THE SOLDIERS GRAMMAR: Containing, The High, Necessary, and most Curious Rules of the Art Military:  
As first, 

Whether it be in Great Motions in General? Or Foot Motions Especially?  
Or Motions of Horse, General, or Special?  
The Ranges of Foot, or Horse?  
The Ranges of Officers.  
The Several Imbattailing of Foot, and Horse.  
The Imbattailing of a Regiment.  
The joining of many Regiments.  
Or the Forming of Main Battles, of any extent, or Number; With their Forms, and Figures, in lively Demonstration. etc.    
By G. M. Gent.  
Unto which, is added the Book of Postures, according to that which is Ordered by the Lords of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Counsel.  
Printed at London, for William Shefford, and are to be sold at his Shop in Pope's head Alley, going into Lombard Street. 1626.   

A Table of the Special Things contained in this Book.  

CHAP. 1.  
Of Great Motions in general. 
Pag. 1   

The Contents.  

Motives unto the Worke.  
The 19 Motions used in the old Wars, and their Interpretations.  
1 Of Clisis, and the signification.  
2 Of Melabole, and the signification.  
3 Of Perispasmos, etc.  
4 Of Epistrophe, etc.  
5 Of Anastrophe etc.  
6 Of Ecperispasmos etc.  
7 Of Plagiophalanx etc.  
8 Of Orthiophalanx etc.  
9 Of Phalange Loxe etc.  
10 Of Parembole, etc.  
11 Of Protaxis, etc.  
12 Of Epitaxis, etc.  
13 Of Prostaxis etc.  
14 Of Entaxis. etc.  
15 Of Hypotaxis, etc.  
16 Of Induction, etc.  
17 Of Paragoge, or Deduction, etc.  
18 Of Amphiltomus, etc.  
19 Of Antistomus, etc.  
Of diverse other Motions.  
The intent of the Author's Plainness.     

CHAH. 2.  
Of the particular Motions belonging to the Foot Army. 
Pag. 8   

The Contents.  

In what all Motions consist.  
Of distance in Files and Ranks.  
A Reconcilement between the Ancients and the Modern Customs.  
A Reconcilement of Differences in our Modern Exercises.  
The Ground of Military Motions.  
The drawing of Rude Grosses, into an orderly Body.  
Of single Files.  
Of Files in a Body.  
Of Closing and Opening Files and Ranks.  
Of Files Vndoubled.  
Of Files Doubled.  
The manner of performing the Motion.  
The Advancing of Files.  
Files Vnaduanced.  
Files Advanced.  
The Reducing them to their first Form.  
The Battalia of odd Number undoubled.  
The Battalia of odd Number doubled.  
Of Countermarching Files  
Of the Persian, Choraean or Cretan Countermarch.  
The Battalia in Countermarch.  
The Battalia after Countermarch.  
The Lacedaemonian Countermarch.  
The Battalia before Countermarch.  
The Countermarch performed.  
The Macedonian Countermarch.  
The doubling of Ranks.  
Ranks undoubled.  
Ranks doubled.  
Half Files undoubled.  
Half Files doubled.  
Half Files reduced to their first form.  
Bringers up, doubling the Front.  
Bringers up, as they were.  
Of Wheeling.  
The several kinds of Wheeling.  
The Battalia unwheeled.  
The Battalia wheeling.  
The Battalia half wheeled.  
The Battalia wheeled round about.  
Of casting off Files.  
Files cast off in Flank.  
Files cast off in Wings.  
Files cast off before the Front.  
Of Opening and Closing of Ranks and Files.  
Of Opening and Closing, according to the Word given.  
Files Opened or Closed from the Middle men.  
Files Opened or Closed, to the one or the other Hand.  
Of diverse other Motions.     

CHAP. 3  
Of the several Motions which belong unto Horse, or Horse Troops.  

The Contents.  

The use of Horse Motions.  
The Composition and Extent of a Horse File.  
The drawing up of an Horse Troop.  
A Troop of an 100 Horse, Trooping into the Field with all their Officers.  
A Troop of Horse, drawn up into a firm Body, for Service, or Exercise.  
The benefit of the square Body of Horse.  
The Horseman's Wedge.  
The benefit of the Wedge, and the Foot Battle to Encounter it.  
The Horseman's rhomb, and the four Commanders.  
The Foot Battaile, to oppose the rhomb; And the Half Moon or Cressant.  
Another rhomb of five square.  
Of the Foot Battaile Epicampios Emprosthia, to oppose the rhomb of five.  
Of the Tetragonall Horse Battle.  
Of the Foot Battaile Embolas, to oppose the Tetragonall Horse Battle.  
The forming of the Foot Wedge.     

CHAP. 4.  
Of the several Ranges of the Foot, and how they are Ordered, and Compounded.  

The Contents.  

The Ground of Ranging of Battles.  
Our Modern observation in Ranging.  
How the Ancients did Range Battles.  
Of the Number Dilochie, and the Leader.  
Of the Number Tetrarchy, and the Leader.  
Of Taxis, and the Leader.  
Of Syntagma, and the Leader.  
Of Pentecosyarchy, and the Leader.  
Of Chiliarchy, and the Leader.  
Of Merarchy, and the Leader.  
Of Phalangarchy, and the Leader.  
Of Diphalangarchy, and the Leader.  
Of the Four fouled Battle.  
The Modern Range of Battles.  
Of the half File, and the Leader.  
Of the whole File, and the Leader.  
Of a Squadron, and the Leader.  
Of a Sergeancre, and the Leader.  
Of a Centurie, and the Leader.  
Of the fourth part of a Regiment, and the Leader.  
Of half a Colony, and the Leader.  
Of a Colony, and the Leader.  
Of a full Battalia, and the Leader.  
Of a double Battalia, and the Leader.  
Of the Vanguard, and the Leader.  
Of the Rear, and the Leader.  
Of the Main Battle, and the Leader.  
The Range of Weapons.  
The Range of the Light Armed.  
The Range of the Armed.  
The Modern Range of Weapons.  
How Regiments are Imbattailed.  
How the Horse do Troop.  
The place of the Great Ordnance.  
The Guard belonging to the Great Ordnance.     

CHAP. 5.  
Of the several Ranges of the Horse, and how they are Ordered, and Compounded.  

The Contents.  

The Ranges used in old Times.  
The Ranges of Horse used at this Day.  
The Range of Curasheires.  
The Range of Curasheires in Trooping.  
The Generals Range.  
The Lord Marshals Range.  
The Range of the Colonels, and Captains.  
The Range of the Curasheires in Battle.  
Distances observed in Battle.  
The Form of Horse Battles.  
The Generals Range.  
The Lord Marshals Range:  
The Colonels, and Captains Range.  
The Quarter Masters Range.  
The Dignity of Place, between the Horse Man, and the Foot Man.  
The Range of Harquebusheirs, or Dragoones.  
The Range of Harquebusheirs in Trooping.  
Their Range in Battle.  
Their Range in Campe.  
Their Range in Garrison.  
Of their Scouting and Watching.  
Where they take Directions.      

THE SOLDIERS GRAMMAR.  

CHAP. 1. Of Great Motions in general.  
Having in a former short Discourse, or small Book, 
Motives to the Worke.  Entitled, The Soldiers Accidence, (being an Introduction or first Guide into the Art Mylitary) showed all those first Precepts and Rules which necessarily belong to the knowledge of every young Soldier, so far forth as concerns the Manage and government of his own particular person; As also those four principal Grounds, from whence all the rest of this famous Art taketh its derivation and perfection, that is to say.  
First, the Carriage and use of Arms, contained in diverse Postures or Stations, expressing the Form, Comeliness and Readiness of Men in Arms.  
Secondly, Distance or Separation of place, whereby Battles are form, changed, and proportioned, according to the will and pleasure of the principal Commanders.  
Thirdly, March and Motion, which proceeding from certain peculiar words of Command, and general direction, the Soldier applieth himself to perform every command in the fullness of perfection.  
And Fourthly and lastly, the knowledge of the Beat of the Drumbe, by which the Soldier taketh notice of every Command, when the sound of Man's voice is drowned or obscured.  
It now seemeth good unto me (and I hope it will yield a general profit to the whole Kingdom) to fix unto the aforesaid Accidence a Grammar or Introduction into more higher, necessary and more subtle and curious Rules of the Art Mylitary, whereby the younger Scholars may be enabled to proceed and go forward in the greater and more hidden secrets of the Art, and the elder or better experienced Men of War, may either find Solutions for such doubts as shall encumber them; Or else matter whereon to work, and make their own more singular Inventions and Applications more wholesome for the common use, and more pleasing to their own Studies and Labours.  
The first thing therefore which I hold most necessary to Entreat of in this Grammar, is of Great Motions in general; Because according to the Opinion of the Ancients, These Military Motions are the Life of an Army, and only give means of Victory; and without which, all preparation of Forces are vain, and availeth nothing in the Field, nor to the end for which they were Levied. Since then, Motion is of this inestimable reputation, the labour cannot be misemployed, which bringeth any lustre or explanation unto the same.  
Of the Smaller Motions, I have spoken somewhat already in the Accidence; As of Fileing, Rancking, Returning to the first Posture, Countermarching, Doubling, and such like, so far forth as they appertain to every single Person, or to the parts and members of a private Company, which we call Squadrons or Camerados. But now I am to entreat of the Greater Motions, which belong to Regiments, Battalias, and the whole Body of an Army: Neither in the discourse of these things, are you to expect much alteration of words, or sense, but only the application of them unto the Greater and more infinite Bodies, from whence they take the denomination of the Greater Motions.  
The Grecians (as Aelian and his Scholars) do reckon up nineteen several Great Motions, 
Motions used in the old Wars.  to which they give especial Names and Titles.  
The First, they call Clisis, which is a Turning to either Hand.  
The Second, Metabole, which we call Turning about.  
The Third, Perispasmos, which we call Wheeling about.  
The Fourth, Epistrophe, which we call a Wheeling, either to the one, or the other Hand, but not entire, or about.  
The Fifth, Anastrophe, which we call a Returning of the Wheel unto the First Posture or Station where it stood before it was moved, or Wheeled to either Hand.  
The Sixth, Ecperispasmos, which we call a treble, or threefold Wheeling, carrying the Battalia three parts about, but not wholly and entire.  
The Seventh, Plagiophalanx, or the Broad Fronted Phalange, which we call the Broad Fronted Battalia, which hath the Length much exceeding the Depth.  
The Eight, Orthiophalanx, which we call the Deep Battalia, or Hearse Battle, which is a Battle drawn out in Wing, and having the Depth much exceeding the Length.  
The Ninth, Phalange Loxe, which we call an Vneven Fronted Battalia, because one of the Wings (which is thought fittest) is ever drawn forth before the other, and as a Forlorn beginneth the Fight against the Enemy, till opportunity serve that the whole Battle may join with greater advantage and assurance.  
The Tenth, Parembole, which we call Insertion, being a Drawing up of the Soldiers before, then taking off the Hindermost, we Rank them within the distances of the First.  
The Eleventh, Protaxis, which we call Fore-Fronting, as when we place either the Lightarmed or other Lose Shot before the Front of the Battle, and make them Forestanders or beginners of the Skirmish.  
The Twelfth, Epitaxis, which we call an After placing or Attending on the Rear, so that if the Enemy shall Charge behind, yet are the Lightarmed in readiness, and prepared to give their Volleys, being placed so behind the Rear (as the other before the Front) for a singular help and annoyance.  
The Thirteenth, Prostaxis, which we call a joining of Bodies together, by adding to either of the Flanks, or to both entirely, any new Supply of Men, either from the Rear of the same Battalia, or otherwise, from any other removed Body or Regiment, whereby the Front of the Battle is increased.  
The Fourteenth, Entaxis, which we call Insition, or Inserting, as when we draw the Lightarmed, or Lose unguarded Shot, within the spaces of the Files and Ranks of the Armed Battalia, so as they may be free from danger, and yet notwithstanding, ever ready to deliver their Volleys in the face of the Enemies, be they Foot or Horse, as they shall give their approaches.  
The Fifteenth, Hypotaxis, which we call Double Winging, as when we draw the Lightarmed or Loose Shott, only within the Armed Wings of the Battalia, and not into the Entire Body, and placing them in such an Embowed form, that the whole form or figure thereof may resemble a threefold Gate or Door.  
The sixteenth, we call an Induction, or a Right Induction, as when one Body or Battalia of one and the same kind, in form and proportion, followeth one another, and so the March of Motion stretcheth out itself into the manner or form of a Wing, having the Depth much exceeding the Length; And this kind of Battle or Right Induction, may consist either of a Single Body, as when but one Enemy is feared, or of a Double Body, as when two are expected, or of a Treble, when three are on foot, or of a Quadruple, when the Enemy purposeth to give on all sides.  
The Seaventeenth, Paragoge, which we call Deduction, is when a Battalia moveth in a Wing, not by File, but by Rank, having the Fileleaders on the Right-hand, which is called a Right Deduction, or on the Left Hand, which is called a Left Hand Deduction; And this Body or Battalia also Marcheth (as the former) either in a Single, Double, Treble, or Quadruple Division, according to the fear they apprehend of the Enemy, and the advantage of the place & ground, upon which they march and move.  
The Eighteenth, Amphistomus, which we call the Two Fronted Battle, and looketh upon the Enemy two several ways, that is to say, by an even and lust Division, in the midst of an equal conversion of the two parts; The Middle-men or Halfe-fyle men are turned back to back, and those in the Front and Rear make two equal Fronts, and bravely Advance against the Enemy, and this kind of Motion is excellent against Horse.  
The Nineteenth, Antistomus, which we also call a Two Fronted Battle, and differeth only from the former but in this, that as the Two Fronted Battle Amphistomus is Fronted by the Front and the Rear, so this Two Fronted Battle Antistomus, is Fronted by the two Flanks, the Right flank, and the Left, and the Motion hath the like use and perfection which the former hath, being generally applied for the Encounter of Horse.  
divers other particular Motions they have, both for Armies and Battalias, 
divers other Motions.  as that which they call Diphalange Peristomus, Diphalange Homoiostoneus, Diphalange Heterostomus, the rhomb, the Heteromekes, the Epicampios Emprosthia, the Cyrte, the Tetragonall, Ploesium, and diverse others, of which I shall have occasion to write hereafter: For this present, and for the generality of Motion, these already showed and expounded are sufficient; Of all which, you shall in the ensuing Chapters (as particulars shall arise) receive both full Demonstrations and Examples, whereby the dullest understanding shall be enabled to conceive, and carry away those Mysteries of Art and Science, which hitherto have laid hidden and obscured; 
The Author's plainness  Nor have I any intention in this Work, so to tie and conform myself to the Ancients, either Grecians, or Romans, that thereby (knitting myself to their Words and Phrases) I might bring a cloud of darkness over my Labours, which I have only dedicated to Truth and Plainness: But I do freely intend to set down every thing, in those plain, modern, and usual forms of Direction, as may be available for the simplest capacity, and profitable for all those that have bound themselves Prentices to this Noble Art, and glorious Advancement.   

CHAP. 2. Of the Particular Motions belonging to the Foot only.  
ALL manner of Marches and Motions whatsoever, 
In what, Motions consist.  belonging to a Foot Company (as I have touched before in my Accidence) must of necessity, be either in Distance, or Form; & either of these must be, either in Fyles or Ranks, severally, and of themselves, or else jointly, both together.  

Of Distances.  Of Fyles and Ranks, what they are, what their extents ought to be, what effects, virtues, and uses are wrought by them, I have sufficiently showed in my Accidence: Only, because there is a little difference betwixt us and the Ancients, and betwixt the Scholars of these Modern times, and the Scholars of the Elder World, I will as near as I can, reconcile them, or at least, bring them to shake hands, and agree together.  
The first Receivers of Military Discipline (and those which are at this day their Scholars, and professed Imitators) would have a File to consist of Sixteen Men in depth, successively one after an other: Others would have it consist of Eight; And others (which are our latest and best approved) would have them consist of Ten.  
The reason why the first would have it consist of sixteen, 
The Ancient and the Modern Author reconciled.  is because it is an even and proportionable number, which may be doubled to the last man; as from sixteen to eight, from eight to four, from four to two, from two to one; and so back again reduced to the first form or Station. This I confess bears a fair show of much probability, and was doubtless in the first Age, of singular use and benefit, both for the forming and proportioning of Battles; as also for the readiness of Marching, and the mixing or joining of many Grosses, or great Bodies, in one square, Round or Triangular fashion. But it is to be understood, that in these former days, there was no use or knowledge of Shot, because the invention of Fire lay then unknown; their Darts, Slings, Crossbows, Longbows, and the like, which passed under the Lightarmed, held then no method or prescript form in giving their Volleyss, but delivered them one over another's head, without danger: so that the deeper the File was, the greater the Volley was, and the Enemy the more endangered; besides the drawing and nocking of the Arrow, the Lading of the Sling, the bending of the Crossbow, and the charging of the Dart, are Motions so sudden, so quick, and so secure, that there is no necessity of alteration of place; for in as much as not any of these Volleyss are delivered upon the Level, but upon necessity on the Mounture; therefore the forestanders, or leaders of Files, and their followers are not endangered by the Rear: so that in this case, the deeper the File is, the more hands are brought to fight, and the victory the sooner obtained.  
But with us now in these modern and latter times, wherein the Invention of Shott and Powder is found out; and the danger, Suddenness and Violence of the Fire is known: in so much that it is ever delivered in Level, seldom or never at Random (for that is useless and to no constant purpose). In this case there is great respect to be had to the alteration and change of place, for (as I have said before) to deliver Short one behind another (and that also in Level) is for the hindmost to Kill the foremost, if they Shoot in Level (as they ought) or otherwise Shooting at Random, to spend their Bullets to no purpose and leave the Enemy unavoided; Therefore in this true and certain Discipline, Fire is only to be given in the Front, and so by succession of Ranks, one Volley after another, every hand is in his due time and place brought to Fight, and the Volley hath no intermission or respeit.  
Now it is to be considered in what space of time a man may Charge and Discharge his Piece moving from the Front to the Rear, and so Ascending up to the Front again; and it is found by the experience of all well judging Soldiers, that the depth of Tenn men is the absolute best Number, For the first man Discharging in the Front, in the space that nine more shall come and do the like: The first shall make his place good again, & so continnue the Volley ad infinitum. Now there are some which strongly hold opinion, that Eight in depth of File shall do as much as ten, and with as little Difficulty make ready and Present; which no question, may be possible, in expert, old, and ready Soldiers and so a competent and sufficient File; But in raw, Ignorant, and half exercised men it cannot be so, Neither can it be hoped that duty shall so suddenly be performed, And if there be loss of duty in one man, there will be loss of duty in more, and so the Volley will be weakened & the Battalia put in danger; To add a man and make the File nine, is no good Extent, because that odd Number coming to be doubled, there will be a weakness either in the Front, or in the Rear; And that weakness may overthrow the whole Battalia; So that for a conclusion of this point, I cannot but disallow Sixteen in File as being to great a Number, in which no less than Six men are lost in every File so oft as they shall sally up or make their approaches, eight I fear is two men to little, the Skill and Dexterity of the Soldiers being doubtful; and Nine, for the odds may not be admitted, So that it resteth that Tenn men in File is the old cettaine, and allowable Number. I do not deny but that in Exercising of the Soldiers, the Number Eight is very allowable and will bring them to a great quickness and readiness, but when they shall be brought to to fight, and mix with other Regiments; Then you are to observe the general form of the Army, and what Extent of File the whole Army Marcheth in, the same Number and Proportion you shall keep in your private Company, Which questionless at this day is the Number Tenn, and no other: both for the fittnesse of the Number in Discharging Duty, as also in that by the Number Tenn, Every Hundred Men make a perfect Square, and so are the soon and with the least trouble drawn into any Form of Battle that the prncipall Commander can desire.  
Thus I have showed you the trne Extent of a File, 
The ground of all Motions.  and the Impediments which hang upon the alteration of Opinions; wherein you are to understand that in all Military Motions there must be ever a certain and Infallible ground whereon to Build the greater works; For where every thing is uncertain there all things must needs be Confused, Now in the Artt of Warr, Ranks are uncertain, and do consist of Numbers according to pleasure? Companies are Imperfect, occasioned by employment, Sickness, Death, or other Dissasters: Regiments are more or less according to the goodness, or badness of the Officers, only the File is certain and without Alteration, So that from that Ground, every good and great Commander (upon the first view) can tell how to shape and proportion any Battle whatsoever.  
This being then the concluding Maxim touching the true Extent, 
The drawing of Grosses into order.  and Quantity of a File, which is the Ground or Foundation where upon all great Battles are Built. We will now proceed to the several Motions belonging to the Foot Companies, of which the first and Principal, is the draving of Rude, and Indigested Grosses, into a fair, orderly, and well proportioned Body; and this must not in any wise be done by Rankinge, and Drawing forth of Ranks, for that is rude, and un-souldier like, because Ranks have no certainty, nor hold any constant Number: So that no man taking a rude heap of confused men (which number he knoweth not) can tell how many Ranks they will contain, and keep the Files certain: therefore to put these men in Order, it must be done by Filing, and not Ranking; every File of one and the same Weapon, being drawn out File after File, and then joined and form into one gross Body, according to the pleasure of the Commander. And in this drawing up of Bodies, is to be considered the composition, or parts, whereof every File must consist; that is to say, the principal and first man of every File, is called the Leader, or Captain of the File, he leadeth; then followeth him three of Inferior degree; the first man is called the middle man to the Rear, or a Leader of half files to the Rear; the sixth man is called the middle-man to the Front, or leader of the half file to the Front; then after them, three other inferior followers; and lastly, the Rear, or Bringer up: So that every File consisteth of four men of eminence and desert, as the Leader, the Bringer up, 
Of single Files.  the Middle-man to the Front, and the Middle-man to the Rear, and six inferior followers or attendants, as by this example you shall see more plainly.  
Single Files.  
Files in a Body.  
The next Motion after the drawing up of confused Numbers into an uniform, 
Of closing and opening.  is the closing and opening of Files or Ranks, or both Files and Ranks at one instant; And in this Motion, is to be observed, true Distance, or separation of Place, according to the will of the Commander, because it is a Motion that only consisteth in distance.  
The next, is a Motion in Form, and that also consisteth of Fyles or Ranks severally, or of both Files and Ranks jointly, in one instant; And this is doubling of Fyles, or Ranks: If doubling of Fyles? it is according to this example.  
Files undoubled.  
Files doubled to the Right Hand.  
These Files being eight in Number, are doubled to the Right Hand, 
The manner of performing the Motion.  the outermost or corner Man of the Rght Hand standing still, and making good both his own Place, and all the rest of his File, and the next Man on his Left Hand passing behind him, and so successively the whole second File passing (as the first) behind the first File, the fourth File behind the third File, the sixth behind the fifth, & the eight behind the seventh; and so they stand doubled, as in the Example before showed; where eight Files are brought into four, and the depth of ten brought into the depth of twenty: And in this doubling, is to be observed, by those which remove and pass behind the other, that if it be to the Right Hand, than he is first to come about round with his Left Foot, then step forward with his Right Foot behind his Leader that must be, and then bring on his Left Foot, and place his Body even; so that by these three Motions, the action shall be performed in perfection: And thus as you double Files to the Right Hand, so you may also double them to the Left Hand, using every Motion in a contrary manner; that is to say, where the Right hand Man did before stand firm, and the Left hand Man did move; now the Left hand Man must stand firm, and the Right hand Man must remove; and as before, the Left foot did first come about, so now the Right foot must, and when they shall be reduced back again to their first Place or Station, than it is to be observed, that they must in three Steps or Motions, recover their former Places, removing first the Left foot, if the double were to the Right hand, and the Right foot, if the double were made to the Left hand.  
The next Motion, 
Advancing of Files.  being also a Motion in Form, is the advancing of Fyles, which is also a doubling, though after another manner: For in this advancing of Fyles (if it be to the Right hand) than the Right hand File standeth still, and the Leader of the next file unto it, doth advance before the Right hand file, and his whole file following him in true order and distance, they all advance, till the Bringer up, or Rear Man, stand just before the Leader of the Right hand file, which standeth still, and moveth not; then the fourth file advanceth before the third, the sixth before the fifth, and the eight before the seaventh, and so forth, till every other file have advanced in the whole Battalia: And in like manner, if the Advancement be made to the Left hand, than those which stood still, when the Advancement was to the Right hand shall move, and they which did move shall now stand still, as by these Examples doth more plainly appear.  
Files Vnaduanced.  
Files Advanced.  
Thus you see how Files are to be Advanced, either to the Right hand, or to the Left, wherein is to be observed; that howsoever I speak of files to be advanced distinctly, one after another; yet the Motion is to be done entirely, of one moving file at one instant: And thus, if you please, you may Advance so oft, that you may bring a whole Battalia into one single file. 
Reducing them to their first form.  Now for reducing them into their first form or body again, the Word (As you were) being given, every moving file that did Advance, shall turn Faces about, and so march back to their first places; and as thus, you advance either to the Right or Left hand at one instant; So you may also at one instant advance both to the Right and Left hand by division, making the second file advance before the first, the fourth before the third, the seventh before the eight, the fifth before the sixth: And as thus in advancing, so also in doubling of files, as you double to the Right or Left hand; so you may double to both the Right and Left hand at one instant by division, the second file passing behind the first, the fourth behind the third, than the seventh behind the eight, and the fifth behind the sixth.  
Now here by the way there may a scruple arise, that for as much as numbers may vary, and that all bodies hold not one even or just content or Number; that then in case there be an odd file, how then shall the body be doubled? To this I answer, that if you happen to have an odd file, then look to what hand you double unto, than the outmost file to the contrary hand shall stand and keep his place firm, without doubling at all; as if you double to the Right hand, than the Left hand file stands fast and undoubled; or if you double to the Left hand, than the Right hand file stands fast and undoubled, as by these examples plainly appeareth.  
The odd Battalia Vudoubled.  
The odd Battalia Doubled.  
Thus you see how the odd File standeth, and is still preserved in every Motion, being still kept in its order, both by the Leader and the Side-man; and when so ever the Body is reduced into its first form or Station, then is it full and perfect, as any other file what so ever.  
The next necessary Motion unto the doublings, and advancing of files, 
Of Countermarching.  is the Countermarching of files, which is also another Motion in form; And of Countermarching, there are diverse kinds; as first, the ordinary Countermarch, which is daily used amongst us, when so ever we march or turn the body of the Battalta too or fro; and this Countermarch, is called of some, The Persian Countermarch, because it was first in use amongst them; others call it the Cretan, as taken from the Imitation of those Soldiers; & others call it the Choraean, from Chorus, which signifieth a Company, of which Company, there were certain Dancers, who in a Warlike Dance were the first beginners of this Motion; This Motion is performed of the whole Battalia all at one instant; the Leaders of the Files (upon the word given, to which hand they shall Countermarch) beginning the motion, as thus, If the Word be given to Countermarch to the Right hand, then shall the Leaders of the Files, at one instant step one step forward with the Right foot, then bringing the Left foot and the Body round about to the Right hand, and so march down through the distance between the Files, till they come to the Rear, where the Bringer-up stood, and there they shall make a Stand; And in this Motion, every Leader shall observe his Right hand Man, that they may keep their Front whole and undismembred, because the least disorder in this Motion, is the overthrow & disgrace of the whole Body; and as these Leaders begin and conduct in this orderly manner; so shall all the rest of every File, observing true Place and Distance, follow with as great care and severity, every Man observing his Leader and his Right hand Man, and that by no means they offer to turn, till they have made good the first place, where the File Leaders did turn, and so keeping their Ranks even and just, the Motion will be exceeding comely, as by this Example appeareth.  
A Battaila in Countermarch to the Right Hand.  
The Battalia after the Counter march.  
Now as they do thus Countermarch to the Rear, so they may if the Commander please, countermarch back to the Front again without intermission, and so as oft and as far as the Commander pleaseth. Now in this Countermarch, it would be observed, that the Files should ever be well opened; as at the open Order of six foot at the least; as for the Ranks they may be either at Order, or close Order, unless they consist of Shot, and then they may not march straighter than the Order of three foot; because otherwise it will encumber them, and take from them the use of their Weapons: and as thus the Countermarch is made to the right or left Hand entirely; so it may be made both to the right and left Hand by division, as hath been showed before in other motions. And this Countermarch is of singular use, for it chargeth the Enemy standing, it chargeth him Marching, and it chargeth him retiring; besides it bringeth every hand to fight and suffereth none to loose duty.  

The Lacedaemonian countermarch.  The next Countermarch is that which is called the Lacedæmonians Countermarch, as being first received from their example, and it is of singular use in charging of the enemy, in making of approaches, and in gaining of ground of advantage; and though at first the Ancients found it out for their light Armed, which were their Slings, Darts, Crossbows, and Longbows. Yet now with us it is found of most excellent use for our Shot, and not unnecessary for the Pikes, and other short Weapons for execution, because it bringeth forward every hand in the Charge, and suffereth none to loose duty, neither do they at any time stand or slack in their Charge, but still advance and go forward, till they have attained the end of their purpose.  
The manner of this Nation is thus, the first Rank or Leaders of the Files of Shot, do present and give fire, then stand; and the second Rank passing either to the right or left Hand (according to commandment) advance before the first Rank, covering them both in order and distance; then the third Rank advanceth and covereth the second; the fourth, the third; and so forth in an orderly charge, till the Bringer up or Rear be brought and made the Front; and so as occasion shall serve to continue still, till the end of Commandment. Now for the Pikes or short Weapons, they shall not need to advance one Rank before another, but shall keep their constant March (with their Pikes advanced, ported, or shouldered) even still with the first Rank of Shot, till they come to encounter and charge the Enemy, and then at pleasure, and as occasion shall serve, they may cover one another, and bring every several hand to the push, till the last be first, and the first last, as by this Example doth plainly appear.  
The Battalia before the Countermarch.  
The Countermarch performed.  
There be others which would have this Lacedaemonian Countermarch in an other manner, which is for the first Rank to Face to the Rear, than the second Rank, and so all the rest of the Body, to march up and turn behind their Leaders; but they are mistaken, and conceive not rightly of the Author from whence they take their Instruction: for this Motion rather looseth than gaineth ground, and seemeth rather to retire, than charge; But I leave the reconcilement of the doubt to those of better judgement.  

The Macedonian Countermarch.  The next Motion is called the Macedonian Countermarch, but from what ground, it is not yet discussed. As for the manner of the Motion, it is in this wise; The File leaders all turn about their Faces, and all the rest with the Bringers up, go against them on the right or left hand, and passing on to the Ground before the Front of the Battalia, place themselves in order one after another, according as the Fileleaders have turned their Faces, making a show unto the Enemy as if they were retiring, or running away; which enticing the enemy to pursue, is of most singular use to make him leave and forsake any place or ground of advantage. Others take this Motion to be the Macedonian Countermarch, when the File-leader turneth about his face, and the rest passing by him on the right or left Hand, place themselves orderly, one behind another. And here is to be noted, that all these Countermarches already spoken of, may as well be done by Ranks, as by Fyles, and both to the right or left hand entirely, or to both by division, or both by Conversion; as in the former Examples.  

Doubling of Ranks.  The next Motion, is the doubling of Ranks either to the Right or Left Hand entirely, as when the second Rank marcheth into the first, the fourth into the third, the sixth into the fifth, and the eight into the seventh; and this Motion must be done very orderly, beginning with the left foot, and at three steps making perfect the doubling; then when they are to be reduced to their first Form again, to observe that if they doubled to the right Hand, than they must turn on the left hand, to come to their first places again, and so contrary to the other, as occasion shall serve; or this Motion may be done to both hands by Division, or to both hands by Conversion, and to either Open Order, Order, or Close Order: according to these examples.  
Ranks undoubled.  
Ranks Doubled.  
Thus you see Ranks doubled and undoubled, now there is another manner of doubling of Ranks, and that is by the Middlemen, or half Files, when they Advancing and leading up their half Files brings the fifth Rank on which hand they are commanded (being Middlemen to the Front) into the first Rank, the sixth into the second, the seventh into the third, and the eight in-into the fourth, which are Middlemen unto the Rear: as you may see in this example.  
Half Files undoubled.  
Half Files Doubled.  

Half Files as they were.  Now to reduce, or bring these into their first place or form, the half Files which did ascend, shall turn their Faces about, and following the Rear, or Bringer up, every Man shall descend, and come into his first place, as he was before.  
And when this Body shall again be reduced into his first place, 
Bringers up, As they were.  then shall the Bringers up, or Rear, with their half files, turn their Faces about, and the Rank 5 shall fall behind the Rank 4 the Rank 6 behind 5 the rank 7 behind 6 and the rank 8 (being the Rear, or Bringrs up) behind the rank 7 and so every Man is in his first place again.  
The next motion unto these, is Wheeling, 
Of Wheeling.  or Turning the whole Body of the Battalia, to one, or the other Hand, or entirely round about, or otherwise by Division, to Wheel it to both Hands at once, either in part, or else Round about; the general manner of the Motion is thus; First close your Files to the Right hand, and your Ranks to the Swords point; then make the Corner file Leader to the Right hand stand fast, and then all the whole Body of the Battalia to move or Wheel about him, as about a Centre, either half about, or three parts about, or else wholly and fully round about: Now to reduce it to the first Posture or Station, you shall command every Man to turn his Face to the Left hand, then Wheel the Body back again, till it come to its first Place, and then open the Ranks downward, and the Files either to one, or the other Hand, at pleasure: As thus you Wheel the whole Body to the one, or the other Hand, or entirely round about, so you may wheel it to both Hands at once, by Division, either in part, or round about, according to pleasure; And this is of singular Use, when the Horse shall come to Charge the Foot; for by this Wheel, you shall cover your Shot safe, and leave your Pikes outmost, to receive the Charge: Now this Wheel is to be made after an other manner; for where before, either the corner Man of the Right hand file, or the Corner Man of the Left hand file, was to stand fast and firm, now all shall move, and only the Middle Man in the Rear, to the right Flank, and the middle Man in the Rear, to the Left Flank, shall stand fast, and unmoved, and all the rest of the two Divided Bodies shall move about them, according to these Examples following.  
The Battalia Vnwheeled.  
The Battalia Wheeling.  
The Battalia half Wheeled.  
The Battalia Wheeled round about.  
Thus you have seen the manner of Wheeling, with the several Motions, and Uses thereof.  
The next Motion, whereto foot Companies ought to be applied, is the Casting off of files, 
Casting Files.  or, as some call it, the Giving of Fire, by Flank, or in the Flank; and this motion of casting of Files, is done diverse ways; as first, in Flank, then in Wing, and lastly, before the Front: If you cast off files in flank to the Right hand, than the right hand file (being ready to give fire) standeth still, till the Body of the Battalia be marched so far forward, that the Rear, or Bringers up, become even with the Leader of the right hand file; then that file so standing, and prepared, giveth fire altogether; then presently march up between the outmost file of Pikes, on the right hand, and the inmost file of Shot; then the second file of Shot, as the first, doth stand still, till the Body be marched by, and then give their Volley, and then march up as they first did, between the outmost file of Pikes, and the inmost file of Shot, as aforesaid; And thus successively, every file of Shot giveth their Volley, that are contained in that right Wing, which done, wheel the whole Body about, and bring the Left Wing, to do as much as the Right Wing, and so Wing after Wing, according to pleasure; And this manner of casting of Files in Flank, is of excellent use for the beating of Paces in Woods, or Bogs; also, for the mayntaining of strait and narrow Ways, for defence of Bridges, and the like; and that you may have a better understanding therein, behold the figures following.  
Files cast off in Flank to the Right Hand.  
Here you see the File 1. standeth still, and having given their Volley, are to retreat between the File 4. and the file 3. than the file 2. standeth still and having given their Volley, retreat between the file 4. and the file 1. than the file 3. standeth still, and having given their Volley, retreat between the file 4. and the file 2. and then the whole wing is as it was at the first, 1.2.3 now as thus you may cast off the files to both Hands, making the file 10. to stand, and the Volley given to retreat between the file 8. and the file 7. then the file 9 to stand, and the Volley given to retreat between the file 7. and the file 10. then the file 8. to stand, and the volley given, to retreat between the file 7. and the file 9 So then the body is brought again to his first form, 8.9.10.  
Now for the casting of Files in Wing, you must draw forth the File 1. on the right hand, and the file 10. on the left hand in the manner of Wings, and having given their Volley, shall stand still till the rear be advanced, and then the file 1. shall retreat between the file 4. and the file 3. and the file 10. shall retreat between the file 7. and the file 8. as in the former example, and so the rest of the files one after another, this example appeareth.  
Files cast off in Wings.  
Lastly, there are Files cast off before the Front of the Battalia, after this manner.  
Files cast off before the Front.  
Here as you see the file 1. to the right Hand is drawn before the Front, who as soon as they have given fire, shall turn their faces to the right hand, and following the Bringer up, shall make retreat between the files 4 and 3. and there cover themselves till they have made ready again. Then shallbe drawn forth before the Front, the file 10 to the left Hand, who after they have given fire, shall turn faces to the left Hand, and retreat between the files 8. and 7. than shall be drawn out the file 2. to the right Hand, which having given fire, turn faces as before to the right Hand, and then retreat between the files 4 and 1. Likewise in the same manner the file 9 is drawn out to the left Hand, and having given fire, turn their faces, and retreat between the files 7 and 10. and thus successively one after another you shall draw forth every file of Shot, first on the right Hand, then on the left, till the service be accomplished, and thus much of the casting off the files.  
There is yet an other Motion of the foot, which is worthy observation, 
Of Opening and Cloasing.  and that is opening and closing of Ranks and Files: wherein is to be noted, as I have showed in the Accidence, that Ranks when they open to any Order whatsoever, ought, for the most part, to open downward, by turning Face about, and descending till they come to the distance commanded, and then to turn Faces as they were, but when they close to any Order, it must ever be done upward, towards the Front. 〈◊〉 Files when they open or close must evermore do it to the right or left Hand, or to both, in this manner.  
If you give the word of Command plainly, and barely, 
Files opened or closed by the Middle-men.  without any implication, or addition thus, Open your File to Open Order, etc. or to any other Order; then shall the two Middle Men to the two Flanks standing in the midst of the Front, open the one from the other according to the distance appointed, and their whole Files shall follow them in an even line; then the rest of the File-leader shall open from these Middle men, one half to the right hand, the other to the left, till the whole Battalia be opened, according to Commandment, as you may see by this example.  
Files opened from the Middle-men.  
And as thus you open, (if the Word be given in one and the self same manner:) so likewise you must close your Files, the Middleman first joining with their Files; then after all the rest of the Fileleaders, with their files to both hands, till the Commandment be fulfilled.  
But if the Word of Command be given, 
Files opened, or closed to any hand.  Files to the right hand open to open Order, etc. or to any Order else, then shall the right Hand File-leader with his file, and so successively every other File-leader (with their files) shall open after the Right Hand Man, till the Command be perfited; and as thus you open, so you must also close; and as you open or close to the right Hand, so you must open or close to the left Hand, when the Word of Command is given to that purpose.  
Divers other Motions there be belonging to the Foot Companies, 
Other Motions  as the turning of Faces to either Hand or about; the form whereof is express almost in every figure before showed: Also the Charging to any Hand, to the Front, to the Rear, or to all at an instant; of which I shall have cause to speak more amply in anoother place: Therefore at this time, these already expressed, shall serve for the Motions of the Foot Company.   

CHAP. 3. Of the several Motions which belong unto Horse, Or, Horse Troops.  

The use of Horse Motions.  THe Motions of Horse are diverse, according to the opinion of the Ancients, and to these Modern times also, as you may perceive by my Accidence, wherein I have set you down the several words of command, belonging to every Motion of Horse now in use; all which, are so near a kin to the Foot Motions, that I hold it needless to repeat them over here again, but refer those which desire to learn those general Motions, to the Accidence, and to those Motions of Foot which are already specified and set down in this Grammar: I will now proceed to those other Motions and Imbattayling of Horse, which being more difficult and strange, doth more amaze the mind of the industrious Learner, and are harder attained unto by Discourse, without some plainer Demonstration.  
First therefore, the general Motions of Horse at this day (wherein the Lance the Light Staff, and the Snort Pistol are taken away, and only the Long Pistol and Dragoone in use) are contained in Trooping, Discovering, Charging, Wheeling, and Retiring; and all these are done, either by whole Bodies, by Parts, or Devisions, by many files, few files, or single files: And herein you are to call to mind (as I have showed in the Accidence) that as the Ranks of Horse are compounded of uncertain Numbers; so the file must ever be constantly six Deep, being compounded of a Leader, a Follower, two Middlemen, a Follower, 
An Horse File.  and a Bringer up or, the Rear Man, according to this demonstration.  

0 Leader.  
1 Follower.  
0 Middle Man.  
0 Middle Man.  
1 Follower.  
0 Bringer up.   
Thus you see the Contents and form of a Horse file, from which certainty, and true known Ground, every skilful Commander may build up any Body that he pleaseth; whereas, if both Rank and File should be incertain, and at pleasure, there would then be no Ground for any thing, but everything would be confused, according to the phantast quenesse of Opinion.  
When you have therefore drawn your Horse Troop into Ranks and Files, 
Drawing up of a Horse- Troop.  which you must do file after file, till every Man be placed according to the order, & not according to the fashion of our ignorant Commanders, whom I have heard (at the first gathering of a Body together) to command the Men to Rank three, five, seven, or as fancy leads them, for this is most absurd, and unproper, because Ranks are, and may be of uncertain Number; so that ranking at hap hazard, it is almost impossible that the files should fall out even, whose Number must not be changed; and so a new work to begin, which at the first might better have been finished.  
But to my purpose again; When you have drawn up the Body of the Horse in true Files and Ranks, and having every Officers ready for his due Place, as Captain, Lieutenant, Cornet, Trumpets and Corporals: You shall then (according to the Figure or Example following in the next Page) Troop into the Field, either for Service, or other Exercise.  
A Troop of an Hundred Horse, Trouping into the Field, with their Officers  
The Former Troop drawn up into a firm body either for Service or Exercise with all the Officers.  
Thus you have seen the manner of Trooping into the Field, with all the Officers of a private troop, and how they are divided into four Devisions. The first, or head, being lead by the Captain; the second Division by the Cornet; the third, by the eldest Corporal; the fourth, by the second Corporal; the Rear or hindmost being brought up by the Lieutenant, the two youngest Corporals are extravagant, and ride up and down on both sides, to see the whole Body keep their true Order. The Trumpets (if their bee more than one) the Edest troops upon the Head next after the Captain, and the second troopeth in the Rear, two Ranks before the Lieutenant; if there be three, the third soundeth before the Cornet.  
Now for the drawing of this Troop into a firm Body, for Service, or Exercise, the Captain having found convenient ground, maketh a stand with his Division; and the Cornet bringeth up his Division, on the left Hand the Captains, placing himself upon the left File of his own Division; then the eldest Corporal bringeth up his Division on the left hand the Cornet, and as soon as they are joined, he departeth himself to the outside of the right Wing, to see that true Order and Distance be kept; then the second Corporal bringeth up his Division on the left Hand the eldest Corporals, and himself departeth to the outside of the left Wing, to see that true Order and Distance be kept; For now all Corporals are extravagant; and all the Trumpets ascend to the head and Troop next behind the Captain, and before the Cornet; the eldest Trumpet taking the right hand, and so the rest according to antiquity.  
This Body, or Square Battalia is of all other the best, 
The Benefit of the square Body.  and most sure for all manner of Service, and may the easiliest be reduced, and brought to any other form, that Invention can find out; and with this Body, you may either Charge entirely and wholly at once, or you may divide it, and Charge sundry ways, or else by drawing out two, or three, or more Files, skirmish on every side the Foot Battle, and put them to much annoyance.  
There is another form of Imbattailing the Horse, which is called the Horsemans-Wedge, and it is drawn up into the form of this Figure, or Example following.  
The Horsemans' Wedge.  
This Wedge, Charging poynt-wise upon the Foot, seeketh to disfeve: and break the Front, whereby, getting an entrance, they put all into Route and confusion, which the Footmen perceiving, they have no means of safety, but either by main strength to repulse them, or else to divide their Body in the midst into two parts, and to give the Horse a free and thorough passage; which foot Battle so divided, is called the Battalia Antistomus.  
There is an other Battalia of Horse, which is called the rhomb of Horse, and it is proportioned according to this Figure, and is of great use, having in every corner a Leader.  
The rhomb.  
This Horsmans' rhomb was first found out in Thessalia, and thence brought in great practice, through the benefit thereof, being able to pass through, and to pierce any Foot battle whatsoever; and is only to be opposed, by that Foot Battalia which is called Menoides or Crescent, and in form of an Half Moon, whose Wings being stretched out by the Leaders, the middle part is embowed, and bend to invyron and wrap in the Horse Men as they Charge, and so put them to Route and Disorder, and therefore in this case are to keep aloof off, and not to come in, but to ply their Pistols, till they see the Foot Battaile stagger, and fall into disorder:  
Another rhomb of five Square.  
This rhomb of five in Square, doth not Rank, but only Fileth, and is of equal use with the former rhomb, and is as necessary for our Pistolers in these days, as it was in times passed for the Crossbow Men, and other Archers, and Dart Casters on Horse back.  
There is no Foot Battle more excellent to oppose, then as that which is called of the Ancient Epicampios, Emprosthia, which as the Half Moon carrieth a circular hollowness, so this carrieth a square hollowness, as you may see in this Figure.  
The Foot Battaile, Epicampios.  
The end or purpose, to which this foot Battaile is framed, is to beguile and overreach the Pistoleirs, either by enticing them into the void or emptic place of the Battalia, as they Charge in fury, and upon the Spur, or else, by disordering their Horses with their Wings, and so drive them into an utter confusion.  
This Battalia makes show but of a small number, because the Devisions lie hid and covered, and so much apt to be mistaken; for, the Wings which are the least number, are only apparent to the eye, the Body (which is three times more) is hardly discerned; so that if the Wings prevail, the Conquest is sure; if they fail, they may easily retire into the main Body, and make a powerful resistance.  
There is another Horse Battaile, which is square in Figure, but not in Horse, being eleven in Rank, and but six in file, which is called of the Ancients a Tetragonall Horse Battle; this is a very strong Battle, as all square Battles are, and our Fore fathers did affect it much, and we at this day find it of great use for our Pistoleirs, both for the strength, and the ready framing thereof, there is no Battle on foot to oppose it, but that which is called Embolos, or the Wedge of Foore, which is framed of Foot Men, as the former Wedge was made of Horse Men, all the outsides consisting of Armed Pikes, and the Linings within of Shot: Also the front of this Foot Wedge, consisteth of three Armed Pikes, as the Horse Wedge did consist of one single Armed Pistolier. Many other Motions and Imbattayling of Horse there be, but none more useful than these already expressed; and he that is able to draw Horse and Man, into these forms and figures all ready expressed, may without any difficulty or amazement, draw up any other Battle at the first sight, be the Invention never so deep, obscure, and curious.   

CHAP. 4. Of the several Ranges of the Foot, and how they are Ordered, and Compounded.  
GEnerally, all Foot Battles, or Battles of the infantry, are Ranged into Ranks & Files; now the Ranks are uncertain, therefore from them no true Ground can be taken; but the Files are certain, therefore from them must arise the Ground of well Ranging of Battles, for these files are ordered into Bodies, and those Bodies have every one a several name, or denomination, by which the Ancients did distinguish them; But we less curious, and finding that plainer Demonstrations, and Names of less difficulty, were sooner apprehended, and conceived of the Ignorant Soldiers, have neglected those hard and unacquainted Names, and have reduced them to Terms of greater familiarity, and much less trouble and vexation to the memory: Yet because I know that Novelty is pleasing unto many; some, desirous to know what they never intent to practise; others, willing to satisfy their minds, least Questions of this nature might be unseasonably brought upon them; and others, for Argument sake, to fill up Discourse, with those Knowledges which they imagine are obscured to others: For these Reasons, I think it not amiss, to show how the Ancients did Range their Battles, and what Name's they gave to their several Numbers; and then, to show our own manner of Range, and the easy apprehension thereof, that being compared together, judgement may soon find out, which is most available.  
And herein, you must first understand, that the Ancients did range their Battles into Files, every single file containing in depth or number, full sixteen Men, and so called a File; a Body compounded of two files, they termed a Dilochie, of two and thirty Men, and the Leader, or Captain of those two and thirty Men, was called Dilochita; four files, containing threescore and four Men, they called a Tetrarchy, and the Captain or Leader thereof Tetrarcha; eight files, a Taxis, and the Captain Taxiarcha; then is sixteen files, a Syntagma, and the Captain thereof Syntagmatarcha, which indeed, is that Man which we call a Captain in Chief, for every Syntagmatarcha had under him, five Inferior Commanders, that is to say, a Rear Commander, which we call a Lieutenant, an Ensign, a Trumpeter, which in our foot Companies is the Drumbe, a Sergeant, and a Crier, which we call a Corporal: Now two and thirty files (which is two Syntagmas) they call a Pentecosiarchy, and containeth five hundred and twelve Men, which with us is called a Colony or Regiment, and the Captain thereof is called Pentecosiarcha, which we call a Colonel, now two of these Pentecosiarchies being a thousand and twenty four Men; and three score and four files, they call a Chiliarchy, and the Captain thereof Chiliarcha, which indeed we call a Colonel General; two Chiliarchies amounting to two thousand and forty eight Men, they call a Merarchy, being a hundred and twenty eight files, and the Captain Merarcha, which is with us the Sergeant Maior General; two Merarchies they call a Phalangarchy, and the Captain Phalangarcha, which is as much as the Master of our Ordnance; two Phalangarchyes they call a Diphalangarchy, and the Captain Diphalangarcha, which is with us as Lieutenant General; and two Diphalangarchies make a four fold Battle of Phalange, consisting of a thousand and twenty four files, and sixteen thousand three hundred and eighty four Men, whose Captain is the King, or his General.  
Thus you have the Range of a Foot Battle, according to the Custom of the Ancients, from the first file (which is the lowest) to the full extent of a Main Battle. It now resteth that I show you our Modern or late manner of Range, by which all our Battles are Compounded, Governed, and Conducted; and in this Description, I must vary much from the Ancients, and begin a step lower in degree; but two steps (at least) lower in number. And here I must have you first remember, that as the Ancients began with whole files of 16. in number, so I must now begin with half files, being but five in number; for in this Range (of which now I write) no file must exceed the number of 10. five then, which is the Root or beginning of this Range, is called half a file, or half a Decurio, and the Leader or Captain thereof is called Lanspesado, or Middle Man; Two half files make a whole file of ten, and the Leader or Captain thereof is called Decurio, or the File Leader.  
Two whole files and a half, which is 25. Men, we call a Squadron or Square of Men, being five every way, and the Leader or Captain thereof is called the Corporal: Two Squadrons, being 50. Men, and five files, is called a Sergeancie, and the Chief or Leader thereof is called a Sergeant.  
Two Sergeancies being 100 Men, and ten files, is called a Centurie, and the Chief or Leader thereof, is called the Captain, which Captain hath under him 11. superordinary Men, that is to say, a Lieutenant, an Ensign, a Drumbe, two Sergeants, four Corporals, a Surgeon, and a Clerk.  
Two Centuries and a half, being 200. Men, and 15. files, is called the fourth part of a Regiment, and the Chief or Leader thereof, is called the Sergeant Mayor of a Regiment.  
Two fourth parts of a Regiment being 500 Men, and 30. files, is called half a Colony or Regiment, and the Chief or Leader thereof, is called the Lieutenant Colonel.  
Two half Colonies, being 1000 Men, is called a Colony or Regiment, and the Chief or Leader thereof, is called a Colonel, which Colonel hath also under him in his Regiment (besides the Captains and Officers before named) one that is called the Quarter Master, whose Range is inferior to every Captain, but before every Lieutenant, and the Officers that are under them; As for the Range of the Captains which are under these three greater Officers, they shall take precedency of Place, according to their Antiquity in Command, and the Eldest Captains Colours shall Fly first, the Second next, and so of the rest; and the Colonels Lieutenant shall take his Place as the Youngest Captain of that Regiment.  
Two Colonies or Regiments, is called a Body, or full Battalia, consisting of 2000 Men, and the Chieftain or Leader thereof, is called Colonel General.  
Two Battalias consisting of 4000 Men, is called a Double Battalia, and the Chief or Leader thereof is called the Sergeant Maior General.  
Two double Battalias, containing 8000. Men, is called a Vanguard, and the Chief or Leader thereof, is called the Lord Martial, Commanding the first third of the Battle or Army.  
Two Vantguards being 16000 Men, is called the Rear, and the Chief or Leader thereof is called the Lieutenant General.  
Two Rears being 32000. Men, is called the Main Battle, and the Chief or Leader thereof is called the King, or General, who hath also supreme Authority over all the whole Army, how great or puissant soever.  
Thus you have seen the true Range of Footmen, and their Leaders, according to their Numbers: It now resteth, that I show you the true Range of their Weapons.  
In the Ancient Times the Light Armed (which were Bowmen, Darters, and Slingers) had the Vanguard, and were the first beginners of Fight and Skirmish, for by their Darts and Arrows, they provoked the Enemy to break their Ranks, and overthrew and killed many in their approaches, they galled and repulsed the Horse much, and indeed, were ever the first Authors of Victory; and as thus they sometimes placed them in the Front, so at other times, they had their places in the Flanks, and sometimes in the Rear; But the general and most certain Range which they held, was ever between the Armed Pikes: The first file of the Light Armed, behind the first file of the Armed; the second file of the Light Armed, behind the second file of the Armed; and so consequently, to levy all the Armed men through the whole Batttalias; yet the file of the Light Armed, shall be but half the number of the Armed; and these Battles shall be drawn into diverse Devisions.  
But this Range of Weapons agreeth not without Discipline at this day, for our Battles consisting only of armed Pikes, Musketeers, and a few short weapons, they are ranged in this manner, when they march into the Field, they march Company after Company single of themselves without any mixture: and in this march of single Companies, the Musketeers are divided into two parts; the one part hath the Vanguard, the other hath the Rear, and the Pikes march in the midst; upon the head whereof is the Ensign, and about it the short weapons, as Halberd, Partisans, or the like, (if the Company have any) when they are come into the Field, then is every Regiment drawn up into a Body by itself, whereof all the Pikes are drawn into an entire body by themselves, and the Shott divided into two Bodies, whereof one half Wingeth up the right Hand of the Pikes, and the other half wingeth up the left hand of the Pikes. The Ensigns stand still on the head, or within a Rank, and the short weapons of execution about them for guard.  
These Regiments are drawn into the Battle, according to the pleasure of the Lord Martial, or Sergeant Maior General. The Horsemen are the Wings which troop on each side of the Battle, keeping the distance of half a Furlong at least from either side of the Shot. The great Ordnance, or Artillery are drawn from the two outmost points of the Battle, a pretty distance from the Vanguard, and extend themselves wider and and wider from the Battle, being draw at length in a single File, their Carriage, provision, and Munision being drawn near unto them, and the Regiment belonging to the Master of the Ordnance, following close about them as a sure Defence, wall, or guard. And thus you have the full Range of the Foot Battle, and how it is disposed.   

CHAP. 5. Of the several Ranges of the Horse, and how they are Ordered and Compounded.  
THe Horse-Troopes in the Ancient and first times had no one certain Range, or place in the Battle, but according to the humours and opinions of their Generals, so they were altered and carried up and down to several places of Commandment. Aelian saith, that in some Battles within his own memory and knowledge, the Horse Troops were Ranged after the light Armed, yet doth not constantly stand upon the allowance of that Range; but saith, that although they were ranged after the Lightarmed, yet other places might be more convenient, and this range might be altered at the pleasure of the General, or upon any necessary occasion, where Victories stood doubtful: others of the Ancients, as at sometimes the Macedonians, now and then the Romans, but many times the Thebans & Thessalians have ranged their Troops of Horse in the Rear of the armed Battles, and good success hath many times issued thereof, & the Rangers of such Battles have returned Victors: Others of the Ancients, and especially Alexander himself, Craterus, and most of the worthiest Macedonians, have ranged their Horse Battles upon the right and left Wings of the main Army; and indeed, these Places are most probable and best agreeing with our present Discipline.  
To come then to the Range of the Horse Battle, as it is used at this day, you must understand, that it varyeth four several ways; two in the Range of the Curaseires, two in the Range of the Harquebuseires or Dragoones.  
The Curaseires have two several Ranges, the one in ordinary trooping, the other in a form Battle.  
In an ordinary Troop where the whole Battle moveth, the first day, the Troop and Regiment belonging to the General, troopeth foremost, and hath the leading of the Point; After him, troopeth the Troop and Regiment of the Lord Martial; and after him, every Colonel, and his Regiment, according to his Antiquity: The next day, the Lord Martial, and his Regiment, hath the leading of the Point or Vanguard, and the General hath the Rear; the Eldest Colonel succeedeth the Lord Martial, and so the rest of the Colonels, and their Regiments after him, according to Antiquity: The third day, the Eldest Colonel hath the Point or Vanguard, and the Lord Martial hath the Rear after the General; and thus alternately every Colonel shall change his Place, & have the leading of the Point or Vanguard, according to the several days of trooping (there being no intermission or stay of many days between the several remooves: And as thus the Chief and Superior Commanders do remove and alter their Places, so shall the Inferior Commanders of every Regiment do the like; the Colonel having the principal place the first day, the Lieutenant Colonel the second day, the Sergeant Maior the third day; and so every Captain after, according to his Antiquity; in which order, no Commander looseth Dignity, but hath his several day of Glory, and as much pre-eminence as the General, or any other Commander, whatsoever.  
Now if it come to a form Battle, than the Ranges change, and the Regiments are drawn up into one whole and entire Body, in which drawing up of Regiments, this order is to be observed, that every particular Troop shall duly keep their two distances, that is to say, Open Order in their Ranks, and Close Order in their Files, then betwixt Company and Company, in every Regiment, shall be the space of 25. foot, that thereby they may be the better distinguished, and the sooner drawn forth, and employed in any needful place, as the Superior Commanders shall think good.  
This Order and Distance being observed, Regiments are to be brought into main Bodies, either Square, Long, Tryangular, or Diamond, according to the nature of the ground, and the fashion of the Enemy's Battle, for therein is the advantage.  
Now for the true Range, the General hath ever the Vanguard, which is the right Wing of the Battle, and the Lord Martial hath the second Vanguard, which is the Point of the left Wing of the Battle; For here is to be understood, that when Battles of Foot are drawn up and form, than the Battle of Horse is divided, and extended forth in length, according to the number of the Regiments, which as Wings stretching themselves forth from the two points of the right and left hand battle of Foot; are as a Wall or defence betwixt the Enemy & the Foot Army, being to Charge upon all advantages, to defend the Ordnance & great Artillery when it shallbe Assaulted or engaged; or otherwise to keep the Carriage, Munition and baggage, from the pillage of the Enemy, or other defeiture.  
For the range of the Colonels they take their places according to Antiquity; the eldest Colonel secondeth the General the third, the Lord Marshal, and so according to Antiquity their Regiments do troop, either on the one or the other hand, all things being ordered according to Dignitiy and Antiquity.  
Now whereas a question may be demanded touching the place of the Quartermaster, were he shall range himself; I thus resolve it. That if the Quartermaster, who is a necessary dependant upon every Horse Regiment, have no troop of Horse, as seldom or never they have, than his range or place is ever to troop with the Colonels Lieutenant, and the Commissary or Provost of every Regiment with the Lieutenant Colonels Livetevant, or otherwise (at his pleasure) extravagantly in any other inferior place of the Regiment.  
Again, here is to be noted in the generality of the Army where Horse and Foot are mixed together, or whensoever they shall meet either in public Court or private Counsel, that the Commander of Horse hath priority of place before the Commander of Foot. And howsoever some opinions would sway to the contrary, preferring Number before Virtue; yet it is most certain, that in all Courts of War, the Horseman hath the first place, a Colonel of 500 Horse preceding a Colonel of 1000 Foot. A Captain of 100 Horse takes place before a Captain of 200. Foot, etc. Antiquity in this place being no let, but the Dignity carried according to the Honour of the Command, & the Nobility of the number.  
Now next unto these Curasheirs are the Harquebusheirs, who at this day, and in this present Discipline, stand for the Light Horse; these likewise have two several Ranges, the one in their ordinary Trooping; and the other, when they come to be drawn up into ordinary or extraordinary Bodies: For the ordinary Trooping, it is either when they Troop into the Field to receive Directions, or else troop forth as Vantcurreers and Dicoverers of all Impediments that may happen to the Army, for these are they which Scour the Coast, and prevent Ambuscadoes, they make good Rivers, Bridges, and all strait Passages, and albe their trooping is loose and disbanded, holding no strict or curious form, either in Rank or file, nor any certainty in Pace or Motion, but sometimes galloping, sometimes trotting, & sometimes standing still, (as danger or discovery shall give way to their proceedings) yet do they troop most commonly in Regiments, the Vanguard being led either by the Colonel himself, or some other Officer in Chief, who being better acquainted with the places they go to discover, hath this Authority cast upon him, and Rangeth himself in the Front, which is the greatest Place of eminence: As the Colonel or chief Officer thus taketh the First Place, so the Lieutenant Colonel taketh the Second, and so the rest of the Captains successively, according to their antiquity: These are the ordinary Scouts, Watchmen, and Sentinels, and if it be in Camp, their guard is ever without the Verge of the Camp, and if it be in a Walled Town, City, or Garrison, their guard is without the walls of the City, and their Quarter in the Suburbs; there are Dependants on the Lord Martial, and take directions from his Commands; and thus much for the Range of Horsemen.   
FINIS.