint and a half of milk, three heads of garlic piled & stamped; boil them to the half, and give it to the horse, some at the mouth and some at the nose; then gallop him a quarter of a mile, then rest him; then gallop him half a mile, and rest him again: thus do twice or thrice together; then set him up warm, and give him no water till it be high noon: then give him a sweet mash: use this cure at least three days together. Others use to take half a peck of oats, & boil them in running water till half be consumed; then put them into a bag, and lay them very hot upon the navel place of his back, and there let it lie thirty hours, using thus to do three or four times at the least. Others use to take wormwood, Peusedanum, and century, of each like quantity: boil them in wine; then strain them, and power thereof many times into his nostrils, especially into that which most runneth. Others use to take harehound, liquorice, & anise seeds, beaten to powder: then with sweet butter to make pills thereof, and to give them fasting to the horse Others use to take wheat flower, anise seeds, and liquorice, stamped in a mortar, five or six cloves of garlic bruised; mix all these together & make a paste of them; then make it into pills as big as walnuts, & taking out the horse's tongue, cast the balls down the horses throat three or four at a time, then give him two new laid eggs, shells and all after them. Now after all these, the best and most approvedst medicine, is to take as much of the middle green bark of an Elder tree growing on the water side, as will fill a reasonable vessel, putting thereunto as much running water as the vessel will hold, and let it boil till half be consumed, and then fill up the vessel again with water, continuing so to do, three times one after another: and at the last time when the one half is consumed, take it from the fire, and strain it exceedingly through a linen cloth; then to that decoction, add at least a full third part of the oil of oats, or for want of that, of oil olive, or of hogs grease, or sweet butter; and being warmed again, take a quart thereof, and give it the horse to drink, one horneful at his mouth, and another at his nostrils, especially that which casteth out the matter. And in any case let the horse be fasting when he taketh this medicine: for it not only cureth this, but any sickness proceeding from cold whatsoever: it shall be also good to use to his body some wholesome friction, & to his head some wholesome bathe, of which baths you shall read more hereafter in a chapter following. For his diet, his food would be sodden barley and sweet hay, and his drink warm water or mashes; but if it be in the Summer season, than it is best to let him run at grass only.   

CHAP. 42. Of the Cough.  
COughing is a motion of the lungs, raised naturally from his expulsive power, to cast out the hurtful cause, as sneezing is the motion of the brain. Now of coughs, there be some outward, and some inward: those are said to be outward which proceed of outward causes, as when a horse doth eat or drink too greedily, so that his meat goeth the wrong way; or when he licketh up a feather: or eateth dusty or sharp bearded straw, and such like, which tickling his throat, causeth him to cough: those which are said to be inward, are either wet or dry, of which we shall speak more hereafter. Now of these outward coughs, they may proceed from the corruption of the air, which if it do, you shall boil in running water, figs and currants together; then straining the water, add to a quart thereof, three spoonful of Diapente, and it will help. It may also proceed from dust; and than you must wash it down by pouring into his nostrils ale and oil mingled together. It may come by eating sharp and sour things; and than you must put down his throat, pills of sweet butter, whose softness will help him. It may proceed from some little or slight taken cold; and than you shall take the whites & yolks of two eggs, three ounces of salad oil, two handful of bean flower, one ounce of Fenugreeke; mix them with a pint of old malmsey, and give it the horse to drink three days together: or else take tar and fresh butter; mix them together, and give pills thereof to the horse four times in seven days, that is, the first, the third, the fifth, and the seventh day. There be others which use to take a gallon of fair water, and make it ready to seethe: then put thereto a peck of ground malt, with two handfuls of box leaves chopped small, and a little groundsel; mix them altogether, and give him every morning and evening a pint for a week together. If to the box leaves you add oats and betony, it is not amiss, so you keep the horse warm. Others use to give a horse a pint of swine's blood warm. Others use to boil in a gallon of water, one pound of Fenugreeke; then straining it, give the water morning and evening by a pint at a time to drink; then drying the Fenugreeke, give it the horse with his provender. Others use for all manner of coughs, to take a quartern of white currants, and as much clarified honey, two ounces of sweet marjoram, with old fresh grease, and a head of garlic; melt that which is to be molten, and pun that which is to be beaten; mix them together, and give the horse better than a pint thereof three mornings together. Others use to give a horse the guts of a young pullet dipped in honey and being warm; and certainly there is not any of these medicines but are most sovereign and well approved. Now whereas some Farrier's use to thrust down the throat of the horse, a willow wand, rolled about with a linen cloth, and anointed all over with honey, I for my part do not like it: for it both torments the horse more than there is occasion; and doth but only go about to take away that which is gone in the struggling before the medicine can be used: for it is only for a cough which cometh by a feather or some such like matter.   

CHAP. 43. Of the inward and wet Cough.  
TOuching all inward coughs which are gotten and engendered by colds and rheums of long continuance, being not only dangerous, but sometimes mortal, you shall understand that they are divided into two kinds, the one wet, the other dry: the wet cough proceedeth from cold causes taken after great heats; which heat dissolving humours, those humours being again congealed, do presently cause obstructions and stops of the lungs. Now the signs to know this wet cough is, the horse will ever after his coughing, cast out either water or matter out of his nostrils, or champ and chaw with his teeth, the thick matter which he casteth out of his throat, as you shall easily perceive, if you heedfully note him: he will also cough often without intermission; and when he cougheth he will not much bow down his head, nor abstain from his meat: and when he drinketh, you shall see some of his water to issue out of his nostrils. The cure is, first to keep him exceeding warm; then for as much as it proceedeth of cold causes, you shall give him hot drinks and spices, as sack, or strong ale brewed with cinnamon, ginger, cloves, treacle, Long pepper, and either swine's grease, salad oil, or sweet butter: for you shall know that all cold causes are cured with medicines that open and warm; and the hot with such as cleanse and cool. Some use to take a pretty quantity of Beniamine, and the yolk of an egg; which being well mixed together, and put into an egg shell, cast all down into the horse's throat, and then moderately ride him up and down for more than a quarter of an hour: and do this three or four mornings together. Others use to keep him warm, and then to give him this drink. Take of barley one peck, and boil it in two or three gallons of running water, till the barley burst, together with bruised liquorice, anise seeds, and of raisins, of each a pound; then strain it, and to that liquor put of honey a pint, and a quartern of sugar-candy, and keep it close in a pot to serve the horse therewith four several mornings, and cast not away the barley nor the rest of the strainings, but make it hot every day to perfume the horse withal in a close bag; & if he eat of it, it is so much the better: and after this you shall give the horse some moderate exercise: and for his diet let him drink no cold water till his cough abate; and as it lessoneth, so let his water be the less warmed. Now for mine own part, though all these receipts be exceeding good and very well approved; yet for mine own part, in this case, thus hath been my practice. If I found either by the heaviness of the horses head, or by the rattling of his nostrils, that the cough proceeded most from the stopping of his head, I would only give him four or five mornings together, three or four good round pills of butter and garlic, well knoden together, in the morning fasting; and then ride him moderately an hour after; but if I found that the sickness remained in the chest or breast of the horse, than I would give him twice in four days, a pint of sack, half a pint of salad oil, and two ounces of sugar-candy well brewed together, and made lukewarm; and then ride him half an hour after; and set him up warm, suffering him to drink no cold water till his cough began to abate or leave him.   

CHAP. 44. Of the dry Cough.  
THis disease which we call the dry cough, is a gross and tough humour, cleaving hard to the hollow places of the lungs, which stoppeth the winde-pipes so that the horse can hardly draw his breath. It doth proceed by ill government from the rheum, which distilling from the head, falleth down to the breast, and there enforceth the horse to strive to cast it out. The especial signs to know it is, by eating hot meats, as bread that is spiced, straw, dry hay, or such like, his extremity of coughing will increase: by eating cold and moist meats, as grass, forage, grains, and such like, it will abate and be the less: he cougheth seldom; yet when he cougheth, he cougheth violently, long time together, and dryly with a hollow sound from his chest: he also boweth his head down to the ground, and forsaketh his meat whilst he cougheth; yet never casteth forth any thing either at his mouth or nostrils. This cough is most dangerous, and not being taken in time, is incurable: for it will grow to the pursicke or broken wound altogether. The cure according to the opinion of the ancientest Farriers is, that for as much as it proceedeth from hot humours, therefore you shall perfume his head with cold simples, as Camomile, melilot, Liquorice, dried red Roses and Camphire boiled in water, and the fume made to pass up into his mouth and nostrils. Others use to take a close earthen pot, & to put therein three pints of the strongest vinegar, and four eggs shells & all unbroken, and 4. heads of garlic, clean piled & bruised; & set the pot-being very close covered in a warm dunghill, or a horse mixion, & there let it stand four and twenty hours; then take it forth and open it, and take out the eggs which will be as soft as silk, and lay them by until you have strained the vinegar and garlic through a linen cloth: then put to that liquor a quartern of honey, and half a quartern of sugar-candy, and two ounces of liquorice, & two ounces of anise seeds, beaten all into fine powder; and then the horse having fasted all the night, early in the morning, as about seven or eight a clock, open the horses mouth with a drench staff and a cord, and first cast down his throat one of the eggs, and then presently power after it a hornful of the aforesaid drink being made lukewarm; then cast in another egg and an other hornful: and thus do till he have swallowed up all the eggs, or three at the least; then bridle him, and cover him warmer than he was before, and set him up in the stable, tying him to the bare rack for the space of two hours; then unbridle him▪ and give him either some oats, hay, or grass, yet in any case give him no hay, until it have been somewhat sprinkled with water: for there is no greater enemy to a dry cough then dry hay, dry straw, or chaff; let him have no cold water the space of 9 days. Now if you chance the first morning to leave an egg untaken, you shall not fail to give it him and the remainder of the drink the morning following. If you find by this practice that the cough weareth not away, you shall then purge his head with pills, of which you shall read in the chapter of purgations: after his pills received, you shall let him fast 3. hours, standing warm clothed & littered in the stable: you shall also now and then give him a warm mash, and once a day troth him moderately abroad. There be other Farriers which for this dry cough take only the herb called lions foot, or Lady's mantle, spurge & smallage, of each like quantity; seeth them either in a quart of old wine, or a quart of running water till some part be consumed, and give it the horse to drink; if in stead of the herbs themselves, you give the juice of the herbs in wine, it is good. There be others which take a good quantity of white currants, & as much honey, two ounces of Marjoram, one ounce of peniriall, with 5. pounds of fresh grease, and nine heads of garlic; beat that which is to be beaten, & melt the rest; give this in 4. or 5. days like pills dipped in honey. Others use to take Myrrh, Opoponax, Iris Illyrica, & Galbanum, of each two ounces, of red Storax three ounces, of turpentine four ounces, of henbane half an ounce, of opium half an ounce; beat them to a fine powder, and give two or three spoonful with a pint of old wine, or a quart of ale. Others use to take forty grains of pepper, four or five roots of radddish, four heads of garlic, and six ounces of sweet butter; stamp them all well together, and give every day a ball of it to the horse for a week together, making him fast two hours after his taking it; and surely it is a most excellent approved medicine for any old grown cold or cough. Other Farriers use to take of oil de bay and of sweet butter, of each half a pound, of garlic one pound, beat it together unpild; and being well beaten with a pestle of wood, add your oil and butter unto it: then having made it into balls, with a little wheat flower, give your horse every morning for a week or more, three or four balls as big as walnuts, keeping him fasting after from meat, three hours, and from drink till it be night, provided that still his drink be warm, and his meat if it possible may be, grass, or hay sprinkled with water; as for his provender, it would be oats, and Fenugreeke sprinkled amongst it. Now if you perceive that at a fortnight's end, his cough doth nothing at all abate, you shall then for another week, give him again the same physic and diet; but truly for mine own part, I have never found it to fail in any horse whatsoever; yet I would wish all Farriers not to be too busy with these inward medicines, except they be well assured that the cold hath been long, and that the cough is dangerous.   

CHAP. 45. Of the frettized, broken, and rotten Lungs.  
Coughs do many times proceed from the corruption and putrefaction of the lungs, gotten either by some extreme cold, running or leaping, or by over-greedy drinking after great thirst; because the lungs being enclosed in a very thin film, they are therefore the much sooner broken; and if such breach be made, without instant cure, they begin to inflame and aposteme, oppressing and sickening the whole lungs. Now the signs to know this disease is, the horses flanks will beat when he cougheth; and the slower they beat, the more old and dangerous is the disease: he will also draw his wind short, and by little at once: he will groan much, be fearful and loath to cough, and often turn his head to the place grieved: to conclude, he will never cough but he will bring up something, which he will champ in his mouth after. The cure is, give him two or three ounces of hogs grease, and two or three spoonful of Diapente brewed in a quart of barley water, wherein currants hath been sodden. Other Farriers use to take a pound of liquorice, and being scraped, and flist, to steep it in a quart of water four and twenty hours; then to strain it; then to boil three or four ounces of currants in it, and so give it the horse to drink, & keep him fasting 3. or 4. hours after. There be other Farriers which use to take of Fenugreeke, and of linseed, of each half a pound, of gum dragant, of mastic, of myrrh, of sugar, of fitch flower, of each one ounce; let all these be beaten into fine powder, and then infused one whole night in a good quantity of warm water, and the next day give him a quart of this lukewarm, putting thereunto two ounces of the oil of roses; and this you must do many days together: and if the disease be new, it will certainly heal; if it be never so old, it will assuredly ease him; but in any case let him drink no cold water: and for his food, grass is the most excellent. Others use to take of malmsey a pint, of honey three spoonful, mix them together; then take of Myrrh, of Saffron, of Cassia, & Cinnamon, of each like quantity; beat them to a fine powder, and give two spoonful thereof in the wine to drink; do this at least a fortnight together, and it is certain it will help these frettyzed and broken lungs, but for the putrefied and rotten lungs, we will speak more in this next chapter.   

CHAP. 46. Of putrefied and rotten Lungs.  
THis disease of rotten and exulcerated lungs, you shall know by these signs: he will cough oft & vehemently, and ever in his coughing he will cast little reddish lumps out of his mouth; he will decay much of his flesh, and yet eat his meat with more greediness than when he was sound; and when he cougheth he will cough with more ease and clearness then if his lungs were but only broken. The cure whereof, according to the practice of our ordinary English Farriers is, to give the horse divers mornings together a pint of strong vinegar warmed, or else as much of man's urine, with half so much hog's grease brewed warm together▪ but the more ancient Farriers take a good quantity of the juice of purslane mixed with the oil of roses, adding thereunto a little Tragaganthum which hath before been laid to steep in goats milk, or for want thereof in barley or oaten milk strained from the corn; and give him a pint thereof every morning for seven days together. This medicine is but only to ripen and break the impostume, which you shall know if it have done; because when the sore is broken, his breath will stink exceedingly: then shall you give him for other seven days this drink. Take of the root called Costus two ounces, and of Cassia or Cinnamon three ounces beaten into fine powder, and a few raisins, and give it him to drink with a pint of malmsey: Others use to take of Frankincense, and Aristolochia, of each two ounces beaten into fine powder, and give the horse two or three spoonful thereof with a pint of malmsey. Others take of unburnt brimstone, two ounces, of Aristolochia one ounce and a half beaten to powder, and give the horse that with a pint of malmsey.   

CHAP. 47. Of shortness of breath or pursinesse.  
THis disease of short breath or pursinesse, may come two several ways, that is naturally, or accidentally: naturally as by the straightness of his conduits which convey his breath, when they want liberty to carry his breath freely, or being cloyed up with fat, force stops & obstructions in his windpipe, & thereby makes his lungs labour & work painfully. Accidentally as by hasty running after drinking, or upon a full stomach, by which, humours are compelled to descend down into the throat and lungs, and there stoppeth the passage of the breath. The signs of this disease are a continual panting and heaving of his body without any coughing, great heat of breath at his nostrils, and a squeesing or drawing in of his nose when he breatheth; besides, a coveting to hold out his head whilst he fetcheth his wind. The cure, according to the opinion of some of our best Farriers, is to give him in his provender the kernels of grapes, for they both fat and purge; and you must give them plentifully. The warm blood of a sucking pig is excellent good also. Other Farriers use to take Venus-haire, Ireos, Ash-keyes, Liquorice, Fenugreeke, and Raisins, of each a dram and an half, pepper, Almonds, Borage, Nettleseede, Aristolochia and Coloquinntida, of each two drams, Algaritium, one dram and an half, honey two pound, dissolve them with water wherein liquorice hath been sodden, and give him one pint every morning for three or four mornings. Others use to take Molline or Longwort & make a powder thereof, and give two spoonful thereof with a pint of running water, or else powder of Gentian in the foresaid manner, and do it for divers mornings. Others use to take of nutmegs, cloves, Galingale, grains of Paradise, of each three drams, Careaway seed and Fenugreeke, a little greater quantity, as much Saffron, and half an ounce of Liquorice; beat them all into fine powder, than put two or three spoonful thereof to a pint of white wine, and the yolks of four eggs, and give it the horse to drink: then tie his head up high to the rack for an hour after: that done, either ride him or walk him up and down gently, and keep him fasting four or five hours after at the least: the next day turn him to grass and he will do well. There be other which use to let the horse blood in the neck vein, and then give him this drink. Take of wine and oil of each a pint, of Frankincense half an ounce, and of the juice of Horebound half a pint; mix them well together, and give them to drink. Others use to give him only somewhat more than a pint of honey, hogs grease and butter molten together, and let him drink it lukewarm. Eggs made so●t in vinegar, as is showed in the chapter of the dry cough, is excellent for this shortness of breath, so you give the eggs increasing▪ that is, the first day one, the second three, and the third five; and withal to power a little oil and wine into his nostrils, is very good also. There be other Farriers which use to take a Snake and cut off her head and tail, and then take out the guts and entrails, boil the rest in water till the bone part from the flesh: then cast the bone away, and give every third day of this decoction more than a pint till you have spent three snakes; and this is excellent good for the dry cough also. Now the last and best medicine for this shortness of breath (for indeed in this case I do not affect much physicking) is only to take anise seeds, liquorice, and sugar-candy, all beaten into very fine powder; and take four spoonful thereof and brew it well with a pint of white wine, and half a pint of salad oil: and use this ever after your horses travel, and a day before he is traveled.   

CHAP. 48. Of the broken wound or Pursicke Horse.  
THis disease of broken wound, I have ever since I first began to know either horse or horse-leach-craft, very much disputed with myself, and for many years did constantly hold (as still I do) that in truth there is no such disease; only this I found by daily experience, that by over hasty or sudden running of a fat horse (or other) presently after his water, or by long standing in the stable with no exercise and foul food, that thereby gross and thick humours may be drawn down into the horse's body so abundantly, that cleaving hard to the hollow places of the lungs, and stopping up the windpipes, the wind may be so kept in, that it may only have his resort backward, and not upward, filling the guts, and taking from the body great part of its strength and livelihood; which if from the corruption of our old inventions, we call broken wound, than I must needs confess, that I have seen many broken wound horses. The signs of which disease are these, much and violent beating of his flanks, especially drawing up of his belly upward; great opening and rising of his nostrils, and a continual swift going to and fro of his tuel; beside, it is ever accompanied with a dry and hollow cough. The cure, I must needs say in so great an extremity (for it is the worst of all the evils of the lungs which are before spoken of) is most desperate; but the preservations and helps, both to continue the horses health and his daily service, are very many, as namely (according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers) to purge your horse by giving him this drink. Take maiden hair, of Ireos, of Ash, of Liquorice, of Fenugreeke, of Basnis, of each half an ounce, of Cardanum, of pepper, of bitter almonds, of Baurach, of each two ounces, of nettle seed, and of Aristolochia, of each two ounces; boil them altogether in a sufficient quantity of water; and in that decoction dissolve half an ounce of Agaricke, & 2. ounces of Coloquintida, together with 2. pound of honey, & give him a pint & a half of this at a time for, at least, a week together; and if the medicine chance at any time to prove too thick, you shall make it thin with water, wherein liquorice hath been sodden; and some Farriers also besides this medicine, will with a hot iron draw the flanks of the horse to restrain their beating, and slit the horses nostrils to give the wind more liberty; but I do not affect either the one or the other: the best diet for a horse in this case, is grass in Summer, & hay sprinkled with water in Winter. There be other Farriers which for this infirmity hold, that to give the horse 3. or 4. days together sodden wheat, and now & then a quart of new sweet wine, or other good wine, mixed with liquorice water, is a certain remedy. There be other Farriers which for this disease take the guts of a hedgehog, and hang them in a warm oven till they be dry, so that a may may make powder of them: then give your horse 2. or 3. spoonful thereof with a pint of wine or strong ale: then the rest mix with anise seeds, liquorice, & sweet butter, & make round balls or pills thereof, & give the horse 2. or 3. after his drink; and so let him fast at least 2 hours after. Now when at any time you give him any provender, be sure to wash it in ale or beer; then take Coming, Anise seeds, Liquorice and sentuary of each like quantity; make them (being mixed together) into fine powder, & strew two spoonful thereof upon the provender being being wet. This physic must be used for a fortnight at the least. Others use to take of cloves & nutmegs 3. drams of galingale & Cardomonum, 3. drams, of foot, of bay seeds, & coming, of each 3. drams, & make them into fine powder, & put it into white wine, being tempered with a little saffron: then put to so many yolks of eggs as may countervail the other quantity: then mix them with water, wherein liquorice hath been sodden, making it so thin that the horse may drink it, and after he hath drunk the quantity of a pint & half of this drink, tie up his head to the rack, & let him so stand at least an hour after, that the drink may descend into his guts: then walk him gently abroad, that the medicine may work, and in any case give him no water for four and twenty hours after: the next morning give him some grass to eat, and the branches of willow or sallow, which will cool the heat of the potion. Now there be other Farriers which take of pances, Longwort, maidenhair, the crops of nettles, Carduus benedictus, herb Fluettin, the roots of dragons bruised, the roots of Elecampana bruised, of water hemp, of peniriall, of light wort, of Angelica, of each of these a good handful▪ or so many of these as you can conveniently get; bruise them, and lay them all night in two or three gallons of water, and give it a boil in the morning, and let the horse drink thereof as much lukewarm as he will; then after this drink, give him a pretty quantity of sodden wheat: use this diet for a week or more at the least: and then if the season be fit, put him to grass. This cure is of great reputation, and thought to help when all other faileth: for mine own part I wish every man to judge it by the practice.  
There be others which only for nine or ten days together, will give their horse water, wherein liquorice hath been sodden, mixed with wine, and hold it a most sovereign help. There be others which will only give new milk from the cow; but I despair in that cure, because milk being only phlegmatic, phlegm is the only substance of this disease. Other Farriers use to keep the horse fasting four & twenty hours, then take a quart of ale, a quarter of an ounce of Fenugreeke, half a quarter of bays, of the green bark of Elder trees, of sugar-candy, of water cresses▪ of red mints, of red fennel, of hawtree leaves, and of primrose leaves, of each half an ounce, the whites of six eggs; beat these in a mortar and seeth them in the ale, give it him to drink: then let him fast after twelve hours: then give him meat and provender enough, yet but little drink. Others use to give him wet ●ay and moderate travel: then take twenty eggs, and steep them in vinegar four and twenty hours, giving the horse two every morning, and after the eggs are spent, a pottle of new milk from the cow. Now there be other Farriers which only will dissolve in vinegar fifteen eggs, and give the horse the first day three, the second day five, and the third seven, and hold it a good help. Others will take an ounce of frankincense, two ounces of brimstone, & mix it with a pint of wine, and half a pint of honey. Others will take Sal-niter, burnt with the powder of pitch, and give it with the same quantity of wine and honey. Others will only give Sal-niter mingled with his meat, provided always, that in every cure you keep your horse from cold and labour; and daily chafe his head with oil and wine.   

CHAP. 49. Of the dry Malady or Consumption.  
THis disease of the dry malady, or as the ancient Farriers term it, a general consumption, is nothing but a mere exulceration of the lungs, proceeding from a cankerous, fretting and gnawing humour engendered by cold and surfaite, which descending from the head, sickeneth & corrodeth the lungs. Some of our ignorant Farriers will call it the mourning of the chine; but they are thus far forth deceived: that the mourning of the chine doth ever cast some filthy matter at the nose, and the dry malady never casteth forth any thing. The signs to know this dry malady or consumption are these: his flesh and strong estate of body will consume and waste away, his belly will be gaunt, his back bone hid, and his skin so stretched or shrunk up, that if you strike on him with your hand, it will sound hollow like a tabor; his hair will hardly shed; and either he will utterly forsake his meat, or the meat he eateth will not digest, prosper, or breed any flesh on his back; he will offer to cough but cannot, except in a weak manner, as though he had eaten small bones; & truly according to the opinion of others, so I find by practice, that it is incurable; yet that a horse may be long preserved to do much service, I have found it by these helps. First, to purge his head with such fumes and pills as are good for the glanders, which you may find in the chapter of purgations▪ then to give him coleworts small chopped, with his provender, & now & then the blood of a sucking pig warm. There be others that in stead of the blood, will give either the juice of leeks mixed with oil and wine, or else wine and frankincense, or salad oil and the juice of rue mixed together; but in my conceit, the best cure is to purge his body clean with comfortable and gentle scour; and then to be suffered to run to grass, both for a Winter and a Summer, and there is no question but he must necessarily end or mend; for languish long he cannot.   

CHAP. 50. Of the Consumption of the flesh.  
THis disease which we call the Consumption of the flesh, is an unnatural or general dislike or falling away of the whole body, or, as we term it, the wasting of the flesh; which proceedeth from divers grounds, as namely, from inward surfaits, either by naughty food, or ill diet, or from unclean, moist and stinking lodging; but especially from disorderly labour, as by taking great and sudden colds after violent heat, or such like; all which procure the wasting or falling away of the flesh. The signs whereof are these: first, an unnatural and causeless leanness, a dry and hard skin cleaving fast to his sides, want of stomach, or appetite to his meat, a falling away of his fillets, and a general consumption both of his buttocks and shoulders. The cure whereof, according to the ancients, is to take a sheep's head unfleayed, and boil it in a gallon and a half of ale, or running water, until the flesh be consumed from the bones; then strain it through a cloth, and put thereto of sugar half a pound, of cinnamon one ounce, of conserve of roses, or barberies, & of cherries, of each one ounce; mingle them together, and give the horse every morning a quart thereof lukewarm, till two sheep's heads be spent; and after every time he drinketh, let him be gently walked or ridden up and down according to his strength, that is, if the weather be warm, abroad; if it be cold and windy, then in the stable or some close house, suffering him neither to eat nor drink, for two hours after his medicine; and from cold water you shall keep him the space of fifteen days. Now for his ordinary food or provender, you shall repute that best which he eateth best whatsoever it be; and that you shall give by little and little, and not any gross, or great quantity at once, because the abundance and glut of food taketh away both the appetite and nutriment which should proceed from wholesome feeding.   

CHAP. 51. How to make a lean Horse fat.  
BEsides this general consumption of a horses flesh, which for the most part, or altogether proceedeth from sickness, there is also another consumption or want of flesh which proceedeth from neshnesse, tenderness, freeness of spirit, and the climate under which the horse is bred; as namely when a horse that is bred in a warm climate, comes to live in a cold, or when a horse that is bred upon a fruitful & rich soil, comes to live in a barren and dry place. In any of these cases the horse will be lean without any apparent sign of grief or disease, which to recover there be many receipts and medicines, as namely: the ancient Farriers did use when a horse either grew lean without sickness or wound, or any known distemperature, to take a quarter of a peck of beans, and boil them in two gallons of water till they swell or burst, then to mix with them a peck of wheat bran, and so to give it the horse in manner of a mash: or in stead of provender: for it will fat suddenly. Others, and especially the Italians, will take coleworts, and having sodden them, mix them with wheat bran and salt, and give them in stead of provender. There be others which take the fatty decoction of three Tortoise being well sodden, (their heads, tails, bones, and feet, being rejected) and giving it the horse, suppose it fatteth suddenly: or if you mix the flesh of the Tortoise so sodden with your horse's provender, that is good also; But as the simples are Italian, and not English, so for mine own part, I refer the use rather to them then to my country men. There be others which use to fat up their horses by giving them a certain grain which we call buck, in the same manner as we give oats or pease. There be others which to fat a horse, will give him only parched wheat, and a little wine mixed with his water, and amongst his ordinary provender always some wheat bran; and be exceeding careful that the horse be clean dressed, well rubbed, & soft littered: for without such cleanly keeping there is no meat will enjoy or do good upon him; and also when he is fed, it must be by little at once and not surfaited. There be other Farriers which to feed up a lean horse, will take Sage, Savin, bayberries, Earth-nuts, Bears grease to drink with a quart of wine. Others will give the entrails of a Barbel or a Tench with white wine. Others will give new hot draff, and new bran, and twenty hard roasted eggs, the shells being pulled off, then bruise them, and then put thereto a pretty quantity of salt; then mix all together, and give a good quantity thereof to the horse at morn, noon, and evening for his provender; and once a day, (which would be at high noon) give him a quart or three pints of strong ale; and when the horse beginneth to be glutted upon this meat, then give him dried oats: if he be glutted upon that, then give him bread, if he leave his bread, give him malt or any grain that he will eat with a good appetite, observing ever to keep the horse very warm; and with this diet in fourteen days, the leanest horse will be made exceeding fat. There be other Farriers which to make a horse fat, will take a quart of wine, and half an ounce of brimstone finely beaten with a raw egg, and a penny weight of the powder of Myrrh; mix all together and give it the horse to drink many mornings together. Others will take threeleaved grass, half green and half dry, and give it to the horse in stead of hay, by little at once; and it will fat suddenly, only it will breed much rank blood. Other Farriers use to take two penny worth of pepper, and as much saffron, anise seeds, and turmeric, a penny worth of long pepper, two penny worth of treacle, a penny worth of liquorice, a good quantity of peniryall and archangel; give the horse these with the yolks of eggs in milk to drink. Others take wheat made clean, and sod with salt and lard dried in the sun, & give it twice a day before each watering. Others give a pint of good wine with a raw egg beaten, & a quantity of brimstone & Mirre beaten to powder. Others strong ale, Myrrh, ●allet oil and twenty grains of white pepper; and in stead of the ale, you may take the decoction, that is, the water wherein sage & rue hath been sodden, & it will soon make the horse fat. Others take sodden beans well bruised and sprinkled with salt, adding to the water four times so much bean flower or wheat bran, and give that to the horse, and it will fat him suddenly. Wine mixed with the blood of a sucking pig, made lukewarm, or wine with the juice of featherfeaw, or an ounce of sulphur, and a penny weight of Myrrh, well made into powder, together with a new laid egg, will raise up a horse that languisheth. Barley dried, or barley boiled till it burst, either will fat a horse. But the best way of fa●ting a horse (for most of the ways before prescribed, are not to breed fat that will continue) is first to give your horse three mornings together, a pint of sweet wine, and two spoonful of Diapente brewed together: for that drink will take away all infection and sickness from the inward parts▪ then to feed him well with provender at least four times a day, that is, after his water in the morning, after his water at noon, after his water in the evening, and after his water at nine of the clock at night. Now you shall not let his provender be all of one sort, but every meal, if it may be, change, as thus: if in the morning you give him oats, at noon you shall give him bread, at evening beans or pease mixed with wheat bran, and at night sodden barley, and so forth; and ever observe of what food he eateth best, of that let him have the greatest plenty, and there is no question but he will in very short space grow fat, sound, and full of spirit without either mislike or sickness.   

CHAP. 52. Of the Breast-paine, or grief in the breast.  
THough most of our Farriers are not curious to understand of this disease, because it is not so common as others; yet both myself and others find, it is a disease very apt to breed, and to endanger the horse with death. The Italians call it Granezza di petto; and it proceedeth from the superfluity of blood, and other gross humours, which being dissolved by some extreme and disorderly heat, resorteth downward to the breast, and paineth the horse extremely that he can hardly go. The signs are a stiff, staggering and weak going with his forelegs; and he can very hardly, or not at all, bow down his head to the ground, either to eat or to drink, and will groan much when he doth either the one or the other. The cure is first to bathe all his breast and foreboothes with the oil of Peter; and if that do not help him, within three or four days, then to let him blood on both his breast veins in the ordinary place, and then put in a rowel either of hair, cork, horn, or leather, of all which, and the manner of rowelling, you shall read in a more particular chapter hereafter in the book of Surgery. Now there be other Farriers which for this sickness will first give the horse an inward drench, as namely, a pint of sweet wine, and two spoonful of diapente: then bathe all his breast and legs with wine and oil mingled together, and in some ten or twelve days it will take away the grief.   

CHAP. 53. Of the sickness of the heart, called the Anticor.  
THis sickness of the heart, which by the ancient Farriers is called Anticor, as much as to say, against or contrary to the heart, is a dangerous & mortal sickness, proceeding from the great abundance of blood which is bred by too curious and proud keeping, where the horse hath much meat, and little or no labour, as for the most part, your geldings of price have, which running all the Summer at grass, do nothing but gather their own food, and such like, where the masters too much love and tenderness, is the means to bring the horse to his death, as we find daily in our practice: for when such naughty and corrupt blood is gathered, it resorteth to the inward parts, and so suffocateth the heart. The signs whereof are, the horse will many times have a small swelling rise at the bottom of the breast, which swelling will increase and rise upward, even to the top of the neck of the horse, and then most assuredly it kills the horse; he will also hang his head either down to the manger, or down to the ground, forsaking his food, and groaning with much painfulnnesse. This disease is of many ignorant Smiths, taken sometimes for the yellows, and sometimes for the staggers; but you shall know that it is not so by these observations. First, neither about the whites of his eyes, not the inside of his lips, shall you perceive any apparent yellows, and so then it cannot be the yellows; nor will he have any great swelling about his eyes, nor dizziness in his head before he be at the point of death; and so consequently it cannot be the staggers. The cure thereof is twofold: the first a prevention or preservative before the disease come: the second a remedy after the disease is apparent. For the prevention or preservative, you shall observe that if your horse live idly, either at grass or in the stable, and withal grow very fat, which fatness is never unaccompanied with corruptness, that then you fail not to let him blood in the neck vein before you turn him to grass, or before you put him to feed in the stable; and likewise let him blood two or three months after, when you see he is fed; and at each time of letting blood, you must make your quantity according to the goodness of the blood: for if the blood be black and thick, which is a sign of inflammation and corruption, you shall take the more; if it be pure, red, and thin, which is a sign of strength and healthfulness, you shall take little, or none at all There be others which use for this prevention, to give the horse a scouring or purgation of malmsey, oil, and sugar-candy, the making and use whereof you shall read in the chapter of purgation; & this would be given immediately when you put your horse to feed, and as soon as you see his skin full swollen with fatness.  
Now for the remedy, when this disease shall be apparent, you shall let him blood on both his plat veins, or if the Smith's skill will not extend so far, than you shall let the horse blood on the neck vein, and that he bleed abundantly: than you shall give him this drink. Take a quart of malmsey, and put thereunto half a quartern of sugar, and two ounces of cinnamon beaten to powder, and being made lukewarm, give it the horse to drink: then keep him very warm in the stable, stuffing him round about with soft wisps very close, especially about the stomach, lest any wind do annoy him: and let his ordinary drink be warm mashes of malt and water, & his food only that, whatsoever it be, which he eateth with the best stomach▪ Now if you see any swelling to appear, whether it be soft or hard, then besides letting him blood, you shall strike the swelling in divers places with a steam or lancet, that the corruption may issue forth; and then anoint it with hogs grease made warm: for that will either expel it, or bring it to a head, especially if the swelling be kept exceeding warm. There be other Farriers which for this disease, use first to let the horse blood as is aforesaid, and then to give him a quart of malmsey, well brewed with three spoonful of the powder called Diapente; and if the swelling arise, to lay thereunto nothing but hay well sodden in old urine; and then to keep the same diet as is aforesaid. Others use after the letting of blood, to give the horse no drink, but only ten or twelve spoonfuls of that water which is called Doctor Stephen's water, and is not unknown to any Apothecary; and then for the rest of the cure to proceed in all things as is before specified, & questionless I have seen strange effects of this practice.   

CHAP. 54. Of tired Horses.  
SInce we are thus far proceeded into the inward and vital parts of a horses body, it is not amiss to speak something of the tiring of horses, and of the remedies for the same; because when a horse is truly tired (as by over extreme labour) it is questionless that all his vital parts are made sick and feebled. For to tell you in more plainness what trying is, it is when a horse by extreme & uncessant labour, hath all his inward and vital powers which should accompany & rejoice the heart, expelled and driven outward to the outward parts, & less deserving members, leaving the heart forlorn and sick, insomuch that a general and cold faintness spreadeth over the whole body and weakeneth it, in such sort that it can endure no further travel, till those lively heats, faculties, and powers, be brought unto their natural and true places back again, and made to give comfort to the heart whom their loss sickened. Now for the tiring of horses, though in truth it proceedeth from no other cause but this before spoken; yet in as much as in our common and vulgar speech, we say every horse that giveth over his labour is tired, you shall understand that such giving over may proceed from four causes: the first from inward sickness, the second from some wound received, either of body or limb; the third from dullness of spirit, cowardliness or restinesse; and the fourth from most extreme labour and travel, which is true tiredness. indeed. Now for the first, which is inward sickness, you shall look into the general signs of every disease, and if you find any of those signs to be apparent, you shall strait conclude upon that disease, & taking away the cause thereof, have no doubt but the effects of his tiring will vanish with the ●ame. For the second, which is by some wound received, as by cutting or dismembering the sinews, ligaments, or muscles, or by straining or stooming any bone or joint, or by pricking in shoeing, or striking nail, iron, stub, or thorn into the sole of the horses foot, and such like. Sith the first is apparent to the eye, by disjoining the skin, the other by halting, you shall take a survey of your horse, and finding any of them apparent, look what the grief is, repair to the latter part of this book, which entreateth of surgery; and finding it there, use the means prescribed, and the tiring will easily be cured. Now for the third, which is dullness of spirit, cowardliness or restinesse, you shall find them by these signs: if he have no apparent sign either of inward sickness or outward grief, neither sweateth much, nor showeth any great alteration of countenance; yet notwithstanding tireth and refuseth reasonable labour, than such tiring proceedeth from dullness of spirit; but if after indifferent long travel the horse tyre, and then the man descending from his back, the horse run or troth away, as though he were not tired; the man then mounting again, the horse utterly refuse to go forward, such tiring proceedeth from cowardliness; but if a horse within one, two, or three miles riding, being temperately used, and being neither put to any trial of his strength, nor, as it were, scarcely warmed, if he in his best strength refuse labour, and tyre, it proceedeth only from restinesse and ill conditions. Then for the cure of any of all these, proceeding from dullness, fearfulness, and unwillingness, you shall take ordinary window glass, and beat it into fine powder: then take up the skin of each side the spur vein between your finger and your thumb, and with a fine awl or bodkin, make divers small holes through the skin, then rub glass powder very hard into those holes; which done, mount his back, and do but offer to touch his sides with your heels, and be sure if he have life in him, he will go forward, the greatest fear being that he will still but go too fast: but after your journey is ended, and your alighted, you must not fail (because this powder of glass will corrode and rot his sides) to anoint both the sore places with the powder of jet and turpentine mixed together: for that will draw out the venom, and heal his sides again. There be others which use when a horse tireth thus through dull cowardliness or restinesse, to thrust a burning brand or iron into his buttocks, or to bring bottles of blazing straw about his ears; there is neither of the cures but is exceeding good.  
But for the true tired horse, which tireth through a natural faintness, drawn from exceeding labour: the signs to know it being long travel, much sweat, and willingness of courage during his strength: the cure thereof according to the opinion of some Farriers, is to power oil and vinegar into his nostrils, and to give him the drink of ●he●pes beads mentioned in the chapter of the consumption of the flesh, being the fiftieth chapter of this book; and to bathe his legs with a comfortable bath, of which you shall find choice in the chapter of baths: or else charge them with this charge. Take of bowl armony, and of wheat flower, of each half a pound, and a little rosin beaten into fine powder, and a quart of strong vinegar; mingle them well together, and cover all his legs therewith; & then if it be in Summer, turn him to grass, and he will recover his weariness. Others use to take a slice of fresh beef, having steeped it in vinegar, lap it about your bit or snafle, and having made it fast with a thread, ride your horse therewith and he will hardly tyre; yet after your journey is ended, be sure to give your horse rest, much warmth and good feeding, that is, warm mashes and store of provender, or else he will be the worse whilst he liveth.  
Now if it be so that your horse tyre in such a place as the necessity of your occasions are to be preferred before the value of your horse, and that you must seek unnatural means to control nature. In this case you shall take (where the powder of glass before spoken of cannot be had) three or four round pebble stones, and put them into one of his ears; and then knit the ear that the stones fall not out, and the noise of those stones will make the horse go after he is utterly tired; but if that fail, you shall with a knife make a hole in the flap of the horses ear, and thrust a long rough stick full of nicks through the same; and ever as the horse slacks his pace, so saw and fret the stick up and down in the hole, and be sure whilst he hath any li●e he will not leave going. Many other torments there are which be needless to rehearse, only this is my most general advice, if at any time you tyre your horse, to take of old urine a quart, of salt peter three ounces, boil them well together, and bathe all the horses four legs in the same, and without question it will bring to the sinews their natural strength and nimbleness; and for other defects warm and good keeping will cure them. And although some of our Northern Farriers do hold that oaten dough will prevent tiring, yet I have not approved it so, because I never could g●t any horse that would eat it, the dough would so stick and clomb in the horse's mouth: therefore I hold the cures already recited to be fully sufficient.   

CHAP. 55. Of the diseases of the stomach, and first of the loathing of meat.  
THis disease of the loathing of meat, is taken two ways, the one a forsaking of meat, as when a horses mouth either through the inflammation of his stomach, doth break out into blisters, or such like venomous sores: or when he hath the lampas, gigges, wolves teeth, and such like. The cure of all which you shall readily find in the second part of this book which treateth of surgery: the other a dislike of his meat through the intemperature of his stomach, being either too hot, as proceeding either from rankness of blood, or extremity of travel; as you may perceive by daily experience, when a horse is set up in the stable very hot, and meat instantly given him, it is all thing to nothing but he will loathe and refuse it. Hence it comes, that I did ever hate the noontide baiting of horses, because men's journeys commonly craving haste, the horse cannot take such an natural cooling as he ought before his meat, and thereby breeds much sickness & disease: for meat given presently after travel when a horse is hot, is the mother of all infirmity: or else it proceedeth from the intemperature of the stomach being too cold, as being caused by some natural defect. Now if it proceed from heat only, which you shall know either by his sudden loathing of his meat, or the extreme heat of his mouth and breath: then to cool his stomach again, you shall either wash his tongue with vinegar, or give him to drink cold water mingled with oil and vinegar. There be other Farriers which use to give this drink: take of milk and wine, of each one pint, & put thereunto of Mel Rosatum 3. ounces, and having washed his mouth with vinegar & salt, give him the drink luke warm with a horn. But if the loathing of his meat proceed from the coldness of his stomach, which only is known by the standing up and staring of his hair: then by the opinion of the ancient Farriers, you shall give him wine & oil mixed together divers mornings to drink; but others of our late Farriers give wine, oil, rue, and sage boiled together by a quart at a time to drink. Others to the former compounds will add white pepper & Myrrh. Others use to give the horse onions piled and chopped, and Rocket seed bruised and boiled in wine. Others use to mix wine with the blood of a sow pig. Now to conclude, for the general forsaking or loathing of meat, proceeding either from hot or cold causes in the stomach, there is nothing better than the green blades of corn (especially wheat) being given in a good quantity, and that the time of the year serve for the gathering thereof. Others in stead thereof, will give the horse sweet wine and the seeds of Gith mixed together, or else sweet wine and garlic well piled and stamped, being a long time brewed together.   

CHAP. 56. Of the casting out of a Horses drink.  
THe ancient Farriers, especially the Italians, constantly do affirm, that a horse may have such a dropsy, proceeding from the coldness of his stomach, and may make him unable to retain and keep his drink, but that many times he will vomit and cast it up again: for mine own part, from those causes I have not seen such effects, yet from other causes, as from cold in the head, where the rheum binding about the roots and kernels of the tongue, hath, as it were, strangled and made strait the passages to the stomach; there I have many times seen a horse cast his water that he drunk, in very abundant sort back again through his nostrils, & sometimes strive with great earnestness to drink, but could not at all. The signs of both (from which cause soever it proceed) is only the casting up of his drink or water; and the cure thereof is only to give him cordial and warm drinks, as is malmsey, cinnamon, anise seeds, and cloves, well brewed and mixed together, and to anoint his breast and under his shoulders, with either the oil of Cypress, oil of Spike, or the oil of pepper; and to purge his head with fumes or pills, such as will force him to neese, of which you may see store in a chapter following: for such fumigation joining with these hot oils, will soon dissolve the tumours.   

CHAP. 57 Of surfaiting with glut of provender.  
THere is not any disease more easily procured, nor more dangerous to the life of a horse, than this surfaite which is taken by the glut of provender; it cometh most commonly by keeping the horse extreme sharp or hungry, as either by long travel or long standing empty; & then in his height of greediness, giving him such superabundance of meat, that his stomach wanting strength to digest it, all the whole body is driven into an infinite great pain and extremity. The signs are great weakness and feebleness in the horses limbs, so that he can hardly stand, but lieth down oft, and being down, walloweth and tumbleth up and down as if he had the bots.  
The cure thereof according to the ordinary practice of our common Farriers, is to take a half penny worth of black soap, and a quart of new milk, and as much sweet butter as soap; and having on a chafing dish and coals, mixed them together, give it the horse to drink: this will cleanse the horses stomach, and bring it to its strength again.  
But the ancient Farriers did use first, to let the horse blood in the neck vein, (because every surfait breeds distemperature in the blood) then troth the horse up and down an hour or more; and if he cannot stolen draw out his yard and wash it with white wine made lukewarm, and thrust into his yard either a clove of garlic or a little oil of camomile, with a piece of small wax candle. If he cannot dung, first with your hand rake his fundament, and then give him a glister, of which you shall read hereafter: when his glister is received you shall walk him up and down till he have emptied his belly, than set him up and keep him hungry the space of two or three days, observing ever to sprinkle the hay he eateth with a little water, and let his drink be warm water and bran made mash-wise; after he hath drunk the drink let him eat the bran if he please, but from other provender keep him fasting at least ten days. There be other Farriers that in this case, use only to take a quart of beer or ale, and two penny worth of salad oil, and as much dragon water, a penny worth of treacle; make all these warm upon the coals, then put in an ounce of cinnamon, anise seeds, and cloves, all beaten together, and so give it the horse luke warm to drink. All these receipts are exceeding good; yet for mine own part, and many of the best Farriers confirm the same, there is nothing better for this disease, then moderate exercise, much fasting, and once in four or five days a pint of sweet wine, with two spoonful of the powder Diapente.   

CHAP. 58. Of foundering in the body, being a surfaite got either by Meat, Drink, or Labour.  
THis disease of foundering in the body, is of all surfaits the most vile, most dangerous, and most incident unto horses that are daily traveled, it proceedeth according to the opinion of some Farriers, from eating of much provender suddenly after labour, the horse being then, as it were, panting hot (as we may daily see unskilful horsemen do at this day) whereby the meat which the horse eateth, not being disgusted, breedeth evil and gross humours, which by little & little spreading themselves through the members, do at the length oppress, & almost confound the whole body, absolutely taking away from him all his strength, insomuch that he can neither go nor bow his joints, nor being laid, is able to rise again: beside, it taketh away from him his instrumental powers, as the office both of urine and excrements, which cannot be performed but with extreme pain. There be other Farriers, and to their opinion I rather lean, that suppose it proceedeth from suffering the horse to drink too much in his travel being very hot, whereby the grease being suddenly cooled, it doth clap about, and suffocate the inward parts with such a loathsome fullness, that without speedy evacuation, there can be no hope but of death only. Now whereas some Farriers do hold that this foundering in the body, should be no other than the foundering in the legs, because it is (say they) a melting and dissolution of humours which resort downward, they are much deceived: for it is not as they hold a dissolution of humours, but rather a binding together of corporal and substantial evils, which by an unnatural accident doth torment the heart. Now for the hold which they take of the name Foundering, as if it were drawn from the French word Fundu, signifying melting, truly I think it was rather the ignorance of our old Farriers, which knew not how to entitle the disease, than any coherence it hath with the name it beareth. For mine own part, I am of opinion that this disease which we call foundering in the body, doth not only proceed from the causes aforesaid, but also and most oftest by sudden washing horses in the winter season, when they are extreme fat and hot with instant travel, where the cold vapour of the water striking into the body, doth not only astonish the inward and vital parts, but also freezeth up the skin, and maketh the blood to lose his office. Now the signs to know this disease, are holding down of his head, staring up of his hair, coughing, staggering behind, trembling after water, dislike of his meat, leanness, stiff going, disability to rise when he is down: and to conclude, which is the chiefest sign of all other, his belly will be clung up to his back, and his back rising up like a Camel. The cure according to the opinion of the Farriers, is first to rake his fundament, and then to give him a glister: which done, and that the horses belly is emptied, then take of malmsey a quart, of sugar half a quartern, of cinnamon half an ounce, of liquorice and anise seeds, of each two spoonful beaten into fine powder; which being put into the malmsey, warm them together at the fire so that the honey may be molten, then give it the horse luke warm to drink: which done, walk him up and down either in the warm stable or some warm road the space of an hour; then let him stand on the bit fasting two hours more, only let him be warm clothed, stopped, and littered; & when you give him hay, let it be sprinkled with water, and let his provender be very clean sifted from dust, and given by a little at once; and let his drink be warm mashes of malt and water. Now when you see him recover and get a little strength, you shall then let him blood in the neck vein, and once a day perfume him with Frankincense to make him neese, and use to give him exercise abroad when the wether is warm, and in the house when the weather is stormy.  
Now there be other Farriers which use for this disease to take a half penny worth of garlic, two penny worth of the powder of pepper, two penny worth of the powder of ginger, two penny worth of grains bruised, and put all these into a pottle of strong ale, and give it the horse to drink by a quart at a time, dieting and ordering him as is aforesaid; and when he g●tteth strength either let him blood in the neck vein, or the spur veins, or on both; to conclude, there is no drink nor diet which is comfortable, but is most sovereign and good for this infirmity.   

CHAP. 59 Of the greedy Worm or hungry Evil in Horses.  
THIS hungry Evil is a disease more common than found out by our Farriers, because the most of our horse-maisters out of great ignorance, hold it a special virtue to see a horse eat● eagerly, whereas indeeede this overhasty and greedy eating, is more rather an infirmity and sickness of the inward parts; and this disease is none other than an insatiate and greedy eating, contrary to nature and old custom; and for the most part, it followeth some extreme great emptiness or want of food, the beast being even at the pinch, and ready to be chappe-falne. There be some Farriers which suppose that it proceedeth from some extreme cold, outwardly taken by traveling in cold and barren places, as in the frost and snow, where the outward cold maketh the stomach cold, whereby all the inward powers are weakened. The signs are only an alteration or change in the horses feeding, having lost all temperance; and snatching and chopping at his meat as if he would devour the manger. The cure, according to the opinion of some Farriers, is first to comfort his stomach by giving him great slices of white bread toasted at the fire and steeped in muscadine, or else bread untoasted & steeped in wine, & then to let him drink wheat flower and wine brewed together. There be others which use to knead stiff cakes of wheat flower and wine, and to feed the horse therewith. Others use to make him bread of pine-tree nuts and wine knoden together: or else common earth and wine mingled together; but for mine own part, I hold nothing better than moderately feeding the horse many times in the day with wholesome bean bread, well baked, or oats well dried and sifted.   

CHAP. 60. Of the diseases of the Liver in general, and first of the inflammation thereof.  
THere is no question but the liver of a horse is subject to as many diseases as either the liver of a man or any other creature, only through the ignorance of our common Farriers (who make all inward diseases one sickness) the true ground, and causes not being looked into, the infirmity is let pass, and many times poisoned with false potions; but truth it is, that the liver sometimes by the intemperateness thereof, as being either too hot or too cold, too moist, or too dry, or sometimes by means of evil humours, as choler or phlegm overflowing in the same, heat engendering choler, and coldness phlegm, the liver is subject to many sicknesses, and is diversly pained, as by inflammation, apostemation or ulcer, or by obstructions, stops, or hard knobs; or lastly, by the consumption of the whole substance thereof The signs to know if the disease proceed from hot causes, is leanness of body, the loathing of meat, voiding dung of a strong sent, great thirst, and looseness of belly. The signs to know if the disease proceed from cold causes, is good state of body, appetite to meat, dung not stinking, no thirst, and the belly neither loose nor costive. Now to proceed to the particular diseases of the liver, and first of the inflammation, you shall understand that it cometh by means that the blood through the abundance, thinness, boiling heat of sharpness thereof, or through the violence of some outward cause, breaketh out of the veins & floweth into the body or substance of the liver; and so being dispossessed of his proper vessels, doth immediately putrefy & is inflamed, corrupting so much of the fleshly substance of the liver, as is either touched or embrewed with the same; whence it cometh, that for the most part, the hollow side of the liver is first consumed, yet sometimes the full side also: this inflammation by a natural heat, is sometimes turned to putrefaction, & then it is called an apostemation, which when either by the strength of nature or art, it doth break and run, than it is called an ulcer or filthy sore. Now the signs of an inflammation on the hollow side of the liver (which is least hurtful) is loathing of meat, great thirst, looseness of belly, and a continual unwillingness to lie on the left side; but if the inflammation be on the full side of the liver, than the signs be short breathing, a dry cough, much pain when you handle the horse about the windpipe, and an unwillingness to lie on the right side. The signs of apostemation is great heat, long fetching of breath, and a continual looking to his side. The signs of ulceration, is continual coldness, staring up of the hair, and much feebleness & faintting, because the filthy matter casting evil vapours abroad, doth many times corrupt the heart, and occasion death. Now for the cure of these inflammations, some Farrier's use to take a quart of ale, an ounce of myrrh, and an ounce of Frankincense, and brewing them well together, give it the horse divers mornings to drink. Others use to take three ounces of the seeds of smallage, and three ounces of Hyssop, and as much Sutherwort, and boil them well in oil and wine mingled together, and give it the horse to drink; keep the horse warm, and let him neither drink cold water, nor eat dry dusty hay.   

CHAP. 61. Of Obstructions, stops, or hard knobs on the Liver.  
THese obstructions, or stops of a horses liver, do come most commonly by traveling or labouring on a full stomach, whereby the meat not being perfectly digested, breedeth gross and tough humours, which humours by the extremity of travel are violently driven into the small veins, through which the liver ought to receive good nutriment, and so by that means breedeth obstructions & stops. Now from these obstructions (when they have continued any long time) especially if the humours be choleric, breedeth many times hard knobs on the liver, which knobs maketh the horse continually lie on his right side, and never on the left; because if he should lie on the left side, the weight of the knob would oppress the stomach, and even sicken all the vital parts in him. The signs of these obstructions or stops, are heaviness of countenance, distension or swelling, great dullness and sloth in the horse when he beginneth his travel, and a continual looking back to his short ribs, where remaineth his greatest pain and torment. Now the cure thereof is to seethe continually in the water which he drinketh, Agrimony, Fumitory, Camomile, Wormwood, Liquorice, Anise seeds, Smallage, Persley, Spickenard, Gentian, Succory, Endyve, and Lupyns, the virtues whereof are most comfortable to the liver. But for as much as the most part of our English Farriers are very simple Smiths, whose capacities are unable to dive into these several distinctions; and that this work (or master piece) is intended for the weakest brain whatsoever, you shall understand that there be certain general signs to know when the liver of a horse is grieved with any grief, of what nature or condition soever it be; and so likewise general receipts, to cure all the grieves without distinguishing or knowing their natures: you shall know then if a horse have any grief or pain in his liver by these signs. First, by a loathing of his meat, next, by the wasting of his flesh, dryness of his mouth, and roughness of his tongue, and great swelling thereof, and refusing to lie on the side grieved; and lastly, a continual looking backward. Now the general cures for the sickness of the liver, is, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, to give the horse aloes dissolved in sweet wine: for it both purgeth and comforteth the liver. Others use to give him to drink Ireos stamped and mixed with wine and water together, or in stead of Ireos, to give him Calamint, called of the Latins Pollimonia. Others give savoury with oil & wine mixed together. Others use liver-wort and agrimony with wine and oil. Others use comfortable frictions, and to steep his provender in warm water, and to mix with his provender a little Nitrum, not forgetting to let him stand warm and lie soft; but that which is generally praised above all medicines, is to give the horse a Wolves liver, beaten to powder, and mixed either with wine, water, oil, or any other medicine.  
Now for a conclusion of this chapter, if the Farrier's skill be so good that he can distinguish the nature of each several infirmity about the liver, than I would have him to understand that for inflammations (which are the first beginners of all diseases) would be used simples that mollify and disperse humours, as be these, Linseed, fenugreek, Camomile, Anise seeds, melilot, and such like; to which mollifying simples would be ever added some simples that are astringent or binding, as are these: red Rose leaves, Bramble leaves, Wormewod, Plantain, Myrrh, Mastic, Storax, and such like. Now for apostumes, they are to be ripened and voided, & ulcers must be cleansed and scoured downward either by excrement or urine; and therefore the use of such simples as provoke either the one or the other (of which you shall find plenty in other chapters) is most necessary.   

CHAP. 62. Of the Consumption of the Liver.  
OF this consumption of the liver, I have spoken something in the chapter of the mourning of the chine; yet because amongst our best Farriers it is diversly taken, I will show you their divers opinions. First, some hold it cometh only from sudden cold after heat, taken either by drinking or standing still. Others hold it cometh of any humour, especially of choleric matter, shed throughout the whole substance of the liver, which rotting by leasurable degrees, doth in the end corrupt and confound all the substance of the liver, proceeding as they think, from corrupt meats, and sweet drinks: and the last thinketh it cometh by extreme heat gotten in travel, which inflaming the blood doth afterward putrefy, corrupt, and exulcerate the whole substance of the liver: because the liver is spongeous like the lungs, therefore the cure of this disease is held desperate; yet it bringeth no speedy or sudden death, but a wasting and lingering infirmity: for the liver being corrupted, digestion is taken away, and so the body for want of good nutriment, doth in time consume. The signs of this disease is a loathing of meat, and a stretching forth of the horses body at length as he standeth; he will seldom or never lie down, his breath will stink marvelously, and he will continually cast exceeding foul matter either at one nostril or at both, according as one side or both sides of the liver is consumed: and on that side which he casteth, he will ever have betwixt his neither jaws, about the midst of them, a hard knob or kernel about the bigness of a wal-nut. Now the preservative for this disease, (for in truth it is incurable) is, according to the opinion of some Farriers, to take half a pint of malmsey, and as much of the blood of a young pig, and to give it the horse luke warm to drink. Other Farriers use to give the horse no other food for the space of three days, then warm wort, and oats baked in an oven, being sure that the horse be kept fasting the first night before he receive his medicine. Others suppose that if into the wort which he drinketh, you do put every morning two or three spoonful of the powder made of Agrimony, red rose leaves, Saccharum, Rosac●um, Diarchadon, Abbatis, Disantalon, Liquorice, and of the liver of a Wolf, that is more excellent. Others hold that this powder given with goats milk lukewarm, is very good. Others hold that malmsey and the juice of feather● few given to drink is also good. Others use (and I hold it equal with the best) to take an ounce of Sulphur vi●e, beaten into fine powder, and a penny weight of Myrrh, beaten to very fine powder; mix them together with a new laid egg, and give them to drink with half a pint of Malmsey: use this divers times, and keep the horse warm; yet separate him from other horses, for this disease is infectious.   

CHAP. 63. Of the diseases in the Gall.  
AS is the liver, even so the gall of a horse is subject to divers and many infirmities, as to obstructions, from whence floweth the fullness and emptiness of the bladder, and stone in the gall; and these obstructions do chance two several ways: first when the passage by which choler should pass from the liver unto the bladder of the gall, as unto his proper receptacle is stopped, and so the bladder of the gall remaineth empty: for you are to understand that the gall is none other thing then a long, slender, little greenish bladder fixed underneath the liver, which doth receive all the choleric bitter moisture, which would otherwise offend not only the liver, but the whole body also. Now if the passage unto this necessary vessel be stopped, there cannot choose but follow many infirmities, as either vomiting, the lax, or the bloody flux.  
Secondly, when the way whereby such choler should issue forth of the bladder of the gall down into the guts and excrements, is closed up, and so superaboundeth with too much choler; from whence springeth dullness of spirit, suffocating, belching, heat, thirst, and disposition to rage and fury; and truly to any beast there is not a more dangerous disease then the overflowing of the gall. The signs of both these kinds of evils or obstructions, are yellowness of the skin infected with yellow jaundice, and a continual costiveness of the body: and the cure of them are, according to the most ancient Farriers, to give the horse milk and great store of saffron, boiled together, or in stead of milk to give ale, saffron, and anise seeds mixed together. But there be other Farriers, with whom I much more do agree, which hold that selladine roots and leaves chopped and bruised, & boiled in beer, or for want of selladine, rue or herb of grace, and given the horse luke warm to drink, is most sovereign.  
Now for the stone in the gall, which is of a blackish colour, it cometh from the obstruction of the conduits of the bladder, whereby the choler being too long kept in, becometh dry, and so converteth first into gravel, and after into a solid and hard stone, of which both the signs and the cure, are those last before rehearsed.   

CHAP. 64. Of all such diseases as are incident to the Spleen.  
THe Spleen is a long, narrow, flat, spongy substance, of a pale fleshy colour, joining with the liver & the gall; it is the receptacle of melancholy and the dregs of the blood, and is as subject to infirmity as any inward member whatsoever, as to inflammations, obstructions, knobs and swellings; it through the sponginesse is apt to suck in all manner of filth, and to dilate and spread the same over the whole body: the appearance thereof, is on the left side under the short ribs, where you shall perceive some small swelling, which swelling gives great grief to the midriff, especially after a full stomach, taking away much more of the horses digestion then his appetite, and being suffered to continue, it makes faint the heart, and grows in the end to a hard knob, or stony substance.  
This disease or diseases of the spleen, are incident to horses most in the Summer, proceeding from the surfaite or greedy eating of green meats. The sign of which diseases are these, heaviness, dullness, pain on the left side, and hard swellings, short breath, much groaning, and an over hasty desire to his meat. The cure according to the opinion of our best Farriers, is to make the horse sweat either by labour or clothes, then to give him to drink a quart of white wine, wherein hath been boiled the leaves of Tamariske bruised, and a good quantity of coming seed beaten to powder, and give it lukewarm. Others use after the horse hath sweat, to power into his left nostril every day the juice of Mirobalans, mixed with wine and water to the quantity of a pint. Others take of coming seed and honey, of each six ounces, of Lacerpitium as much as a bean, of vinegar a pint, & put all these into three quarts of water, and let it stand so all night, and give the horse a quart thereof next morning, having fasted all night. Others make the horse a drink of garlic, nitrum, horehound, and wormwood, sodden in sharp wine, and to bathe all the horses leftside with warm water, and to rub it hard. There be others which use to cauterize or scarify the horses left side with a hot iron; but it is barbarous and vile, and carrieth no judgement in the practice.   

CHAP. 65. Of the Yellows or jaundice.  
AS before I said, from the obstructions or overflowings of the gall and spleen doth spring this disease which our common Smiths call the yellows, and our better Farriers the jaundice; and you shall understand, that of this yellows or jaundice there are two kinds, the first an overflowing of choler proceeding from the sickness of the gall, and it is called simply the yellows, or yellow jaundice; because the outward parts of the body, as eyes, skin, mouth, inside of the lips, and such like, are dried, and coloured yellow: the other an overflowing of melancholy proceeding from the sickness of the spleen, & is called the black yellows or black jaundice, because all the outward parts are black. Now both these jaundices or yellows have their beginnings from the evils of the liver; the yellow jaundice when the liver by inflammation, hath all his blood converted into choler, and so overwhelmeth the body: and the black jaundice when some obstruction in the liver vein, which goeth to the spleen, hindereth the spleen from doing his office, and receiving the dregs of blood from the liver; or else when the spleen is surcharged with such dregs of the blood, and so sheddeth them back again into the veins. Now although this distinction of the black jaundice or black yellows, will appear strange unto our common Farriers; yet it is most certain that whensoever a horse dieth of the yellows, he dieth only of the black yellows: for when it cometh unto the case of mortality, then are all the inward powers converted to blackness, and the yellow substance is clean mastered; but whilst the matter is yellow, so long the horses body is in good state of recovery. Besides, these yellows do ever follow one the other, and the lesser hath no sooner got pre-eminence, but the greater pursues him; of all the inward diseases in a horse body, this is most common, oftest in practice, and yet most mortal if it be not early prevented. The signs of this disease of yellow jaundice, are yellowness of eyes, nostrils, inside of lips, the skin, the yard and the urine: his ears and his flanks will sweat, and he will groan when he lieth down, and he will not only be faint, but utterly forsake his meat also. The cures which are at this day in practice for this disease, are infinite, and a world of them corrupt and poisonous: every Smith almost making a medicine of his own invention, God knows weak and to little purpose; but for the best receipts which at this day are used by any good Farrier whatsoever, I will deliver you the whole catalogue.  
First, for the ancient Farriers, both Italian & French, they did use to take of time and coming, of each like quantity, and stamping them together to mingle it with wine, honey, and water; and then to let him blood in the pasterns.  
But now the Farriers of latter days use, first to let the horse blood in the neck vein, suffering him to bleed till you perceive the blood to grow pure; then to give him this drink: Take of white wine or ale a quart, and put thereunto of saffron, of turmeric, of each half an ounce, and the juice that is wrong out of a great handful of selladine, and being lukewarm give it the horse to drink; then keep him warm the space of three or four days, giving him warm water with a little bran in it. Others use after the horse is let blood in the neck vein: First to rake him then to him him a suppositary made of Salt, honey, and Marjoram, and then give him to drink, half an ounce of myrrh, dissolved in a quart of wine or ale. Others use to give after blood letting, only cold water and nitrum mixed together. There be others which after blood letting, will only stop his ears with felladine, and then bind them fast up, and let him have no exercise for twelve hours after. Others use after the letting him blood to give him a glister; then to take saffron and turmeric, and mixing them with a quart of milk to give it him to drink lukewarm. Others use to let the horse blood in the third bar of the roof of his mouth with a sharp knife, and after he hath bled well, to take a half penny worth of English saffron, and a penny worth of turmeric, and a new laid egg, with the shell and all small broken, and mix it in a quart of stale ale or beer; and so set him up warm. Others use to take after blood letting of turmeric and of saffron a like quantity, and two or three cloves, and six spoonful of vinegar or verdges, and to put into each ear of the horse, three spoonful thereof, and then stop his ears with black wool, & so tie them up for seven or eight days after. Others take long pepper, grains, turmeric, and liquorice, all beaten into fine powder; then brew them with a quart of strong beer or ale, and give it the horse to drink. Others use after raking & blood letting to take the juice of ivy leaves, & mingling it with wine, to squirt it into the horses nostrils; and to let him drink only cold water mixed with vitrum, and let his food be grass, or new hay sprinkled with water. Thus you have seen, I dare well affirm, all the best practices which are at this day known for this disease; & where they all fail▪ there is no hope of cure; yet let me thus far further inform you. This disease of the yellows or jaundice, if the keeper or master be not a great deal the more skilful and careful, will steal upon you unawares, and (as I have often seen) when you are in the midst of your journey, remote and distant far from any town that can give you succour, it may be your horse will fall down under you, and if you should let him rest till you fetch him succour, questionless he will be dead. In this extremity you have no help but to draw out a sharp pointed knife, dagger, or rapier for a need, and as near as you can (opening the horse's mouth) strike him blood about the third bar of the roof of his mouth; and so letting him eat and swallow his own blood a good while, then raise him up, and be sure he will go as fresh as ever he did; but after you come to place of rest, then be sure to blood him and drench him as aforesaid, or else there will a worse fit come upon him. Now to conclude for the black jaundice, which of some Farriers is called the dry yellow, though for mine own part I hold it to be incurable, yet there be other Farriers which are of a contrary humour, and prescribe this physic for the cure thereof: first, to give the horse a glister made of oil, water, and nitrum, after his fundament is raked; then to power the decoction of mallows, mingled with sweet wine, into his nostrils, and let his meat be grass, or hay sprinkled with water, and a little nitre, and his provender dried oats: he must rest from labour, and be often rubbed. Now there be other Farriers, which for this disease would only have the horse drink the decoction of wild coleworts sodden in wine; the effects of all which I only refer to experience.   

CHAP. 66. Of the Dropsy, or evil habit of the body.  
WHereas we have spoken before of the consumption of the flesh, which proceedeth from surfaits, ill lodging, labour, colds, heats, and such like: you shall also now understand, that there is another dryness or consumption of the flesh, which hath no apparent cause or ground, and is called of Farriers a dropsy or evil habit of the body; which is most apparently seen when the horse by dislike doth lose his true natural colour, as when baynesse turns to dunness, blacks to duskishness, & whites to ashinesse; and when he loseth his spirit, strength, and alacrity. Now this cometh not from the want of nutriment, but from the want of good nutriment, in that the blood is corrupted either with phlegm, choler, or melancholy, coming (according to the opinion of the best Farriers) either from the spleen, or the weakness of the stomach or liver causing naughty digestion. Others think it cometh from fowl feeding, or much idleness; but for mine own part, albeit I have had as much trial of this disease, as any one man; and that it becometh not me, to control men of approved judgements; yet this I dare aver, that I never saw this disease of the evil habit or evil colour of the body, spring from any other grounds, than either disorderly and wild riding: or from hunger, or barren woody keeping. Betwixt it and the dropsy, there is small or no difference: for the dropsy being divided into three kinds, this is the first thereof, as namely an universal swelling of the body, but especially the legs, through the abundance of water lying between the skin and the flesh. The second, a swelling in the covering or bottom of the belly, as if the horse were with foal; which is only a whayish humour abiding betwixt the skin and the rimme: and the third a swelling in the same place by the like humour, abiding betwixt the great bag and the kell. The signs of this disease are shortness of breath, swelling of the body or legs, loss of the horses natural colour, no appetite unto meat, and a continual thirst; his back, buttocks, and flanks, will be dry, and shrunk up to their bones; his veins will be hid that you cannot see them; and wheresoever you shall press your finger hard against his body, there you shall leave the print thereof behind you, and the flesh will not rise of a good space after: when he lieth down, he will spread out his limbs, and not draw them round together, and his hair will shed with the smallest rubbing. There be other Farriers which make but only two dropsies, that is, a wet dropsy, and a windy dropsy; but being examined, they are all one with those recited, have all the same signs and the same cure, which according to the ancient Farriers is in this sort. First, to let him be warm covered with many clothes, and either by exercise or otherwise drive him into a sweat; then let his back and body be rubbed against the hair, and let his food be for the most part, coleworts, smallage, and Elming bows, or what else will keep his body soluble, or provoke urine: when you want this food, let him eat grass, or hay sprinkled with water, and sometimes you may give him a kind of pulse called Ciche, steeped a day and a night in water, and then taken out and laid so as the water may drop away.  
There be other Farriers which only would have the horse to drink parsley stamped and mixed with wine, or else the root of the herb called Panax stamped and mixed with wine. Now whereas some Farrier's advise to slit the belly a handful behind the navel, that the wind and water may leisurely issue forth, of mine own knowledge I know the cure to be most vile; nor can it be done, but to the utter spoil and killing of the horse: for a horse is a beast, & wanting knowledge of his own good, will never be dressed but by violence, and that violence will bring down his kell, so as it will never be recovered. Now for these dropsies in the belly, although I have showed you the signs and the cures, yet are they rare to be found, and more rare to be cured; but for the other dropsy, which is the swelling of the legs, and the loss of the colour of the hair, it is very ordinary and in hourly practise: the best cure whereof, that ever I found, is this. Take of strong ale a gallon, & set it on the fire, & scum off the white frothwhich riseth: then take a handful of wormwood without stalk, and as much rue in like manner without stalks, and put them into the ale, and let them boil till it be come almost to a quart, then take it off, and strain it exceedingly: then dissolve into it three ounces of the best treacle, and put in also an ounce and a half of long pepper, and grains beaten to very fine powder: then brew them all together till it be no more but luke warm, and so give it the horse to drink; the next day let him blood on the neck vein, and anoint his forelegs with train owl, and so turn him into good grass, and fear not his recovery.   

CHAP. 67. Of the diseases in the Guts of a horse, and first of the Colic.  
THe guts of a horse are subject to many and sundry infirmities, as namely, to the wind cholike, fretting of the belly, costiveness, lax, bloody flux, and worms of divers kinds. Now for the colic, it is a grievous and tormenting pain in the great gut or bag, which because it is very large and spacious, and full of empty places, it is the more apt to receive divers offencied matters, which do breed divers infirmities, especially wind, which finding no ready passage out, maketh the body, as it were, swell, and offendeth both the stomach & other inward members. This disease doth not so much appear in the stable as abroad in travel: and the signs are these: the horse will often offer to stale but cannot, he will strike at his belly with his hinder foot, and many times stamp, he will forsake his meat, and towards his flank you shall see his belly appear more full than ordinary, and he will desire to lie down and wallow. The cure thereof according to the most ancient Farriers, is only to give him a glister made either of wild cucumbers, or else of hen's dung, nitrum, and strong vinegar, the manner whereof you shall see in the chapter of glisters; and after the glister labour him.  
Others use to give the horse the urine of a child to drink, or a glister of soap and salt water. Others use to give him five drams of myrrh in good wine, and then gallop him gently thereupon. Others use to give him smallage and parsley with his provender, & then to travel him till he sweat; but for mine own part, I hold it best to take a quart of malmsey, of cloves, pepper, cinnamon, of each half an ounce; of sugar half a quartern, & give the horse luke warm, & then ride him at least an hour after; but before you ride him anoint all his flanks with oil de bay, or oil of Spike. Now if whilst you ride him he will not dung, you shall then take him, and if need be, enforce him to dung, by thrusting into his fundament a piled onion jagged cross-ways, that the tickling of the juice may enforce ordure; and by no means for four of five days let him drink no cold water, nor eat any grass or green corn, but keep him upon wholesome dry meat in a warm stable.   

CHAP. 68 Of belly-ache, or fretting in the Belly.  
Besides the cholike, there is also another grievous pain in the belly, which Farriers call the belly-ache, or fretting in the belly; and it proceedeth either from eating of green pulse when it grows on the ground, or raw undried pease, beans or oats: or else when sharp fretting humours, inflammations, or abundance of gross matter, is gotten between the great gut and the pannicle. The signs are much wallowing, great groaning, and often striking at his belly, and gnawing upon the manger. The cure according to the opinion of some Farriers, is first, to anoint your hand with salad oil, or butter, or grease; & then thrusting it in at the horse's fundament, pull out as much dung as you can reach, which is called raking a horse; then give him a glister of water and salt mixed together, or in stead thereof, give him a suppositary of honey and salt, and then give him to drink the powder of centuary and wormwood brewed with a quart of malmsey. Others use only to give the horse a suppositary of Newcastle soap, and for mine own part, I hold it only the best.   

CHAP. 69. Of Costivenesse, or Belly-bound.  
Costivenesse or belly-bound is when a horse is so bound in his belly that he cannot dung; it is a disease of all other most incident to running horses, which are kept in a dry and hot diet. Now my masters, the great Farriers, affirm, that it proceedeth from glut of provender, or over much feeding, and rest; or from wind, gross humours, or cold, causing obstructions and stops in the guts; but I suppose (& imagine that all the best keepers of hunting or running horses, will consent with me) that it rather proceedeth from much fasting, whereby the gut wanting fresh substance to fill it, doth out of it own great heat bake and dry up that little which it containeth: for it is a certain rule that nothing can overflow before it be full. Or else it may proceed from eating too much hot and dry food, which sucking up the phlegm and moisture of the body, leaves not sufficient whereby it may be digested; however, it is a dangerous infirmity, and is the beginning of many other evils. The signs are only abstinence from the office of nature (I mean dunging) which is most usual in all beasts. The cure whereof according to the opinion of the ancientest Farrier, is to take the water wherein mallows have been long boiled to the quantity of a quart; and put thereto half a pint of oil, or in stead thereof half a pint of butter very sweet, and one ounce of benedict Laxative, and power that into his fundament glister-wise: then with a string fasten his tail hard to histuel, and then troth the horse up and down a pretty while, that the medicine may work so much the better; then let his tail loose, and suffer him to void all that is in his belly: then bring him into the stable, and having stood a while, give him a little well clarified honey to drink; then cover him and keep him warm, and let his drink for three or four days, be nothing but sweet mashes of malt and water. Other Farriers use to take eleven leaves of Lorell, and stamping them in a mortar, give it the horse to drink with one quart of strong ale. Others use to take an ounce of brimstone finely beaten to powder, and mixing it with spurge, to give it the horse in a mash to drink. Now for mine own part, I would wish you, if the disease he not very extremely violent, only but to rake the horse's fundament, and then to gallop him in his clothes till he sweat, and then give him a handful or two of clean rye, and a little brimstone mixed with it: for brimstone being given with provender at any time, will scour; but if the disease be raging and violent, take a quarter of a pound of white soap, and a handful of spurge, bray them very well together, and give it the horse to drink with a quart of ale lukewarm; then let him fast and exercise him more than half an hour after, and be sure to keep him very warm, and let his drink be only warm mashes. A world of other scouring receipts there be; but you shall find them more at large in the chapter of purgations, glisters and suppositaries.   

CHAP. 70. Of the Laxe, or too much scouring of Horses.  
THe lax, or open flux of a horses body, is a dangerous disease, and quickly bringeth a horse to great weakness and faintness: it proceedeth sometimes from the abundance of choleric humours, descending from the liver or gall down into the guts: sometimes by drinking overmuch cold water immediately after provender, sometimes by sudden traveling upon a full stomach before his meat be digested, sometimes by hasty running or galloping presently after water; & sometimes by licking up a feather, or eating hens dung: there is no disease that taketh more sore upon a horse in short time then this; and yet sith nature herself in this disease seemeth to be a Physician to the horses body, I would not wish any Farrier to go about too suddenly to stop it; but if you find that by the continuance, nature both loseth her own strength, and the horse the good estate of his body, than you shall seek remedy, and the cure thereof according to the opinion of ancient Farriers, is this. Take of bean flower and Bolarmony, of each a quartern; mix them together in a quart of red wine, and give it the horse luke warm to drink, & let him be kept very warm and have much rest: also let the water that he drinketh be lukewarm, and mixed with bean flower; yet by no means let him drink above once in four and twenty hours; and then not to his full satisfaction. Others take a pint of red wine, the powder of one nutmeg, half an ounce of cinnamon, and as much of the rind of a pomegranate, and mixing them together, give it the horse luke warm to drink; and let him not drink any other drink, except it be once in four and twenty hours, half a horse's draft of warm water mixed with bean flower. Others take a half penny worth of alum beaten into fine powder, and Bolearmony beaten small, and a quart of good milk; mingle them together till the milk be all on a curd, and then give it the horse to drink, observing the diet before rehearsed; but if this disease shall happen to a sucking foal, as commonly it will, and I myself have seen many that for want of experience have perished thereby, you shall then only give it a pint of strong verdges to drink, and it is a present remedy: for the foal feeding only upon milk, and that milk avoiding in as liquid form as it was received, the verdges will curdell it, & so make it avoid in a grosser and more tougher substance.   

CHAP. 71. Of the Bloody flux in Horses.  
IT is not to be doubted but that a horse may have the bloody flux, for in my experience I have seen it, besides the confirmation of all my masters, the old Farriers. Now of the bloody flux they make divers kinds: for sometimes the fat of the slimyfilth which is voided, is sprinkled with a little blood: sometimes the excrement is a waterish blood like the water wherein bloody flesh hath been washed: sometimes blood mixed with melancholy, and sometimes pure blood; but all these proceeding from one head, which is the exulceration of the gut, they may all very well be helped one cure. Yet that you may know whether the exulceration be in the inward small guts, or in the outward great guts, you shall observe i● the matter and blood be perfectly mixed together, than it is in the inner small guts; but if they be not mixed, but come out severally, the blood most commonly following the matter, than it is in the thick outward guts. Now this bloody flux cometh most commonly of some sharp humours, engendered either by naughty raw food, or unreasonable travel; which humours being violently driven, and having to pass through many crooked & narrow ways, do cleave to the guts, and with their heat and sharpness fret them, & cause exulceration & grievous pain. Sometimes this bloody flux may come from extreme cold, extreme heat, or extreme moistness, or through the violence of some extreme scouring formerly given, wherein some poisonous simple, as Scamony, Stibium, or such like, might be applied in too great a quantity; or it may come from the weakness of the liver, or the other members which serve for digestion. The signs of this disease, is only the avoiding blood with his excrements, or blood in stead of excrements: and the cure according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, is to take saffron one ounce, of Myrrh 2 ounces, of southernwood 3 ounces, of parsley 1 ounce, of rue 3 ounces, of spittlewort & hyssop of each 2 ounces, of cassia which is like cinnamon, one ounce; let all these be beaten into fine powder, & mingled with chalk & strong vinegar, wrought into paste; of which paste make little cakes, and dry them in the shadow, and being dried, dissolve some of them in a pint and a half of barley milk, or for want thereof, in that juice which is called Cremor ptisanae, and give it the horse to drink: for it not only cureth the bloody flux, but being given with a quart of warm water, it healeth all grief and pain either in the belly or bladder, which cometh for want of stalling. Now for mine own part, I have ever used for the bloody flux but this medicine only. Take of red wine 3 pints, half a handful of the herb called Bursa Pastoris, or shepherds purse, and as much Tanner's bark taken out of the fat and dried; boil them in the wine till somewhat more than a pint be consumed, and then straining it very hard, give it the horse luke warm to drink: if you do add unto it a little cinnamon, it is not amiss. There be other Farriers which use to dissolve in a pint of red wine four ounces of the syrup of sloes, and give it the horse to drink; but either of the other medicines are fully sufficient.   

CHAP. 72. Of the falling down of a horses Fundament.  
Horse's sometimes by means of the disease formerly spoken of, which is the bloody flux, and sometimes by a natural weakness in the inward bowels, coming through the resolution of the muscles serving to draw up the fundament, will many times have their fundaments fall down in great length, both to the much pain of the horse, and great loathsomeness to the beholders. Now the resolution or falling down, may come partly by overmuch straining to dung when a horse is costive, and partly by over great moisture, as it happens in young children: for then a horse, no creature hath a moister body. Now the sign is the apparent hanging down of the fundament, and the cure is this. First, you shall look whether the fundament be inflamed, that is, whether it be much swelled or no; if it be not inflamed, than you shall anoint it with oil of roses warmed on a chafing dish and coals, or for want of such oil, you shall wash it with warm red wine; but if it be inflamed, than you shall bathe it well with a soft sponge dipped in the decoction of mallows, camomile, linseed and fenegreeke, and also you shall anoint it well with oil of camomile and dill mingled together, to assuage the swelling; and then with a gentle hand & warm linen clothes, thrust it fair and softly up into his true place: that done, bathe all the tuel about with red wine, wherein hath been sodden Acatium, galls, acorn cups, and the parings of quinces: then throw upon it either the powder of Bolearmonicke, or of frankincense, or Sanguis Draconis, Myrrh, Acatium, or such like, & then give him to drink the dry pills of Pomegranates beaten to powder, either with wine or warm water; and be sure to keep the horse very warm, and in his body neither too soluble or loose, nor too costive or hard bound, but of a mean and a soft temper: for the extremity of either is most hurtful.   

CHAP. 73. Of the Bots, Truncheons and worms in a horse's body.  
MY Masters, the old Farriers, are of opinion that the guts of a horse do breed three sorts of worms, that is to say, little short worms with great red heads, and long small white tails, which we call bots; short & thick worms all of a bigness like a man's finger, which we call Truncheons; and great long worms as big as a man's finger, and at least six inches in length, which we call by the simple name of worms only.  
Now for mine part, I am of opinion, that the first which are bots, are not bred in the guts but in the stomach only; because having cut up many horses, I never could find any one bot in the guts, yet great store of both the other worms; nor ever cut up the stomach of a horse, but I found great abundance of bots, and neither of the other worms: whence I am confidently opiniated, that bots are ever bred in the stomach, and both the other sorts of worms in the guts: truth it is, that all three do proceed from one self cause, which is a raw, gross, & phlegmatic matter apt to putrefaction, and engendered by foul & naughty feeding; and as they proceed from one self cause, so have they all one sign and one cure. The signs than are, the horse will forsake his meat, and not stand upon his legs, but wallow and tumble, and beat his belly with his feet; and sometimes the pain will be so extreme that he will beat his head against the ground; and truly the violence of these worms are wonderful: for I have seen horses whose stomachs have been eaten quite through with them, so that the meat which they ate, could not abide in their stomach, but fell upon the swallowing into the body, making the body swell like a tun, and so have died with huge torment. Now the cure, according to the ancientest Farriers, is to take a quart of sweet milk, of honey a quartern, and give it him lukewarm; then walk him up and down for the space of an hour after, and so let him rest for that day with as little meat and drink as may be; and by no means suffer him to lie down. The next day when the horse is fasting, take of rue a handful, of Savin as much, and being well stamped, put thereunto a little brimstone, and a little foot of a chimney beaten into fine powder; put all these things together in a quart of wort or new ale, and there let them lie in steep the space of an hour or two, then strain it hard through a fair cloth, and give it the horse to drink lukewarm: then bridle him and walk him abroad the space of an hour, than set him up, and let him stand on the bit, two or three hours after, and then give him a little hay. Other Farriers use only to give the horse for this disease, the warm guts of a new slain hen or chicken, being thrust down the horses throat; and sure it is passing good, especially if a little salt be mixed with them: and this must be done three mornings together fasting, keeping the horse from drinking three or four hours after. Others use to take three ounces of the roots of Capers beaten with half so much vinegar, and put it down the horses throat: or else a pint of milk, & a spoonful of soap given the horse to drink, or brimstone and milk given to drink, all be very sovereign. Others use to bind about the snafle or bit man's dung new made, and so ride him therewith. Others take of Gentian, Aloes, and Savin, of each half an ounce, and brew them together with honey and strong ale. Others use to take only a quart of cold sweet wort. Others take Savin & Southerwort, or else wormwood, and the tops of broom small chopped, and mix it with the horses provender. Others use to give the horse to drink lukewarm, elder berries sodden in milk. Others use to give the horse with his provender, his own hair chopped small, and mixed with bay salt. Others put hot embers in water, and presently strain it and give it the horse to drink. Others make little round balls of honey, and the fine powder of chalk, and putting them into ale make the horse swallow them. Others use to take, especially for the long worms, a half penny worth of fenugreek, of anise seeds, a quarter of a pound, a halfpenny worth of bay berries, as much liquorice, and as much turmeric, and a little quantity of brimstone; beat them into powder, put them into a quart of ale, and give it the horse fasting lukewarm to drink; then ride him an hour after, then set him up warm four and twenty hours after. Others use, especially for the Truncheons, to take two spoonful of the powder of wormwood, finely fearest, and put it in a pint of good malmsey, and after it is brewed a while, let it stand and soak all night; then give it the horse in the morning fasting, then keep him without meat or drink four hours after. Others use to give the horse to drink, two spoonful of wormseed, & as much brimstone or powder of Savin, with a quart of malmsey, ale, or beer. Others use to take as much black soap as a wall nut, and as much brimstone beaten to powder, and a head or two of garlic piled & bruised, and put into a quart of good ale, and give it the horse luke warm to drink. This medicine also may be administered to a Mare great with foal if she be troubled with the bots or other worms, so that the black soap be left out; for it is a violent purger, and may kill the foal in the mare's belly; yet for mine own part, I never give any inward physical medicine to a mare great with foal; but if I find her to be troubled with worms, as is easy to be done by the stinking of her breath, by the sliminess of her mouth, and by the greatness of the worm veins under her lips: then presently I do nothing but let her blood in the roof or palate of her mouth, and make her eat her own blood: for that I know, will both kill worms, and help most inward maladies. But leaving mares with foal, let us return again unto horses. There be other Farriers which use to take a handful of new hen's dung, & a quart of stale ale, and braying them well together, then take a handful of bay-salt, and put two eggs to it, and having mixed them all well together, give it the horse to drink, Others use to take a half penny worth of saffron, and as much alum, and mix them with a pint of milk, and give it the horse to drink: or else give him green willow and green reed to eat. Others use (and think it the best of all other medicines) to take the guts of a young hen, or pigeon, and roll it first in a little black soap, then in baysaylt, and so force it down the horses throat. Others use (especially for the Truncheons) to let the horse drink hens dung, mints, sage, and rue, with beer or ale, and to let him blood in the nostrils. To conclude, except you see the horse very much pained, you shall need to give him nothing but rosin and brimstone mixed together, and blended with his provender, having care that ever you give it fasting, and long before the horse do drink.   

CHAP. 74. Of pain in the horses Kiddneyes.  
There is no question but the same infirmities which do belong unto the liver or spleen of a horse, do also belong unto the kidneys, as inflammations, obstructions, apostumes and ulcers; and truly in opening of horses, I have found the kidney sometimes wasted, which I imputed to some matter of inflammation: I have likewise found much gravel, which was only through obstructions; and I have seen the kidneys as black as ink, which could not come without an ulcerous apostemation: But forasmuch as a horse is a beast, who cannot tell the manner of his pain, nor we so heedful as we might have been, to observe the Symptom of every grief, we are enforced to conclude all under one name, which is pain in the kidneys, gotten either by some great strain in leading, or by some great burden bearing. The signs are, the horse will go rolling and staggering behind, his urine will be blackish and thick, and his stones, if he have any, will be shrunk up into his body; if he have none, you shall perceive the sheath of his yard to be drawn backward, and the great vein which runneth up the inside of his thigh, called the kidney vein, will slack and beat continually. The cure according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, is first, to bathe his back and loins, with oil, wine and Nitrum, warmed together; and after he is bathed cover him with warm clothes, and let him stand in litter up to the belly; then give him to drink water wherein hath been sodden dill, fennel, anise seeds, smallage, parsley, spicknard, myrrh, and cassia, or as many as you can conveniently get of these simples. The next morning fasting give him to drink, a quart of ewes milk, or for want thereof, half so much salad oil, and Deeres suet molten together: or, if you can get it, the root of daffodil boiled in wine, and let his provender be dried oats; and in this diet keep him about ten days, and he will recover.   

CHAP. 75. Of the diseases belonging to the Bladder or Urine, and first of the Strangury  
ACcording to the determinate opinion of all the best & ancientest Horseleeches, the bladder of a horse is subject to three dangerous diseases, as first, the Strangury or Strangullion; the second, the Paine-pisse; & the third, the Stone, or Pissupprest. Now for the first, which is the strangury or strangullion, it is, when the horse is provoked to stale often, and avoideth nothing but a few drops: it cometh questionless, either by the heat & sharpness of urine, caused either by great travail, or by sharp and hot meats and drinks, or else by the exulceration of the bladder, or by means of some apostume in the liver and kidneys, which aposteme being broken, the matter resorteth down into the bladder, & with the sharpness thereof causeth a continual provocation of pissing. The signs are (as I said before) a continual desire to piss, yet avoiding nothing but a few drops, & those with such pain, that he will whisk, wry, and beat his tail as he pisseth.  
The cure whereof, is to bathe the horses hinder loins with warm water, and then take bread and bays of Laurel, and temper them together with May butter, and give him two or three balls thereof down his throat three days together. Others use) and I have ever found it the best) to take a quart of new milk, & a quartern of sugar, and brewing them well together, give it the horse to drink six mornings together, observing to keep the horse from all sharp meats, as mow-burnt hay, bran, and such like.   

CHAP. 76. Of the Paine-pisse or pissing with pain.  
THis disease of Paine-pisse, is when a horse cannot piss but with great pain and labour, and doth proceed sometimes from the weakness of the bladder, and the cold intemperature thereof; and sometimes through the abundance of phlegm and gross humours stopping the neck of the bladder: the signs whereof are, the horse will stretch himself out as though he would stolen, and thrust out his yard a little, and with the pain clap his tail betwixt his thighs to his belly, and having stood so a good while, in the end stale a good quantity. The cure whereof, according to the opinion of some Farriers, is to take the juice of leeks, sweet wine and oil, and mingling them together, to power it into his right nosthrel, and walk him a little up and down upon it: or else to give him to drink smallage seed, or else the root of wild fennel sodden with wine. Others use to put fine sharp onions clean piled, and a little bruised into his fundament, and then to chafe him immediately upon it, either by riding him, or running him in a man's hand; or else to take the scraping of the inward parts of the horses own hooves, beaten into powder, and mingled with wine, and power it into his right nostril, and then ride him upon it. Others use to lead the horse to a sheepcoat, or sheepe-pen, where great store of sheep are wont: and making the horse to smell of the dung and piss of the sheep, it will provoke him to stolen presently. Others use to give the horse white dogges-dung, dried and mingled with Amoniacum, salt, and wine, to drink, or else hogs dung only with wine, or the dregs of horsepiss and wine.   

CHAP. 77. Of the Stone or Pissupprest in a Horse  
THe stone or pissupprest in a horse, is when a horse would feign stale, but cannot at all; and therefore may well be called the suppression of of the urine: it proceedeth according to the opinions of my masters, the old Farriers, sometimes from the weakness of the bladder, when the water conduit is stopped with gross humours, or with matter descending from the liver; or from some inflammation or hard knobs growing at the mouth of the conduit; or for that the sinews of the bladder are numbed, so as the bladder is without feeling: or it may come by keeping a horse in long travel, and not suffering him to stale; but most commonly and oftest it cometh from obstructions in the kidneys, where, by the causes aforesaid, a certain red gravel being bred and falling down into the conduits, by the mixture of phlegm and other gross humours, is there brought to be a hard stone, and so stoppeth the passage of the urine: for the signs there needeth no more but this, that he would fain piss, but cannot. The cure according to the opinion of the most ancientest Farriers, is first to draw out his yard and bethe it well with white wine, and prick it and scour it well, lest it be stopped with dirt and filthiness; then put a little oil of camomile into his yard with a wax candle, and a bruised clove of garlic; but if that will not force him to stale, then take of parsley two handfuls, of coriander one handful: stamp them and strain them with a quart of white wine, & dissolve therein one ounce of cake soap, and give it lukewarm unto the horse to drink; and see that you keep him as warm as may be, and let him drink no cold water for the space of five or six days; and when you would have him to stale, let it either be upon good plenty of straw, or upon the grass, or in a sheepcoate. Others (& those of the best esteem for Horse-leach-craft at this day) use only to give white wine, cake soap, and butter very well mixed together, and let the horse drink it warm. Others use to anoint the horse's belly first with warm water; then when it is dried, to anoint it again with salad oil, horse-grease and tar mixed together and made warm, and to hold a hot iron against his belly whilst it is in anointing, that the ointment may the better enter the skin: but I hold this medicine to be much better for the strangury or any other pain in the belly then for the stone; yet it is approved good for all. Others use to take a pint of white wine or ale, & mix with it a little garlic, and the whites of ten eggs, & give it the horse to drink: or else give him the juice of red coleworts, mixed with white wine, or the root of Alexander's, bruised & sodden in wine to drink, & wash his yard with vinegar. Others use to take either wormwood, southernewood, or galingale, or mallows, or pimpernel; some of these, or any one of these, stamped and strained, and give it the horse with ale to drink. Others use to take a pint of white wine, half a pint of burr seed beaten very small, two ounces of parsley seed, half a handful of hyssop, half an ounce of black soap; mix them all well together, and warm it, and give it the horse to drink: or else take unset leeks, and stamp them small, and soap, milk and butter; and being mixed together, give it the horse to drink. Others use to take a nutmeg and a handful of parsley seed, beat them to powder; then take as much butter and mix them altogether in a quart of strong ale, and give it the horse luke warm to drink: or else take the seed of smallage, parsley, Saxefrace, the roots of Philupendula, cherry-stone kernels, grummell seeds, and broom seeds, of each a like quantity; beat them into fine powder, and give it the horse with a pint or a quart of white wine. Now albeit all these medicines before rehearsed, are in daily practice, and approved very sovereign, yet for mine own part, I have found none more sovereign than this. Take a quart of strong ale, and put it into a pottle pot: then take as many keen radish roots, clean washed, being slit through and bruised, as will fill up the pot: then stopping the pot very close that no air may come in, let it so stand four and twenty hours; then strain the ale and the roots very hard into a clean vessel, and give it the horse fasting in the morning to drink: then ride him a little up and down, and so set him up warm, and watch him, and you shall see him stale. This you must do divers mornings together.   

CHAP. 78. Of a Horse that pisseth blood.  
THere is nothing more certain than that a horse many times will piss blood in stead of urine, the cause (as the most ancient Farriers suppose) proceeding from some one of these grounds: either overmuch labour, or too heavy a burden▪ especially when the horse is fat: for by either of them the horse may come to break some vein in his body, and then you shall see clear blood come out, & no urine at all; but if the blood be mixed with urine, than they suppose it cometh from the kidneys, having some ragged stone therein, which through great travel doth fret the veins of the kidneys, and makes them bleed, through which as the urine passeth, it taketh the blood away with it also; but for mine own part, I have not found any greater cause for the pissing of blood than the taking up of a horse from grass in the strength of winter (as about Christmas) and presently without a days rest in the stable, to thrust him unto a long and weary journey: from this cause I have seen many horses after two or three days journey to piss blood in most grievous manner. The signs are needless. The cure according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, is this: First, let the horse blood in the palate of the mouth, to convert the blood the contrary way; then take of Tragagant which hath been steeped in wine half an ounce, & of poppy seed, one dram, and one scruple, and of Storax as much, and twelve pineapple kernels; let all these things be beaten and mingled well together, and give the horse thereof every morning the space of seven days the quantity of a wal-nut, infused in a quart of sweet wine. Other latter Farrier's use to let the horse blood in the neck, and boil that blood with wheat, and with the powder of dried pomegranate pills; then strain it, and give it him three or four mornings together to drink; and let him by no means travel thereupon: or else give him of husked beans boiled with the husks of acorns, beaten small, and mixed together. Others use to make him a drink with the roots of Daffodil mingled with wheat flower, and Sumach sodden long in water, and so to be given to the horse with sweet wine: or else to make him a drink of goats milk and salad oil, straining thereunto a little frumenty: or else to give him sodden beans & Deeres suet in wine; each of these are of like force & goodness. Now there be others which for this disease do take barley, and seeth it in the juice of Gumfolly, and give him the barley to eat, and the juice to drink: or else take the powder of liquorice and anise seeds, rolled up in honey, and make round balls thereof, and cast down the horse's throat two or three of them: or else liquorice, anise seeds and garlic bruised together with a little salad oil and honey, and given in a quart of new milk to the horse to drink, is very sovereign also; and these two medicines last rehearsed, are exceeding good also for any cold or glanders.   

CHAP. 79. Of the Colt evil.  
THe colt evil by the most ancient Farriers, especially the Italians, whose hot country affordeth the beasts of more hot and strong natures than ours doth, is thought to be a continual standing together with an unnatural swelling of the yard, proceeding either from some wind filling the arteries and hollow sinew, or pipe of the yard; or else through the abundance of seed provoked by the natural heat of the horse; but our Farriers, who have not seen that experience, because our horses are of colder temper, say it is only a swelling of the sheath of the yard, and of that part of the belly about the yard, together with the cod also, proceeding from corrupt seed which cometh out of the yard, and remaining within the sheath, there putrefieth: and this judgement we find by experience to be most true. Now you shall understand that Geldings as well as horses are subject thereunto, because they want natural heat to expel their seed any further. The signs are only the outward swelling of the sheath and cod, and none other: and the best cure is first to wash the sheath clean with lukewarm vinegar; then draw out the yard and wash that also: which done, ride the horse twice every day, that is, morning and evening, into some deep running water up to the belly, tossing him to and fro, to allay the heat of members till the swelling be vanished; and if you swim him now & then, it will not do amiss. Others use to bathe his cod and yard with the juice of houslicke, or with the water wherein kinholme hath been sod. Now this colt evil will sometimes stop the horse's urine that he cannot piss: than you shall take new ale, and a little black soap, and give it the horse to drink. Others use to wash the horse's cods and sheath with butter and vinegar made warm. Others use to wash his yard and cods with the juice of hemlock, or else take bean flower, vinegar and Bolearmonicke, and mixing them together, lay it plasterwise to his sheath and cods. Others make him a plaster of winelees, houslicke and bran mixed together, and laid to his sheath and cods; but if the first receipt will serve, I would not wish you to use any other medicine.   

CHAP. 80. Of the Mattering of the Yard.  
THis disease of the mattering of the yard, is seldom seen but amongst the hot races or breeds of horses, as is the jenet, the Barbary, and such like; and it happeneth ever at covering time, when the horse and mare both being too hot, do burn themselves, by which means there issueth forth of the horses yard much filthy matter. The signs are the falling down of the matter, and a swelling at the end of the yard; and the horse can by no means draw up his yard, or cover it within his sheath. The cure is to take a pint of white wine, & boil therein a quartern of roch alum; & with a large serring or squirt, squirt in three or four squirtfull into his yard one after another; and be sure that your squirt go home unto the bottom, that the liquor or lotion may scour the bloody matter away: this do five or six times every day till the horse be whole.   

CHAP. 81. Of the shedding of the Seed.  
THe shedding of the seed, or the falling away of the sperm in horses, is none other than that which we call in men, the running of the reins: it cometh as our old Farriers say, either by abundance & rankness of seed, or by the weakness of the stones and seed vessels, not able to retain the seed until it be digested and thickened; but truly for mine own part, I think it cometh oftener (especially amongst our English horses) by some great strain in leaping, or by teaching a horse to bond, and making him bound the compass of his natural strength. The signs are only the shedding of his seed, which will be white, thin, and waterish. The cure according to the ancient experiments, is first to ride the horse into some cold water up to the belly, insomuch that his stones may be covered with water: which done, bathe his fundament with water and oil; then cover him exceeding warm, and give him every day to drink, red wine and hogs dung till the flux of his seed stay; but latter experience hath found this receipt better. Take of red wine a quart, and put therein a little Acatium, the juice of plantain, and a little mastic, and give it him to drink; and then bathe all his back with red wine, and oil of roses mixed together; but other Farriers take Venice Turpentine, and being washed, beat it well with half so much sugar, & then make round balls as big as wal-nuts, and give the horse five every morning till the flux stay.   

CHAP. 82. Of the falling down of the yard.  
THe falling down of the yard is when a horse hath not strength to draw up his yard within the sheath but lets it hang down between his legs ill favouredly: it cometh (as our best Farriers suppose) either through the weakness of the member, by means of some resolution in the muscles and sinews serving the same, caused by some great strain or stripe on the back: or else through extreme weariness and tiring. The sign is only the apparent hanging down of the member: and the cure is (according to some opinions) to wash the horses yard in salt water from the sea, or for want thereof with water and salt; but if that do not prevail, then prick all the outmost skin of the yard with a sharp needle, but yet as slightly as may be, & not deep; and then wash all the pricks with strong vinegar, & this will not only make him draw up his yard again, but also if at any time his fundament chance to fall, this cure will put it up again.  
There be other Farriers which for this disease, will put into the pipe of the horses yard, honey and salt boiled together and made liquid, or else a quick fly, or a grain of Franckinsence, or a clove of garlic clean peeled and bruised, and bathe his back with oil, wine, and Nitre, made warm, and mingled together. But the best cure according to our English practice, is first, to wash all the yard with white wine warmed, and then anoint it with oil of roses and honey mixed together, and so put it up into the sheath, & with a little bolster of canvas keep it from falling down; and dress him thus once in four and twenty hours, until he be recovered, and in any case let his back be kept as warm as is possible, both with cloth and a charge or plaster made of Bolearmonicke, eggs, wheat-flower, Sanguis Draconis, Turpentine and vinegar, or else lay next his back a wet sack, or wet hay, and a dry cloth over it, and that will keep his back exceeding warm.   

CHAP. 83. Of diseases incident to Mares, and first of the barrenness of the womb.  
THe only disease incident to the womb of a Mare (as far fourth as our Farriers are experienced) is barrenness, which may proceed from divers causes, as through the untemperateness of the matrix, being either two hot and fiery, or two cold and moist, or too dry, or else too short, or too narrow, or having the neck thereof turned awry, or by means of some obstruction, or stopping in the matrix, or in that the Mare is too fat, or too lean, and divers other such like causes. Now the cure thereof according to the old Farriers, is to take a good handful of leeks, and stamp them in a mortar, with four or five spoonful of wine, than put thereunto twelve flies called Cantharideses, then strain them altogether with a sufficient quantity of water to serve the Mare therewith two days together, by pouring the same into her nature with a glister-pipe made for the purpose, and at the end of three days next following, offer the horse unto her that should cover her, and after she is covered, wash her nature twice together with cold water. There be others which use to take of Nitrum, of sparrows dung, and of Turpentine, of each like quantity well wrought together, and made like a suppositary; and put that into her nature, and it will cause her both to desire the horse, and also to conceive. There be some of opinion, that it is good to put a nettle into the horse's mouth that should cover her. Of all which let only experience be your warrantise.   

CHAP. 84. Of the pestilent Consumption in Mares.  
THere is a certain pestilent consumption incident to mares when they are with foal, proceeding from cold phlegm, gathered by raw foggy food in the winter season, which descending from the kidneys doth oppress the matrix, and makes the mare consume & pine away, so that if she be not holpen, she will want strength to foal her foal. The signs are a sudden leanness, and a drooping of spirit, with much dislike of meat, and a continual desire to be laid. The cure is to power into her nostrils three pints of fish brine, called Garume, three or four mornings together, and if the grief be very great, then to take five pints; and it will make her vent all phlegm at her nostrils.   

CHAP. 85. Of the rage of Love in Mares.  
IT is reported by some of our English Farriers, that mares being proudly & high kept, will at the spring of the year, when their blood begins to wax warm, if they chance when they go to the water, to see their own shadows therein, that presently they will fall into an extreme love therewith, and from that love into such a hot rage, that they will forget either to eat or drink, and never cease running about the pasture, gazing strangely, and looking oft both about and behind them. The cure of this folly is presently to lead the mare to the water again, and there to let her see herself as before; and that second sight will utterly extinguish the memory of the first, and to take away her folly.   

CHAP. 86. Of Mares which cast their foals.  
THe occasions why Mares cast their foals, that is, to foal them either before their times, or dead, are very many, as strains, strokes, intemperate ridings, rushings, hard wintering, or too great fatness, and such like. Now you shall understand that this aborsment, or untimely casting of a foal, is most dangerous to the life of the mare: for nature being, as it were, detained from her true and perfect custom, which is the preservation of health, cannot choose but give way to the contrary, which is death and mortality, and the body and pores being set open to the air before it be able to defend the cold, cannot choose but be suffocated with unwholesome vapours. If therefore you have a mare at any time which doth cast her foal, and withal falleth sick upon the same, you shall presently take her into the house, and set her up very warm; then give her two spoonful of the powder Dyapente, well brewed in a pint of strong sack, and feed her with sweet hay and warm mashes for at least a week after.   

CHAP. 87. Of Mares that are hard of foaling.  
If it happen by any mischance, or otherwise, that the passages or other conduits, which lead from the matrix, be so straightened that the mare cannot foal, and so be in danger of her life: than it shall be good that you help her by holding and stopping her nostrils with your hand in a gentle manner, that her breath may not have passage; and she will foal with a great deal more ease, and much sooner: and sure the pain is nothing, because a mare always foaleth standing. Now if at any time when your mare hath foaled, she cannot avoid her secundine, which is the skin wherein the foal is wrapped, in that natural manner as she ought, you shall then take a good handful or two of fennel, and boil it in water: then take half a pint of that, and another half pint of old wine, and put thereto a fourth part of oil, and mingle them altogether over the fire, and being but lukewarm, power it into the mare's nostrils, and hold her nostrils close with your hand to keep it in a pretty while after, and no question but she will void her secundine presently.   

CHAP. 88 Of making a Mare to cast her Foal.  
IF at any time you would have your mare to cast her foal, as having present occasion to use her, or in that the foal is not worthily inought begot, you shall take a pottle of new milk, and two handfuls of savin chopped and bruised, and putting them together, boil them till one half be consumed; then strain it very hard, and give it the mare luke warm to drink; then presently gallop her a good pace, than set her up; do thus two mornings, and before the third she will have cast her foal. Other use with their hand to kill the foal in the mare's belly, but it is dangerous, and the former medicine is more sufficient. And thus much of the infirmities of mares. Now let us return again to horses and mares in general.   

CHAP. 89. Of the drinking of Horseleeches by Horses.  
IF a horse at any time drink down horseleeches, they will suck his blood, and kill him. The signs are, the horse will hang down his head to the ground, and abundance of filthy slaver will fall from his mouth, and sometimes some blood also. The cure is presently to give him a pint of salad oil to drink, and that will make them fall away and kill them.   

CHAP. 90. Of swallowing down Hen's dung, or eating any venomous thing whatsoever.  
IF a horse chance to swallow down any hen's dung with his hay, it will fret his guts, and make him to avoid most filthy matter at his fundament. The cure whereof is to take a pint of wine, half a pint of honey, and two spoonfuls of smallage seed bruised, and mixing them well together, to give it the horse to drink; and then to walk him well upon the same, that he may empty his belly. But if the horse chance to lick up any other venomous thing, as newt, or such like, which you shall know by the instant swelling of his body, and the trembling of all his members; then the cure is first, to put him into a sweat, either by clothes or exercise; then to let him blood in the palate of the mouth, and look how much he bleedeth, so much let him swallow down hot: or else give him strong wine and salt mixed together: or else take the root and leaves and fruit of bryony, which being burnt to ashes, give the horse a good spoonful thereof, with a pint of sweet wine to drink. Now for mine own part, I have ever used to take a pint of salad oil, and two spoonful of sugar-candy beaten to powder, and as much of the powder Diapente, and brewing them together, give it the horse to drink: or for want of Diapente, so much of the shavings either of ivory, or of an old stags horn, especially the tips thereof.   

CHAP. 91. Of Purging Medicines in general, and first of the Suppositary.  
PVrging is said of our most ancientest Farriers, to be an emptying and discharging of all superfluous humours which distemper the body with their evil qualities: for such humours breed evil nutriment, which when it will not be corrected nor holpen with good diet, alteration, nor the benefit of nature and kindly heat, then must it of force either be taken away by Purgation, Glister, or Suppositary. Now forasmuch as a horse is troubled with many diseases in the guts, and that nothing can purge the guts with that gentleness which a suppositary doth, I will here first begin to speak of suppositaries.  
Understand then that a horse being surfaited and full of evil humours, needing to be purged, it is best first to give him a suppositary; lest if you should come to apply a glister, the great gut being stopped with dry, hard, and hot excrements, the medicine not able to work beyond it, lose both labour and virtue; so that I make account the suppositary is but only a preparative to the glister, and but only to cleanse and make loose the great gut, which cometh to the tuel. The gentlest suppositary then, and that which purgeth phlegm in the best manner, is to take a square piece of cake soap, or white Newcastle soap, about five or six inches long, and shaving it round till it be not above three inches about in the midst, & a little smaller at each end then in the midst; then anoint it over with salad oil, & so with your hand thrust it up more than a full span into his fundament; then suddenly clap his tail to his tuel, and hold it hard and close more than half an hour, in which space the most part of the suppositary will be wasted; then gently take away your hand, and let him void the suppositary at his pleasure. The next suppositary to this, and which purgeth choler abundantly, is to take Savin stamped small, stavesaker and salt, and boil them in honey till it be thick; then take and knead it, and roll it of a pretty thick long roll, as before you were taught for the hard ●ope, and administer it at his tuel. The next to this, and that which purgeth melancholy, is to take a keen onion, and pilling off the skin, iagge it a little crosswise with your knife; and so thrust it up into the horse's fundament. There is beside these suppositaries, one other suppositary, which is to take a quart of honey, and boil it upon the fire till it come to be thick like a salve, then power it forth upon a table and knead it like a piece of dough: then when it begins to harden or grow stiff (as it will do when it begins to cool) then roll it up under your hand, and make it in the form of a suppositary, as is before showed, and administer it in the same manner. This suppositary is good to purge the gut off any foul humour, and therewithal is comfortable unto the body.  
Now you must also understand, that as these suppositaries are preparatives before glisters, so they are likewise to be used simply of themselves, where the sickness of the horse carrieth no great danger: for upon every sleight occasion, or small dryness which is to be dissolved with the most gentle medicine, to administer a glister, were to bring the horses body to such an intemperate looseness as would prove much worse than the contrary dryness. Therefore I wish every careful Farrier (because the body of a horse would not be tampered withal with too much physic) first, in the case of costiveness, or inflammation of the inward parts, to approve a suppositary; which if it work effectually, and keep the horses body soluble, then to proceed no further; but in case it do not, but that the offensive matter still increaseth, then to administer a glister; and where that faileth to take away the offence, to administer a purgation. Now by the way, you are to take with you this general rule, and never to fail in the performance, which is, never to administer either suppositary or glister, but first immediately before you give it, to take your horse, which raking is in this manner. First, you shall anoint all your hand and arm over either with salad oil, sweet butter, or fresh grease; and then thrust it into the horse's fundament, and draw out all the dung, phlegm, and filthy matter that you can feel, even as high up as the great bag: which done, then administer either your suppositary or glister, which you please, at your pleasure; and in any case, whilst the horse is thus in physic, keep him exceeding warm.   

CHAP. 92. Of Glisters and their uses.  
THe natures and properties of glisters are divers, and therefore it is necessary that every careful Farrier learn to know to what end they serve, and with what drugs or simples they ought to be compounded: for every glister is to be made according to the disease. Now of glisters, some are to ease griefs, and to allay the sharpness of the humours, some to bind, some to loosen, and some to purge, and some to heal ulcers. These glisters by cleansing the guts, refresh the vital parts, and prepare the way before for every inward and stronger purgation. Therefore whensoever a horse through the grossness of humours, corruption of blood, or abundance of phlegm, choler, or melancholy, is brought unto that evil habit of body, that of necessity he must be purged, and that especially his pain is in his guts and body, you shall then as before I said (having made a probation of a suppositary) first of all administer a glister; lest by purging suddenly with any purgation or potion, you stir up a multitude of evil humours, which finding no passage downward (because the guts be stopped with wind and dregs) do strike upwards, and so perhaps put the horse into much greater danger.  
Now for the composition of glisters, you shall understand that they be made of four things, that is, of decoctions, of drugs, of oil, or such like unctuous matters, as butter, or soft grease; and fourthly of divers salts, to provoke the virtue expulsive. A decoction is the broth of certain herbs and simples boiled together in water until the third part be consumed. Now sometimes for want of such decoctions, you may if you please, use some fat beef broth, or the broth of a sheep's head, or such like, or milk or whey, or some such like liquor, mingled sometimes either with honey or with sugar, according to the quality of the disease; the glister being either lenitive, that is to say, easing of pain; or glutinative, which is, joining of things together; or else abstersive, which is, wiping away or cleansing of filthy matter. Now of this decoction or broth being clean strained, you shall never take above three pints at the most, and many times but a quart, into which you shall put such drugs as are needful, exceeding not at the most, above three or four ounces, according as the simples be more or less violent: of oil you shall never use in a glister above half a pint, and of salt not above three or four drams. You shall also continually administer your glister lukewarm, either with some long horn, or a large glister pipe made for the purpose, and fixed to the largest bladder you can get; and this glister pipe is of all the best, and doth least loose labour. When you do administer a glister, you shall set the horses hinder parts somewhat higher than his foreparts, and then you shall put the glister pipe in at his tuel into his fundament up to the head, and having the confection within the bladder, wring it with good strength into his body. A glister would be administered to a horse when he is rather empty then full paunched, whether it be in the forenoon or after noon. Now for the retaining or holding of the glister in the horse's body, three quarters of an hour is sufficient of what quality soever it be. Now you are to note by the way, that as soon as the glister is administered into the horse's body, you must draw out the pipe with all the gentleness that may be, and suddenly clap his tail to his tuel, and so hold it with your hand, without any moving or stirring of the horse till the medicine have had his full time of working. Now to come unto particular glisters, that you may know which glister is for which purpose, the first is: take of the pulp of Coliquintida half an ounce, of Dragantium 3 quarters of an ounce, of Centuary & of wormwood, of each half a handful, of Castoreum a quarter of an ounce; boil them in three pints of water, then being strained you shall dissolve therein of Gerologundinun three ounces, of salt three quarters of an ounce, and of oil olive half a pint, and so lukewarm administer it glister wise, as hath been before expressed: this glister is exceeding sovereign for the pestilence in horses, or for any fever of what nature soever.  
The next is to take the decoction of mallows, and to mix therewithal, either fresh butter, or salad oil, and so lukewarm administer it: this is of all glisters the most gentlest, and as the former glister is abstersive or cleansing, so this is levitive and a great easer of pain; it is most sovereign for a horse that is taken, or that hath any contraction or convultion, and generally for any costiveness in a horse whatsoever, proceeding from inward surfaite or sickness, as from the surfaite by provender, foundering in the body, and such like. The next is to take of salt water, or clean brine a quart, and dissolve therein a pretty quantity of soap, and then lukewarm administer it: this glister is good for the colic or any sickness of the guts or belly. And thus from these three glisters you may compound many glisters; but in mine opinion, if you use no more but them only, they will be fully sufficient.   

CHAP. 93. Of Purgations and their uses.  
THe purging of horses is ever by one of these two ways, either by pills or by potion: pills are any solid and substantial stuff fixed together in one body, and being made into round balls, are cast down the horses throat; and potion, is when you give the horse any liquid purging matter to drink, whether it be purging powders dissolved in wine or ale: or that it be any other liquid stuff. Now for pills they only purge and make clean the head and brain, bringing phlegm and other gross humours down into the excrements; and potions cleanse the stomach, guts, and every other inward member. Now the art of the careful Farrier is in choosing the simples, whereof these pills or potions are to be compounded, and in aptly or artificially applying the same. First then, it is needful that every Farrier (before he go about to purge his horse) know with what ill humour a horse is oppressed, as whether it proceed from choler, phlegm, or melancholy, and where the humours do most abound; and than what simples are best to purge those humours, and with what property, quality and temperament they be endued; f●r some simples are most violent, and next cousins to strong poisons, as Scamony, or Coloquintida: some again are gentle, and rather nourishing then medicinal, as Manna, Cassia, whey, prunes, and such like: and some are neither too violent, nor too gentle, but of a mean, as rhubarb, Agaricke, Seine, & Aloes. Now the ancient Farriers did use to purge their horses with the pulp of Coloquintida, sometimes with the roots of wild cucumbers, and sometimes with the broth of a sodden whelp mixed with Nitrum, and such like; but at this day they are not of our practice, and therefore I wish him that for his experience will make a trial of strong medicines, or know the workings of every several simple (which is a most praiseworthy ambition,) first, to make his proofs upon jades whose loss he respecteth not, and so by that working to adventure on better horses. But to return to my purpose, the Farrier who goeth about to purge a horse by purgation, must consider the nature of the horses disease, and the strength of the horse, and with them join the nature, strength, and quantity of the medicine; he must also consider the climate under which the horse is bred, the time of the disease, the time of the year, and the time of the day: for as the diseases, and the humours which cause the diseases, are sundry, so they must be avoided by sundry medicines, sundry ways compounded, according as experience from a continual practice shall instruct you; wherein you are to observe, that weak, delicate, and tender horses are not to be purged with that violence which strong, stubborn, and sturdy horses are; and therefore in such cases, the quality and quantity is to be looked into of every simple. The climate is to be respected, as whether it be hot or cold; and the time of the disease: for some diseases must be purged at the beginning, as fevers, pestilence, yellows, staggers, & all violent inward diseases; and some not till the matter be thoroughly digested, as colds, strangles, and apostemations. Now albeit the sickness proceed from cold humours, yet you must not administer as hot simples in summer as in winter, nor in the contrary case, so cold things in winter as in the summer; whereby you see the season of the year is to be respected. Then touching respect of the day, you are to observe that day to be best which is most temperate, sith too much heat maketh a horse faint, and too much cold doth hinder the medicine from working. A little regard is to be had to the wind & weather: for a moist day with a South wind, is to be preferred before a North wind with a dry day. Now the best hour of receiving any potion, is ever in the morning after he hath fasted from meat and drink all the night before. As soon as your horse hath received any pill or potion, let him be walked or gently ridden up and down one hour at the least; and then set up, and suffered to stand on the bit two hours after, well littered, clothed and stopped; but if you perceive that he beginneth to grow sick (as most commonly horses will) than you shall suffer him to lie down, & assoon as his sickness is past, you shall offer him a mash of malt and water lukewarm: for any other meat keep him fasting till his medicine have done working.  
Now to come to particular receipts and medicines themselves, you shall understand that although the ancient Farriers do make but two kinds, that is to say, pills and purgations, yet I divide them into three, that is to say, scour, pills, and purgations. Scour are those wholesome natural and gentle purging medicines, which stirring up no great flux of humours, do only keep the body clean from such evils as would grow, being every way as wholesome in health as in sickness, and may most properly be termed preparatives or preparers of the body to entertain more stronger medicines. To speak then first of the most gentlest and natural scouring, it is only grass being given to a horse only fifteen days together, and no more; for after that it fatteth and not scoureth. Next unto grass is forage, which is only the blades of green corn, as wheat, rye, barley, and such like, being given seven days and no more. Next is green thistles, being cut up, and given the horse to eat the space of five days and no more: and the last of this nature is the mash made in this manner: take a peck of ground malt, and put it into a peal, then take a gallon and a half of water boiling hot from the fire, and put it to the malt: then with a staff mash and stir them together at least half an hour, till tasting the water you feel it as sweet as honey, then being lukewarm, give it the horse to drink. All these scour do only but cleanse the guts and cool the body, adding comfort to the spirits, and engendering strength, only the mash is to be used after labour, or in stead of drink in the time of any great sickness. Scour of a little stronger nature are these: first, when you give your horse any provender, to mix with half a peck of oats, a handful or two of clean dressed hemp seed: or else to take a good quantity of box leaves, and put them into a pewter dish, than set them before the fire, and let them dry leisurely till they be so hard that you may crush them to powder; then take as much of the powder of brimstone as there is powder of box, and mix them together, and amongst half a peck of oats mix a handful of this powder, and give it the horse to eat; both these scour are to be used after labour, especially when the horse hath sweat much. These two scour work upon no matter but what nature is willing to expel, they purge the stomach, head, and entrails, they kill all manner of worms, and dry up phlegm. Scour of the strongest nature, are to take of salad oil half a pint, and of new milk from the cow a pint, brew it together, and give it the horse luke warm: or else take a pint of muscadine, and half a pint of salad oil, and being mixed together, give it the horse to drink: or else half a pint of oil, and a pint of sack mixed together, and given the horse to drink lukewarm. These scour cleanse the head, body, and guts, of all phlegm or molten grease, which any violent labour hath dissolved: they are exceeding good for any manner of cold or stops in the winde-pipes. Now for pills, you shall understand that the first and easiest are these, either to take twenty cloves of garlic clean piled and bruised, than a quarter of a pound of sweet butter; and so roll up the garlic in four or five balls or pellets, as big as two wal-nuts a piece: and so taking out the horse's tongue thrust them down his throat one after another; or else to take a quarter of a pound of butter, and as much red sanders; beat them well together in a mortar, & then make it into four or five balls, and put them down the horses throat. Pills of a somewhat stronger nature, are to take a handful of rosemary leaves, and chopping them small, mix them with a quarter of a pound of sweet butter; and then making it into round balls, give them unto the horse: or else take round pieces of raw melons, and thrust them down the horses throat: or else to take five green figs, and put them down the horses throat. The strongest pill is this: take of lard two pound, laid in water 2 hours, then take nothing but a quarter of a pound of the clean fat thereof, and stamp it in a mortar, & thereto put of liquorice, of anise seeds, and of fenugreek, of each beaten into powder, one ounce and a half; of aloes likewise in powder one ounce, of Agaricke half an ounce; knead all these together like paste, and make thereof four or five balls, and give it to the horse. This last recited pill is singular good for the dry cough, and all the other pills are most sovereign for all infirmities of the head, which grow either from phlegm, melancholy, or any other cold or moist cause whatsoever. Now for purgations which are the strongest cleansers of the body, they be these: Take two ounces of Myrrh, and mix it with a pint of wine, and it will purge all sickness which proceedeth of choler: the signs whereof are, his belly will swell, be very hot, and he can neither dung nor break wind. Take a pint of wine, and beat a raw egg therein, and add to it a quarter of an ounce of brimstone, & half an ounce of Myrrh beaten to powder, and give it the horse luke warm, and it will purge all inward diseases proceeding of melancholy. Two spoonful of the powder Diapente, given with half a pint of swine's grease, purgeth all diseases proceeding of phlegm. Take as much black soap as a wal-nut, a quart of new milk, and a quarter of a pint of salad oil, and give it the horse luke warm, and it purgeth all cold infirmities. Take the guts of a Tench or Barbell, being cut into little small pieces, and give it the horse in a quart of white wine, and it will purge the horse from all costiveness or pain in the guts. Rye being boiled, so that it burst not, then dried again, and given the horse in stead of provender, purgeth and killeth all manner of worms. Take of radish roots one ounce, of the root called Panax, and of Scamony, of each half an ounce; beat all these together, and boil them in a quart of honey, then give the horse two spoonful of this in a quart of ale lukewarm to drink, and it will purge all gross humours, from whence proceedeth either the falling evil or any disease of the brain. Take and boil Elicampanam roots in milk till they be so soft that you may bruise them to pap, and then adding thereto half a pint of salad oil, give it the horse to drink lukewarm, and this will purge and cleanse any glanders. Take of sweet soap a quarter of a pound, and make it into three balls, and give them to the horse, & it will purge all evil humours whatsoever, both violently and most abundantly.   

CHAP. 94. Of Sneezing or Fumigation, and the use thereof.  
THere is also another manner of purging of a horse, and especially his head, and that is, by forcing him to neese or snurt violently at his nose, casting forth all filthy and gross matter, which otherwise would offend and oppress the brain; and this sneezing is wrought sometimes by fumes or smokes, sometimes by powders, and sometimes by oils; the sharpness of which tickling the tender and quick parts of the head, do compel this snurting and sneezing: surely there is no purgation more wholesome, for as it cleanseth and separateth gross matter, so it comforteth and maketh strong the brain. Now to come unto the particular medicines which do procure this sneezing, they be these: Squirt into an horses nostrils, either man's urine which is old, or the urine of an ox which hath had much rest, and it will force a horse to neese, and is most wholesome for any quotidian fever. Take the powder of gumdragant, Ensens, and damask roses, well mixed together, and blow it with a quill into the horses nostrils, and it is good either against the fever in summer or winter. Take warm vinegar and squirt it into his nostrils, & it is comfortable against the fever which cometh by raw digestion. Take of garlic stalks a handful, being broke into little pieces, and a good quantity of frankincense, and being put upon a chase dish and coals, hold the chase dish under the horses nostrils, so that the fume may ascend up into his head; and this is most excellent against the headache. Take feathers and brimstone, & burn them on a chafing dish and coals under the horse's nose; or blow pepper and Perithre beaten to powder up into his nostrils; either of both these are most excellent against the sleeping evil. Take the powder of motherwort, and blow it up into a horses nostrils, and it is good against the falling evil. Take two goose feathers anointed over with oil de bay, and thrust them up and down in the horses nostrils: or else to take sage, pennyroyal, and wheat, long sodden together, and put into a bag as hot as may be, which bag would be so close fastened to the horses head, that all the smoke and savour thereof may ascend up into his nostrils: or take a clout anointed with soap or oil de bay, and rub it up and down his nostrils as high as may be. Any of all these, or all these together, are most excellent against any cold, pose, or other obstruction in the head. Take orpiment and sulphur, and burn them on the coals, and hold it under the horse's nose: or take oil de bay, Euforbium, and white Ellebore, and anointing two feathers therewith, thrust them up into the horses nostrils; both these are good against the glanders. Take of the stalks of bryony or wild vine, two handfuls, and bruise them betwixt two stones, and being so bruised, put them into a linen bag, and fasten the bag so to the horses head, that the scent may go up into his nostrils without touching the herb with his mouth: and this is excellent against the mourning of the chine, or any inward cough. Take of rosemary, of narde, and of sage, dried and beaten into fine powder, or each like weight, and with a quill blow them up into the horses nostrils: or take the powder of white pepper, or of Sal-niter, or of Iris Ilirica, or black Eleboris, and blow them with a quill up into the horses nostrils: or take linen clothe dipped in the dregs of oil; & setting it on fire, then suddenly put it out again, and let the smoke ascend up into the horses nostrils: or squirt into his nostrils Aristolochia mixed with wine: or Sal●niter mixed with water: or salt and ro●he alum mixed with wine: or take ground ivy beaten small, and thrust up into his nose: or bay-berry beaten small, and burnt on the coals under the horse's nose: or a coal of fire put into a lump of wet hay, making a smothering smoke, and held under the horse's nose. Any of all these are most excellent against any disease of the head, especially staggers, colds, glanders, strangle, and such like.   

CHAP. 95. Of Frictions or Baths, and of their several uses.  
FRictions or Baths, are a certain rubbing, anointing or bathing of a horses body all over, especially against the hair, because the medicine may sink in so much the better with comfortable and sovereign unguents, whose virtues do loosen the skin, cheer up the inward spirits, and spread a lively heat and feeling over the whole body: and of frictions, both according to the opinion of the old Farriers, & also all the best of this present age, these are the most sovereign. Take of damask roses one pound, of old oil a pint, of strong vinegar a pint and an half, of mints and rue, beaten into powder, of each one ounce and a half, together with one old dry nut; beat them, and mingle them well together: then being strained and made lukewarm, if it be in the sommertime, and that the Sun shine hot, take the horse abroad; but if otherwise, keep him in the stable, and heating a bar of iron exceeding hot, hold it over and on each side the horse, and with the ointment, rub and chafe the horse all over against the hair, until the horse begin to sweat; then clothe the horse very warm, and let him stand. This friction is excellent against all winter fevers, or any inward sickness that cometh of cold. Take of black Elleborus two or three handfuls, and boil it in a sufficient quantity of strong vinegar; and with that rub and chafe all the horses head and body quite over once or twice a day; and it is most excellent against frenzy, madness, or any dryness or scallynesse of the skin. Take oil de bay, or Dialthea, and anoint all the horses body all over therewith, holding a pan of coals, or a hot pan of coals near the ointment to make it sink in; or else make him a bathe of running water, wherein is boiled rue, wormwood, sage, juniper, bay leaves, and hyssop, and bathe all his body therewith: either of these are most sovereign for the mourning of the chine, or any disease of the liver, lungs, or spleen. Take wine and oil, and having mixed them together, chafe and rub the horses body therewith, and it is most sovereign for any inward sickness especially of the liver. To bathe a horse in salt water is very wholesome, both for the horses skin, and also for any disease of the stomach. Lastly, take of mallows, of sage, of each two or three handfuls, and a rose cake; boil them together in water, then being boiled till the water be all consumed, then add a good quantity of butter or ●allet oil, and mixing them together, bathe all the horses four legs therewith, and all the parts of his body also; and there is nothing more sovereign for a horse that hath been tired or overtravelled. To let blood, and with that blood and oil and vinegar, presently to anoint his body, helpeth most sorts of infirmities.   

CHAP. 96. General Drenches, or Medicines for all the inward diseases or surfaits in Horses.  
THere is no medicine more sovereign for all diseases which breed in a horse's body, then to take two spoonful of the powder called Diapente, and brew it with a pint either of sack or muscadine, and so give it the horse to drink fasting in a morning; and do this at least three mornings together, especially when the horse beginneth first to droop. The next to this▪ is to take of selladine two handfuls, both root and leaves, chop them and bruise them: then take of rue as much, of red sage and of mints as much, and of aloes half an ounce; boil these in a pottle of bear or ale till the one half be consumed; and then give it the horse luke warm to drink. 〈◊〉 four ounces of Diapente, and mix it with four ounces of clarified honey, and keep it in a close glass, and give half an ounce thereof with a pint of sweet wine to the horse to drink, and it is an excellent drench. Take of liquorice an ounce, of anise seeds, of coming seeds, of each half an ounce, of Elicampanam roots as much; of turmeric and bays, of each a quarter of an ounce, of long pepper and fenugreek of each two drams; beat these small and searce them, and put five spoonful thereof into a quart of ale warmed with a little butter or oil, & it is very sovereign for any disease coming of cold causes. Take a quart of good ale or wine, a raw egg beaten & mingled with twelve scruples of quick sulphur, and four scruples of Myrrh made into powder, and give it the horse to drink; it is a good drench. The powder of brimstone mixed with sweet wine is a good drench also. The root of the sea onion, the roots of popler called in Greek Rhammos, mingled with common salt, given in water, keepeth the horse long in health. Take five pound of fenegreeke and bruise it, seeth it in water till it wax thick, add a pound of sweet butter, an ounce of linseed oil, and as much of the oil of nuts; mingle them well together, and give it the horse in three or four days to drink, by a pretty quantity at a time. Selladine simply of itself, or rue simply of itself, boiled in beer or ale, and as much brimstone as a wal-nut, is an excellent drench for any long taken surfaite. Garlic and houseleek beaten together in a mortar, and then boiled in beer or ale from a pottle to a quart; then mixed with liquorice, anise seeds, and sugar-candy, and a pretty quantity of oil, is an excellent drench for any inward sickness which doth proceed from hot causes, as is the Frenzy, the Anticor, and such like. And thus much of general drenches and their uses.   

CHAP. 97. How to make the powder called Diapente.  
THis word Diapente is as much as to say, a composition of five simples: for the receipt is thus compounded. Take of Gen●ian, of Aristolochia, of bay berries, of Myrrh, and of the shavings of ivory, of each like quantity; beat them into very fine powder, and then searce it. This powder is praised to be a sovereign preservative or medicine against all inward diseases: and therefore I would wish every Farrier, and all such as are the masters of good horses, never to be without it.   

CHAP. 98. A most famous Receipt, which is both a singular Drench, and a singular Ointment.  
TAke of Euforbium half an ounce, of Castoreum one ounce, of Adarces half a quarter of a pound, of Bdelium half an ounce and half a quarter, of pepper a quarter of a pound, Foxe-greace half an ounce, Opoponax, one ounce, Lacerpitium three quarters of an ounce, Amoniacum half a quarter of a pound, pigeons dung as much, Galbanum half an ounce, Nitrum one ounce, one quarter, Spuma nitri three quarters of an ounce, Laudanum a quarter of a pound, Perethrum & bay berries, of each three quarters of an ounce, Cardanun two ounces, seed of rue, half a quarter of a pound, seed of Agnus Castus one ounce, parsley half an ounce, dried roots of Trees or flower-deluce one ounce, one quarter; hyssop & Carpobalsamum a quarter of a pound, oil of flower-deluce a quarter of a pound and half a quarter, oil de bay as much, oil of Spikenard three quarters of a pound, Oleum Cyprinum three quarters of a pound and half a quarter, the oldest oil olive one pound and a half, pitch a quarter of a pound and two ounces, Turpentine a quarter of a pound; melt every one of these that will melt, severally by themselves, and then mingle them together with the rest of the simples beaten to fine powder; and after that they have been a little boiled on the fire take it off, and strain it into a fair vessel; and whensoever you will give your horse any thereof, give it him with wine, or four or five spoonful with a pint of sack or muscadine: and if with long keeping it waxeth hard, then soften it with the oil of Cypress, so that it may be good and thick. This confection is both a medicine and an ointment, if you put it in the horses nostrils, it will draw out all noisome humours, and discharge his head of all grief: if you anoint his body therewith, it healeth all convultions, colds, and dryness, or withering of the body; and if you bathe his limbs therewith, it driveth away all weariness and tiring; and if you give it him with wine to drink, it cureth all kind of inward maladies.   

CHAP. 99 How to make the oil of Oats.  
TAke of milk two gallons, and warming it on the fire, put thereto a quarter of a pound of burnt alum, which will make it run of curds; then take out the curd, and cast it away; then strain the whey through a course cloth into a clean vessel, then take a quarter of a peck of clean husked oats that were never dried, and put them into the whey, and set them on the fire till the oats burst, and be soft; then take them off, and power them into a collander that is full of holes, so that the whey may go gently from them without any pressing (for you must keep the oats as moist as may be:) this done put the oats into a frying pan, and set them over the fire; stirring them continually till you see the vapour or smoke of them not ascend upwards, but as it were run about the pan; then suddenly take them off, and putting them into a press, press them most exceedingly, and look what cometh from them, is only the oil of them, which you must save in a close glass. Now there are other more artificial and curious ways, to distill and extract this oil, but this of all is the most easiest, and surest for every mean capacity. This oil of oats is of all medicines & simples whatsoever, the most excellent and sovereign for a horses body, as being extracted from the most natural, wholesome and best food which doth belong unto a horse's body. This oil being given by four or five spoonful in a pint of sweet wine, or a quart of strong ale, and some of the whey powered into the horses nostrils, doth cure the glanders before all other medicines. It is also (given in the same manner) the best of all purgations; for it purgeth away all those venomous and filthy humours, which seedeth the most incurable farcy whatsoever. And for mine own part as long as I can conveniently come by this oil of oats, so long I will never in any medicine whatsoever, use any oil or unctuous matter than it only; I having found by experience, that it is the sovereign of all simples of that kind, whatsoever they be.   

CHAP. 100 Certain brief Observations to be observed at home and abroad whilst the horse is in health.  
THese observations following are gathered from the most exact principles, and unfallible grounds of all the best and surest approved horsemen, either of this kingdom, or of any other nation within Christendom. First then for the general feeding of your horse, when he is in health you shall feed him with straw, hay, oats, fine little wheat, beans, barley, bread made of beans, pease, or fitches', or any other meat that swells not in the horse's body.  
It is the opinion of Camerarius first to give provender, than hay, and lastly water; but our English custom is, first hay, than water, and lastly provender.  
In your travel feed your horse betimes for all night, that thereby the horse may sooner take his rest.  
The quantity of provender which you shall give your horse at one time, shall be as much as you can hold in the palms of both your hands at six times.  
Horsebread which is made of clean beans, clean pease, or clean fitches' feedeth exceedingly.  
Let your horse's meat and drink be exceeding sweet and clean, yet his water by no means extreme cold running water from the rock; for it pierceth to much.  
To rub your horse's mouth with salt and wine, will make him both eat and drink with a much better appetite.  
Let your horse neither eat when he is hot, nor drink when he is hot, neither presently after his travel.  
Labour your horse moderately when the weather is either extreme hot or extreme cold, that so you may avoid extreme heats or sudden colds.  
Travel not your horse too late, that your own eye may see him well dried and well fed before you take your own rest.  
Never take the saddle from your horses back suddenly.  
Lend not your horse, lest yourself walk on foot.  
Let your horse lie clean and dry, keep your stable sweet, let no swine lie near it, nor let any pullen come within it.  
Let your horse ever be tied with two reins.  
Let the light of your stable be ever towards South and North, yet so as the North windows may in the winter be shut up close at pleasure, and opened in the summer to give fresh air,  
Ride your horse oft a little on stony ways, that he may the better feel his feet, and harden his hooves.  
Have ever near your stable some close plain green, that your horse being let loose, he may oft tumble himself thereon.  
Let your horse's bed be of soft sweet straw somewhat above his knees, of which rye straw is the best; for though barley straw be the softest, yet a horse will covet to eat it, and it is unwholesome; and wheat straw though it be not unwholesome to eat, yet it is hard to lie upon: as for oat straw it is the best in the superlative; for it is both wholesome to eat, and soft to lie upon.  
Curry or dress your horse twice a day before water, and when he is curried, rub him with your hand and with a rubber; his head would be rubbed with a wet cloth, and his cods made clean with a dry cloth; his foretop, his main, and his tail, would be oft wet with a wet main comb, and ever where the horses hair is thinnest there curry the gentlest.  
Let the plaunchers of your stable lie even and level, that your horse may stand at his ease, and not prove lame, by too much oppressing his hinder parts.  
Let not any mud wall be within your horses reach; for he will naturally covet to eat of it, and nothing is more unwholesome.  
Give your horse plenty of garbage (which is chopped wheat straw) both with his provender, and without.  
Let your hay bottles be very little, and tied very hard: for so your horse shall eat with the best stomach, and make least waste.  
To sprinkle water upon your hay, is most wholesome, and to sprinkle fenugreek upon your provender, is as sovereign; the first is good for the wind, the latter for worms.  
Give your horse daily exercise: for that gets the best stomach to his meat.  
Purge your horse once a year with grass, or with green blades of corn, called forage, for fifteen days together; yet before you so purge him, in any case let him blood, and whilst he is in purging, by no means let him have any provender.  
A horse after travel hath ever more blood than any beast whatsoever.  
Green grass or forage cleanseth the blood, increaseth strength, healeth diseases, avoideth melancholy, helpeth the horse's growth, and maketh the skin smooth; whilst the horse is at soil, by no means let him take cold.  
The Northern man watereth two hours before he rideth at the least: then lets the horse eat a little hay, then gives provender, but not much, and bridleth the horse up a quarter of an hour before he rideth: at night he watereth two miles before he taketh his lodging, then rideth easily; he neither walketh his horse, nor stuffeth him, nor looseth any girth, but only rubbeth him very clean, & so lets him bite upon his bridle half an hour after, with good store of litter under him; then he gives the horse hay, and after provender; before he goeth to bed, he watereth again, (yet but a little) then sees the horse thoroughly well dressed and rubbed, well littered, and most sufficiently meated.  
There be others which walk after labour, then rubs well, littereth and unbridleth; both which be good, so that the one have not too much walking, nor the other too cold a stable. But howsoever, stuff not your horse backward, but betwixt his forelegs, and foremost girth: for backward stuffing is perilous, lest drawing his yard when he would stolen, he draw back into his sheath any of the litter that stops him. The Northern man's use agreeth with the French principles, which saith, Use no other walking then yourself on your horses back, by riding him gently till you come to your Inn; and so make him cold; then shake litter under him, rub his legs, his belly, and every part of his body well till he be dry, then unbridle him, rub his head well, and give him hay; slack no girth till it be night that the windows be shut, suffer the horse to drink but a little at once to avoid sudden cooling of the stomach, or driving the horse into a shaking fever: at night rub and curry well, and feed according to the horses stomach.  
Other good horsemen ride gently till the horses sinews be chafed, and never water in travel till the horse have staled, and forbear to travel him fast before he have drunk, that he may not drink in his great heat, and they hold the standing water the best; after water for a mile they ride softly till his water be warmed in his belly, and before they come to their Inn they do not water, nor of an hour after they have unbridled; then they cloth well, and give provender, having a care that their horses stand not in the wind, and that they have been rubbed dry and clean. Now all these principles are exceeding good; yet I would wish every traveler to learn how his horse hath been used, and that custom (if it be not too much against reason) still to follow.  
If you come late to your Inn, and that your journey be great and hasty, so that your horse will not eat till he have drunk, and yet is hot notwithstanding, then let his drink be milk given in the dark, lest the whiteness make him refuse it; this is both cordial and pleasant: if you cannot get milk enough, then mingle milk with water lukewarm, for no drink would be given to a horse hotter.  
If your horse either by labour or surfaits be brought low, lean, and weak, you shall give him mates milk to drink many days together, and it will make him strong.  
It is not good to wash your horse, if he be either very hot or very fat; otherwise you may wash his legs above the knees, so that in no case you wash his belly, and that you ride him a good round pace after his washing; then by no means walk him, but set him up and dress him: the purer the water is wherein you wash your horse, the more wholesome it is, so that it be not too extreme cold.  
The best hours to water your horse in (when he lives at rest) is betwixt seven and eight in the morning, and four and five in the evening.  
When you travel, at every steep hill light, both to refresh your horse and yourself.  
Let a fat or hot horse have his water at four times, and not as much as he will drink at once; give him provender twice at night, & but once in the morning; let his cloth neither be too hot, nor with straw too much stuffed; when he eateh good hay, let him have less provender then when he eateth straw: give his meat by a little at once to avoid glutting of him, and let him stand two hours every day without meat.  
Rubbing much, hard, and well, doth profit, preserve, and doth keep both strength of body and legs: for in rubbing and combing, a horse doth take much delight, and it is better than much meat.  
To feed with barley (according to the opinion of the ancient Italians) engendereth good blood, increaseth strength and courage, and maintaineth health; but with us here in England, we find oats to be a much better feeding.  
In the dog days it is not wholesome to ride your horse oft into the water, to allay his natural heat.  
The masters eye to see his horse well curried, and with the hand well rubbed, and well meated, and the stable sweet and clean kept, preserveth health, and wonderfully feedeth the horse.  
Cleanse and pick the soles and bottoms of your horses feet oft, and stuff them with Ox dung, and anoint his hooves with fresh grease, tar, or Turpentine.  
Much rest is the mother of many diseases.  
When you ride, look often to your saddle & your horses shoes, and you shall find much more ease in your journey.   

CHAP. 101. Certain special Principles in foals and in Horses.  
THe foals whose legs be long will ever be tall: for of all beasts their legs in length ever grow the least, and by the bigness of their legs, you shall guess the strength and greatness of their bodies.  
Let your colts if you can possible, never be housed till they be passed three years old.  
The Greek horse (which we call the Turkey horse) is a most excellent horse, swift, bold, well headed, tall and strong, many of them be white, some bay, some sorrel, and some black.  
The Arabian horse is most swift, and most beautiful.  
The horse of Africa, which we call the Barbary horse, is of good courage, swift and nimble; & therefore both the Turkey horse and he must be used with all lenity and gentleness, and not with beating.  
The Freesland horse is fiery, yet the worst of any.  
The Flemish horse is better than the Freesland.  
The Spanish jenet is good, swift, and light.  
The Neapolitan courser for all uses is most excellent and beautiful.  
And the English horse is best both for great burden or long travel.  
Observe ever to win your horse by patience and gentleness, and never be angry or mad with your horse, if he be of great metal, only the dull horse must with much beating be quickened and inflamed.  
Anoint your bit when you put it first into your horse's mouth, with honey, and the powder of liquorice, or else with honey and salt; and at no time put any bit or snafle into your horse's mouth before you have washed.  
Never take your horse backs before you have the bridle reins fast in your hand; and when you walk down any hill, by no means drive your horse loose before you.  
If your horse have a long back, let him have a large saddle, if he have a low back, let the saddle have a high seat; and if his back be short, let the saddle bolsters stand the nearer and closer together.  
If your horse be dull, you must spur him sound, and after such spurring, rub his sides with salt.   

CHAP. 102. Certain general Observations concerning Mares.  
IN length and height, a mare groweth till she be five years old, and a horse till he be six.  
When a mare is past two years old she may be covered, but the best time is after four year old.  
Common mares may bring foals every year; but let your best mares bring but every second year, especially if they bring horse colts.  
After covering by no means travel your mares.  
To get horse colts, cover before the full of the moon; and to get mare colts cover after the full.  
To make a mare stand to her horsing, set her by the horse two or three days, that he may much desire & be acquainted before he cover her: after bring them out, and let him serve her, and have ready a pale of water, which when the horse shrinketh from her, power upon the ridge of the mares back; then set them so far asunder as that the one may not hear the other: do this three mornings & three evenings together, then let her not come near the horse after, till she be knit, lest the desire of him again, make her to shoot out that which he kept before.  
To know whether your mare be with foal about Christmas or no, power a little water into her ear, and if she only shake her head, she is then with foal, both if she shake both head and body also, she is not with foal.  
When you wean your foals, take them from the mares four days before the full of the moon; and after the foals have so remained four and twenty hours, let them again suck till they wax very full; then remove them for altogether, and the next morning give every one three slips of Savin, and so after let them have till they be three years old, all plenty of meat abroad, rather than in the stable.  
Let your stallion for trotters be either Neapolitan courser, or Arabian, Turk, or Barbary; and for amblers, either the Spanish jenet, or the Irish Hobby.  
Put your mares to the horse from mid March till mid May or mid june, the moon having newly changed.  
It is good to put the horse and the mare for three or four nights together in some vast empty house, and in the morning take the horse away and feed him well; but feed your mare sparingly, especially give her little water.  
At the end of six months, by no means chafe your mares: for than they are in quickening, and may easily be made to cast their foals.  
The wall eye either in mare or in horse, doth never see perfectly, especially when there is any snow on the ground.  
A mare goeth with foal, eleven months and ten days.  
Let your mares be of a mean stature, large and broad, and of good shape; and the Stallion of like shape, but somewhat taller; and temper their natures thus: Put unto the hot horse the cool mare, and to the hot mare the cool horse; and let your grounds wherein you breed, be dry, hilly, and with running streams in it.   

CHAP. 103. Certain special Notes to be observed in the buying of a horse.  
FIrst, mark his colour and his shape, that is to say, a comely well proportioned head, with an out-looking eye, good well raised shoulders, and a thick large breast, broad brawn, large and broad flat legs, short pasterns, and little feet: for long pasterns show weakness, and broad feet show dullness; feel if he have no glanders, between his chaps, no splints, curb nor spavin; look he be not pursicke or broken wound, put your hand before his eyes, to know if he see well: look into his mouth for his age, if he be passed eight years old; feel all down the strunte of his tail with your hand, and if you feel that it be smooth, than the horse is not very old; but if it have any rough knobs towards the end, buy him not, for his good days are past. Let him run at the halter's end: for if he be lame, (having that liberty) he will favour that leg which is amiss, and lean upon it. If he turn up the white of his eye, or lay his ear to his neck when he is ridden, he is a sullen jade, and full of naughty qualities; if when you stir him in the stable, he stare and look back upon you with a stout countenance, it is a token of a good stomach in him, and great aptness to be taught; if he stir the end of his tail as he passeth out and is ridden, and yet doth not whisk it, it showeth that his pace is unperfect; be sure to see him turn as short as may be, that you may know whether he be swayed in the back or no, the middle stature is the best, and the short knit horse is the strongest. The wall eye ever seeth the worst. The horse that is of nature gentle, swift, light, nimble, of easy pace, good colour, strong feet, good loins, speedy in eating, and good at his provender, is ever the best for use, and the readiest money in the market. See if the hair in the spurring place be white: for it argueth slowness and spur-galling. The horse that will paw and beat the ground with his foot when he is stayed from going forwards, is ever likely to be good and durable in travel. Many other notes there are, which by the observing of these, will easily come into your memory.   

CHAP. 104. General Notes concerning some simples already spoken of.  
ALL manner of marrows or pitches, of what kind soever they be, must be kept by themselves in a dry cool place, and preserved from all filth or uncleanness, and from the annoyance either of wind or fire, and so they will last fully out a whole year.  
You shall keep no Syrups, nor sweet Electuaries, nor pills, nor Powders, nor conserves of flowers, nor any ointments, suets, or emplaster, above one whole year; only bitter electuaries, or conserves of fruits or roots will last fully out two years.  
Of oil some will last long, some must be new made: oils extract out of wood or metals will last long.  
Gather roots in Autumn, but take the small sprigs from them and make them clean and dry.  
Dry small roots in the shade and wind, and great roots either in the wind and Sun, or by the fire, lay them in a dry place towards the South, and they will keep long, provided that neither Sun nor moisture hurt them.  
Gather all manner of herbs when they do most flourish, and dry them in the shade, except they be very moist and apt to putrefy; they last for the most part a whole year.  
Gather seeds and fruits when they be fully ripe; they also last but one whole year.  
Gather the rind or bark of any simple when the herb is ripe; dry them and they will last many years.   
The end of the first Book.   

THE SECOND BOOK Containing all cures v, or such infirmities as being only outward, crave the use of Surgery, and are called in Horse-leach-craft, Horses Sorrances.  
Written by jaruise Markham.  
LONDON, Printed by NICHOLAS OKES, for ARTHUR JOHNSON. 1610.   

THE SECOND BOOK.  

CHAP. 1. What proportion of measure is required in every member of a well shapen Horse.  
FORASMUCH as the great substance of this Art of Surgery, or second part of Horse-leach-craft, applied only unto outward infirmities, consisteth of incisions, cauterizings, corroding, and dismemberings, as well as of comforting, incarnating, cleansing, conglutinating, and binding up members in their true form; and that all jointly together, go but about to make a true and well form body: I think it meetest that I begin with the true proportion and measure which is required in every member of a well shaped horse, that the careful Farrier thereby understanding how, and in what fashion every lineament should be placed, or what proportion & quantity they do contain, he may at no time through ignorance either dismember or disgrace the same; as I have many times seen simple Farriers do, when contrary to all art and rule they have cut in sunder the main cords, sinews, and tendants, by which a horses limbs are governed. To begin then, you shall underderstand that according to the description of the most ancient & worthy Farriers) there are in a horse's palate of his mouth, 12 bars or degrees like steps, one above another, standing (when his mouth is turned upward) like a pair of stairs, his tongue would be half a foot long, his upper lip six inches, and his neither lipppe five inches long, each of his jaws would be ten inches long, his head from his eye downward full twelve inches long, his ears five inches long, the circuit of compass of his eye, four inches about, his neck from the nape of his head unto the withers would be seven handfuls, from the withers to the fillets twelve handfuls, and from the fillets to the setting on of the tail six handfuls: the length of the shoulder would be twelve inches, and the length of his shank six inches; the length of his hinder hough would be twelve inches, and his cambrel five inches, and the length of the whole body from the head to the tail would be one hundred inches. Now as horses are bigger or lesser, so these measures either exceed or are less, neither do I confidently build upon th●se inch quantities of the ancient Farriers, because I having myself measured many horses, I never yet could find any certainty in the proportions; only this is the most certainest rule that ever I could find, that look what quantity is between the nape of the horses neck, and the uttermost part of the withers, there must ever be twice so much between the withers and the setting on of the tail; and look what quantity is between the top of the shoulder-blade, or top of the withers to the elbow of the horse, it must be twice so much from the elbow to the setting on of the hoof; and look how much it is from the top of the hip to the stifling place, it must be twice so much from the stifling place to the setting on of the hinder hoof: and this is the certainest rule that ever I could find for a horses truest proportion. And therefore for your better satisfaction, behold this picture, which is the true anatomy of a most perfect horse, with lines drawn from every member, directing and showing all the outward diseases or forrances belonging to a horses body.   

CHAP. 2. Of the Veins belonging to a Horse, and how many there be.  
IT is most necessary that every careful Farrier know all the principal veins in a horse's body, especially those which in the time of need, or in sickness, are to be opened▪ and therefore to begin you shall know that from the liver which is the fountain of blood, both in man and beasts, doth arise one main great conduit or large vein, which ascending into the body, doth divide itself into thus many several branches or lesser rivers. First, within the palate of the mouth, above the first and third bars, are two notable veins which the best Farriers do touch or strike when the horse hath any disease in his head, brain, or stomach▪ he hath also other two which descend down from the lower part of his eyes unto his nostrils, & are ever opened for any grief in the eyes: he hath two others which are above his eyes, and run cross the temples of his head, & are called the temple veins, which are likewise opened for all manner of cold diseases in the head; he hath also two great main veins running alongst each side of his windpipe, even from the uppermost joint of his neither chap down to the breast, which are called the neck veins; and are those which are ordinarily opened for any disease whatsoever. He hath then two veins which arise upward from between his forelegs to the top of his breast, & are called the breast veins; & they are opened when the horse hath any fever, or is sick at the heart. He hath other two which likewise ascend from between the forelegs, but do not mount so high as the breast veins, but rest upon the foremost bought of the forelegge: and they be called the palate veins, and they be opened either for foundering, or other grief in the limbs. He hath other 2 veins which run down from the elbow of the foreshoulder, down all along the inside of the forelegs, and are called the shank veins, which are opened for splints, mallanders, or such like. He hath then four veins which run alongst the fetlocks of the horse, & are called the shekel veins; which albeit they are but small, yet they are many times opened for stiffness in the joints, or for tiring: then he hath four veins about the cronets of his hooves, & are called the coronet veins, and are opened for foundering in the feet, or for ringbones: then he hath four veins within his four hooves, running about his toes, & are called the feet veins, and are only opened for foundering or frettizing in the feet: he hath then two main great veins which descend down from his stones alongst the inside of his thighs to his cambrel; & are called the kidney veins, which only are opened for diseases in the kidneys: he hath then two other veins which descend from above the hinder cambrel, all alongst the inside of the hinder legs down to the fetlocks, & are called the spavin veins, which are opened for the blood spavin only: he hath then 2 veins in his flanks, which are called the flank veins, & are opened for any grief in the r●ines or fillets: he hath then 2 veins in his hinder haunches called the haunch veins, & are opened for any manner of consumption of the flesh, or such like: then he hath two veins which run alongst his side, even from the elbow of the forelegge unto the flank, & are called the spur veins, & are opened for foundering or spur-galling. Lastly, he hath one single vein in his tail, which is called the tail vein, & is opened for the shedding of the hair or any manginess. So there is in a horse's body of principal veins which upon occasion must be opened, just 37. as you may perceive by this figure, which is the true anatomy of all the principal veins & others within a horse's body; where you are to understand that the letter A showeth the temple vein, B the eye vein, C the palate veins, D the neck vein, E the breast vein, F the plat veins, G the shank veins, H the coronet veins, I the hoof veins, K the spur veins, L the kidney veins, M the spavin veins, N the flank veins, O the haunch veins, P the tail vein, & Q the fetlock veins. Now for the other small threads, or veins, which as it were, overspread the whole body, because nature will allow no part or member to be empty or void of blood, they be also veins, derived from the other main great veins, yet of no efficacy or force, but such as upon any necessary incision may very well be cut asunder without any flux of blood, or other danger; but for the other master veins, they may not be cut but with great peril. And thus much for veins, which are the instruments of heat.   

CHAP. 3. Of the Sinews in a Horse's body.  
TOuching the sinews within a horse's body, you shall understand that from the brain, which is the principal fountain or well spring of sinews whatsoever, there is derived one great main sinew or tendant, which passing through the hollowness of the neck and back bone, doth extend itself even to the nethermost joint in the horse's strunt: from this main sinew is derived two smaller branches, which passing through certain holes in the top of the horses skull, run down alongst the horses cheeks, even to the point of his nostrils: then hath he two other branches, which passing through certain holes in his neither chap, knit that and the upper together, and so run down by his great teeth, and meet just below his neither lip: then hath he twenty eight small threads, which running through so many small holes in the seven bones of his neck, knit them fast together: so likewise hath he small threads which running through small holes, knit all his chine even to the neither end of his strunt fast together; the number whereof is infinite and uncertain: then hath he two main great sinews which extending themselves over both the spade bones, are divided into many branches, and run down into the forelegs, even into the coffins of the hooves, and knit every joint fast and substantially together: then hath he two other main sinews which coming through two holes in the great columell or flat bone of the hips or huckell, do extend themselves (being divided into many branches) down both the hinder legs, even within the coffin of the hoof also, and bind all these several joints fast and strongly together. Now lastly you shall understand, that from the setting on of the horses neck, unto the flat columell or huckell bone, doth extend one great broad sinew of three inches broad, being of one only thick and smooth substance, without any one thread or branch derived from it, which not only holdeth together the shoulder blades, but also covereth all the horses chine quite over; and this of the common Farriers is called pax-waxe: so that a horse hath in all of main and principal sinews, from whence a world of other sinews are derived, just 38. as you may more plainly perceive by this picture, which is the perfect Anatomy of all the sinews within a horse's body, and how they are divided.   

CHAP. 4. Of the number and situation of Bones in a Horse's body.  
FIrst you shall understand, that every Horse or Ox hath in his whole body, just 170 several bones, and no more; that is to say, in the upper part of his head two bones, from the forehead to the nose two bones, his neither jaws two bones, of foreteeth 12. of tusks 4. of grinders 24. from the nape of the neck to the points of the spade-bones, seven; from the spade-bones to the huckle-bones eight, from the huckell bones to the end of the tail seven: then is there the great broad hinder bone, which hath twelve seams or joints in it; then is there the two spade-bones, and from thence to the forcels or canel bones other 2 bons called the marrowbones; & from thence to the first joint above the legs other two bones, and from thence to the knees two called the thigh bones, and from thence to the pasterns other two called the shank bones, and from thence downward into the hooves be in all 16. little bones. Then there is a great bone in the horse's breast whereunto are fastened 36. ribs great and small, and to the columel behind be two bones, and from the molairs to the joints other two bones; and also two bones towards the ribs, from the bending of the hough unto the leg, are two small bones, and from the legs to the two focils of the leg other two little bones, and from the pasterns into the hoof, sixteen little bones; all which and their several situations you shall more plainly behold in this picture, which is the most perfect Anatomy of the bones of a horse, being simply compounded together, that can be made by demonstration.   

CHAP. 5. How and when a Horse should be let blood, the end whereof, and the signs of the necessity.  
THe ancient Farriers, and those of these present times, are at great difference touching the letting of a horse blood: for some would have him let blood four times in the year, that is to say, in the spring, in summer, in Autumn and in winter. Others would have him only let blood three times in the year, namely in May when he is turned to grass; because then the blood beginneth to increase: secondly in September, that blond if it be inflamed may then eevacuate and breath forth: and thirdly in December, to let go the gross and knotty blood which is bred by labour or careless keeping. Others would have a horse to be let blood but once in the year, namely in the beginning of May only when he is to be put to grass, alleging this reason, that if the horse be not let blood in the spring, the new blood being mixed with the old corrupt blood, will be apt to be inflamed, and so draw upon the horse some grievous sickness. Others would have the horse to be let blood in the neck vein not above once in the year, namely at the beginning of May; but in the palate of the mouth they would have him let blood at the least once every month, alleging that it will clear the sight, comfort the brain, & give him good appetite to his meat; but to conclude, there is not any of these opinions, but are sound & good, so the horse be young & in strength, his blood increasing, but if he be old & his blood in the ebb, than you cannot let blood too seldom. Now that it is fit a young horse should be let blood, is proved by the daily experience of the Polander horses, who being at liberty out of a natural instinct in themselves, fail not once a year to let themselves blood; yet we have divers of our best Farriers who would not have a horse let blood before there be urgent necessity, lest the use of letting blood bring a horse to an evil custom, and draw on sickness unexpected; but with that opinion I cannot agree, because I hold it more virtue to prevent a danger before it come, then to drive it away being present. Now that oft letting of blood breedeth in a horse weakness, and maketh the blood to resort to the inward parts, cloying the heart & entrails, & making the outward parts fat & unwieldy, there is no question but that the letting a horse blood twice in the year, namely at the beginning of May, & the end of December (at which times only I would have a horse let blood & no other) should be accounted oft, I see no reason. Now for stallions, the ancient Farriers would by no means have them let blood, because, say they, the covering of mares is as great an expense of blood as may be, affirming that one ounce of seed doth countervail five ounces of blood, & truly I am of that opinion to; but whereas they likewise advise by no means to let geldings blood, because the loss of their stones is the loss of their natural heat; to that I am much contrary, because I have found it by continual experience, that geldings do as oft die through the corruption & abundance of blood as horses; nay & much more ofter, in as much as they want the helps which horses have for purging their bloods from uncleanness. Now in the letting of horses blood, every careful Farrier is first to respect the climate under which the horse is bred, knowing that those horses which are bred in cold countries, have ever more blood than those which are bred in the hot; then he must consider the time of the year, which would ever be the spring, or the fall of the leaf, both those times being most temperate, neither exceeding in heat nor in cold. Next he must regard the time of the day, which would ever be in the morning fasting, so it be not at the horses awaking from sleep, but at least an hour or two after: then he must look unto the state of the moon, that the sign be not in that part of the body where he intendeth to let blood: next he must look to the horses age, for if he be young & not come to his growth, it will hinder his waxing; & if he be old and come to decrepidnes, his blood had more need be repaired then wasted. Lastly he shall look to the horses strength and ancient custom, and so accordingly he shall deal with him, observing that some horses may better spare two or three pound of blood than other some one pound. Now thus much I have spoken touching ordinary & natural letting of blood without compulsion of any sickness or disease; but in case where sickness or infirmity craveth this office of letting blood, there you shall neither respect climate, season of the year, time of the day, sign, age, strength nor custom, but setting all aside, apply yourself only to the removing of the infirmity. Now the signs to know if a horse stand in need to be let blood, are these: his eyes will look red, and his veins will swell more than ordinary; also he will have a certain itch about his main and his tail, and will be continually rubbing them, and sometimes will shed some of his hair also; he will now and then pill about the roots of his ears, or in those places where the head-stale of the bridle lies: his urine will be red and high coloured, and his dung will be black and hard: also if he hath red inflammations, or little bubbles on his back, or doth not digest his meat well, it is a sign the horse would be let blood: or if he have any apparent sign of yellows in the whites of his eyes, or in the inside of his lips, either upper or neither▪ it is a sign he would be let blood: for after any of these signs doth most commonly follow some one or other grievous sickness, which to prevent is the true art of a skilful Farrier Now it is meet that when you intent to let a horse blood (having leisure to do the same) that you suffer him to be thinly dyetted a day or two before he be let blood, to the end that his body may be quiet & not troubled with digestion. Now for the manner of letting a horse blood, you shall as near as you can, let him stand upon even ground, & if it be the neck vein which you would strike, you shall take a small long cord with a noose, and putting it over the horse's neck, as close to the setting on of the shoulder as you can, there draw it a strait as is possible, and then fasten it with a running knot, and strait you shall see the veins to appear as big as a man's little finger, even from the neither chap down the neck. Now you are to observe that the place where you are to strike the vein in, is eever within 3 fingers or 4 fingers at the most, of the neither chap; as thus, if your horse have a long, fine, thin neck and skin, than you may strike the vein within three fingers or less of the chap (sith the higher is ever the better;) but if he have a short chub neck, with a thick skin, and many wreaths, or rolls, about the setting on of his chaps, than you shall strike the vein at least four fingers from the chap, lest those wreaths together with the thickness of the skin, do so defend the vein that your phlegm cannot reach it. When you have thus raised the vein up, you shall cause one to stand on the contrary side the horse, and with his fist to thrust the vein forth hard against you▪ then you shall either with a wet sponge, or with a little spittle, wet that part of the vein which you mean to strike, and then separating the hair, set your phlegm even and directly upon the vein; and then with a good smart blow, strike it into the vein: which done, you shall cause one to put his finger into the horse's mouth, and tickling him in the roof thereof, make him chaw and move his chaps, for that will force the blood to spin forth. Now the blood which you take from the horse, it is very necessary that you save in divers vessels for divers causes, as first, that you may see when all the corrupt blood is come forth, and that when the colour thereof is grown pure, and so remaineth being cold, that then you suffer the horse to bleed no more; or else that you save it to bathe the horses body therewith; which is most wholesome: or else to make a medicine therewithal by mingling with the blood vinegar and oil, and so bathe the horses body therewith, especially that place which was let blood; for the ancient Farriers hold an opinion that it is endued with a certain natural virtue and power to comfort the weak and feeble members of a horse, and to dry up all evil humours. Now as soon as your horse hath bled sufficiently, you shall let loose the cord, & immediately the vein will stop; then with that cord you shall stroke down the vein just over the orrefire twice or thrice, which will both close up the hole & also turn the course of the blood this done set the horse up in the stable, & let him stand fasting 2. or 3. hours after, and then after diet him according as in your discretion you shall think meet, that is to say, if he be a sick horse, then like a sick horse with good provender & warm mashes; but if he be a sound horse, then like a sound horse, either turn him to grass, or keep him in the stable after his ancient custom. Now if you would let your horse blood either in the temple veins or the eye veins, you shall then cord him hard about the midst of the neck, and not near his shoulders, having care that you touch not his windpipe, & so throttell him: for it will make both those veins show most apparently. If you intent to let the horse blood in the breast veins or plat veins, of some called the fore-thigh veins, you shall then cord him behind the shoulders close to the elbows of the horse, and overthwart his withers, & that will make those two veins show. Now you shall understand, that not any of these veins last spoken of, as about the head or the breast, must be let blood by striking them with a phlegm, (though it be the manner of our common Smiths) for it is most beastly & butcherly, and also full of much danger by striking through the vein; but you shall with a fine sharp lancet open the vein, even in such sort as you see a skilful Chirurgeon open a vein in a man's arm. Now for the letting of a horse blood in the palate of the mouth, you shall but only with a sharp pointed knife, prick the horse between the second and third bar, as deep as a barley corn is long, and he will bleed sufficiently: as for all other veins in a horse's body whatsoever, which are to be opened, you shall understand that whensoever it is needful that they bleed, that then they must be taken up and not corded at all. Now touching the taking up of veins, and the manner how to do it you shall read more at large in a particular chapter towards the end of this book.   

CHAP. 6. Of outward Sorrances what they are, and of certain general observations in the cure of them.  
OVtward sorrances, according to my meaning in this place, are taken two manner of ways, that is to say, either it is an evil state and composition of the body, which is to be discerned either by the shape, number, quantity, or site of the member evil affected & diseased: or else it is the loosening and division of an unity, which as it may chance diversly, so it hath divers names accordingly. For if such a division or loosening be in the bone, than it is called a fracture: if it be in any fleshy part, than it is called a wound, or an ulcer: if it be in the veins, than a rupture; if in the sinews, than a convultion or cramp; and if it be in the skin, than it is called an excoriation: and of all these severally I intent to entreat in the following chapters. Now forasmuch as in this general art of Surgery or Sorrances, there are certain general observations or caveats to be held inviolate, I will before I proceed any further, give you a little taste thereof. First therefore, you shall understand that it is the duty of every good Farrier, never to burn or cauterize with hot Iron or with oil, nor to make any incision with knife where there be either veins, sinews, or joints, but either somewhat lower, or somewhat higher.  
Item, You shall never apply to any joint or finewie part, either Resalger, Arsenic, Mercury sublimate, nor any such violent corrosive.  
Item, It is ever better to lance with a hot Iron then a cold, that is, it is better to cauterize then to incise.  
Item, Blood doth ever produce white and thick matter; choler a waterish thin matter, but not much; salt phlegm great abundance of matter: and melancholy many dry scabs.  
Item, when you let blood, you must take but the fourth part from a colt, which you take from a grown horse.  
Item, You must never let blood, except it be either to divert sickness and preserve health, or to refresh and cool the blood, or else to diminish blood, or to purge bad humours.  
Item, In all impostumes or swelling sores, called Tumours, you must observe the 4 times of the sickness, that is to say, the beginning of the grief, the increase of the grief, the perfection and state of the grief; and lastly, the declination and amending of the grief.  
Item, In the beginning of every such swelling apostumes (if you cannot quite destroy them) use repercussive medicines, if they be not near some principal part of the body; but then not, for fear of endangering life; in the augmentation, use mollifying medicines, and supling to ripe them; and when they are ripe lance them, and let them out, or dry them up; and in the declination of them, use cleansing and healing medicines.  
Item, All swellings are either hard or soft, the hard commonly will corrode, the soft will continue long.  
Item, If you thrust your finger upon any swelling upon a horses legs, then if it presently rise again and fill, then is the hurt new and recoverable; but if the dent do remain and continue still behind, then is the hurt old, and cometh of cold humours, and asks great art in the healing.  
Item, When sores begin to matter, than they heal, but if the putrefaction be great, then beware they rot not inwardly.  
Item, All cauterizing or burning with hot Irons, straineth things enlarged, drieth up what is too much moistened, dissolveth things gathered together or hardened, draweth back things which are dispersed, & helpeth old griefs: for it ripeneth, dissolveth, and maketh them to run and issue forth matter.  
Item, You must sometimes burn under the soar, to divert humours, and sometimes above, to defend and withhold humours.  
Item, It is ever better to burn with copper then with iron, because iron is of a malignant nature; steel is of an indifferent virtue betwixt both.  
Item, All actual burning is to burn with instrument, and potential burning is to burn with medicines, as are caustiks and corrosives,  
Item, If you use oft to blow powders into a horse eyes, it will make him blind.  
Item, By no means take up any veins in the forelegs, unless great extremity compel you: for there is nothing that will sooner make a horse stiff and lame. Many other observations there are, which because they are not so general as these be, and that I shall have occasion to speak of them in other particular chapters, I think it here meet to omit them, and the rather because I will not be tedious.   

CHAP. 7. Of the diseases in the Eyes, and first of the weeping and watering Eye.  
THe eyes of a horse are subject to many infirmities, as first to be rheumatic or watery, then to be bloodshotten, to be dim of sight, to have the pin and web, the haw, the wart in the eye, the inflammation of the eyes, the canker in the eye, or a stroke in the eye; of all which, some come of inward causes, as of humours resorting to the eyes; and some of outward causes, as heat, cold, or else by some stripe or blow.  
And first to begin with the rheumatic or watery eye, you shall understand that according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, it doth proceed many times from the flux of humours distilling from the brain, and sometimes from the anguish of some blow or stripe received. The signs are, a continual watering of the eye, and a close holding of the lids together, accompanied sometimes with a little swelling. The cure, according to the opinion of some Farriers, is to take of Bolearmonicke, of Terra-sigillata, and of Sanguis Draconis, of each a like quantity; make them into powder, and then add unto them as much of the white of an egg and vinegar, as will make them moist; and then spread it plasterwise upon a cloth, and lay it to the horses temples of his head above his eyes; and do this three days together. Others use to let the horse blood in the veins under his eyes, then to wash the eye twice or thrice in the day with white wine, & then to blow into the soar eye with a quill, the powder of Tartaz Salgam, and curtel bone, of each like quantity: or else take the yolk of an egg roasted hard, and mix therewith the powder of comen, and bind it hot to the eye, and so let it rest a night or more. Other Farriers use to take of pitch and rosin, and of mastic a like quantity; melt them together: then with a little stick, having a clout bound to the end thereof, and dipped therein, anoint the temple veins on both sides a handful above the eyes, as broad as a twelve pence; and then clap unto it, immediately a few flocks of like colour to the horse, holding them close to his head, with your hand, until they stick fast to his head; then let him blood on both his eye veins, if both eyes be sore; and then wash his eyes with white wine. Others use only to take a pretty quantity of life honey, and to dissolve it in white wine, and to wash the horses eyes therewith: and sure if it proceed from any blow, it is a medicine sufficient enough; but if it proceed from any rheum or inward causes, than you shall take ground ivy, beaten in a mortar, and mixed with wax, and so laid to the eyes like a plaster, or else boil wormwood in white wine, and wash the horses eyes therewith: also to spurt beer oral now and then into the horses eyes, will clear the sight passing well.   

CHAP. 8. Of the Blood shotten eye; proceeding from any cause whatsoever.  
FOr any bloodshotten eye, proceeding from any cause whatsoever, either outward or inward, you shall take (according to the opinion of the most ancient Farrierss) of rose water, of Malmsey and of fennel water, of each three spoonful; of Tutie as much as you may easily take up between your thumb and your finger; of cloves a dozen beaten into fine powder; mingle them well together, and being lukewarm, or cold, if you please, wash the inward puts of the eye with a feather dipped therein twice a day until the eye be well: or in stead hereof, to wash the eye either with the white of an egg, or with the juice of Selladine. Others use to take the tops of hawthornes, and boiling them in white wine, wash the eye therewith. Other Farriers take a dram of Synoper, and as much of life honey, and as much of wheat flower; mix them with fair running water, so that they may be liquid and thin: then seeth them with a very soft fire until they be thick like an ointment, and therewithal anoint the eye. But the best receipt that ever I found for this grief, is to take take the whites of two eggs, and beat it till it come to an oil; then put to it two spoonful of rose water, and three spoonful of the juice of houseleek; mix them well together: then dip therein little round plegants of flat cakes, of soft tow as big as a horses eye, and lay them upon the horses eyes, renewing them as oft as they grow hard, and in a day or two it will make the horses eyes sound again.   

CHAP. 9 Of Dimness of sight, or Blindness.  
Dimness of sight, or blindness, may happen to a horse divers ways, as by some strain when the inward strings of the eyes are stretched beyond their powers, or by the violence of great labour, or by the supporting of a great burden beyond the horse's ability, or by some blow or wound: any of these are mortal enemies to the eyes and sight. The sign is the apparent want of sight, and an evil affected colour of the eye. Now for the cure it is thus: If the sight be gone, and yet the ball of the eye be sound, than you shall take according to the opinion of some Farriers, a pretty quantity of May butter, with as much rosemary, & a little yellow rosin, with a like quantity of selladine; then stamp them all together, & fry them with the May butter; then strain it, and keep it in a close box (for it is a jewel for sore ●ies) and anoint your horses eyes therewith at least twice a day: it is also good to heal any wound. Other Farriers use to let the horse blood in the eye veins, and then wash his eyes with red-rose water. Others use to take the gall of a black sheep, and beat it, and strain it; and then to wash the eyes therewith. Others use to burn the horse under the eyes, that the ill humours may distill forth; and then to anoint his eyes either with the marrow of a sheeps shank, and rose water mixed together, or else with the juice of ground ivy. Other Farriers use to take a Mouldwarpe, and lapping her all over in clay, burn her to ashes; and then to take of that powder, & blow it into the horses eyes. Other use to take an empty egg shell, and fill it with bay-salt; then burn it till it be black: then add to it of burnt alum the quantity of your thumb; beat them together to fine powder; then mix some of this powder with fresh butter, and wipe it into the horses eyes with a feather; then clap the white of an egg dipped in flax, over his eyes: do this once a day for a seven night, & after but once in two days: this is most excellent for any film, and also for a pearl. Others use to take two dry tile-stones, and rub them together, and blow the powder of it with a quill into the horses eyes three or four days together.   

CHAP. 10. Of the Pearl, Pin, Webbe, or any spot in the Horse's eye.  
THe Pearl, the Pin, the Web, or any unnatural spot, or thick film over a horse's eye, proceedeth, for the most part, from some stroke received; yet the pearl, which is a little round, thick, white spot like a pearl, growing on the sight of the horses eye, comes many times from natural causes, and even from d●scent of Sire and Dam, as I have o●ten found by experience. The sign is, the apparent sight of the infirmity; and the cure, according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers, is to take six leaves of ground ivy, and a branch of selladine, and bray them in a mortar, with a spoonful or two of woman's milk; and then strain it through a clean linen cloth, and put it into a close glass, and then drop of it as much into the horse's eye at a time, as will fill half a hazel nut shell: and it is the fittest to be done at night only: do thus thrice at the least, and for three days after, keep the horse as much as may be, from any light. Other Farriers use to anoint the horses eyes with the marrow of goats shanks, or Deeres shanks, and rose water mixed together; or else to wash his eyes with the juice of the berries and leaves of ground ivy, or other ivy mixed with white wine; and to blow into his eyes the powder of black flint, or of land oysters; but that powder must be made so exceeding fine, as by art in scarcing can any ways be brought to pass. And then for the taking away of any film or pearl, there is no medicine more sovereign. There be other Farriers which use to take the lean of a gammon of bacon, & dry it, & thereof make a powder, & blow it into the horse's eye. Others use to take white ginger made into very fine powder, & blow it into the horses eyes; yet before you so do, if the web have continued any long time, it shall not be amiss, first to anoint the horses eye with capon's grease. Others use to blow into the horse's eye, the powder of elder leaves dried, or else the powder of man's dung dried, or the powder of a grey whetstone mixed with the oil of honey, and put into the horse's eye. Others use to take the yolk of an egg, with salt burnt & beaten to powder, and blow it into the horse's eye: or else the powder of the cuttell bone Others use to take either elder leaves dried, or man's dung dried, & mix it with the powder of the shell or bone of the crab-fish, and blow it into the horse's eye. Others take Tutty beaten to powder, & with a quill blow it just upon the pearl. Other Farriers use to take (and sure it is not inferior to any medicine whatsoever) a good quantity of white salt, & lapping it round up in a wet cloth, put it into the fire, and burn it to a red coal: then taking it forth and breaking it open, you shall find in the midst thereof, a white chore as big as a bean, or bigger: then pick out that chore, and beat it to powder, and mix it with a little white wine: then after it hath stood a while, take the thick thereof that lieth in the bottom, and put it into the horse's eye; and with the thin wash his eye: do thus once a day till the pearl be consumed. Others use to take the juice of rue, and put it into the horse's eye: or else to make a hole in an egg, & put forth all that is within it, and fill the shell with pepper; and closing it in an earthen pot, put it into a hot burning oven till it be white hot: then take it forth, and beat the pepper to powder, and blow thereof into the horse's eye. Others use to take of pommis stone, of Tartarum, and of Sal gemma, of each like weight; and being beaten into very fine powder, to blow a little of that into the horse's eye, continuing so to do till the eye be well. Others use only to blow the powder of Sandevoire into the horse's eye, affirming that it alone hath sufficient force and virtue to break any pearl or web in a very short space, without any other composition; but surely I have found the powder of flint, and the powder of white salt burnt, to be much more stronger.   

CHAP. 11. Of the Haw in the Horse's eye,  
THe haw is a gristle growing betwixt the neither eye lid and the eye, and it covereth sometimes, more than the one half of the eye. It proceeds of gross and tough phlegmy humours, which descending down from the head, and knitting together, do in the end grow to a horn or hard gristle. The signs thereof, are a watering of the eye, and an unwilling opening of the neither lid; besides an apparent show of the haw itself, if with your thumb you do but put down the neither lid of the horses eye. The cure is, first take a needle & a double thread, put it through the tip of the horses ear, which done, put the needle likewise through the upper eye lid of the horse upwards, and so draw up the eye lid, and fasten it to the ear, then with your thumb put down the neither lid, and you shall plainly see the haw: then thrust your needle through the edge of the haw, and with the thread draw it out, so as you may lay it upon your finger; then fasten the thread about your little finger to hold it constantly; and then with a very sharp knife cut cross the gristle of the inside next the horse's eye; and so separating the skin & the fat from the gristle, cut the gristle quite out: then cutting your threads, draw them clean out, both of his eye lids and out of the haw: then wash all the horses eye either with ale, beer, or white wine, and pluck away all the long hairs from about the horses eyes, being sure to leave no blood within the horse's eye. And in this manner of cure you must observe, that by no means you cut away too much of the wash or fat about the haw; nor any part of the bl●cke that groweth by the end of the haw; for that will make the horse blear eyed. There be other Farriers which use after they have cut out the haw, to anoint the eye six days after with salad oil, the marrow of sheep's shanks & salt mixed together. Others use to take of the juice of ground ivy stamped in a mortar, with the juice of ivy berries, and mix them either with water or white wine; and so plasterwise lay it to the horses eye, renewing it morning and evening, and it will eat away the haw. Others use after the haw is cut away, to lay to the eye a plaster of camomile and of honey beaten together; any of all which is sufficient enough. Now you are to note by the way, that the horse which hath one haw, commonly hath two: for they continually go together.   

CHAP. 12. Of Moon eyes or Lunatic eyes.  
THe moon eyes, or lunatic eyes, are of all soar eyes the most dangerous and noisome, and do proceed from hot humours, descending from the head, and stirred up by the extremity of over-riding, or compelling a horse to do more than nature will give him leave; as I have seen a slothful and heavy horse brought to be moon eyed by the folly of his rider, who would force him to stand, and troth contrary to the vigour of his spirit; so likewise I have seen delicate metaled horses brought to be moon eyed, when their riders would not temper the freeness of their natures, but have given them leave to run into all violence. Now they be called moon eyes, because if the Farrier do observe them, he shall perceive that at some times of the moon, the horse will see very prettily, and at some times of the moon, he will see nothing at all. Now the signs hereof are, when the horses eyes are at the best, they will look yellowish and dim; and when they are at the worst, they will look red, fiery, and angry. The cure is to lay all over the temples of the horses head, the plaster of pitch, rosin, and mastic, mentioned in the chapter of watery eyes: then under each of his eyes with a sharp knife make a slit of an inch long, about four fingers beneath his eyes, and at least an inch wide of the eye veins; then with a cornet loosen the skin about the breadth of a groat, and thrust therein a round piece of leather as broad as a twopences with a hole in the midst, to keep the hole open; and look to it once a day, that the matter may not be stopped; but continually run the space of ten days: then take the leather out, and heal the wound with a little flax dipped in this salve. Take of Turpentine, of honey, and of wax, of each like quantity, and boil them together; which being a little warmed will be liquid to serve your purpose; and take not away the plasters which are upon his temples, until of themselves they fall away; which being fallen, then with a small hot drawing Iron, make a star in the midst of each temple vein, where the plasters did lie, which star would have a hole in the midst, made with the button end of your drawing Iron in this sort.  
Now there be other Farriers which in stead of the slits under the eye, and the piece of leather, which is a plain rowel, only do take a small blunt hot Iron, and about an inch and an half beneath the neither lid, to burn some 5 holes all of a row, according to the compass of the horses eye, and to burn those holes even into the bone; and then once a day to anoint them with fresh grease or sweet butter.   

CHAP. 13. Of the Canker in the eye.  
A Canker in the eye cometh of a rank and corrupt blood, descending from the head into the eye, where it congealeth a little worm in manner, as it were the head of a pismire, which groweth in the neither end of the horses eye, next to his noseward. It proceedeth many times in the gristle of the nose, which if it chance to eat through, it will then pass into the head, and so kill the horse. The signs thereof are, you shall see red pimples, some great & some small, both within and without the eye, upon the eye lids, and all the eye itself will look red and be full of very corrupt matter. The cure, according to the ancient Farriers, is to take as much burnt alum as an hazel nut, and as much of green copporas, and bake them b●th together upon a tile-stone; and then grind them into powder, and put thereto a quarter of a spoonful of honey, & mix them all together; and then with a clout dipped therein, rub the sore, till it bleed: and d● thus seven days together, and it will cure the canker. There be other Farriers, which for this canker in a horse's eye, will first let the horse blood in the neck vein of the same side that the soar eye is, and take away to the quantity of a pottle of blood: then take of roach alum, and of green copporas, of each half a pound, of white copporas one ounce; and boil them in three pints of running water, until the half be consumed: then take it from the fire, and once a day wash his eye with this water, being made lukewarm with a fine linen cloth, and cleanse the eye therewith, so as it may look raw: and do this till the eye be whole.   

CHAP. 14. For a Stripe or Blow upon a Horse's eye.  
IF a horse shall catch any stripe or blow upon his eye, either with whip, rod, cudgel, or any such like mischance, or by one horses biting of another, when they either play or fight: then for the cure thereof, (if you take it when it is new done) you shall only blow into his eye, either the powder of Sandevoire, or the fine powder of white salt, after the eye hath been washed with a little beer; but if the eye be more soar, and have continued longer, than you shall take a small loaf of bread, and pull out all the crumbs; then fill the loaf full of burning coal●s, until it be well burned within: then take of that crust and put it in white wine; and after it is well soaked, lay it to the soar eye; then take soap water, and cold water mixed together, and wash all the eye brows therewith, and if for all that it go not away, than you shall let him blood on the temple veins; and if he do rub or chafe his eye, you shall let him blood of the veins under his eyes, & wash his eyes with cold soap water; but if his eyes do chance to look red with the bl●w, than you shall lay unto them a plaster of red lead and ●all▪ toil beaten well together. Others use to take the juice of plantain, stamped and mixed with white wine, and so laid to the soar eye. Others use both for this disease, or any other soar eye, to stamp strong nettles with a little beer, and then straining it to squirt thereof into the horse's eye, twice or thrice together: then to put of the fine powder of Sandevoire a little into his eye and then be careful to keep the horses eye from wind or cold; but if you must neede● r●de him, than put a woollen cloth before the horses eye; also it is not amiss to let him blood on his eye veins, and the twice dressing will be sufficient. Other Farriers use first to anoint the soar eye three days together with hens or capon's grease to mollify it: then take a little life honey, and warming it, wipe it into the horse's eye with a feather. Others take the juice of plantain mixed with honey, or else the juice of time mixed with honey, and put it into the horses eye Others use to take the ashes of an old shoe s●le burnt in an ou●n, & put it into the horse's eye: or else the powder of a grey whetstone blown into the so●re eye; both are speedy remedies. Others use to take the juice of smallage and of fennel, and mixing them with the white of an egg, put it into the horses eye once a day till the eye be whole.   

CHAP. 15. For a Wart in the Eye.  
A Wart in a horse's eye, is a fleshy excretion, or a fleshy knot growing either upon the eye, or upon the edge or inside of the eye lids. It proceedeth from a thick phlegm, which descendeth to the eye by means that the horse is too much kept in a dark stable without light; and this infirmity will make a horses eye consume and grow little. The cure is to take roach alum, and burn it on a tile-stone, and then put as much white copporas thereunto not burnt, and grind them to powder; then lay some of that powder just upon the head of the wart; and do thus once a day till the wart be consumed away.   

CHAP. 16. For any Inflammation in a Horse's eyes.  
Horse's may diversly have inflammations in the eyes, as by long standing in the stable, with fowl feeding and no exercise, or by moats falling into his eyes, or by rankness of blood and such like; any of which will breed an inflammation or soreness in the eyes. The signs are itching and rubbing of the eyes, and a little swelling, with some loathness to open the eye lids. The cure is, first to let him blood upon the temple veins, and upon the eye veins; and then to wash his eyes with milk and honey mixed together. Others after blood letting, will wash the horses eyes with honey and Aloes epatica mixed together: and others will wash his eyes with Aloes dissolved in white wine; any of which is approved to be most excellent for any soar eye.   

CHAP. 17. Of the Impostume in the ear of a Horse.  
IMpostumes which breed in the ear of a horse, proceed from divers causes, as from some great blow about the head, or from wring with a hard halter, or from some evil humours congealed in the ears by some extreme cold. The signs whereof appear plainly by the burning and painful swelling of the roots of the ears, and the other parts thereabout. The cure thereof, is first to ripe the impostume with this plaster: take of linseed beaten into powder, and of wheat flower, of each half a pint, of honey a pint, of hoggesgrease, otherwise called barrows grease, one pound; warm all these things together in an earthen pot, and stir them continually with a flat stick or slice, until they be thoroughly mingled and incorporated together; and then spread some of this plaster being warm, upon a jeopardy of linen cloth or soft white leather, so broad as the swelling and no more, and lay it warm unto it; and so let it remain one whole day, and then renew it again, continuing so to do until it either do break, or else grow so ripe that you may launce it downward, so that the matter may have passage out; then taint it with a taint of flax dipped in this salve even to the bottom, that is to say, take of Metrosa●um, of salad oil and turpentive, of each two ounces, & mingle them together, & make the horse a biggen of canvas to close in the soar, so as the taint with the ointment may abide within the soar, renewing the taint once a day until it be wh●l●; but if the horse have pain in his ears, without any great pain or inflammation, then thrust into his ear a little black wool, dipped in the oil of camomile, & that will ease him; but if the impostume be broken before you perceive it, and that you see matter run from the horses ears, than you shall take of oil of roses, of Venice turpentine, and of honey, of each like quantity, and mixing them well together, warm it lukewarm upon a few coals, and then dipping black wool therein, thrust it down into the horse's ear that runneth, renewing it once a day until the ear leave running.   

CHAP. 18. Of the Polle evil.  
THE Polle evil is a great swelling inflammation or aposteme in the nape of a horses neck just between his ear towards his main, and proceedeth sometimes from the horses struggling or striving in his halter, especially if the halter be of hard new twound hemp; sometimes it proceedeth from evil humours, gathered together in that place, or else from some stripe or blow given to the horse by some rude keeper, carter, or man of little discretion: for that part being the weakest and tenderest part about the head, is the soon offended and grieved with sorrance The signs of this disease is an apparent swelling betw●ene the horses ears, and on each side his neck, which in continuance of time, will break of it own accord, yet doth ever rot more inwardiy then outwardly, from whence it comes that this disease is more commonly called of our common and ignorant Farriers, the fistula in the neck, than the polle-evill; and i● truth it is an ulcer, so hollow and so crooked, and so full of sharp matter, like unto lie, that it very little differeth from a fistula, and is of all impostumes, except the fistula itself, the most hardest to cure: therefore I would wish every careful Farrier to take this cure in hand so soon as is possible, that is to say, before it break if it may be.  
Now for the general cure (according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers) it is thus: Fi●st, if it be not broken, ripe it with a plaster of hog's grease, laid unto it so hot as may be, and make a biggen for the paul of his head to keep it from cold; which biggen would have two holes open, so as his ears may stand ou●; and renew the plaster every day once until that it break, keeping the soar place as warm as may be; and if that you see it will not break so soon as you would have it, then look where it is softest, and most meetest to be opened; take a round hot Iron, or a copper Iron (for that is the better) as big as a man's little finger, and sharp at the point made in this figure; and then about tw● inches beneath the soft place, thrust it in a good deepness upward, so as the point of your cauterizing Iron may come out at the ripest place, to the intent that the matter may descend downward, and come out at the neither hole, which would always be kept open; and therefore taint it with a taint of flax dipped in hog's grease warm, and lay also a plaster of hogs grease upon the same, renewing it every day once for the space of four days: which is done chiefly to kill the heat of the fire; then at the four days end, take of Turpentine half a pound, clean washed in nine sund●y waters, and after that thoroughly dried, by thrusting out the water with a slice on the dishes side; then put thereunto two yolks of eggs, and a little saffron, and mingle them well together: that done, search the depth of the hole, either with a quill or a probe, and make a taint of a piece of dry sponge never wet, so long as it may reach near the bottom, and so big as it may fill the wound; and anoint the taint with the foresaid ointment, & thrust it into the wound either with that quill, or else by winding it up with your finger and thumb by little and little, until you have thrust it home; and then lay on the plaster of hogs grease made lukewarm, renewing it every day once or twice until it be whole; but if the swelling cease, than you need not to use the plaster, but only to taint it; and as the matter decreaseth, so make your taint every day lesser and lesser until the wound be perfectly whole. Now if this disease of the polle-evill have broken of itself, and by negligent looking unto, have continued so long that it is turned to a fistula, which you shall know both by the great and crooked hollowness inwardly, and by a sharp thin water which will issue out thereof outwardly: than you shall take (according to the opinion of other Farriers) of unslaked lime, and of Arsenic, of each like quantity; beat them together into very fine powder, put thereto of the juice of garlic, of onions and of wal-woo●t, of each like quantity, & of holly as much as all the rest; boil them upon a soft fire, & stir them all well together until they be as thick as an ointment; then wash the soar with very strong vinegar, & fill the hole full of the aforesaid ointment, by dipping a taint therein twice a day; then lay a plaster of hogs grea●e upon the tent to make it keep in, and use this until the ho●se be whole. Other Farriers use to take orpiment, unleackt lime, and verdigris of each like quantity temper them with the juice of pellitory, black ink, honey and strong vinigar of each like quantity, boil them and stir them well together, until they be very thick, then make thereof smals rolls, and put them into the hollow place of the same sorance: now you are to note that both this and the last recited salve before this are only to kill the ranckerous and sharp humour which brings the sore unto a fistula, which so soon as you have killed, which you shall know by the matter which will be white and thick, than you shall heal up the sore either with the powder of Savin or the powder of honey and lime backed together, or else by anointing it with tar and salad oil or fresh hogs grease mixed together. There be other Farriers which for this sorance do first open the sore with a hot iron, and then take red lead or black soap, and mixing them very well with water till it be good and thick, taint the horse therewith till he be whole. Others use to t●ke a quart of water, half a pound of roach alum, four penny worth of Mercury, a quarter of a pound of verdigris, and mixing them well together, wash the horses soar with this water till it begin to dry up, and then heal it with the powders before named.   

CHAP. 19 Of a Horse that is lave eared, and how to help him.  
For a horse to be lave eared, is as foul a disgrace, and as much deformity to his beauty as to want the true proportion and use of any outward member whatsoever. It proceedeth from a natural infirmity, and is engendered even from the first conception; and although few of our Farriers either have endeavoured themselves, or know how to help it; yet there is nothing more certain than that in this sort it may be cured. First take your horses ears and place them in such manner as you would have them stand, and then with two little boards or pieces of trenchers three fingers broad, having long strings knit unto them, bind the ears so fast in the places where they stand that by no means or motion they may stir; then betwixt the head and the root of the ear, you shall see a great deal of empty wrinkled skin, which with your finger and your thumb you shall pull up, and then with a very sharp pair of scissors you shall clip away all the empty skin close by the head: then with a needle and red silk you shall stitch the two sides of the skin close together, and then with a salve made of turpentine, Deeres suet and honey, of each like quantity melted together and made into an ointment, heal up the sore; which done, take away the splints which held up his ears, and you shall see his ears will keep the same place still as you set them, without any alteration, and this you shall ever find as certain as the healing of a cut finger.   

CHAP. 20. Of the Vives or har● Kernel, between the chaps and the neck.  
THe vives are certain great kernels which grow f●om the root of the horses ear, down to the lower part of his neither jaw between the chap and the neck; they are in proportion long, narrow, and round, and are natural things proper and due to every horse; but when either through rankness of blood, or abundance of corrupt humours resorting to that place they begin to be inflamed, than they become very foul sorrances and impostumations most dangerous; they are inwardly very full of little white salt kernels, and they breed great pain in the horse's throat. This disease as far forth as I can find by any demonstration, is the disease which in men we call the squinansie or quinzy, and not as some of the old Farriers suppose, the strangle, for that hath no coherence with the infirmity. For the signs of the disease there needs small repetition, insomuch as the grief is apparent to the eye; and the cure, according to the opinion of the oldest Farriers, is thus: If you see the kernels to rankle and swell, you shall take the horses ear, and laying it down alongst the neck of the horse, at the very end or tip of the ear, cut a hole through the skin of the neck, the length of an almond or better, and then with a crooked wire pick out all those kernels which you find inflamed; which done, fill the hole full of salt: then about the end of three days you shall find the soar begin to matter: then wash it either with bark water, or with the juice of sage: then take of honey, of sweet butter, and of tar, of each half a spoonful, and melt them together; and as soon as you have washed the soar clean, put into it of this ointment the quantity of a bean, and so dress the horse once a day until he be whole. There be others of our most ancient English Farriers, which for this sorrances use first to draw the soar right down in the midst with a hot Iron from the root of the ear, so far as the tip of the ear will reach; being pulled down, & under the root again draw ●. strikes on each side like an arrow head in this form: then in the midst of the first line, launce them with a lancet, and taking hold of the kernels with a pair of fine thin pinsons, pull them so far forward as you may cut the kernels out without hurting the vein: that door, fill the hole with salt, and heal it up as aforesaid. Now the most of the Italian Farriers use this cure: First, take a sponge steeped well in strong vinegar, and bind it unto the soar place, renewing it twice a day until the kernels be r●tted: that done, launce it in the nethermost part, where the matter lieth, and let it out, and then fill up the hole with salt finely brayed, and the next day wash all the filth away with warm water and a sponge; and then anoint the place with honey and fitch flower mixed together; but in any case beware during this cure, that you touch not the kernels with your bare finger, for fear of venoming the place, which is very apt for a fistula to breed in. Now there be other English Farriers, which use either to ripen the soar by laying to a plaster of hot hogs grease, or a plaster of barley meal, mixed with three ounces of raisins, sod well together in strong wine, or else they cut out the kernels Now whether you cut them out, burn them out, or rot them out (of all which I hold rotting the best) you shall ever fill the hole with nettles and salt being chopped and mixed together: or else taint it with tents dipped in water, and mixed with salad oil and salt. Others use to burn them downward with a hot Iron in the midst, from the ear to the jaw bone, drawing two cross strokes, and then launce it in the midst, and pluck out the kernels, and fill the hole with bay salt, and the crops of nettles well chopped together: or else put only salt into the hole, and take the crops of nettles well chopped and mixed with bay-salt, and two spoonful of strong vinegar, and strain it, & put in either ear a spoonful thereof, and put some black wool after it, & so bind up his ears. Others use to ripen them either by laying to the soar, wet hay, or hot horse litter, & as soon as they are ripe (which you shall know by the softness, to launce the skin, and take out the kernels, and then fill the hole with the powder of honey and unslaked lime mixed together and burnt. Others use after the kernels are ripened & taken out, to take of Egrimony, honey, and violet leaves, of each like quantity, & stamping them well together, to plaster the soar therewith, till it be whole. Others use after the kernels are taken out, to wash the soar with copporas water, and then to tent the hole with flax dipped in the white of an egg; and after to heal it with wax, Turpentine, and hogs grease molten well together.   

CHAP. 21. Of the Strangle.  
THe strangle (howsoever our old Farriers make a long discourse thereof) is not (as they suppose) a kind of quinzy, but a mean inflammation of the throat, proceeding from some choleric or bloody fluxion, which comes out of the branches of the throat veins into those parts, and there breedeth some hot inflammation; being stirred up either by some great cold in winter, or cold taken after labour: it is a great and a hard swelling between the horses neither chaps upon the roots of the horses tongue, and about his throat; which swelling, if it be not prevented, will stop the horse's windpipe, & so strangle or choke him; from which effect, and none other the name of the disease took his derivation. The signs of this disease besides the apparent sight thereof, and the palpable feeling of the same, is, the horses temples of his head will be hollow, & his tongue will hang out of his mouth, his head and eyes also will be swollen, and the passage of his throat so stopped, that he can neither eat nor drink; and his breath will be exceeding short. The cure thereof according to the most ancient Farriers, is with a round small hot Iron to thrust a hole through the skin on both sides the wessand; and then after it beginneth to matter, to mix butter, Tanner's water and salt together, and every day anoint the soar therewith till it be whole. Other of the ancient Farrier's use first to bathe the horses mouth and tongue with hot water; and then anoint the soar place with the gall of a bull: that done, give him this drink: take of old oil two pounds, of old wine a quart, nine figs, and nine leeks heads well stamped and brayed together, and after you have boiled these a while, before you strain them, put thereunto a little Nitrum Alexandrinum, and give him a quart of this every morning and evening: also you may if you will let him blood in the palate of the mouth, and power wine and oil into his nostrils, & also give him to drink the decoction of figs & Nitrum sodden together, or else to anoint his throat within with Nitre, oil & honey, or else with honey and hogs dung mixed together. Other Farriers use to rowell the horse under the throat, and to draw the rowel twice or thrice a day, anointing it with fresh butter and keeping his head warm. Other of our latter and better experienced Farriers, use first (if his years will permit it) to let the horse blood in the neck vein: then to lay to the soar this ripening plaster: take of mallows, linseed, rue, smallage, and ground ivy, of each like quantity; boil all these together in the grounds of beer: then put to a pretty quantity of oil de bay, with a little Dia Althaea: then take it from the fire, and therewith make your plaster, and lay it to the soar, suffering the horse by no means to drink any cold water: after the soar is broken, lay bran steeped in wine unto it, till it be whole. Others use to cut the kernels out between the jaws, & then to wash the soar with butter & beer, giving the horse to drink new milk & garlic, and juice of the leaves of birch, or in winter the bark of birch, or else to anoint it with tar and oil till it be whole. Now, for mine own part, the best cure that ever I found for the strangle was this: As soon as I found the swelling to arise between his chaps, to take a wax candle, and holding it under the the horses chaps close to the swelling, burn it so long till you see the skin be burnt through▪ so that you may, as it were, raise it from the flesh▪ that done, you shall lay unto it, either wet hay, or wet horse litter, and that will ripen it, and make it break: then lay a plaster unto it only of shoemakers wax, and that will both draw, and heal it. Now if it break inward, and will not break outward, and so avoideth only at his nose, than you shall twice or thrice every day, perfume his head by burning under his nostrils either Frankincense or mastic, or else by putting a hot coal into wet hay, and so making the smoke thereof to ascend up into the horse's head.   

CHAP. 22. Of the Cankerous Ulcer in the Nose.  
THat which we call the cankerous ulcer in the nose, is only a fretting humour eating and consuming the flesh, and making it all raw within, and not being holpen in time, will eat through the gristel of the nose. It cometh of corrupt blood, or else of a sharp hunger engendered by means of some extreme cold. The signs are, the horse will oft bleed at the nose, and all the flesh within his nose will be raw, and filthy stinking savours and matter will come out at his nose. The cure thereof, according to the ancient Farriers, is: take of green copporas and of alum, of each one pound, of white copporas, one quartern; and boil these in a pottle of running water, until a pint be consumed, then take it off and put thereunto half a pint of honey: then cause his head to be holden up with a drenching staff, and squirt into his nostrils with a squint of brass or pewter, some of this water being lukewarm, three or four times one after another; but betwixt every squirting give him liberty to hold down his head, and to snurt out the filthy matter; for otherwise perhaps you might choke him: and after this it shall be good also without holding up his head any more, to wash and rub his nostrils with a fine clout bound to a sticks end, and dipped in the aforesaid water; and do thus once a day until the horse be whole. Other Farriers use if they see this canker to be of great heat, and burning in the soar with exceeding great pain, than you shall take the juice of purslane, lettuce, and nightshade, of each like quantity, and mix them together, and wash the soar with a fine cloth dipped therein, or else squirt it up into his nostrils and it will all●y the heat. Others take of hyssop, sage, and rue, of each a good handful, and seeth them in urine and water to the third part of them: then strain them out, and put in a little white copporas and honey, and aquavitae, and so either wash or squirt the soar place with it: then when the canker is killed, make this water to heal it: Take of rib-woort, betony, and daisies, of each a handful: then seeth them well in wine and water, & wash the soar three or four times a day therewith until it be whole. Others use to take Crystal, and beating it into fine powder, to strew it upon the canker, and it will kill it.   

CHAP. 23. Of bleeding at the Nose.  
MAny horses, (especially young horses) are oft subject to this bleeding at the nose, which I imagine proceedeth either from the great abundance of blood, or that the vein which endeth in that place, is either broken, fretted, or opened. It is opened many times by means that blood aboundeth too much, or for that it is too fine or too subtle, and so pierceth through the vein. Again, it may be broken by some violent strain, cut, or blow. And lastly, it may be fretted or gnawn through by the sharpness of the blood, or else by some other evil humour contained therein. The cure is, according to the ancient Farriers, to take the juice of the roots of nettles, and squirt it up into the horses nostrils, and lay upon the nape of the horses neck, a wad of hay dipped in cold water; and when it waxeth warm, take it off, and lay on a cold one. Other Farriers use to take a pint of red wine, and to put therein a quartern of bolearmoniac beaten into fine powder; and being made lukewarm, to power the one half thereof the first day into his nostril that bleedeth, causing his head to be holden up, so as the wine may not fall out, and the next day to give him the other half. Others use to let the horse blood on the breast vein on the same side that he bleedeth at several times: then take of frankincense one ounce, of aloes half an ounce, and beat them into fine powder, and mingle them thoroughly with the whites of eggs until it be as thick as honey; and with soft Hare's hair thrust it up into his nostril, filling the hole so full that it cannot fall out, or else fill his nostrils full of ashes, dung or hogs dung, or horses dung mixed with chalk and vinegar. Now for mine own part, when none of these will help (as all have failed me at some times) than I take two small cords, and with them garter him exceeding hard, some ten inches above his knees of his forelegs, and just beneath his elbows; and then keep the nape of his neck as cold as may be with wet clothes or wet hay, and it will staunch him presently.   

CHAP. 24. Of the boody rifts, or chops in the palate of the horses mouth.  
THese chops, clefts or rifts, in the palate of a horses mouth, do proceed (as some Farriers suppose) from the eating of rough hay, full of whims, thistles, or other pricking stuff, or else provender full of sharp seeds, which by continual pricking and fretting the furrows of the mouth, do cause them to rankle, swell, and breed corrupt and stinking matter; and without speedy prevention, that ulcer will turn to the foulest canker. The cure thereof is (according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers) to wash the soar places very clean with salt and vinegar mixed together, and then to anoint it with honey. Other Farriers use (especially if the palate be much swelled, to prick the roof of the mouth with an hot Iron, that the humour may issue out abundantly, and then to anoint the place with honey and onions boiled together till they be whole.   

CHAP. 25. Of the Gigges or Bladders in a horse's mouth.  
THese gigges, bladders, or flaps in a horse's mouth, are little soft swellings, or rather pustules with black heads, growing in the inside of the horses lips, next unto his great jaw teeth; they will sometimes be as great as a wal-nut, and are so painful unto him that they make him let his meat fall out of his mouth, or at least keep it in his mouth unchawed, whereby the horse can in no wise prosper: they do proceed either of eating too much grass, or naughty rough pricking hay or provender: they are most apparently to be felt, and the cure is (according to the opinion of the oldest Farriers) first to draw out the horses tongue of the one side of his mouth, and then take a lancet and slit the swellings the length of a date; and then with a probe pick out all the kernels like wheat corns very clean: then take the yolk of an egg, and as much salt as will temper it thick like leaven; then make it into little balls, and thrust into every hole one; and do so once a day until it be whole. Other Farriers use after they have slit them with an incision knife, and thrust out the corruption, only to wash the soar places either with vinegar and salt, or else with alum water. Others use with a small hot Iron to burn the swellings, and then wash them with beer and salt, or ale and salt, and it will heal them. Now that you may prevent this disease before it come, it shall be good to pull out the horses tongue often, and to wash it with wine, beer, and ale, and so shall no blisters breed thereon, nor any other disease.   

CHAP. 26. Of the Lampasse.  
THe lampas is a swelling or growing up of the flesh, which overgroweth the upper teeth, which are the shearers in the upper chap, and so hindereth the horse from eating. They do proceed from abundance of blood, resorting to the first furrow or bare of the mouth, I mean that which is next to the upper foreteeth; it is most apparent to be seen, and therefore needeth no other signs. The cure is (according to the custom of the oldest Farriers, first with a lancet to let them blood in divers places of the swollen flesh: then take an Iron made at one end broad & thin, and turned up according to this figure, and heating it red hot, burn out all that superfluous swelled flesh which overgrowes the foreteeth; and then anoint the soar place with fresh butter till it be whole. Others use after it is burnt out, only to rub the soar place with salt only, or wash it with salt and vinegar till it be whole. Others use to take a hooked knife made very sharp and very hot, and therewith cut the swollen places in two parts cross against the teeth; but if they be little swelled, then cut but the third rank from the teeth, and so let him bleed well: then rub it with a little salt, and the horse will be well; but if you find afterwards that either through too much burning or cutting, or through the eating of rough meat, that the wound doth not heal, but rather rankleth: than you shall take a saucerfull of honey, and twelve pepper corns, and bray them together in a mortar, and temper them up with vinegar, and boil them a while, and then once a day anoint the soar therewith till it be whole.   

CHAP. 27. Of the Camery or Frounce.  
THE Camery or Frounce in horses, are small pimples or warts in the midst of the palate of the mouth above, and they are soft and soar; they will also sometimes breed both in his tongue and in his lips: it proceedeth sometimes from the eating of frozen grass, or by drawing frozen dust with the grass into their mouths; sometimes by eating of moist hay, that Rats and other vermin have pissed upon; and sometimes by licking up of venom. The signs are the apparent seeing of the pimples or whelks, and a forsaking of his food, both through the soreness of them, and through the unsavouriness of the food that he hath eaten before. The cure (according to the opinion of the oldest Farriers) is first to let him blood on the two greatest veins under his tongue; and then wash all the soar places with vinegar and salt: then get the horse new bread which is not hot, and give it him to eat, and the horse will do well enough. Others use with a hot Iron to burn the pimples on the head, and then wash them with wine and salt, or ale and salt until they bleed, and they will soon heal. Other Farriers use to take out his tongue, and to prick the veins thereof in seven or eight places, and likewise under his upper lips also, and let him bleed well: then rub every soar place with salt very much: then the next day wash all the soar places with white wine warm, or else with strong vinegar, and rub it again with salt: then for two or three days let the horse drink no cold drink and he will do well.   

CHAP. 28. Of the Canker in the mouth.  
A Canker is said of the ancient Farriers to be nothing but a rawness of the mouth and tongue, which is full of very soar blisters, from whence will run a very hot and sharp lie, which fret and corrode or rot the flesh, wheresoever it goeth. The signs are, the apparent sight of the soar, besides the forsaking of his meat, because he cannot swallow it down but lets it lie half chawed between his jaws; and sometimes when he hath chawed his meat, he will thrust it out of his mouth again, and his breath will savour very strongly, chiefly when the horse is fasting. This disease proceedeth oftest from some unnatural heat coming from the stomach, and sometimes from the venom of filthy food. The cure is (as the oldest Farriers instruct us) to take alum half a pound, of honey a quarter of a pint, of collombine leaves, of sage, of each a handful; boil all these together in three pints of running water until one pint be consumed, and wash all the soar places therewith, so as they may bleed; and do thus once every day until it be whole. Other Farriers use first to cast the horse, and with a rolling pin to open his mouth; then with a crooked Iron wrapped about with tow or flax, to rake out all the stinking grass or other meat that lieth in his jaws, and under the root of his tongue: then when you have cleansed it thus, you shall heat strong wine vinegar somewhat warm, and then with the same Iron wrapped with new tow, and dipped in the vinegar, you shall wash all the soar places till they bleed: then wash all his tongue and his lips with the same vinegar, and so let him rise; and then feed him at least 7 days with warm mashes and hot grains; but in no wise with any hay, and he will soon be whole. Other Farriers use to take of the juice of daffodil roots seven drams, of the juice of hounds tongue as much, of vinegar as much, and of alum one ounce; mix these well together, and wash the canker therewith once a day until it be whole. Others use to take of saven, of bay-salt, and of rue, of each like quantity, and stamp them together with as much barrows grease, and anoint the soar places therewith until the canker be killed, which you may know by the whiteness, & then heal it up only with alum water. Others use first to wash the canker till it bleed with warm vinegar, to take a good quantity of alum beaten into very fine powder, and to mix it with strong vinegar till it be as thick as a salve; then to anoint all the soar places therewith, and do thus twice or thrice a day until the canker be whole. Now for mine own part, the best cure that ever I found for this sorrance, is to take of ginger and of alum, of each like quantity, made into very fine powder: then with strong vinegar to mix them together till they be very thick like a salve, then when you have washed the canker clean, either with alum water or with vinegar, anoint it with this salve, and in twice or thrice dressing the canker will be whole.   

CHAP. 29. Of heat in the mouth and lips of a Horse.  
THe unnatural and violent heat which ascendeth up from the stomach into the mouth, doth not always breed a canker, but sometimes only heateth and inflameth the mouth and lips, making them only swell and burn, so as the horse can take no joy in his food, but through the grief refuseth his meat. The cure thereof is, first turn up his upper lip, or that which is most swelled, and with a lancet iagge it lightly, so that it may bleed; and then wash both that, and all his mouth and tongue with vinegar and salt.   

CHAP. 30. Of the Tongue being hurt with the Bit, or otherwise.  
IF the tongue of a horse be either hurt, cut, or galled, by any accident or mischance whatsoever, the best cure is (as the old Farriers suppose) to take of English honey, and of salt lard, of each like quantity, a little unslaked lime, & a little of the powder of pepper; boil them on a soft fire, and stir them well together until they be thick like unto an ointment: then wash the wound with white wine warmed: after that anoint the wound with the said ointment twice a day, and by no means let the horse wear any bit until he be whole. Other Farriers use first to wash the soar with alum water; and then to take the leaves of black bramble, and to chop them together small with a little lard: that done, to bind it with a little clout, making it round like a ball: then having dipped the round end in honey, to rub the tongue therewith once a day until it be whole.   

CHAP. 31. Of the barbs or Paps underneath a Horse's tongue.  
THE barbs are two little paps which naturally do grow under every horse's tongue whatsoever, in the neither jaws; yet if at any time they shoot out, and grow into an extraordinary length, or by the overflow of humours become to be inflamed, than they are a sorrance, and with the extremity of their pain, they hinder the horse from feeding. The cure of them is both according to the opinion of the ancient and late Farriers, absolutely to clip them away with a pair of shears close by the jaw; and then to wash the soar either with water and salt, or with salt tartar and strong vinegar mixed together, or else with vinegar and salt. Any of all which will heal them.   

CHAP. 32. Of pain in a Horse's teeth, of wolves teeth and jaw teeth.  
A Horse may have pain in his teeth through divers occasions, as partly by the descent of humours from the head down unto the teeth and gums, which is very proper to colts and young horses, and plainly to be seen by the rankness and swelling of the gums, and also he may have pain in his teeth, by having two extraordinary teeth, called the wolves teeth, which be two little teeth growing in the upper jaws, next unto the great grinding teeth; which are so painful to the horse, that he cannot endure to chaw his meat, but is forced either to let it fall out of his mouth, or else to keep it still half chawed. Again, a horse will have great pain in his teeth when his upper jaw teeth be so far grown as they over-hang the neither jaw teeth; and therewith also be so sharp, as in moving his jaws they cut and raze the insides of his cheeks, even as they were razed with a knife. Lastly, a horse may have great pain in his teeth, when either by corruption of blood, or some other natural weakness, the horses teeth grow loose & soar in such manner that through the tenderness thereof, he is not able to chaw or grind his food. Now for the several cures of these infirmities you shall understand that first as touching the general pain in a horses teeth, which doth come by means of the distillation of humours, it is thought fit by the ancientest Farriers, first to rub all the outside of the horses gums with fine chalk and strong vinegar well mixed together. Other Farriers use after they have so washed the gums, to straw upon them the powder of pomegranate pills, & to cover the temples of the head with a plaster of pitch, rosin, and mastic molten together, as hath been before declared. Now for the cure of the wolves teeth, or the jaw teeth (acocrding to the opinion of the ancient Farriers) it is thus. First, cause the horses head to be tied up high to some post or raster, and his mouth to be opened with a cord so wide that you may easily see every part thereof: then take an instrument of Iron, made in all points like unto a carpenters gouge, and with your left hand set the edge of the tool at the foot of the wolves teeth, on the outside of the jaw, turning the hollow side of the tool downward, holding your hand steadily, so as the tool may not slip not serve from the foresaid teeth: then having a mallet in your right hand, strike upon the head of the tool a good stroke, wherewith you may loosen the tooth, and make it bend inward: then straining the midst of your tool upon the horses neither jaw, wrinch the tooth outward with the inside or hollow side of the tool, and thrust it clean out of his head: which done, serve the other wolves tooth on the other side in like manner, and then fill up the empty holes with salt finely brayed. Other Farriers use (and I have in mine experience found it the better practice) only when the horse is either tied up or cast, and his mouth opened, to take a very sharp file, and to file the wolves teeth so smooth as is possible, and then wash his mouth with a little alum water. Now if the upper jaw teeth overhang the neither jaw teeth, & so cut the inside of the mouth as is aforesaid, than you shall take your former tool or gouge, and with your mallet strike and pair all those teeth shorter by little and little degrees, running alongst them even from the first unto the last, turning the hollow side of your tool towards the teeth, by which means you shall not cut the insides of the horses cheeks: then with your file, file them all smooth without any raggedness, and then wash the horses mouth with vinegar & salt. Lastly if the pain do proceed from the looseness of his teeth, than the cure is, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, first to cast the horse, and prick all his gums over with a lancet, making them bleed well; then rub them all over with sage and salt, and it will fasten them again. Others use to let the horse blood in the vein under his tail next the rump, and then to rub all his gums with sage, and to give him in his provender, the tender crops of black briars; or else wash all his mouth with honey, sage, and salt beaten together; and by no means let the horse eat any moist meat: for cold, moist, and marish feeding in the winter, only breedeth this disease of looseness in the teeth; and it is of all other, most proper to the Sorrel horses.   

CHAP. 33. Of diseases in the Neck and Witherss, and first of the Crick in the neck.  
THe Crick in the neck of a horse, is when he cannot turn his neck any way, but holds it still right forth, in so much that he cannot bow down his head to take up his meat from the ground, but with exceeding great pain; and surely it is a kind of convultion of sinews, which proceedeth from cold causes, of which we have spoken very sufficiently before: it also proceedeth sometimes from overheavy burdens▪ that be laid upon a horses shoulders; or by overmuch drying up of the sinews of the neck. The cure whereof, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, is, first to thrust a sharp hot Iron through the flesh of the neck in five several places, every one distant from the other three inches, (but in any case beware of touching any sinew:) then rowell all the aforesaid places either with horse hair, flax or hemp, for the space of fifteen days, and anoint the rowels with hog's grease, and the neck will soon be restored. Others use if the crick causeth the horse to hold his head strait forward, which showeth that both sides are equally perplexed, to take a hot drawing Iron, & draw the horse from the root of the ear, on both sides the neck, through the midst of the same, even down the breast, a straw deep, so as both ends may meet on the breast: then make a hole through the skin of the forehead, hard under the foretop, & thrust in a cornet upward betwixt the skin and the flesh, a handful deep: then either put in a goose feather doubled in the midst, and anointed with hog's grease: or else a rowel of either horn or leather with a hole in the midst: any of which will keep the hole open, to the intent the matter may issue forth: and this you shall keep open the space of ten days; but every day during that time the hole must be● cleansed once, and the feather or rowel also cleansed, and fresh anointed, and put in again; and once a day let him stand upon the bit an hour or two, or else be ridden abroad two or three miles, by such an one as will bear the horses head, and make him bring it in; but if the crick be such that it maketh the horse to hold his head awry upon the one side, which showeth that but one side of the neck is troubled, than you shall not draw the horse with an hot Iron, on both the sides of the neck, but only on the contrary side, as thus: If he bend his head towards the right side, then to draw him, as is aforesaid, only on the left side, and to use the rest of the cure as is abovesaid, and if necessity do require, you may splint the horses neck also strait strong with splints of wood. I have cured this crick in the neck only by bathing the horses neck in the oil of peeter very hot, and then rolling it all up in wet hay, or rotten litter, and keeping the horse exceeding warm, without using any burning, wounding, or other violence.   

CHAP. 34. Of Wens in the neck.  
A Wen is a certain bunch or kernel upon the skin, like a tumour or swelling; the inside whereof is sometimes hard like a gristel, and spongeous like a skin full of soft warts; and sometimes yellow like unto rusted bacon, with some white grains among. Now of wens some are great and some be small, also some are very painful and some not painful at all. They proceed as some imagine, of naughty gross phlegmatic humours, binding together in some sick part of the body. And others say they proceed from taking of cold, or from drinking of waters that be most extreme cold; but I say, that albeit they may proceed from these causes, yet most generally they proceed from some pinching, bruising, biting, ripping, or galling either of girths, halter, collar, or any other thing whatsoever. The cure thereof is this: take of mallows, sage, and red nettles, of each one handful; boil them in running water, and put thereunto a little butter and honey; and when the herbs be soft, take them out, and all to bruise them, and put thereunto of oil de bay two ounces, and of hogs grease two ounces; and warm them together over the fire, mixing them well together: that done, plaster it upon a piece of leather, so big as the wen, and lay it to so hot as the horse can endure it, renewing it every day in such sort the space of eight days; and if you perceive it will come to no head, then launce it from the midst of the wen downward, so deep that the matter in the bottom may be discovered & let out: which done, heal it up with this salve: Take of Turpentine a quartern, and wash it nine times in fair water, than put thereunto the yolk of an egg, and a little English saffron beaten into powder, and make a taint or roll of flax, and dip it in that ointment, and lay it unto the soar, renewing the same every day once until the wen be cured. Others use in this case, with a hot Iron to burn and sear away all the superfluous flesh, & then to heal up the soar either with the ointment last rehearsed, or else with the powder of honey and lime mixed together; and this manner of cure is by much the speedier.   

CHAP. 35. Of swelling in the neck after blood-letting.  
THe swelling of a horses neck after blood-letting may come through divers occasions, as namely by striking through the vein, so as some of the blood being gotten betwixt the flesh and the vein, it there corrodeth and turneth to an impostume; or else by striking the vein with a rusty phlegm, whereby the vein rankleth; or by some cold wind striking suddenly into the hole: or lastly by suffering the horse too soon to thrust down his head, & graze or feed, whereby humours resorting to that place, breeds a great impostumation. The cure is according to the opinion of some Farriers, to take hemlock and stamp it, and then to mingle it with sheeps dung, and vinegar, and so making a plaster thereof, to lay it to the swelling, renewing it once a day until it be whole. Other Farriers use first to anoint the place with the oil of camomile warmed, and then to lay upon it a little hay, wet in cold water, and bind it about with a cloth, renewing it every day the space of a week, to see whether it will grow to a head, or else vanish away: if it grow to a head, you may then launce it, and thrust out the matter: then heal it up by tainting it with flax dipped in turpentine and hogs grease molten together, dressing it so once a day until it be whole.   

CHAP. 36. How to staunch Blood.  
IF your horse either by wound or other accident, or by the ignorance of any unskilful Farrier that letteth him blood when the sign is in that place, bleed so exceedingly that he will not be staunched, you shall then according to the opinion of the old Farriers, lay unto the wound a little new horse dung, tempered with chalk and strong vinegar, and not to remove it from thence the space of three days; or else to lay unto it burnt silk, burned felt, or burnt cloth, any of which will staunch blood. Others use to power into the wound, the juice of coriander, or else to let the horse chew in his mouth the leaves of periwinkle. Others use to take of bruised nettles, and lay them to the wound: or else wild tansy bruised, or hot hog's dung. Others use to take bruised sage, & lay it to the wound: or else the come about the Smiths forge: or else a sodde of earth, or bruised Hyssop, or the soft crops of hawthorn bruised: or else to take the quantity of two ounces of the horses blood, and boil it till it come to a powder, and then put that powder into the wound; but when all these fail, as in some extremities I have found them do, then for your only refuge, you shall take the soft down either of a Hare's skin, or of a Coney's skin, and stop the wound well therewith, holding it hard to with your hand till the blood staunch; and if it be any grievous soar wound, then as soon as the blood is stayed, spread a plaster of Bolearmonicke and vinegar mixed together over the wound.   

CHAP. 37. Of the falling of the Crest.  
THe falling of a horses crest, is when the upper part of a horses neck which is called the Crest, leaneth either to the one or the other side, and will not stand upright as it ought to do. It proceedeth most commonly from poverty and hard keeping, and especially when a fat horse falleth away suddenly upon any inward sickness. The cure (according to the oldest Farriers) is first to draw his crest a full straw breadth deep on the contrary side with a hot Iron, the edge of which Iron would be half an inch broad, and make both your beginning and ending somewhat beyond the fall, so as the first draft may go all the way hard upon the edge of the main, close by the roots of the same, bearing your hand right downward into the neckeward: then answer that with an other draft beneath, and so far distant from the first as the fall is broad, compassing, as it were, all the fall; but still on the contrary side, & betwixt those 2. draughts, right in the midst, draw a third draft: then with an Iron button of almost an inch about, burn at each end a hole; & also in the spaces betwixt the draughts, make divers holes, distant three fingers one from another, as this figure doth plainly show you. That done, to kill the fire, anoint it every day once with fresh butter for a week or more: then take of mallows, and of sage, of each one handful; boil them well in running water, and wash the burning away till it be raw flesh, and then dry it up with the powder of honey and lime. Other Farriers use for this infirmity, first to cast the horse upon some soft dunghill, or other easy place, and with a long knife to cut away the flesh on the hanging or under side of the crest, even from the fore-end thereof to the hinder end, six inches broad, and two inches thick, or somewhat more in the middle thereof where it is thickest: then groping the crest with your hands, to pair the thickest part thereof, till it come all to one thinness; then holding the horse still fast bound, to cover all the place with great handfuls of swine's dung prepared for the purpose, and held to the sore place an hour together, till the blood be staunched: then let the horse arise, and lead him into the stable, tying him in such sort, that he may neither rub his neck nor lie down: then the next morning take good store of burnt alum beaten to powder, and strew it all over the soar place, and so let him stand for two days after without any stirring, lest the wound should bleed again: then at the end of those two days you shall bathe the soar gently with a fine linen cloth, dipped in warm urine; and then drying the soar, again throw more burnt alum upon it; and after anoint all about the out side of the edges of the soar with unguentum Album Camphiratum, more than an inch broad: thus you shall dress him every day once on that side of the crest which did fall: then for the contrary side you shall draw his main thereon, and plate it in many plaits: which done, you shall to those plaits with thongs of leather fasten a cudgel of a foot and a half long: then to the midst of that cudgel, you shall hang a piece of lead with a hole in it, of such weight as will poise the crest up even, and hold it in his right place: then shall you draw his crest on that side the weight hangs with a hot drawing Iron, even from the top of the crest, down to the point of the shoulder, making divers strokes, one an inch and an half from another: then shall you lay upon the burnt places, a plaster of pitch, tar, and rosin, molten together, and so let the weight hang till all the soar places be healed, and there is no question but the crest will stand both upright and strongly.   

CHAP. 38. Of manginess in the Main.  
THe manginess which is in the main of a horse, and maketh him shed his hair, proceedeth either from the rankness of blood, poverty or lousiness; or else of rubbing where a mangy horse hath rubbed, or else of filthy fretting dust lying in the main for want of good dressing. The signs are the apparent rubbing and itching of the horse about the main and neck, and the scabs fretting both the flesh & skin, besides the shedding and falling away of the hair. The cure (according to the opinion of some of our old Farriers) is, first let him blood on the neck vein, and cut away all the hair from the scabs; then with a hot Iron as big as a man's finger, sear all the soar place even from the one end to the other: then anoint all the place you so burnt with black soap, and now and then wash it with strong lee and black soap mixed together. Other Farriers for this manginess only take of fresh grease one pound, of quicksilver half an ounce, of brimstone one ounce, of rape oil half a pint, mingle them together, and stir them continually in a pot with a slice, until the quicksilver be so wrought with the rest, as you shall perceive no quicksilver therein: that done, take a blunt knife, or an old horse-combe, and scratch all the mangy places therewith until it be raw and bloody, and then anoint it with this ointment in the sunshine, if it may be, to the intent the ointment may sink in, or else hold before it either a hot fire pan, or a hot bar of Iron, to make the ointment melt into the flesh, and if you see that within three days after thus once anointing him he leave not rubbing, then mark in what place he rubbeth, and dress that place again, and questionless it will serve.   

CHAP. 39 Of the shedding of the hair in the Main.  
Hair, for the most part, sheddeth or falleth from the main of a horse by reason of certain little worms which eat and fret the roots of the hair asunder. The cure whereof is first to anoint the main and crest with black soap, and then to make a strong lie either of running water and ash ashes, or else of urine and ash ashes, and with that to wash the main● all over and it will help him.   

CHAP. 40. Of pain and grief in a horses Withers.  
BOth to a horses withers, and also to his back, do happen many infirmities and sorrances, some proceeding from inward causes, as of the corruption of humours, and sometime of outward causes, as through the galling, pinching, and wring of some naughty saddle, or some heavy burden laid on the horses back, or such like; and of these griefs some be small, and some be great: the small are only superficial blisters, swellings, light galls, or bruisings, and are easily cured; but the great are those which pierce to the very bone, and be most dangerous, especially if they be nigh to the back bone. Then to speak first of the smaller gallings, whensoever you shall see any swelling to arise, either about your horses withers, or any other part of his back, the cure is (according to the opinion of some of the old Farriers) first if the place be much swollen and festered, then to pierce it with a sharp hot Iron in many parts on both sides of the neck, & then put into the same, tents of linen cloth, dipped in warm salad oil; and then after to dry and heal it up with the powder of honey and lime mixed together.  
Others use to take butter and salt, and to boil them together until they be black, then to power it hot on the swelling; & then to take a flake of warm horse-dung, and lay it on the soar back until it be whole, dressing it once a day.  
Others (especially the best of the ancient Farriers) use as soon as they see any swelling to arise, to bind unto it a little hot horse-dung, to see if that will assuage it; which it will not, then to prick it round about the swelling with a phlegm, knife, or lancet, yet not too deep, but so as it may pierce the skin, and make the blood issue forth: that done, take of mallows, or smallage, two or three handfuls, and boil them in running water until they be so soft as pap: then strain the water softly from it, and bruise the herbs in a train dish, putting thereunto a little hogs grease or else salad oil, or sheeps suet, or any other fresh grease; boil them and stir them together, not frying them hard, but so as they may be soft and supple; and then with a clout lay it warm upon the soar, renewing it every day once until the swelling be gone: for it will either drive it away or bring it unto a head, which lightly chanceth not in these small swellings, except some gristel or bone be perished. Others of the ancient Farriers use when they see any swelling to arise about a horses back, first to shave the place with a razor; and then to lay thereunto this plaster: Take a little wheat flower, and the white of an egg beaten together, and spread it on a linen clout, which being laid unto the swelling two or three days, and not removed, will bring it to a head; & when you come to take it off, pull it away so softly as you can possibly; and where as you see the corruption gathered together, then in the lowest place thereof, pierce it upward with a sharp Iron somewhat hot, that the corruption may come out; and anoint the soar place every day once with fresh butter or hog's grease until it be whole. Others of our latter Farriers use when they see any swelling, only to lay wet hay unto it: for that will either drive it away, or bring it unto a head; and then when it is broken you shall lay upon it a plaster of wine lees, renewing it as often as it grows dry; and if your lees be too thin, you may thicken them with wheat flower: or if you like not this medicine, than you may make a plaster of thick barm, as great as the soar, and renew it once a day until the swelling be assuaged, but if you see that any corruption be knit together, than you shall launce it in the nethermost part, and let out the matter: then wash the soar either with urine, ale, or beer, made scalding hot; then dry up all the moisture from the soar, either with a linen cloth or with a sponge: then cover all the soar over with burnt alum beaten to powder: and thus dress the horse once a day until the flesh be grown up so high as you would have it; then shall you dress the soar but once in two or three days. But if you see it skinneth but slowly, then may you anoint the edge of the soar all about after it hath been washed as aforesaid, with unguentum Album, for that will make the skin to come fast; but if you do perceive that by dressing it thus seldom, there doth begin any proud flesh to grow, then shall you take a dram of Mercury, and mingle it with an ounce of unguentum album, and anoint all the soar place therewith, once in two days, this will correct the proud flesh, and cause it to skin and heal suddenly. Others use for the abating of these swellings, to boil meadows in the grounds of ale, & to clap it hot to the swelling: then if the swelling do break, then wash it with piss, and power hot molten butter upon it. Others use to shave away the hair, and then to lay very hot unto it, a handful of leeks stamped & mixed with boars grease; or else to take a turf of earth burned red, and laid to as hot as the horse can suffer it. Other Farriers use to take nettles beaten to pieces, and mixed with hot urine, and so lay it on hot, and then set on the saddle: and then if after two or three days dressing, the swelling break, then look if there be any dead flesh within the soar, and either eat or cut it out: then take a pound of fresh grease, and a pound of salad oil, three ounces of white wax, one ounce of turpentine, and three drams of verdigris; melt all these together, and taint the soar therewith till it be whole: for this will both eat away the ill flesh and incarnate good. Others take green coleworts, and stamp them with swine's grease, and then lay it plasterwise on the soar, and it will assuage it, especially if you ride the horse a little, to make the medicine enter in. Now if there be no great swelling, but only the skin chafed off, than you shall wash the place with water and salt, or else with warm wine and sprinkle upon it the powder of honey and lime; or else the powder of Myrrh, or the powder of burnt silk, or felt, or cloth, or of any old post. Other Farriers use when only the skin is galled off, to take a spoonful of thick cream, and to put as much chimney soot unto it as will make it like an ointment, and then to lay it upon the sore, and questionless it will skin it presently.   

CHAP. 41. Of any gold back, or Withers, how great soever the swelling or inflammation be.  
IF the swelling, pince, wring or gall, either upon the withers or any part of the back of a horse, be extraordinary great and much inflamed, so that there is no apparent hope that it can be got away, without much apostemation, than the cure according to the opinion of the ancientest Farriers, is, to take barm, and mix it with so much soot of a chimney, and make it so thick therewith, that it shall seem like tar: and with that make a plaster, and lay it to the sore place, renewing it twice a day, and it will both draw and heal it. Other● use, to take a handful of bay salt, a handful of great and small oatmeal, and put a quantity of old stale thereto, and stir them altogether, and temper it like pap or past, and then make round balls thereof; then throw them into a fire, and make them red hot, then take them forth and beat them to fine powder; and then strew of that powder all over the sore, so oft as you shall see any part thereof bare, and it will heal it. Other Farriers use if they see the swelling to be any thing great, first to draw round about the swelling with a hot iron, and then cross him with the same iron, in manner of this figure: then take a round hot iron, having a sharp point, and thrust it into the swelling place on each side upward, towards the point of the withers, or top of the back, to the intent that the matter may issue downwards at both the holes; that done, taint both the holes, first with a taint dipped in hogs grease to kill the fire, and also anoint all the burnt places therewith, continuing so to do until the swelling be assuaged, renewing the tent every day once, until the fiery matter be fallen away: then tent him again with washed turpentine, mingled with yolks of eggs and saffron, renewing the tent every day once until it be whole. But if for all this the swelling do not go away, than it is a sign of some inward inpostumation, and then it shall be good that you lance it, and let out the corruption▪ then take of honey half a pint, of verdigris two ounces, beaten to powder, and mix it together with the honey; then boil them in a pot until they look red, then being lukewarm, make either a tent or a plaster, according as the wound shall require, renewing the same every day once until it be whole. But the sore may be so vehement that for lack of looking to in time, if it be on the withers, it will pierce downwards betwixt both the shoulders even into the body, which is most dangerous, and mortal; therefore whensoever you shall fear any such hollowness, you shall tent the hole with the salve last mentioned, and thrust after it a good piece of dry sponge, as well to keep the hole open as also to suck out the corruption, and this you shall renew once a day until the sore be whole. Others of our latter Farriers use to take butter, vinigar, and bay salt, and melting them together lay it to the sore warm until it break, then strew upon it either soot or the powder of a clay wall; but if it be much festered ●●●● weight or knobs lying directly behind the saddle: of all bruisings on the back, it is the most wild and dangerous, and you shall perceive it by puffed up and spongy flesh looking like old rotten lights about the mouth of the sore. The cure therefore is according to some of the ancients Farriers, first to cut away all the dead or proud flesh even to the bone, then burn a hole four inches lower than the navel gall, and put a rowel of horse hair through it; then take the powder of oyster shells or of an old shoe sole burnt, and strew it on the sore, and ever as it waxeth moist put on more powder. Others for the navel gall take the white of an egg, wheat flower, honey, mustard, and soap, of each like quantity, and mixing them together make a plaster thereof; and after the dead flesh is taken out, and the sore washed with ale, butter & urine, then lay on the plaster: & if the proud flesh begin to grow again, than the powder of an old burnt shoe, or nerve oil, or verdigris will kill it, and the powder of oyster shells will skin it. Other of the ancient Farrier's use, after they have cut out all the rotten and dead flesh, to take the white of an egg and salt beaten together, and lay that plaster wise to the sore upon a little toaw, renewing it once a day the space of two days, then take of honey a quartern of a pint, and of verdigris one ounce beat into powder, and boil them together in a pot, stirring it still until it look red, and being lukewarm make a plaster with toaw, and clap it to the wound, washing and cleansing well the wound, first with a little warm vinigar or white wine, continuing so to do once a day until it begin to heal and to skin; then dry it up by sprinkling thereon this powder following. Take of honey a quartern, and as much of sleckt lime as will thicken the honey and make it like past, and in a fire-pan over the fire, stir it still until it be hard baked, so as it may be beaten into powder; but ever before you throw on the powder, wash the wound first with warm vinegar, continuing so to do until it be perfectly skinned. Others use, to heal this gall by laying on the sore, a plaster of chimney soot and barm mixed together, or else to mix nettle seeds and salad oil together, and anoint the sore therewith. Others use only to wash the sore with warm water, and then anoint the place with fresh grease and salt mixed together; or else to take of betony, powder of brimstone, Ellibor, pitch, and old grease, of each like quantity, and stamp them together, and when you have washed the sore with chamber lie, then anoint it with this ointment, until it be whole.   

CHAP. 46. Of the swaying of the back.  
A horse is said to be swayed in the back, when either by too great a burden, or by some slip, strain, or over hasty and strait turning, he hath taken an extreme wrinch in the lower part of his back below his short ribs, and directly between his fillets: the signs whereof, are a continual reeling and rolling of the horses hinder parts in his going, and also he will folter many times, and sway sometimes backwards, and sometimes sidelong and be ready to fall even to the ground; beside, the horse being laid will with great difficulty rise up again. The cure, according to the opinion of the old Italian Farriers, is, to take of the fat of the fruit of the pine tree, two ounces, of Olibanum three ounces, or resin four ounces, of pitch four ounces, of Bolearmonicke one ounce, and of Sanguis Draconis half an ounce; incorporate all these well together, and lay it plaster wise all over the reins of the horses back, not taking it by any means away till it fall of. Others of our own Farriers, use first to cover the horses back with a sheep's skin, coming hot from the sheeps back, laying the fleshy side next to his back, and then lay a warm houssing cloth upon the same, to keep his back as hot as may be, and so let it continue until it begin to smell; then take the old skin away, and apply a new unto it, continuing so to do the space of three weeks, and if he amend not with this, then draw his back with a hot iron, right out on both sides of the ridge of his back, from the pitch of the buttock, unto a handful within the saddle: and then again overthwart according to this figure, & let every line be an inch one from another; neither let the stroke be deep, & burned no more than that every one may look yellow; then lay upon the burning this charge or plaster. Take of pitch one pound, of resin half a pound, of Bolearmonicke half a pound, made into powder, and half a pint of tar, and boil all these together in a pot, and stir it until every thing be molten, and thoroughly mingled together, then being lukewarm daub all the burning therewith very thick, and thereupon clap as many flocks of the horses colour as you can make to abide on, and remove it not before it fall away of itself; and if it be in summer you may turn the horse to grass.   

CHAP. 47. Of special weakness in the Back.  
ACcording to the opinion of our oldest Farriers (though myself have taken little notice of the infirmity) there is an other kind of weakness belonging to a horses back, which they call the fretting or biting of the reins, which doth proceed from abundance of humours resorting to that place, whereby all the hinder parts of the horse do l●●se their feeling and strength, and the horse falleth down to the ground; yea and such humours many times resorting to the heart do suffocate the same, and in two or three hours do cause the horse to die. The cure according to their opinion is, first to let the h●●se blood abundantly in the neck vein and to draw his back with a hot iron, in such sort as is declared in the last Chapter, and then to make him swim a p●ety while in some river; then rowell him upon the haunches near unto the huckell bones and then to anoint the sore place, with hogs grease and three leaved grass stamped together, until he be whole.   

CHAP. 48. Of the swelling of the cods or stones.  
THis kind of swelling or inflammation of the cod cometh either by some wound received, or by the stinging or else biting of some venomous beast, or else by some great strain, either in running or leaping, or by the biting of one horse with an other. The cure is, according to the opinion of the most ancient Italian Farriers is, first to bathe the cod with water, wherein hath been sodden the roots of wild cucumbers and salt, and then to anoint it with an ointment made of oil, goat's grease, and the white of an egg; or else to bathe the cod in warm water, Nitrum, and vinegar mingled together, and also to be anointed with an ointment made of chalk, or of potter's earth, ox dung, cumin, water, and vinegar mingled together; or else to be anointed with the juice of the herb called nightshade, or with the juice of hemlock, which grows on dunghills; and if need require, to let him blood on the flank veins. But out later Farriers, who hold that this disease cometh oftest after some sickness, or surfait with cold, being a sign of amendment from that sickness, do cure it in this sort; take of bean flower, wheat meal, cumin, and hogs grease, of each like quantity, and making a plaster thereof, spread it all over the horses cod and stones. Others boil groundsel in wine and vinegar, and so bathe the horse's cods therewith; or else take a quart of good ale-worte, and set it on the fire, with the crumbs of brown bread strongly leavened, and better than a handful of cumin made in powder; then with bean flower make a plaster of them all, and apply it to the grief, as hot as it can be suffered; or if this help not, take cows dung and seeth it in milk, and lay it upon the swelling as hot as may be, and it will assuage it. But if this inflammation proceed from rankness of seed, which you shall perceive by the moist sliminess of his yard, than you shall first make him cover a Mare, then keep him without provendar, and let him blood above the great vein, which is between his hips, & lay thereto hard eggs, beaten in his own dung, and make a plaster of the same and lay it to his cods, and once a day wash his cods with cold water. Others use to let the horse blood in his flank veins, and then take of oil of roses, and of vinegar of each half a pint, of Bowl armonic half a quartern beaten to powder; mix them together in a cruse, and being lukewarm anoint the cod therewith, with, two or three feathers bound together; and the next day ride him into the water, so as his cods may be within the water, giving him a turn or two therein, and so return fair and softly home unto the stable; and when the horse is dry anoint him again as before, and do thus every day until the horse be whole. Now there be other Farriers which hold that this disease may come by means of evil humours and corrupt blood, which resort unto the cod, and then the cure is to cover all the cods over, with a charge made of bolearmoniac and vinegar wrought together, renewing it every day once until the swelling go away, or that it break of itself, and if it break, then to taint it with Mel Rosatum, and make him a breech of canvas to keep it in, renewing the tent every day once until it be whole.   

CHAP. 49. Of incording, or bursting, or the rupture in horses.  
THis rupture, or as our old Farriers call it, this incording or burstinesse in horses, is when the rim or thin film which holdeth the guts up in a horse's body is broken, so that the guts falleth down either into the cod of the horse, or into the horses flank, as I have seen divers: now this burstness cometh either by some stripe or blow of another horse, or else by some strain in leaping over a hedge or ditch, or by teaching a horse to bond when he is too young, or when a horse goreth himself upon some pole or stake, or by forcing a horse when he is full to run beyond his strength, or by stopping a horse too suddenly upon naughty ground, whereby the straddling and slipping of his hinder feet, may stretch or tear his rim: the signs to know this sorrance before it be apparent to the ●ie are, the horse will forsake his meat and stand shoaring and leaning always on that side that he is hurt, and on that side if you search with your hand, betwixt the stone and the thigh, upward to the body, and somewhat above the stone, you shall find the gut itself big and hard in the feeling; whereas on the other side you shall find no such thing. Now for the cure, although for mine own part I both do and shall ever hold it incurable as long as a horse is a beast without reason, yet for your satisfaction I will not stick to repeat what the best Farriers and myself have practised, in as much as it worketh much good though no absolute cure. The cure than is to bring the horse into some house or place which hath over head a strong balk or beam going overthwart and strew that place thick with straw, then put on four strong pasterns with four rings on his feet, and fasten one end of a long rope to one of those rings, than thread all the other rings with the loose end of the rope, and so draw all his four feet together & cast him on the straw; that done, cast the rope over the balk, and hoist the horse so as he may lie flat on his back, with his legs upward without struggling; then bathe his stones well with warm water and butter molten together, and the stones being somewhat warm and well mollified, raise them up from the body with both your hands, being closed by the fingers close together, and holding the stones in your hands in such manner, work down the gut into the body of the horse, by striking it downwards continually with your two thumbs, one labouring immediately after another, until you perceive that side of the stone to be so small as the other; and so having returned the gut into his right place, take a list of two fingers broad, thoroughly anointed with fresh butter, and tie his stones both together with the same so nigh the body as may be, yet not over hard, but so as you may put your fingar betwixt; that done, take the horse quietly down, and lead him gently into the stable, where he must stand warm, and not be stirred for the space of 3 weeks: but forget not the next day after you have placed his gut in his true place, to unloosen the list & to take it away, & as well at that time, as every day once or twice after, to cast a dish or 2 of cold water up into his cod, and that will make him to shrink up his stones, and thereby restrain the gut from falling down; and at the three weeks end to make your cure so much the suerer, it were not amiss to geld the stone on that side away, so shall he hardly be bursten again on that side; and during the cure let him not eat much nor drink much, and let his drink be always warm.   

CHAP. 50. Of the Botch in the groins of a Horse.  
IT is the opinion of all the best horseleeches, that if a gross horse which is full of humours be suddenly and violently laboured, that then the humours will resort into the weakest parts, and there gather together and breed a botch, and specialle in the hinder parts betwixt the the thighs, not far from the cods. The signs ar●, the hinder legs will be all swollen & specially from the cambrels or houghs upward, and if you feel with your hand you shall find a great knob or swelling, and if it be round and hard it will gather to a head; the cure according to the general practice is, first to ripe it with this plaster, take of wheat flower, of turpentine, and of honey, of each like quantity, stirring it together to make a stiff plaster: and with a cloth lay it to the sore, renewing it every day once until it break or wax soft; and then lance it, so as the matter may run downward, then taint it with turpentine, and hogs grease molten together, renewing it every day once until it be whole.   

CHAP. 51. Of the Itch, Scab, or manginess in the tail, or general falling of the hair.  
Horses through the corruption of blood or the fullness of rank feeding, or through over heating and labouring, or by the infection of other horses, do many times get the general scab, itch, or manginess in the tail; and sometimes in the spring time horses are troubled with the truncheon worms in their fundament, which will make them rub their tails, & fret the hair, yet are free both from mange and scurf; wherefore if than you only rake the horse with your hand anointed with soap, and pull out the worms, you shall cause the horse to leave his rubbing; but if you perceive the hair to shed and fall from the tail, through some small worms that grows at the roots of the hair, or through some little fretting scurf, than you shall anoint all the tail with soap even to the ground, and then wash it with very strong lie after, and that will both kill the worms, and scour out the scurf; but if much of the tail be fallen away, than you shall keep the tail continually wet, with a sponge dipped in fair water, and that will make the hair to grow very fast. Now if in the horse's tail shall grow any canker, which will consume both the flesh and bone, and make the joints to fall away one by one, than you shall wash all his tail with Aqua fortis or strong water made in this sort. Take of green copporas and of alum, of each one pound, of white copporas a quartern, boil all these together in three quarts of running water, in a very strong earthen pot until the one half be consumed; and then with a little of this water being made lukewarm, wash his tail with a little clout, or flax bound to the end of a stick, continuing so to do every day once, until it be whole. But if as I said before, through the corruption of blood, food, or labour, this scab, itch, or manginess, spread universally into many parts of the tail, you shall then likewise wash it with the same strong water, until it be whole.   

CHAP. 52. Of the general Scab, Mainginesse or Leprosy, over the whole body.  
THe general manginess or leprosy, which runneth all over the horse's body, is a cankered filthy scurf which covereth the same, proceeding from abundance of melancholy corrupt blood, engendered by infection or unwholesome food, or else by indiscreet labour. The signs whereof are, the horse will be all mangy, and covered over with a white filthy scurf, full of scabs, and raw plots about the neck & flanks, and evil favoured to look on, and rubbing, scratching and biting, of all diseases there is none more infectious, nor will more certainly kill a horse if it be not prevented. Now the cure according to the opinion of the ancientest Farriers, is, first to let the horse blood in the one side of the neck vein, and within two days after on the other side of the neck, and within two days after that, in the flank veins, and last of all in the vein under the tail; then wash all the sore places with salt brine, & rubbing them hard with a wisp of straw hard twisted, so as they may bleed well and be all raw; that done, anoint the places with this ointment, take of quicksilver one ounce, of hog's grease one pound, of brimstone beaten into powder a quartern, of rape oil a pint, mingle these things well together, until the quicksilver be thoroughly incorporated with the rest, and having anointed all the raw places with this ointment, make it to sink into the flesh, by holding and weaving up and down over it, a hot broad bar of iron, and then touch him no more again the space of two or three days, during which time, if you see that he rubbeth still in any place, then rub that place again with an old horse comb, to make it raw, and anoint it with fresh ointment. But if all this will not help, then with a hot iron round and blunt at the point, so big as a man's little finger, burn all the mangy places, making round holes, passing only through the skin and no further; for which intent it shall be needful to pull the skin first from the flesh with your left hand, holding it still until you have thrust the hot iron through it, and let every hole be a span one from another, and if need be, you may anoint those holes with a little soap, and let the horse be very thin di●●ted, during this curing time. Now for mine own part, I do utterly dislike this burning, for it is a foul manner of cure, and breedeth much eyesore in the horse, and therefore other of our latter Farriers use for this disease after they have let the horse blood in the neck vein, to take a good quantity of fresh grease, and mix it well with the powder of chalk, than put thereto a good quantity of the powders of brimstone and ellecampany roots, and stir them all well together; then take a pretty quantity of quicksilver, and kill it with your fasting spittle, or salad oil, & mix it with all the rest very well together, and so anoint all the sore places about the horse with this ointment. Others use to take of lamp oil, the fine powder of brimstone, of black soap, of tar, of hog's grease, and the soot of a chimney, of each a like quantity, & then mix them all well together, by boiling them on the fire, and then anoint all the sore places therewith, as hot as the horse can suffer it, always provided that the horse be let blood before you use the ointment. Others use, after the horse is let blood, to take of oil de bay a pound, and of quicksilver one ounce, and mixing them together, never leave stirring thereof, till the quicksilver be killed, & incorporated with the oil▪ then anoint all the sore places therewith, after you have made them raw by rubbing them. Other Farriers use first to let the horse blood, then to wash all the sore places within two days after, with water wherein young broom, or the herb of arsmanarck hath been well sod in, and smally chopped, and mixed with a little soot; and rub him well until the sore places bleed, then take a pound of black soap, a pottle of keen mustard, four pennyworth of brimstone made into powder, three pennyworth of quicksilver well killed with fresh grease, two pennyworth of verdigris, a quarter of a pint of grease; stir all these together in a vessel, till the grease and other things, be molten with labour and without fire, and therewithal anoint all the sore places, and with once anointing and twice washing, this will cure him. Others use if the horse be young, to let him blood on both sides the neck, and then to cut the skin down the midst of his forehead two fingers in length, then with a cornet open the skin an inch wide on both sides the slit, and put therein thin slices of the green root of Ellecampane or Angelica, which is the better; so let them remain under the skin till the matter rot, then crush it forth after two or three days, and in twelve days the roots will fall out as it healeth; and this will cure the mange, provided, that you anoint all the sore places with the powder of brimstone, verdigris, and oil olive, mixed upon a fire very well together. Others use after blood letting, to rowell the horse under the neck, that the evil humours may have issue forth, then to rub all his body over with an hard hair cloth or an old cury comb, until the horse bleedeth; after that take of sulphur, salt, & tartar, of each a like quantity, beat them and temper them, with very strong vinegar and as much common oil, and therewith anoint all the sore places; or else take very strong vinegar, the urine of a boy under twelve years of age, and the juice of hemlock, mix them together and wash the horse therewithal. Other Farriers use after blood letting, to anoint the horse with one of these ointments, the sore having been before rubbed till it bleed, either with brimstone, oil, vinegar, salt, soot, swine's dung, and unslaked lime, of each like quantity, well mixed and boiled together, or else with brine water sod with nettles, or else with vinegar, alum and salte-niter boiled together, or else wash the sore with beefe-broth; then boil pepper beaten to powder, verdigris, & chervil in fresh grease, and anoint the horse all over therewith, holding a chaffing dish and coals or a hot bar of iron to his body, to make the ointment sink in. Lastly, and as good as any of the rest, after the horse hath been let blood, take an old cury comb, or a wool card, and rub every sore place about the horse till it bleed, then take of the oldest piss you can get, a pottle, and of green copporas three quarters of a pound; mix & stir them well together, then set them on the fire, and boil them a while; then as hot as the horse can suffer it wash him with the same; after his washing is a little dried, take of oil an ounce & an half, of quicksilver 2 ounces, of white Elleborus one ounce, with a good quantity of swine's grease, mingle all these well together, till no part of the quicksilver can be seen, and then anoint the horse all therewith; and if the first time do not cure him, the second will most assuredly, provided that during the time of cure you keep the horse with a very thin diet.   

CHAP. 53. How to know when a horse halteth before, in what part his grief is.  
THere is nothing more necessary for any man's understanding that shall have occasion at any time to use a horse, especially for the skilful Farrier, then to know the reason why a horse halteth, and where the grief remaineth, as well because those griefs lie most concealed, as also because our kingdom is so full of subtle unconscionable horse-coursers, that they are careful most to conceal that which may soonest cozen their neighbours; you shall know then that no horse halteth before, but his grief must be either in his shoulders, in his legs, or in his feet: if it be in his shoulders, it must either be on the top of the shoulder blades, which we call the withers, or at the bottom of the shoulder blade joining to the marrowbone, which is the fore pitch of the breast, or in the elbow of the horse, which joins the neither end of the marrowbone and the leg together.  
Now for the general knowledge whether the grief be in the shoulder or no, look if the horse do not lift up his leg, but traileth it upon the ground, than it is in the shoulder, & is a new hurt: if he cast his leg more out in his going then the other, and that almost with an unbended knee, than it is also in the shoulder, and it is an old hurt; if you take him by the headstall of the bridle, and turn him as short as you can possible of both hands, if then you see him when he is turned on the lame side, to favour his leg very much (as he cannot choose but do) then also his grief is in his shoulder; or if when a horse standeth in the stable, he stretcheth out his sore leg, and setteth it more forward than the other, it is partly a sign the grief is in the shoulder, but not absolutely. Now when you know generally that the grief is in the shoulder, than you shall learn to know in what part of the shoulder, as thus; if the horse halteth more when the rider is upon his back, then when he is off, than the grief is on the top of the withers; if when with your hand you gripe & handle him upon the top of the shoulder blades you find that he shrinketh much, and offereth to bite at you (not having had any galled back before, for that may deceive you) then assuredly the grief is on the withers. If the horse goeth bowing unto the ground, and tread his steps very thick, than it is a sign the grief is in his breast, between the neither part of the spade bone, and the upper part of the marrowbone; and therefore if with your thumb you press him hard in that part, you shall see him shrink, and be ready to fall down. Now if when you take his elbow in your hand betwixt your fingers, and your thumb, and gripe it, the horse presently taketh his foot from the ground and lifts up his leg, offering therewithal to bite at you, than the grief is only in the elbow. Now if the grief whereof a horse halteth be in his leg, it is either in his knee, in his shank, or else in the pastern joint: If it be either in his knee or pastern joint, he will not ●ow them in his going like the other, but will go very stiffly upon them; if the grief be in the shank, than it is by means of some splint, screw, windgall, or such apparent grief most apparent to be seen. Now, if the grief of his halting be in the foot, than it is either in the coronet, in the heel, in the toe, in the quarters, or in the sole of the foot; if it be in the coronet, either the grief will be apparent, the skin being broken of swollen some manner of way, or else laying your hand upon the coronet it will burn and glow exceedingly, & then he hath got some strain of the joint within the hoof; if it be in the heel, as by overreach, or otherwise, than it is to be seen, and he will tread altogether upon the toe, if upon any of the quarters, which is to be understood from the mid hoof to the heel, then going on the edge of a bank or hilly ground, he will halt more than on the plain ground, and by the horses coming towards you, and going from you upon such edge or bank, you shall easily perceive whether his grief be in the inner quarter or the outward quarter; also he may halt upon his quarters by the pricking of a nail, & then you shall with a pair of pinsons●●ip the head of every nail and his hoof together, and where he complaineth there draw the nail, and if the nail sink, than there is his pain. If he halt in the toe, which is seldom or never seem, than he will tread altogether upon his heel; if his grief be in the sole of his foot, as by the treading upon some nail or stub, or by surbaiting or such like, than he will halt all after one sort, upon any ground, unless it be upon the stones, and then he will halt the most. Now to be sure in what part of the foot the grief is; it shall be good, first to make him go upon the plain ground, and then upon a hard & stony ground, and after upon a bancky ground, and by taking careful notes, and carefully handling him, you shall easily see of what member he halteth.   

CHAP. 54. Of halting behind, and where the grief is.  
IF a horse halt behind, his grief of necessity must either be in his hip (of some called the huckle bone) or in the stifle, in the hough, in the ham, in the leg, in the neither joint, in the pastern, or in the foot. If he halt in the hip of any new hurt, the horse will go sidelong, and not follow so well with that leg as with the other, neither will he be able to turn upon that side without much favouring of his leg; but if it be any old hurt, than the sore hip will shrink and be lower than the other, and it is best seen when he goeth up a hill, or upon the edge of some bank, so as the worst leg may go on the higher side, for than he will halt so much the more, because it is painful unto him to go so unevenly wrinching his leg; if the grief be in the stifle, than the horse in his going will cast the stifle joint outward, and the bone on the inside will be far bigger than the other, neither can he any more than touch the ground with his toe; if his grief be in the hough, than it is by means of some spavin, which is apparent both to be seen and felt, or else of some strain or blow: and then the swelling will appear, and the like is to be said of the ham, wherein may be seen the selander or such like apparent sorrances causing the horse to halt; if the grief be either in the leg, pastern, or foot, you shall find it by such signs as have been taught you in the former chapter.   

CHAP. 55. How to know if a Horse have any hidden grief in him, that may make him to halt, when he cometh to travel, and whence it proceeds.  
NOw for as much as there be some horses which through long rest & running at grass, will wear out the worst of their grieves, so that when they come to be but gently ridden they will cover their halting, and through a natural awe they bear unto the man will whilst he is on their backs, go as if they were as sound as might be, yet be truly, of themselves very unperfect; in this case both to keep yourself from cozening, and to discover the most hidden infirmity, you shall first take the horse out of the stable in a long string, and causing one to run him in his hand, at the length of the halter, mark how he sets down his legs, for if any be imperfect, then that he will favour; but if at first he go upright, and favour no leg, then take his back and ride him a while roundly up and down a road, then light from his back, and let him stand still an hour, then as before let him be run in a man's hand, at the halter's length, without any man on his back; and believe it as a most certain rule, if he have the least grief that may be, he will then show it, and favour that limb which is pained; for by this rule only are many bad horse-coursers discovered. Now to know whereof these griefs proceed, you shall understand that if the grief proceed of a hot cause, than the horse halteth most when he traveleth or is chafed. But if it proceed from cold causes, than he halteth most when he is cold, and least when he is hot and much travellled.   

CHAP. 56. Of the grief and pinching in the shoulder.  
THe grief or pinching of the shoulder, cometh either by labouring and straming the horse too young, or by the carriage of too great burdens. It is to be known by the narrowness of the breast, and by the consumption of the flesh of the shoulders, in so much that the sore part of the shoulder bone, will stick out and be much higher than the flesh, & if it be of any long continuance, he will be very hollow upon the bysket towards the foreboothes, and he will go wider beneath at the feet then at the knees. The cure thereof according to the opinion of some Farriers, is, to make a slit of an inch long, with a sharp knife, upon both sides, an inch under the shoulder bone, and blowing the skin well from the flesh, with a swans quill, both of the one and the other shoulder, even up to the top of the withers, and stroking the wind up equally with your hand into both the shoulders, and then when they are full, stick the windy places with a hazel stick over all the shoulder; then loosening the skin from the flesh again, rowel both the slits, either with tampins of horse hair, or with round pieces of upper leather of an old shoe, with an hole in the midst, for the matter to issue forth at, and let the tampins be at least two handfuls longin the skin, and the round rowel at least three inches broad, and being so put as they may lie plain and flat within the cut, than once a day you shall turn the rowels in the skin, & thrust out the matter; but if the hole grow so strait that the matter cannot easily come out, with a sharp knife you shall enlarge it▪ then put a pair of pasterns on his forelegs, and so let him stand fifteen days, at the end whereof walk him abroad, and try how he goeth, and if he do not go to your liking, then continue him in the same manner other fifteen days, and he will go sound. But our best Farriers use, after they have rowelled the horse, as is aforesaid, then to lay this charge or plaster all over his withers, shoulders, and breast. Take of pitch & of resin, of each a pound, of tar half a pint, boil all these together in a pot, & when it is somewhat cooled, take a stick with a woollen cloth bound to the end of it, and dip it into the charge and cover, or daub all the shoulders therewith; that done, clap floxe of the colour of the horse, or as near as you can get it upon the charge, & every other day make your rowels clean, and put them in again, continuing thus to do the space of fifteen days; then take out the rowels, and heal up the wounds, with two tents of flax dipped in turpentine, and hogs grease molten together, renewing the same every day once, until the wounds be whole, but let the charge lie still until it fall away of itself; and if you let the horse run at grass, till he have had a frost or two, there is no question but he will be a great deal the sounder. There be other Farriers which use to rowell the horse, as is afore said, yet cross wise, that is, one overthwart the other, then draw all the shoulder over, with a hot drawing iron in the comeliest wise you can, making many scorches down his shoulders: then anoint both them and the rowels once a day, with sweet buttter & walk the horse up and down evening and morning, that the humours may flow to the sore places and issue forth, and with your hands once a day at the least thrust out the matter; this cure is to be likewise contitnued the space of 15 days, & then the horse will be whole, yet for mine own part, in so much as the cure is foul, I do not much affect it.   

CHAP. 57 Of the wrench in the shoulder.  
THe wrench or strain in the shoulder, cometh of some dangerous slipping or sliding, either in the stable or abroad, or of too s●ddaine stopping, when a horse gallops, or by falls, either on the planks, or on slippery ground, or by too sudden turning unsure ground, or by going too rashly out of some door, or by the stroke of another horse: you shall perceive it by his trailing his leg upon the ground close after him. The cure is, to let him blood upon the plat vein, & take away the quantity of 3 pints of blood, which blood you must save in a pot, & put thereunto, first of strong vinegar a quart, & half a dozen broken eggs, shells & all, & so much wheat flower as will thicken all that liquor; that done, put thereunto of bole-armoniac beaten into fine powder, a pound, of Sanguis Draconis 2 ounces, & mingle them altogether, so as the flower may not be perceived, and if it be too soft, you may add a little more vinegar: then with your hand daub all the shouder from the main downward and betwixt the forebowels all against the hair, and let not the horse depart out of that place, until the charge be surely fastened unto the skin, that done, carry him into the stable, and tie him up to the rack, and suffer him not to lie down all the day, and give him a little meat, dieting him very moderately the space of fifteen days, during which time he may not stir out of his place, but only to lie down: and every day once refresh the shoulder point with this charge, laying still new upon the old; and at the fifteen days end lead him abroad to see how he goeth, and if he be somewhat amended, then let him rest without traveling the space of one month, and that will bring his shoulder to perfection: but if he mend nothing at all, for all this that is done, than you shall rowell him as is before showed in the former Chapter, just upon the shoulder point, & so keep him rowelled the space of fifteen days, not forgetting to stir the rowel and cleanse the wound each other day, and then walk him up & down fair and softly, and turn him always on the contrary side to the sore; and when he goeth upright pull out the rowel, and heal up the wound with turpentine and hogs grease molten together, as is before said: but if all this will not serve, than it shall be needful to draw him chequor-wise with a hot iron, over all the shoulder point, & also to make him to draw in a plough every day two hours at the least, to settle his joints, for the space of three weeks or a month; and if any thing will help, these two last remedies will set him sound. Now there be other Farriers, which for this grief first let the horse blood in the breast vein, and then rowell him from the neither part of the spade bone down to the point of the shoulder, which done, you shall set a patten shoe upon the sound foot, and so turn the horse to grass for the space of a month, not forgetting every other day to stir and remove the rowels, and to thirst out the matter▪ than assoon as you see him go sound, you shall take off his patten shoe, and pull out the rowels, and then let him run still at grass, till he have taken a frost or two, and no doubt but he will continue sound.   

CHAP. 58. Of the wrench in the whither joint.  
THis wrench cometh by treading his foot in some hole, or in some rough or stony way. The signs whereof are these, the horse will halt, and the top of his back upon the points of his shoulder blades will be swollen and somewhat hard to handle. The cure is, take of black or grey soap half a pound, and having made it hot in a pan, take a handful or two of tow, and dip it into the soap, then lay it very hot over all the horses withers; then clap a plaster of wax, turpentine, and hogs grease, molten together over it, then cover it with two or three warm clothes, and keep the joints as warm as may be: thus let him stand twenty four hours ere you dress him again, and continue this manner of dressing for fifteen days, and the horse will go sound. Now there be other Farriers, that in stead of this soap will take wine lees, and wheat flower mingled together, and making a plaster thereof lay it very hot to the grieved place, and so renew it once a day until the horse go ●ound.   

CHAP. 59 Of splayting the shoulder, or of shoulder torn.  
THe splaiting of the shoulder, is when by some dangerous slip or slide, either upon the side of some bank, or upon the plaunchers, the horse hath his shoulder parted from his breast, and so leaves an open cleft, not in the skin, but in the flesh and film next the skin, whereby the horse halteth, and is not able to go: it is to be seen by the trailing of his leg after him in going. The cure whereof is thus, first put a pair of strait pasterns on his forefeet, keeping him still in the stable without disquieting of him; then take of Dialthea one pound, of salad oil one pint, of oil de bay half a pound, of fresh butter half a pound; melt all these things together in an earthen pot, and anoint the grieved place therewith, and also round about the inside of the shoulder; and within 2 or three days after, both that place and all the shoulder will swell, then either prick him with a lancet or phlegm in all the swelling places, or else with a sharp hot iron, & then anoint it still with the ointment before said; but if you see that it will not go away, but swell still and gather to a head, than lance it where the swelling doth gather most and is softest under the fingar, and then taint it with flax dipped in turpentine, and hogs grease molten together, as is before showed, renewing the taint twice a day till the sorrance be whole.   

CHAP. 60. Of the shoulder pight.  
THe shoulder pight is when a horse by reason of some great fall, rush, or strain, hath the point of his shoulder thrust out of joint, which is easy to be seen in that the point of the sore shoulder will stick out much farther than the other, and the horse will halt down right. The cure whereof, as the old Farriers hold it, is, first to make him swim in a deep water, up and down a dozen turns, for that will make the joint return into his true place, then make two tough pins of ashen wood as much as your little fingar, being sharp at the points, each one five inches long; that done, flit the skin an inch above the point, and an inch beneath the point of the shoulder, and thirst in one of the pins from above downward, so as both ends may equally stick without the skin; and if the pin of wood will not easily pass through, you may make it way first with an iron pin; that done, make other two holes cross to the first holes, so as the other pin may cross the first pin right in the midst, with a right cross, and the first pin would be somewhat flat in the midst, to the intent that the other being round, may pass the better without stop, and close he juster together; then take a piece of a little line somewhat bigger than a whip cord, and at one end make a loop, which being put over one of the pings ends, wind the rest of the line good and strait about the pings ends, so as it may lie betwixt the pings ends and the skin, and fasten the last end with a pack needle and a pack thread unto the rest of the cord, so as it may not slip; and to do well, both the pings and the cord would be first anointed with a little hog's grease, then bring him into the stable, and let him rest the space of nine days: and let him lie down as little as may be, and put a pastern on the sore leg, so as it may be bound with a cord unto the foot of the manger, to keep that leg always whilst he standeth in the stable more forward than the other, and at the nine days end, take out the pins, & anoint the sore places with a little Dialthea, or with hogs grease, and then turn him to grass. Other of our latter Farriers, use first to lay good store of straw under the horse, & then put a pair of strong pasterns on his forelegs, and another on his hinder, then having thrown him upon his back, to hang him up by the legs from the ground with two ropes drawn over some beam or balk, which will put the bone into his true place again, then having let him down again fair and softly, lose the fore pastern of the sound leg, and with a cord before you let him rise, tie the lame leg to the foot of the manger, so short as in his rising he shall be forced to hold his leg before him for fear of putting his shoulder out of joint, and let him stand so tied for the space of three days; and presently when he is up, burn all the point of his shoulder with a hot drawing iron checkerwise, a full foot square at the least, & let every stroke be no more than an inch distant one from another: and having burned him well, charge all these burned places, and all the rest of his shoulder with pitch, resin, and tar molten together, and laid on something hot, with a cloth tied to a sticks end; then clap floxe of the colour of the horse upon it, then charge him again over the floxe, and at the three days end lose his foot, and put a pair of pasterns upon his feet, and let him neither lie down, nor stir out of the stable for the space of sixteen or twenty days: then may you lead him abroad, & see whether he go well or no, and if he be not perfect, you may then give him as much more rest, & that will recover him.   

CHAP. 61. Of the swelling of the fore legs after great labour.  
Horse's not much used to travel, will after great labour swell upon their fore legs, because heat and violent exercise will cause humours to resort down into the legs, especially if such horses shall be inwardly very fat; for the indiscreet labour will melt that inward grease, and make it descend down into the legs. The cure according to the practice of some Farriers, is, to take a pound of nerve-oil, a pound of black soap, and half a pound of boars grease melten, and boil them all well together, and then strain it, and let it cool; then anoint your horses legs therewith being made lukewarm again, and then keep his legs clean from dust. Other Farriers use to bathe his legs in butter and bear, or in vinegar & butter, some with sheep's foot oil, some with neats foot oil, some with train oil, and some with piss and salt peeter boiled together, of all which piss & salt peeter is the best; & after any such bathing, you must roll up the horses legs with hay ropes wet in cold water, even from the pastern to the knee, but in any wise not too strait for fear of doing hurt, so let him stand continually when he resteth. Now other Farriers somewhat more curious, use for the swelling of the legs this bathe; take of mallows three handfuls, a rosecake, of sage one handful, boil them together in a sufficient quantity of water, and when the mallows be soft, put in half a pound of butter, and half a pint of salad oil, and then being somewhat warm, wash the swelling therewith every day once the space of three or four days: and if the swelling will not go away with this, then take wine lees and cummin, and boil them together, and put thereunto a little wheat flower, and charge all the swelling therewith, and walk him often; and if all will not serve, then take up the great vein above the knee on the inside, suffering him not to bleed from above, but all from beneath: and it will take away the swelling.   

CHAP. 62. Of a Horse that is foundered in his feet.  
A horse is said to be foundered of his feet, when he hath such a numbness, & pricking or tingling within his hooves, that he hath neither sense nor feeling of his feet, but is in all respects like a man that by hard or crooked sitting hath both his feete● asleep (as we call it) du●ing which passion we know we can neither well go nor stand; and even so it fareth with a horse in this case, for the course of the blood being stopped, those obstructions causeth this torment. It cometh most commonly when a horse is very fat, and hath his grease molten within him, and then suddenly cooled by taking his saddle off two soon; or by standing still in the cold unstirred, or else by letting him stand still in some shallow water little higher than his fetlocks. A horse also may be foundered, by wearing strait and uneasy shoo●s, especially in the summer season, when a horse traveleth upon the hard ground. The signs, to know it, is, the horse goeth crouching, and drawing all his four feet within the compass almost of a peck, and will stand so fearfully as though he stood upon needles. Now you shall understand, that a horse will sometimes be only foundered of his forefeet, and not of his hinder, which you shall know in that the horse will tread only upon his hinder feet, and not on his forefeet, and go as though his buttocks would touch the ground; and sometimes he will be foundered upon his hinder feet, and not upon his forefeeet, and that you shall perceive by his fearfulness to set his feet to the ground, being also so weak behind that he will stand quivering and quaking, and covet always to lie down, and sometimes he will be foundered of all his forefeet, the signs whereof were first declared.  
Now for as much as the cures be all of one and the self same nature, and what cureth the first, cureth also the rest, I will join them all together, with this advice, that if you find the horse to be foundered of the sorefeets only, then to apply your medicine to the foreparts only, if on the hinder feet, then to the hinder parts; but if of all four feet, then to lay your medicine to all the several parts of the body, as shall be presently declared.  
To come then to the cures, (according to the opinion of a worthy Knight well experienced in this disease) if your horse be foundered of all his four feet, you shall cause him to be let blood on his two breast veins of his two forelegs somewhat above his knees, also you shall let him blood on his two spur veins, and on the veins of his two hinder feet a little above the hoof, between the hoof and the pastern: you shall let these veins bleed well to the quantity of a quart or three pints, which blood you must save in some vessel, and stir it with a stick to keep it from clearing: and when he hath bled as above said, put it all into one vessel, then stop the 〈…〉 with some horse dung, or some earth▪ and make a charge with the blood in this sort: take as much wheat meal, bran and all, as will make the blood somewhat thick, and put it into the blood: take eight or ten eggs, and break them also into this blood, shells and all: take a pint of strong vinegar, and a quantity of bolearmoniac braid, and put them into the blood also, which done, you shall stir them altogether; then shall you with your hand lay the said charge all along upon the reins of the horses back, upon his buttocks, and down his shoulders: when you have laid on this charge thus, you shall take two long linen rags dipped in the same charge, with which so dipped you shall garter the horse above the knees of his forelegs somewhat hard, and likewise with two other like rags so dipped, you shall garter him hard above both his hinder hooves also: that done, cause him to be walked upon the hardest ground you can find, for the space of two or 3 hours: if he be loath to go, as commonly he will be, let one follow him, and beat him with a stick or wand to force him to go: then after this walking let him be set up & tied to the rack, that he lie not down, and there let him rest two or three hours; which done, let him be walked again two or three hours more as aforesaid, then set him up, and let him feed; and when you give him drink, which you may do within two or three hours after his feeding, let it be a warm mash of malt and water, and then let him feed a little after it, then ride him a little; and if you let him stand an hour or two in a pool of standing water up to the belly, and one upon his back, it is good also, and after that ride him again a little: then let him be set up well dressed and covered, and so by little and little ride him a day or two, and then may you boldly journey him; for it is riding that bringeth the horse to the perfectness of his feet, and you shall find your horse as sound as ever he was.  
Now during this cure, you are to take these observations in your memory.  
First you shall not need to remove or stir the horses shoes: than you must after twenty four hours rub off the charge from the horse back.  
Item, you shall take away his garters after twelve hours, and rub his knees & houghs with your hand, and with wisps, to take away the numbness.  
Item, if you cannot get wheat meal, you may take oaten meal.  
Item, if he will will not bleed in the veins before named, than you may take your blood from the neck vein.  
Lastly, if you take the horse in hand to cure within twenty four hours after he is foundered, he will be sound again within twenty four hours after; if he go longer, the cure will be longer in doing.  
Now the ancient Farriers of this kingdom, and amongst the Italians, differ not much in their practice from this already rehearsed, only into the charge they add of Sanguis Draconis half a quartern, and as much bean flower, as wheat flower, and of turpentine half a pound; then if they ●id see that within four days the horse did not recover, than they did know that the hurtful humours did only lie in the horses feet, and there you must search his feet with your butterysse, paring all the soles of his feet so thin, that you may see the water issue through the sole: that done, let him blood at the toes, & let him bleed well; then stop the vein with turpentine, & hog's grease molten together, and laid upon a little flax, & then tack on his shoes, & cram the place where you did let him blood hard with tow, to the intent it may be surely stopped; then fill all the soles of his feet with hogs grease and bran boiled or fried together so hot as is possible, and upon that stopping clap a piece of leather, and two cross splints, to keep in the stopping; and immediately after this take two eggs, and beat them in a dish, and put thereunto as much bole-armoniac and bean flower as will thicken the same, & mix them well together, and make thereof two plasters, such as may close each foot round about somewhat above the coronet, and bind it fast with a list or roller, that it may not fall away nor be removed for the space of two days; but let the soles of his feet be cleansed, and new stopped every day once, and the cronets to be removed every two days until the horse be sound: during which time let him rest unwalked for fear of loosening his hooves: but if you see that he begin to amend, you may walk him fair and softly once a day upon some soft ground to exercise his legs and feet, and let him not eat much, nor drink cold water; but if his foundering break out above the hoof, which you shall perceive by the looseness of the coffin above by the coronet, then when you pair the sole, you must take all the forepart of the sole clean away, leaving the heels whole: to the intent the humours may have the freer passage downward, and then stop him, and dress him about the coronet, as is before said. Now if the horse during this cure, chance to fall sick, or grow so dry in his body that he cannot dung, than you shall first rake him, & after give him a glister of mallows, three handfuls boiled in water from a pottle to a quart: then after it is strained, put to it half a pound of butter, and a quarter of a pint of salad oil, and so administer it; then when the horse hath emptied his belly give him this comfortable drink. Take of malmsey a quart, and put thereunto a little cinnamon, mace & pepper beaten into fine powder, and of oil a quarter of a pint, and give the horse to drink of that lukewarm; that done, let him be walked up and down a good while together, if he be able to go; if not, then tie him up to the rack, and let him be hanged with canvas and ropes, so as he may stand upon the ground with his feet, for the less he lieth down, the better; but these extremities do seldom happen. Now there be other Farriers, which for the foundering of a horse, only take verdigris, turpentine and salad oil, and hodges grease, of each like quantity, of bees wax one ounce, boil altogether, and so dip flax or tow in it▪ than having pared his feet thin, and let him blood on the toes, stop all his feet with that ointment very hot: or else they take the roots of nettles, and hemlock, with elder pills of each a handful; boil them tender in boars grease, or hogs grease, so let him blood in the midst of the foot on the toe vein; then bathe and chafe his joint and leg therewith all about from his knee unto the feetlocke, and then clap it to, and bind a cloth fast to as hot as you can. So use this once a day till he be well.  
Now for mine own part, although there is not any of these former recited practices but are found perfectly good in their kinds, yet I have not found any so absolute either for old or new founder, as this which I will rehearse. First you shall with a very sharp drawing knife, draw every part of the soles of the horses feet so thin as is possible, even till you see the very water and blood issuing forth, and being sure to draw or pair every part alike, which can hardly be done with a butteries: then at the very sharp end of the frush of the horses foot you shall see the vein lie, then with your knife's end lift up the hoof and let the vein bleed (which as long as you hold open the hoof will spin a great way forth) when it hath bled better than a pint, you shall close the hoof and so stop the vein: then tack on his foot a hollow shoe made for the purpose: that done, clap a little tow dipped in hogs grease and turpentine upon the vein very hard: then take two or three hard eggs roasted, and coming burning hot out of the fire, and burst them in the sole of the horses foot: then power upon them hogs grease, turpentine, and tar boiling hot, and as much flax dipped therein as will fill up the hollow shoe, then lay on a piece of leather to keep all the rest in, and splint it sure: and in this manner dress his four fe●te, if all be foundered, otherwise, no more than are foundered; and thus you shall dress the horse three times in one fortnight, and without any further trouble you shall be sure to have the horse as sound as ever he was. Now if the horse be foundered through the straightness of a shoe, which in truth is not a founder, but a frettizing which is a degree less than foundering, than you shall for that sorrance, you shall first take off his shoe, and let him blood on the toes, then stopping the place with bruised sage, then tack on his shoe again, and stop it with hog's grease and bran boiled together, as hot as is possible; and do thus twice in one fortnight, and it will help him.   

CHAP. 63. Of the Splent as well on the inside of the knee as of any other part of the leg.  
A Splent is to the outward feeling, a very gristle, or rather a hard bone, sometimes as big as a hazel nut, sometimes as big as a wal-nut, according to the age thereof, growing upon the inside of the forelegge, between the knee and the upper pastern joint, and sometimes just underneath, and close unto the knee, which is of all other the most dangerous splint, and doth the soon make a horse lame: it cometh by traveling a horse too young, or by overpressing him with heavy burdens, whereby the tender sinews of his legs are offended. Now for the knowledge thereof it is easy, because it is apparent unto the eye, & most palpable to be felt. The cure according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, is to take an onion, & pricking out the chore, put into it half a spoonful of honey, & a quarter of a spoonful of unslaked lime, and 4. penywaight of verdigris; then closing up the onion, roast it in hot embers until it be soft, then bruise it in a mortar, & as hot as the horse can suffer it, lay it to the splint & it will take it away; but in any case cut no skin. Other of the ancient Farriers, use first to wash the splint with warm water, & then to shave off the hair, and lightly to scarify or prick the skin with the point of a razor, so as the blood may issue forth: then take of Cantharideses half a spoonful, & of Euforbium as much, beaten into fine powder, & mingle them together with a spoonful of oil de bay, & then melt them in a little pan, stirring them well together so as they may not boil over; & being so boiling hot, take 2. or 3. feathers & anoint all the soar places therewith: that done, let not the horse stir from the place where you so dress him, for an hour after, to the intent he shake not off the ointment: then carry him fair & softly into the stable, & tie him so as he may not reach with his head beneath the manger: for otherwise he will covet to bite away the smarting & pricking medicine, which if it should touch his lips would quickly fetch off the skin; & also let him stand without litter all that day & night; the next day anoint the soar place with fresh butter, continuing so to do every day once for the space of 9 days: for this will allay the heat of the medicine, & cause both that & the crust of the splint to fall away of itself. There be other Farriers which use with a fine hot drawing Iron to burn the sorrance down in the midst the full length of the splint, & then overthwart like this figure; then 4. hours after such burning, take cow's dung new made, & salad oil mixed & well beaten together, & therewith anoint all the soar places; and this must be done when the splint is very young.  
Others use to slit the sorrance with a knife the whole length of the splint, and then with a cornet to open the slit, & lay the splint bare; then to make about the wound a coffin of clay, all open at the top; then take boars grease made scalding hot, and power it into the wound until the clay coffin be full; then let it rest until the grease be cold: after that let the horse rise, and this with once dressing will take the splint clean away without any blemish or eye sore. Others use to beat the splint with a stick, and to bruise it well, then prick it with an awl, and thrust out the blood; then lay on whitleather, and with a hot Iron make the grease scald it, or else melt into it pitch and verdygrease, and then lay a plaster of pitch over it, not removing it until it fall off by itself; or else after you have beat and pricked the splint, take out the chore of an onion, and fill it with bay-salt; then roast it soft, and lay it hot to the splint, and in steed of the onion you may, if you will, bind to a hard roasted egg, being fire hot. Other Farriers use to slit the skin the length of the splint, then to dip a little piece of linen in warm wine, and sprinkle verdygrease thereon, and so lay it to the slit, renewing it once a day until the splint be gone. Others use to shave off the hair, and to rub the splint twice a day with tar very hard, till the splint be gone; but this splint must be very young and tender, for fasting spittle is as good as tar. Other Farriers use to take a black snail and slit her, and put in bay salt, and lay it to the splint being opened, renewing it once a day until the splint be gone: then let the vein above the knee be taken up, and let it bleed from below, lest it feed the splint again. Others use if the splint be upon the knee, to burn it as is before said; then take wormwood, smallage, pellitory of the wall, and branke ursine stamped with swine's grease, and lay it to the burnings, provided that first the hair be shaved off, and if the splint be below the knee, this cure is good also, and much the safer. Now after all these former recited practices, you shall understand that the most cleanelyest way to take away a splint, is first, after you have cast your horse, with a hazel stick of a pretty poised and bigness, gently to beat the splint at the first, and then by degrees a little harder and harder till the splint grow soft in every part; then with the point of your lancet let out all the blood and water; then take a brick-bat, and having laid it in the fire when it is exceeding hot, fold it up in a red cloth, and therewith rub the splint, and smooth it upon the top till you have dried away the blood, & that no more moisture cometh out; then take of pitch, of rosin, and mastic, of each a like quantity, melt them well together, and being very hot, lay it over and all about the splint, then clap floxe of the colour of the horses leg upon it, and so let it rest upon the splint, until it fall away of itself; and if when it is fallen away, you perceive that any part of the splint remain behind, which hardly will be if it be orderly beaten, than you shall dress that remainder as you did the other before, and the splint will be perfectly cured. Now for the surest and most certainest way to take off a splint, it is thus: with the point of a sharp knife, make a slit of more than a barley corn length just upon the top in the midst of the splint, and let it be so deep that you may be sure that the bone of the splint is bare; then put into that slit with the point of your knife as much arsenic as the quarter of an hazel nut; and within 3. or 4 days, it will so have eaten the splint, that it will fall out of itself; than you shall heal up the sore either with fresh butter molten, or with a plaster of hog's grease and turpentine, mingled & melted together; only in this cure you must beware that you tie the horse so as for 24. hours he may not touch the soar place with his mouth. Now in conclusion I am to give you this small precept, to bear ever in your mind, that is both for the healing of this, & of all other tumours whatsoever. You must first stay the falling down of new humours to the place troubled, as by binding plasters, as pitch, rosin, mastic, red-lead, oil, bolearmony, and such like; then to draw out the matter which is there gathered, with drawing simples, as wax, turpentine, & such like: and lastly, to dry up the relics with drying powders, as honey, & lime, oyster shells, soot, & such like; and also you must know, that all splints, spavens, or rubs, must either be taken way at the beginning, or after the full of the moon.   

C●AP. 64. Of the Serew▪ or therrow Splent.  
ALthough divers of our Farriers do distinguish & make a difference betwixt a serew & a splint, saying, that the serew is ever of the outside of the leg, as the splint is of the inside; yet it is most certain, that the disease & infirmity is all one, & may as well be called a splint on the outside of the leg, as a splint of the inside of the leg, and this splint on the outside is ever least dangerous. Now a horse many times will have both these splints at one time, & upon one leg; nay I have seen them so just opposite one to the other, that one would have thought they had gone through the horse's leg whence it hath come to pass, that many foolish Farriers being of that mind, have entitled them a therrow splint; and I have seen myself some well reputed Farriers, that having the cure brought unto them, have refused the same, saying it was a therrow splint, and therefore most incurable; but the opinion is most absurd & ridiculous: for the shin bone being hollow, and full of pith & marrow, there can nothing grow through it but it must confound the marrow, & then the bone cannot hold, but must presently break in sunder, especially when such a weak spongy substance as a splint is, shall possess the whole strength of the leg. Now for the cure, as the splint & it are all one, so they have all one cure, & what helpeth the first, with more ease helpeth the later, in as much as it is not full so dangerous, nor so near the main sinews.   

CHAP. 65. Of the Mallander.  
A Mallander is a kind of dry hard scab, growing in the form of lines or streaks overthwart the very bought or inward bent of the knee, & hath hard hairs with stubborn roots, like swine's bristles, which corrupteth and cankereth the flesh like the roots of a child's scabbed head; & if the sore be great and deep, it will make the horse go stiff at his first setting forth, and halt much. It doth proceed either from the corruption of blood, or from neligent keeping, when the horse wanteth clean dressing▪ for you shall know that some horses naturally are given to have long hair from the top of the bought of the knee down to the feetlocke, and that hair in the bought of the knee is oft apt to curl, whereby those horses if they be not very carefully and clean kept, are much subject to this disease. Now for the cure according to the opinion of the old Farriers, it is thus. Take a barrelled herring out of the pickle, with a soft roe, and two spoonful of black soap, and so much alum; beat all these in a mortar well together, and then lay it to the soar, renewing it once a day for three days, and it will kill the malander; provided always that before you lay any thing unto a malander, you ever pull off the dry scabs first, and leave no hair growing within the soar. Other Farriers use to take a paring of cheese, & roasting it very hot, anoint it with honey, and so hot lay it to the malander, and renew it once a day till the malander be whole: or else beat hen's muck & gillyflowers well together, and lay it to the soar till it be whole. Other Farriers use after they have washed the soar clean with warm water, and shaved off the hair and the scabs, to take a spoonful of soap, and as much lime; mingle them together that it may be like paste, then spread as much on a clout as will cover the soar, and bind it fast on with a list, renewing it every day once the space of two or three days; and at the three days end take away the plaster and anoint the soar with oil of roses made lukewarm, and that will fetch away the scurse or crusty asker, bred by means of the burning plaster: which scurf being taken away, wash the soar place well every day once with his own stale, or else with man's urine, and then immediately strew upon it the powder of burnt oyster shells, continuing so to do every day once until it be whole.  
Others of our later Farriers use to take a quart of water, hafe a pint of oil, and as much flower as will thicken it with seething; then lay that hot to the soar twice a day for four days together; then take mastic, frankincense, beaten to fine powder, quicksilver, killed either in the juice of lemons, or in strong vinegar, of each an ounce; then of Litergie half an ounce, of Cer●se ten ounces, and as much of swine's grease clarified: incorporate and mingle all these together with vinegar and oil, and lay it to the soar until the malander be killed; then heal it up as is before showed. Others use after they have washed it & and shaved it, to rub it with piss and soap until it be raw: then to lay to it, nerve-oil, honey, and strong mustard, until it be whole. Others use to take Sulphur, vitriol, salniter, salgemme, mixed with oil de bay, and to rub the malander well therewith. Now to conclude, you shall understand that some horses will have two mallanders upon one leg, one above another, and sometimes one a little above the inward bending of the knee, and another a little below the inward bending of the knee; but the cure is all alike, and as you dress one, so you may dress two or three.  
Now for mine own p●rt, I have not found any thing better for a malander, then after the soar is cleansed, to take the ordure or dung of a man, and anoint the soar therewith, and it will kill it and heal it.   

CHAP. 66. Of an upper attaint or overreache upon the back sinew of the flank, somewhat above the pastern joint.  
THis which we call an upper attaint, is nothing else but a painful swelling of the master sinew, or back sinew of the shank bone, by reason that the horse doth sometimes over reach & strike that sinew with the toe of his hinder foot, and thereby causeth the horse to halt much. Now the signs are both the swelling and the halting: and the cure, according to some of the old Farriers, is, to dress the soar place with a plaster made of wine lees and wheat flower laid hot too, or else to take of black soap and boars grease of each like quantity, scalding hot; make a plaster or seare-cloath thereof, and clap it all about the soar place: or else if the swelling by no salve will dissolve, take a fine thin hot drawing Iron, & draw his leg all downward with the hair in many small strikes from the one end of the swelling to the other; & make the strikes very thick together, and somewhat deep: then anoint his burning for 2. or 3. days with black soap, and so turn the horse to grass; but if he will not run at grass, than every day give him some moderate exercise; but this burning I fancy not much, for it is soul, & all be it take away the swelling, yet the seams of the burning, when they are cured, will keep the member big, as if it were still swelled.  
Now other of the ancient Farriers, use first to wash the leg with warm water, then to shave off the hair as far as the swelling goeth; then to scarify the soar place with the point of a razor, that the blood may issue forth: then take of Cantharideses and Euforbium of each half an ounce, mingle them together with half a quartern of soap, and with a slice spread some of this ointment over all the soar, suffering him to rest there where you dress him for one half hour after; and than you may carry him into the stable, and there let him stand without litter, and so tied as he may not touch the soar with his mouth: & then the next day rese him in the same manner again: then the third day anoint the place with fresh butter, continuing so to do the space of nine days, and at the nine days end make him this bath: Take of mallows three handfuls, a rose cake, of sage, an handful; boil them together in a sufficient quantity of water, and when the mallows be soft, put in half a pound of butter, and half a pint of salad oil; and then being somewhat warm, wash the soar place therewith every day once until it be whole. Others use to cleave a chicken or a pigeon, and to clap it hot to the swelling, and it will abate it: or else take Dialthea, Agripa and oil, and mixing it together, lay it to the swelling. Others use to take of frankincense, of rosin, of tar, of Euforbium, of turpentine, and fenugreek, of each a quarter of an ounce; of suet an ounce, of oil an ounce, of wax three ounces, and three quarters of an ounce of Myrrh; mix and melt them altogether, and plasterwise lay it to the soar place till it be whole: or else take for this sorrance, 3. quarters of an ounce of Sanguis draconis, an ounce of bolearmony, as much oil, three ounces of mastic, and as much suet, and as much swine's grease; melt and mix them together, and lay it to the swelling, and it will take it away; then make the shoes of his hinder feet shorter than the horns of his toes by a quarter of an inch, and let the horn hang over uncut away, and make the foreshooe no longer than his heel, but rather the shorter.   

CHAP. 67. Of a neither Attaint, or overreach on the pastern joint.  
THe neither Attaint, or overreach on the midst, and in the hollow of the pastern joint is a little bladder full of jelly, like unto a windegall; and though it be not apparent to the eye, yet it is easy to be felt, and may come as well by some wrinch or strain, as by an overreach, and it will make a horse halt much. The signs are, the neither joint towards the feetlocke will be very hot, and somewhat swelled, and the little soft bleb will easily be felt. The cure, after the opinion of the old Farriers is, take a small cord, and roll him somewhat straight from the knee to the neither joint, and then in the pastern between the hoof and the joint with a phlegm strike him in the midst of the swelling, and let out the matter: then take the white of an egg, and beat it with a little salt, and then dipping flax therein lay it unto all the swelling, and then unroll his leg and renew the salve twice a day till all the grief be gone. But in any case let him not be laboured or ridden whilst he is in curing.   

CHAP. 68 Of an Attaint or ouer-re●ch on the heel.  
AN attaint or overreach upon the heel, is when a horse striketh the toe of his hinder shoe into his heel, just upon the setting on of the hoof; and this overreach if it be not looked unto, will fret and rankle so much inward, that it will endanger the horse's hoof, and you shall commonly see by the cut the skin hang over the horse's heel, and it will make a horse halt. Now the cure is, first to cut away the skin, and also the hoof and the flesh, till you have made the soar even & plain without any hollowness; then wash it very well with beer and salt, then bind unto it a little flax dipped in the white of an egg, mingled with a little bolearmony, renewing it every day once the space of three or four days, and that will heal it.   

CHAP. 69. Of the Mellet on the heel.  
A Mellet is a dry scab that groweth upon the heel, sometimes through the corruption of blood, and sometimes for want of clean rubbing and dressing when he is wet set up: it appeareth like a dry chap without any moisture, and will be sometimes as well on both heels as on one. The cure is, according to the practice of the old Farriers, to take half a pint of honey, & a quarter of a pound of black soap, and mix them together: then put thereto four or five spoonful of vinegar, and as much of alum as an hens egg unburnt, and two spoonful of rye flower; mix them all well together, and then lay it plasterwise to the soar as far as the mellet goeth, and let it lie thereto five days, and then take it away, and wash all his leg and foot with salt beef broth; and then rope his leg all a day with wet hay-ropes, and he will be sound: provided always that before you dress him, you ever take off the dry scab or scurf, and make the loare as clean and as plain as is possible.   

CHAP. 70. Of false Quarters.  
A False Quarter is a rift or open back seam, sometimes in the outside, but most oftest in the inside of the hoof, because the inside is ever the weaker part; which sides are ever called quarters: whence this sorrance taketh his name, & is called a false quarter, as much as to say, a sick and unsound quarter: for it is as if it were a piece set unto the hoof, & the hoof not all of one entire piece as it ought to be. It cometh many times by evil shoeing, and evil paring, and sometimes by pricking the horse and such like hurts. The signs to know it are, the horse will halt much, and the rift will bleed, and when the shoe is off, the whole sorrance is apparent to be seen. The cure according to the ancient Farriers, is to take off the shoe, and cut away so much of the shoe on that side where the sorrance is, as the shoe being immediately put on again, all the whole rift may be uncovered: then open the rift with a drawer, and fill all the rift with a roll of tow dipped in turpentine, wax, and sheeps suet molten together, renewing it every day once till it be whole: and the rift being closed in the top, draw him betwixt the hair and the hoof with a hot Iron overthwart that place, to the intent that the hoof may shoot all whole downward; and when the horse goeth upright, ride him either with no other shoe than this, or else with such a shoe as may bear in every part but only upon the false quarter, until the hoof be hardened. Others use to anoint it once a day with sheep's suet and oil mixed together, and that will close the rift. Others use to cut away the old corrupt hoof, and then take seven whites of eggs, the powder of incense, of unslaked lime, of mastic, of verdigris, and of salt, of each three ounces; mix them well together, then dip in as much hurds as will cover the soar hoof; lay it on, and then above it lay swine's grease an inch thick, and likewise below it also: bind this on in such sort that it may remain unstird a fortnight, then renew it so again, and it will make perfect his hoof. But if there be any corrupt matter gathered within the false quarter, and thereby causeth the horse to halt, than you shall lay your finger upon it, and if the horse shrink thereat, than it is ripe; then open it with a drawing knife, and let out the matter; then lay on horse dung, oil, salt, and vinegar mixed together plasterwise, and that will heal it, and make the hoof good; yet however, you must have care in shoeing him till his hooves be hardened, as is before showed you   

CHAP. 71. Of a horse that is hipped, or hurt in the hips.  
A Horse is said to be hipped when either by strain, blow, or other accident, the hip bone is removed out of his right place. It is a sorrance as hard to be cured as any what●●euer: for if it be not taken even at the first instant, there will grow within the pot of the hucklebone such a thick hard substance, that it will leave no place for the bone, and then it is utterly uncurable. The signs to know the sorrance, are, the horse will halt much, and go sidelong, and will trail his leg a little after him; the soar hip also will be lower than the other, and the flesh will waste away on that side of his buttock. The cure is, according to the best Farriers, if you take him in good time, first to cast him on his back, and then having a strong pastern on his grieved leg, with a rope draw that leg upright, and with your hands on each side his thigh bone, guide it directly into the pot: that done, let it down gently, and so suffer him to rise with all meekness; then go with him into the stable, and there charge all his hip & back with pitch and rosin molten together, and laid on warm; and then some floxe of his own colour to be clapped upon the same, and so turn the horse to grass until he go upright. But if the ho●se be not hipped, but only hurt in the hip, and that newly, than first take of oil de bay, of Dialthea, of nerve-oil and of swine's grease, of each half a pound; melt them all together, stirring them continually until they be thoroughly mingled together, then anoint the soar place therewith against the hair, every day once the space of a fortnight, and make the ointment sink well into the flesh by holding a hot bar of Iron over the place anointed, weaving your hand to and fro until the ointment be entered into the skin; and if at the fortnight's end you see the horse not any thing amended, then slit a hole downward in his skin an inch beneath the hip bone, making the hole so wide as you may easily thrust in a rowel with your finger; and then with a cornet and a quill, blow the skin from the flesh above the bone, and round about the same, so broad as the rowel may lie flat and plain betwixt the skin and the flesh: and this rowel would be made of soft calves leather with a hole in the midst, and a thread tied unto it; to pull it out when you would cleanse it, or the hole: and if the rowel be rolled about with flax fast tied on, and anointed with the ointment under written, it will draw so much the more. Now you must thrust in your rowel first double, and then spread it abroad with your finger: that done, taint it with a good large taint of flax, dipped in a little turpentine and hog's grease molten together, and made warm, and cleanse the hole and the rowel every day once; and also renew the taint for the space of a fortnight, and before you dress him, cause him every day to be led up and down a foot place a quarter of an hour, to make the humours come down; and at the fortnight's end pull out the rowel, and heal up the wound with the same salve, making the tent every day lesser and lesser until it be whole: and so soon as it is whole, with a hot drawing Iron draw cross lines of eight or nine inches long right over the hip bone, so as the rowelled place may be in the very midst thereof, and burn him no deeper but so as the skin may look yellow; and then charge all that place, and over all his buttock with this charge. Take of pitch one pound, of rosin half a pound, and of tar half a pint; boil them together, and then being good and warm, spread it on with a clout tied in a riven stick, and then clap on a few floxe of the horses colour; and if it be in summer, let the horse run to grass a while, for the more he traveleth at his own will, the better it is for him.   

CHAP. 72. Of Stifling, and hurts in the Stifle.  
THat horse is said to be stifled, when the stifling bone, which is a little bone of 2. inches in length, lying betwixt the neither end of the thigh bone, and the upper end of the great hough bone of the hinder leg, is by any strain, stroke, slip, or such like, thrust out of his right place; but if the stiflling bone be not removed nor loosened, and yet the horse halteth by means of some grief in that place, than we say the horse is hurt in the stifle, and not stifled. The signs are these. If the horse be stifled, the stifle bone will stick out more of the one side then of the other, & is apparent to the eye, and in his halting he will no more but touch the ground with his toe. The cure, according to the opinion of the old Farriers, is to thrust 2. round pins cross the stifling bone, through the skin, in such sort as you were taught for the shoulder pight; but the pings would not be any thing near so big, nor so long, because the stifling bone is not so broad as the shoulder: and standing in the stable let him have a pastern and a ring upon his sore leg, and thereunto fasten a cord, which cord must go about his neck, and let it be so much strained, as it may bring his sore leg more forward than the other, to keep the bone from starting out; but this cure is foul and troublesome, wherefore other Farriers of better experience, use only to set on a patten shoe upon his sound foot, and so turn him abroad, that he may be compelled to tread upon his lame foot; and that straining of it will in a day or two make him as sound as ever he was, and put the stifling bone into his true place again. But if you cannot readily get a patten shoe, than you shall take either a plain surcingle, or any other broad binding web, that will go three or four times about the horse's leg, and with it you shall garter up the horses sound leg three fingers above his ham, even upon his main great sinew, so straight as yourself and another man can draw it; and then turn the horse abroad where he may go up and down, and in eight and forty hours the horse will be as sound as ever he was; then take off the garter, and rub the place that was gartered up with fresh butter, for it will be much swelled.  
Now if this mischance of stifling happen unto your horse in your travel, and that your occasions will not suffer you to stay for any of these cures, than you shall take your horse either to some deep pond or deep river that hath easy going in and out, and there swim him up and down a dozen turns: which done, you may after travel him at your pleasure: for the more he is laboured, the sounder he will go. Now if your horse be not sti●led, but only hurt in the sti●le, either with some stripe, or some strain, than the bone will not stand out, yet perhaps the place will be much swelled. The cure, according to the opinion of the old Farriers, is to make a little slit in his skin a handful below the soar place, and then with a quill blow all the skin from the flesh upward, then with your hand press out the wind again, & then thrust in a rowel of horse hair from the first slit to the upper part of the stifle bone: this done, take a pottle of old piss, and boil it to a quart, and cleanse it well; then take a handful of mallows, and half a pint of fallet oil, and add them to the piss, & then boil them well together: then bathe all the soar place therewith, every day once the space of seven or eight days, and let him not stir out of the stable during the cure, and in twenty one days he will be sound. Other Fariers use only to take a pound of bolearmony, a quart of red wine vinegar, six eggs beaten, shells and all, two penny worth of English honey, & as much Venice turpentine, one quart of flower, and one good handful of bay-salt; put all these in a pot, & incorporate them well together; then keep them close one night, and the next day anoint the soar place with some of it: and thus dressing it once a day the space of nine days, it will make the horse sound.   

CHAP. 73. Of the bone-spaven or dry spavin.  
THe bone-spaven, or dry spavin, is a great hard knob as big as a wal-nut, growing in the inside of the hough, hard under the joint, near unto the master vein; it groweth at the first like a tender gristel, and by process of time, it cometh to be a hard bone, & causeth the horse to halt much. This sorrance will come sometimes by nature or descent, as when either the ●ire or the dam of the horse have had the same disease; & sometimes (which is most general) it cometh when a horse is laboured too young: for a horse in that part of his hinder leg hath small bones knit all together upon one cluster, which being pressed before they be naturally hardened, cannot choose but thrust forth these unnatural excretions. Otherwhiles it proceedeth from extreme labour & heat, dissolving humours, which do descend through the master vein, continually feeding that place with evil nutriment, & causeth the place to swell; which swelling in continuance of time becometh so hard as a bone, & therefore is called the bone spavin. The signs are the apparent sight of the sorrance; and truly for mine own part, I am of the mind of other Farriers, that it is very hard absolutely to cure it; yet that the eie-soare may be taken away, & the halting much eased, is not hard, for I have done it many times. Then to proceed to the cure thereof, according to the opinion of the old Farriers, is thus: First, slit the skin just over the head of the spavin or excretion, and open it with a cornet, and in any case have a care that you touch not the master vein, but put it by: then with your lancet lay the spavin all bare, then with a fine chessell about a quarter of an inch broad, or little more, strike off the head of the spavin, to the quantity of a quarter of an almond, or according to the bigness of the spavin: then take two penny weight of verdigris beaten to fine powder, & two penny weight of nerve-oil, and beat them all well together: then laying some of it upon fine lint, lay it upon the spavin; then lay dry lint betwixt the medicine and the vein, that the medicine may not touch the vein: then lay a plaster of pitch, rosin, turpentine, and hogs grease molten together, all over the hough, both to comfort the joint, and to keep in the medicine. And thus dress him the space of three days, and it will cleanse away the spavin even to the bottom; at the end of three days you shall wash away the corrosive and the matter either with tanner's water or with vinegar, and lay no more of that salve thereto for hurting the bone; then make a plaster of Diaculum, and lay it upon a linen cloth, and lay that plaster unto the spavin, renewing it every day once for the space of 7. days, and it will heal him up.  
Now there be other Farriers which use after they have burnt it in manner aforesaid, and taken up the master vein, to anoint it with fresh butter, till the burning begin to scale, and then take of sage, and nettles, of each a handful, and boil them with 4. handful of mallows in fair water; and then put thereto a little butter, and with that bathe him every day once for three or four days till the burning be whole, and let him not wet his feet during the cure. Others use to prick the spavin with a sharp pointed knife, then take a piece of a candle, and lay a piece of brown paper upon it, and with an hot Iron melt the tallow, & after anoint it with butter. Others use first to prick the spavin well, then to lay upon it for three or four days together, every day, man's dung: after that lay to it Galbanum till the soar matter and rheum, and the humour come forth: then wash it with urine, and lastly heal it up with oil and honey boiled together, for that will bring on the hair  
Now to conclude, that which I have ever found to be the surest and cleanest way to take the bone spavin quite away, if it be used with discretion and care, is to take of unguentum Apostolorum, & of white mercury, of each a like quantity, but of mercury rather the more; mix them well together: then after you have cast your horse, make a slit just the length of the spavin, so that you touch not the master vein: then opening it, and laying all the spavin bare, with a sharp instrument s●all the spavin a little; then make a plegant of lint just so big as the excretion or bone spavin is: then spreading some of the salve thereon, lay it upon the spavin: then with dry lint defend all other parts of the member, especially the master vein from the corrosive: then lay the plaster of pitch, rosin, turpentine, and hogs grease before spoken round about his hough, and so let him rest four and twenty hours: then take away all that medicine, and scalling the bone a little, if you find the corrosive have not gone deep enough, then dress it in the same manner the second time, and that will be altogether sufficient: then take of turpentine, of Deeres suet, and of wax, of each a like quantity, and mix and melt them well together, then dress the soar place therewith being warmed▪ and lint or tow dipped therein; and within a day or two you shall see the whole crust of the spavin come clean away, then may you with the same salve, heal up the wound; and this hath never failed me in any practice.   

CHAP. 74. Of the blood spavin, wet spavin, or through spavin.  
THe blood spavin, wet spavin, or through spavin (for all is one disease) is a soft swelling, growing on both sides the hough, and seems as though it went through the hough, whereby it is called a through spavin; but, for the most part, the swelling on the inside, (because it is fed continually of the master vein) is greater than the swelling on the outside. It proceedeth from a more fluxible and sleamy humour, and not to viscous and slimy as the other spavin doth, and therefore this never waxeth hard, nor groweth to a bone; and therefore it is a much easier cure than the other. The signs thereof are like the other, the apparent sight thereof; and for the cure, it is, according to the opinion of the old Farriers, in this manner: ●irst, wash the spavin with warm water, and then dress it with Cantharideses and Euforbium, in such sort as was at large showed in the former chapter; only you shall not boil them, but only mix them together, and dress the soar therewith 2 days together: then anoint it with butter, and after burn it with a hot Iron both without & within, in manner as is showed also in the former chapter; but you shall by no means taint it: then immediately you shall take up the master vein, & let it bleed, as was showed before: and then for the space of 9 days, anoint him every day once with butter until the burning begin to scale, & then wash it with this bath: Take of mallows 3. handfuls, of sage one handful, & as much of red nettles; boil them in water until they be soft, then put thereto a little fresh butter, and bathe the place every day once for the space of three or four days; and until the burnings be whole, let the horse come in no wet. Other Farriers use after they have shaved off the hair and taken up the vein, to take of M●stard seed, of the great mallow root, and of ox dung, of each a like quantity, and as much strong vinegar as will mix them together like a salve; then beat them all well together, and make thereof a soft plaster, or else an ointment, and lay it upon the spavin; change it evening and morning, and bind it in such sort to the sorrance with some piece of cloth, that it may not fall off or be removed; and when the spavin is clean gone, lay upon the place a plaster of pitch very hot, and take it not off▪ until it fall away of it own accord. Other Farriers use unto this former medicine to add oil de-bay, turpentine, and bolearmony. And other Farriers use but only to take up the vein, both above and below the spavin, and suffering it to bleed well; then to knit up the vein, and anoint it with butter till it be whole, and it will consume the spavin.   

CHAP. 75. Of the selander.  
THe selander is a certain kind of dry scab, growing in the very bend of the ham of the hinder leg; and it extendeth out into ill favoured chaps or chinks which if it be not prevented by medicine, it will fret in sunder the sinews of the hough: it is in all points like unto a Mallander, and proceedeth from the self like causes, and requireth the self same cures; therefore look into the chapter of the malander, and whatsoever you find there that will cure the Mallander, the same will also cure the selander.   

CHAP. 76. Of the Hough Bonny.  
THe Hough bonny is a round swelling like a Paris ball, growing upon the very tip or elbow of the hough, and cometh ever of some stripe, or bruise; but especially when he beateth his hough either against the post which standeth behind him, at the neither end of his stall, or against the bar which doth divide him from another horse; which many raunish jades will do, when they seek to strike at the horse that standeth next them. Now the cure thereof is thus, according to the opinion of the old Farriers, take a round Iron somewhat sharp at the end, like a good big bodkin, and let it be somewhat bending at the point; then holding the soar with your left hand, pulling it somewhat from the sinews, pierce it with the Iron, being first made red hot, thrusting it beneath in the bottom, and so upward into the jelly, to the intent that the same jelly may issue downward out at the hole: and having thrust out all the jelly, taint the hole with a taint of flax dipped in turpentine and hogs grease molten together, and also anoint the outside with hogs grease made warm, renewing it every day once until the hole be ready to close up, making the taint every day lesser and lesser, till it be all whole. Now for mine own part, both for this sorrance, or any other bruise in this part, I have found this cure ever the best. First either with rotten litter or hay boiled in old urine, or else with a plaster of wine lees & wheat flower boiled together, to ripen the swelling, and bring it to putrefaction, or else to drive the swelling away; but if it come to a head, then to lance it in the lowest part of the softness, with a thin hot Iron, and so to let out the matter: then to taint it with turpentine, Deeres suet, and wax, of each like quantity molten together, laying a plaster of the same salve over it, to hold in the taint until it be perfectly whole.   

CHAP. 77. Of the Curb.  
A Curb is a long swelling a little beneath the elbow of the hough in the great sinew behind, hard above the top of the horn, which causeth the horse to halt after a little labour: for the more his sinew is strained the greater is his pain, and the more he hath rest, the less is his grief; it cometh as the spavin comes, either from descent, or from great burdens when the horse is young, or else from some strain or wrench. The signs are the apparent view thereof; and the cure according to the old Farriers, is, first to shave off the hair, then prick it with a phlegm in three or four places, and for three or four days together, lay unto it twice a day man's dung; then lay Galbanum to it likewise twice a day till it rot, and that the matter doth issue forth; then wash it with urine: and lastly, heal it up with honey and oil boiled together, renewing the same twice a day till the Curb be gone; and in any case let all your salves be applied warm and new made, and if you make an issue with a hot Iron in the bottom of the Curb, it will not do amiss.  
Others use to take a very hot Iron, and hold it as nigh the soar as may be, but not touching it: then when it is warm, vent it in six or seven places: then take a spoonful of salt, half a spoonful of nerve-oil, and a penny weight of verdigris, & the white of an egg; mix these well together, & dipping flax in the same, lay it to the Curb: and this in few dress will take it away. Other Farriers use to chafe and rub the Curb well with their hands: then take red walwort leaves, and borage, and braying them well together, lay it to the Curb, renewing it once a day for a seven night together. Others use to slit the Curb all the length, then take a piece of linen cloth, and wet it in wine made warm: then strew verdigris thereupon, & bind it to the soar, renewing it once a day until the curb be gone. Others of the ancient Farriers take of wine lees a pint, of coming half an ounce, and as much wheat flower as will thicken it, and stir them well together; and being made warm, charge the soar place therewith, renewing it every day once the space of 2. or 4. days, and when the swelling is almost gone, then draw it with a hot Iron made very thin in this sort, and cover the burning with pitch and rosin molten together, and laid on good and warm, and clap thereon some floxe of the horses colour, or so nigh as may be gotten, and remove them not until they fall away of themselves; and for the space of nine days let the horse rest, and come in no wet. Now there be other Farriers which to this last recited salve, will add tar, and it is not amiss, only it will not stick so well. Now for mine own part, I have ever found this practice the best: First, with a broad inkle to bind the hough straight a little above the cod: then with a smooth hazel stick to beat, rub, and chafe the curb: then with a phlegm strike it as deep as you can in two or three places of the curb: then thrust out the corrupt blood; and after upon the point of your knife, put into every hole as deep as you can thrust it, the quantity of two barley corns of white arsenic, and so let the horse rest four and twenty hours after; then after only anoint the soar place with hot molten butter till it be whole, once a day at the least.   

CHAP. 78. Of the Pains.  
THe pains is a certain ulcerous scab growing in the pasterns of a horse, betwixt the fetlock and the heel, full of fretting matterish water, and cometh only for want of good rubbing and clean dressing, after the horse hath been journeyed in the winter ways, by means whereof the sand and dirt remaining in the hair, fretteth the skin and flesh, and so breedeth to a scab; and therefore your Frisonds, and Flaunders horses and mares, which now are so much in use with us for the coach, are the soon troubled with this disease, if the keeper be not much the more careful. The signs hereof are, his legs will be swollen and hot, the scab will be palpable to be felt, and the water will issue out of the scab; which water is so hot and fretting, that it will scald off the hair, and breed scabs where it goeth. The cure, according to the ancient Farriers, is: Take of turpentine, hog's grease, honey, and black soap, of each a like quantity, and having molten them upon a soft fire, take it off & put in a little bolearmony, finely beaten into powder; then work all these things well together with a stick in your right hand, & a dish of wheat flower by you, that with your left hand you may put it in by a little at once, till you have made it thick like an ointment or soft salve: then spread it upon a linen cloth, as big as the soar, having first cut away the hair, and made the soar raw, apply to the salve, and dress him thus once a day until it be whole.  
This medicine is well approved to cure all sorts of Pain, Scratches, Moully heels, or any other scurvy scalls whatsoever, that may breed in a horse's leg or heels, whether they come by means of evil humours, or for lack of good dressing or clean keeping, whether they be mattery and filthy running sores, or else dry scabs. Others of the old Farriers use for this sorrance to take a pint of red wine lees, and a handful of wheat bran, a saucerfull of honey, and half a pound of the powder of powdered beef burnt, and as much of bark dust, and half a pound of alum, and a quarter of a pound of swine's grease, and half a handful of vervain; beat all these together in a mortar, and then fry them over the fire, and make a hot plaster thereof, and lay it to the soar as hot as the horse may suffer it, letting it abide there the space of three days, and in once or twice thus dressing him, it will make him sound; yet some hold, if you do with a hot drawing Iron sear the great vein overthwart, a handful above the fetlock, and then take a spoonful of tar, a spoonful of butter, and a spoonful of honey; and warming them well together, anoint the vein therewith every day till the cure be perfected, and it is much available. Other Farriers use, first to wash all the horses pasterns with butter & beer well warmed together, and then his leg being somewhat dried, clip away all the hair that doth annoy the soar: then take of turpentine, of hog's grease, and of honey, of each like quantity; mingle them together in a pot, and put thereunto a little bolearmony, the yolks of two eggs, and as much wheat flower as will thicken the things aforesaid; and so by long working it, make it like a plaster; then spread it upon a linen cloth, and lay it round about the horses pastern, and bind it fast on with a roller, renewing it once a day till the horse be whole; and in no wise let the horse come in any wet during the cure▪ Others use, first to chafe the soar place with a hay-rope, or with a haircloth, till it either bleed or be raw; then take a little strong mustard, bean flower, and fresh grease, with a little fenugreek; then mix all together in a dish, and make thereof a salve, and therewith anoint the soar until it leave mattering: then take honey, the white of an egg, and fresh butter; mix them together, and anoint the soar place therewith until it be whole. Others use only to bathe the soar with beef broth, and then for four or five days after, to anoint it with soap, or else first to plunge his feet in scalding water twice or thrice, & bathe the soar in scalding water: then have ready a hard roasted egg, cleave it in the midst, and clap it to as hot as you can, and let it lie bound all night; use this once or twice, and you may adventure to ride him. Others use to take pepper, garlic stamped, coleworts, and old hogs grease, of each like quantity; then beat them in a mortar till they come to a salve, and so lay it to the soar, renewing it once a day till it be whole. Others use first to take up the shackle veins on both sides, then take the soft roe of a red herring, & mustard, & black soap, and when they are well beat together, boil them in vinegar till they come to a salve, & apply it to the soar; this will cure the Pains, albe you do not take up the shackle veins. If you cannot readily get this salve, you may take butter & honey molten together, & it will help them; or else take a pound of hog's grease, a penny worth of verdigris 2. ounces of mustard, half a pound of oil de-bay, a quarter of a pound of nerve-oil, half a pound of honey, half a pound of English wax, one ounce of arsenic, 2. ounces of red lead, & half a pint of vinegar; boil all these together, and make an ointment of it: then having clipped and made the soar all bare, apply the medicine thereunto very hot, and renew it once a day until it be whole. Others use to take 5. ounces of orpiment, 5. of tartar, once of verdigris, half an ounce of Sulphur, as much of vitriol made into powder, the juice of four Citrions, the whites of two eggs, with three ounces of salad oil; let all these be very well beaten together, and applied once a day to the soar, and it will not only heal this disease, but any salt humour whatsoever. Mingle with soft grease, vinegar, honey, orpiment, and arsenic: but let arsenic be the least, and it will cure this disease, so will also white wax, turpentine and Camphora mixed together. Others use to take a hundred black snails in the month of May, slit them, and put them into a bag with a pint of bay-salt; then hang them over the fire, with a vessel set under to receive what drops from them, and keep it in a close glass: then anoint the soar every day therewith, and it will heal this sorrance. Others take honey and vinegar, of each a like quantity, a little oil, and suet of a he goat, of each a like also; boil them with a soft fire, and stir it well: when it waxeth red, add of verdigris, and vitriolle, of each like quantity made into powder, still stirring it till it be red and thick; then being warm anoint the soar place therewith once a day after it hath been washed with warm water: and this not only helps the pains, but also any sorrance whatsoever of like nature about the legs. Also green copporas, & roach alum of each half a pound, and a handful of bay-salt, boiled in a gallon of running water, will heal it; or else unto it add a pint of honey, and boil it over again, and it will be the better: then when you have anointed the soar therewith, rub it after with the powder of glass, mustard and vinegar mixed together, and afterward skin it with cream, and the inner rind of Elder beaten to a salve, which must be applied to the soar twice a day at the least.   

CHAP 79. Of the Mules, or Kybe heels.  
THese Mules, or kibed heels, are certain dry scabs, or chaps breeding behind upon the heels of a horse, and so a little inward even to the fetlock, in long chaps & chi●ewes: it proceedeth either from corruption of blood, or from being bred in wet marish grounds, or else from unclean and negligent keeping, in such manner as the Pains are bred: this sorrance will make the horses leg to swell much, especially in the winter, and about the spring time, and he will go stiffly, and halt much. Now for the cure, you shall understand, that whatsoever healeth the pains, the same will in like sort heal these kibed heels; yet for more particularity, you shall know, that the old Farriers did use for this sorrance, if they took it at the beginning, but only to anoint it for two or three days with soap, and then after to wash it with strong urine or beef broth till it were whole: but if it were of any longer continuance, than first to cut away the hair, and lay the soar open and plain; then take two ounces of unslekt lime, one ounce of soap, and the white of an egg, or else an ounce of unslekt lime, and as much salt, and 3 ounces of foot, and mingling them with strong vinegar, anoint the soar therewith, and it will heal and kill them. Other Farriers use to calcinate Tartar, and dissolve it in water: then congeal it like salt, and mingle it with soap like an ointment, and then dress the soar therewith, and this will in 48. hours, heal any mules, pains, or scratches whatsoever. If you take the juice of the leaves and roots of elder, it is very good to dry up any of these evil humours.   

CHAP. 80. Of Windegales.  
Others use to open the skin and put out the jelly: then take a spoonful of oil de bay, a spoonful of turpentine, a pennyworth of verdigris, the white of an egg, and a quarter of an ounce of red lead; boil them together till it come to a salve; then lay it to the wind-gall and it will cure it; or else after you have let out the jelly, take rosin, sheeps suet, & brimstone, of each a like, & melt them together, and lay that upon the wind-gall, so it be not too hot, and it will cure it. Others take the roots of coming and beat them well with a little salt, and lay that to the wind-gall; or else anoint them with the juice of onions or leek blades, and that will allay them: or else ground ivy and wormwood with the roots sod in wine and laid to the wind-gall, will take them away. Others of our later experienced Farriers, take an ounce of white wax, an ounce of rosin, two ounces of raw honey, three ounces of swine's grease, two ounces of oil of the yolks of eggs, five ounces of oil de bay; mix all these well together and strain them; then rub them into the wind-gall, by holding a hot bar of Iron against the ointment, and it will take the wind-gall away. Now for the making of the oil of yolks of eggs, it is thus: First seeth the eggs hard, then stamp them, and then seeth them in an earthen pot with a soft fire, and so strain them. Now this medicine will not only heal the wind-gall, but the ring-bone also, it is very good for the abating of the wind-gall, & for making the medicine to work the better, to let the horse stand in a cold running stream an hour morning and evening. The scum of the four salts sod in man's urine, and laid to the wind-gall, will take it away.  
There be others which take a pottle of vinegar, a pound of orpiment, a quarter of a pound of g●l●es, and as much of the herb molleyne stamped small; mingle these well together, and put them into a pot, than every day therewith bathe the wind-gal, and in three weeks it will dry them clean up; it will also take away a curb or a spavin, or a ring-bone, if you take them at the first breeding. Other Farriers take of Civil oil and brimstone, of each like quantity, and seeth them in man's urine, and stir them well together; after put in the quantity of a walnut of soap, to keep the hair from scalding off; then bathe the wind-gall with this hot, thrice together, rubbing it well in● then anoint it above with nerve-oil, & oil de-bay, and make it, by holding to it a hot bar of Iron, or a hot-fire pan, to sink into the flesh, and in three days it will dry up any wind-gall.  
Now for mine own part, the best medicine I have found in my practice for this sorrance, and the easiest, is with a fine lancet to open the wind-gall, making the hole no bigger than that the jelly may come forth: then having thrust it clean forth, lap a woollen wet cloth upon it, and with a tailors hot pressing Iron, rub upon the cloth till you have made the cloth suck in all the moisture from the wind-gall, and that the wind-gall is dry: then take of pitch, of rosin, and of mastic, of each like quantity, and being very hot, daub it all over the wind-gall; then clap good store of floxe of the colour of the horse upon it, and so let the horse rest or run at grass, till the plaster fall off by it own accord, and be sure the wind-gall will be gone.  
Now I am to give you this for a rule, that by no means you use to a wind-gall, either arsnike, or resagall: for commonly then the wind-gall will come again; neither must you burn much, nor make any great incision; for any of these will turn the soft substance of the wind-gall to hardness, and then the horse will be lame without cure.   

CHAP. 81. Of a Strain in the Pastorne joint, or Fet lock.  
A Horse may be strained in the fetlock or pastern joint, either by some wrinch in the stable when the plaunchers are broken under him, or by treading awry upon some stone, or upon some cart-rout, as he traveleth by the way. The signs whereof be these, the joint will be swollen and soar, and the horse will halt; and the cure, according to the old Farriers, is, take a quart of stale urine, and seeth it till the foam arise; then strain it, and put thereto a handful of tansy, and an handful of mallows, and a saucerfull of honey, and a quarter of a pound of sheeps suet: then set it on the fire, and seeth them all together till the herbs be sodden soft; and then being very hot, lay this pultus to the joint, and cover it over with a blue cloth; and in 3. tmes dressing it will help the strain. Other Farriers take of Dialthea half a pound, and as much of nerve-oil, mingle them together, and anoint the soar place there with, chafing it well with both your hands that the ointment may enter in, continuing so to do every day once until the ointment be all spent, and let the horse rest; but if this will not prevail, than they will use Cantharideses, as in case of the splint; but I do not hold that cure convenient, because it will make a double grief. Therefore I had rather you should take pompillion, nerve-oil, and black soap, of each a like, and heat them hot on the fire, and then anoint the soar place therewith, and it will make the horse sound.   

CHAP. 82. To remedy any manner of halting that cometh by strain, stroke, or any other accident.  
NOw forasmuch as halting is such a general sorrance amongst horses, that not any man that is master of a horse, but even in his smallest travel, is at one time or other vexed with the same, I will here before I do proceed any further, set you down certain general receipts selected and could out of the private practice & experiments of the best Farriers in Christendom, of which I may give the bolder testimony, because I have made practice of their virtues.  
If then your horse have taken any halt, either by stiffness of sinews, strain, wrinch, stroke, or any other accident, if the grief be in his leg, you shall take smallage, ox eye, and sheeps suet, of each like quantity, chop them all together, and boil it in man's urine, and bathe all the leg therewith: then with hay-ropes wet in cold water, roll up his leg, and he will be able to travel the next day: or if you seeth a pound of black soap in a quart of strong ale till it look like tar, and anoint the leg therewith, and it will supple his sinews, & bring them to their true course. If you wash his limbs in the grounds of beer or ale made warm, and then rope them up in hay-ropes, wet in the same, it will recover a strain. If you take of the flower of linseed, of turpentine, and of life honey, of each a like, and boil them with white wine until they be thick, like unto an ointment: then spread it on a cloth, and lay it to the grief, and it will take away any atche or pain in the sinews: likewise a plaster of wine lees and wheat flower, or a plaster of black soap and boars grease will do the like. If you mix nerve-oil, oil de bay, and aquavitae together, and warm it, and chafe it in, and upon, and about any strain, it will take the anguish quite away. If the grief be in the shoulder, or the hinder leg, then burn him upon the very joint by taking up the skin with a pair of pinsons, and thrust the skin through with a hot iron overthwart; and if this cure him not, than his pain is betwixt the thin skin and the bone, which must then be rowelled. If the grief be in the shoulder, or in the hip, or else where, then let him blood, and saving the blood, mix therewith the powder of frankincense, and anoint the horse with the same. If the grief be only in the sinews, then take the plaster called Sologliatium, made of gumdragant, new wax, pitch, and turpentine mixed together; or else take the yolks of two eggs, an ounce of frankincense, and a little bran, and beat them well together, and lay it to the pain. If the grief do proceed from a hot cause, then let the horse blood, & with that blood mix vinegar & oil, & anoint him, & chafe it well in. But if it proceed from a cold cause, then let him bleed a little and with figs soaked a day in warm water, & as much mustard seed, make a plaster and lay to the grief. If it come either by any rush or stripe, let the horse blood, and with that blood mingle strong vinegar, eggs, shells and all, three ounces of Sanguis draconis, four of bolearmony, and five of wheat meal, and daub it all over the soar place. If the grief be in the shoulder, and the skin broken, take galls of Soria pund, and mingle them with honey, and lay it to the soar. If his pain come from the stiffness of his joints, take a pound of black soap, and boil it in a quart of ale till it be thick, and it will comfort the joints. If the joints be swelled, take rosin, pitch, turpentine, and Sanguis draconis, molten together, and lay it to the swelling something warm, and it will either take away the swelling, or else ripen it & make it run. If you take of the oil of Camomile, oil of Dill, butter, and Agripa, of each a like quantity; or else make a plaster of an ounce of turpentine, half an ounce of verdigris, and the marrow of a Stag; or bathe the horse with warm water, wherein Rosemary hath been sod, and it will ease any pain whatsoever. If the horses pain be in his shoulder, first with a lancet prick the skin through between the spade bone and the marrow bone: then putting in a quill, blow the skin from the flesh even all about: then thrusting out the wind with your hand, put in a rowel; then take a pottle of stale urine, seeth it with a pound of butter, & as much swine's grease, a handful of meadows, a handful of tansy, a handful of vervain, a handful of red nettles, a handful of southernwood, and a handful of balm leaves; then beat them all well together, and so anoint his shoulder therewith, and let him not go forth of the stable for seven days. If his grief be in any neither joint, then take a handful of laurel leaves, and of primrose leaves, of ground ivy, of crowfoot, of mallows, of red fennel, and of fine hay, of each of them severally as much; seeth them well together, and then let them stand fourteen days; then bathe the joint once a day, & bind of the herbs unto it for four days together: then after chafe into the joint fresh grease and oil mixed together, and it will ease all his pain. Now to conclude, if any joint or member about a horse be by the flux of humours swelled and grown out of shape whereby the horse goeth stiff, and halteth; then to dissolve those humours take wormwood, sage, rosemary, the bark of the Elm tree, and of a Pine, together with linseed, and boiling these together, make a bathe or pultus thereof, and lay it to the sick member, and it will dissolve the humours, and so likewise will figs being stamped with salt, and applied to the soar.   

CHAP. 83. Of Enterfearing.  
ENterfearing is either when a horse through a natural straightness in his pace, or through evil and too broad shoeing goeth so narrow behind with his hinder feet, that he heweth the one against the other upon the inside of his legs, even with the pastern joint; and by means of this hewing there groweth hard mattery scabs, which are so soar, that they many times make the horse to halt much. The signs are the straightness of his going, and the apparantnesse of the scabs. Now the cure consisteth as much in prevention as in salve: for the prevention, which is to keep a horse from hewing one leg upon another, it consisteth only in the office of the Smith, and the making of his hinder shoes, whereby he may go wider, and not touch; of which we shall speak more at large when we entreat of paring and shoeing of each several foot. For the salve which is to cure the hurt being once received, it is thus: You shall take of May butter (if you can get it) or else fresh grease, or fresh butter, with a quantity of rosin, and as much nerve-oil: then fry them all together in a pan, and then let it stand till it be cold, and put it in a pot, and put to it a little cow dung: and then plaister●wise apply this unto the soar, renewing it once a day, and it will not only heal this soar, but also any prick by a nail whatsoever.   

CHAP. 84. Of the Shackell-gall, or gall in the Pastorne, either by shackel or lock.  
IF a horse be galled in the pastern, on the heel, or upon the coronet, either with shackell or lock, as it many times happens in the Champion countries, where the Farmer's use much to teather their horses: then for such a soar you shall take honey and verdigris, and boil them together till the one half be consumed, and that it look red: then after it is a little cooled, you shall anoint the soar place therewith twice a day, and then strew upon it a little chopped floxe to keep on the salve. This is excellent for any gall whatsoever, and chiefly for the Scratches.   

CHAP. 85. Of hurts in the legs which cometh by casting in the halter.  
THe hurts which a horse getteth by being cast in the halter, are many, and proceed from divers accidents, as when the reins of the collar are so long, & will not run to and fro, that the horse getteth one, or both his forelegs over them, & then with struggling, woundeth & galleth them much; or else when a horse having desire to scratch his ear with his hinder foot rubbing it to and fro, in the end fasteneth his foot either in the collar or the reins; and then the more he striveth to loosen it, the more he galleth & woundeth it, even sometimes to the very bone. Now for the cure, according to the opinion of the old Farriers, it is thus: Take of oil olive one ounce, of turpentine two or three ounces; melt them together over the fire, and then put thereunto a little wax, and working them all well together lay it plasterwise unto the soar, renewing it once a day until it be whole. Now there be other ●arriers which only anoint the soar with the whites of eggs & salad oil mixed together; and then when the soar cometh to a scab, anoint it with butter being molten until it look brown. Now for mine own part, the cure which I principally use for this sorrance, is to take of wax, of turpentine, and of hogs grease, of each an ounce, and having mingled & molten them well together, put them into a pot: then take an ounce of verdigris beaten to powder, and an ounce of hogs grease, and mix them very well together, & put that into another pot: then when you dress the soar, take of the first salve two parts, and of the later a third part, and mixing them well together in the palm of your hand, anoint all the soar place therewith, doing thus once a day till it be whole.   

CHAP. 86. Of the Scratches, Crepanches or Rats-tailes.  
THe Scratches, Crepanches, or Rats-tailes, being all but one sorrance, are long, scabby, dry chaps, or rifts, growing right up and down, and overthwart on the hinder legs, just from the fetlock unto the place of the Curb; and as the Pains are under the fetlock, so the Scratches are above the fetlock: and do proceed either from dry melancholy humours engendered by outward filth, or else by the fuming of the horses dung lying either near or under him. The signs are both the apparent sight, and the easy feeling of the same, besides the staring, dividing, and curling of the hair, as also that the sorrance will stink much. The cure is according to the opinion of the old Farriers, to take any of these former medicines whatsoever, which are already recited, either for the Pains, or Mules; yet for your more particular understanding, you shall know, these medicines are most proper for this sorrance. First you shall shave away the hair, and make the soar raw: then take of turpentine half a pound, of honey half a pint, of hogs grease a●quarterne, and three yolks of eggs, & of bolearmony a quartern beaten into powder, of bean flower half a pint; mix all these well together and make a salve thereof, and then with your fingar anoint all the soar places therewith, and let the horse come in no wet during the cure. Other Farriers use (and sure it is the better practice) first, after they have shaved away the hair, and laid the soar raw, to wash it well with old urine very warm; then take black soap, mustard and vinegar, of each a like quantity, and mix therewith some of an Ox gall; then stir them well together, and chafe and rub the place therewith, and bind thereto a cloth, so use it once a day till it be whole: then after anoint it with neat's foot oil to supple the sinews again. Others use to take the finest hay, and burn it to ashes upon a fair board, then mix it with neat's foot oil, and make a salve thereof; then all to rub the sores until they bleed almost, and then anoint them with the said salve, and rope his legs, and keep them from wet. Others use after they have washed the soar with old stale, then to take a quantity of strong mustard, vinegar, grey soap, barrows grease, and some quicksilver; mix them together, and therewith anoint the soar. Other Farriers take a quantity of unslaked lime, half so much black soap, and so much of strong vinegar as shall suffice to make it like an ointment: then the hair being cut away, and the soar washed with urine, lay to this ointment, renewing it not the space of two days, and it will kill the sorrance: then wash the place once or twice with warm wine; then after heal it with turpentine and hogs grease molten together, and in no wise let the horse come in any wet. Others use after they have washed the soar place with urine, and clipped away the hair, and made the wound raw, to take butter and tar, of each a like, and boiling them together, anoint all the soar place therewith every day till it be whole. Others take of honey and verdigris of each a like, and boil them together until half be consumed, and then anoint the soar therewith once a day until it be whole. Others of our latter Farriers use either to shave off the hair, or scald it off with orpiment, and unslaked lime boiled in strong lee; then wash it with warm vinegar, or white wine, then when it is dry anoint it with this ointment. Take of orpiment one ounce, of verdigris three ounces, of soot five ounces, a lttle unslaked lime, and of honey one pound; mingle them all well together upon a soft fire, and being made like an ointment use it as aforesaid once a day to the soar; or else take honey, soap, verdigris, unslaked lime, and vinegar, and boil them with alum, galls, and mail, till it come to a plaster, and then apply it unto the soar; or else boil salad oil with a little suet and soap, than skin it and take it from the fire; then add an ounce of quicksilver resolved, two ounces of verdigris, three ounces of unslaked lime, and one ounce of white wax: when all these are well mixed together, and made into a salve, then apply it once a day unto the soar, until it be whole. Other Farriers use, after they have shaved the place, to boil vinegar and the skin of lard or bacon together, and to apply that to the soar three days together: then take lard molten, lethargy, mastic, verdigris, and soot mingled together, with goats milk, and lay it to, renewing it once a day until the soar be healed. The scraping of a pans bottom mixed with the inner pills of Elder, are also good for the Scratches; or new man's dung applied for five days, and after anoint the soar with oil and soap mixed together. Others take of unslaked lime, the dowder of glass, and of verdigris, of each-one an ounce; of orpiment an ounce, of oil and of fresh grease, of each four ounces; mix all these well together, and apply it to the soar until it be whole; If you take black snails and burr roots, and beat them together, it will also help this sorrance. Other Farriers take an ounce of soap, two ounces of unslaked lime, and as much lie, or strong vinegar as will temper it, and so dress the soar until it be whole. Others take fenugreek and beat it, three oranges cut in pieces, half a pound of sheeps suet, new sheeps dung; boil all these in the grounds of good ale, and then bathe the horse therewith as hot as may be: then rope him up with hay ropes, and so let him stand three days, then bathe him him so again. Others take hogs grease, soap, brimstone, soot, and honey; boil them, and lay them too cold, you may also add verdigris; but before you lay on this ointment, scrape the scabs off and make them bleed, and rub them with soap, mustard, and vinegar, mixed together.   

CHAP. 87. Of the ringbone.  
THe ringbone is a sorrance, which appeareth above upon the coronet of the hoof, being a certain hard gristel going sometimes round about the same: it proceedeth as some Farriers hold opinion either either from some blow of an other horse, or by striking the horses foot against some stub, or stone or such like accident: but surely I hold that it also proceedeth from some imperfection innature; for as much as I have seen many foals foaled with ringbones on their feet. These ringbones do breed a viscous and slimy humour, which resorting to the bones that are of their own nature cold and dry, waxeth hard, and cleaveth to some bone, and so in process of time becometh a bone. The signs of the sorrances are the apparent sight of the sorrance, being higher than any part of the coronet, the staring of the hair, & the halting of the horse; & the cure, according to ancient Farriers, is first to scarify the skin above the ring-bone with a lancet; then take a great onion, & pick out the chore: then put into it verdigris & unslaked lime: then cover the hole, and roast the onion soft, then bruise it in a mortar, & so very hot lay it to the ring-bone: do thus 4 days together, and it will cure it. Others of the old Farrier's use first to wash the sorrance with warm water, and shave away the hair: then scarify it lightly with the point of a razor so as the blood may issue forth: then dress it with Cantharideses & Eu●orbium in such sort as hath been taught for the splint, using him, & curing him after the same manner; but when the hair beginneth to grow again, then draw the soar place with a hot drawing iron in straight lines, from the pastorn down to the coffin of the hoof, in this manner and let the edge of the drawing iron be as thick as the back of a meat knife, and burn him no deeper then that the skin may look yellow: that done, cover the burning with pitch and rosin molten together, and clap thereon floxe of the horses own colour, and about three days after lay again some of the last mentioned plaster, and also new floxe upon the old, and there let them remain till they fall away of themselves.  
Others use to shave off the hair, and to scarify the soar with a lancet till it bleed: then strew upon it the powder of Tartar, and salt, of each a like mixed together, and bind it strait: then after anoint it with fresh grease; or else soften the ring-bone with the skin of old bacon, the fat being scraped off, that you may see through the skin, and laid to after it is shaven and made bleed: after lance it and let out the ring-bone. Others use to lance the skin with a razor; then opening the skin with a cornet, prick the ring-bone. Lastly, strew upon it the powder of vitriolle, and bind it on so as it may not stir for nine days; then thrust out the matter which is dissolved. Lastly, wash it with salt, with urine, and vinegar mixed together. Other Farriers do use after they have shaved it, to lay unto it a plaster made of bran, & honey, with the young leaves of wormwood, pellitory, and Branke-ursine mingled with swine's grease, and beaten together, and boiled, and used as hot as the horse can suffer it. This medicine will not only cure the ring-bone, but any other hard swelling whatsoever. Also a plaster of the leaves of smallage being beaten to pieces, is not only good for this sorrance, but for any wind-gall also. To wash a ring-bone continually with strong vinegar will abate it: or else to shave away the hair, and take half a lemon, and sprinkle arsenic thereupon, and lay it to the ring-bone, and it will eat it away off; if twice or thrice a day you bind a hard egg burning hot unto the ring-bone, it will take it away. Lastly, if you take Euforbium, and mingle it with the oil of Giniper, salt, and pepper, and so apply it to the ring-bone, it will in a very short space consume the ring-bone quite away; always provided that you keep the horse from any wet during his cure.   

CHAP. 88 Of hurts on the Cronet by crossing one foot on another.  
IF your horse by crossing one foot upon another, chance to wound or hurt the coronet of his hoof, you shall then, according to the opinion of the old Farriers, first wash it well with white wine, or with warm urine, and then lay unto it the white of an egg mixed with chimney soot and salt; and that, if it be renewed once a day, will in two or three days dry up the soar. Other Farriers use first to pair or cut away the hoof that it touch not the hurt, and keep it clean from filth by washing it with urine: then seeth two eggs hard, and take off the shells, then press them with your hand long, and first roast one hot, and tie it to hard; when that is cold use the other: after make a plaster of soot, salt, and oil boiled together, and lay it to the soar, renewing it once a day until it be whole.   

CHAP. 89. Of the Crown Scab.  
THe crown scab is a filthy and stinking scab, breeding round about the cronets of the hoof, and is a cankerous & painful sorrances: it cometh oft-times by means that the horse hath been bred in a fenny, marish ground, where the cold, striking corrupt humours up to his feet, engendereth this sorrance, which is ever more painful in the winter then in the summer. The signs are, the hairs of the coronet will be very thin, and staring like bristles, and the cronets will be always mattering, and run on water. Now the cure, according to the opinion of many Farriers, is to take the skin of bacon, and lay thereon soot and salt beaten together, mingled with grease or suet, wax, and pitch molten together: and if the flesh chance to grow proud, eat it away either with verdigris, beaten to powder, or with the scrape of a Heart's horn, or an ox horn made into fine powder. Other Farriers use to take of soap, and of hogs grease, of each half a pound, of bolearmony a little, of turpentine a quartern; and mix them well together, and make a plaster and bind it fast on, renewing it every day once until it leave running; and then wash it with strong vinegar being lukewarm, every day once until the soar be clean dried up, and let the horse come in no wet until the sorrances be whole. Others use only to bathe it continually with old stale sod with salt, and that will dry up the humour and heal it.   

CHAP. 90. Of the Quitterbone.  
THe Quitterbone is a hard round swelling upon the coronet of the hoof, betwixt the heel & the quarter, and groweth most commonly on the inside of the foot: it breedeth commonly by means of gravel gathered underneath the shoe, which fretteth inward, & forceth an ulcer to break upward: or else it cometh by the cloying or pricking of some nail driven by an ignorant smith, the anguish whereof looseneth the gristel, and so breedeth evil humours, whereof the quitterbone springeth: the signs are, the horse will halt much, and the swelling is apparent to the eye, which in four or five days cometh to a head, and will break out with matter at a little deep hole like a fistula; and surely then this quitterbone, there is no outward sorrance whatsoever more dangerous to a horse. The cure thereof according to the opinion of some of the ancient Farriers is, first to cut the hoof to the quick: then seeth a Snake or an Adder till the flesh part from the bone, and be molten as an unguent; then anoint the soar place therewith very warm even to the bottom, and during the cure keep the foot clean from any filth; for this both drieth, and killeth the quitterbone. Other of the old Farriers, first burn about the quitterbone with a hot iron, in manner of a half circle, & then with the same iron draw another right through the midst thereof in this sort : then take of arsenic the quantity of a bean beaten into fine powder, and put it into the hole, thrusting it down to the bottom with a quill, and stop the mouth of the hole with a little tow, and bind it so fast with a cloth and a roller, that the horse may not come at it with his mouth, and so let it rest for that day; and the next day if you see that the soar looketh black within, than it is a sign that the arsenic did work well; then to allay the burning of it, taint the hole with flax dipped in hogs grease, and turpentine molten together, and cover the taint with a plaster of pitch, rosin, wax, and turpentine molten together, but there must be as much terpentine as of all the rest: and thus you must continue to do until you have gotten out the chore, which the arsenic did eat; then shall you see whether the loose gristel in the bottom be uncovered or not: and if it be not uncovered, then feel with your fingar or with a quill, whether you be nigh it or not; and if you be, then raise the gristel with a little crooked instrument, and pull it clean out with a pair of small nippers or mullets made for the purpose: that done, thrust it again with a full taint, dipped in the foresaid ointment, to assuage the anguish of the last dressing, and stop it hard to the intent that the hole may not shrink together or close up: and the next day take out that taint, and taint it anew with honey and verdigris boiled together, till they look red, renewing it every day once until it be whole, keeping always the mouth of the soar as open as you may, to the intent that it heal not up too fast, & let not the horse come in any wet, nor travel until he be perfectly whole. Other Farriers use to cut the hoof open to the quick; then take G●lbanum, Sagapenum, pitch of Greece, Olibanum, Mastic, oil, & white wax, of each an ounce, with half a pound of sheep suet: melt them upon a soft fire, and incorporate them well together, and therewith dress the soar place until it be whole. Others use after the soar is opened, to put in the salt of Tartar, and when that hath eaten away the quitterbone, to heal it up with honey and verdigris boiled as aforesaid. Others take of goats dung two ounces, of sheeps tallow three ounces, and as much strong vinegar as will suffice to boil them well in, and then therewith to dress the quitterbone, until it be clean whole.   

CHAP. 91. Of gravelling a Horse.  
Gravelling is a certain fretting of gravel, sand, or dirt under the foot betwixt the sole and the shoe, sometimes on the inside, and sometime on the outside of the foot, and sometimes of both sides of the heel. It cometh, as I said, by means of little gravel stones getting betwixt the hoof, or calking or sponge of the shoe, which by continual labour and travel of the horse, doth eat through the hoof into the quick of the foot; and the rather if the horses heels be soft and weak, or that the shoe do lie flat to his foot, so as the gravel being gotten in it cannot get out again. The signs whereof are these, the horse will halt much, and covet to go most on his toe, to favour his heel, and the softer the way is, the more is the horses case. Now for the cure according to the old Farriers, it is thus; first pair the hoof till you may see the soar, then take an ounce of virgin wax, and a quarter of an ounce of rossen, and a quarter of dears suet, & half an ounce of boars grease, and beat them all well together in a mortar, and then melt them together on the fire; that done, dip good store of flax therein, and so stop up the soar close and hard, and then you may travel the horse whither you please; and do thus once a day until the foot be sound. Other of the old Farrier's use, first to pair the hoof, and to get out the gravel with a drawing knife, leaving none behind; then stop the soar place with turpentine and hogs grease molten together, and laid one with a little tow or flax, and then clap on the shoe, to keep in the stopping, renewing it every day once until it be whole, and suffer the horse to come in no wet until it be healed. Now you must understand that if a gravelling be not well stopped to keep down the flesh, it will rise higher than the hoof, and so put the Farrier to much more pain, both in bolstering it, and abating that ill grown substance. Others use only to pair the foot, and prick out all the gravel clean, then wash it well with beer and salt; then melt into it tallow, rosin, and pitch: then covering it hard and close with flax, set on the shoe again, and do thus once a day. Others use after they have cleansed the soar, to lay hurds into it, being dipped in the white of eggs, then after heal it with salt beaten small & mixed with strong vinegar, or else with the powder of galls, salt, and Tartar, mixed together which also is good for any cloying or pricking.   

CHAP. 96. Of Surbating.  
Surbating is a continual beating of the hoof against the ground, & it cometh sometimes by means of evil shoeing lying too flat to his foot, or by going long barefoot; and sometimes by the hardness of the ground, and the high lifting of the horses feet, either in his trot, or in his amble; and the horses which are most subject to this sorrance, are those which have either great round feet, or such as are flat footed, the coffins whereof are weak and tender, and also those which have weak heels. The signs of the grief are, the horse will halt much, and go creeping and stiff, as if he were half foundered; and the cure, according to the opinion of the old Farriers, is to roast a couple of eggs exceeding hard, and then in the very violence of their heat, to burst them in the horses feet, and then power hot boiling salad oil also amongst them, and to stop the shoe up close with a piece of leather, and two cross splints of wood, and do thus thrice in one fortnight, and it will help him. Others of the ancient Farriers, take off the horses shoes, and pair him as little as may be; and if the shoes be not easy, that is to say, long, large, and hollow enough, then make them so, and tack them on again with four or five nails: that done, stop his feet with hogs grease, and bran boiled together so hot as may be, and also cover all the coffin round about with the same, binding all in together with a cloth, and a list fastened about the joint, renewing it every day once until it be sound; and give the horse during the cure, warm water to drink, and let him stand dry, and not have much travel. Now if your horse surbate in your travel, if every night you stop his feet well with cows dung, or with cows dung and vinegar, it will make him endure out his journey.   

CHAP. 92. Of the Prick in the so●le of the Foot, either by treading on a nail, or any other sharp thing.  
IF a horse in his travel chance to tread either on stub, nail, thorn, or any other sharp thing whatsoever, by means whereof he is pricked in the sole of the foot, the rider shall perceive the same by the sudden faltering of the horse, who will instantly stand still and lift up his foot, as desiring help: and if it chance at any other time, than the halting of the horse, and the diligent searching of a careful Farrier must find out the mischief. Now the cure, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, is first to pull off the shoe, and pair the foot, and with a drawing knife, uncover the hole, making the mouth so broad as a twopences: then tack on the shoe again: that done, stop it by pouring into the hole turpentine and hogs grease molten together, and lay some flax or tow upon it; and then stop all the horses foot with cows dung, and so covering it with a piece of leather, splint it with two cross sticks so as the stopping may abide in, renewing it every day once until it be whole, and let the horse tread in no wet.  
Now you must be very careful in the curing of this sorrance: For if it be not healed from the bottom, besides that it is dangerous to the life of the horse, it is also a great hazard that the soar will break out at the top of the hoof, and so loosen the hoof round about, and perhaps make it fall clean away; but if you see that it begin to break out above, then make a greater issue beneath, by opening the hole wider, and taking more of the sole away, that the flesh may have the more liberty: then take of bolearmony half a quartern, and of bean flower as much, and two eggs; beat them, and mingle them well together, and make a plaster thereof upon tow, and lay it round about the coronet, bind it fast on, and so let it remain the space of two days, and then renew it again, not failing so to do every two days until you see it wax hard and firm above: for this plaster being restricktive, will force the humours to resort always downward; which humours must be drawn out with turpentine and hogs grease, as before, until it leave mattering; and then dry it up with burnt alum beaten into powder, and strewed upon the soar, with a little flax laid again upon that, continuing so to do every day once until it be hardened; and let not the horse come in any wet until it be whole. Other Farriers use to taint the soar with tallow, tar, and turpentine being molten together, and anoint all the coffin and coronet of the hoof with bolearmony and vinegar beaten together till the soar be whole, especially if the thing which did prick the horse was venomous or rusty.   

CHAP. 93. To draw out either Stub, thorn, or Iron, either out of the foot, or any other part of the body.  
IF either the Stubbe, the Thorn, the Iron, or any thing whatsoever, wherewith your horse is wounded, be gotten so deep into the flesh that you cannot get hold upon it to pull it out, then, according to the opinion of the old Farriers, (if you find that albeit it be too deep, yet it is not much too deep) you shall take a good quantity of black soap, and lay it to the soar for a whole night, and it will make it to appear, so as you may pull it out with a pair of nippers: but if it lie very deep, than you must open the place with a lancet, and thrusting in your mullets or nippers, pull it out by strength, and afterwards heal up the wound, as was before taught in the last chapter.  
Other Farriers say, that the roots of reeds being stamped and mixed with honey, it will draw out any stub or nail: so will also black snails being stamped and wrought with fresh butter. Now if the place be much swollen, than it is good to mollify it with a plaster made of wormwood, parietory, bears foot, hogs grease, and honey, well boiled and mixed together, which will assuage any new swelling that cometh by stripe or otherwise.  
Now when you have gotten out that which you sought for, than you shall first power into the wound scalding oil Olive; when that is cold, power into it as hot turpentine; when that is cold, strew on the powder of Sulphur, and then bolster his foot or the soar with hurds, and keep it from all wet and filthiness.   

CHAP. 94. Of the Fig.  
IF a Horse having received any hurt, as is before said, either by stub, great nail, thorn, bone, splent, or stone, either in the sole, or any other part of the foot, and be not well dressed, and perfectly cured, there will grow in that place a certain superfluous piece of flesh, like unto a fig, full of little white grains as you see are in figs. The cure whereof according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers is, first with a hot iron, to cut the fig clean away, and keep the flesh down with turpentine, hogs grease, and a little wax molten together, and laid on with a little tow, stopping the hole hard that the flesh rise not, renewing it once a day until the soar be whole. Now other of our latter Farriers use after they have as before said, cut away the fig, then to take the crops of young nettles, & chopping them very small, lay them upon a cloth, just as big as the fig▪ then take the powder of verdigris and strew it thin upon the chopped nettles, and so bind it to the soar, renewing it once a day until the hoof have covered the soar, and this is a most certain cure.   

CHAP. 95. Of a Retreat.  
A Retreat is when a horse by the ill government of the smith, is pricked in the foot with some ill driven nail, yet in such sort that it is immediately espied, and the nail drawn back again; and although it proceedeth of test from the negligence of the smith, yet it may also come by reason of the weakness of the nail, and the hollowesse of the shank: for when the nail is a little too weak, the point many times bendeth awry into the quick, when it should go right forth; and when it is hollow it shivereth in the driving into two parts, whereof one part razeth the quick in pulling out, or else perhaps breaketh asunder, and so remaineth still behind: and this kind of pricking is the worst of all other, because it will rankle worst, in as much as the flaw cankereth and remaineth still in the foot. The signs hereof are, 1. the apparent shrinking & struggling of the horse assoon as the quick is touched, and next his much halting: lastly you shall search his foot with a hammer, by knocking upon the clinch of every nail: for when you knock upon that nail where the grief is, the horse will shrink up his foot; and if that will not serve, then grope the hoof with a pair of pinsons round about until you have found the place grieved. Now the cure, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers is, first to pull off the shoe, and then open the place grieved, either with a butteris or with a drawing knife, so that you may perceive either by feeling or seeing, whether there be any piece of nail or not; if there be, then pull it clean out; after take of nettles half a handful, and bruise them in a mortar, and put thereto a spoonful of red vinegar, and a spoonful of black soap, and two ounces of brocks grease, or the fat of salt bacon, and bray all these well together, and stop well the hole of the soar with this, and then tack on the shoe again, & you may safely adventure to travel him. Other Farriers use after they have opened the soar to stop up the hole with turpentine, wax, and sheeps suet molten together; and so poured hot into the hole, and then lay a little tow upon it, & clap on the shoe again, renewing it thus every day once until it be whole; during which time the horse must not come in any wet, and it must be stopped in this sort, though it be but pricked without any piece of nail remaining: & if for lack of looking to in time, this retreat causeth the horse to break out, than you shall cure it either with a restrictive plaster of bolearmony, bean flower, and eggs, mentioned in the 97. chapter: or else with chopped nettles and verdigris, spoken of in the last chapter.  
Now there be other Farriers, which not only for this retreat, but for any prick in the horse's foot, use after they have laid open the wound, to take of turpentine one ounce, of tar one ounce, of pitch one ounce, of beef suet one ounce, and one head of garlic; boil them all together, and lay them to it so hot as may be suffered; and if it chance to break out above the hoof, then apply also the same medicine unto it, and it will cure it.   

CHAP. 96. Of Cloying.  
A Horse is said to be cloyed with a nail, or pricked with a nail, when the whole nail is stricken into the quick of the foot, and so remaineth still in the same, & is clinshed as other nails be, by means whereof the horse halteth extremely. Now this grief is known by searching the grieved place with a hammer or pinsons as is before said. Now for the cure, according to the opinion of the old Farriers it is thus; if the horse halt immediately, then pull off his shoe and open the hole until it begin to bleed, and then stop up the hole with turpentine, wax, and sheeps suet molten together, and poured in very hot, renewing it once a day until it be whole; and let the horse tread in no wet, and let his shoe be tacked on again as soon as he is dressed. Others use only to pour into the hole hot scalding butter, and that will heal it; or else to burn the hole with another nail, and that will cure it. Other Farriers use after they have opened well the soar to take half a pound of frankincense, a pound of rosin, a pound of pitch of Greece, half a pound of black pitch, a pound of new wax, a pound of goat's grease, half a pound of varnish, half a pound of turpentine, two ounces of oil olive; and melt them altogether, and lay this unto the hoof plasterwise, and it will not only heal any prick whatsoever, but also any cracks, chinks, or cliffs in the hoof howsoever they breed; provided that you let the horse tread in no wet during the cure; but if the soar chance to break out on the top of the hoof, than you shall take two or three yolks of eggs, whites and all beaten together, and add thereunto an ounce of bolearmony, and as much bean or wheat meal as will thicken the same: then make a plaster thereof two fingers broad, and as long as will go round on the top of the horses hoof, bind it fast on with a roller, and renew it once a day until it be whole.  
Other Farriers use after they have searched and laid open the wound, to put into it hurdes dipped in the white of an egg, then stop the whole with salt beaten very small, mingled with vervin, and strong vinegar, and cover it with flax dipped in strong vinegar; or else holding up the horse's foot, pour into the wound hot scalding oil olive; and when that is cold▪ pour in hot turpentine, and that being cold strew upon it the powder of sulphur; then lay on a bolster of flax, than shoe him, and keep him from treading in any wet. Others use to take tallow, the powder of Sulphur, mallows, and very strong vinegar; boil them together until they be thick like an ointment: then lay the same to the soar, as hot as the horse can endure it, renewing it once in twelve hours till it be whole. Others use to take of honey and vinegar, of each a like quantity, a little oil, and suet of a he goat; boil them with a soft fire, and stir it: when it waxeth red, add verdigris and vitriolle, of each a like, made into powder, still stirring it till it be thick and red; then stop the soar every day therewith until it be whole, after you have washed it well with salt and vinegar. Others take pepper, garlic, and cabbage leaves beaten with swine's grease, and lay that to the soar: or else take tallow, and horse dung, and mixing them well together, stop the soar therewith, and in short space it will cure it.  
Other Farriers use to take off the shoe, then having opened the soar, to wash it with wine: then lay upon it the inner rind of Elder, and through that melt in grease with a hot Iron: then tack on the shoe again, and do thus divers days together, and it is a certain cure.   

CHAP. 97. General Observations for the Feet and Hoves of a Horse.  
FOrasmuch as the feet and hooves of a Horse are the only instruments of labour, and that a small grief in that part deprives a man of the benefit and use of the rest; I think it not amiss before I speak of the particular diseases of the hooves, to show you some general notes and observations which you shall observe for the benefit of the feet. Know then that first it is meet that you let your shoes before be short, with strong sponges, but no cawkins, and your nails to have special good heads.  
Let your shoes behind have a cawkin on the outside; but if he enterfeare, let the cawkin be on the inside to make him cast outward, and let the inside of that side inward have a welt an inch deep, or be twice as thick as the outside: but if all this help not his enterfearing, then bring him to an amble; but if he will not amble, burn him with a hot Iron betwixt the legs, that the soreness thereof may make him go wide behind, which is an odinary practice amongst the Frenchmen.  
Let your shoes be made of Iron that will not break, of which our English is best, the Spanish next, and the Dansk worst. Let them also be light, yet so as they may be able to bear the burden of the horse, being broader at the toes, then at the cawkins or sponges.  
Let your cawkins be short, and blunt at the points, and your sponges long and thick.  
Let your shoe be full as strait as the horn of the hoof so far as the nails go, and from the two heele-nayles backward, let the shoe be broader than the hoof, that the shoe may be without the horn.  
Give unto every shoe nine nails, on each side four, and one in the midst; and let the shanks of the nails be very flat and thin, that if the hoof be nought, they may yet keep the shoe firm with little hold, and the nearer that your nails are driven backward towards the heel (so it be without danger) the faster the shoe will sit, and the harder to be pulled away.  
Let your cawkins sit a straws breadth behind the corner of the coffin, and let your nail heads enter into the shoe, especially on the outside, and by all means hollow your shoe so little as may be.  
Pair very little or nothing at all from the heel of a horse; yet open his heels as sufficiently as may be, because ever the heel must be thick, and the toe thin.  
In fair ways pair the sole thin, but in frost or stony ways, pair as little as may be.  
To conclude, when the hoof is higher on the outside then on the inside, it will make a horse enterfeare; and when it is higher on the inside, it will make a horse straddle, so that a fair smooth table is of all most convenient. After travel ever stop the inside of the hoof with cows dung, and rub the outside and the coronet with the sward of fat bacon: for that will keep a tough, smooth, and a sound hoof.   

CHAP. 98. Of loosening of the Hoof.  
A Hoof is said to be loosened when there is a dissolution or parting of the horn or coffin of the hoof from the flesh, at the setting on of the coronet. Now if this dissolution or parting be round about the coronet, than it proceedeth by means of some foundering; but if it be but in part, than it proceedeth from the anguish caused either by the pricking of some canell nail, or other nail piercing the sole, or quarters of the foot; or by some quitterbone, retreat, gravelling, or cloying, or such like accident. The signs of the disease be these: When it is loosened by foundering, than it will break first, and the dissolution will appear on the fore part of the coronet right against the toe, because the humour doth covet always to descend towards the toe; but if it proceed from pricking, gravelling, or such like, than the hoof will loosen round about, equally even at the first; but when it proceeds from some quitterbone, or hurt upon the coronet, than the hoof will break right above the place that is offended, and most commonly will go no further. Now the cure, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, is, of what cause soever the loosening proceed, first to be sure to open the hoof in the sole of the foot, so as the humour may have free passage downward; and then to bind about the top of it, the restrictive plaster spoken of in the 97. chapter, and in the 100 chapter, and in such sort, as it is there written, and then heal it up with turpentine and hogs grease molten together. Others of the ancient Farriers take three spoonful of tar, and a quarter of a pound of rosin, and half a handful of tansy, and half an handful of rue, and half an handful of red mints, and half an handful of southernwood, and bray all these together in a mortar: then add half a pound of butter, and a pennyworth of virgin wax, then melt them all together over the fire until it come to a thick plaster or salve, than spread some of it upon a cloth, and lay it to the soar, renewing it once a day for seven days, and it will heal it. Others use to take the brains of a swine or a pig, and to stop his hoof very well therewith, three days together, renewing it twice or thrice a day; and it will grow fast, and endure as well, or rather better than ever it did. Other Farriers use to cut out the sole below, letting it bleed well; after stop it with hurds dipped in the whites of eggs, tie this to for twenty four hours, then wash it with strong vinegar warmed, after fill it with tartar, and salt of each a like quantity, let that remain in 2 days; then anoint it with the ointment made of Olibanum, mastic, pitch of Greece, of each a like, and a little Sanguis draconis, and of new wax, and sheeps suet as much as of the first, and melt, and boil them all very well together, and let this ointment be applied once a day till the soar be whole. But if you perceive that any new hoof come, then cut away the old, lest the hardness of the one hinder the tenderness of the other; and then anoint the new hoof with suet, oil, & wax, of each a like boiled together, to make it grow; or else with pitch of Greece, mastic, Olibanum, Sanguis dracovis, & Galbanum, of each alike, being molten with suet: for this will make the new hoof to grow also, so will also new wax, honey, oil, swine's grease, and sheep's suet, being boiled together; and when it is cold add mastic, Sanguis draconis, and Frankincense, and incorporate them all together; for nothing sooner than this will make either new or old hoof grow. Others use to take shell snails and stamp them, and lay them twice a day to the soar, and they will either fasten the old hoof, or quickly bring forth a new. Now there be other Farriers which first fill the soar with turpentine, and after it hath lain twenty four hours, then wash the soar with urine or copporas water; then fill it either with verdigris, or with sheeps tallow, pitch, and rosin boiled together, in which having dipped hurdes lay it to the soar very hot twice a day until it be whole.   

CHAP. 99 Of casting the hoof.  
THe casting of the hoof is, when the whole coffin thereof falleth clean away from the foot; which cometh of all the former causes rehearsed in the last chapter, & is so apparent to the eye that it needeth none other signs. Now for the cure it is thus, take of turpentine one pound, of tar half a pint, of unwrought wax half a pound, of sheeps suet half a pound, & of salad oil half a pint; boil all these things together, and stir them continually until they be thoroughly mixed together; then make a boot of leather with a strong sole fit for the horses foot, to be laced fast about the pastern; then dress his foot with the salve aforesaid, laid upon flax or tow, and bolster or stop his foot with soft flax, so as the boot may grieve him no manner of ways, renewing it every day once until the new hoof come: then as the hoof beginneth to harden, if it grow either thick, crompled, or out of order; with a fine rape-file keep it smooth and plain till the hoof be perfect, and then put him to grass, that there it may take a kindly hardening and toughness.   

CHAP. 100 Of the Hoofe-bound.  
THe hoofe-bound is nothing else but a shrinking in of the whole hoof in the upper part thereof, making the skin to stare above the hoof, and to grow over the same. It proceedeth from keeping the horses hooves too dry in the stable, or from strait shoeing▪ or from some unnatural heat after foundering; and the signs of the disease are, that the horse will halt much, and his hooves will be hot; and if you knock upon them with an hammer, they will sound hollow like an empty bottle; and if both his feet be not hoofe-bound, than the soar foot will ever be the lesser: and you shall also understand that this disease of some Farriers is called a dry foundering. Now for the cure thereof according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, it is thus, take a pound of the sward of bacon, and a quartern of a pound of white soap, and a handful of balm, and a handful of bay leaves, and four or five branches of rue, and stamp them well together; and then fry them, and lay them about the coronet of the hoof very●oat, suffering it so to abide the space of five days, and then renew it, but in no case let him tread in any wet, and this will help him. Other of the ancient Farrier's use, first to pull off his shoes, and to shoe him with half moon shoes called Lunets or Lunet, the shape whereof you shall see in an other place; then raze both the quarters of the hoof with a drawing knife, from the coronet unto the sole of the foot, so deep that you may see the dew come forth: and if you make two razes on each side, it shall be so much the better, and enlarge the hoof the more; that done, anoint all the hoof above next unto the coronet round about with the ointment described before in the last chapter of casting the hoof, continuing so to do every day once until he begin to amend; and let him be ridden upon some soft wet ground an hour or two every day once for the space of a month; and if he go not well at the months end, then take off the half shoes, and pair all the soles, ●rushes and all so thin, that you may see the dew come forth, and tack on a whole shoe, and stop all the foot within with hogs grease and bran molten together, and laid very hot to the foot, renewing it every day once the space of nine days, to the intent the sole may rise; but if this will do no good, then take away the sole clean, and clap on a whole shoe, and stop the foot with nettles and salt braid together; yet stop it not too hard, to the intent the sole may have liberty to rise; & let this be renewed every day once, till the sole be grown again, then let him be shod with Lunets, and so sent to grass. Other Farriers use only to raze the hoof from the coronet to the verge of the hoof in four or five places, and rub it twice or thrice a day with salt, and that will open the hoof. Others use only to open the horse exceeding much at the heels once a week, and to shoe him with very wide open shoes, and then for a month or two to draw him in some cart, that by being forced to set his foot hard to the ground, he may thereby stretch forth and widen his hoof. Now to prevent this soarrance, it is good to anoint his hooves with neat's foot oil, or with turpentine, and to stop them underneath with cows dung.   

CHAP. 101. Of the running or rotten Frush.  
THe Frush, which of some is called the Frog of the foot, is the tenderest part of the hoo●e towards the heel, and is fashioned like a forked arrow head, being only that part of the foot which Farriers cut forth, when they say they cut forth the sole of the horses foot. Now in this frush breedeth many times a rottenness or corruption proceeding of humours which cometh out of the legs, by which the leg is kept clean from windgalles, and all other tumours or swellings by means that the humours have passage that ways; notwithstanding the mischief of this sorrance is greater than the benefit, because it maketh the horse's foot so weak and tender, that he is not able to tread upon any hard ground. The signs of the sorrances are, the horse will halt much when he traveleth either upon loose stony ground, or upon stiff dirty ways, and goeth ever best upon green swarth; but above all he halteth most when the passage of the humour is stopped with any gravel gathered into the frush, and not being stopped, it will continually run, and stink so extremely that a man can hardly endure it; beside, in some places it will look raw. Now the cure, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, is thus: First take off the shoe, and pair away all the corrupt places, and make them raw, so as you may see the water issue out of the raw places: then tack on the shoe again, being first made wide and large enough: that done, take of soot one handful, of salt as much; bruise them well together in a dish, and put thereto the whites of three eggs, and temper them altogether; & with a little ●ow dipped therein, stop all the foot, and especially the frush, and splint it in so as it may not f●ll out, renewing it once a day the space of seven days, and certainly it will cure him. Now during the cure, the horse must rest, and come in no wet; and at the seven days end, leave stopping him, and ride him abroad, and always when he cometh in, let his soar foot be clean washed: for there is no greater enemy unto the sorrance than gravel and dirt. Other of our later Farriers, only take off the shoe, and pair him well, and keep the soar clean, both from dirt and his own dung, by washing it three or four times a day with urine, and that alone will cure him as well as any medicine.   

CHAP. 102. Of evil Hoves.  
Horse's partly through a natural inclination, partly through the stoniness of the soil wherein they are bred, and partly through mischance or ill government, will have ill favoured and naughty hooves, as either wrinkled, or crumpled, or else moulded awry, or such like: all which needs no signs because of the apparent sight thereof: then to amend them, the best cure is with a fine rape-file to smooth the wrinkles away, and to anoint the coronet of the hoof with the fat sword of bacon rubbed in foot: then let the horse stand for at least a fortnight upon his own dung, whereon you shall cast good store of water, only remove away the dung every night; and then presently after the change of the moon, shoe the horse with strong shoes, keeping the sole of the foot by paring, so hollow as you can possible, and it will shape his hoof to your pleasure.   

CHAP. 103. Of brittle Hooves.  
IF a Horse either through the heat of his own nature, or in that he hath been either heated on his feet by labour, or foundered and evil cured, shall happen to have his hooves so brittle and short, that they will hardly bear a shoe: the signs whereof are, the hoof will be white and crumbling: then the best cure, according to the opinion of the best Farriers, is to take Ox dung and vinegar, and mixing them very well together, warm them on the fire, and so bind it both under and above round about the horse's hoof, and then lace on his boot of strong leather as is aforesaid in the chapter of casting of the hoof. Other Farriers use to let the horse stand upon his own dung, and anoint all the upper part of his hoof with the fat of bacon sodde and mixed with turpentine: And this you must do every day once till you see his hooves come to some toughness. Others use to take turpentine, hogs grease, & honey, of each a like; melt them well together, and being warm anoint all the hoof therewith: then dip tow therein, and fold it all about the horse foot both under & above; and then put on his boot: dress him thus once a day, and once in two days let him stand four hours without his boot, that his hoof may grow as well hard as tough.   

CHAP. 104. How to preserve Hoves.  
IF you mean to preserve your horses hooves either from any of the former sorrances, or any other grief whatsoever, you shall, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, take three heads of garlic, a little bundle of rue, six ounces of alum, beaten into powder, two pound of old grease, and the dung of an Ass; boil them all very well together, and stop your horses hooves therewith once a day. Other Farriers take of vinegar a quartern, of tar half a pint, of hogs grease half a pound, of oil a pint, and a good handful of wormwod, and four or five heads of garlic; boil all these together to a thick ointment, and therewith anoint all the horses hooves. Others use to boil beans till they burst, and then temper them with honey, and therewith anoint all the hooves: or else wash all the hooves with warm vinegar, and then anoint them with horehound, wormwood, & grease molten together. Other Farriers take of Olibanum and new wax, of each an ounce, of Dialthea and turpentine, of each three ounces, of butter four ounces, of old oil six ounces, & of sheep's suet & plantain, of each a pound; boil them all well together, & therewith anoint the hooves twice a day. Other Farriers anoint his hooves with turpentine, hogs grease, and honey warmed and molten together, of each a like quantity; then pair the foot well, and shoe him in t●e new of the moon two or three days after the change. Others use to take chalk and white lead mingled together; or else barke-dust and honey mixed together, and being heated in a posnet, and laid hot on the bare flesh, is most excellent to make any hoof grow; to conclude if a horse stand upon his own dung (being very well watered) so he do not lie in it, it is most sovereign for the preserving of the hooves   

CHAP. 105. For any hurt upon the hooves.  
IF your horse shall receive any hurt upon his hooves, either outwardly or inwardly, as either by any false treading or crossing one foot upon an other, or by any bruise either upon cogle stone, flint, or such like, then for the cure thereof you shall first stop the hoof with honey and vinegar mixed together, for the space of three days at the least; and then afterward with the leaves of Tamariske, well bruised & beaten together, until the hoof be sound again. Other Farriers use only to stop the hoof with sheeps grease and horse dung well mixed together, renewing it only once a day until it be well.   

CHAP. 106. How to soften hooves.  
THe hooves of horses will, by long & dry standing upon dry plaunchers, grow so hard that they will not be pared, nor cut by any butteris; beside, they will so take from the horse the sense and feeling of his feet, that the horse will go very stiff and unnimbly: wherefore when you shall perceive any such defect, which is best known by offering to pair the hoof, then presently you shall take an ounce of soap, two ounces of unslaked lime, with as much strong lie as will make it soft like a lenwicke salve, then with that stop the horses feet daily till they come to a convenient softness.   

CHAP. 107. How to harden hooves.  
AS dry standing & dry keepinng doth harden the hooves too much, so wet and moist keeping, as continual going in marish grounds, or continual standing either upon dirt or the horses own dung, will make a horses hooves too soft; in so much that the horse through the tenderness thereof will neither be able to go nor to bear any shoe, which you shall perceive by the soft and easy cutting of the hoof; the manner then to harden and cure them is, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, first to burn an old shoe sole, then seeth it well in vinegar, and therewith bathe the horses hooves, at the least twice a day, and it will harden them. Other Farries use to take of the powder of galls, of bran, and of salt, of each a handful; boil these well in a pottle of strong vinegar, and therewith bathe the hooves, and in a short space it will harden them.   

CHAP. 108. Of the Maltlong on the hoof.  
THe maltlong, or as some Farriers call it, the malt-worm, is a cankerous soarrance above the hoof, just upon the coronet, which will break out into knobs and branches, and out of the same will run a waterish sharp lie or humour, which will venom the whole foot; as for the signs, they are the apparent sight of the sorrance, and the continual running out of the thin water. Now the cure according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers is, if it be in the summer time, to take black snails, and burr roots: and beating them well together lay them unto the soar, and renew them once in twenty four hours. But if it be in the winter, then take the scraping of a pans bottom or of a cauldron, and put thereto an handful of the inner green bark or pills of the Elder tree; and having beaten them well together in a mortar, lay it unto the soar, and renew it once a day, and it will heal it. Others use to take garlic, pepper and honey, of each like quantity; stamp them very well together, then anoint his tongue with a little thereof, and then lay some to his pastorns, and that will cure the soarrance.   

CHAP. 109. How to skin any soar foot.  
THere is nothing better to skin any soar foot of what accident or soarrance soever it proceed, then to take turpentine simply of itself, and therewith every day to anoint the soar foot, and it will not only gather skin but hoof also, if it be in a place where any such need requireth.   

CHAP. 110. Of gourded or swollen legs.  
THe gorge or gourded legs, is an ill sorrance, being a grievous swelling in the neither part of the legs, proceeding either from the melting of the grease by immoderate labour, & then wanting wherewith to avoid that grease out in the excrements, it falleth down into the limbs, and there breedeth this swelling; or else when a horse is exceedingly heated, and then without care set up, and taketh cold, in so much that the blood falleth down into his legs, and there congealeth, and maketh his legs to swell. To conclude, they do sometimes proceed from hard beating in hard ways in the summer time, which first raiseth up windgals, and then those windgals offending the sinews, maketh them to swell, and this is the worst gourding, because ever for the most part lameness doth follow it.  
The signs are, the horses legs will ever be most swollen when he standeth still in the house, and least when he is in travel, especially if he travel in much water; and the swelling most commonly is accompanied with some small scabs, and in the end it will break out into the scratches. The cure according to the opinion of the ancient. Farrier's is, to draw him with a hot iron a handful above the knee, & then rope his legs with a soft rope of hay wet in cold water, and let it so remain a day and a night, and it will take away all the swelling. Other Farriers take two pound of nerve oil, two pound of black soap, a pound of Boars grease, and melt and boil all th●se well together: then strain it, and so let it cool: then when you have ●●y need, anoint and chafe your horses legs therewith; and to make it sink in the better, anoint him first with nerve-oil, and hold a hot Iron against his legs to make it melt: then use the other ointment in the same manner: which done, keep his legs clean from dust by lapping a linen roller about them.  
Others of our later Farriers use to take up the veins beneath the knee, and let him bleed well: then knit the vein both above and below, and then anoint his legs with this ointment: Take of frankincense, rosin, and fresh grease, of each a like quantity, and having boiled them very well together, then strain it, and use it once a day as you shall have occasion, and it will heal any Gorge whatsoever; only for the taking up of the veins, you may if you will, forbear it, sith if it be not done with great cunning, it will make the horse stiff ever after.   

CHAP. 111. Of the Farcy or Fashions.  
THe Farcy (of our ignorant Smiths called the Fashions) is of all outward sorrances the vilest, the most poisonous, infectious, and the most dangerous (being any whit neglected,) otherwise the most easiest, and with the least cost or trouble to be helped. It is a kind or ●●eeping ●lcer, growing in knots, ever following amongst some one vein or other, and sometimes alongst divers or sundry veins, according to the strength of the infection. It proceedeth sometimes from corrupt blood engendered in the body, sometimes from outward wounds or hurts received by cankerous or poisonous instruments, as rusty spurs, rusty forks, biting● of dogs or horses, bitings of tickes, hogs louse, or such like; sometimes by the rubbing of swine against the legs of the horse, or by lying in the litter where swine have lain, or by enterfearing, or hewing one leg upon an other: but generally it proceedeth from an evil habit of the body, being surfaited by disorderly and unruly travel, whereby the blood being heated, the grease melted, and sudden cold taken, there groweth such obstructions in the blood, and such putrefaction in the body, that it can no way evacuate or avoid, but by these small knots, pustules, or ulcers, which are so infectious, that as many horses as do gnaw or enappe upon the horse infected, will within one month have the same disease: or if the horse infected do bite any other, he will infect him also; and this infection without present cure, is mortal, and will kill any horse; therefore whensoever you have any horse troubled with this sorrance, see that you separate him from other horses to prevent the danger.  
Now for the signs, they are the appearance and palpable feeling of the knots, which knots are never but accompanied with great swellings and ranklings, running alongst as the veins run, and dividing themselves as the branches of the veins divide, the number of the knots multiplying and increasing until the body be either universally covered over, or else that the member (if it be in a member) be utterly deformed and misshapen.  
Now the cure, (according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers) is, first let him blood on his neck vein, and on both his spur veins: then give the horse this drink: Take a gallon of water, and put into it a good handful or rue, and a pound of hempseed, both being first bruised in a mortar: then boil them in the water till the one half be consumed, and give the horse this to drink in the morning, fasting, being cold, for divers mornings together, and it will cure him. Others of the ancient Farrier's use first to let the horse blood in that vein where the sorrance first riseth, as nigh the soar place as may be, and let him bleed well: then fire or cauterize every knot one by one, taking the knot in your left hand, and pulling it so hard as you can from his body, to the intent you may the better pierce the knot with a round blunt hot Iron, of the bigness of a man's forefingar, without doing the body any hurt, and let the matter out, leaving none unburned, be it little or much: that done, anoint every knot so burned with hogs grease warmed every day once until the cores be ready to fall away; and in the mean time prepare a good quantity of old urine, & when you see the cores ready to fall, then boil the urine, and put therein a little copporas and salt, and a few strong nettles, and with that water being warm, wash out all the cores, and all the corruption: that done, fill every hole immediately with the powder of sleckt lime, continuing thus to do every day once until the holes be closed up; and if any be more ranker than others, fill those with verdigris; and during this cure let the horse be thinly dyetted, that is to say, with straw and water only, unless it be now and then to give him a loaf of bread, or a little other provender: for the lower he is kept in flesh, the sooner he will heal; and in any wise let his neck either be yoked in an old bottomless pail, or else splented with the staves in such sort that he may not come to lick any of his sores, and the less rest he hath, the better will be his amendment. Now there be other later Farriers which for this sorrances take a good quantity of mistellthoe, honey, and black soap, and boil them very well in old urine, and being very warm, wash your horse all over therewith, every day once for the space of five or six days, and it will help it. Others use to cut the horse two inches long, down the forehead, and open it in the midst thereof on both sides two inches, and put thereto a tampin made of the inner rind of Elder bark which is green, and look that it lie cross the cut: for so it will destroy all the venomous humour in his body, and it will heal him very perfectly having been very oft approved. Others use to take a very sharp bodkin, and to thrust it crosswise through the neither part of the horses nose, even through the small gristle, so that he may bleed well, or else to let him blood in the neck vein, then feel the knots, and as many as are sort, launce them and let them run: then take strong lie, lime and alum, and mixing them well together bathe all the soar ●herewith; and it will cure him. Others take a sharp lance knife, and in the top of the horses forehead somewhat above his eyes make a long slit even unto the skull; then with a blunt instrument for the purpose, lose the flesh from the scalp a good compass, then take carrot roots cut into little thin round pieces, and put them between the skin and the skull, or for want of carrot roots you may take red dock roots, and see that they be a little beaten or bruised before you put them in, and once a day see that you thrust out the matter, but by no means thrust out the roots: but if the roots will not stay in, then with a needle and a silk stitch the wound together that it may hold in the medicine; then once a day anoint the wound with fresh butter: this is held a very certain cure for the farcy, for look how this wound thus made▪ shall rot, waist, and grow sound, so shall the sorrance break, dry up, and be healed; only the fault of this cure is, that it will be somewhat long in healing, and is a foul eyesoare until it be whole. Now there be other Farriers which after the putting in of the roots, as is aforesaid, use to burn all the soar places round about with a hot iron; and then with another blunt hot iron as big as a man's fingar, to burn the sores in the midst till the white matter come forth; then with a pair of pinsons pluck out the knots: this done, anoint all the soar places with soap, and then dress him no more the space of four or five days, in which time you must prepare a good quantity of strong piss, with the which you must wash him every day, the piss being first made scalding hot, and rub the sores well until they begin to bleed; then having dried all the soar places, throw ●n the powder of unslaked lime, or of burnt alum, which will heal better than lime. Now if you see that in any of the sores through negligent dressing there riseth proud flesh so high, that you cannot c●rrect it sufficiently with the aforesaid powder, then may you burn any such place so soar or soarer as you did at the first, and drisle it as before. Now there be other Farriers which when they see the farcy to have been old and long gone, and that it is so far entered into one member or other, that the member is disfigured, they will then first ●urge the horse▪ with some strong purgation, of which you may find choice in a chapter before written, and then under hi● belly put in one rowel either of hair or leather: and on the pitch of his shoulder of his grieved leg (if it be before) or else on the stifling place, if his grief be behind, put in another rowel, and so keep those two places together with the issue in his forehead open, until the cure be finished; then with an other hot iron burn all his leg down with long strikes, even from the body to the hoof, not above an inch one strike from another, the edge of the iron being not above a straws breadth, and draw your stroke ever downward with the hair, and burn him no deeper then that the skin may look brown. Now when by this practice you have cured the disease, if then the member be unfashionable, or by swellings out of all form, than you shall lay unto the member a plaster made of wine lees, and wheat flower, & roll it with a woollen roller, renewing it once in twenty tour hours till the member be assuaged; and this practice will heal any great swelled leg, if it be applied and continued with patience; but if by former dress, burnings, mangling, or cuttings of some ignorant Farriers, there be any extraordinary hard or horny substance grown about the member which the plaster aforesaid will not resolve; than you shall take of virgin wax half a pound, of myrrh one pound, of raisins a pound, of Galbanum half a pound, of Costus six ounces, of armoniarcke six ounces, of swine's grease two pounds; put your swine's grease first into an earthen pot, and having placed it in a broad cauldron full of water, then make a soft fire under it, to the end that your water may boil; and when you do perceive your swine's grease is almost melted, then shall you put in all your other simples, except the Costus: and when they are all molten, which will ask five or six hours boiling at the least, than your Costus, which is a white root, being beaten into fine powder, you shall add to the aforesaid things after it is taken from the fire, and incorporate them all very well together; then make a plaster thereof upon a piece of sheeps leather, somewhat bigger than the soar, and this plaster without renewing will serve for at least thirty days with a very little refreshing, only you must once a day take it off, and rub his leg very well, for fear it itch, which may cause the horse to beat and stamped with his foot, and so rather increase then decrease the swelling; and you must regard, that you do not roll him to strait, for that is most hurtful. It shall not be a miss now and then to ride him into the water, and walk him an hour after; then bringing him into the stable, rub his leg well; then warm his plaster over a chafingdish and coals, and so lay it to again: and this practice in two or three months will take away any deformity of swelling, be the member never so uncomely. Now there be other Farriers which for this farcy if it be but young, and especially if it be about the head or face of a horse; will take only of aqua vitae two spoonfuls, of the juice of garlic two spoonful, and of the juice of rue, or herb of grace, two spoonful; mix them well together, then take plegants or round balls of flax, and steep them therein, and then stop them hard into the horses ears; then take a needle and thread, and stitch the tips of his two ears together, by means whereof he cannot shake out the medicine, and use the horse thus three several mornings together, and it will kill the farcy as hath been oft proved. Other Farriers use to take dragworts, or groundsel, and beat it well in a mortar with white salt, and then stop it hard into the horses ears, and so either stitch them together, or with a broad inkle bind them up; renewing it once in fourteen hours for three or four dress, and it will heal any reasonable farcy. Others use to anoint all the soars either with tansy and verdivice boiled together, or else with boars grease very hot, and that will kill it. Others use first to wash the sores with old urine, then take the powder of glass, brimstone, and hogs grease well stamped and beaten together; then opening or slitting the knotes anoint them all therewith, and it will cure them immediately; Other Farrier's use to let the horse blood if it be at the beginning of the disease, or else not; & then to burn all the knots as is aforesaid, & then to heal the burnings with tar, oil & honey mixed together, & give him with a pint of malmsey, two or three spoonful of the powder Diapente: or else give him 4 ounces of the powder of walwort, or dan-wort, with a pint & a half of malmsey, 3. days together; after that, take an ounce of Aloes, one ounce of Centuary, one ounce of Opoponax; beat them all into sine powder, and give them him to drink in a pint and an half of malmsey warmed, wherein the roots of the aforesaid herb called walwort, or dan-wort, have been sodden: use to ride him oft until he sweat; and when the disease is killed, turn him to grass: for running in the open air is very wholesome. There be others which take black soap, Arsenic, unslaked lime, verdigris, & red lead; work all these well together, and opening the knots, dress them therewith till you see they begin to dry up and die. Others open the knots with a hot Iron, and then take black soap, & great salt beaten together, and half so much as of them of verdigris, and boil the verdigris with fresh grease, and then take a saucerful of mustard, and put them all together, and dress the sores therewith. Others take▪ ounces of quicksilver, and put it into a bladder, with 2 spoonful of the juice of oranges or lemons, and shake them together to cool the quicksilver: then take half a pound of fresh hogs grease, & of verdivice an ounce; put all these in a trend dish, & work them well together: then anoint the knots with this ointment, till they rot: then let them out with a sharp knife, & anoint them still, and put into his ears the juice of rag-weed, and the sores will dry up. This medicine is very well approved. Others take black soap, mustard made of wine vinegar, and red lead; mix all these together, & anoint the vein all along, holding a hot Iron close to the soar, to make the ointment sink in; & do thus once a day until the sores dry up. Other Farriers take of the juice of hemlock a good quantity, & dipping tow therein, stop his ears therewith: then open all the knots and thrust in salt. Lastly, give him to drink sweet wort mixed with fennel & treacle. Other Farriers take the butter burr, and being dried & beaten to powder, strew it upon the knots after they have been opened, & then give him 2. or 3. spoonful of the same powder with a pint of malmsey to drink, & it will cure the Farcy, and it is also exceeding good for all manner of ulcers; the root is strong in smell, & bitter in taste. Others take sulphur, orpiment, unslekt lime, and mixing them together, put it into the knots, and it will kill the Farcy: which done, anoint him with bolearmony made into powder, & incorporated with strong vinegar, the juice of houslicke, and of white leeks, and Solatro. Other Farriers after they have let the horse blood will boil in vinegar, bean flower & swine's grease, then add a pretty quantity of oil; and then strain it, then add one part of aloes, & two of brimstone, & boil it a little: then being warm anoint all the soar places therewith, or else anoint them twice a day with the juice of smallage, and the yolks of eggs beaten together. There be other Farriers which take 2 ounces of oil de bay, one of Euforbium, & 2 ounces of arsenic; & mixing them together, anoint the sores therewith, & it will kill the Farcy. Now after all these many receipts, of which not any but hath been approved to be very good, yet these 2. which I will now rehearse, I have ever found to be the most excellent for any manner of Farcy whatsoever, whether it be, as our simple Smiths term it, a dry Farcy, a wet or water Farcy, or a running Farcy, all being indeed but one Farcy, & proceeding from one & the self same cause; only some horses not having such flux of humours in them as others have, the knots will be unwilling to break, and then they say it is a dry farcy: others of the contrary part will break as fast as the knots do arise, and run filthy matter; and then they call it a water farcy: others will spread in many parts of the body, yet not break, but as it were move between the skin & the flesh, and that they call a running farcy. Now all these, as I said before, are but one farcy, and have but one certain cure, which is this: first, with diligent heed mark upon what principal vein in the horse's body the knots do arise, and note how they spread & run; then if the farcy be divided into sundry branches, according as the vein doth divide, you shall take the last knot of every branch, which, for the most part, will be hard, and not come to rottenness; and then slit them, and fill them with your knives point full of white arsenic: then those which you find to be rotten, let the matter forth, and anoint them with black soap and arsenic mixed together: then within 2. or 3. days you shall see those which you dressed with arsenic simply, to have their cores fall out, and the rest which you dressed with black soap, will dry up: then anoint them all with fresh butter molten till they be whole. Now if you do perceive any new knots to arise, than you shall dress them likewise with arsenic simply, as was said before, & not leave any uncured. Now if the farcy be not very contagious, but, as it were, newly begun, then if you only take black soap & arsenic, as beforesaid, and anointing your fingar and your thumb therewith, do but nip and bruise every knot, and within two or three days after, they will dry up and heal. But if the farcy be fowl and desperate, that is to say, either universally spread over the body, or so gotten into any limb or member, that the limb is deformed, and hath lost his proportion, so that a man can neither judge which way the veins run, nor in what part the knots are most venomous, because that healing one, two new ones will arise; In this case you shall first give your horse a strong scouring or purgation, according to the strength of his body, of all which a pint of muscadine, or a quart of strong ale, with half a pint of the oil of oats, is the most sovereign: then shall you take a pennyworth of tar, and two good handfuls of pigeons dung, and twelve pennyworth of white mercury; mix all these very well together, and make them into a salve: then with a slice daub it all over the soar place, leaving no part of the member uncovered: then heating a bar of Iron red hot, hold it so near that it may dry the salve upon the soar: then lay more fresh salve on, and dry it in like manner, & let it so rest until it fall off, and it will kill any farcy whatsoever at the first or second dressing. Now there be others which will stop the knots with the powder of verdigris and of arsenic mixed together, or else wash the sores with Aquafortis, but they are neither so good as the other before rehearsed.   

CHAP. 112. Of the Canker in any part of the body.  
A Canker is a poisonous creeping ulcer, fretting & gnawing the flesh in great breadth, whose beginning is knotty, not much unlike unto the farcy, & spreadeth itself into divers places: and being exulcerated, gathereth together at the length into one wound or filthy soar; from whence there runneth a thin sharp lie, which galleth off the skin wheresoever it goes; and so both increaseth the ulcer, and maketh it more incurable. It proceedeth from melancholy and filthy blood, engendered either by rankness of keeping, or else by too extreme poverty; and if this naughty blood be mixed with sharp and salt humours, than it causeth more painful and grievous exulceration. It also may proceed from some loathsome wound which is neither clean kept, nor well dressed, but in such sort that the corrupt matter thereof poisoneth the other clean parts of the body; for signs of the sorrance, there needeth no more but the description already mentioned. And for the cure, according to the opinion of ancient Farriers, is, first to let the horse blood, in those veins which are next the soar, and make him bleed well; then take of alum half a pound, of green copporas as much, of white copporas one quartern, and a good handful of salt; boil all these things together in fair running water from a pottle to a quart: and this water being warm, wash the soar therewith with a clout: and then sprinkle thereon the powder of slecked lime, continuing so to do every day once the space of fifteen days; and if you see that the lime do not mortify the rank flesh and keep it from spreading any further, then take of soap half a pound, of quicksilver half an ounce, and beat them together in a pot until the quicksilver be so well mingled with the soap as you can perceive no quicksilver in it, & with an iron slice or splatter, after that you have washed the soar with the strong water aforesaid, cover the wound with this ointment, continuing thus to do every day once until the canker leave spreading abroad. And if it leave spreading, and that you see the rank flesh is well mortified, and that the edges begins to gather a skin, then after the washing dress it with lime, as before▪ continuing so to do until it be whole; and in the dressing suffer no filth that cometh out of the soar, to remain upon any whole place about, but wipe it clean away, or else wash it away with warm water: and let the horse during this cure, be as thinly dicted as may be, and thoroughly exercised; now if this cankerous ulcer happen to be in the tail of the horse, as it is often seen, and which you shall perceive as well by the falling away of the hair, as also by the wound, than you shall make a bolster either of soft cloth, or sponge, and wet it with vinegar both within and without, and so bind it fast to the soar; & always when it waxeth dry you must wet it again; do thus twice or thrice a day, if it be done oftener it is better: so shall you continue for three or four days, and then heal it up, as you heal up any ordinary wound; that is with hogs grease and turpentine molten together, or such like. There be other Farriers which for the canker on the body do take one ounce of the juice of the root of Affedeli, three ounces of unslaked lime, two ounces of orpiment or arsenic; put this in an earthen vessel close stopped, and either boil or bake it in an oven till it come to a powder; then first wash the soar with strong vinegar, and after strew this powder thereon. Others use to take garlic, and beat it in a mortar with swine's grease till it come to a salve, and then having washed the soar either with vinegar, alum water, copporas water, or old urine, then anoint it once or twice a day with it till it be whole. Other Farriers take the herb Mullen and bruise it, and mix it with salt, and verdigris, and then dress the soar therewith morning and evening for the space of three or four days; then use the same salve as long again without verdigris: then lastly use the herb alone; but if at any time, you see it do begin to wax raw, then begin again as is aforesaid, and ever before you anoint it, wash it first with vinegar and grease mixed together. Others take savin, bay salt, and rue stamped with barrows grease, and anoint the soar therewith, and when the ill humours are killed (which you shall know by the whiteness) then heal it with tar, oil and honey mixed together lastly, (and which I hold the best) take vinegar, ginger, and alum, and mix them together, till they come to a salve, and with it anoint the soar, and it will both kill the poison, and heal the ulcer.   

CHAP. 113. Of the Fistula.  
AFstula is a deep, hollow, crooked, mattering ulcer, and for the most part commonly a great deal straighter at the mouth then at the bottom, being engendered in some wound, soar, bruise, or canker not thoroughly healed. The signs to know it are, the hollowness of the soar, descending downward from the orifice, and the thinness of the matter which issueth from the same; beside, the crookedness which you shall find in the ulcer when you search it. Now for the cure, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers it is thus: first search the bottom thereof with a goose or swans quill, or with a small rod, well covered with fine linen cloth; and having found the bottom thereof, cut it so large with a razor that the matter may have free passage downwards; but take heed in lancing it, that you cut not any master sinew or main tendant: then having staunched the blood either with swine's dung or such like, take of good honey a pint, of verdigease one ounce, & boil them well together upon a soft fire three quarters of an hour; then having cleansed the soar by tying a taint of flax or fine linen cloth to the point of your quill, with a thread draw it softly into the wound: then cut off your quill, or feather so long that you may take good hold in the neither end of the tent, which then shall come out at the bottom of your soar: then dip another tent in the aforesaid salve, and then with a needle & a thread, make fast your tent to your first clout at the upper end thereof; then draw out your first tent downward, so shall you draw your tent with the medicine easily into the wound, and your first tent will have cleansed the soar very clean; & if the matter do abound much, than it shall be good to dress him twice a day, but you must not dress him with this medicine, no more but one day, and afterward you shall dress him with this medicine following: Take of turpentine, of swine grease, of honey, and sheep's suet, of each a like quantity, & melt them together, and make a salve thereof, wherewith you shall dress your horse four days for one day that you dress him with your former medicine made of honey and verdigris; and take heed that you make your tent of very soft linen cloth, or fine flax, and let not your tent be too big after the first and second time dressing, but presently after the first dressing, you must cover the soar place, & round about the same, with this Pultus here following: First, take two gallons of fair water, and having boiled and scummed it so long till you have perfectly cleansed it of all corruption, then take two or three handfuls of mallows, and as much of violet leaves, and two or three handfuls of oatmeal, and having boiled all these 3. things well in your former prepared water, you shall add thereto of hogs mort, and fresh butter, of each a pound: then shall you let it boil so long till it become thick, like paste, or pap, and then apply it hot to the soar; and take heed that in opening this soar you let not any air strike into it: and on the other side, that you keep it not too hot. And if this fistula be in the horses withers, you must take heed that you ty his head to the rack so as he may neitherly down, nor put his head lower than his manger: for if you suffer him to feed on the ground when he hath any grievous soar in his withers, it shall hardly be possible ever to cure him; but if you perceive the wound to heal apace, and that it matter but a little, then shall it be enough to dress him once a day: and also it shall be good to take great heed that you make not your tent too big, and see that you use your Pultus till it be perfectly cured. Now there be others of the ancient Farriers which use for this cure, first to search the depth of the fistula either with a quill, or with some other instrument of lead, which may be bowed every way: for unless you find the bottom of it, it will be very hard to cure: and having found the bottom, if it be in such a place as you may boldly cut and make the way open with a lancet or razor, then make a slit right against the bottom, so wide, that you may thrust in your fingar to feel whether there be any bone or else gristle perished, or spongy or loose flesh, which must be gotten out; and then taint it with a taint of flax dipped in this ointment: Take of myrrh, of Aloes, and of Sarcocolla, of each one ounce, of good honey six ounces, and of verdigris two ounces, and melt all these on a gentle fire, and make them into a salve; then being lukewarm, dress the taint therewith, and bolster the tent with a bolster of flax, and if it be in such a place as the tent cannot conveniently be kept in with a band, then fasten on each side the hole, two ends of a shoemakers thread right over the bolster to keep in the tent, which ends may hang there as two laces to tie and untie at your pleasure, renewing the tent every day once until the soar leave mattering, and then make the tent every day lesser and lesser until it be whole: for you shall understand that this salve doth purge this fistula of putrefaction; incarnateth & breedeth flesh; conglutinateth, and eateth away all naughty flesh. Now when you have done as aforesaid, than you shall close it up by sprinkling thereon a little sleckt lime: but if the fistula be in such a place as a man can neither cut against the bottom, nor nigh the same: then there is no remedy but every time you dress it, to power into it either through some quill, or by some small squirt or serring, some strong white copporas water, or some alum water, so that it may go down to the bottom, and dry up the filthy matter: and this you must do twice a day at least until it be whole. Now there be of our later Farriers which use this cure, after they have searched the Fistula to the bottom, to take a pottle of white wine vinegar, of camphaire half an ounce, of mercury precipitate half an ounce, of green treacl● three ounces, of red sage an handful, of yarrow and rib-wort, of each an handful, of honey half a pint, of boars grease half a pint; boil all these together till a quart he consumed, and with this you shall wash and cleanse the wound: then to heal up the same, you shall take oil of roses, virgin wax, and rosin, of each a like quantity, of turpentine five ounces, of the gum of ivy and Deeres suet as much, boil these together unto a salve, and then dress the soar therewith until it be whole, observing ever, both in this cure, and all the rest, that as soon you have put in your tent, to clap a plaster over it of pitch, rosin, mastic, turpentine, and hog's grease, molten together, which will both comfort the wound by taking away evil humours, and also keep in the tent from falling out Now if the fistula be in or about the head of the horse, than you shall take the juice of houslicke, and dip therein a lock of wool, and put it into the horses ears, and it will stay the inflammation; but if it be exulcerated and broken, than you shall cut away all the rotten and false flesh, and then bathe it well with the grounds of ale made warm, and then wipe the blood clean away: then take butter, rosin, and frankincense a little, and boil them altogether, and boiling hot power it into the wound, & then clap on the plaster; do thus once a day till the horse be whole. Now if there be any inflammation behind the horses ears, or that it grow to any impostumation in that place, than you shall boil the roots of meadows in water till they wax tender, then bruise them and strain out the water clean, & being warm apply it to the soar, and it will heal it. There be other Farriers, which for this general fistula use as a prevention thereof, to take honey, and sheeps suet, and making it scalding hot, to scald the soar extremely therewith, upon the first swelling, and it will keep the fistula that it shall not breed; but if it be bred, than you shall lance it in the nethermost part, and put into it as much Mercury Sublimatum as a pease, being first abated with salad oil, and laid on with a feather; after that take of verdigris four pennyworth, of vitriolle a half pennyworth, or red lead three pennyworth; beat these together, and every day wash the wound with copporas water, made with copporas and Elder leaves in Summer, and with the inner green bark in Winter; after the washing, take the powder, & put it on the soar, and after it drop on a little oil. Other Farriers take the outermost green shells of walnuts, and put them in a tub, strowing 3. or 4. handfuls of bay salt upon them, some in the bottom, some in the midst, & some on the top, & so keep them all the year; & when you will use them, take a pint of them, & a little bay salt, & half a quarter of a pound of black soap, with half a spoonful of May butter (& for want thereof other butter) and mix and incorporate them together; and then spread it on the soar, or taint the sore therewith; but two hours before you lay it on, anoint the soar with Venice turpentine, and do thus till the fistula be whole. Other Farriers take unguentum Egyptiacum (which is made of honey) a pint, vinegar half a pint, alum a quartern of a pound, and verdigris one ounce and an half; and seeth them altogether till they be thick, and of a tawny colour; this is called Egyptiacum, and to make it the strongest way, is to put in of Mercury Sublimatum one ounce made in powder, and of arsenic two scruples, and boil it together: with either of these, especially the strongest, dress any fistula, canker, or foul old ulcer whatsoever, and it will kill it; and the weaker of these which wanteth the Mercury and the arsenic, may be applied to a fistula in the mouth of a horse. Other Farriers take of Sublimatum made into powder one ounce, the midst of well leavened bread slack baked three ounces, of Nenin ten drams; mingle them together with a little rose water, and make tents thereof, and dry them upon a tile; and at your pleasure tent your fistula therewith, and it will assuredly kill it. Others take strong lie, honey, roach alum, and Mercury, and seeth them together: and squirt it into a fistula, and it will kill it at the bottom; and when you mean to dry up a fistula, take red wine, goat's dung, and bean flower, and seeth them together, and apply it to the fistula, and it will dry it up. Now if you intent to sink down the swelling of a fistula, first of all sear it with a drawing iron in this proportion , and then take rosin, sheeps suet, & brimstone, and boil them together, and lay it upon a fistula very hot with a cloth: and it will sink down the swelling. It is also most excellent to take away a windgall if it be laid on after the windgall is pricked, but not too hot, but very reasonable, and it will keep it also very clean. There be other Farriers which for a fistula take verdigris, butter, and salt, melted together, and pour it scalding hot into the soar, and use this till all the flesh look red; then taint it with verdigris, burnt alum, wheat flower, and the yolks of eggs well beaten and mingled together: last of all, skin it with barm and soot mixed together. Other Farriers take of that Resagallo that is made of orpiment, unslaked lime, and brimstone, and it will kill a fistula being applied unto the bottom; yet it is a strong corrosive, and desireth much discretion in the administration.   

CHAP. 114. Of the Anbury.  
AN Anbury is a great spongy wart full of blood, which may grow upon any part of the horses body, chiefly about the eye brows, nostrils, or privy parts, & it hath a root like unto a cock's stone. Now the cure, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers is, 1. to tie it about with a thread, so hard as you can pull it, and the thread will eat in by little and little, in such sort as within seven or eight days it will fall away of itself; & if it be so flat that you can bind nothing about it, then take it away with a sharp hot iron cutting it round about, and so deep as you leave none of the root behind, and then dry it up with the powder of verdigris; but if it grow in such a sinewy place so as it cannot be conveniently cut away with a hot iron, than it is a good to eat out the core with the powder of Resalgar, and then to stop the hole with flax dipped in the white of an egg for a day or two, and lastly to dry it up with the powder of unslaked limb, and honey as is before taught. Other Fariers in stead of tying the wart with a thread do tie it with two or three horse-haires; and that is a great deal the better, and will rot it off sooner and safer.   

CHAP. 115. Of the cords.  
THe cords is a certain string, which cometh from the shackell vein to the gristel in the nose and between the lip, the length of an almond; or they be two strings, like threads which lie above the knee, betwixt the knee and the body, and goeth like a small cord through the body to the nostrils, making the horse to stumble much, and sometimes to fall also; & it is a disease very much incident to many young horses. The signs are, an apparent stiff going, and much stumbling, without any outward or visible sorrances; and the cure is, according to the opinion of our ancient Farriers, to take the end of a crooked hearts horn that is sharp; put it under the cords, and twinned it ten or twelve times about, till the horse be constrained to lift up his foot, than cut the cord asunder, and put a little salt into the issue, or cut it first at the knee, then at the end of his nose; and so draw it upwards, a span length, and cut that off. Other Farriers let the horse blood in the vein that descendeth in the inside of the leg, by the breast, and take away at least a pottle of blood, and after seven days wash him with beef broth, and it will heal him. Other Farriers take mustard, aqua vitae, and salad oil, & boil them on the coals, & make a plaster, & bind it to the place grieved; and it will help. Others take the grounds of ale, and being made warm bathe his legs therewith, and then rope them up with wet hay ropes, and it will make the horse perfectly sound.   

CHAP. 116. Of the string-halte.  
The string-halt, of some called the mary-hinchcho, is a sudden twitching up of the horses hinder legs, as if he did tread upon needles, and were not able to endure his feet upon the ground; the signs whereof be, an apparent ill favoured manner of halting, most visible to the eye. And the cure is to take up the middle vein, above the thigh, and underneath the same; then under the said vein, there lieth a string, which string must be cut away: and then anoint him with butter, and salt, and he will both do well, and go plainly.   

CHAP. 117. Of a Horse that is spurgald.  
IF a horse by the indiscretion of an evil rider be spurre-gald, which is a disease most plain both to be felt or seen, than the cure is either to bathe it with urine and salt mixed together, or with water and salt, or with warm vinegar, or else bind unto the place the crops or leaves of nettles stamped; and any of these will cure him.   

CHAP. 118. Of Wounds in general.  
WOunds, according to the opinion of all Farriers, is a solution, division, or parting of the whole: for if there be no such solution or division, than it is rather called a bruise then a wound; and therefore wounds are most commonly made with sharp or piercing weapons, and bruises with blunt weapons: notwithstanding if by such blunt weapons any part of the whole be evidently broken, than it is to be called a wound as well as the other; and these wounds do proceed from some stroke, prick, or violent accident. Now of wounds some be hollow and some be deep and hollow: again, some wounds chance in fleshy parts, and some in bony & sinewy places: and those which chance in the fleshy parts, though they be very deep, yet they be not so dangerous as the others, and therefore I will speak first of the most dangerous. If then a horse have a wound newly made, either in his head, or in any other place that is full of sinews, bones, or gristles, then according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers, you shall first wash the wound well with white wine warmed, and keep it ever whilst you are in dressing it, covered with clothes wet in warm white wine: that done, you shall search the bottom of the wound with a probe, or small instrument of steel made for the purpose, suffering the wound to take as little wind or air as you can possible: then having found the depth, stop the hole close with a clout until your salve be ready: then take of turpentine, of Melrosatum, oil of roses, of each a quartern, and a little unwrought wax, and melt them together, stirring them continually that they may be well mingled together; and if the wound be a cut, make a handsome roll or round plegant of soft tow, so long and so big as may fill the bottom of the wound, which, for the most part, is not so wide as the mouth of the wound: then make an other roll or plegant somewhat bigger to fill up the rest of the wound, even to the hard mouth, and let both these rolls be anointed with the ointment aforesaid made lukewarm; only this you must ever observe, that if the wound be long and large, that then it is best, if you can conveniently, to stitch the wound together with a needle and a crimson silk: for that will make it heal the sooner, and make the scar less. But if the hurt be like a hole made with some prick, then make a stiff tent either of tow or lint, such a one as may reach the bottom, anointed with the aforesaid ointment, and bolster the same with a little tow; and over both this & the other, or any wound whatsoever, assoon as your rolls, plegants, or tents, are put in, you shall clap a sticking plaster made of pitch, rosin, mastic, and turpentine melted together, as hath been before taught, both to keep in your salve, and to comfort the soar. Now if the mouth of the wound be not wide enough, so as the matter may easily run forth, if it be in such a place as you may do it without hurting any sinew: then give it a pretty slit from the mouth downward, that the matter may have the freer passage, and in any wise have an especial regard that the tent may be continually kept in by one means or other, and also that it may not be drowned within the wound, but by tying some thread about the upper end thereof, so kept that it may be taken out at pleasure. Now if the hole be deep, & in such a place as you may not cut it, then make your tent full as big as the hole, of a dry sponge that was never wet, so long that it may reach the bottom; and the tent being made somewhat full, with continual turning and wrying of it, you shall easily get it down, & then dress the wound with this twice a day, cleansing the wound every time with a little white wine lukewarm: for this sponge anointed with the ointment aforesaid, will both draw and suck up all the filthy matter, and make it so fair within as is possible; and as it beginneth to heal, so make your tent every day lesser and lesser until it be ready to close up, and never leave tainting it so long as it will receive a taint, be it never so short: for hasty healing of wounds breedeth fistulas, which properly be old sores, and therefore must be healed like fistulas. Now if the wound proceed from any ancient impostumation, than you shall take two or three great onions, and taking out the cores, put therein a little bay-salt, and a little whole saffron, and so roast them in the hot embers: then plasterwise lay them all hot on the wound, renewing it once a day till the wound be healed. Now if the upper skin of the wound be putrefied, and you would have it away, then make a plaster of cows dung sodde in milk, and clap it to for four and twenty hours, and it will leave nothing that is vile about the wound. Other Farriers use generally for any cut whatsoever, to take a quarter of a pound of fresh butter, of tar and black soap, of each half so much, and a little turpentine; boil all but the soap together: then when you take it from the fire, put in the soap, and with this ointment dress any cut, and it will heal it. Others use only to take hog's grease and Venice turpentine and to melt them together, and it will heal any wound. Other Farriers take eight drams of turpentine, four drams of new virgin-waxe; melt them in a pewter vessel, and stir them well together, and when they are well melted and mixed, take them from the fire, and by and by whilst they be hot, power into them half a pint of white wine, then after they be cold throw away the wine, and anoint your hands with oil of roses, and work the wax & turpentine well together: after that put them into the pewter vessel again: then put to them half an ounce of the gum of fir-tree, & three drams of the juice of betony: then seeth them well together until the juice of betony be wasted: then put to it 3. drams of woman's milk, or the milk of a red cow, and seeth them once again until the milk be wasted; and then put it in a close pot or glass, and with this dress any wound whatsoever, & it will heal it. Others use to take rosemary, & dry it in the shadow, and beat it to powder, then wash the wound with vinegar, or the urine of a child, & strew thereon the aforesaid powder, & it will heal any indifferent wound. Other farrier's take wormwood, Marjoram, Pimpernel, Calamint, Olibanum; beat them all into fine powder, then take wax and barrows grease, and boil them on a soft fire, until they be as thick as an ointment or salve; with this dress any wound and it will heal it. Others use to take the tops of nettles, butter, and salt, and beating them well in a mortar till it come to a salve, and it will draw and heal a wound. Now the powder of honey, and l●●e▪ or turpentine simply by itself will dry up and skin any wound. Take turpentine, honey, hogs grease, wax, and sheeps suet, of each a like, melt them well together to a salve, and they will heal any wound. Now if a horse be gored upon a stake, than you shall cast him, and power into the wound butter scalding hot, and so let him lie till it be gone down into the bottom, and do thus once a day, till the wound be whole. If you desire to keep a wound open, put into it the powder of green copporas, and it will do it, but if you intent to heal it speedily, than wheat flower and honey well beaten together to a salve will do it, dressing the wound once a day therewith.   

CHAP. 119. Of a hurt with an Arrow.  
IF a horse be shot or hurt with an arrow, taint the hole only with hogs grease and turpentine molten together, & renew it once a day until the wound be whole.   

CHAP. 120. Of the healing of any old soar, or ulcer.  
Old ulcers or sores are of three kinds, the first deep, hollow, and crooked, and they be called fistulas; the second, broad, shallow, but much spreading, and increasing, and they be called cankers: & the last broad, deep, black about the sides, and bottom, yet not much increasing, although not at all healing; and they be only called old sores or ulcers: they proceed either from some great bruise, wound, or impostume, which is either venomed or abused in healing by contrary salves; or through the flux and abundance of humours flowing down to those parts through the negligence of a most unskilful Farrier. The signs are, the long continuance of the soar, the thinness of the matter, which issueth away, and the blackness of the soar which is ever full of inflammation. Now for the cure, according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers it is thus, first cleanse the soar well with white wine; then take copporas and the leaves of lilies, beat them well in a mortar with swine's grease till it come to a perfect salve, and lay it upon the soar with flax, and then cover it with a plaster as in case of wounds, and renew it once a day, and it will heal it. Other Farriers take lime, and tough horse dung, and mix it very well together with pepper and the white of an egg, and lay it to the soar, renewing it once a day, till the ulcer be whole. Other Farriers strew on the soar the powder of galls, and that will dry it up. Others scald it once a day with hot oil olive, and that will heal it.   

CHAP. 121. Of bruisings or swellings.  
ALL bruisings and swellings come unto a horse either by accident, as by some blow, rush, pinch; or outward venoming; or else naturally, as through the flux of cold or hot humours; or through the corruption of blood, or through the abundance of wind. The signs are, the sightly appearance in what place or member soever they be: and the first, which are those which come by accident, are properly called bruisings or swellings; and the other if they do rot or corrode, and so turn to matter, are called impostumes. Now for the general cure of any bruise or swelling, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers it is thus, take of dry pitch, of gum, of each an ounce; of Galbanum, of lime, of each four ounces, of Bitumen two ounces, of wax three ounces; melt and boil them very well together: then anoint the soar place therewith once a day, and it will heal it. But if the swelling proceed only from some bruise or rush, than you shall take two pints of verdivice, one pint of barm, and putting a little fine hay thereinto, boil them very well together, then bind the hay to the swelling very hot, and after power on the liquor: do thus three or four days together, and it will take away the swelling. Other Farriers take the tops of wormwood, pellitory of the wall; Branck ursnie, beat them well together with swine's grease, then seeth them; then add a pretty quantity of honey, linseed oil, and wheat meal; then stir it over the fire till all again be sodden together, then lay it to the swelling, and renew it once a day till the swelling be go. Other Farriers use first, to prick the swelling with a phlegm: then take of wine lees a pint, as much wheat flower as will thicken it and an ounce of comen; boil them together, and lay this somewhat warm unto it, renewing it every day once until the swelling, either depart or else come to a head, which if it do not, than lance it, and heal it according to a wound. Other Farriers take of rosin, of turpentine, and of honey, of each half a pound, dissolve them at the fire: then strain them, and add of myrrh, sarcocol, and the flower of fenegreeke, and of linseed oil, of each an ounce, incorporate them altogether, & then make it thick like a salve, with the meal of lupines, and lay it to the swelling, and it will assuage it. Other Farriers take of Galbanum, and of Ceruse, of each an ounce, of oil two ounces, and of wax three ounces, mix them together over a soft fire, and when they are brought to a salve; then lay it unto the swelling, and it will assuage. If you take only rotten litter, or hay boiled in strong urine, and apply it daily unto any swelling, it will take it away. Now if the swelling be upon the legs, and come by any strain, than you shall take of nerve-oil one pound, of black soap one pound, of boa●s grease half a pound; melt and boil them all well together, then strain it, and let it cool; then when occasion serveth, anoint and chafe your horses legs therewith, holding a hot iron near thereunto, to make the ointment enter in the better; then rope up his legs, and keep them clean from dust or dirt; but if the swelling be upon any part of the back or body; then take of honey and tallow of each a like, and boil them together: then spread it on a cloth, and lay it on the swollen place, and let it there stick till it fall away of itself. Now if the swelling proceed from any windy cause, and so appear only in the horse's belly, than you shall take a sharp pointed knife or bodkin, & arm it so with some stay that it go not to deep for piercing his guts: then strike him therewith through the skin into his body, before the hollow place of his haunch bone, half a foot beneath the back bone, and the wind will come out thereat: then if you put a hollow quill therein, or some feather to keep it open a while, the wind will avoid the better: then heal it up again. It is also very good to rake the horse, and to anoint all his belly with the oil of saven, and to ride him up & down a little: but if the swelling be under the horses jaws, or about any part of his head, than you shall take his own dung hot as soon as he makes it, and with a cloth bind it fast thereto, renewing it twice a day till the swelling be gone.   

CHAP. 122. Of Impostumes, and first how to ripen them.  
IMpostumes are a gathering, or knitting together of many most corrupt humours in any part or member of the body, making that part to swell extremely, & growing into such violent inflammation that in the end they rot & break out into foul, mattery, and running sores: they commonly proceed either from corruption of food, or corruption of blood; they are at the first appearance, very hard & very soar; which hardness is the principal sign that they will rot. And of these impostumes, some be hot impostumes, and some be cold; yet forasmuch as every impostume must first be ripened and brought to matter before it can be healed, we will first speak of the ripening of them. If therefore you will ripen an impostume (according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers) you shall take of Sanguis draconis, of gum Arabic, of new wax, of mastic, of pitch of Greece, of incense, & of turpentine, of each a like quantity; & melting them together, & straining them, make a plaster thereof, & lay it to the impostume without removing it; and it will both ripen, break, and heal any impostume. Other Farriers take swine's grease, red wax, and the flower of Euforbium, and mixing them on the fire well together, lay it to the impostume, and it will do the like. Other Farriers take of honey, and of wheat meal, of each a like quantity, and either boil it in the decoction of meadows, or else mix it with the yolk of an egg, and it will ripen, break, and heal; yet it must be renewed once a day. Other Farriers take barley meal, and boil it with wine and pigeons dung, and so lay it to the impostume plasterwise, and it will ripen exceedingly. Other Farriers take a handful or two of sorrel, and lapping it in a dock leaf, roast it in the hot embers as you would roast a warden, and then lay it to the impostume as hot as may be, renewing it once a day, and it will ripen, break, and heal. A plaster of shoemakers wax will do the like also. Other Farriers take mallow roots, and lily roots, & then bruise them, and put thereto hogs grease, & linseed meal, and plasterwise lay it to the impostume, and it will ripen it, break it, and heal it perfectly.   

Chap. 123. Of cold Impostumes.  
IF the impostume do proceed from any cold causes, as those which rise after cold taking, or when a horse is at grass in the winter season, than you shall take the herb balm, and stamp it and hogs grease well together, and so plasterwise apply it to the soar, & it will heal it: or else when the impostume is ripe, open it in the lowest part with a hot Iron, then wash it with warm urine: after that, anoint it with tar & oil well mixed together; and if you make your incision in the manner of a half moon, it is the better. Other Farriers take white mints, & seeth them in wine, oil, ale, and butter, and so lay it to hot, and it will heal it. Other Farriers take cuckoo-spit, and stamp it with old grease, and so apply it, and it will heal it. Other Farriers take a handful of rue, and stamp it well with the yolk of an egg and honey, and then apply it plasterwise, and it will heal any cold impostume.   

CHAP. 124. Of hot Impostumes.  
IF the impostume proceed from any hot causes, as from the extremity of travel, the parching of the Sun, or the inflammation of the blood, then, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, you shall take liver-wort, and stamp it, and mix it with the grounds of ale, hog's grease, and bruised mallows, and then apply it to the soar, and it will ripen, break, and heal it: but if you would not have the swelling to break, then take the grounds of ale or beer, and having boiled mallows therein, bathe the soar place therewith, and it will drive the swelling away. Other Farriers take either lettuce seed or poppy seed, and mix it with the oil of red roses, and lay it to the soar plasterwise, especially at the beginning of the swelling, and it will take it clean away.   

CHAP. 125. Of the Tetter.  
A Tetter is a filthy kind of ulcer like unto a canker, only it is somewhat more knotty, and doth not spread, but remaineth most in one place, and many times it will remain between the skin and the flesh, like a knotted Farcy, and will not break. The cure thereof, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, is to make a strong lie with old urine, ashe-ashes, and green copporas, and to bathe the knots therewith, and it will kill, and heal them. Other Farriers take a snake, and cut off the head and the tail, and cast them away, the rest cut into small pieces, and roast them on a spit: then take the grease that droppeth from them, and being hot, anoint the sorrance therewith, and it will heal it in very short time, but look that you touch no part of the horse therewith, save only the sorrance only: for it will venom.   

CHAP. 126. Of sinews that are cut, pricked, or bruised.  
IF a horse by the mischance of some wound, shall have any of his sinews either cut, pricked, or soar bruised, then if there be no convultion of the sinews, you shall, according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers, take tar, and bean flower, and a little oil of roses, and mixing them together, lay it hot unto the place, and if it do not present good, take worms and salad oil fried together, or else the ointment of worms which you may buy of every pothecary, and applying either of them, they will knit the sinews again if they be not clean asunder; but if there be a convultion, then with a pair of shears you must cut the sinew in pieces, and then take rosin, turpentine, pitch, and Sanguis draconis; then melting them together, clap it somewhat hot unto the soar; then take flax, and put upon it, for that will cleanse and defend it; and then this medicine there is none better for any swollen joint whatsoever. Now if the joint be not much swelled, but only that the sinews are exceedingly stiff, through the great bruisings, than you shall take of black soap a pound, and seeth it in a quart of strong ale, till it wax thick like tar; then reserve it, and when you shall see cause use to anoint the sinews, and joints therewith, and it will supple them, and stretch them forth although they be never so much shrunk, as hath been approved.   

CHAP. 127. Of fretting the belly with the fore-girths.  
IF when you saddle and gird your horse, the girths be either knotty, or crumpled, and therewithal drawn too strait, they will not only gall and wound the horse under the belly very much, but they will also stop the blood, which is in the principal veins▪ called the plat veins, in such sort that they will occasion most extreme and hard swellings. The cure whereof is, according to the general opinion, to take of oil de bay, and oil of balm, two ounces, of pitch two ounces, of tar two ounces, and one ounce of rosin; mingle them well together and then anoint the horses fore bowels therewith; then take either floxe, or chopped flax, and clap upon it, and so let it abide until it fall away of itself; and it will surely cure him. Other Farriers use to take vinegar, and soap, and heat them well together: and stir it with a stick or cloth, and then all to rub and wash the galled place therewith, and do thus at least twice a day, and it will dry it up in two or three days at the most; but if the galling be about any part of the horses neck, than you shall take the leaves of Briony (called the hedge vine) and stamp them, and mix them with wine, and then plasterwise lay it to the soar, and it will heal it.   

CHAP. 128. Of Blisters.  
BListers are certain waterish hollow blebs, which do arise betwixt the skin and the flesh, proceeding either from some slight burnings, scaldings, or chafings, and they be very full of thin matter. The cure thereof, according to the opinion of the most general Farriers is, first in the Sun to fret them till they bleed; then take of the roots of ivy, and stamping them in a mortar, mix them with as much tar, brimstone, and alum till they come to a salve; and then dress the blister therewith, and it will heal it.   

CHAP. 129. To take away all manner of bones, knobs, or any superfluous flesh.  
WHen a horse hath any bone growing upon any part of his body, more than natural, or when he hath any lumps or bunches of superfluous flesh, otherwise then of right doth belong to his true proportion; then such bones, knobs, or bunches, are called excresions, proceeding from tough & phlegmatic substances, stirred up either by most soar bruises, imperfect healed wounds, or other naughty putrefaction of the blood, being most apparent to the eye, and most palpable to the hand. Now for the cure (according to the general opinion of the most Farriers) you shall first use corrosive medicines, after drawing medicines, and lastly drying medicines; or more particularly thus you shall cure them, first with an incision knife scarify the excression; then apply sulphur and Bitumen, or Coloquintida burnt, and sifted, and when it hath eaten the excression away, then heal it up with drying salves, as the powder of honey and lime, or bolearmony, or such like. Other Farriers use after they have made the excression to bleed well, then to take two ounces of the ashes of Vitis, and as much unslaked lime, mixed with six ounces of strong lie first strained, then sodde till half be consumed, and so brought to a firm substance; then keep it in a glass in a dry place, and apply it to the excression till it have eaten it away, and then heal it up as is before said. Other Farriers use to take a pound of strong lie, and soap, and a quarter of a pound of vitriol Roman: one ounce of Salarmoniacke, and as much roach alum, and boil them altogether until they be very thick, and then with that ointment eat away the excression. Other Farriers take of Gipsiacum the strongest kind, and lay it on the excression with a cotton, three or four times, and it will take it clean away: this medicine is most excellent for any splint, and of no small importance, if it be used against a fistula; for it will sink it, although it were in the crown.   

CHAP. 130. How to eat away any superfluous or dead flesh.  
IF when your horse hath any wound, ulcer, or other soar, you shall perceive that their groweth therein any dead flesh, which dead flesh you shall know partly, by the insensibility thereof, and partly in that it is a spongy, hollow, naughty flesh, not substantial as the true flesh is▪ and either of a blackish, or an high red colour; than it shall be meet that you seek all means possible, how to consume and eat away that superfluous and naughty flesh, because the soar that is pestered therewith, neither can nor will ever heal, till it be cleansed of the same; therefore according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers, the best means to eat it away, is, to boil fresh grease, and verdigris, of each a like quantity together, and either to tent or plaster the soar therewith, till the dead flesh be consumed. Other Farriers take either the scrape of heart's horn, or ox horn, and mixing them with old soap, dress the soar therewith, & it will eat away dead flesh. Other Farriers take Spongia Marina, or sea sponge, & therewith dress the soar, and it will do the like. Other Farriers use the powder of Risagalio or Risagre, but it is a great d●●le too strong a f●●tter. Oth●rs use Litergie or lime, in lie, but they are likewise very violent and strong eaters. Others use to take either white or black Eleborus, ink, quick Sulphur, orpiment, Litergie, vitriolle, unslaked lime, roche alum, galls, soot, or the ashes of Auel●an, of each half an ounce, and they will consume dead flesh; likewise quicksilver extinct, and verdigris, of each an ounce made into powder, will do the like: the juice of borage, of Scabious, of Fumitarie, and of a dock, of each half an ounce; a little old oil and vinegar, boiled with a soft fire; put to it tarrre, and it will likewise eat away any dead flesh. There be other Farriers which take Cantharideses, ox dung, and vinegar and mix them together, and lay it to the soar, and it will fetch away the dead flesh. Others use first to pounce the soar with a razor, then anoint it with grease, and strew upon it a pretty quantity of orpiment. Other Farriers use in steed of Risagallo, to take the powder of verdigris and orpiment, of each an ounce, of unslekt lime, and tartar, of each two ounces; mix them together, and therewith dress the sore, after you have washed it well with strong vinegar; and if you please, you may add thereunto vitriol, and alum; for they are both great consumers of dead flesh. Other Farriers take the powder of tartar, and man's dung burnt with salt, and then beaten into powder, and strewed on the soar; or else take salt, unslekt lime, and oyster-shels; and beat them in a mortar with strong lie or old urine, till it be like a paste: then bake it in an oven, & after beat it to powder, and strew it on the soar, and it will eat away dead flesh. Other Farriers use first to wash the soar with ale, wherein nettle seeds have been sodden, & then strew upon it the powder of verdigris. Now to conclude, you must ever observe, that before you use any of these medicines, you do shave away the hair, that it be no impediment to the salve; also after you have dressed it once, and see that there is an asker raised, than you shall dress it with some mollifying, or healing salve, till the asker come away, and then dress it with your eating salve again: and thus do until you behold that all the dead flesh be consumed, and that there is nothing but perfect and sound flesh, and then heal it up as in case of wounds.   

CHAP. 131. For Knots in joints, Hardness, Cramps, or any Inflammations.  
THere do grow in joints three sorts of swellings, namely, a hot swelling, a hard swelling, and a soft swelling; all which you may easily distinguish by your feeling, and they do proceed either from abundance of gross humours, engendered by foul keeping; or else by accident, as from some wound, rush, or strain. The cure whereof, according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers, is to beat the powder called Diapente, together with oil, till it be like an ointment, and then apply it once a day to the grief, and it will take it away, especially if it be a cramp, or an inflammation. Other Farriers use to incorporate with oil, half an ounce of liquid Storax, two ounces of turpentine, six of wax, and ten of bird-lime, and apply that to the grief, and it will ease it. Other Farriers take wine, old oil, and tar, mingled and boiled together, and therewith dress the soar place, and it will help it. Other of our later Farriers take half a pound of grease, three scruples of mustard, and the like of bay-salt; mix these with vinegar, and apply it to the grief. Others use to make a plaster of figs, and the roots of fern and rocket, or mingle them with grease and vinegar, and apply it to the grief. Other Farries use to take the unguentum basilicon, which is made of honey, Storax, Galbanum, Bdelium, black pepper, bayberries, the marrow of a Stag, of each a like quantity; twice as much of armoniac, and of the powder of frankincense as much as of any of the other, and incorporate them with sheeps suet, and apply it to the grief, and it will help it. Other Farriers take dry pitch, pitch of Greece, of each one part, of Galbanum, and of lime, of each four parts, of Bitumen two parts, of wax three parts; melt them all together, and anoint the place therewith very hot, and it will take away the grief, and peradventure also the eyesore.   

CHAP. 132. How to cure any wound made with the shot of gunpowder.  
ACcording to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers, you shall first with a probe or long instrument, search whether the bullet remain within the flesh or no; and if you find that it doth, then with another instrument for the purpose, you shall take it forth if it be possible, if otherwise, let it remain: for in the end nature itself will wear it out of it own accord, without any grief or impediment; because lead will not corrode or canker; then to kill the fire you shall take a little varnish, and thrust it into the wound with a feather, anointing it well within even unto the bottom: then stop the mouth of the wound with a little soft flax dipped in varnish also: then charge all the swollen place with this charge: Take of bolearmony a quartern, of linseed beaten into powder, half a pound, of bean flower as much, and three or four eggs, shells and all; and of turpentine a quartern, and a quart of vinegar, and mingle them well together over the fire; and being somewhat warm, charge all the soar place with part thereof; and immediately clap a cloth or a piece of leather upon it, to keep the wound from the cold air, continuing both to anoint the hole within with varnish, and also to charge the swelling without, the space of four or five days: then at the five days end, leave anointing of it, and taint it with a taint reaching to the bottom of the wound, and dipped in turpentine and hogs grea●e molten together, renewing it every day twice until the fire be thoroughly killed; which you shall perceive by the mattering of the wound, and by falling of the swelling: for as long as the fire hath the upper hand, no thick matter will issue out, but only a thin yellowish water, neither will the swelling assuage; and then take of turpentine washed in nine several waters, half a pound, and put thereunto three yolks of eggs, and a little saffron, and taint it with this ointment, renewing it every day once until the wound be whole. But if the shot have gone quite through the wound, than you shall take a few weavers linen thrums, made very knotty, and dipping them first in varnish, draw them clean through the wound, turning them up and down in the wound at least twice or thrice a day, and charging the wound on either side upon the swollen places, with the charge aforesaid, until you perceive that the fire be killed; then clap only a comfortable plaster upon one of the holes, and taint the other with a taint in the salve, made of washed turpentine, eggs, and saffron, as is before said. Other Farriers use only to kill the fire with the oil of cream, and after to heal the wound up with turpentine, wax, and hogs grease, molten together. Other Farriers kill the fire with snow water, and charge the swelled place with cream, and barm beaten together: and then heal up the wound, by dipping the taint in the yolk of an egg, honey, and saffron well beaten and mixed together.   

CHAP. 133. Of burning with lime, or any other fiery thing.  
ACcording to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, you shall first wash the soar round about, and in every part very clean with warm water; then kill the fire, by anointing the place with oil and water beaten together, dressing him so every day until the soar be all raw, and then anoint it with hogs grease, and strew thereupon the powder of slecked lime, dressing him thus every day once, until he be whole. Other Farriers use first to wash and cleanse the soar with salad oil only warmed; then to kill the fire with cream, and oil beaten together, and when it is raw, then to spread upon it cream and soot mixed together; and lastly to strew upon it the powder of honey and lime until it be perfectly skinned.   

CHAP. 134. Of the biting with a mad dog.  
IF your horse at any time be bitten with a mad dog, the venom of whose teeth will not only drive him into an extreme torment, but it will also infect and inflame his blood, in such sort that the horse will be endangered to die mad: The cure therefore, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers is, to take of goat's dung, of flesh that hath lain long in salt, and of the herb Ebulus, called generally dan-worte, of each half a pound, and forty walnuts; stamp all these together, and lay part thereof to the soar, and it will suck out the venom, and heal up the wound; but upon the first dressing, you shall give the horse wine and treackle mixed together to drink. There be other Farriers, which first give the horse sack and salad oil to drink, then with a hot iron cauterize and burn the soar, and lastly heal up the wound, with the salve first recited. Other Farriers, first give the horse two or three spoonfuls of the powder of Diapente to drink, in a pint of muscadine; then take a live pigeon, and cleaving her in the midst, lay it hot unto the wound and it will draw out the venom; then heal the soar with turpentine, and hogs grease well molten together.   

CHAP. 135. Of hurts by the tusks of a boar.  
IF a horse be stricken by the tusks of a boar, you shall take copporas, and vitriol, and the powder of 2 dogs head, being burned, after the tongue hath been pulled out, and cast away; and mixing them together, apply it once a day to the soar, and it will cure it: yet yet before you dress it, first wash the soar very well either with vinegar or with white wine.   

CAAP. 136. To heal the biting, or stinging of Serpents, or any venomous beasts whatsoever.  
IF your horse be either bitten or stung either with serpent or any other venomous beast, which you shall easily know by the sudden swelling either of the body or member; than you shall first chafe him up and down till the sweat, and then let him blood in the roof of the mouth; and lastly, take a young cock or a pigeon, and cleaving it in the midst, clap it hot to the wound, and then give the horse white wine & salt to drink. Other Farriers take a good quantity of the herb called Sanicula; stamp it and distemper it with the milk of a cow, that is all of one colour, and give it the horse to drink, and it will heal him. Other Farriers clap to the soar hogs dung, or ox dung, or henbane bruised, or else the ashes of reeds; then give him to drink mugwort, or great tansy, with wine and camomile stamped together; or else give him wine and Oleum Rosatum mixed together. Other Farriers make a plaster of onions, honey, and salt, stamped and mingled together, and lay that to the soar place, and give the horse wine and treackle to drink, or else white pepper, rue and Time, mixed with wine. Other Farriers take Alphodillus, Hastula regia, stamped with old wine, and laid to the ●oare: for it is most sovereign good.   

CHAP. 137. Of louse or vermin, and how to kill them.  
THe louse or vermin which breed upon a horse be like unto geese lice, but somewhat bigger, and do breed most commonly about the ears, neck, main, tail, and generally over the whole body; they do proceed from poverty, or feeding in woods, where trees are continually dropping upon them: the signs are, the horse will be always rubbing and scratching, and all be he eat much meat, yet he will not prosper; and with his continual rubbing he will fret and wear away all his main, and tail, and you shall also perceive the louse when the Sun doth shine, running on the tops of the hairs. The cure, according to the opinion of the ancient Farriers, is, to take of soap one pound, and of quicksilver half an ounce, mix and beat them together well, until the quicksilver be killed, and then anoint the horse all over therewith, and it will consume the louse suddenly. Other Farriers take stavesaker and soap, & mixing them together, anoint the horse all over therewith. Other Farriers take unripe Mulberries and their roots, or stalks, and seeth them in strong urine, & then wash the horse therewith; after that anoint all his body over with Sanguis draconis, the juice of 〈◊〉, salt, pitch, oil, and swine's grease, very well mixed together. Others use to chafe all his body over with quicksilver and soft grease mixed together, till the quicksilver be killed, and in two or three dress the louse will be consumed.   

CHAP. 138. How to save Horses from the stinging of Flies in Summer.  
IF you will save your horse in the Summer time from the stinging or biting of flies, which is very troublesome unto them, than you shall anoint all the horses body over either with oil and bayberries mingled together, or else bind unto the headstall of his collar, a sponge dipped in strong vinegar: some use to sprinkle the stable with water wherein herb of grace hath been laid in steep; or else to perfume the stable with the smoke of ivy, or calamint, or with Githe burned in a pan of coals: But the surest way of all, both in the stable and abroad, is to make two good wisps of rue, and therewithal to rub the horses body all over, and no fly will light upon him, or touch him, as hath been often approved.   

CHAP. 139. Of bones being broken or out of the joint.  
Our common English Farriers are very far to seek in this cure, because they neither do perfectly acquaint themselves with the members of a horse, nor have so much invention in this extremity, to make a horse, being an unreasonable creature, to suffer like a reasonable person; and also in that the old traditions in Horse leach-craft affirm, that all fractures above the knee, are incurable; and so despairing, they cease to make practice: but they are much deceived: for neither the fracture above the knee, nor the fracture below the knee, is more incurable in a horse then in a man: if the Farrier can tell how to keep the horse from struggling or tormenting the member grieved. If therefore your horse have any bone broken, which is most easy to be discerned by the deprivation of the use of that member, & as easy to be felt by the separation of the bones, the one part being higher than the other, besides the roughness and inequality of the place grieved: you shall then for the cure thereof, first take a strong double canvas, which shall be as broad as from the horses foresholder to the flank; and shall have another double canvas, which shall come from between the horses soreboothes up to the top of the withers, where meeting with the rest of the canvas, & having exceeding strong loops, to which strong ropes must be fastened, you shall by main force sling up the horse from the ground, so as his feet may no more but touch the ground: and if it be a forelegge that is broken, than you shall raise him a little higher before then behind: if a hinder leg, than a little higher behind then before, so that the horse may rest most upon the members most sound. When your horse is thus slung, than you shall put the bones into the right place; which done, wrap it close about with unwashed wool newly pulled from the sheeps back, binding it fast to the leg, with a smooth linen roller, soaked before in oil and vinegar mingled together, and look that your roller lie as smooth and plain as may be; and upon that again lay more wool dipped in oil & vinegar, and then splent it with three broad, smooth, & strong splints, binding them fast at both ends with a thong; and in any case let the horses leg be kept out very strait, the space of 40. days, and let not the bonds be loosened above thrice in twenty days, unless it think, & so require to be new dressed and b●u●d again; but fail not every day once to power on the so●re place through the splints, oil and vinegar mingled together: and at the forty days end, if you perceive that the broken place be soldered together again with some hard knob or gristle, then loosen the bonds, and ease the canvas, so as the horse may tread more firmly upon his soar foot; which when he doth, you shall loosen him altogether, and let him go up and down fair and gently, using from thence forth to anoint the soar place either with soft grease, or else with one of these plasters or ointments: Take of Spuma argenti, of vinegar, of each one pound; of salad oil, half a pound, of armoniac, and of turpentine, of each three ounces; of wax and of rosin, of each two ounces; of Bitumen, of pitch, and of verdigris, of each half a pound; boil the vinegar, oil, and Spuma argenti together, until it wax thick: then put thereunto the pitch, which being molten, take the pot from the fire, and put in the Bitumen, without stirring it at all; and that being also molten, put in then all the rest, & set the pot again to the fire, & let them boil altogether, until they be all united in one: that done, strain it, & make it in plaster form, and use it as occasion shall serve. Other Farriers take of liquid pitch one pound, of wax two ounces, of the purest & finest part of frankincense one ounce, of Amoniacum, four ounces, of dry rosin, and of Galbanum, of each one ounce, of vinegar two pints; boil first the vinegar and pitch together: then put in the Amoniacum, dissolved first in vinegar, and after that all the aforesaid drugs; and after they have boiled all together, and be united in one, strain it, and make it into a plaster, and use it according to occasion. Other Farriers take of old salad oil, a quart, and put thereunto of hog's grease, of Spuma nitri, of each one pound and let them boil together, until it begin to bubble above: then take it from the fire, & when you use any of the ointment, let it be very warm, and well chafed in, & then one of the two former plasters folded above it, and it is most sovereign & comfortable for any bone that is broken.   

CHAP. 140. Of Bones out of joint.  
IF a horse have any of his bones out of the joint, as either his knee, his shoulder, his pastern, or such like, which you shall both perceive by the uncomeliness of the joint, and also feel by the hollowness of the member that is displaced: then your readiest cure is to cast the horse on his back, and putting four strong pasterns on his feet▪ draw him up so as his back may no more but touch the ground: then draw the grieved leg higher than the rest▪ till the poised and weight of his body have made the joint to shoot into its right place again; which you shall know when it doth, by a sudden and great crack which the joint will give, when it falleth into the true place; then with all gentleness lose the horse, and let him rise: and then anoint all the grieved place over, either with the last ointment rehearsed in the last chapter, or else with the oil of mandrake, or the oil of swallows, both which are of most sovereign vertgue.   

CHAP. 141. To dry up humours, or to bind being astrictive or binding charges.  
TAke of unguentum Triapharmacum made of Lithergie, vinegar, and old oil, boiled till they be thick, only take as much oil as of both the others, and it will stay the flux of any humours.  
If you take strong lie, it is a great drier and a bind of humours.  
Dissolve in vinegar Rosen, Affalto, & Myrrh, of each an ounce, of red wax, half an ounce, with a little Galhanum, of Bitumen half an ounce, & of armoniac half an ounce; mingle them well together in the boiling: for this salve drieth wonderfully, bindeth all loose members, and comforteth all parts that are weakened.  
Take of lard two pounds, and when it is sodden strain it with three ounces of ceruse, and as much alum molten, and it both drieth and bindeth exceedingly.  
Dry figs beaten with alum, mustard, and vinegar, doth dry very abundantly.  
Oil or soft grease beaten to a salve with vitriol.  
Galls and alum, and the powder of pomegranetes, salt, and vinegar both dry and bind sufficiently.  
Soap and unslaked lime mixed together drieth perfectly after any incision  
verdigris, orpiment, sal-armoniac, and the powder of Coloquintida, of each a like, made into a plaster with milk or wax, drieth and bindeth.  
The grease of snakes roasted, the head & tail being cut away, is a great drier.  
To conclude, the bark of a willow tree burnt to ashes is as great a drier, and binder, as any simple whatsoever.   

CHAP. 142. A plaster to dry up superfluous moisture, and to bind parts loosened.  
Take of Bitumen one pound, of the purest part of Frankincense three ounces, of Bdelium Arabicum one ounce, of deer's suet one pound, of Populeum one ounce, of Galbanum ounce, of the drops of Storaxe one ounce, of common wax one pound, of Resin Cabial half a pound, of Viscus Italicus one ounce and an half, of Apoxima one ounce, of the juice of hyssop one ounce, of the drops of armoniac one ounce, of pitch half a pound; let all these be well and perfectly molten, dissolved, and incorporated together according to art, and then make a plaster thereof.   

CHAP. 143. Another plaster to dry up any swelling, wind gall, splint, or bladders, in or about the joints.  
TAke of virgin-waxe half a pound, of rosin one pound and a quarter, of Galbanum one ounce and an half, of Bitumen half a pound, of Myrrh secondary one pound, of armoniac three ounces, of Costus three ounces; boil all these things together in an earthen pot, saving the armoniac, and Costus, which being first ground like fine flower, must be added unto the other things, after that they have been boiled and cooled, and then boiled altogether again, & well stirred, so as they may be incorporated together and made alone substance, and then applied as occasion shall be administered.   

CHAP. 144. Receipts to dissolve humours.  
TAke of wormwood, sage, rosemary, and the bark of an elm, or of a pine, of each a like quantity, and boil them in oil with a good quantity of linseed; and making a bathe thereof, bathe the grieved part, and it will dissolve any humours that are gathered or bound together.  
A pound of figs stamped with salt, till it come to a perfect salve, dissolveth all manner of humours, by opening the poors, and giving a large passage.   

CHAP. 1●5. How to mollify any hardness.  
TAke of linseed pund, and of fenugreek, of each four ounces, of pitch, and rosin, of each three ounces, of the flowers of roses two ounces, pitch of Greece six ounces; boil them together, then add three ounces of turpentine, six ounces of honey, and a little oil; and then applying this salve, it will mollify any hard substance.  
Maluavisco well sod, and stamped with Oleum Rosatum, being laid hot unto any hardness, will make it soft.  
Boil Branck ursin, & mallows together, & beat them with grease, oil, and lard, and they will mollify, and heal most exceedingly.  
Maluavisco, coleworts, Branck ursin, herb of the wall, and old grease, being beaten together, mollify very much.  
The oil of Cypress, both mollifieth and healeth.  
Wheat meal, honey, pellitory, Branck ursin, and the leaves of wormwood, being beaten with swine's grease, and laid hot unto any hard tumour, doth suddenly mollify it, and is passing good for any stripe also.  
Grease, mustardseed, and comen, boiled together, doth mollify very much,  
Take of soap half an ounce, of unslaked lime an ounce, and mix them well with strong lie, and it will mollify, even the hardest hooves.  
The juice of the leaves and roots of Elder, or a plaster made thereof, doth dry up and mollify humours marvelously.  
So doth the juice of the tops of Cypress, and dry figs macerated in vinegar and strained, of each three ounces; and if you add to it of Sa●●niter an ounce, of armoniac half an ounce, of aloes & opoponaxe a little, and make it into an ointment, it will mollify any hardness very sufficiently.  
Mallows, nettles, Mercorella, and the roots of cucumbers, and turpentine, being beaten together with old grease, will mollify any hardness speedily.   

CHAP. 146. To harden any softness.  
THe sole of an old shoe burnt, and sodden in vinegar, will harden hooves, & so will also the powder of galls boiled with bran and salt in strong vinegar.  
The powder of honey & lime, or the powder of oystershels, or the powder of burnt felt, or thick cream & soot mixed together, will harden any soar whatsoever.   

CHAP. 147. To conglutinate.  
IRis Illiri●a beaten and sifted, mingled with pepper, honey, corrants, and given the horse to drink with wine, and oil, helpeth and conglutinateth any inward rupture or burstness whatsoever.  
Dragant, saffron, the fruit of the Pine, with the yolks of eggs, given likewise to drink with wine and oil, doth also conglutinate any inward member or vein broken.  
Incense, mastic, and cute, doth the like also.  
Poligano sod in wine, & given to drink, is good also.  
The roots and seeds of Asparagus sodde in water, and given to the horse: then after for three days give him butter and opoponaxe, with honey and myrrh, and it will conglutinate any inward ulcer or rupture whatsoever.   

CHAP. 148. To mundify or cleanse any soar  
TAke oil of olives, swine's grease clarified, the grease of a young Fox, turpentine, alum, and white wax; seeth them all together, till they be most thoroughly incorporated together; and with this ointment dress any foul soar whatsoever, and it will mundify, and cleanse it most sufficiently.   

CHAP. 149. Of repercussive medicines, or such as drive back humours.  
Repercussive medicines, or such as drive evil humours back, are commonly called amongst Farriers, plasters, or salves defensative, and are to be used about every great wound and ulcer, lest the flux of humours flowing to the weak part, both confound the medicine, and breed more dangerous exulcerations. Now of these repercussive medicines these are the best, either vinegar, salt, and bolearmoniacke beaten together, and spread round about the soar, or else white lead and salad oil beaten also together; or red led and salad oil, or else unguentum Album Camphiratum, and such like.   

CHAP. 150. Of burning Compositions.  
BVrning Compositions are, for the most part, corrosives, of which we shall have occasion to speak more at large in a chapter following; yet forasmuch as some are of better temper than others, you shall here understand that of all burning compositions, the gentlest is unguentum Apostolorum: next to it is verdigris and hogs grease beaten together; next to it is Precipatate, and turpentine mixed together; next to it is arsenic allayed with any oil, or healing salve; next to it is Mercury sublimate, likewise allayed with some cooling salve; and the worst is lime and soap, or lime and strong lie beaten together: for they will corrode & mortify the soundest part of member whatsoever.   

CHAP. 151. For all manner of hurts about a horse, whatsoever.  
TAke an ounce of oil, two ounces of turpentine, and a little wax; mingle them at the fire: this will heal any wound or gall, and keep it clean from filth, water, and dirt.  
Take vinegar and honey, & boil it together, when it is cold, add the powder of verdigris, copporas, and brass, burnt; mingle them well together: this will take away all ill and dead flesh, and cleanse and heal any old ulcer.  
Take wax, pitch, swine's grease and turpentine, and mix them well together: this will heal any bone or spell, or any other stub.  
Take house snails, and seeth them in butter, and they will draw out any thorn or nail, being oft renewed. So will also the roots of reeds being bruised and applied.  
The roots of an Elder beaten to powder, and boiled with honey, is good for any old soar.  
Take salt, buter, and honey, or white wax, turpentine, and oil Rosatum, of each a like quantity, with twice as much bean flower as of any of the other; mix it very well together, and make it into a salve, & it will heal any soar, either old or new, whatsoever.  
Take wax, turpentine, and Deeres suet, or the marrow of a Stag, and mix them well together, and it will heal any wound or impostume: so will also wax, oil, mastic, frankincense, and sheeps suet, well molten together, or the powder of mastic, frankincense, and aloes, mixed and molten well together.  
The whites of eggs beaten with Oleum rosatum, and salt, and so laid upon flax hurds, healeth any wound that is not in any principal part where the muscles are.  
If you will ceanse and heal any soar, take three pints of well clarified honey, and boil it with one pint of vinegar, and one of verdigris, and so apply it; or else take of mastic, and verdigris, of each half an ounce, of frankincense one ounce, of new wax four ounces, of turpentine six ounces, and of hogs grease two pound; boil and incorporate all these together, & then apply it to the loare, and it will both cleanse and heal.  
Chick-weed, groundsel graise, and stale urine, very well boiled together, will heal any galling or hurts by halter, or other accident, or any strain, or stripe, or swelling, which cometh by any such like mischance.  
Take of new milk three quarts, a good handful of plantain; let it boil till a pint be consumed: then add three ounces of alum made into powder, and one ounce and an half of white sugar-candy, made likewise into powder: then let it boil a little, till it have a hard cured: then strain it; with this warm, bathe any old ulcer: then dry it, and lay on some unguentum Basilicon: this cleanseth, drieth, strengtheneth, and killeth the itch, and healeth the foulest ulcer either in man or beast, that may be. Also, if you take of milk a quart, of alum in powder two ounces, of vinegar a spoonful; when the milk doth seethe, put in the alum and vinegar, then take off the cured, and use the rest, and it will likewise dry up and heal any foul old soar whatsoever.   

CHAP. 152. How to make the powder of honey, and lime.  
TAke such a quantity of unslaked lime, as you shall think fit, beat it into very fine powder; then take so much honey as shall suffice to mingle it together, & make it into a stiff past, in the form of a thick cake or loaf: then put the same cake or loaf into a hot oven, or a burning fire, till it be baked, or burnt glowing red; then take it forth, and when it is cold, beat it into very fine powder, and then use it as any occasion shall serve. It drieth, healeth, and skinneth any soar whatsoever very marvelously.   

CHAP. 153. The order of taking up of veins, and wherefore it is good.  
FIrst before we speak of the order of taking up of veins, you shall understand, that all veins except the neck veins, the eye veins, the breast vein, the palate veins, and the spur veins, are to be taken up, and not stricken with the phlegm; partly because they be so little and thin, that if you strike them you shall either endanger the striking thorrow them; or partly because they are so near adjoining to arteries and sinews, that if in striking you should hit and prick either artery or sinew, it were a present laming of the horse, as I have oftentimes seen and noted in the practice of many ignorant smiths. Now touching the order of taking up of a vein, it is thus. First you shall cast your horse either upon some soft ground, grass, some dunghill that is not very moist, or in some lightsome house, upon good store of sweet straw; then when the horse is thus cast, you shall look for the vein which you intent to take up, and if it be either so small, or lie so deep, that you can hardly perceive it; than you shall with warm water, rub, chafe & bathe all that part where the vein lieth; then take a narrow silk garter, and a handful or two above the vein (if it be of any of the horses legs) garter the member very straight; but if it be a vein to be taken up on the body, or breast; then with a sufringle either close behind the hinder point of the shoulder, or within a handful of the place, where you mean to take up the vein, gird him very strait, and presently you shall see the vein to arise; then mark that part of the skin which covereth the vein, and with your fingar and your thumb, pull it somewhat aside from the vein, and then with a very fine incisionknife slit the skin clean through, without touching the vein, and in any wise cut no deeper then through the skin, and that longwise too, in such sort as the vein goeth, yet not above an inch at the most in length: that done, remove your finger and your thumb and the skin will return again into his place, right over the vein as it was before, insomuch that but opening the orifice, or slir, you shall see the vein lie blue, and bare before your eyes; then take a fine smooth corner made either of the browantler of a stag, or of an old buck, and thrust it underneath the vein, and lift it up a pretty distance (that is to say, half the thickness of the cornet) above the skin; that done, you shall then lose either the garter or the surcingle, for they are but only helps for you to find out the vein; and where the vein will appear without them, there by no means you shall use them. Now when you have thus taken your vein upon your cornet, you shall then either put a red silk thread, dipped in oil, or butter, or else a small shoemakers thread, underneath the vein also, somewhat higher than the cornet, which silk or thread must serve to knit the vein when time requires; then the cornet standing still as before, with your kinfe slit the top of the vein longwise, the length of a barley corn, that it may bleed; then stopping the neither part of your vein with the silk or thread, suffer it to bleed well from above; then with your silk or thread removed above, knit it fast with a sure knot above the slit suffering it only to bleed from beneath, and having bleed there also sufficiently, then knit up the vein beneath the slit with a suit knot; then fill the hole of the vein with salt, and heal up the wound of the skin with turpentine and hogs grease molten together, or else with a little fresh butter, laid on with a little flax or tow. Now the virtue which redounds from this taking up of veins, first it is very necessary, and doth ease all grieves, strains, and stiffness of the limbs; for the taking up of the plat veins easeth all pains in the breast, and grieves in the chest; the taking up of the fore-thigh veins easeth farcies', and swellings of the legs; the taking up of the shackle veins before, helpeth gourding, quitter bones, and the swelling of the joints, scabs, and scratches; the taking up of the hinder hough-veines, helpeth spavens of both kinds, most especially any farcy in those parts, and generally all swellings or impostumes; the taking up of the pastern veins behind helpeth swellings about the coronet, or neither joints, Pains, mules and all manner of kibed heels, besides sundry other such like diseases.   

CHAP. 154. Of cauterizing or giving the fire, the kinds and uses.  
THe giving of fire which amongst the best Farriers is called cauterizing, and amongst the simpler, burning, searing, or blistering, is (according to the general opinion of all the most ancientest Farriers) the chiefest remedy, and as it were the last refuge of all diseases incident to any horse's body, whether they be natural or accidental; for the violence of fire separating and digesting all manner of humours, into a thin air, and loose body, cleanseth and avoideth those grosnesses which are the material causes of all putrefaction, and ulceration. Now of cauterization there be two kinds, the one of them actual, which is that which is done by the hand, and with the instrument: that is to say of the hot iron of what fashion soever: the other potential, which is done by the applying of medicine, whose nature is either corrosive, putrifactive, or caustique. Now the first of these, which is the cautery actual, is principally to be used when there is any appostumation in any sinewy part or member, or amongst any of the most principal veins: also when you shall dismember or cut away any joint, or make any incision where there is fear of any flux of blood, or where you shall find either the skin or muscles shrunk or straightened, and in many such like cases. The cauterising potential is to be used in old cankered ulcers, wens, or any spongy excresion either of flesh or bone whatsoever, of whose natures, and properties you shall read more hereafter in a following chapter.   

CHAP. 155. Of the cauterize actual, and the form of Instruments.  
AN actual cautery, according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers, being moderately used, is a notable remedy to stop all corruption in members, to keep perfect the complexion of the same, and also to staunch the blood; only you must have a careful regard that in the handling of your iron, you touch neither sinews, tendants, cords, nor ligaments, lest you do utterly disable the member, or breed cramps or convultions; except it be when you dismember or cut away any joint; as when you do make curtals, geld horses, or such like: and then your cautery is to be used only to fear the veins, sinews, and ligamen, till such time that you are perfectly assured that all flux of blood is stopped, whatsoever.  
Now again the actual cautery bindeth together parts loosened▪ it doth attenuate parts blown, and puffed up, it drieth up superfluous moisture, it looseneth, disperseth, and divideth evil matter gathered together into knots, it assuageth old grieves, it rectifieth those parts of the body that are corrupted by any manner of way, reducing them to their first perfect estate, and suffereth no abundance of evil humours to grow or increase: for the skin being separated and opened with the hot Iron, all putrefaction through the virtue of the fire, is first digested and ripened, and then so dissolved, that the matter doth issue out abundantly at the holes, whereby the grieved or sickened member is now healed, and eased of all pain and grief; yea, and insomuch that the holes being once closed, and clean shut up, the place is stronger and better knit together, and covered with a tougher skin than ever it was before; only the greatest ●lemish that can any way be found in cautery, is, that it commonly leaveth a great scar, which is many times an eyesore more than is tolerable; and therefore the use of cauterizing is only to be preferred but in desperate cases of great extremity; for albeit it work foul, yet it is most certain, it works most sure. Now as touching the instruments wherewith you must cauterize, their substance, and proportion, you shall understand that the most curious Farriers do prefer either gold or silver to be the best metal to make them of, in that few or no evil accidents do follow where they burn: But the wisest, best, and most skilfullest Farriers take copper to be sufficient enough, and a metal without any lawful exception; yet where copper instruments cannot be had, there you may, with commendations enough, use such instruments as are made of iron, and find your work no deal at all hindered. Now for the fashion or proportion of your instruments or Irons, they are to be referred to the soar, or place grieved, wherewith you are to meddle, according to the diversity whereof your instruments are to be made of divers fashions, as some are to be made knife-wise, either with thin edges, or broad edges; and they be called drawing knives, or searing knives, because they are principally employed in the drawing of straight lines shallow, or deep, and sometimes in circular or divers squares: some are made like strait, and some like crooked bodkins, and they are employed either in fleshy excresions, to cause exulceration; or else in impostumes to open small passages for the matter; some are made like hooks or sickles, and they are to be used where the wound is crooked, for the burning out of dead flesh, or such like hidden evils, which cannot be reached by any strait instrument: others are made either with great buttons, or little buttons at the end; and they are used to open impostumes, or else to burn into the sound flesh where you intent to make any new soar or issue for the drawing or keeping back of other evil humours: and in making of these irons, the Farrriers own judgement is to be of great value, because he must either increase and diminish them according to the manner of the place grieved; and be sure that he ever make them fit for his right purpose. Now for the use of these instruments, there are two principal things to be regarded: First, the heating of the iron, and next, the true temper, or bearing of the Farrier's hand. Touching the heating of the iron, you shall understand, that the back of the iron must never be so hot as the edge, that is to say, you must never make the back of the iron red hot, for fear that thereby it yield too much heat, and so consequently breed inflammation: therefore whensoever you see the back of your iron as hot as the edge, you shall a little cool it with water. Now for the temper, or bearing of your hand, you shall understand that the more evenly, and lightly it is done, so much the better it is done; and herein is to be considered, the fineness or thickness of the horses skin, which you shall know most commonly by his hair: for if it be short and fine, than the skin is thin; if it be long and rough, then is his skin thick and boisterous.  
Now the skin that is fine, must be cauterized or feared with a very light hand, in as much as the skin is soon pierced through, and the thick skin with a heavy hand, and both of them with such a tempered hand, that the skin must no more but look yellow; wherein you shall ever find that the fine skin will sooner look yellow than the thick skin, the reason being, because the thickness and roughness of the hair of the thick skin doth cool and choke the heat of the Iron, insomuch that if it be not laid to with a more heavy hand, and the instrument so much the more and the oftener heated, it cannot work that effect which in art it should do. Now you shall also observe, that in drawing of any line or other cauterize whatsoever, that you ever draw with the hair, and never against the hair, whether the lines be short, long, deep, shallow, strait, crooked, or overthwart, according as the grief doth require. Now to conclude, you are to observe in cauterizing, these few precepts: First, that you do not give fire to any sinewy place, except there be some apparent swelling, or else impostumation; secondly, that you give not fire to any bone that is broken, or out of joint, for fear of breeding a general weakness in the whole member. Thirdly, never to give the fire so deep, or suffer your hand to be so heavy, that you may either mis-shape or deform the horse, either by unnecessary figures, or uncomely scars. Thirdly, not to be too rash or hasty in giving fire, as if every cure were to be wrought by that practice only (as I know some very well reputed Farriers hold of opinion,) but only to attempt all other good means before; and when all hope else is desperate, then to make the fire your last refuge, as an extremity that must prevail when all other practices do perish. Lastly, I would not have you like those foolish Farriers which know nothing, utterly to contemn and neglect it, as if it were useless, but with all moderation and discretion to apply it in fit time and place, whereby the poor horse may gain ease, yourself good reputation, and the owner profit; which is most certain, as long as you are governed by wisdom.   

CHAP. 156. Of cauterize by medicine, which is cauterze potential.  
THe potentialll cauterize or ●earing of the flesh by medicine is (as I said before) when the medicines are either corrosive, putrifactive, or caustic; corrosive, as when they do corrode, rot, gnaw, and fret the flesh; putrifactive, when they do corrupt the complexion of the member, and do induce a main scar like dead flesh, causing infinite pain, in such sort that they are often accompanied with fevers & mortality, and therefore are not to be administered, but to strong bodies, & in very strong diseases; & caustic, which is as much to say as burning, when the operation is so strong, that it inclineth, and cometh nearest to the nature of fire, and so burneth and consumeth whatsoever it toucheth. Now these potential cauterizes do exceed and excel one another, by certain degrees, as thus, the corrosives are weaker than the putrifactives, and the putrifactives are weaker than the caustics; the corrosives work upon the upper part in the soft flesh, the putrifactives in the depth of the hard flesh; and the caustics have power to break skin sound or unsound, both in hard and soft flesh, & that very deeply also. Now of corrosives, some be simple, and some be compound; the simple corrosives are, roach alum, burnt or unburnt, the sponge of the sea somewhat burnt, lime, red coral, powder of mercury, shavings of an ox or heart's horn, Precipitate, verdigris, and such like: the compound corrosives are, black soap, and lime, unguentum Apostolorum, and unguentum Aegyptiacum, and unguentum Ceraceum, and many such like; and these are to be applied unto sores, ulcers, or excressions, after they are corroded. The putrifactives are arsenic, either white or yellow, Sublimatum, Resalgar, or any medicine compounded with any of them; besides Sandaracha Chrysocollo, and aconitum. Now if you would have your putrifactive medicines to be crustive, that is breeding a great scar, and hot in the fourth degree; then they are unslaked lime, and the burned dregs of wine; and these are to be used to carbunckles, cankers, and anburies. The caustic medicines are those which are made of strong lie, called Capitellum or Magistra, of Vitriole Roman, Sal-niter, Aqua fortis, Apium, Cantharideses, Ciclamine onions, strong garlic, Melanacardinum, the stones or grains of briony, and many such like. Now in the conclusion I would wish, every diligent Farrier, seldom or never to use either Arsenic, Resalgar, or Mercury Sublimate, simply of of themselves, but rather to allay them (if the substance whereon they are to work be very great) with unguentum Apostolorum; but if it be very little, then with hogs grease, turpentine, or such like: and thus much for this potential cauterizing and the proper uses.   

CHAP. 157. Of the rowelling of horses, and the use thereof.  
THe rowelling of horses is, amongst our ignorant and simple smiths, the most ordinary and general practice of all other whatsoever, insomuch that not any disease can almost be found, about a horse either how sleight or great soever it be, but presently without any reason or sense therefore, they will rowell him for the same; whereby they not only put the horse to a needless torment, but also bring down now and then such a flux of naughty humours, that they lame the horse which otherwise would be perfectly sound; but it is not my theme to dispute of their ignorances, only this I must say of rowelling, it is a practice as necessary & commendable for the good estate of a horses limbs, and body, as any medicine whatsoever, so it be applied in his due time, and in his due place; otherwise on the contrary part, it is contrary to all goodness. The helps which are got by rowelling, are these, it separateth and dissolveth all evil humours, which either through natural or unnatural corruptions are gathered, and knit together in any one place, hindering the office of any member, or deforming the body by any superfluity of evil substance; it looseneth parts that are bound, and bindeth those parts that are weakened; it giveth strength unto sick joints, & comforteth whatsoever is oppressed with any cold phlegm, or hot choleric substance; the general use of rowelling is, either for old inward strains, especially about the shoulders or hips, or else for great hard swellings, which will not be mollified, or corroded by any outward medicine, which is either plaster or unguente: for you must understand, that when a horse receiveth any strain or bruise, either in the upper joints of his shoulder, or his hips, which joints do not stand one upon another, as the lower joints do, but they go one into another, as the one end of the marrowbone into the pot of the spade-bone, and the other end into the pot of the elbow, which is a double bone: now as I say, when a bruise is received in these parts, if by present application of hot and comfortable medicines the grief be not taken away, then eftsoons there gathers between the pot and the bone a certain bruised jelly, which continually offending the tender gristel which covers the ends of every bone, makes the horse to halt vehemently; and then is this corrupt matter not to be taken away by any outward medicine, but by rowelling only; & as I speak of the shoulder, so I speak of the hips also where the upper thigh-bone goeth into the pot of the cannel-bone, & there beeedeth the like infirmity.  
Now for the manner of rowelling it is in this sort: First, when you have found out the certain place of the horses grief, as whether it be on the forepitch of the shoulder, on the hinder elbow, or on the hip, than you shall (having cast the horse upon some dunghill, or soft ground) make a little slit more than a handful below the place of his grief through the skin, and no more, so big as you may well thrust in a swans quill into the same: then with your cornet raise the skin a little from the flesh, and then put in your quill, and blow all the skin from the flesh upward; even to the top, and all over the shoulder; then stopping the hole with your finger and your thumb, take a smalll hazel stick, and all to beat the blown place all over; and then with your hand spread the wind into every part, and after let it go: then take a tampin of horse hair twound together, or which is better, of red sarcinit, half the bigness of a man's little finger, and above a foot, or sixtcene inches in length, made in this form: putting it into your rowelling needle, which would be at the least seven or eight inches long; thrust it in at the first hole, and so putting it upward, draw it out again at least six inches above; & then, if you please, you may put in another above that: and then tie the two ends of the tampins or rowels together, and move & draw them to and fro in the skin, in any wise not forgetting, both before you put them in, and every day after they are in, to anoint them well with butter, hogs grease, or oil de bay.  
Now there be other Farriers which in that they are opiniated that these long rowels, or tampins of hairemor silk, do make both a double soar, and a great scar, therefore they make their rowels of round pieces of stiff leather, such as is the upper part of an old shoe, with a round hole in the midst, according to this form: and then doubling it when they put it in, as soon as it is within, to spread it, and lay it flat between the flesh and the skin, and so as the hole of the rowel may answer just with the hole that is made in the horse's skin; and then once in two or three days to cleanse the rowel, and to anoint it, and so put it in again. Other Farriers do use to make the rowel of lanthorne-horne, in the same fashion as it is made of leather, and in like sort to use it. But for mine own part, I have used them all, and truly in my practice, find not any better than other; only the leather or the horn is somewhat more cleanly, and less offensive to the eye, yet they ask much more attendance. Now if you rowel your horse for any swelling, than you shall ever put in your long rowel the same way that the veins run, and seldom, or never crosswise, and the more you blow the skin for a swelling, so much the better it is: for the wind is it which only occasioneth putrefaction, and makes the festered humours to dissolve, and distill down from the secret hollows of the joints, into those open places where it falleth away in matter, and so the beast becomes cured.   

CHAP. 158. How to geld Horses or Colts.  
THere is to be observed in the gelding of horses, first, the age; secondly, the season of the year; and lastly, the state of the Moon. For the age, if it be a colt, you may geld him at 9 days old, or 15. if his stones be come down: for to speak the truth the sooner that you geld him, it is so much the better, both for his growth, shape, and courage; albeit some hold an opinion, that at two years old should be the soon, but they are mistaken, and their reasons are weak therein. Now if it be a horse that you would geld, than there is no speech to be made of his age: for it is without any question, that a perfect Farrrier may geld a horse without danger at any age whatsoever, being careful in the cure. Now for the season of the year, the best is in the Spring, between April and May, or in the beginning of june at the furthest, or else about the fall of the lease, which is the later end of September. Now for the state of the Moon, the fittest time is ever when the Moon is in the wain: as touching the manner of gelding, it is in this sort, whether it be foal, colt, or horse: First, you shall cast him either upon straw, or upon some dunghill; then taking the stone between your foremost finger and your great finger, you shall with a very sine incision knife slit the cod, so that you may press the stone forth and no more: then with a pair of small nippers, made either of steel, boxe-wood, or brasil, being very smooth, and clap the strings of the stone between them, very near unto the setting on of the stone, and press them so hard, that there may be no flux of blood: then with a thin drawing cauterizing Iron made red hot, sear away the stone; then take a hard plaster made of rosin, wax, and turpentine, well molten together, and with your hot Iron melt it upon the head of the strings: then sear the strings, and then melt more of the salve, till such time as you have laid a good thickness of the salve upon the strings: then loose the nippers, and as you did with that stone, so do with the other also: then fill the two slits of the cod with white salt, and anoint all the outside of the cod, and all the horses belly and thighs with hogs grease clean rendered; and so let him rise, and keep him either in some very warm stable, or in some very warm pasture, where he may walk up and down; for there is nothing better for a horse in this case, then moderate exercise. Now if after his gelding you do perceive that his cod and sheath doth swell in any extraordinary fashion, than you shall chafe him up and down, and make him trot an hour in a day, and it will soon recover him, and make him sound without any impediment.   

CHAP. 159. Of the making of Curtals, or cutting off of the tails of Horses.  
THe curtalling of Horses is used in no nation whatsoever, so much as in this kingdom of ours, by reason of much carriage, and heavy burdens which our horses continually are exercised and employed withal, and the rather sith we are strongly opinated, that the taking away of those joints doth make the horse's chine or back a great deal the stronger, and more able to support burden, as in truth it doth, and we daily find it by continual experience. Now for the manner of curtalling of horses, it is in this sort. First your shall with your fingar and your thumb, grope till you find the third joint from the setting on of the horses tail; and having found it, raise up all the hair, and turn it backward; then taking a very small strong cord wrap it about that joint, and pull it both with your own strength, and an other man's, so strait as you can possible pull it: then wrap it about again, and draw it as strait or straighter again, and thus do three or four times about his tail, with all the possible straightness that may be; and then make fast the ends of the cord: then take a piece of wood, whose end is smooth and even, of just height with the strunt of the horses tail, & setting it between the horses hinder legs (after you have tramelled all his four legs, in such sort that he can no ways stir) then lay his tail thereupon, and taking a main strong sharp knife made for the purpose, set the edge thereof so near as you can guess it, between the fourth and fifth joint, and then with a great smithy hammer striking upon the back of the knife, cut the tail asunder; then if you see any blood to issue forth, you shall know that the cord is not strait enough: and therefore you must draw it straighter; but if no blood follow, than it is well bound; this done, you shall take a red hot burning iron of the full compass of the flesh of the horses tail, made round after this fashion, that the bone of the tail may go through the hole, and with it you shall sear the flesh, till you have mortified it; and in the searing you shall see the ends of the veins start out like pape heads, but you shall still continue searing them, until you see all to be most smooth, plain and hard, so that the blood cannot break through the burning; then may you boldly unloose the cord, and after two or three days that you see the soar begin to rot, you shall anoint it with fresh butter, or else with hogs grease, and turpentine, until it be whole.   

CHAP. 160. To make a white star in any part of a horse.  
IF you will at any time make a white star, either in your horse's forehead or in any other part of his body, you shall according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers, take a tile stone, and after you have burned it, beat it into fine powder; then take lily roots, daisy roots, white briar roots, of each a like quantity, and having dried them beat them also into fine powder, and mix them with the first; then with a razor shave that part of your horse where you would have your star: and then with this powder rub it so vehemently, that you scarce leave any skin on; then take a good quantity of honeysuckle flowers, and a like quantity of honey, & the water wherein a mole hath been sodden; & then distill them into a water, and with that water, wash the soar place the space of three days together, and keep the wind from it, and you shall presently see the white hairs to grow; for this receipt hath been often very well approved. There be other Farriers, which take a crab, and roast it, and being fire hot, bind it to that part which you would have white, and it will scald away the old hair, & the next hair that groweth will be white. Other Farriers use after they have shaved the place to take the juice of sharp onions or leeks, and to bathe the place very much therewith; then to take barley bread, as fire hot as it cometh from the oven, and clap it to the shaven place, suffering it to lie so till it be cold: and then after anoint it with honey, and the white hair will come. Other Farriers use to anoint the shaven place with the grease of a moldywarpe sodde, and that will bring white hairs. Other Farriers use after they have shaved it, to rub the place well with salt, and then twice every day for a fortnight, to wash it with the broth wherein a mouldy-warpe, and some swine's grease hath been sodden. Other Farriers use to boil a mouldy-warpe in salt water for three days together, or else in strong lie; and ever as one liquor consumeth, to supply it with an other; then with this decoction being warm, anoint the shaved place, and it will bring white hairs suddenly. Other Farriers take the gall of a goat, and rub the shaved place therewith, and it will bring white hairs also. Other Farriers take sheeps milk and boil it, and in that wet a linen cloth, and being very hot lay it to, renewing it till you may rub off the the hair with your fingar; this done, apply the milk to twice a day lukewarm, till the hair do come again, which without all question will be white. Other Farriers take the roots of wild cucumbers, and twice so much Nitrum mingled with oil and honey, or else add to your cucumbers Sal nitrum, beaten, and honey, and anoint the shaven place therewith, and it will bring white hair. Other Farriers use to take a piece of a bricke-bat, and with it gently to rub and chafe the place, till by the continuance thereof, you have rubbed away both the hair and the skin, so broad as you would have the star, and then after to anoint it with honey, till the hair come again; or else to roast a colewort stalk like a warden, or an egg, till it be stone hard: and then as they come hot out of the fire, to clap either of them to the horses forehead, and it will scald off the hair, then to anoint it with honey till the hair come again. Now to conclude, and to show you the most perfect & absolute experiment which I have ever found to be most infallible, it is thus; you shall take a very fine, sharp, long bodkin, made for the purpose, and thrust it up betwixt the skin and the bone upward, so long as you would have the star; and in thrusting it up you shall hollow the skin from the bone, the bigness that you would have the star: this done, you shall take a piece of lead, made in the true shape of your bodkin, & drawing out the bodkin, thrust in the lead into the same holes; than you shall thrust the bodkin crosswise, the forehead underneath the lead; and then thrusting in such another piece of lead, you fhall see it in the horse's face to present this figure, which being done, you shall take a very strong packthread, and putting it underneath all the four ends of the leads, and drawing it with all straightness, you shall gather all the hollow skin together on a purse, folding the packthread oft and oft about, and still straighter and straighter, so that you shall see it then to present unto you this figure: this done, you shall let it rest at least the space of eight and forty hours, in which time the skin will be, as it were, mortified: then may you unloose the packthread, and draw forth the leaden pings, and with your hand close the hollow skin to the forehead hard again; and shortly after you shall see the hair to fall away, and the next hair which cometh will be white; and this experiment is most infallible. Now there be some Farriers which will not put in pings, nor use any packthread, but only will slit the forehead, and open the skin on both sides, and then put in either a horn or a plate of lead as big as the star, and so let it remain till the skin rot; then take out the horn or lead, and anoint the place with honey, and the water of mallows sod, and it will bring white hair: and surely this experiment also is most infallible, but it maketh a foul soar, and is somewhat long in bringing his virtue to effect.   

CHAP. 161. How to make a black star, or white hair black.  
IF at any time you would make upon a white horse a black star, you shall take a scruple of ink, & 4. scruples of the wood of Oliander beaten to powder; incorporate this in as much sheeps suet, as will well suffice, and then anoint the place therewith, & it will make any white hair black. Other Farriers use to take the decoction of fern roots, and sage sod in lie, and wash the place therewith, and it will breed black hair; but you must wash the place very oft therewith. Other Farriers use to take the rust of Iron galls, and vitriol, and stamp them with oil; or else take soutter ink, galls, and rust, and beat them well together, and then anoint the place therewith, and it will turn any white hair to black.   

CHAP. 162. To make a red star in a Horse's face.  
IF you desire to make in your horse's face, or any other part, a red star, you shall take of Aqua fortis an ounce, of Aquavitae a pennyworth, of silver to the value of eighteen pence; put them into a glass, and heat them well therein, and then anoint the place very well therewith, and it will immediately turn the hairs to be of a perfect red colour, only it will endure no longer then till the casting of the hair; and therefore at every such time you must renew the hair again, if you will have the star to continue.   

CHAP. 163. How to make hair to come very soon, very thick, and very long.  
IF you would have hair to come very soon in any bare place, or to grow thick where it is thin, or long where it is short, you shall take (according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers) the urine of a young boy, and with it first wash the place; after that, take lie made of unslaked lime, Ceruse, and Lethargy, and with it wash the hair oft, and it will make it come soon, long, and thick. Other Farriers use to wash the place with water wherein the roots of Althaea have been sod: then after dry it gently with your hand, and it will increase hair much. Other Farriers use to wash the place with oil mingled with the ashes of nutshells burnt, or else snayle-shels burnt, and it will increase hair also. Other Farriers take Agrimonte pund with goat's milk, & with it anoint the place, or else oil wherein a mouldiwarpe hath been boiled, and anoint the place with either of them, and it will increase hair very much. Other Farriers take the dung of goats, alum, honey, and the blood of a swine; mingle them altogether, and stir th●m till they be ready to boil, and being hot, rub the bare place therewith. Other Farriers take nettle seeds bruised with honey, water, and salt, & then rub the place therewith. Other Farriers take the root of a white lily beaten and sodde in oil, and anoint the place therewith. Others take the juice of a long onion, or else the juice of radishes, and anoint the place therewith. Others take tar, oil olive, and honey boiled together, and with it anoint the bare place. Other Farriers take the soot of a cauldron mixed with honey, and oil, and anoint the place therewith. There be other Farriers which take green wall-nut-shels, & burn them to powder, and then mix it with honey, oil, and wine, and anoint the place therewith, and it will increase hair wonderfully.   

CHAP. 194. To make hair smooth, sleek, and soft.  
IF you will make your horse's coat to be smooth, sleek, soft, and shining, you shall with sufficient store of cloth, keep him warm at the heart; for the least inward cold will make the hair stare: than you shall make him sweat oft: for that will rease up the dust and filth, which makes his coat foul and hard: than you shall, when the horse is in his greatest sweat, with an old sword blade, turning the edge towards his hair, scrape, or as it were, curry away all the white foam, sweat, and filth which shall be raised up, and that will lay his coat even, and make it smooth; and lastly, you shall when you let him blood, rub him all over with his own blood, and so let it remain two or three days, and then curry and dress him well, and this will make his coat shine like glass.   

CHAP. 165. How to take off hair in any part of a Horse.  
IF you will at any time take off the hair from any part of a horse, you shall dissolve in water, (according to the opinion of the most ancient Farriers) eight ounces of unslaked lime: and then boil it till a quarter be consumed, then add unto it an ounce of Orpiment, and then lay a plaster thereof, to any part of the horse, and it will in very few hours bring all the hair away. There be other Farriers which boil in running water rust, and Orpiment, and with it being very hot, wash the place, and it will soon bring the hair away.   

CHAP. 166. How to cast or overthrow a horse.  
Whensoever you intent to cast or overthrow your horse, after you have brought him into a convenient place, as namely either upon some green swarth, or upon some dunghill, or in some barn upon good store of soft straw, you shall take and double a long rope, and cast a knot a yard from the bought: then put the bought about his neck. and the double rope betwixt his four legs, and about his hinder pasterns, underneath his fetlock; then put the ends of the rope under the bought of his neck, and draw them quickly, and they will overthrow him, then make the ends fast, and hold down his head, under which always you must be sure to have good store of straw. Now if you would at any time▪ either brand your horse on the buttock, or do any thing about his hinder legs, that he may not strike, take up his contrary forelegge; and when you do brand your horse see that the iron be red ●ote, and that the hair be both scared quite away, and the flesh scorched in every place before you let him go, and so you shall lose no labour.   

CHAP. 167. How to know the age of a horse.  
THe age of every horse is known, either by his teeth, or by his hooves, or by his tail, or by the bars in the roof of his mouth. It is known by his teeth thus; at two years old, h●e changeth four foremost teeth in his head; at th●ee years old he changeth the teeth next unto them, & leaveth no more apparent foals teeth but two of each side, above and below; at four years old he changeth the teeth next unto them, and leaveth no more foals teeth but one on each side, both above and below; at five years old, he hath never a foals tooth before, but then he changeth his tusks on each side; at six years old, he putteth up his tusks, near about which you shall see apparently growing a little circle of new and young flesh; beside, the tush will be white, small, short, and sharp; at seven years old, the two outmost teeth of his neither chap on both sides will be hollow, with a little black speck in them; and at eight years old, all his teeth will be full, smooth, and plain, the black speck being clean gone, and his tusks will be somewhat yellow, without any circkles of young flesh; at nine years old, his foremost teeth will be very long, broad, yellow, and foul, and his tusks will be blunt; at ten years old, in the inside of his upper tusks will be no hoals at all to be felt with your fingers end, which till that age, you shall ever most perfectly feel; beside, the temples of his head will begin to be crooked and hollow; at eleven years of age, his teeth will be exceeding long, very yellow, black, and foul; only he will cut even, and his teeth will stand directly opposite one against another; at twelve years old, his teeth will be long, yellow, black, and foul: but then his upper teeth will overreach, and hang over his neither teeth; at thirteen years, his tusks will be worn close to his chap, if he be a much ridden horse, otherwise they will be black, and foul, and long like the fangs of a boar. If a horses hooves be rugged, and as it were seamed, one seam over another; if they be dry, full, and crusty, it is a sign of very old age: as on the contrary part, a smooth, moist, hollow, and well sounding hoof, is a sign of young years. If you take your horse with your fingar and your thumb by the stern of the tail, close at the setting one by the buttock, and feeling there hard; if you feel betwixt your fingar & your thumb of each side his tail, a joint stick out more than any other joint, by the bigness of an hazel nut, than you may presume, the horse is under ten years old; but if his joints be all plain, and no such thing to be felt, than he is above ten, and at least thirteen. If a horses eyes be round, full and starting from his head, if the pits over his eyes be filled smooth and even with his temples, and no wrinkles either about his brow or under his eyes, than the horse is young: if otherwise you see the contrary characters, it is a sign of old age; if you take up a horse's skin on any part of body, betwixt your fingar and your thumb, and pluck it from the flesh: then letting it go again, if it suddenly return to the place from whence it came, and be smooth and plain, without wrinkle, than the horse is young, and full of strength: but if being pulled up it stand, and not return to his former place, than he is very old and wasted. Lastly, if a horse that is of any dark colour shall grow grissel only about his eye brows, or underneath his main, it is then an infallible sign of most extreme old age: and thus much touching a horses age.   

CHAP. 166. How to make an old horse seem young.  
TAke a little small crooked iron, no bigger than a wheat corn, and having made it red hot, burn a little black hole in the tops of the two outmost teeth of each side the neither chap before, next to the tusks; and then with an aule blade prick it, and make the shell fine and thin; then with a sharp scraping iron make all his teeth white and clean: this done, take a fine lancet, and above the hollows of the horses eyes which are shrunk down, make a little hole only but through the skin, and then raising it up, put in a quill, that is very small: as the quill of a raven or such like: and then blow the skin full of wind till all the hollowness be filled up, and then take out the quill, and lay your fingar a little while on the hole, and the wind will stay in, and the horses countenance will be as if he were but six years old at the most.   

CHAP. 169. How to make a horse that he shall not neigh either in company, or when he is ridden.  
IF either when you are in service in the wars, and would not be discovered, or when upon any other occasion, you would not have your ho●se to neigh, o● make a noise, you sh●ll take a list of woollen cloth, and tie it fast in many folds about the midst o● your horse's tongue; and believe it, as long as the tongue is so ty●d, ●o long the horse can by no means neigh, or make any other extraordinary noise with his voice, as hath been often tried.   

CHAP. 170. How to make a horse exceedin● quick of the spur.  
IF your horse either be dull of the spur through his natural inclination, or through tiring, or any other accident, you shall fi●st have ●im he breadth of a saucer on both the sides, ●u●t in the spurring ●l●ce, on both sides the vein: then with a lancet make six issues, or small orifices on both sides: then raising the skin from the flesh, you shall put into the holes a pretty quantity of burnt sal●, which will make the soar to rankle. In this sort you shall keep it 3. days, and by no means ride the horse: the third day being ended, you shall set a child on his back with spurs, & make him spur the horse in the soar place: which done, you shall wash the place with piss, salt, and nettles, sodden well together: and this will make his sides smart so extremely, that he will never abide the spur after. Now you shall let him stand after his washing three days more, and then take half a pint of honey, and with it anoint his sides once a day till they be whole.   

CHAP. 171. How to make a horse that tires, or is restive, to go forward.  
IF your horse (as it is the common nature of jades) through the naughtiness of his nature, or dullness of spirit, be either ●o restive, or so tired that he will not go forward a foot, but standeth stock still; you shall then make a running suickle of a small cord, and put it about his cods, and stones in such sort that it may not slip: than you shall draw the rest of the cord between the girths and the horses body, and bringing it up between the horses forelegs, be sure to hold the end of the cord in your hand as you sit in the saddle: then ride the horse forward, and when he beginneth to grow restive, or to stand still, then pluck the cord, and cramp him by the stones, and you shall see that immediately he will go forward: and in this manner you shall use him for at least a fortnight, and it will clean take away that evil quality.   

CHAP. 172. How to make a Horse to follow his master, and to find him out, and challenge him amongst many people.  
IF you will have your horse to have such a violent love towards you, that he shall not only follow you up and down, but also labour to find yo● out and own yo● as soon as he hath found you; you shall then take a p●und of oatmeal, & put thereto a quarter of a pound of honey, and half a pound of Lunarce; and then make a cake thereof, and put it in your bosom next unto your naked skin: then run or labour yourself up and down until you sweat: then rub all your sweat upon your cake: this done, keep your horse fasting a day and a night, and then give him the cake to eat, which as soon as he hath eaten you shall turn him lose; and he will not only most eagerly follow you, but also hunt and seek you cut when he hath lost, or doth miss you; and though you be environed with never so many, yet he will find you out, and know you; and you shall not fail but every time that he cometh to you, you shall spit in his mouth, and anoint his tongue with your spittle: and thus doing he will never forsake you.   

CHAP. 173. The nature and special qualities of all the simples that are spoken of in this whole work, set down in the manner of Alphabet.  


A  
ABrotonum, which we call in English southernwort is hot and dry in the third degree, and openeth the pipes of the body, and is good for short wind.  
Absinthium, which we call wormwood, is hot in the first degree, and dry in the second; it cleanseth and bindeth, and is good for the stomach.  
Aceto, which we call vinegar, especially if it be of wine, is cold and piercing, to wit, cold in the first, and dry in the third degree.  
Agaricum is hot in the first, and dry in the second degree; it expelleth humours, purgeth all phlegm and choler, and is good for the liver and kidneys.  
Allium, which we call garlic, is hot and dry in the fourth degree; it draweth, openeth, and expelleth all evil humours.  
Agrecum, which we call cresses, is hot and dry in the fourth degree; it burneth, draweth, and resolveth, & is good for scurse, or wild scabs, or for the lungs.  
Agripa is a known unguent that is good against all tumours. Allome, called roche alum, it hot and dry in the third degree, and is good for cankers.  
Alder, or Elder tree is hot and dry, it purgeth choler & phlegm, and healeth wounds.  
Aloes is hot in the first, and dry in the third degree; it cleanseth and dissolveth, and also comforteth.  
Althaea, which we call white mallows, is hot and dry: it looseth & scattereth humours, warmeth & moisteneth.  
Almonds is hot and moist in the first degree: it provoketh urine, and is good for the lungs or liver.  
Ambrosia, which we call woodsage, represseth, driveth back, and bindeth humours.  
Ammoniacum is hot in the third, and dry in the second degree, it softeneth and dissolveth humours.  
Anetum, which we call Dill, is hot in the third, and dry in the second degree: it ripeneth crude humours, & expelleth heat.  
Aniseseeds is hot and dry in the third degree, expelleth cold, & dissolveth humours, and provoketh urine.  
Antimonium, or Stibium, is cold and dry, it bindeth, mundifieth and purgeth.  
Appio, which we call smallage, or parsley, is hot in the first, and dry in the second degree: it ripeneth, cleanseth, openeth, and provoketh urine.  
Aristolochia, which we call birthwort, or hartwort, is hot, and cleanseth: but if it be Ro●unda, than it is so much the stronger, being hot and dry in the fourth degree: it draweth, and purgeth thin water & phlegm, and is good to open the lungs.  
Armoni●cke d●hieth, cooleth, softeneth, and draweth.  
A●tem●si●, which we call great tansy or mugwort, is hot in t●e second, and dry in the third degree; it is good fo● the worms, and swellings in the sinews.  
A●siuck of both kinds i● hot in the third, and dry in the second degree; it bindeth, eateth, and fretteth being ● very strong corrosive.  
Assafoetida is a gum that is hot in the third, and dry in t●e fi●st degree; it cleanseth evil humours.  
A●phaltum is a pitch that is mixed with Bitumen; it is hot and dry, and comforteth any swelling.  
Asso●teo, is hot in the first, and dry in the second degree: it cleanseth and drieth, and is good for the stomach.  
Assungia, which we call soft or fresh grease, is hot and moist in the first degree: it mollifieth, ripeneth, and healeth any wound, impostume, or ulcer.  
Auena, which we call oats, are naturally dry; they do dry, bind, cleanse, and comfort all the inward parts, and are the only principal simple which doth naturally agree with the composition of a horses body; and therefore the oil or quintessence of them is the only absolute and perfect medicine that can be administered for any inward sickness, as experience will approve and make perfect.  
A●elanne, which we call the ashes of nutshells burnt, are hot and dry, and do skin or stop the flux of matter.    


B  
bayberries are vehemently hot and dry, and are g●od ●or al● manner of rhcumes, or shortness of wind, especially for any disease in the lungs.  
Balsamum is hot and dry in the second degree; it cleanseth, draweth, and comfo●t●th.  
Bdel●um is a gum that is hot● and dry; it softeneth and draweth away moisture, and is exc●ll●nt against all hard swellings whatsoever.  
Ber●o●icum or Bettonicum, which we call dogs●ene or k●gw●●t is hot and dry in the first degree; it purgeth and cleanseth all evil humous.  
Bi●cca is cold & dry in the second degree; it closeth things opened, it ●o●tens hardness, filleth places emptied, and doth extenuate all ex●●essions.  
Bictole, which we call Beets, is cold and moist, and cleanseth ulcers.  
Bitumen is a kind of brimstone, or fatness from the sea, and it is hot and dry in the second degree, and is comfortable against any swelling.  
Bottiro is hot in the first, and moist in the second degree, and it ●ipeneth impostumes.  
Bolearmonia is a certain earth which is cold & dry; which bindeth, and driveth back evil humours, and is also an excellent defensive against fluxes of blood.  
Branck ursin is a wonderful great mollifier.  
Brasica which we call coleworts, is very dry, it doth conglutinate wounds, it healeth ulcers and tumours; it holdeth the seed, and killeth evil humours.  
Brotano which is the same that Abrotonum is, look there.  
Brusco which we call butchers broom, or knee holm, is ho●e in the ●●cond degree, and dry in the fi●st; it provoketh urine.  
Bry●nie of it are two kinds, the white and black, but th● white is more ●ff●ctuall; th●●oote of it is hot and dry in the second degree; it cleanseth & 〈◊〉, and is good for all cold diseases, it also drieth, draweth, and mollifieth all manner of hardness.    


C  
Cal●fonia or Colophonia doth incarnate ulcers, & doth conglutinate things which are separated.  
Calamamento which we call wild pennyroyal or wild mint, of which that which grows on the mountains is the best, is hot and dry in the third degree, doth resolve tumours, and draweth away humours.  
Calcina vina which we call unslaked lime, is hot & dry in the fourth degree; it adusteth, drieth, and corrodeth.  
Camamila which we call camomile, is hot and dry in the first degree; it mollifieth & dissolveth all grieves, and is good especially for the liver.  
Camedros' which we call geomander, is hot & dry in the third degree, and is good against all moist colds.  
Camphora is a kind of gum which is cold, and dry in the third degree; it preserveth the body from putrefaction, and bindeth humours.  
Canabis which we call hemp, is hot, the seed whereof driveth away extraordinary colds; it ripeneth and dissolveth humours: and mollifieth and drieth inflammations.  
Cinnamon is hot and dry in the third degree; and is comfortable in all inward sicknesses.  
Canna which we call reeds, especially the hegde reed, draweth out pricks, if you lay the roots too with the knobs.  
Cantharideses are certain flies, which are hot and dry in the third degree; they will raise blisters in the sound parts.  
Capilli Venere which we call maiden's hair, is dry, and bindeth loose humours.  
Cardimonium is hot; it extenuateth humours, and being mixed with vinegar killeth scabs.  
Cloves are hot and dry in the third degree, and are very comfortable to the inward parts.  
Carrowaies are hot and dry in the third degree; it helpeth wind, and cleanseth evil humours.  
Cassia is hot and moist, in the first degree; it expelleth wind, dissolveth humours, and purgeth the stomach of choler and phlegm.  
Castoreum is hot and dry, and purgeth much.  
Cabbage is hot in the first, and dry in the second degree; it cleanseth and ripeneth humours.  
Cenere which we call ashes, are hot and dry in the fourth degree, and cleanse mightily.  
Centauria which we call wild running betony, smelling like Marjoram, is hot and dry in the third degree; it bindeth wounds, and conglutinateth, and is good for diseased livers, for the worms, old sores and wounds, and is commonly called centuarie.  
Cepe which we call onions, is hot in the fourth degree: it doth cleanse corruptions, & ripens swellings.  
Ceruill is hot and dry, and bindeth much.  
Cerusi is a white ointment made of oil & white lead, it is cold and dry in the second degree: and for the effects it hath all those which Braccha hath.  
Cereocollo: see Serococollo▪ Chelidonium which we call Seladine, is hot and dry in the third degree; it cleanseth all putrifactive humours, & is excellent against inward sicknesses, especially yellows or jaundice.  
Cicuta which we call hemlock, is cold in the fourth degree: it numbeth and astonieth.  
C●coria, which we call succory, is cold & dry in the first degree, and bindeth much.  
Com●n is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second: it mollifieth and ripeneth.  
Cipolle, which is leeks, or as we call them, chives: see Cepa.  
Cinaber, or Sanguis draconis, or as we call it, Vermilion, is a certain metal drawn from quick sulphur, and quicksilver; it drieth, healeth, incarnateth, bindeth, and comforteth ulcers.  
Cito, or Cisto, is dry in the second degree, and bindeth much.  
Citrons, or Cithrons', are cold & moist in the second degree, they do cleanse and pierce.  
Coloquintida, is hot and dry in the third degree, and mundifieth only.  
Colofonia, which we call earth-pitch, or Greek pitch, is hot & dry in the third degree: it conglutinateth and gathereth together. see Piece Graeca.  
Cocumeri, see Cucumeri.  
Cowsolida which we call Camphrey, is cold: it conglutinateth and bindeth, & is good against ruptures.  
Costro, or Cosso, being bitter, is hot, & healeth ulcers.  
Costus is hot in the third, and dry in the second degree: and it raiseth up worms, and is that which we call herb Mary, or the root of Angelica.  
Corno di Ceruo, which we call heart's horn, is dry, yet it strengtheneth very much.  
Crocum, which we call saffron, is hot in the second, & dry in the first degree: it bindeth, comforetth, and resolveth impostumes.  
Cucumeri seluaggi is hot and dry in the third degree: it dissolveth, softeneth, and purgeth phlegm.  
Cucumerielaterium is cold & moist in the second degree; it cleanseth much, & is made of the juice of wild cow cumbers.    


D  
Dates are hot and moist in the second degree; they do resolve and disperse things knit together.  
Diacatholicon, purgeth all offensive humours which offend the body, whatsoever.  
diafinicon, or Diaphenicon, purgeth wind exceedingly, and compacteth all grieves of the belly which are begot by crude humours, springing from cholickes or such like pains.  
Dialtea, or Dialthea, is an ointment made of holy-hoxe, or sea-mallowes: it warmeth and moisteneth.  
Dragonwort is hot and dry, and bindeth much.    


E  
Ebuli which we call Elder, is hot & dry in the third degree: it drieth and driveth out water, and expelleth choler and thin phlegm, see Sambucus.  
Edera terrestris, which we call ground luy, see Hedera.  
Elaterium, see Cucumeri.  
Elleboro, which we call sneezing powder, of it are two kinds, the white and black: it is hot and dry in the third degree.  
Eruca which we call rocket, and of which the wild is the best: the seeds thereof are hot and dry, and expelleth urine, worms, and water.  
Esula, which is an herb like spurge, is hot in the fourth degree, and drieth and cleanseth exceedingly, and of some is called wolves milk.  
Eusorbium is a gum that is hot in the fourth degree: it drieth, purgeth, cleanseth, and exulcerateth much.  
Exerusion which is that which we call Oxicration, is a certain composition or mixture made of Aceto, and water, and is good to allay swellings and tumours.    


F  
Faha, which we call a bean, is cold and dry, and it cleanseth, and dissolveth.  
Farina, which we call bran, is hot and dry in the first degree, and dissolveth very much.  
Fearne is dry and binding, but the root is hot and cleansing, and killeth worms.  
fell which we call gall, is hot and dry, & it cleanseth and mundifieth.  
Ferugo, which we call the rust of iron, is hot and dry in the second degree, it comforteth and restraineth evil humours.  
Fici aridi, which we call dry ●igges, are hot and dry in the second degree: they ripen tumours, soften and consume hardness, and are good for pursicknesse, coughs, and diseases of the lungs.  
Filomontano, which we call a dodder, being a thing that cleaveth to herbs, winding about them like threads; it openeth the liver and milt, and purgeth all phlegm and choler.  
Filonio is a composition, which will astonish or benumb any part or member.  
Fennel is hot in the third, and dry in the first degree: it doth dissolve all manner of gross humours, and is good for the liver or lungs.  
Foligine, which we call foot, is hot & dry, and it drieth marvelously, and so doth all soots whatsoever.    


G  
Gallanga which we call Galingale is hot & dry in the third degree: it easeth the stomach of all grieves which proceed from cold causes: it strengtheneth the brain, and comforteth the senses.  
Galbanum is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second: it softeneth, stoppeth, and draweth away evil humours, and is good against colds.  
Galla, which we call galls, or a light fruit of oaks, are hot and piercing.  
Garifilata, which we call herb bennet, is hot and dry in the second degree.  
Garofoli, which we call cloves, is hot and dry in the 3. degree, & are very comfortable for inward sickness.  
Genger is hot, and is excellent to preserve heat in the inward parts.  
Ginista, or Ginestra, which we call broom, is hot and dry in the third degree: it killeth worms, and scoureth much.  
Gentian, especially the root, is hot in the third, & dry in the second degree: it doth extenuate, purge, and cleanse all evil humours, and is good for the liver and stomach, and for wounds and soars.  
Giglio which we call lilies, softeneth sinews, and are good for wounds and soars.  
Giniper is hot and dry in the third degree.  
Gramen, which is any manner of grain or pulse, is cold and dry, except wheat, and that is temperately hot and moist: they do incarnate and mundify.  
Grasso, which is any manner of fat, is hot and moist, and doth ripen and soften.    


H  
Harundini● cortex, which we call cane reed, is hot & dry in the third degree.  
Hedera, which we call ivy, is a great drawer, & opener.  
Helxine, which we call pellitory of the wall, cleanseth and bindeth, and is good for any old cough, or for any inflammations.  
Hyssopo, which we call hyssop, there is both wild and that of the garden, but the garden is the best; it is hot and dry in the third degree; it cleanseth and warmeth, and is good for inflammations of the lungs, old coughs, poses, rheums, and short wind.  
Hordeo which we call barley, is cold and dry in the first degree, and it mundifieth and cooleth.    


I  
Incenso which we call Frankincense; it drieth, and incarnateth: see Olibanum.  
Ipericon which we call Saint john's wort, expelleth moisture, and healeth burnings,  
Ireos Florentina which we call Flower de luce, especially the root, it warmeth, ripeneth, and cleanseth, and is good for the cough, and is hot and dry in the third degree.  
Iride Illyrica: see Helpine.  
Iris is a root that is hot and dry: it cleanseth and ripeneth, and is good against colds, & purgeth ulcers.  
jasquiani which we call henbane, is cold in the fourth degree: it astonieth, and benumbeth.    


L  
Ligustum which we call lovage, is hot and dry in the third degree; it expelleth wind, especially the seed and root.  
Lapathum which we call a dock, is cold and moist, and it mollifieth.  
Lauri which we call laurel, or bays, are hot and dry, and they cleanse and mundify.  
Lentisco is a gum that is like maslicke; it is dry in the second degree, and moderately bindeth, it is bitter in taste, and ever green.  
Linosa which we call flax or line, the seed thereof is hot and dry, & it ripeneth and mollifieth tumours.  
Lee is hot and dry in the fourth degree; it is very adustive, cleansing, and piercing.  
Lithargirio of which there are two kinds, the one of the colour of gold, the other of silver; it is very dry, it bindeth, softeneth, incarnateth, cooleth, and closeth up; and of these two, that which is like gold is the best.  
Lolium which we call cockle, is hot and dry in the third degree, and dissolveth much.  
L●mache which we call house-snailes without shells, do conglutinate very much.    


M  
Mal●a is cold and moist, it stoppeth, softeneth, and mitigateth pain.  
Maluaniscus is very dry, it softeneth, looseneth, and incarnat●th.  
Mace is dry in the third degree, without heat, and only bindeth.  
Manna is of equal temper hot and dry; it openeth, it mollifieth, and incarnateth.  
Mariaton or Martiaton, is a hot unguent against all cold humours; it helpeth the grief of sinews, purgeth cold watery matters, and ripens tumours.  
Marrobio which we call horehound, of which there are two kinds, the white and black, but the white is the better; it is hot in the second, and dry in the third degree; it helpeth obstructions in the liver, openeth and purgeth, and is good against colds, or for sores.  
Mastic is hot in the first, and dry in the second degree; It draweth, and drieth, bindeth, and sofineth, and is good against old cold.  
Medulla which we call marrow, of what kind soever, is cold & moist, & mollifieth ulcers; now the best marrow is that of the hart or old stag, the next that of a call, the next that of a sheep, and the last that of a goat.  
Mel which we call honey, is hot and dry in the second degree; it cleanseth the stomach and entrails, stoppeth humours, and incarnateth wounds.  
Melissa which we call balm, is hot in the second, & dry in the first degree; it cleanseth, & conglutinateth.  
Mentha which we call Mints, is hot in the third, and dry in the second degree; of which the wild mint is best, it killeth worms, it bindeth, it dissolveth, and is good for the stomach, or a cold liver.  
Minio which we call red lead, is cold and dry, and good against swellings.  
Mirre or Myrrha is a sovereign gum; it is hot & dry in the second degree; it conglutinateth, bindeth, and cleanseth wounds, is good against all colds, killeth worms, and helpeth the pursicke: for though it doth cleanse much, yet it doth not exasperate the arteries; also it doth incarnate.  
Morcosita or Marcasita is hot and dry; it comforteth, bindeth, and melteth humours.  
Mertilla is the fruit of the myrtle tree, it is dry in the third degree; it doth bind good, & loosen evil humours.  
Morcas which we call the mulberry, the unripe is cold and dry, in the second degree; the bark, but chiefly the root, is hot and dry in the third degree: it doth cleanse, purge, and bind; the root thereof killeth worms, and the gum thereof doth loosen, and the juice of the berry doth heal cankers or soar mouths.    


N  
Narcissi radix which we call the root of white Daffodil, ●●, or else primrose peerless, is dry, it cleanseth, and draweth, and healeth wounds  
Nardiradix which we call setwal, is hot in the first, and dry in the second degree; it bindeth, and Spico Nardo provoketh urine.  
Nasturtio is hot and dry in the fourth degree; it burneth, it draweth and melteth, and killeth worms: see Agrecum which we call cresles.  
Nigilla which we call git, is hot and dry in the third degree; it stayeth wind, killeth worms, and looseneth; yet to give too great a quantity is dangerous.  
Nitro is of the same nature, that saltepeter is, and it mundifieth exceedingly.    


O  
Olibanum is a gum, it is hot and dry in the second degree; it warmeth, bindeth, closeth wounds, and incarnateth.  
Oil of Olives is of a very temperate nature, and changeth his qualities according to the nature of the simples which are mixed with him.  
Opium, is cold and dry in the fourth degree; and is a liquor made of poppy dried and mixed with saffron; it doth astonish and provoke sleede.  
Opoponax is a gum, that is hot in the third, and dry in the second degree; it softeneth and stayeth humours; is good against all colds: see Papaver, Galbanum, Bdelium, and Sagapenum.  
Orpimento is a kind of metal, of which the artificial is called Arsenic, is hot in the third degree, and dry in the second; it bindeth, corrodeth, burneth and fretteth, and is a corrosive.  
Origono which we call wild marjoram, or penyrial, is hot and dry in the third degree; it taketh away stops, and is good for coughs.  
Orobus, which we call fitches', are hot in the first, dry in the second degree: they do open & cleanse.  
Orzo, which we call barley, is cold and dry in the first degree; it ripeneth and cleanseth.  
Ortica, which we call nettles, are hot and dry: they are biting, & wholesome for the lungs, or for sores.  
Oria which we call eggs, the white is cold, and the yolk is hot, and doth incarnate.    


P  
Panacea, is that herb whose fruit we call Opoponax.  
Panico is a grain which we call panic, it is cold and dry, and bindeth.  
Papaver, which we call poppy, the seeds thereof are white, and hot in the fourth degree: see Opium.  
Pastinache, which we call parsnips, are hot, and do provoke urine.  
Piece which we call pitch, is hot & dry in the second degree, it draweth, drieth, and ripeneth.  
Piece liquida, which we call tar, is hot and dry in the second degree, is good against colds, or evil humours gathered together in the breast, and draweth wounds.  
Piece Rasina, which we call rosin, or pitch of Greece, it draweth, healeth, and incarnateth.  
Piece Rasina, & liquida, which we call turpentine, it doth draw, skin, incarnate, and conglutinate things together.  
Pepper is hot and dry in the fourth degree, it is both attractive and mundificative, and good for all diseases of the breast or lungs.  
Peaches are cold and moist in the second degree: they bind, and stir up worms.  
Petasites, which we call butter burr, is dry in the third degree.  
Petrolium is a certain oil made of saltpeter and Bitumen, it is hot and dry in the second degree: it healeth wounds, and comforteth weak members.  
Petrosellium, which we call parsley, or stone parsley, is, & especially his seed, hot and dry in the third degree: it stays wind, openeth, and provoketh urine.  
Phylonium, of which there are two kinds, Phylonium Romanum, & Phylonium Persicum, are excellent compositions, and most comfortable after the loss of blood.  
Poligono, which we call knotgrass, is cold in the second degree, and keepeth back humours.  
Plantago, which we call plantain, is cold and dry in the third degree: it comforteth, drieth, bindeth, and incarnateth wounds.  
Porrl, which we call leeks, scallions, or onions, are hot & dry, and do extenuate obstructions, and raise up and loosen all evil humours in the body.  
Puere or porrum, is hot in the second degree, and is good for all cold waterish stomachs.  
Pulegum, which we call penyryall, is hot and dry in the third degree: it doth vehemently dry up moisture, warmeth, ripeneth, and is good for the lungs: see Origono.  
Punicum Malum, which we call pomegranate, is cold & dry: it bindeth, provoketh urine, & is good for the stomach.    


R  
Rasano, or Raphanus which we call radish, is hot in the third, and dry in the second degree: they comfort, and are good for old colds; but especially they provoke urine.  
Resina, which we call rosin, is hot and dry in the second degree; it stoppeth, softeneth, cleanseth, draweth, and purgeth wounds, and is good against cold causes.  
Resalgar. See Risigallo.  
Regoritio, or Rigolitio, which we call liquorice, is temperate in heat, & moisteneth, & ripeneth, and is good for heat in the stomach or liver, and profitable against wounds.  
Risigallo, is a composition of Sulpure, orpiment, and unslaked lime; and is a most strong corrosive.  
Rosaeflos which we call rose leaves, or rose cakes, are dry and binding.  
Rubea, which we call madder, is dry, it comforteth, and incarnateth, the root thereof provoketh urine, & is good for the yellows.  
Rhubarb or Rhubarb, is hot and dry in the second degree: it purgeth choler and phlegm, and putteth away stops.  
Ruta, which we call rue, or herb of grace, is hot and dry in the third degree: but the wild rue in the fourth degree, and therefore exulcerateth: the garden rue disgesteth, and mightily comforteth all inflammations, it ripeneth, and drieth, and expelleth wind.    


S  
Savina, which we call Savine, is hot and dry in the third degree: it openeth, dissolveth, and drieth mightily, and is most sovereign against worms.  
Sacaro is hot and moist and comfortable.  
Sagapenum. See Serapino.  
Sagina, or Saggina, or Sorgo, of some called panicum Indicum, is only hot and dry.  
Sale which we call salt, is hot and dry in the second dregree; and it cleanseth.  
Salamora, which we call brine, or water and salt, is of the same nature that salt is.  
Sal●armoniacke is hot and dry in the fourth degree, & it cleanseth.  
Salee, which we call sallows, or willow, it bindeth and drieth vehemently.  
Salgemma is a kind of salt which is hot and dry, it cleanseth and mundifieth.  
Saluitro, some use for this saltpeter; it is hot & dry, & evaporateth: it comforteth sinews, and taketh away tiring or weariness.  
Saluia, which we call sage, is hot and dry in the second degree: it cleanseth and bindeth, is good for wounds or exulceration of the lungs.  
Sambucus, which we call Elder tree, or walwort, that is like Elder tree, is hot in the second degree, and dry in the first: it drieth, disgesteth, and conglutinateth.  
Sandolo, which we call sanders, are cold and dry in the second degree, and drive back humours.  
Sandolo Rosso, or Sandolo Bianca, which we call red sand, or whitesand, are hot and dry, and bring on skin.  
Sanguis draconis, see Cinaber; yet some take it for the red dock, or red patience, but it is not so.  
Sapone, which we call soap, is hot; it draweth, mollifieth, drieth and purgeth.  
Sassifragia, which we call saxifrage, is hot and dry, and binding.  
Scabioso, which we call scallions, is hot and dry in the second degree: they do regenerate, and are good for scabs, for the lungs, or for soreness in the breast.  
Seamonium which is the juice of a root, is hot in the third degree; it disgesteth and purgeth choler, but must never be given inwardly, unless it be corrected.  
Scariola which we call endive, is cold, and dry, and binding.  
Scarcocolla is a gum of the kind of Euforbium: it is hot and dry in the second degree, it cleanseth, incarnateth, and comforteth wounds.  
Sea onion is hot in the second, and dry in the first degree; it ripeneth and expelleth humours: it hindereth putrefaction, and preserveth health.  
Semola which we call young coleworts, are hot and dry in the first degree.  
Semperuine which we call houseleek, and some call stonecrop, is cold in the third, and dry in the second degree; it is good for burnings, or frettings, or for inflammations of ulcers, it driveth back humours, cooleth, and bindeth.  
Seva dolce is hot in the second and dry in the first degree: it cleanseth, and openeth.  
Serapino is a gum of Ferula, it is hot in the third and dry in the second degree; it mollifieth, looseneth, and is good for colds.  
Serpillo which we call wild running betony, or Time smelling like marjoram, is hot & dry in the third degree.  
Sinapi which we call mustard, is hot and dry in the fourth degree; it draweth and resolveth, and is good for scurfs or wild scabs.  
Solatro which we call night shade is cold in the third degree.  
Sulphur vive which we call brimstone, is hot and dry in the third degree; it draweth, disperseth humours,