THE SOLDIERS ACCIDENCE OR AN INTRODUCTION Into MILITARY DISCIPLINE, Containing the first Principles and necessary knowledge meet for Captains, Muster Masters, and all young Soldiers of the infantry, or Foot Bands. ALSO, The cavalry or Forms of training of Horse-Troopes, as it hath been received from the latest and best experienced ARMIES. A Work fit for all Noble, Generous, and good spirits, that love Honour, or Honourable Action. VIRG. AENEI. — At nunc Horrentia Martis. G. M. LONDON Printed by I. D. for JOHN BELLAMY, and are to be sold at his Shop at the three golden Lions near the Royal Exchange. 1625. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE, and THRICE Worthy Lords, Oliver, Lord Viscount Grandison; George, Lord Carew; Fulke, Lord Brooke; Arthur, Lord Chichester: And to the right Honourable, Sir Edward Conway, Knight, Sir Horace Vere, Knight, Sir Edward Cecil, Knight, Sir Robert Mansell, Knight, Sir john Oagle, Knight, and Sir Thomas Button, Knight; Being the Lords and others of his Majesty's most Honourable Council of War. I Do not presume (Right Honourable) to offer this poor Tribute of mine Experience, as a Model whereby your Goodnesses might shape any thing to add strength to your own uncontrollable knowledges; God forbid there should be in me such an impudent daring: But I humbly desire it may kiss your hands, as a sacrifice offered from your servant, or as a weakness that stands in need of your protections: Virtue I know measureth every thing by its own goodness, in which is expressed an infinite Charity, and you are that large Fountain of virtue, that I cannot fear (how ever imperfection may persuade me) but I shall touch of your noble waters; In your Honours I know is power to judge of my labour, and in you is authority to exercise mercy: and though you find nothing written in it, but what you may read ten thousand times better in your own breasts, yet be pleased to think there be many puny scholars in our Kingdom (to which I have ever desired to be a servant) that from these brief Rules may gather more abler judgements. Therefore it is only your noble favour and allowance, that must make it acceptable to those which need it, and profitable to our Empire, which I wish to be served by it. O then let these Graces fly from your Noble Natures, with that mildness that as I have ever lived, I may die Your Honour's poor servant and Soldier, G. M. ¶ To the Reader. KNowledge, which is the divine Mother of certain Goodness, never came unwellcome to an industrious Nature, for she ever maketh a smooth way and a strait path; No more (I hope) shall this my labour to thee (Worthy Reader) since doubtless thou shalt find in it many things New, (which is apt to catch covetous Spirits) somethings Necessary (which are ever imbracst of Solid and Substantial judgements). And I hope nothing erring from Sense or Truth (which is such a Crown, both to the work, and thine own satisfaction, that if thou be'st any Master of Charity, thou canst not give me less alms than thanks for my pains taking,) I have not laboured mine own, but thy profit, neither have I measured any thing in this Work by any other Rule, than those wants which I found in my self when I first betook me to the Wars, and had no other companions in my Bosom but Desire and Ignorance, the one being so contrary to the other, that had I had millions, I would have given it for half the knowledge in this Book, to have reconciled, or at least expulsed that ignorance which was so offensive unto me. This for thine Industry sake I have performed, which if thou please to accept with that goodness of heart which it is meant, I have got my desire, and will ever rest at thy service: G. M. ¶ A Table of all the Material things contained in this Book. And first of the infantry. Pag. TWo things referred to Commanders. 1 Sorting of Arms. 1 Election of man. 2 Arming of Pikes. 2 Arming of Musquetiers. 3 Arming of Hargobussiers. 4 Arming of Halberdiers. 4 Arming of the Ensign. 4 Arming of the Lieutenant. 4 Arming of the Captain. 5 The Forms of training. 5 Imbattayling of men. 5 What a Rank or File is. 5 Of Flanks and Fronts. 6 The Continent of Rank and File, and the reason thereof. 6 The Division of Companies. 7 The duties of the Corporal and the Lanspresado. 7 Four things to be taught in training. 8 The Carriage of Arms. 8 The use of the Pike. 9 The use of Shott. 9 How to give Volleys. 9 Volleys Marching. 9 Volleys Standing. 10 Volleys upon Advancement. 10 Volleys upon a swift Retrayt. 11 Distance of place. 11 What distance is. 11 The use of distances. 12 The names of distances, and the variation of names. 12 The measure of distances. 13 Of Marches. 14 The several places of Officers. 14 Of Motions. 15 Diversity of Motions. 15 Of the Sounds of the Drum. 16 Use of words. 17 The words of proper directions. 17 Of motions in distance or in form. 17 Of motion in distance of Fyles. 17 Of motion in distance of Ranks. 18 Of motion in distance both in Fyles and Ranks. 18 Of motion in Form of Fyles. 18 Of motion in Form of Ranks. 19 Of motion in Form both in Fyles and Ranks. 20 Of charging of Pikes. 21 Giving of Fire by the Flank. 21 Of Constancy in words giving. 21 What March and Motion is. 22 Word of particular Motions. 22 What Postures are. 22 The Postures of the Pike. 23 Postures Standing. 23 Postures Marching. 23 Postures Charging. 23 The Postures of the Musket. 23 The Postures in Skirmish. 24 Postures in exercise. 24 Postures Standing. 24 Postures Marching. 24 Postures Charging. 25 Postures Discharging. 25 The Postures of the Hargobu●. 26 A repetition by way of advice. 26 The dignity of places. 27 A Table expressing Dignities. 27 The use of the Table. 27 Leaders of Middle Fyles. 27 Middlemen to the Front and Rear. 28 Subdevision men. 28 The first six parts of Martial discipline. 29 Carriage, Election, and Composition of Colours. 29 Mixture of Colours. 29 Captains Colours. 29 Colonels Colours. 29 Superior Officers Colours. 30 Where Gentlemen may find their Colours. 30 The liberty that Captains take. 30 Of several Metals and Colours. 31 The signification of Metals and Colours. 31 Of Bastard Colours, and their significations. 32 Offences in Colours. 32 Of Obedience and the virtue thereof. 33 The end of the first Table. The second Table of the cavalry, or training of Horse-Troopes. THe difficulty in this Art. 37 The things considerable in this Art. 37 The election of men and horses. 38 The arming of Gentlemen at Arms. 38 Arming for Triumph. 39 Arming of Launciers. 40 Arming of Light Horse. 40 Arming of Cuiraissiers. 41 Arming of Hargobussiers. 42 Arming of Dragons. 42 Arming of Captain's Cuirassiers. 43 Arming of Lieutenants. 44 Arming of Cornets. 44 Arming of the Trumpet. 44 Arming of Corporals. 45 Arming of Captain's Hargobussiers. 45 Arming of Captains of Dragons. 46 Difference betwixt the Cornet and Guydon. 46 Advancement of Captains of Horse. 46 The Forms of training. 47 The Imbattayling of Horsemen. 47 The extent of a File. 47 The extent of a Rank. 48 The division of a Horse-troop. 48 Five things to be taught. 48 Manage of the Horse. 49 Words of Command. 49 The performance. 49 The words and the performance. 50.51.52 Carriage and use of Arms. 53 The Postures of the Pistol. 53 Postures Standing. 53 Postures Charging or Marching. 53 Postures Discharging. 54 Postures in Skirmish. 54 The best way to Teach. 55 Of distance of place. 55 Of Motion. 55 Of Marches. 56 Words of especial direction 56 The manner of Opening or Closing Ranks or Files. 57 Of doubling Ranks or Files. 57 Of doubling the Front diverse ways. 57 The turning of Faces. 58 Of Countermarching or Wheeling. 58 Observations in Countermarching. 58 Observations in Wheeling. 59 Observations in doubling the Front. 59 Of the Trumpet. 60 The first point of War, and its use. 60 The second point of War, and its use. 60 The third, and its use. 61 The fourth, and its use. 61 The fifth, and its use. 61 The sixth, and its use. 61 Special Notes. 62 The chief Officers in an Horse Armie● 62 Wherein the justice consisteth. 62 The places of great Officers. 62 The Composition of Regiments. 63 Whence directions are received. 63 The end of the second Table. ERRATA. PAge 14. line 28. for before read between. p. 18. l. 24. for Forms r. Form. p. 31. l. 30. for lenity r. levity. p. 32. l. 11. for not r. at. p. 33. l. 18. for yea r. yet. p. 41. l. 28. for Rooes read Races. THE SOLDIERS ACCIDENCE. THe Captains of the men to be Trained for the Wars (whether they be Mustermasters, or other private Commanders) have two things to be referred unto them, that is, sorting of Arms, and the Forms or true Manners of training. For the Sorting of Arms, it is a good proportion to have a Company equally compounded of Armed men and Shot, the Armed men to be all Pikes (except the Officers.) The Shot to be at least half Muskets, the other half Harquebusses, but if the Shot could be two parts Muskets, it were better, but if all Muskets, than best of all. Also care is to be had what men are put to every find of Arms, the strong, tall; and best persons to be P●kes, the squarest and broadest will be fit to carry Muskets, and the least and nimblest may (if necessity compel) be turned to the Harquebus; But above all other respects, it is to be considered to what Arms every man doth best frame himself, for which cause it is not amiss, that the Captain see the same men to use several Arms before he do appoint them certainly to carry any one. Next he shall see that every man be well and sufficiently Armed with good and allowable Arms; That is to say, all his Pikemen shall have good Spanish Morions, or else Steel Caps for their heads, well lined with quilted Caps, Cuirasses for their bodies of nimble and good ●ould, being (at the least) high pike proo●e● large and well ●ompa●t Gordgets for their Necks; Fair and close joined. Taces, to arm to the mid-thigh, as for the Pouldron, or the Vant●●●●e, they may be spared, because they are but 〈…〉. All this Armour is to be rather of Russet, Sanguine or Black colour● then White, or Milld, for it will keep the longer from rust. They shall have strong strait, yet nimble Pikes of Ash-wood, well headed with Steel, and armed with plates downward from the head at least four foot, and the full size or length of every Pike shall be fifth one foot, beside the head. These Pikemen shall also have good, sharp, and broad Swords (of which the Turkey or Bilbo are best) strong Scabards, chapt with Iron, Girdle, Hangers, or Bautricke of strong Leather; and lastly, if to the Pikemans' Headpiece be fastened a small ring of Iron, and to the right side of his Backpeece (below his Girdle) an Iron hook, to hang his Steele-cap upon, it will be a great ease to the Soldier, and a nimble carriage in the time of long Marches. All his Musquetiers shall be armed in good Spanish Marian's upon their Heads. About their bodies Bautrickwise from the left shoulder under the right arm, they shall carry Bandiliers of broad Leather, having made fast● unto them at least twelve or thirteen charges of wood or horn, well covered with Leather, and hanging by large long strings, that with ease they may be brought to the mouth of the Piece. And these Charges must contain Powder according to the boar and bigness of the Piece by due measure. They shall also have Swords, Girdles, Hangers, or Bautrickes, and Bullet bags, in which they shall carry their Moulds, Bullets, Worms, Screwes, Rammer, and Pryming Iron. Also they shall have good and sufficient Muskets, of true size and boar, with clean Barrels, and strait scouring sticks, headed at the one end with Rammers of horn, suitable to the bore of the Piece, and at the other, with boxes of iron in which to screw their Worms, iron Rammers, and the like. The Cocks and Trickers of the Piece (for Seares are not good) shall be nimble to go and come, and the Stocks shall be strait, & of very sound wood. Lastly, for their right hands they shall have Rests of Ash wood, or other tough wood, with iron Pikes in the neither end, and half hoops of Iron above to rest the Musket on, and double strong strings fastened near thereunto, to hang about the arm of the Soldier when at any time he shall have occasion to trail the same; And the length of these Rests shall be suitable to the stature of the man, bearing his Piece so, as he may discharge it without stooping. The Harquebusses shall be armed like the Muskets; The Rest only excepted, and the quantity of the Piece, and the Charges duly considered. Your Halberdier shall be armed in all points like your Pike, only in stead of the Pike he shall carry a fair Halberd, that is strong, sharp, and well armed with plates of iron, from the Blade at least two foot downward upon the Staff, and fringed or adorned according to pleasure; And these Halberds do properly belong unto the Sergeants of Companies, who by reason of their much employment are excused from Arms; Otherwise in the day of Battle, or in the Battle they are for guard of the Ensign, or matter of execution, and then to be armed as is aforesaid. The Ensign, or Bearer of the Captain's colours, shall be armed at all pieces to the mid thigh, as as Head-piece, Gorget, Cuirasses, Pouldrons, Vantbranes, and Taces, with a fair Sword by his side, and his Captain's Colours or Ensign in his hand. The Lieutenants of Companies shall be armed like the Ensign-bearer, and his weapon shall be a fair guilt Partisan. The Captains shall be armed as the Lieutenants, only as much richer as they please, and their weapons to lead with, shall be Feather staffs; But their weapons to serve or encounter the enemy with, shall be fair Partisans of strong and short blades, well guilt and adorned, according to their own pleasures. For the Forms or manner of training; That form is only to be followed, which shall be soon and easiest learned, and of most use for all kind of service whatsoever, and which I take to be this Form following. First you shall draw your Company into two Battalions, or square Bodies (the Pikes by themselves, and the Shot by themselves) which Bodies shall consist of Ranks and Files, and you shall draw them forth by Files or ten, man after man, or if they be much disorderly and uncapable, then draw them forth by half Files or five, and when they are so placed, by doubling those half Files, you may bring them to whole Files; which done, then placing the Pikes in the midst, wing them on either hand with your Shot, wherein if you have Harquebusses (which are now out of use with us) you shall then give to your Musquetiers the priority of place, that is, they shall make the outmost Files both of the right and the left hand. Now for a Rank, you shall understand it is a Row of men placed Pouldron to Pouldron, or Shoulder to Shoulder, their faces being directed all one way; And a File is a Sequence of men standing one behind another, Back to Belly, extending from the first to the last man; And it is taken from the French word la Fila signifying a Thridd, because men stand long wise and strait like a third, and the Files consist of single men downward, as the Ranks consist of single men overthwart. Now these Files in some discipline are called Flanks, because they do flanker, or wall in the Battalia, and the Ranks are called Fronts, because they stand foremost and do as it were affront the Battles, and look upon the Enemy, but in truth none can properly be called the Front but the Rank which standeth foremost, nor any File be called a ●lanke, but those which stand outmost, yet all are Ranks, and all are Files, and therefore those two names are without contradiction. Now lastly you shall understand, that a Rank may consist of as many men as you please (according to the number of your Company) But a File (however the Spaniards and Italians use it in uncertain depth) ought never to be above ten persons deep (except it be in marching or in most especial service, where advantage of ground requireth the contrary) The reason thereof, being that the first man having done his duty in discharging his piece, may in the space that nine other men shall do their duties, and discharge their pieces distinctly one after another, be again in readiness & make his first place good, there to discharge his piece a-againe. Besides it is the readiest and best way for the drawing of Grosses and great numbers, into any form that you please, because according to this discipline, every hundred men make a full Square, that is to say, iustren every way. This done you shall divide one hundred men into four Corporal ships or Squadrons, and every Squadron, into as many Files as the number will bear, and every File into Fellowships or Camera-does, Th● Corporal of every Squadron, shall be the leader of the chiefest file of the Squadron, and the Lanspresado: (who in the Corporals absence, as upon a guard or otherwise, doth all the Corporals duties) shall lead another file, and the most sufficient Gentlemen of every Squadron shall be the leaders of the roast. Now for the especial duties of these two Officers (which is the Corporal, and the Lanspresadoe) you shall understand that the Corporals chiefest duty is upon guards at night, after the Watch is set, and the Sentinels placed where so soon as the Sentinel shall call upon any approach, lie shall immediately go with his Sword drawn, or in especial cases (where the Enemy lodgeth near) with a guard of two at least (being a Pike and a Shot) unto the Sentinel, and making his Guard stand upon their guard he shall place the point of his sword to the breast of him that is to give the Word, whether he be Rounder, or other private passenger, and so with his ear to his mouth very closely receiueth● Word, which if it be right he shall give the party pass; if otherwise he shall take him prisoner, and disarm him, and either keep him upon his guard, or else deliver him to his superior Officer: But if any resistance shall be offered than it shall be lawful for him to kill him. Also the Corporal shall in the time of service fee that every Soldier in his Squadron have his Arms neat, clean, and handsome; that they be not unfurnished of Powder, Match, and Bullet; and the Lanspresadoe (as was before said) shall in the absence of the Corporal do all the Corporals duties, and in the time of rest he shall call upon his Squadron, and see them dress, trim, and scour their Arms and Weapons, and teach them how best to do the same. And also he shall see them cast their Bullets, if need require, and to such as are ignorant, teach them how to do the same, and show them how to scour their Pieces, and oil them, and in time of necessity, or upon Cloying, how to unbreetch them. The Company being thus divided, In the Training four principal things are to be taught. 1. First, the carriage and use of Arms, contained in diverse Postures or Stations, expressing the forms of men in Arms. 2. Secondly, Distance or proportion of place in Files and Ranks. 3. Thirdly, March and Malion, contained in words of most especial directions. 4. And fourthly, all the sounds or beat of the Drum, and ordinary words of direction (which are our Vocabula artis) and how by the Drum, or the voice of a Commander, to move and obey the direction. 1. The carriage of Arms must be comely and readiest for use. The use of Pikes is either in receiving or giving a Charge; Use of the Pike. By being t●ught the first● the Soldier learns to withstand Horse; By the second, to encounter with the enemy's Pikes, in which the use of Arms is most in knowing when and how every man, and so every Rank should give his push. In teaching the use of Shot the Soldier must first learn how to carry his Piece, Use of the Shot. then how to present it, and to take his level, and how and when to give his volley with those in his Rank. All which shall be more plainly described when we come to speak of Postures ● And this part of Instruction is the proper office of the Sergeants of Companies, for they should both teach the Shot the use of their Arms, and be their Leaders in Service, if by an especial commandment, a superior Officer be not appointed. In teaching to give volleys, How to give Volleys. the ancient and vulgar manner of discipline (which is that the whole volley shall be given of all the Shot in one Battalia, or Troop, at one instant, as well of them behind as before) is utterly to be condemned; For either the hind most must venture to shoot their fellows before through the heads, or else will overshoot, and so spend their Shot unprofitably. Besides, the volley being once given, the Enemy comes on without impeachment or annoyances But in stead of this kind of volley at once (which only serves to make a great crack) let the first Rank only give their volley, Volleys marching. and if the Battalions ma●ch, than that Rank which hath given their volley to stand, and the second to pass through it, and so give their volley, and then to stand, and the third to come up, and so consequently all the Ranks. Volleys standing. But if the Battalia stand, than the first Rank having given their volley, shall fall back to the Rear, either in Wheel, or in Countermarch (according to the number of persons in the Rank.) And the second Rank come into their places, and so the third, and fourth, till the first Rank be come to their places again, and so to continue to the end of commandment. Volleys retiring. But if the Battalia shall fall back or retire, and loose ground; then shall all the Shot stand still, and no man advance a foot of ground; But the first Rank in its due place shall give their volley, and then fall back behind the last Rank, and then the second Rank shall give their volley in their due place, and so fall behind the first, and in the same manner all the rest, till they have lost so much ground as to the Commander shall seem convenient: And so the volley shall be still continued, whether in Marching, Standing, or Retiring, and the enemy never free from annoyance; All which is easily performed, if before the Motion you do make all your Shot open their Files well, either to one or the other hand. There are two other ways of giving fire, the one upon advancement, the other, upon a swift and speedy retrayt: Volleys upon advancement. That upon advancement towards an enemy when your men skirmish loose and disbanded, must be done by Ranks in this manner; Two Ranks must always make ready together, and advance ten paces forwardly before the body, at which distance a Sergeant (or when the body is great) some other officer must stand, to whom the Musquetiers are to come up before they present and give fire; first, the first Rank, and whilst the first gives fire, the second Rank keep their Muskets close to their Rests, and their pans guarded; and as soon as the first are fall'n away, the second presently present and give fire, and fall after them: Now as soon as the two first Ranks do move from their places in the Front, the two Ranks next it must unshoulder their Muskets, and make ready, so as they may advance forwards ten paces, as before; as soon as the two first Ranks are fallen away, and are to do in all points as the former; so all the other Ranks through the whole division must do the same by twoe one after another. The manner of giving fire in a swift retrayt is as the division marcheth away, Volleys upon a swift retreat. the hinder most 〈◊〉 of all (keeping still with the division) maketh ready, and being ready, the Soldiers in that rank turn altogether to the right hand, and give fire, Marching presently away a good round pace to the Front, and there place themselves in Rank together, just before the Front; As soon as the first Rank turns to give fire, the Rank next it makes ready, and doth as the former, and so the rest. Next to the Carriage of Arms, you shall teach the knowledge of Distance or Separation of places, 2 Distance of place. being accounted a certain orderly space between File and File, Ranke and Ranke, in such order and measure as the Gaptaine shall be disposed to nominate, which not being obeyed, the whole body of the Battalia is put out of order, and neither carrying proportioned nor true shape, are as men in rout or disorders Therefore it ought carefully (of all things) to be observed and used according to the limitation or fitness of every Motion; For the Stations of all Military persons, and the Motions in Arms, are not always certain, or in one steady role● but do● continually interchange and alter agree a●y one with another; And the use of this Distance is both in Ranks and Files, in Marches, and in Motions; In Files, as when they stand or march at the first Distance, which is called Closest, that is to say, Pouldron to Pouldron, or Shoulder to Shoulder, or when they stand or march at the second Distance, which is called Close, and is a foot and a half distance man from man; or when they stand or march at the third distance, which is called Order, which is three foot man from man; or when they stand or march at the fourth and last Distance, which is called Open Order, and is six foot between person and person. So likewise in Ranks to stand or march Closest, is to be at the Sword's point, to stand or march Close; is three foot, to stand or march at Order, is six foot, and to stand or march at Open Order, is ever twelve foot. Now there be some Commanders which vary in the nomination of these terms, though not in Quantity or Distance, for they will have Close in Files to be Pouldron to Pouldron; Order, a foot and an half; Open-Order three foot, and Double-distance six foote● and so omit the word Closest. And so like wise in Ranks, Close they will have to the Swords point, Order three foot, Open Order six foot, and Double-distance twelve foot, and so not the word Closest at all. Others vary it another way, and will have but three Distances, that is to say; Open Order, which they will have to be six foot both between rank and file, Order three foot between Rank and File, and Close-order a foot and an half between Fyle● and File, and three foot between Rank and Ranke, and when they come to open Ranks, than they command Double-distance also, which they make twelve foot, and so by steps come to the fourth Distance also, but I prefer the first discipline, and hold the words fully as significant and most in use, which above all things are to be esteemed and imitated. Now to take the true measure of these Distances, The measure of Distances. because the eye is but an uncertain judge, you shall take the distance of six foot between file and file, by commanding the Soldiers (as they stand) to stretch forth their arme●, and stand so removed one from another, that their hands may meet. To take the distance of three foot between file and file, you shall make the Soldiers set their arms a kenbowe, and put themselves so close that their elbows may meet, and to take the distance of a foot and an half, every other Soldier in the Rank shall set one arm a kenbowe, and his fellow shall near touch it; And thus likewise in Ranks we take the distance of six foot, when the but ends of the Pikes do almost reach their heels that march before. Three foot in Rank is when they come almost to the Swords point; and twelve foot is the length of a Pike charged ever. 3 Of Marches. Next unto distance of place, is to be taught Marches and Motions, and in teaching of Marches, after every man knows his place, and is willed to observe his file and rank; In a plain March, there is no hardness, nor yet in a Countermarch, if the Leaders of the files be well chosen, and that every man observe well him that goes next before him. Besides, if there be any little disorder, the Officers keeping a good eye, and being every one of them in their due place, will easily reform it. Now for the places of the Officers, they are these: The several places of Officers. The head of the Troop or Band is for the Captain, and the Rear for the Lieutenant, except it be in a Retrayt, and then the Captain should be in the Rear, and the Lieutenant at the Head. The Ensign (in an ordinary Battalia) upon the head behind the Captain, or within a Rank thereof. But marching in an extended Battle, then in the heart or midst of the Pikes. The Drums are in a square Battalia to beat before the right and left wings. But in an extended Battle, the eldest Drum shall beat before the third and fourth rank of Shot, which followeth next after the Captain. The second Drum shall attend the Ensign; and the third (if there be so many in one Company) shall beat between the third and fourth Rank of Shot, which marcheth in the Rear next before the Lieutenant. The Phiphes' (if there be more than one) the eldest shall march with the eldest Drum; and the second shall attend on the Ensign. The Sergeants are extravagantly to march on each side the Company, and to see the Soldiers keep their Ranks and Files, according to the Captain's appointment; as also to listen and perform any direction that shall come from the Captain, or other Officer in chief: as also (upon any occasion) to lead loose and disbanded files of Shot in Skirmish, or else devisions of Pikes or Shot in ordinary Marches, where superior Officers are absent. Now to these Marches, Of Motion●. are added the teaching of Motions, because there are many such that are not Marches at all: As some without changing of place, in only turning of their faces to the right hand, or the left, or about (that is to say) the mere contrary way, to that they were at the Command given; which is necessary if the enemy should charge of either side or behind. Some motions there are which change place; But yet no more than a removing from one Rank to another, or from one File to another, when as (commonly) though some do remove, yet others stand still; and these kind of Motions are doubling of Ranks or Files, whereby the Battalia is made broader or longer, as the Enemy or the ground you have, causeth you to make your Flanks, Fronts, Ranks, or Files greater or lesser. And here is to be noted in this doubling of Ranks or Files, that Ranks when they double to the right hand, must ever turn to the left hand to come to their former places again, and if they be doubled to the left hand, they must turn on the right hand to come to their first places again; And Fyles when they are doubled to any hand, by the doubling of Ranks to the contrary hand, they are brought to their first places again. And so having doubled your Ranks to any hand, by the doubling of Files to the contrary hand, you also bring them to their first places again. There is also to be taught another Motion, in which all do move, and yet none do march, which is the Opening and Closing either of Ranks or Files, and is of vs● not only when you would have one Rank pass through another, or the whole Body of the Battalia make a countermarch, but when we would draw the Battle quickly, and in order, more of one hand or other. In teaching the Soldier how to know the sounds or Beat of the Drum, 4 Of the sounds of the Drum. you must make them observe not only what the Drum doth beat, as whether it be a Call, a March, a Troop, a Battalia, a Charge, a Retreat, a Battery, a Relief, and so forth, but also what time he keeps, for ever according to the measure of time, the Soldier is to march slower or faster, to charge with greater violence, or to come off with greater speed, also he shall know when by the Drum to attend his Captain's directions, when to repair to his Colour's, and when to do other duties. And many other beat as occasion shall administer, and as by the sound of the Drum, you do teach your Soldiers to march, so by the voice (at their first instruction) you shall teach them all other motions. To make them therefore perfect in these and all other Motions, Use of words. it is good to use them to some certain words, which being once learned● will serve for direction, and they must be the wordes● now most in use in our English Armies. The words which are now in use, both here and in the Netherlands, are these and such like 〈◊〉 following. First for all Motions in general, they must either be in Distance, or in Form. If in Distance, it must either be in File, or Rank, or in both together. If the motion be in distance o● Files, it must either be in closing or in opening; If in closing, than your words of proper directions are th●se. First having drawn your Battle in order you shall say— Leaders stand forward with your Files. The words of proper directions. Then Close your Files. Close your Files to the right hand. Close your Files to the left. And all these three motions you shall do either closest, close, to Order, or to open Order. Open your Files. Open to the right hand. Open to the left. Or to any order as aforesaid. If in distance of Ranks, than also in closing or opening, if in closing— then Close your Ranks. Close your Ranks, from the front to the rear. Close your Ranks, from the rear to the front. And any of th●se to any order as aforesaid, and if in opening— then Open your Ranks. Open your Ranks, from the front rearward. Open your Ranks from the rear forward. And any of th●se to any order aforesaid, And herein is to be noted that Ranks when they open, ought (for the most part) to open downward, turning to the Rear, and if they close, it m●st ever be upward to the Front. Lastly if motion in distance, be both of Ranks and File● at one instant, than you shall say— Files and Ranks close. Files and Ranks open. And both these to any order aforesaid. Now if it be motion in form, it is also in files, in ranks, and in files and ranks both together. If it be motion in form of files, the words of direction are— Double your Files to the right hand. Double your Files to the left. Advance 〈◊〉 Files to the right hand. Advance your Files to the left. Advance by division to the right hand. Advance by division to the left. Files rank by conversion to the right hand. Files rank by conversion to the left. Files rank 3.5.7. etc. Shorten your Files to 5.8. etc. Lengthen your Files to 10.12.16. etc. Files countermarch to the right hand. Files countermarch to the left. Files countermarch to both by division. And this countermarch may be done diverse ways and manners, as after the manner of the Macedonians, the Lacedæmonians, the Persians, or out late and more modern use and fashion, & all these motions must be done to some one or other order as aforesaid. If it be motion in form of ranks, than the words are— Double your ranks to the right hand. Double your ranks to the left. Ranks file by conversion to the right hand. Ranks file by conversion to the left. Ranks rank. 5.7. etc. Midlemen double the front to the right hand. Midlemen double the front to the left. Midlemen double to both by division, to the right entire, and to the left entire. Ranks countermarch from the right hand to the left. Ranks countermarch from the left hand to the right. In the manner as formerly in files, according to several Nations, & when you will Countermarch to the right hand, the first rank of Leaders only must advance one step forward with the right leg, and then turn, and all the other ranks must march first up to the place from whence the first rank did countermarch before they turn; So likewise, if you will countermarch to the left hand, the first ranks must step forward, one step with the left leg, and then turn, and all the other ranks behind, must come up to that place before they turn as before; The same order is to be observed, when you will countermarch your Files; Also in counter-marching, though both are here set down for distinction sake, you are to name neither Ranks nor Files, but are only to say— To the right hand countermarch, or To the left hand countermarch. Now if it be Motion in form, both in Files and Ranks jointly together, than the words of direction are Faces to the right hand. Faces to the left. Faces to both by division. Faces about, or all one. Faces to the Rear. all one. Wheel by conversion to the right hand. Wheel by conversion to the left. Wheel to both by division. Charge to the right hand. Charge to the left. Charge to both by division. Charge to the Front. Charge to the Rear. Charge to both front and rear by division. Now to reduce any of these words of direction to the same order or station in which the Soldier stood before they were spoken, you shall say— As you were. Now in these words of general directions, Charging of Pikes. this is principally to be regarded, that in charging with Pikes, half the Ranks are but to charge their Pikes, and the other half to carry them advanced, or ported, so near the heads of the foremost as they may do them no annoyance, either in Charging or Retiring; and they must also observe when they do Charge standing, to fall back with the right foot, and Marching to step forward with the left. There is also another motion in form, Giving of fire by the Flank. which is the giving of fire by the Flank, or by whole Files one after another, which are strange to the Dutch, or Spanish, yet exceeding frequent with the Irish, and therefore necessary for our English use. And that is for the beating or Clayring of Paces (which are narrow straight ways through Woods and Bogs) and the words for direction are— Cast of your files to the right hand. Cast of your files to the left. Cast of your files to both by division. Now for the most of these words there can be hardly better chosen. Constancy in words giving. But it is not so material what words you first choose to train by; as it is to use some words constantly: and yet the same words should be used generally through the Troops of an Army, or else it will breed confusion. And if it were also generally in the discipline of one Kingdom, it were better and more absolute. What March & Motion i●. And thus much touching March and Motion; which is nothing else but an actual working of the body, contained in four several circumstances: The first being a marching forward (as charging to the Front) the second backward (as by retrayt) the third sideways (as by closing, opening or doubling of files to either hand): and the last Wheeling (as by conversion or turning to either hand) all which must be performed as occasion shall be offered to the understanding of the Commander, observing every motion in true order, place, distance, and posture. All other motions in the main body of a Battalia being nothing but the parents of disorder and confession; 〈…〉 Art, by the opinions of the Auncients● is o●●ly the true Science of Warlike Motion, of the Imperial Art of comely and well ordering of Battles, Arms, Gestures, and Motions, any of which will not endure monstrous shape● 〈…〉. Words of particular motion. Next unto these words of general Motions, we will place the words of particular Motions, which only concern the manage, use, and carriage of weapons. And these kind of Motions are called in one present discipline Postures, What Postures are. that is, The true 〈◊〉 of men in Arms, carrying all manner of mar●●all weapons (in every Motion whatsoever) in the comeliest, ●●ad i● 〈◊〉, and easiest way both to 〈…〉, and not only making everything 〈…〉 very delightful to the eye, but also taking away all dangers and disorders which might otherwise happen, either through ignorance or rudeness. To speak then first of those Postures which belong unto the Pike, The Postures of the Pike. and are published by the most excellent Prince, the Count Ma●rice of 〈◊〉, Prince of Orange; they are in number ●●●●one; That is to say, three which are expressed standing●●ixe ma●ching, and seven charging. The three which are expressed standing, are— Lay down your Pike. Take up your Pike. Order your Pike. The six which are to be done marching are— Advance your Pike. Shoulders your Pike. Level your Pike. Slope your Pike. Cheek your Pike. Trail your Pike. The seven which are done charging, are— Port over hand. Port underhand. Charge over-hand. Charge underhand. Couch over-hand. Couch underhand. Charge against the right foot, and thraw yo●●●●ord over-arme. As touching the Postures which belong to the Musket, The Postures of the Musket. they are forty in n●mber, and are to be done; Five standing; three marching; eightteene charging; and fourteen discharging: And are only for Military Instruction in the time of training, and to make the Soldier most exquisite and perfect. But in the time of present Service before the face of the enemy, or in fight, than all this great number of Postures, the Captain shall reduce into three only and no more. The three Postures or words of Command, which are used for the Musket in the face of the enemy, in Fight, or in Skirmish, are these— Postures in Smirmish. 1. Make ready. 2. Present. 3. Give fire. Postures in exercising. The Postures or words of Command which are used in ordinary training, or daily exercising of the Soldiers, are these following— First there are five to be performed standing.— That is to say— Put on your Arms. Prepare your Skirmish. Rest your Musket. Your Sentinel Posture. Your Saluting Posture. The Postures which are to be performed in Marching are these— Shoulder your Musket, and carry your Rest in the right hand. Level your Musket. Slope your Musket. The Postures which are to be performed in Charging, are these— Clear your Pann. Prime your Pann. Shut your Pann. Cast off your loose Corns. Blow your Pann. Cast about your Musket, with both your hands, and trail your Rest. Open your Charges. Charge your Musket with Powder. Draw out your Scouring stick. Shorten your stick. Ram in your powder. Draw out your stick. Charge with Bullet. Ram in your Bullet. Draw out your stick. Shorten your stick and put it up. Bring your Musket forward with your left hand. Hold it up with your right hand, and recover your Rest. The Postures which are to be performed in Discharging, are these— Carry your Rest in your left hand, preparing to give fire. Slope your Musket, and let the Rest sink. In the right hand poise your Musket. In the left hand carry the Musket, with the Rest. In the right hand take your Match between the second finger and the thumb. Hold the Match fast and blow it. Cock your Match. Try your Match. Guard the Pann and blow your Ma●ch. Open your Pann. Present your Musket. Give fire. Dismount your Musket and carry it with the Rest. Vncocke your Match and put it up between your fingers. Of the Hargobus. Now touching the Postures of the Hargobus, I hold it needless here to insist or stand upon them, since they are all one with the Musket, (the Rest only excepted) and whosoever is a good Musketeer cannot choose but be a good Hargeletier. And therefore I refer it to mo●s particular practice. And to make a Connexion of all that is before said, Repetition by way of advice. I would wish every industrious Teacher, first to respect his men; then their Arms, and to sort and place each man according to his worth and cunning, not his wealth or birth; Then for his lessons, first to bring him to an exquisite readiness in the Postures, and true manage of weapons; Next to make him know all the Sounds or Beat of the Dr●mme. Thirdly, the ●rue distance of places and orderly proportions: Fourthly, the execution thereof in all manner of Marches and Motions. And lastly, a general performance of all that hath been spoken in the practice of Skirmishes and alteration of Battalions. So shall men become ready and not confused, as many are by silken and simple Tutors, who strive to teach many things together, but nothing in order. Now for as much as dignity of places is a most needful Knowledge for every Commander, The Dignity of places. both for the adornment of the Band, and the encouragement of the well deserving Soldier, I will show you here a Table, containing the honour and dignity of placest as they have been observed by the most ancient Masters of Martial discipline. The Use. NOw for the Use of this Table, The use of the Table. you shall understand, that the figure 1. which standeth on the right hand, is the Leader of the right hand File, and so the first and chiefest man in the Battalia, and that whole Rank in which it standeth is the Front, so called, because the faces of the whole Company are directed one way, and also every man in that Rank is called the Leader or Captain of the File he leadeth. The figure 2. which leadeth the left hand File is the second man. And the figure 3. (which is in the Rear) because there the backs are turned, is the third man, and the whole Rank in which it standeth is called the Rear, or the Bringers up. Then the figure 4. is the fourth man, & so forth according to the number of the figures, are the dignities of the places. Leaders of middle files. Now here is also to be noted in this Table, that the figure 17. standing in the Front, is the Leader of the middle file to the left Flank; and the figure 18. Leader of the middle file to the right Flank; and so are called Leaders of the main division. Middlemen to the Front and Rear. The fifth Rank from the Front downward towards the Rear, are called Middlemen to the rear, and the sixth Rank are called Middlemen to the front, or the Leaders of half files. Subdevisionmen. Lastly, whensoever this Body, or any other whatsoever (which containeth but ten persons in file) shall be divided in the midst between the Middle-men, than the last five Ranks to the Rearward are called by the name of Subdevision. And whensoever the Rear shall double the Front, then are the Rear called Bringers up, because they bring up their half Files by Sequence. These Rules knit unto memory, and practised with care and diligence, will make any Soldier perfect in the first six parts of Martial discipline; The first six parts in Martial discipline as Election of men; Sorting of Arms; March or Motion; Distance; Posture; and lastly, the beat of the Drum. Now to these I will add a little touch or Essay, Carriage, election, and composition of Colours. touching the Carriage, Election, and Composition of Captain's colours, or Ensigns, which is the honourable Badge or Mark of every Captain, and in which both of late here at home, and also formerly in foreign Nations. I have seen as gross absurdities, as any malice would wish to see in the folly of his Enemy, which doubtless must proceed from ignorance, since no Master of Reason would be guilty of his own injury. You shall therefore understand, Mixture of Colours. that all Colours belonging unto private Captains, aught to be mixed equally of two several Colours, that is to say, (according to the rule in Heraldry) of Colour and Mettle, and not Colour on Colour, as Green and Red, or Blue and Black, or such like, nor yet Mettle on Mettle, as White and Yellow, or Orrengtawnie and White, for Colours so borne show Bastardy, Peasantry, or dishonour. Now in the Corner which is next to the upper point of the staff, he shall car●ie in a fair large square, or Canton, containing a sixth part of the Colours, a plain red Cross in a white Field (which is the Ensign of our Kingdom of England.) If the Colours do belong to a Colonel, Colonels Colours. they shall then be all of one entire Colour, or one Mettle, only the red Cross, or Ensign of the Kingdom shall be in his due place, Superior Officers Colors. as aforesaid. If they belong to a Colonel general, to the Lord Martial of the Field, or any such Superior Officer, than they shall be all of one entire Colour, or Mettle, and the red Cross or Ensign of the Kingdom, shall be in a very little square or Canton, as in a twelft part of the Field, or less if it please them. But if they belong to the General of the Field, than they shall be of one entire Colour or Mettle, without any red Cross at all, as was before said. Thus much touching the general Composition and Carriage of Colours. Where Gentlemen may find their Colours. Now for a more particular election and use thereof, you shall understand, that every Gentleman of Coat-armour (being a private Captain) ought to carry for his Colours, those two principal Colours which are contained in his Coat-armour, being the Field and the chief charge thereof; which that no Ignorance may be busy to find out, they are evermore contained in the Bandrole, upon which his Crest standeth: Being indeed a true type or figure of his Colours wreathed together, as the Support of his honour. Now in as much as Captains are not all Gentlemen of Coare-Armour, and so take unto themselves (in these days) a more particular freedom, affirming that honour is not Buckled to them, but to their virtues. And that virtue consists not in the same of Ancestors, but in their own Actions, and defences of their Countries, Mistresses, Widows, and the Oppressed: And so may suit or elect their Colours, according to their hopes or imaginations. Taking (as it were) their honour from the parties they most reverence (which is a Paradox easily confuted.) I will here first show you the nature and signification of Colours. And then some particular offences, in which an indifferent mixture being made, the Composition must needs be noble and wholesome. You shall first then understand, that there be in Military honour nine several faces, or Complexions, that is to say, two which be called Metals, as Yellow and White, figuring Gold and Silver, and ●eaven, which are called proper Colours, as Black, Blue, Red, Greene, Purple, Tunnis, and Ermine; figuring seven precious stones, of whose natures here to speak were tedious and needless, and of these, as before I said, mettle may not be carried on mettle, nor Colour upon Colour. Now for the significations of these metals and Colours, you shall understand, that Yellow betokeneth Honour, or height of spirit, which being never separate from virtue, of all things is most jealous of of disgrace, and may not endure the least shadow of Imputation. White signifieth Innocence or purity of Conscience, Truth, and an upright integrity without blemish. Black signifieth Wisdom and Sobriety, together with a severe correction of too much Ambition, being mixed with yellow, or too much Belief and Le●itie, being joined with White. Blue signifieth Faith, Constancy, or truth in Affection. Red signifieth justice, or noble and worthy Anger, in defence of Religion, or the Oppressed. Greene signifieth good Hope, or the accomplishment of holy and honourable Actions. Purple signifieth Fortitude with discretion, or a most true discharge of any Trust reposed. Tunnis, or Tawny, signifieth Merit, or desert, and a foe to Ingratitude. Ermine (which is only a rich Fur with curious spots) signifieth Religion, or holiness, and that all aims are not divine objects. Now from these Colours, and their mixtures, are derived many bastard and dishonourable Colours, as Carnation, Orengtawnie, Popeniay, and such like, all which have bastardly significations, as Craft, pride, wantonness, and such like; of which who so is desirous to understand, let him look into Du Tillet, and other French Authors, and he shall gain satisfaction. For mine own part, since they appertain not unto honour, I will here omit them, and to those free spirits that have gained these noble places; from these considerations leave them to their own Elections, and Compositions, with these few advertisements following. First, He that in his Colours shall carry full Coat-armour, doth indiscreetly; for he puts that honour to hazard, which he may with more honour keep in safety, and enticeth his enemy by such ostentation to dare beyond his own nature. He that in his Colours beareth any one black spot● and no more; if it be round, square, or of any equal proportion, it shows some blemish in the owner, and that his life is not void of some notorious scandal. If the spot be of unequal proportion, that is, longer or broader one way then another, it signifieth Funeral, or deadly Revenge; for such a spot is called an Hearse. He that carrieth a Word in his Colours without a devise, carrieth a Soul without a Body. He that carrieth a devise without a Word, carrieth a Body without a Soul. He that carrieth both Word and devise, carrieth both Soul and Body, yet if the devise carry any humane shape, it is a gross Body, and if the Word contain above three or four words at the most (except it be the latter end, or beginning of some Verse) it is an imperfect Soul: But if both Word and devise be complete; That is, Empresa and not Emblem, yea they are much fitter for Masks, Triumphs, or Pageants, than the Field, or real Action; for the true mixture of Colours is devise enough for every Foot Soldier. He that carrieth more Colours than two, except it be some small dash for an especial note, or the Ensign of several Kingdoms, carrieth a surcharge, and it is esteemed the Ensign of Folly. Now to conclude and knit up this sleight Discourse, with the true Cement which bindeth all the former duties faithfully together, every Soldier must especially regard obedience, a work which is contained in three Circumstances, and every Circumstance adorned with an especial virtue. The first is Reverence from the Inferior to the Superior, in which is expressed Love.. The second, a Readiness to take directions, and a willingness to be commanded, which is a performance of duty: and the last, in the allowing of his Captain's Opinion, and approving his judgement; which is a certain Character of modesty, wisdom, and discretion. For that Captain cannot be said to be perfect, that wants virtue worthy of Reverence; Authority fit for commandment, or Experience able to direct and censure his Actions. And he that hath these, hath that Sufficiency, that to disobey, is to die, as witnesseth all the best of the Romans, who never spared any in that capital and gross trespass of absurd disobedience. And to this I must also add, that the tyranny of Captains in commanding with too great rigour, is as offensive as the former disobedience: For as Montaigne saith; The Authority of them which teach, often hinders those that would learn. And therefore nothing like manly Courtesy doth become a Commander. THE cavalry; OR THE FORMS AND Manner of training of HORSE, as it hath been received from the latest and best experienced ARMIES. Together with all such Knowledges as are meet for the practice of those that are professed Teachers, or professed Learners of this Noble ART. VIRG. AENEI. Arma virumque Canon— By G. M. LONDON Printed by I. D. for JOHN BELLAMY, and are to be sold at his Shop at the three golden Lions, near the Royal Exchange. 1625. THE cavalry; OR training of the Horse-Troopes. INfinite great (and nor without Difficulty in this Art. much difficulty) are the Considerations which dependeth on him that taketh upon him to Teach, Command, and Govern a Troop of Horse; For to instruct Man only (who is a reasonable creature, can understand my Language, and apprehend my directions) though he be never so ignorant or peevish, yet there is much ease in the progress, and what favour cannot persuade, authority and punishment may enforce; But to bring ignorant man and more ignorant horse, wild man and mad horse, to those rules of Obedience, which may crown every Motion and Action with comely, orderly, and profitable proceedings; Hic Labour, Hoc Opus. To come then to the office or duty of that Commander, Things considerable in this Art. who taketh upon him to Train or Drill a Troop of Horse; he shall understand, that there be three things referred to his judgement. First, Election of Men and Horses. Secondly, Arming. And lastly, the Forms or manner of Tray●ning. 1 Election of Men and Horses. For the Election of Men and Horses, they mu●● be suitable to the Arms and Weapons (defensive and offensive) which they carry, which because they are of diverse kinds, and diverse dignities And in as much as Horse-troopes consist all of one entire Body or Arms, and not of diverse Bodies, or diverse Arms in one Troop, (as Foot Companies do) I will first give you the names of every several Troop of Horse, and after elect Men, Horse and Arms agreeable with each several dignity. 2 Arming of Gentlemen at Arms. In the old Wars, and before Fire was got to that height of excellence to which it is now arrived, the first and principal Troop of Horse were called, Men at Arms, or Gentlemen at Arms, because the body of the whole Troop consisted of Noblemen, Knights, and Gentlemen. A Prince (for the most part) being ever their Commander; they were armed with defensive Arms at all pe●ces, C●●p a Pe, from head to foot; that is to say, with close Casks on their heads, Gorgets about their necks, fair Brestplats of Hargobus proof, and Backpeeces of less proof for their bodies; Pouldrons for their shoulders, Vambraces for their arms, Gauntlets for their hands, Taces for the belly, Cui●ses for the knees, and Greaves for the legs and feet, ●nd about their wa●ts rich Bases of Velvet, Satin, S●●ke, or other s●uffe, and Girdles and Hangers. For offensive Arms, they had fair guilt Swords and Daggers, strong Lances headed with Steel, a Case of short Pistols, with Priming-box, Flask, key, and Bullet bag, a well armed Battellaxe, and a strong pair of Spurs on his heels, with long necks and long Rowels. His Horse should be strong, well shaped, of great courage, and throughly manned and ridden, he should (by all means) be stoned (because tiring hurts them not) of lusty age, and fair trotting: and of these Horses the Neapolitan is the best, the Greek next, than the Spaniard, the English, the Almain or the French. For his furniture, it should be either a Barb of Steel, or a Caparison of Bend-leather, arming from the pole of the neck to the pommel of the Saddle, and so round about his breast: as also from the hinder part of the Saddle over all his buttocks, and down to the cambrel: He shall have a Shaffron for his forehead, and for the other part of his head, an headstall, and raynes of broad leather (the raynes being lined with a small chain of Iron to prevent cutting) and in his mouth a fair Bit; on his back a Steele-saddle, with three Girtes of double Webb, with Stirrups, Stirrop-leathers, and for his Tail a fair Saker, with rich Tassels, and a strong Twynsell. This was the ordinary Arming of the Gentlemen at Arms for the Field, only some at their own discretions would to the former pieces add a Placcard to cover the breastplate, which was an advancement of the proof, but not an enforcement from Commandment. Arming for Triumph. Now if these Gentlemen were to arm for Triumph before the King or Queen, then to the pieces defensive (before showed) they ought to have (if it were for the Tilt) a Grandguard for the Breast, a Pasguard for the left shoulder, and a Maine-fere for the left hand. If it were for the Tourney, then only a Buff for the chin, and a locked Gauntlet for the right hand. Arming of Launceirs. The second Troop of Horse were called Launciers or Demilaunciers, they were armed at all pieces from the head to the knee, like the Gentlemen at Arms, and their offensive weapons were a Lance, a case of short Pistols, a Battle-axe, Sword and dagger; strong horses, well ridden for the field, armed with a Steele-Saddle, Headstall, Raynes, Bit, Breastplate, Crupper, Trappings, Girtes, Stirrups, and Leathers. Arming of Light-horse. The third sort of ancient Horsemen, were called Light-horse, and they were armed for defence with Burgenets, or Steele-caps, Gorgets, Curates, or Plate-coats, Gauntlets or Gloves of Male; for offensive Arms, they had a slender chase staff, a single Pistol, and sometimes a case, a Sword and dagger. Their horses were nimble light Geldings', fair trotting, and well ridden: the furniture for the Horse was a strong Headstall and raynes, a Bit, a Morocco Saddle, Pettrell, Crupper, light trappings, and other necessaries suitable. The men to be handsome Yeomen or Serving-men● light timbered, and of comely shape, where it skils not much for the tallness or greatness of the body, but for the height of spirit, and the goodness of the inclination. In which little David (many times) puts down the greatest Goliath. Thus for your knowledge, nor your example, I have showed you the several Compositions and armings of Horsemen, according to the ancient times, when the Bow and the Hargobus had the first place, and the Musket, and other fiery weapons lay obscured. But to come to these our present times, wherein the uttermost strength of the Fire is found out and explained, and to show you that which you must only imitate and follow; you shall know, that all our Horse-troopes are reduced to one of these three Forms. The first and principal Troop of horsemen for the generality, Arming of Cuirassiers. are now called Cuirassiers or Pistolleirs, and these men ought to be of the best degree, because the meanest in one of these Troops, is ever by his place a Gentleman, and so esteemed. They have for defensive Arms, Gorget, Curates, Cutases, which some call Culets, others the Guard-de-Reine, because it armeth the hinder parts from the waist to the Saddle-crootch, than Pouldrons, Vambraces, a left hand Gauntlet, Taces, Cuisses, a Cask, a Sword, Girdle, and Hangers. For offensive arms, they shall have a case of long Pistols, fierlockes (if it may be) but Snaphaunces, where they are wanting● The Barrels of the Pistols would be 26. inches long, and the Boar of 36. Bullets in the pound; Flask, Priming-box, Key, and Moulds; their horses should be stoned, and of the best Races, fair trotting, and well ridden for the Wars, that is to say, being able to pass a strong and swift Career, to stop close, to retire at pleasure, and to turn readily on both hands, either in large Rings or in straight, especially, the Turn called Terra, Terra, the horse shall have Saddle, Bridle, Bit, Petrell, Crupper, with leathers to fasten his Pistols, and his necessary sack of carriage, with other necessary things according to the form of good Horsemanship. Arming of Hargobusseirs The second sort (of which many Troops of Horse are compounded) are called Hargobusseirs, or Carbines, these men ought to be the best of the first inferior degree, that is to say, of the best yeomen, or best Servingmen, having active and nimble bodies, joined with good spirits and ripe understandings; these men shall have for defensive Arms, Gorgets, Curates, Cutasses, Pouldrons, Vambraces, and a light head piece, wide sighted, and the ●ever to let down upon bars of Iron; for offensive Arms, he shall have an Hargobus of three foot, three inches long, and the bore of twenty Bullets in the pound, with Flask, P●iming-boxe, and moulds; or in stead of these, Cartalages which will serve either for this or any other piece on horseback; also a good Sword, and other accoutrements according to his place. His horse shall be either a fair stoned trotting horse, or a lusty strong Gelding well ridden, he shall be armed with a Morocco Saddle, Bridle, Bit, Petrell, and Crupper, with the rest before showed necessary to his place. Arming of Dragons. The last sort of which our Horse-troopes are compounded, are called Dragons, which are a kind of footmen on Horseback, and do now indeed succeed the light Horsemen, and are of singular use in all the actions of War; their Arms defensive are an open headpiece, with cheeks, and a good Buff coat, with deep skirts; and for offensive arms, they have a fair Dragon filted with an Iron work to be carried in a Belt of leather, which is buckled over the right shoulder, and under the left arm, having a Turn●ll of Iron with a ring through which the piece runneth up and down; and these Dragons are short pieces of 16. inches the Barrel, and full Musket bore, with firelocks or snaphances: also a Belt, with a Flask, pryming-boxe, key, and Bullet-bag, and a good Sword: the Horse shall be armed with a Saddle, Bridle, Bit, Petrell, Crupper, with Straps for his sack of necessaries, and the Horse himself shall be either a good lusty Gelding, or a nimble stoned Horse. These Dragons in their Marches are allowed to be eleven in a Range or File, because when they serve, it is many times on foot, for the maintenance or surprising of straight ways, Bridges, or Fords, so that when ten men alighteth to serve, the eleventh man holdeth their Horses: So that to every Troop of an hundred, there is an hundred and ten men allowed. Now for the Arming of the superior Officers of these Troops, Arming of Captains. you shall understand, that a Captain of Cuirasseirs may be armed at all pieces Cap a Pe, in such sort as I showed for the Gentlemen at Arms, only he shall have no Lance nor Battle-axe, but only his Pistols and Sword, his own head, his Horse's head, and his Horses buttocks may be plumed. He may lead his men with a white Trunche on charged on his right thigh. His place is on the head of his Troop before the Trumpet; he hath the absolute governmemt of his Troop, both for instruction and maintenance: only he is to receive all especial Orders from his Colonel; His Colonel from the Sergeant-major of the field, and the Sergeant-major from the Marshal. Arming of Lieutenants. The Lieutenant may be armed to the knee like the Captain, and his own head, and his Horses plumed; his place is at the Rear, and in Marches he may carry a Truncheon, but of a thicker size then that of the Captains. Arming of Cornets. The Cornet shall be armed and horsed in all points both defensive and offensive, like the Lieutenant, only in stead of the Truncheon, he shall carry charged on his right thigh, his Captain's Cornet, which (being a private Captain) should be compounded of Colour and Mettle impaled, that is, the one half Colour, the other Mettle. The substance of the Cornet should be of Damask, and the form must be almost square, (only a little longer from the staff then on the staff, (and frindged about sutablie. The staff shall be small like a foot Ensign, and not so long as an ordinary Lance; it must be headed with Steel, and either guilt or silvered; with fair Tassels suitable to the Cornet. If the Cornet belong to a greater Officer, it shall then be of one entire Colour, of less quantity and full square; And in this Cornet, the Captain may carry devise and word, or else none, at his own pleasure. Arming of the Trumpet. The Trumpet is not bound to any Arms at all, more than his Sword, which in former times was not allowed, but with the point broken: He shall have a fair Trumpet, with Cordens suitable to his Captain's Colours, and to his Trumpet shall be made fast a fair Banner, containing his Captains full Coat-armour; he may wear Scarf and feather, and all other ordinary accoutrements of a horsemen, and for his horse it shall be a good hackney, with Gentlemanlike furniture. The Corporals shall be armed at all points, Arming of Corporals. and horsed like the main body of the Troop, only in their right hands they shall carry Truncheons; for their office is, like the Sergeants of Foot Companies, to ride extravagantly up and down on either side the Troop, & to see them keep their Ranks and Files, and that all things may be performed which shall come from the Captain's direction. They are likewise to supply and do all the duties of Corporals, and Lamprizadoes of Foot, both upon Scouts, Watches, and Guards, as also to look to the provision of all necessary things which appertaineth to the Troop, and where their own power cannot reform, there to inform their superior Officers. And therefore these Officers are to be chosen out of the Troop, as the principal and best understanding men therein. The Captain of the Hargobusseirs shall be armed, Captain of Hargobusiers and his officers. horsed and accoutered at all points like the Lieutenants of Cuirassiers; the Lieutenants of the Hargobusseirs like the Cornet of Cuirassiers; and the Cornet of Hargobusseirs like a private Gentleman of the troop of Cuirassiers. Captain of Dragons or his officers. The Captain of dragons shall be armed like the Lieutenant of the Hargobusseirs; the Lieutenant of Dragons like the Cornet of Hargobusseirs (the Cornet and Pistols excepted for he shall carry the weapons of his own troop) and the Guidon (for these shall not be led with a Cornet) of the dragons shall be armed like a private Gentleman of Hargobusseirs. Difference betwixt the Cornet and Guydon. And here is to be noted, that the difference betwixt the Cornet and the Guidon is much; for the Guidon is the first Colours that any Commander of horse can let fly in the field; This Guidon is of damask friudged, & may be charged either with the Crest of him that is the owner thereof, or with other devise at his pleasure; It is in proportion three foot at the least deep in the top next the staff, & upon the staff and so extendeth down narrow and narrower to the bottom where the end is sharp, but with a slit divided into two peaks a foot deep; the whole Guidon is six foot long, and should be carried upon a Lance staff. If the Captain (owner of this Guidon) shall do a good day's service, or produce from his virtue something worthy advancement, so that he is called to a better command, as to lead Hargobusseirs, or Cuirassiers, Then the General or officer in chief, shall with a knife cut away the the two peaks, & then it is made a Cornet which is longer one way then another; If (after that) he do any thing worthily, whereby he is made by the King or Supreme, either Banneret or Baron, then shall his Cornet be made Just square in form of a Banner, which none may carry in the field on horseback under those degrees; Now if these noble Customs be neglected and that men out of ambition, usurpation, Ignorance or Conivance, take to themselves other Liberties, let those great knowledges which have the command of Arms reform it, or else virtue will fit mourning at the Ladder foot, because she hath not one true Round left to mount by. Having thus given you a brief touch of the election of men and horses, and the manner of Arming & appointing them to each several service, with some other especial notes which (as strangers unlooked for) have encountered me by the way, and I hope are not all unworthy your consideration, I will now proceed to the forms and manner of Training of men on horseback. That form (as I said before) is to be followed 3 Forms of training. which is soon and easiest learned and fittest for all manner of service; Therefore supposing you have a Troop of one hundred horse standing in Route, you shall first draw them out man after man, The extent of a filo. into as many files as the number will contain, every file consisting of six persons; that is to say a leader, two midlemen, a bringer up, a follower between the Leader and the midleman to the Rear, and a Follower between the midleman to the Front, and the Bringer up which is the last man in the file and called the Rear; for you must know that a Troop of horse consisteth of Ranks and Files as well as a Company of foot, and having set file unto file close, that is Cuise vnto Cuise, or knee unto knee, and made every man to follow his Leader in an even line, you shall then (having left some space between the ranks) make the ranks stand even, and in one line also, so that looking upon the whole Battle, you may see them present unto you a just square, then going to the head you shall find you are sixteen in Rank, and six in File, which maketh ninety six men, to which add three Corporals, & the Clerk of the Troop (who is the Captains continual attendant) and there is the full Troop of one hundred Men and Horse. The extent of a Rank. Where by the way understand, that as in Foot Companies, so in Horse Troops, a Rank may consist of as many men as you please, according to the number of your Troop. But a File ought never to be above six deep, because that number is sufficient for duty, and more are cumbersome, and not so fit to take directions. Division of the Troop. This Troop of one hundred, you shall divide into three Squadtons, the first Squadron shall appertain to the Captain, the second to the Lieutenant, and the third to the Cornet; and under them the eldest Corporal shall command the Captain's Squadron, the second, the Lieutenants, and the youngest, the Cornets: And the Cornet himself shall ever march upon the head of his own Squadron. These Squadrons shall be divided into as many Files as the number will contain, and the principal and best understanding Gentlemen of the Troop, shall be the Leaders, Bringers up, and Middlemen of every File. Five things to be taught. The Troop being thus form into Battle, and divided into Ranks and Files; In training there are five principal things to be taught. First, the manage and government of the Horse, contained in certain motions of the hand, foot, and sometimes of the whole Body. Secondly, the carriage and use of Arms, contained in diverse Postures. Thirdly, Distance or orderly proportion in Ranks and Files. Fourthly, March and Motion, contained in words and Commands of especial directions. And lastly, the Soundings and Commands of the the Trumpet. For the manage and government of the Horse, 1 Manage of the Horse. though it be supposed that the Horse is ridden and made perfect before he came into the Soldier's hands, yet if the Soldier cannot (after an orderly manner) make the Horse do what he hath been taught, and likewise correct, or help him (in due time) when the Horse shall either do amiss, or not do with so comely a grace and dexterity as he ought. The motion without all question will be full of disorder and confusion. The first word therefore of Command to the Soldier, Words of Command. is— Mount your Horse. For it is to be supposed, no Horseman is so simple, The performance. as not to know how to dress or apparel his Horse, and therefore for the monture it is in this manner; He shall first in his left hand take the Bridle-Rayne, laying his thumb flat on the nearest side of the Rain and his forefinger, his great-finger and his ring-finger groping the far side, and the little finger he shall put between the Raynes, and so with the other hand stretching the Raynes to an even length, that the Horse may feel he is within restraint, the Horseman turning his left shoulder to the Horses near shoulder, shall put his left foot into the Stirrup, and then staying his left hand upon the pommel of the Saddle, he shall bring his right hand to the hinder part of the Saddle, which as soon as he toucheth, he shall immediately (without heaving or iumping) raise his body from the ground, and bring it into the Saddle. The other words of Command, are— The Word. Advance forward. The performance. This the Soldier shall do by thrusting both his legs forward at an instant, suddenly and strongly, and a little yielding his body forward, (yet as covert as may be) and when you have advanst enough, by restraining your Bridle-hand, gently make the Horse stand still. And this Advancement shall be done either upon footpace, upon trot, or upon Gallop, as the Captain shall command— Then The Word. Retire your Horse. The performance. This is to make the Horse retrayt or go back, which the Soldier shall do by drawing in his Bridle-hand straight, and observing that as the Horse yieldeth and goeth back, so he must also yield and make gentle his hand. And when he hath gone back sufficiently, than the Soldier shall jert both his legs forward suddenly, and that will stay the Horse from retiring any further.— Then Trot your large ring to the right hand. The Word. Troth your large ring to the left. Gallop your large ring to the right hand. Gallop your large ring to the left. Any of these the Soldier shall do by thrusting the Horse forward with his toes upon the Stirrup, The performance. or with the help of the calves of his legs against the Horse's sides, or else with the even stroke of his Spurs, (in case of dullness) and the Soldier shall observe in this lesson to take a very large Circumference, both for the Horse's ease, and his own instruction. And there is no motion more necessary than this, because it is used in every Charge, in every Conversion, but chiefly in Wheeling.— Then Set a straight turn to the right hand. The Word. Set a straight turn to the left. This (if the Horse be ready) the Soldier shall do, The performance. by drawing up his Bridle-hand straight, and turning it inward to the side on which he would turn, and then clapping the calf of his outward leg hard to the Horse's side, and jetting it suddenly forward again, and (if there be dulness) by giving the Spur on the outside also he shall make the Horse turn Terra, Terra, in as small a Circumference as may be. And this serveth for Countermarches, Charges, or any sudden Assault or Engagement.— Then The Word. Pass sidewayes to the right hand. Pass sidewayes to the left. Pass sidewayes to both by division. The performance. Any of these the Soldier must do by a constant restraint of his Bridle hand, and (as it were) carrying the foreparts of the Horse to that side he would pass, as also laying his contrary leg, and sometimes his Spur to the contrary side, and so making his hinder parts to go equally with his foreparts. And this lesson serves for the Closing and opening of Fyles.— Last The Word. Pass a Career and stop close. The performance. This the Soldier shall do by thrusting the horse violently forward both with his legs and body, and giving liberty to the Bridle. As soon as the Horse is started into his Gallop, he shall give him the even stroke of his Spurs, once or twice together, and make the Horse run to the height of his full speed, then being at the end of the Career (which will not be above six score or eight score yards) he shall then draw up his Bridle-hand very hard and constantly, and laying the calves of both his legs gently to the Horses sides, make the Horse stop close to the ground, with only a comely Advancement. And this serveth for all manner of Charges, whether it be Horse against Horse, or Horse against Foot. When your Soldier can do these things perfectly, 2 Carriage and use of Arms. he can then do as much as belongeth to the Manage and Government of the Horse: You shall then proceed to the second instruction, which is the Carriage and Use of Arms, contained in diverse Postures. Now for as much as the principal Weapons on Horseback, are Pistols, petronels, or Dragons, and that all these are with firelocks, and those firelocks (for the most part) Snap-hances, because the other are too curious, and too soon distempered with an ignorant hand. I will therefore under the name of the Pistol only, (without any tedious Comment) give you the names of the Postures, not doubting but every man of Command, will (upon the reading) at the first sight find out the application. You shall understand then that the Postures of the Pistoll-Snaphance, Posture of the Pistol. are twentie-foure; whereof three are to be done standing, two Marching, fourteen Charging, and five Discharging. The three Postures which are to be done standing, are— 1. Prepare for Service. Which is to gag the Flask, and to put Bullets into your mouth.— Then 2. The Scout Posture. 3. The Saluting Posture. The fourteen Postures which are used in Charging,— are 1. Draw up your Cock. 2. Secure your Cock. 3. Open your Pann. 4. Prime your Pann. 5. Close your Pann. 6. Shake off your loose corns. 7. Blow your Pann. 8. Turn your Pistol about into your left hand. 9 Charge with Powder. 10. Draw out your Scouring Stick. 11. Ram in your Powder. 12. Charge with Bullet. 13. Ram in your Bullet. 14. Put up your scouring stick, and stand ready. The five Postures which are to be performed in Discharging,— are Draw down your Hammer. Unloose your Cock. Present. Give fire. Dismount your Pistol, and put it up. Now as in Foot Companies, so in Horse-Troopes. In the time of present service, these many Postures are reduced unto these three only; Postures in Skirmish. Make ready. Present. Give fire. The first is done Standing or Marching; The second, in the Charge, and the last, in the face of the Enemy. Now for as much as time is precious, The best way to Teach. this labour tedious, and men unwilling to take long pains, it shall not be amiss (for the speedier perfecting of the men) first to labour the Leaders of the Files (which should be the most sufficient men of the Troop) in all these Lessons before showed, and then to make every Leader to instruct the File he leadeth, which will not only make the Teachers strive to be excellent for their own glory sake, but also stir in the other (which are taught) a brave ambition to equal or exceed those that inform them. After they can thus Manage their Horses, and handle their Arms in a decent manner; 3 Distance of place. you shall then come to the third Lesson, which is, Distance of place, and orderly proportion. A matter necessary and dependant upon every Form of Battle, and may not be absent either from Rank or File. It is then to be understood, that in Horse-troopes there are but two sorts of Distances or Orders, either in Ranks or Files; That is, Close Order, and Open Order, Close order in Fyles, is Cuish to Cuish, or knee to knee, and Open order in Fyles, is six foot (which is accounted an Horse length): So Close order in Ranks, is to the Horse's Crupper, or without Street, and Open order is six foot, above which the Ranks must never open. And therefore that the Troop may March orderly and keep their Distance truly, Of Motion. let the whole Troop in Marching, move all at one instant, that is, when the head begins, than the Rear to be ready, so shall they seldom be found to err disorderly. Also you must know, that when the Troop cometh to March in Battalia, that then they must March at their Close Order in Fyles, and at Open Order in Ranks. But when they come to do the Evolutions or motions in war, than they must be at their Open-order, both in Fyles and Ranks. The distance betwixt Troop and Troop ought to be twentie-five paces; and between Regiment and Regiment fifty paces. And thus much for distance or proportion of place. 4 Of Marches. The fourth Lesson succeeding for the use of the Horse-Troopes, is March or Motion, both of the horse and man performed in an orderly and comely manner, without neglect of any of the three former Lessons already described; for in all these motions following, there must be a true Manage of the Horse, and government of the man's body, a formal and cunning carriage of the Weapon, and a due observation in keeping the just measure and proportion in distances according to direction. Words of especial direction. Now the words of especial direction for the particular Motions on horseback in any Battalia, are these or the like following. Stand right in your Files. Stand right in your Ranks. And this is to stand truly man after man, and horse after horse; as also, man against man, and horse against horse.— Then— Silence. Open your Ranks. Open your Files to the right hand. Open your Files to the left. Open your Files to both hands by division. And any of these to any order aforesaid. Close your Files to the right hand. Close your Files to the left. Close your Files to both hands by division. And these also to any order aforesaid; also in opening the Squadron, you must ever first open the Ranks, which must be done downward to the Rear, and then the Files. And in Closing; you must first close the Files, and then the Ranks, which must ever be done upward towards the Front.— Then— Double your Files to the right hand. Double your Files to the left. Double your Files to both by division. And this to any order aforesaid.— Double your Ranks to the right hand. Double your Ranks to the left. Double your Ranks to both by division. And this to any order aforesaid.— Middlemen double the Front to the right hand. Middlemen double the Front to the left. Middlemen double the Front to both hands by division. Bringers up double the Front to the right hand. Bringers up double the Front to the left. Bringers up double the Front to both hands by division. And these to either order aforesaid.— To the right hand turn. To the left hand turn. To both hands turn by conversion. To the right hand about turn. To the left as you were. To the left hand about turn. To the right as you were. Now to reduce any Motion before showed, to the same station, in which the Horseman stood before the Command given, you shall use this general word;— As you were. Countermarch to the right hand. Countermarch to the left. Countermarch to both by Conversion. Wheel to the right hand. Wheel to the left. Wheel to both by Conversion. Observation in Countermarching: And in this Motion of Countermarching, you must observe, that the Leaders (if it be in a standing Countermarch) do advance forward full one Horse length before they turn, and then turn to which hand they are commanded, all the Ranks successively following, to make good the Leaders place of turning before they turn, and so to perfect the Countermarch. But if it be to be done upon a greater advancement, then shall either a Corporal or other higher Officer stand at the place of turning, and the Leaders shall advance up unto him and there turn to either hand, according to direction, and so successively all the rest of the Ranks in the Troop, till the Countermarch be made perfect. So also in the Motion of Wheeling, Observation in Wheeling. you must observe, if the Troop be under an hundred, first to double your Front to the one or the other hand, either by the Bringers up, or the Middlemen, before you Wheel, and then standing at their close order, to Wheel about, or otherwise at pleasure. Again, observe when you Wheel to the right hand, to double your Front to the left hand; and when you Wheel to the left hand, to double your Front to the right hand; for so the Leaders of the right and left hand Fyles will keep their places on that corner to which you Wheel. Lastly, to reduce and bring every man into his first place again,— You shall say,— Files to the right (or left) hand open to your Open order. Bringers up (or Middlemen) to your first places as you were. And in this Motion observe, Observations that if the Bringers up did double the Front, then shall the Middlemen being in the Rear first fall into their places, than the Follower, and lastly, the Bringer up. And so if the Middlemen did double the Front, than those Middlemen being in the Front, shall in Countermarch fall into their first places, after them their Followers, and last of all the Bringer up. 5 Of the Trumpet. The fifth and last Lesson belonging unto the Horse-troop, is to teach the Soldier the Sounds and Commands of the Trumpet, and to make him both understand the Notes and Language of the Trumpet, as also in due time to perform all those duties and Commands, which are required by the Trumpet. And of these Soundings (which we generally call Points of War) there are six, which are most necessary for the Soldier's knowledge.— The first is— The first point of War. 1. Butte Sella:— or— Clap on your Saddles. Which as soon as the Soldier heareth (in the morning, or at other times) he shall presently make ready his Horse, and his own person, truss up his sack of necessaries, and make all things fitting for journey. The second is,— The second. 2. Mount Cavallo— or— Mount on Horseback. At which Summons, the Soldier shall bridle up his Horse, bring him forth, and mount his back. The third is— 3. Al'a Standardo, The third. — or— Go to your Colours. Whether it be Standard Cornet ● or Guydon, upon which sound, the Soldier with those of his Fellowship, shall troth forth to the place where the Cornet is lodged, and there attend till it b● dislodged. Also, this sound in the field, and in service, when men are dis-banded, is a Retrayt for the Horseman, and brings him off being engaged, for as oft as he hears it, he must retire and go back to his Colours. The fourth is,— 4. Tucquet, The fourth. — or— March.— Which being heard simply of itself without addition, Commands nothing but a Marching after the Leader. The fifth is,— 5. Carga, Carga, The fifth. — or— An Alarm, Charge, Charge. Which sounded, every man (like Lightning) flies upon his enemy, and gives proof of his valour. The sixth and last is,— 6. Auquet, The sixth. — or— The Watch. Which sounded at night, Commands all that are out of duty to their rest; and sounded in the morning, Commands those to rest that have done duty, and those that have rested, to awake and do duty. And in these Sounds, you shall make the Soldier so perfect● that as a song he may lanquet or sing them, and know when they are sounded unto him. Other Soundings there are; as, Tend Ho, for listening, a Call for Summons, a Senet for State, and the like. But they have reference to the greater Officers, and those have no need of my Instructions. Having thus run through all those parts which make up a serviceable Soldier on Horseback, I will conclude this Discourse, with these few notes following. Special notes First, You shall understand, that the cavalry, or Horse-Armie, have for their chief Officers the General of the Horse; the lieutenant-general of the Horse; and the Sergeant Maior of the Horse, which in some discipline is called the Commissary-generall, or Colonel general of the Horse. And betwixt these three, the whole Army of Horsemen is divided. They have also a Quartermaster, and a Provost-generall. The justice resteth under the Councell-generall of War in the Army. The General's Regiment hath always the Vanguard, and the rest alternately by turns, as he that this day hath the Vanguard, the next day hath the Rear; and so of all the rest. The Colonels have their Regiments Compounded of three or four Troops, and seldom above five, or under three; and the Colonels Troop ever Marcheth on the left Wing of the Regiment. The Captains of Horse receive their directions from the Colonels; the Colonels from the Sergeant-major, and the Sergeant-major from the Lord Martial. Thus much I have thought fit to impart, as an Introduction into these Military affairs, leaving to those larger and better enabled Spirits, the unbounded Field of Discourse, into which when they shall be pleased to enter, no doubt but the studious Observer, shall receive a much more worthy satisfaction. FINIS.