A Book of the Art and manner, how to plant and graff all sorts of trees, how to set stones, and sow Pepines to make wild trees to graff on, as also remedies and mediicnes. With divers other new practice, by one of the Abbey of Saint Vincent in France, practised with his own hands, divided into seven Chapters, as hereafter more plainly shall appear, With an addition in the end of this book, of certain Dutch practices, set forth and Englished, by Leonard Mascall.  
In laudem incisionis distichon,  
Hesperidum Campi quicquid Romanaque tellus,  
Fructificat nobis, incisione datur.  
❧ Imprinted at London by Henry Denham, for john Wight.   

The book unto the Reader.  
Each wight that willing is to know,  
The way to graff and plant:  
May here find plenty of that skill,  
That erst hath been but scant.  
To plant or graff in other times,  
As well as in the spring:  
I teach by good experience,  
To do an easy thing.  
The pleasure of this skill is great,  
The profit is not small:  
To such men as will practise it,  
In things mere natural.  
The poor man may with pleasure find,  
Some thing to help his meed,  
So may the rich man reap some fruit,  
Where erst he had but weed.  
The noble man that needeth nought,  
May thereby have at will:  
Such pleasant fruit to serve his use,  
And give each man his fill.  
The common weal cannot but win,  
Where each man doth intend:  
By skill to make the good fruits more,  
And ill fruits to amend.  
Weigh well my words, and thou shalt find,  
All true that I do tell:  
Mine Author doth not write by guess,  
Practise made him excel.  
If thou wilt practise as he did,  
Thou mayst find out much more:  
He hath not sound out all the truth,  
That nature hath in store.  
Farewell.   

To the right honourable and my very good Lord, Sir john Pawlet Knight, Lord S. john, Leonarde Mascall wisheth prosperous health, with continual increase of honour.  
RIght honourable, among all sciences that may be lightly obtained, and among many goodly exercises and experiences for men, there is none (among the rest) more meet and requisite, or that more doth refresh the vital spirits of men, nor more engender admiration in the effects of nature, or that is cause of greater recreation to the weary and travailed spirit of man, or more profitable to man's life, than is the skill of planting and graffing, the which not only we may see with our eyes, but also feel with our hands in the secret works of nature: yea, nothing more discovereth unto us the great & incomprehensible work of god, that of one little Pepin seed, Nut or small plant, may come the self-same herb or tree, & to bring forth infinite of the same fruit, which also doth shine and show forth itself unto us, especially in the spring time, by their diversity of shoots, blossoms & buds, in divers kinds of nature, by the goodness and mighty power of the great Lord and Creator towards his people, in such things as cometh forth of the natural earth, to nourish, to sustain and maintain our lives. What greater pleasure can there be, than to smell the sweet odour of herbs, trees, and fruits, and to behold the goodly colour of the same, which in certain times of the year cometh forth of the womb of their mother and nurse, and so to understand the secret operation in the same. And to be short, of this labour (in our lives) we do take part thereof with great gains and revenues that come thereby, where as through idleness there cometh none: therefore to augment the same, it shall be good to appease and mitigate all fond delights and vain pleasures, with such like vanities, and clean put out and abolish the delights of all vices. Wherefore the Poet saith: let us praise the true labouring hour of the true labourer. Thereupon many great Lords and noble personages, have left their theaters, pleasant stages, goodly pastimes, forsaking and despising their pleasures, not much regarding rich Diadems, and costly perfumes, but have given themselves to Planting and Graffing, and such like. In such sort, that if we should diligently search, and recite all the discourse of ancient Histories, as of late days we should find, that the most noble personages through their virtue, hath showed many goodly examples, as in one Theatre a supreme degree honourable: nor have had nothing more dear, more requisite, or more greatly in commendation, than Planting & Graffing of fruit. Cyrus' a great king of the Persians (as witness Xenophon,) did so much delight in the Art of planting & graffing, (which did show a great praise and glory unto his parsonage,) that he had no greater desire or pleasure, than when he might occupy himself in Planting & Graffing to garnish the earth, to place and order thereon certain number of trees. The Emperor Dioclesian, (as doth recite, Sextus Aurelius Victor,) of his own good will without any constraint, did leave the sceptre of his Empire for to remain continually in the fields. So much pleasure did he take in planting of fruit, in making of Orchards & Gardens, which he did make, garnish, and finish with his own hands. The Senators, dictators, and Consuls of the Romans, among all other things have commended Planting and Graffing to be one of the most flourishing labours in this world for the common wealth, the which was celebrated and counted a great virtue: yea, they did so much esteem it, that they did hang tables thereof in divers places, never thinking the time more aptly spent, than in Planting & Graffing, nothing more contenting themselves, nothing more delighted in any other affairs for the common wealth, than in setting, sowing or planting on the earth. How much we may praise of late days and commend our travailers from other countries, it is easy to be perceived and known, but of Lords, Gentlemen, & Merchants, which have had (as it doth appear) a great regard in these latter days, how they might follow the example of others: Whereby it hath replenished this our realm with divers strange Plants, Herbs, and Trees, very good and necessary for the common wealth, not heretofore commonly known. And behold, above all labours (for the common wealth) we ought to give a sure and certain judgement, that Planting and Graffing is more highly to be commended and praised, than many other worthy and noble things in this world: for this Art hath not only from time to time, been put in use and practise of labour through kings and princes: but also it hath been put in writing of many great and worthy personages, in divers kind of languages, as in Greek by Philometor, Hieron, Acheleus, Orpheus, Musceus, Homer, Hosiode, Constantine, Cesar: and in Latin, by Verron, Caton, Columella, Paladius, Virgil, Amilius Macer, and in the Portugal tongue by king Attalus and Mago, (the which reciteth the Histories) that after their death, the books of planting and graffing were brought to Rome, soon after the destruction of Carthage. Likewise how many since have written only of zeal and love for their country and common wealth, of the fruitful art of planting and graffing: yea of late days how many worthy men by their learning have written likewise thereof, should seem that it hath come from their ancestors, as the greatest honour, through the noble invention of the same. Likewise I dare boldly affirm, not only the learned have written, but also have been practisers and inventors of the same, (as witnesseth divers histories) in divers and many secret thing, wherein I dare boldly say, they have not so learnedly, nor so exactly written, but they have more exactly taught and left in writing things so certain, that their successors may easily mark, observe, and keep the same: for every one hath written according to the nature of his country. The Greeks for Greece, the Barbarians for Barbary, the Italians for Italy, the French men for France▪ etc. which writing without the order and practise, doth very small profit for this our Realm of England, the which I can blame nothing more than the negligence of our nation, which hath had small care heretofore in planting and graffing, in some places of this realm (as I have known) where as good and well disposed have graffed, the evil and malicious person hath soon after destroyed them again: but if we would endeavour ourselves thereunto (as other countries do,) we might flourish, and have many a strange kind of fruit (which now we have oftentimes the want thereof) that might greatly pleasure and serve many ways both for the rich and poor, as well as in Grece, Barbary, Italy, or France, if our nation were given so well that way as they are.  
Right honourable, for so much as I have been long in declaring of our predecessors, I will now leave, (troubling your honour any further) and rest from the other things accomplishing my desire, beseeching your Lordship to take this my simple travail in good part, requesting no other recompense for my pain herein, but wishing it might be put in a general practice thorough this realm, whereby in small time it would grow unto a great profit and commodity both to the rich and poor, wherein I should think myself not only happy, but also to have a just tribute for my deserts, and also this Realm might thereby receive no small benefit, with praise of other countries, in following our predecessors in this art of planting and graffing: some places of this Realm are greatly commended and praised among others, as Kent for the chiefest, which virtue (notwithstanding) can not be clean put out or forgotten, specially, when such as your honour shall seem to favour the same, and also to see the forward doings thereof, in such grounds and Lordships as ye do possess, the which at this time hath only moved me to attempt unto your honour this my simple travail, which is not the only duty that I own unto your honour, but as a dew desert, not thinking myself half able to recompense your virtuous liberality, nor showing otherways how to recompense the same, hath boldened me at this time to commend this my simple and rude work unto your Lordship, not according unto your estate and honour, the which had been more meet & requisite to have had the finishing of some better work. Therefore beseeching your honour to weigh and accept this mine intent & good will herein, which thing so doing, I shall think myself not only happy, but it shall encourage me the more hereafter to take in hand the like or better work. Thus I beseech the almighty God and creator, to increase your prosperous honour, with long life in health.  
FINIS.   

To the Reader.  
GEntle reader thou shalt understand, I have taken out of diverse Authors this simple work, into our English tongue, praying thee for to accept it in good part: in so doing thou shalt bolden me to travail further therein: & thus showing my good will in declaring of divers ways of planting and graffing, & how in the meetest times of the year, with showing of divers commodities and secrets herein, how to set or plant with the root, and without the root. How to sow or set Pepines or kernels, with the ordering thereof. Also how to cleanse your graffs and scions, how to help barren and sick trees, how to kill worms and vermin, and to preserve and keep fruit: how to plant and prune your Vines, and to gather and press your grape: how to cleanse & moss your trees, how to make your Cider and Perry, how to set, choose, order and keep Hops, with many other secret practices, which shall appear in the table following, that every person may easily perceive in these our days more largely of the art of planting and graffing than heretofore hath been showed. Which thing is not an exercise only to the mind, but likewise a great profit many ways, with maintenance of health unto the body. Therefore spare not the body to show so great goodness thereunto, & also to the common wealth. In these days (among the rest) ye may see many, which be of the base and abject sort of the common wealth, as those which will not stick to say. Fie on thee slave, what thing is now counted more filthy in these days (among fair personages) than labooring of the earth which we must all live by. Well, these be dainty persons: yet thereunto, what thing is more beautiful to the eye, more profitable to the purse, or more healthful unto the body? & herein to put away all nourishing of vice and idleness, it is easy to recite infinite & many worthy Lords and Gentlemen, which have had a great care to follow the example of others. Wherefore gentle Reader, let us now leave of from all wanton games and idle pastimes, and be no more as children which seek but their own gain and pleasure, let us therefore seek one of us for another in all good works for the common wealth, whereby those that do come after us may so enjoy our works and travel herein, as we have done of our predecessors, that therein God may be glorified, praised and honoured in all our works of planting and graffing: and we therefore may be thankful, from age to age, during this mortal life.  
Amen.   

The Table of all the principal things contained in this book, which ye shall hereafter find by number & leaf.  
Of the seven Chapters following.  

The first Chapter treateth of the setting of kernels, of Apple trees, Plum trees, Pear trees, and Service trees.  
1 

HOw to choose your Pippins at the first pressing. 1  
How to use the earth to sow your Pepynes on. 2  
How to see unto pultrye for marring your beds, and How to weed or cleanse your beds or quarters. 2  
How to pluck up the wild scions. 3    


The second Chapter treateth, how to set your wild trees come of Pepynes, when they be first plucked up. 3  
HOw to dung your wild trees come of Pepines. 3  
How to cut the principal roots in setting again. 3  
How to set your trees in rank being young. 4  
How to make a space from one rank to another. 4  
How to water your plants being dry. 4  
How in removing your trees, to plant them again. 5  
The best time for to remove. 5  
Of negligence and forgetfulness. 5  
Not so good to graff the Service tree, as to set him. 6  
Some trees without graffing have good fruit, and other some being graffed, have but ill fruit. 6  
For to augment and multiply your trees. 6  
The manner to change the fruit of the Pepin tree. 7  
How to make good Cider. 7  
To make an Orchard in few years. 7    


The third Chapter is, of the setting of trees which come of Nuts 8  
HOw to set trees that do come of Nuts, and the time to plant or set them. 8  
For to set them in the spring time. 8  
Of the dung and deep digging thereof. 9  
Of Nuts and stones like the trees they come of. 9  
Of planting the said Nuts. 9  
Why fruit shall not have so good savour. 8  
To set the Pine tree. 10. To set Cherry trees. 10  
Trees of Bastard and wild Nuts. 10  
To set Filbardes and Hasell wands. 10  
To set Damsons and Plum trees. 10  
To graff scions of Plums, on the like. 11  
To set all sorts of Cherry trees. 11  
How to order Plum trees, and Cherry trees. 11  
How to graff Plum trees, and Cherry trees. 11  
How to prune or cut trees. 12  
How to cleanse and dress the roots of trees. 12  
To help the stock, being greater than the graffs. 13  
The Remedy when a bough is broken. 13  
How to enlarge the hole about the roots. 14  
To set small staves to stay your scions. 14  
What trees to prune. 15  
Why the sour Cherrye dureth not so long as the great helm Cherry. 15  
To graff one great Cherry with a nother. 16  
Of deep setting or shallow. 16    


¶ The fourth Chapter showeth how to set other trees, of great scions pricked in the earth without roots, with the pruning of lesser scions.  
Trees taking root pricked of branches. 16  
How to set them. 16  
How to bind them that be weak. 17  
How to dig the earth to set them in. 17  
Of Cyons without roots. 18  
To plant the Fig tree. 18  
How to set Quinces. 18  
The way to set Mulberry trees. 18. A Nut thereof. 19  
The time to cut scions. 19  
To set bush tree, as Gooseberries and small raisins. 19  
Of setting Oziars. 19    


The fift Chapter treateth of four manner of graffings. 19  
OF divers ways of graffing. 20  
The first way of graffing all sorts of trees. 20  
To graff Apple trees. Pear trees, Quince trees, and Medler trees. 20  
The graffing of great Cherries. 20  
To graff Meddlers on other Meddlers. 20  
Of divers kind of graffs on one tree. 21  
The graffing of the Fig tree. 21  
Of graffing the great Abricotes. 22  
Of graffing the Service tree. 22  
The setting of the Service tree. 22  
Of trees hard to graff in the shield. 22  
How to see to trees charged with fruit. 22  
Of trees for to choose your graffs on. 23  
The scions on the East part are best. 23  
To choose your tree for graffs. 23  
To keep graffs a long time. 23  
To keep graffs ere they bud. 23  
How ye ought to begin to graff. 24  
When is good graffing the wild stocks. 24  
To mark if the tree be forward or not. 24  
When ye graff, what to be furnished withal. 24  
Of graffs not prospering the first year. 25  
For to graff well & sure. 25. How to trim your graffs. 25  
How to cut graffs, for Cherries and Plums. 26  
A note of your incision. 26  
For to take heed in graffing ye raise not the bark. 26  
How to cut your stock. 27  
If your wild stock be great or slender. 27  
Trees as great as ones arm. 27  
Of great trees as big as one's leg. 27  
The graffs being pinched in the stocks. 28  
How ye ought to cleave your stocks. 28  
To graff the branches of great trees. 28  
How to cut great old branches. 28  
How to bind your graffs against winds. 28  
To set many graffs in one cleft. 29  
To save your stock before ye cleave him. 29  
If the stock cleave to much, or the bark open. 29  
How graffs never lightly take. 29  
How to set graffs right in the stock. 30  
Of setting in of the graffs. 30. A note of the same. 30  
How to draw forth the wedge. 30  
How to cover your cliffs on the head. 31  
How ye ought to see well to the binding of your graffs. 31  
How ye ought to temper your clay. 31  
How to bush your graff heads. 31  
The second way to graff high branches. 32  
The third manner of graffing, is betwixt the bark and the tree. 33  
how to dress the head, to place your graffs betwixt the bark and the tree. 33  
How to cover the head of your stock. 34  
The manner of graffing in the shield. 34  
To graff in Summer, so long as the trees be leaved. 34  
Of big Cions are best to graff. 34  
How to take of the shield. 35  
How to know if your scutcheon or shield be good or bad. 35  
How to graff on young trees. 36  
How to set or place your shield. 36  
How to raise up the bark, to set your shield on. 36  
How to bind on your shield. 37  
On a tree ye may graff two or three shields. 37  
Of the time to unbind your shield. 37  
How to cut the braunckes, grafted on the trees. 37    


The sixth Chapter is of transplanting, or altering of trees. 38  
THe sooner ye transplant or set them it shall be the better. 38  
To plant or set towards the sowth. 39  
How to cut the branches before ye set. 39  
Apple trees commonly must be disbraunched afore ye set them again. 39  
All wild stocks must be disbraunched. 40  
What trees do love the Sun, and what trees the old air. 40  
Of many sorts and manners of trees. 40  
How to plant or set trees at large. 41  
How ye ought to enlarge the holes, when ye plant your trees. 43  
Of dung and good earth for your trees. 43  
If worms be in the earth at your roots of trees. 44  
To dig well the earth about the roots. 44  
The nature of places. 44  
Of good earth. 44  
With what ye ought to bind your trees. 45    


The vij Chapter is of medicining and keeping the trees. when they are planted and set.  
THe first counsel is, when your trees be but plants (in dry weather) they must be watered. 45  
With what dung ye ought to dung your trees. 45  
When ye ought (in Summer) to uncover your trees. 46  
When to cut or prune your trees. 46  
How to cut great branches, and when. 46  
How to leave your great branches cut. 47  
Of the trees having great branches: 47  
Of the barrenness of trees, of cutting ill branches and uncovering the roots. 47  
Of trees which ye must break, or pluck up the roots. 48  
What doth make a good Nut. 48  
Trees eaten & destroyed with cattle, to be grafted again. 48  
How wild stocks ought not hastily to be removed. 49  
When to cut naughty scions from the head. 49  
How sometime to cut principal members. 49  
How to guide and govern the said trees. 49  
A kind of sickness in trees. 50  
Trees which have worms in the bark. 50  
Of snails, ants and worms that mar trees. 50  
How to take those strange creeping worms. 51  
A note of ill airs and weathers. 52  
To defend the Caterpillar. 53    


¶ Here followeth the table of Graffing strange and subtle ways in using of fruits and trees. 54  
TO graff one vine upon another. 54  
To help a tree to long without fruit. 54  
To have Peaches two months afore others. 55  
To have Damsons unto Alhallowtide. 55  
To make Meddlers, Cherries and Peaches, in eating, to fast like spice. 55  
To make a Muscadel taste. 55  
To have Apples & Pears to come without blossoming. 56  
To have Apples and chestnuts rathe, and long on the frees to remain. 56  
To have good Cherries, unto Alhallowtide. 56  
To have rath Meddlers two Months before others. 56  
To have Pears timely. 56  
To have Misples and Meddlers without stones. 57  
To have other Pears betimes. 57  
To have Mulberries ripe very soon, and dure long. 57  
To keep Pears a year. 57  
To have fruit taste half an Apple, and half a Pear. 57  
times of graffing. 58  
To destroy Pysmiers or Ants, about the tree. 58  
Another way for the same. 58  
To have Nuts, Plums, and Almonds, greater and fairer than others. 59  
To make an Oak (or other tree) as green in Winter, as in Summer. 59  
The time of planting without roots, and with roots. 59  
To keep fruit from the frost. 59  
The chosen days to plant and graff. 60  
To have green roses all the year. 60  
To keep Raisins or Grapes good, a year long. 60  
To make fruit laxative from the tree. 60  
A note for all plants and graffs. 61    


Here followeth the Table of certain Dutch practices. 62  
To graff one Vine on an other. 62  
To help trees that do not prosper. 72  
To graff Apples, to last on the tree to Allhalowtide. 74  
To make Cherries and Peaches smell like spice. 74  
To graff that an apple shallbe half sweet & half sour. 75  
To graff the Rose on the holly tree. 75  
Chosen days to graff in, and to choose scions. 60  
How to gather your scions. 61  
Of worms in the trees or fruit. 64  
The setting of stones, and the ordering thereof. 64  
How to gather Gum of any tree. 65  
To set a hole Apple. 65. The setting of Almonds. 65  
The watering of Pepines. 66. To plant or set Vines. 66  
To set or plant the Cherry tree. 66  
To keep Cherries good, a year. 67  
Remedy against Pismaires and Ants. 67  
The setting of Chestnutes. 68  
To make all stone fruit taste, as ye shall devise good. 68  
The graffing of the Meddler or Misple. 69  
The bearing of fruit of the Fig tree. 69  
The planting the Mulberry and Fig tree. 69  
The trees that bear bitter fruit. 70  
To help barren trees. 70  
Another way for the same. 70  
To keep fruit after they be gathered. 71  
The Mulberry tree liking his earth. 71  
Of Moss on your trees. 71  
To keep Nuts long. 72  
To cut or prune the peach tree. 72  
To colour Peach stones. 73  
If Peach trees be troubled with worms. 73  
To have the peach without stones. 73  
Another way for the same. 74  
The keeping of Plums. 75  
The altering of Pears. 76  
The making of Cider and Pirry. 76  
To help frozen Apples. 76  
To make Apples fall from the tree. 77  
To cherish Apple trees. 77  
To make an Apple grow in a glass. 77  
To graff many sorts of Apples on one tree. 78  
To colour Apples, what colour ye list. 78  
To graff, to have Apples without core. 79  
The ordering of the Wine and grape. 79  
To have Grapes without stones. 83  
To make the Vine to bring a grape to taste like Claret Wine. 83  
The gathering of your grapes. 83  
To know if your Grape be ripe or not. 84  
To prove or taste wine. 84  
Of the ordering, setting, and planting of Hops 85  
To choose your Hop. 86  
how to sow the seeds. 86  
Of the setting of poles. 87  
How to prune the Hoppe. 87  
How to gather your Hops. 87  
What poles are best for your purpose. 88  
How to order and dress your hills. 88  
Of the best ground for your Hoppe. 88  
A note of all the rest above said. 89  
And how to pack and keep your Hops. 89     

Praises be to God on high,  
In all our worldly planting:  
And let us thank the Romans also,  
For the Art of Graffing.   
FINIS.   

An Exhortation to the Planter and Graffer.  
Always before ye do intend to plant or graff, it shall be meet to have good experience in things meet for this Art, as in knowing the Natures of all trees and fruits, and the differences of Climates, which be contrary in every land: also to understand the East and West winds, with aspects and Stars, to the end ye may begin nothing that the wind or rain may oppress, that your labour be not lost, and to mark also and consider the disposition of the elements that present year, for all years be not of like operation, nor yet after one sort, the Summer and Winter do not bear one face on the earth, nor the spring time always rainy, or Autumn always moist: of this none have understanding, without a good and lively marking spirit, few or none (without learning) may discern of the varieties & qualities of the earth, & what he doth ask or refuse. Therefore it shall be good to have understanding of the ground where ye do plant, either Orchard or garden with fruit, first it behoveth to make a sure defence, to the end, that not only rude persons and children may be kept out, but all kind of hurtful cattle indomaging your plants or trees, as Oxen, kine, Calves, Horse, Hogs & sheep, as the rubbing of Sheep doth greatly burn the sap, and often doth kill young trees and plants, and where they are broken or bruised with cattle, it is doubtful to grow after. It shall be good also, to set, plant or graff trees all of like nature and strength together, that the great and high trees, may not overcome the low and weak, for when they be not like of height, they grow, nor ripe not your fruit so well at one time but the one before the other: that earth which is good for wines, is good also for other fruit. Ye must dig your holes a year before ye plant that the earth may be better seasoned, mortified and wax tender, both by rain in Winter, and heat in Summer, that thereby your plants may take root the sooner, if ye will make your holes, and plant both in a year, at the least, ye ought to make your holes two months before ye plant, and as soon as they be made, than it shall be good to burn of straw or such like therein, to make your ground warm: the further ye make them asunder, the better your trees shall bear: make your holes like unto a fornayce, that is, more strait in the mouth than beneath, whereby the roots may have the more room, and by straightness of the mouth, the less rain or cold shall enter by in Winter, and also less heat to the root in Summer. Look also that the earth ye put to the roots, be neither wet, nor laid in water: they do commonly leave a good space betwixt every tree, for the hanging bows, for being nigh together, ye cannot set roots, nor sow nothing so well under your trees, nor they will not bear fruit so well: some loweth forty foot, some thirty between every tree: your plants ought to be greater than the handle of a shovel, and the lesser the better: see they be strait, without knots or knobs, having a long strait grain or bark, which shall the sooner be apt to take graffs, and when ye set branches or boughs of old trees, choose the youngest and straytest branch thereof, and those trees which have borne yearly good fruit before, take of those which be on the sunny side, sooner than those that grow in the court or shadow, and when ye take up or alter your plants, ye shall note to what winds your plant is subject, and so let them be set again, but those which have grown in dry grounds, let them be set in moist ground: your plants ought to be cut of three foot long. If ye will set two or three plants together in a hole, ye must take heed the root of one touch not one another, for then the one will perish and rot the other, or die by worms or other varmen, and when ye have placed your plants in the earth, it shall be good to strike down to the bottom of every hole two short stakes as great as your arm, on either side your hole one, & let them appear but a little above the earth that ye may (thereby in Summer) give water unto the roots if need be. Your young plants, and rooted trees are commonly set in Autumn, from the first unto the xu of October, yet some opinion is, better after Alhollowtide unto Christmas, than in the spring, because the earth will dry to soon after, and also to set plants without root after Michaelmas, that they may the better mollify and gather root against the spring, whereof ye shall find hereafter more at large. Thus much have I thought meet to declare unto the Planter●●nd Graffers, whereby they may the better avoid the occasion and dangers of planting and graffing, which may come oftentimes through ignorance.  
1572.   


Staff with vice above, to set in what instrument ye list, to cleanse your moss trees. Graffing Chesill Awinble bit. A Chesill A s●…sing knife. A pruning knife A Vine knife A graffing knife with each, a ring or button to hang at their girdle. Chesill head. A great Knife A Hammer with a File & Percer. A Mallet. A saw.    

¶ The Art of Planting and graffing.  

The first Chapter. ¶ This chapter treateth of the setting of Curnels, young Plum trees and Pear trees, of Damsons and Service trees.  
FOr to make young trees of the Pippins, of Apples, Pears, Plums & Service. First ye must prepare & make a great bed or quarter well replenished, blend or mixed with good fat earth, and placed well in the Sun, and to be well laboured & digged a good time before you do occupy it: and if ye can by any means, let it be digged very deep the Winter before, in blending or mixing it well together with good fat earth, or else to be mixed almost the half with good dung: and so let it rot and ripe together with the earth. And see always that plot be clean unto the pressing of Cider, that no wild scions or plants do spring or grow thereon. Then in the month of September, December, or thereabouts, take of the pippins or pomes of the said fruit at the first pressing out of your liquor, before the Kernels be marred or bruised: then take out of them, and rub a few at once in a cloth, and dry them betwixt your hands, and take so many thereof as you shall think good: then make your bed square, fair and plain, and sow your seeds thereon, then take and cover them with a rake lightly, or with earth, not putting to much earth upon them. This done, divide your beds into quadrantes or squares of four foot broad or thereabout, that when ye list ye may cleanse them from the one side to the other, without treading thereon. Then shall ye cover your seeds or pippins with fine earth, so siftying all over them, that then they may take the deeper and surer root, and will keep them the better in winter following, and if ye list ye may rake them a little all over: so that ye raise not your Pippins above the earth.  

Another way how one may take the Pippins at the first coming of the liquor or pressing.  
WHich is: ye shall choose the greatest and fairest kernels or pippins, and take them forth at the first bruising of your fruit, them dry them with a cloth, and keep them all the winter until S. Andrew's tide: then a little after sow them in good earth, as thin as ye do sow Peason, and then rake them over as the other.   

How one ought to use his earth to sow Pippins without dunging.  
BUT in this manner of doing (in the spring) it is not so great need for to raise or dig the earth so deep as that which is dunged in Winter: but to divide your quarters, in covering your pippins not so much with earth as those which be sown with good dung, but when ye have sown them, a little rake them all over.   

How ye ought to take heed of poultry for scraping of your beds or quarters.  
AS soon after as your Pippins be sown upon your beds or quarters, let this be done, one way or other, that is, take good heed that your hens do not scrape your beds or quarters, therefore stick them all over light and thin with bows, or thrones, and take good heed also to swine, and other cattle.   

How to weed or cleanse your beds and quarters.  
ANd when the Winter is past and gone, and that ye see your Pippins rise and grow: so let them increase the space of one year, but see to cleanse weeds, or other things which may hurt them, as ye shall see cause. And in the Summer when it shall wax dry, water them hardly in the evenings.   

How one ought to pluck up the wild scions.  
AND when these wild scions shall be great, as of the growth of one year, ye must then pluck them up all in the winter following, before they do begin to spring again. Then shall ye set them and make of them a wild Orchard as followeth.    

The second Chapter treateth how one shall set again the small wild trees, which come of Pippins, when they be first plucked up.  
FOr the bastard or little wild trees incontinent assoon as they be pluck up, ye must have of other good earth well trimmed and dunged & to be well in the Sun, and well prepared and dressed, as it is said in the other part before of the Pippins.  

How to dung your bastard or wild young trees which come of Pippins.  
ABout advent before Christmas, ye must dig & dung well the place where as ye will set them, and make your square of earth even and plain, so large as ye shall think good, then set your wild trees so far one from another as ye think meet to be grafted, so that they may be set in even ranks and in good order, that when need shall require, ye may remove or renew any of them or any part thereof.   

How ye ought in replanting or setting to cut of in the mids the principal great roots.  
IN what part so ever ye do set any trees, ye must cut of the great master root, within a foot of the stock, and all other big roots, so that ye leave a foot long thereof, and so let them be set, and make your ranks cross wise one from another half a foot, or thereabouts, and ye must also see that there be of good dung more deep and lower than ye do set your trees, to comfort the said roots withal.   

¶ How ye ought to set your trees in rank.  
YE shall set your small young trees in ranks, half a large foot one from another: and let them be covered as ye do set them, with good fat earth all over the roots.   

¶ How to make the space from one rank to another.  
YE shall leave between your ranks, from one rank to another, one foot, or there abouts, so that ye may pass between every rank for to cleanse them if need require, and also for to graff any part or parcel thereof when time shallbe meet. But ye must note, in making thus your ranks, ye shall make so many allies as ranks. And if ye think it not good to make so many allies, then divide those into quarters of five foot broad or thereabouts, and make or set four ranks (in each quarter of the same) one foot from another, as ye use to set great Cabbage. And as soon after as ye have set them in ranks and in good order as is aforesaid, then shall ye cut of all the sets even by the ground. But in thus doing see that ye do not pluck up or lose the earth which is about them: or if ye will, ye may cut them before ye do set them in ranks. If ye do so, see that ye set them in such good order and even with the earth, as is aforesaid. And it shall suffice also to make your ranks as ye shall see cause. And look that ye furnish the earth all over with good dung, without mingling of it in the earth, nor yet to cover the said plants withal, but strewed betwixt: and ye must also look well to the cleansing of weeds, grass, or other such things which will be a hurt to the growth of the plants.   

¶ How to water plants when they wax dry.  
IT shall be good to water them when the time is dry: in the first year. Then when they have put forth of new scions, leave no more growing but that tion which is the principal and fairest, upon every stock one: all the other cut of hard by the stock: and ever as there do grow small twigs about the stock, ye shall (in the month of March & April) cut them all of hard by the stock. And if ye then stick by every plant a pretty wand, and so bind them with Willow bark, brier, or osiers, it shall profit them much in their growth. Then after five or six years growth, when they be so big as your finger, or thereabouts, ye may then remove any of them whereas ye will have them grow and remain.   

¶ How one ought to remove trees, and to plant them again.  
THe manner how ye ought to remove trees, is showed in the sixth Chapter following: then about two or three years after their removing, ye shall graff them, for than they will be the better rooted. As for the others which ye leave still in ranks, ye may also graff them where as they stand, as ye shall see cause good. When ye have plucked up the fairest to plant in other places (as is aforesaid) also the manner how to graff them, is showed in the fift Chapter following. But after they shall be so grafted, in what place so ever it be, ye shall not remove or set them in other places again, until the graffs be well closed upon the head of the wild stock.   

¶ When the best time is to replant or remove.  
WHen the head of the stock shall be all overclosed about the graffs, than ye may when ye will, transplant and remove them (at a due time) where they shall continue. For with often removing ye shall do them great hurt in their roots, and be in danger to make them die.   

¶ Of negligence and forgetfulness.  
IF peradventure ye forget (through negligence) and have let small scions two or three years grow about the roots of your stocks unplucked up, then if ye have so done, ye may well pluck them up and set them in ranks, as the other of the pippins. But ye must set the ranks more larger, that they may be removed without hurting of each others roots: and cut of all the small twigs above as need shall require, though they be set or graffed. Order them also in all things as those small scions of a years growth.   

It is not so convenient to graff the Service tree, as to set him.  
WHere as ye shall see young Service trees, it shallbe most profit in setting them, for if ye do graff them, I believe ye shall win nothing thereby. The best is only to pluck up the young bastard trees when they are as great as a good walking staff: then prune or cut of their branches and carry them to set whereas they may be no more removed: and they shall profit more in setting than graffing.   

Some trees without graffing bring forth good fruit, and some other being graffed be better to make Cider of.  
IT is here to be marked that though the Pippins be sown of the rome's of Pears and good Apples: yet ye shall find that some of them do love the tree whereof they came: and those be right, which have also a smooth bark, and as fair as those which be graffed: the which if ye plant or set them thus growing from the master root without graffing, they shall bring as good fruit, even like unto the Pepin whereof he first came. But there be other new sorts commonly good to eat, which be as good to make Cider of, as those which shallbe graffed for that purpose.   

When you list to augment and multiply your trees.  
AFter this sort ye may multiply them, being of divers sorts and diversities, as of Pears or Apples, or such like. Notwithstanding, whensoever shall find a good tree thus come of the Pepin, as is aforesaid, so shall ye use him. But if ye will augment trees of themselves, ye must take graffs, and so graff them.   

Of the manor and changing of the fruit of the Pepin tree.  
WHen so ever ye do replant or change your Pepin trees from place to place, in so removing often the stock, the fruit thereof shall also change: but the fruit which doth come of graffing, doth always keep the form & nature of the tree whereof he is taken: for as I have said, as often as the Pepin trees be removed to a better ground, the fruit thereof shall be so much amended.   

How one ought to make good Cider.  
HEre is to be noted if ye will make good Cider, of what fruit so ever it be, being Pears or Apples, but specially of good Apples, and wild fruit, have always a regard unto the riping thereof, so gathered dry, than put them in dry places, on boards, in heaps, covered with dry straw, and whensoever ye will make Cider thereof, choose out all those which are black bruised, and rotten apples, & throw them away, then take and use the rest for Cider: But here to give you understanding, do not as they do in the country of men's, which do put their fruit gathered, into the mids of their garden, in the rain and miselings, upon the bare earth, which will make them to lose their force and virtue, and doth make them also withered and tough, and lightly a man shall never make good Cider that shall come to any purpose or good profit thereof.   

To make an Orchard in few years.  
SOme do take yung strait slips, which do grow from the roots, or of the sides of the appletrees, about Michaelmas, and do so plant or set them (with Oats) in good ground, where as they shall not be removed, and so graff (being well rooted) thereon. Other some do take and set them in the spring time (after Christmas) in likewise, and do graff thereon when they be well rooted: and both ways do spring well.  
And this manner of way is counted to have an Orchard the soonest. But these trees will not endure past twenty or thirty years.    

The third Chapter is of setting trees of Nuts.  

¶ How one ought to set trees which come of Nuts.  
FOr to set trees which come of Nuts: when ye have eaten the fruit, look that ye keep the stones and kernels thereof, then let them be dried in the wind, without the vehemency of the sun, so reserve them in a box, and use them as before.   

¶ Of the time when ye ought to plant or set them.  
YE shall plant or set them in the beginning of Winter, or afore Michaelmas, whereby they may the sooner spring out of the earth. But this manner of setting is dangerous: for the winter then coming in, and they being young and tender in coming up, the cold will kill them. Therefore it shall be best to stay and reserve them till after Winter. And then before ye do set them, ye shall soak or steep them in milk, or in milk and water, so long till they do stink therein: then shall ye dry them and set them in good earth in the change or increase of the Moon, with the small end upward, four fingers deep, then put some stick thereby, to mark the place.   

For to set them in the Spring time.  
IF ye will plant or set your Nuts in the Spring time, where ye will have them still to remain and not to be removed, the best and most easy way is, to set in every such place (as ye think good) three or four Nuts nigh together, and when they do all spring up, leave none standing but the fairest.   

Of the dunging and deep digging thereof.  
ALso where as ye shall think good, ye may plant or set all your nuts in one square or quarter togethers, in good earth and donged in such place and time, as they use to plant. But see that it be well donged, and also digged good and deep, and to be well meddled with good dung throughout, then set your nuts three fingers deep in the earth, and half a foot one from another: ye shall water them often in the Summer, when there is dry weather, and see to weed them, and dig it as ye shall see need.   

Of nuts and stones like to the trees they came of.  
IT is here to be noted, that certain kinds of nuts, and kernels which do love the trees, whereof the fruit is like unto the tree they came of, when they be planted in good ground, and set well in the sun, which be: the walnut, chestnuts, all kind of peaches, figs, almonds, and abrycotes, all these do love the trees they came of.   

Of the planting the said nuts in good earth and in the Sun.  
ALL the said trees do bring as good fruit of the said Nuts, if they be well planted, and set in good earth, and well in the Sun, as the fruit and trees they first came of.   

Why fruit shall not have so good savour.  
FOr if ye plant good nuts, good peaches, or figs in a garden full of shadow, the which hath afore loved the Sun, as the vine doth, for lack thereof, their fruit shall not have so good savour, although it be all of one fruit: and likewise so it is with all other fruit and trees, for the goodness of the earth, and the fair Sun, doth preserve them much.   

¶ To set the pine tree.  
FOR to set the Pine tree, ye must set or plant them of Nuts, in March, or about the shewte of the sap, not lightly after, ye must also set them where they may not be removed after, in holes well digged, and well dunged not to be transplanted or removed again, for very hardly they will shewte forth scions, being removed, specially if ye hurt the master root thereof.   

¶ For to set Cherry trees.  
FOr to set sour Cherries which do grow commonly in Gardens, ye shall understand they may well grow of stones, but better it shall be to take of the small scions which do come from the great roots: then plant them, and sooner shall they grow than the stones, and those scions must be set when they are small, young and tender: as of two, or three years growth, for when they are great, they profit not so well: and when ye set them, ye must see to cut of all the bows.   

¶ Trees of bastard and wild Nuts.  
THere be other sorts of Nuts, although they be well set in good ground, and also in the sun, yet will they not bring half so good fruit as the other, nor commonly like unto those nuts they came of, but to be a bastard wild sour fruit, which is the filbert, small Nuts, of Plums, of Cherries, & the great Apricots: therefore if ye will have them good fruit, ye must set them in manner and form following.   

¶ How to set filberts or Hasell trees.  
FOr to set filberts or Hasels, and to have them good, take the small wands that grow out from the root of the Filbard or hazel tree, (with short beary twigs) and set them, and they shall bring as good fruit as the tree they came off: it shall not be needful to prune, or cut of the branches thereof when ye set them, if they be not great but those that ye do set, let them be but of two or three years growth, and if ye shall see those scions which ye have planted, not to be fair and good, or do grow and prosper not well, then (in the spring time) cut them of hard by the root, that other small scions may grow thereof.   

¶ To set Damsons or Plum trees.  
IN setting damsons or plum trees, which fruit ye would have like to the trees they came off: if the said trees be not grafted before, ye shall take only the scions that grow from the root (of the old stock) which groweth with small twigs, and plant or set them: and their fruit shallbe like unto the trees they were taken off.   

¶ To take plum graffs, and to graff them on other plum trees.  
ANd if your Plum trees be grafted already, and have the like fruit that you desire, ye may take your graffs thereof, and graff them on your Plum trees, and the fruit that shall come thereof, shallbe as good as the fruit of the tion which is taken from the root, because they are much of like effect.   

¶ To set all sorts of Cherries.  
TO set all sorts of great Cherries, and others: ye must have the graffs of the same trees, and graff them on other Cherrye trees, although they be of a sour fruit, and when they are so grafted, they will be as good as the fruit of the tree whereof the graff was taken: for the stones are good, but to set to make wild scions, or plants, to graff on.   

¶ The manner how one may order both plum trees, and cherry trees.  
FOR so much as these are two kind of trees, that is, to understand, the Cherry, and the Plum tree, for when they be so graft, their roots be not so good, nor so free as the branches above, wherefore the scions that do come fro the roots, shall not make so good and frank trees of. It is therefore to be understood, how the manner and sort is to make frank trees, that may put forth good scions in time to come, which is: when they be great and good, then if ye will take those scions or young springs from the roots, ye may make good trees thereof, and then it shall not need to graff them any more after: but to augment one by the other, as ye do the scions from the root of the nut, as is aforesaid, and ye shall do as followeth.   

How to graff Plum trees and Cherry trees.  
YE may well graff Plum trees, & great Cherry trees, in such good order as ye list to have them, and as hereafter shall be declared in the fifth Chapter following, for these would be graffed while they are young and small, and also grafted in the ground, for thereby one may dress and trim them the better, and put but one graff in each stock of the same. Cleave not the heart, but a little on the one side, nor yet deep, or long open.   

How ye must prune, or cut your trees.  
FOr when your graffs be well taken on the stock, and that the graffs do put forth fair and long, about one years growth, ye must prune, or cut the branch of commonly in winter, (when they prune their vines) a foot lower, to make them spread the better: then shall ye meddle all thorough with good fat earth, the which will draw the better to the place which ye have so pruned or cut.   

The convenientest way to cleanse and prune, or dress the roots of trees.  
ANd for the better cleansing and pruning trees beneath, is thus: ye shall take away all the weeds, and grass about the roots, then shall ye dig them so round about, as ye would seem to pluck them up, and shall make them half bore, then shall ye enlarge the earth about the roots, and where as ye shall see them grow fair and long, place or couch them in the said hole and earth again, then shall ye put the cut end of the tree where he is grafted: somewhat more lower than his roots were, whereby his scions so grafted, shall spring so much the better.   

When the stock is greater than the graffs.  
WHen as the tree waxeth or swelleth greater beneath the graffing, than above: then shall ye cleave the roots beneath, and wreathe them round and so cover them again. But see ye break no root thereof, so will he come to perfection. But most men do use this way: if the stock wax greater than the graffs, they do slit down the bark of the graffs above, in two or three parts, or as they shall see cause thereof, and so likewise, if the graffs wax greater above than the stock, ye shall slit down the stock accordingly, with the edge of a sharp knife. This may well be done at any time in March, April and may, in the cresce of the Moon, and not lightly after.   

The remedy when any bough or member of a tree is broken.  
IF ye shall chance to have boughs or members of trees broken, the best remedy shall be, to place those bows or members right soon again, (than shall ye comfort the roots with good new earth) and bind fast those broken bows or members, both above and beneath, & so let them remain unto another year, till they may close and put forth of new scions.   

¶ When a member or bough is not broken, how ro prune them.  
WHere as ye shall see under or above superfluous Bows: ye may cut or prune off, (as ye shall see cause) all such bows hard by the tree, at a due time, in the winter following: But leave all the principal branches, and whereas any are broken, let them be cut off beneath, or else by the ground, and cast them away: thus must ye do yearly, or as ye shall see cause, if ye will keep your trees well and fair.   

How one ought to enlarge the hole about the tree roots.  
IN pruning your trees if there be many roots, ye must enlarge them in the hole, and so to wreathe them as is aforesaid, and to use them without breaking, then cover them again with good fat earth, which ye shall mingle in the said hole, and it shall be best to be digged all over a little before, and see that no branch or root be left uncovered, and when ye have thus dressed your trees, if any root shall put forth or spring hereafter out of the said holes, in growing, ye may so prune them as ye shall see cause, in letting them so remain two or three years after, unto such time as the said graffs be sprung up and well branched.   

How to set small staves by to strengthen your scions.  
TO avoid danger, ye shall set or prick small staves about your scions, for fear of breaking, and then after three or four years, when they be 〈◊〉 craunched: ye may then set or plant them in good earth, (at the beginning of winter) but see that ye cut of all their small branches hard by the stock, than ye may plant them where ye think good, so as they may remain.   

In taking up trees note.  
YE may well leave the master root in the hole (when ye dig him up) if the removed place be good for him cut of the master roots by the stub, but pare not of all the small roots, and so plant him, and he shall profit more thus, than others with all their master roots. When as trees be great, they must be disbranched or bows cut of, before they be set again, or else they will hardly prosper. If the trees be great, having great branches or bows, when ye shall dig them up ye must disbranch them afore ye set them again, for when trees shallbe thus proined they shall bring great scions from their roots, which shall be frank and good to replant, or set in other places, and shall have also good branches and roots, so that after it shall not need to graff them any more, but shall continue one after another to be free and good.   

¶ How to couch the roots when they are pruned.  
IN setting your trees again, if ye will dress the roots of such as ye have pruned, or cut of the branches before, ye shall leave all such small roots, which grow on the great root, and ye shall so place those roots in replanting again not deep in the earth, so that they may soon grow, and put forth scions: which being well used, ye may have fruit so good as the other afore mentioned, being of three or four years growth, as afore is declared.   

¶ What trees to prune.  
THis way of pruning is more harder for the great Cherry (called Healmier) than for the plum tree. Also it is very requisite and meet for those scions or trees which be grafted on the wild sour Cherry tree, to be proynned also, for divers and sundry causes.   

¶ Why the sour cherry dureth not so long as the healmier or great cherry.  
THe wild and sour cherry, of his own nature will not so long time endure, (as the great helm cherry,) neither can have sufficient sap to nourish the graffs, as the great helm cherry which is grafted, therefore when ye have pruned the branches beneath, and the roots also, so that ye leave roots sufficient to nourish the tree, than set him. If ye cut not of the under roots, the tree will profit more easier, and also lighter to be known when they put forth scions, from the root of the same, the which ye may take hereafter.   

To graff one great Cherie upon another.  
YE must have respect unto the helm Cherry, which is gratf on the wild goynire (which is another kind of grate Cherry) & whether you do prune them or not it is not material: for they dure a long time. But ye must see to take away the scions that do grow from the root of the wild goynire, or wild Plum tree: because they are of nature wild, and do draw the sap from the said tree.   

¶ Of deep setting or shallow,  
TO set your stocks or trees somewhat deeper on the high grounds than in the valleys, because the sun (in Summer) shall not dry the root: and in the low ground more shallow, because the water in winter shall not drowned or annoy the roots. Some do mark the stock in taking it up, and so to set him again the same way, because he will not alter his nature: so likewise the graffs in graffing.    

The fourth Chapter doth show how to set other trees which come of wild scions prickked in the earth without roots: and also of pruning the meaner scions.  

Trees taking root pricked of branches.  
THere be certain which take root, being pricked of branches pruned of other trees, which be, the Mulberry, the Fig tree, the Quince tree, the Service tree, the Pomegranade tree, the Apple tree, the Damson tree and divers sorts of other Plum trees, as the Plum tree of Paradise. etc.   

¶ How one ought to set them.  
FOr to set these sorts of trees, ye must cut off the scions, twigs or boughs, betwixt Alhallowtide and christmas, not lightly after. Ye shall choose them which be as great as a little staff or more, and look whereas ye can find them fair, smooth, and strait, and full of sap withal, growing of young trees, as of the age of three or four years growth or there abouts, and look that ye take them so from the tree with a broad chysell, that ye break not, or lose any part of the bark thereof, more than half a foot beneath, neither of one side or other: then prune or cut of the branches, and prick them one foot deep in the earth, well digged and ordered before.   

How to bind them that be weak.  
THose plants which be slender, ye must prune or cut of the branches, then bind them to some stake or such like to be set in good earth and well meddled with good dung, and also to be well and deeply digged, and to be set in a moist place, or else to be well watered in Summer.   

How one ought to dig the earth for to set them in.  
AND when that yet would set them in the earth, ye must first prepare to dig it, and dung it well thorough out, a large foot deep in the earth. And when as ye will set them every one in his place made (before) with a crow of iron, and for to make them take root the better, ye shall put with your plants, of watered oats, or barely, and so ye shall let them grow the space of three or four years, or when they shall be well branched, than ye may remove them and if ye break of the old stubby root and set them lower, they will last a long time the more. If some of those plants do chance to put forth scions from the root, and being so rooted, ye must pluck them up though they be tender, and set them in other places.   

Of Cions without roots.  
IF that the said plants have of scions without roots, but which come from the tree root beneath, then cut them not off till they be of two or three years growth, by that time, they will gather of roots to be replanted in other places.   

To plant the Fig tree.  
THe said plants taken of fig trees graffed, be the best: ye may likewise take other sorts of fig trees, and graff one upon the other, for like as upon the wild trees do come the Pippins, even so the fig, but not so soon to prosper and grow.   

How to set Quinces.  
Likewise the nature of Quinces is to spring, if they be pricked (as aforesaid) in the earth, but sometimes I have graffed with great difficulty (saith mine author) upon a white throne, and it hath taken, and borne fruit to look on, fair, but in taste more weaker than the other.   

The way to set Mulberries.  
THere is also another way to set Mulberries as followeth, which is, if ye do cut in winter certain great Mulberye bows, or stocks, asunder in the body (with a saw) in troncheous a foot long or more, than ye shall make a great furrow in good earth, well and deep, so that ye may cover well again your truncheons, in setting them an end half a foot one from another, then cover them again, that the earth may be above those ends, three or four fingers high, so let them remain, and water them (in Summer) if need be sometimes, and cleanse them from all hurtful weeds and roots.   

Note of the same.  
THat then within a space of time after, the said truncheons will put forth Cyons, the which when they be somewhat sprigged, having two or three small twigs, than ye may transplant or remove them where they list: but leave your truncheons still in the earth, for ye will put forth many more scions, the which, if they shall have scanty of root, than dung your truncheons within, with good earth, and likewise above also, and they shall do well.   

The time meet to cut scions.  
YE shall understand that all trees the which commonly do put forth scions, if ye cut them in winter, they will put forth and spring more abundantly, for than they be all good to set or plant.   

To set bush trees, as Goose berries, or small Raisins,  
THere be many other kinds of Bush trees, which will grow of scions pricked in the ground, as the Goose berye tree, the small reason tree, the Barbery tree, the Blackthrone tree, these with many others, to be planted in winter, will grow without roots: ye must also prune them and they will take well enough, so likewise ye may prick (in March) of Oziars in moist grounds, and they will grow, and serve to many purposes for your garden.    

The fift Chapter treateth of four manner of Graffings.  
IT is to be understood that there be many ways of graffinges, whereof I have here only put four sorts, the which he good, both sure and well proved, and easy to do, the which ye may use well in two parts of the year & more, for I have (saith he) graffed in our house, in every month, except October & november, & they have taken well which I have (saith he) in the winter begun to graff, and in the Summer grafted in the scutchine or shield according to the time, forward or slow: for certain trees, specially young fair scions have enough or more of their sap unto mid August, than others some had at midsummer before.  

The first way to graff all sorts of trees.  
ANd first of all it is to be noted, that all sorts of frank trees, as also wild trees of nature, may be grafted with graffs, and in the scutcheon, and both do well take, but specially those trees which be of like nature: therefore it is better so to graff, howbeit, they may well grow and take of other sorts of trees, but certain trees be not so good, nor will prosper so well in the end.   

How to graff Apple trees, Pear trees, Quince trees, and Medler trees.  
THey graff the Pear graff, on other Pear stocks, & Apple, upon apple stock, crab or wilding stock, the Quince and Medler, upon the white throne, but most commonly they use to graff one apple upon another, and both Pears and Quinces, they graff on Hawthrone and crab stock. Another kind of fruit called in French Saulsay, they used to graff on the willow stock, the manner thereof is hard to do, which I have not seen, therefore I will let pass at this present.   

The graffing of great Cherries.  
THey graff the great Cherry, called in French Heaulmiers, upon the crab stock, and another long Cherry called Guyniers upon the wild or sour Cherry tree, and likewise one Cherry upon another.   

To graff Meddlers.  
THe Misple or Medlar, they may be graffed on other Meddlers, or on white throne: the Quince is graffed on the white or black throne, and they do prosper well. I have graffed (said he) the Quince upon a wild Pear stock, and it hath taken and borne fruit well and good, but they will not long endure. I believe (saith he) it was because that the graff was not able enough to draw the sap from the Pear stock: some graff the Meddler on the quince, to be great. And it is to be noted although the stock, & the graff be of contrary natures, yet notwithstanding neither the graff nor scutcheon, shall take any part of the nature of the wild stock, so graffed, though it be Pear, Apple, or Quince, which is contrary against many which have written, that if ye graff the Meddler upon the quince tree, they shall ve without stones, which is abusion and mockery. For I have (saith he) proved the contrary myself.   

Of divers kinds of graffs.  
IT is very true that one may set a tree which shall bear divers sorts of fruit at once, if he be graffed with divers kind of graffs, as the black, white, and green cherry togethers, and also Apples of other trees, as Apples and Pears togethers, and in the scutcheon (ye may graff) likewise of divers binds also, as on Pears, Abricotes, and Plums together, and of others also.   

Of the Graffing the Fig.  
YE may graff the fig tree upon the peach tree or abricote, but leave a branch on the stock, & that must be according for the space of years, for the one shall change sooner than the other. All trees above said, do take very well, being graffed one with the other, and I have not known or found of any others, howbeit (saith he) I have curiously sought & proved, because they say one may graff on colewoortes, or on Elms, the which I think are but jests.   

Of the great Abricotes.  
THe great Abricote they graff in Summer in the scutcheon or shield, in the sap or bark of the lesser Abricote, and be graffed on peach trees, Fig trees, and principally on Damson or Plum trees, for there they will prosper the better.   

Of the Service tree.  
OF the Service tree, they say and write, that they may hardly be grafted on other Service trees, either on apple trees, Pear, or Quince trees, and I believe this to be very hard to do, for I have tried (saith he) and they would not prove.   

The setting of Services.  
THerefore it is much better to set them of kernels, as it is aforesaid, as also in the second Chapter of the planting of scions, or other great trees, which must be cut in winter, as such as shallbe most meet for that purpose   

Trees which be very hard to be graffed in the shield or stutchion.  
ALl other manner of trees aforesaid, do take very well to be graffed with scions, and also in the shield, except Abricotes on peaches, Almonds, Percigniers, the peach tree, do take hardly to be graffed, but in the shield, in Summer, as shall be more largely hereafter declared. As for the Almond, Percigniers and Peaches, ye may better set them of kernels and Nuts, whereby they shall the sooner come to perfection to be graffed.   

How a man ought to consider those trees, which be commonly charged with fruit.  
YE shall understand, that in the beginning of graffing, ye must consider what sorts of trees do most charge the stock with branch and fruit, or that do love the country or ground whereas you intend to plant or graff them: for better it were to have abundance of fruit than to have very few or none good.   

Of trees where on to choose your graffs.  
OF such trees as ye will gather your graffs to graff with, ye must take them at the ends of the principal branches, which be also fair and greatest of sap, having two or three fingers length of the old wood, with the new, and those scions which have of eyes somewhat nigh together, are the best, for those which be long or far one from another, be not so good for to bring fruit.   

Those Cions toward the East are best.  
YE shall understand, that those scions which do grow on the east, or Orient part of the tree, are best: ye must not lightly gather of the evil and slender graffs, which grow in the mids of the trees, nor any graffs which do grow within on the branches, or that do springe from the stock of the tree, nor yet graffs which be on very old trees, for thereby ye shall not lightly profit to any purpose.   

To choose your tree for graffs.  
AND when the trees, where as you intend to gather your graffs, be small and young, as of five or six years growth, do not take of the highest graff there of, nor the greatest, except it be of a small tree of two or three years, the which commonly hath to much of top or wood, otherwise not, for ye shall but mar your graffing.   

How to keep graffs along time.  
YE may keep graffs a long time good, as from all hallowtyde (so that the leaves be fallen) unto the time of graffing, if that they be well covered in the earth half a foot deep therein, and so that none of them do appear without the earth.   

How to keep graffs before they are budded.  
YE shall not gather them except ye have great need, until Christmas or there abouts, and put them not in the ground, nigh any walls, for fear of Moles, Mice, and water marring the place and graffs. It shall be good to keep graffs in the earth before they begin to bud, when that ye will graff betwixt the bark and the tree, and when the trees begin to enter into their sap.   

How one ought to begin to graff.  
YE may well begin to graff (in cleaving the stock) at Christmas, or before, according to the coldness of the time, and principally the Helm or great Cherrye, Pears, Wardens, or forward fruit of Apples: and for Meddlers it is good to tarry until the end of januarie and February, until March, or until such time as ye shall see the trees begin to bud or spring.   

When it is good graffing the wild stocks.  
IN the spring time it is good graffing of Wild stocks, (which be great) betwixt the bark and the tree, such stocks as be of a lateward Spring, and kept in the earth before. The Damson or Plum tarrieth longest to be grafted: for they do not show or put forth sap so soon as the others.   

Mark if the tree be forward or not.  
YE ought to consider always whether the tree be forward or not, or to be graffed soon or lateward, and to give him also a graff of the like haste or slowness. Even so ye must mark the time, whether it be slow or forward.   

When one will graff, what necessaries he ought to be furnished withal.  
Whensoever ye go to graffing, see ye be first furnished with graffs, clay and Moss, clothes, or barks of Sallow to bind the graffs, or cloven briars, or small Osiers to bind likewise withal. Also ye must have a small saw, and a sharp knife, to cleave and to cut graffs with all. But it were much better if ye should cut your graffs with a great penknife, or some other like sharp knife, having also a small wedge of hard wood, or of iron, with a hooked knife, and also a small mallet. And your wild stocks must be well rooted before ye do graff them: and be not so quick to deceive your salves, as those which do graff and plant all at one time, yet they shall not profit so well, for where the wild stock hath not substance in himself, much less to give unto the other graffs, for when a man thinks some times, to forward himself, he doth hinder himself.   

¶ Of graffs not prospering the first year.  
YE shall understand, that very hardly your graffs shall prosper after if they do not profit or prosper well in the first year, for when so ever (in the first year) they profit well, it were better to graff then somewhat lower than to let them so remain and grow.   

¶ For to graff well and sound.  
ANd for the best understanding of graffing in the cleft, ye shall first cut away all the small scions about the body of the stock beneath, and before ye begin to cleave your stock, dress and cut your graffs somewhat thick and ready, then cleave your stock, and as the cleft is small or great if need be, pare it smooth within, then cut your incision of your graffs accordingly, & set them in the clefts as even, and as close as ye can possible.   

¶ How to trim your graffs.  
YE may graff your graffs full as long as two or three truntchions or cut graffs, which ye may likewise graff withal very well, and be as good as those which do come of old wood, and oftentimes better, as to graff a bough, for often it so happeneth, a man shall find of oylettes or eyes hard by the old slender wood, yet better it were to cut them of with the old wood, and chose a better and fair place, at some other eye in the same graff, and to make your incision thereunder, as aforesaid, and cut your graffs in making the incision on the one side narrows, and on the other side broad, as the inner side thin, and the outside thick, because the outside (of your graff) must join within the cleft, with the sap or bark of the wild stock, and it shall so be set in: see also that ye cut it smooth as your clefts are in the stock, in joining at every place both even and close, and especially the joints or corners of the graffs on the heads of the stock, which must be well and clean pared before, and then set fast thereon.   

How to cut graffs for Cherries and Plums.  
IT is not much requisite in the helm Cherry, for to join the graffs (in the stock) wholly throughout, as it is in others, or to cut the graffs of great Cherries, damsons or plums, so thin and plain as ye may other graffs, for these sort have a more greater sap or pith within, the which ye must always take heed in cutting it to nigh on the one side, or on the other, but at the end thereof chief, to be thin cut and flat.   

Note also.  
ANd yet if the said incision be more straighter and closer on the one side than on the other side, pare it where it is most meet, and where it is to strait, open it with a wedge of iron, and put in a wedge of the same wood above in the cleft, and thus may ye moderate your graffs, as ye shall see cause.   

How in graffing to take heed that the bark do not rise.  
IN all kind of cutting your graffs, take heed to the bark of your graffs, that it do not rise (from the wood) on no side thereof, and specially on the outside, therefore ye shall leave it more thicker than the inner side: also ye must take heed when as the stocks do wreath in cleaving, that ye may join the graff therein accordingly: the best remedy therefore is, to cut it smooth within, that the graff may join the better, ye shall also, unto the most greatest stocks, choose for them the most greatest graffs.   

¶ How to cut your stock▪  
How much the more your stock is thin and slender, so much more ye ought to cut him lower, and if your stock be as great as your finger, or thereabouts, ye may cut him a foot, or half a foot from the earth and dig him about and dung him with goats dung, to help him withal, and graff him but with one graff or Cion.   

¶ If the wild stock be great and slender.  
IF your wild stock be great, or as big as a good staff ye shall cut him round of, a foot or thereabouts above the earth, then set in two good graffs in the head or cleft thereof.   

¶ Trees as great as one's arm.  
ANd when your stock is as great as your arm, ye shall saw him clean of round, three or four foot, or thereabouts, from the earth, for to defend him, and set in the head three graffs, two in th●… left, and one betwixt the bark and the tree, on that side which ye may have most space.   

¶ Great trees as big as your leg.  
IF the stock be as big as your leg, or thereabouts, ye shall saw him fair and clean off, four or five foot high from the earth, and cleave him a cross (if ye will) and set in four graffs in the clefts thereof, or else one cleft only, and set two graffs in both the sides thereof, and other two graffs, betwixt the bark and the tree.   

¶ When the graffs be pinched with the stock.  
YE must for the better understanding, mark to graff betwixt the bark and the tree, for when the sap is full in the wood of wild stocks being great, than they do commonly pinch or wring the graffs to sore, if ye do not put a small wedge of green wood in the cleft thereof, to help them withal against such danger.   

¶ How ye ought to cleave your stocks.  
WHen so ever ye shall cleave your wild stocks, take heed that ye cleave them not in the mids of the heart or pith: but a little on the one side, which side ye shall think good.   

¶ How to graff the branch of great trees.  
WHen so ever ye would graff great trees, as great as your thigh, or greater, it were much better to graff only the branches thereof, than the stock or body for the stock will rot, before the graffs shall cover the head.   

¶ How to cut brauches old and great.  
But if the branches be to rude, and without order (the best shall be) to cut them all off, & within three or four years after they will bring fair new Cions again and then it shall best to graff them, and cut of all the superfluous and ill branches thereof.   

¶ How ye ought to byride your graffs throughout for fear of winds.  
ANd when your graffs shallbe grown, ye must bind them, for fear of shaking of the wind, and if the tree be free and good of himself, let the Cions grow still, and ye may graff any part or branch ye will, in the cleft, or betwixt the bark and the tree, either in the scutcheon, and if your bark be fair and lose.   

¶ To set many graffs in one cleft.  
WHen ye will put many graffs in one cleft, see that one incision (of your graff) be as large as the other, not to be put into the cleft so slightly and rashly, and that one side thereof be not more open than the other, and that these graffs be all of one length: it shall suffice also, if they have three eyes, on cache graff without the joint thereof.   

¶ How to saw your stock, before ye leave him.  
IN sawing your stock, see that ye tear not the bark about the head thereof, then cleave his head with a long sharp knife, or such like, and knock your wedge in the intoes thereof, (than pare him on the head round about) and knock your wedge in so deep till it open meet for your graffs, but not to wide, then holding in one hand your graff, and in the other hand your stock, set your graff in close, bark to bark, and let your wedge be great above at the head, that ye may knock him out fair and easily again.   

¶ If the stock cleave to much or the bark do open.  
IF the stock do cleave to much, or open the bark with the wood to low, then softly open your stock with your wedge, and see if your incision of your graff be all meet and just, according to the cleft, if not, make it until it be meet, or else saw him off lower.   

¶ How graffs never lightly take.  
Above all things ye must consider the meeting of the two saps, betwixt the graff and the wild stock, which must be set just one with another, for ye shall understand, if they do not join, and the one delight with the other, being even set, they shall never take together, for there is nothing only to join their increase, but the sap, recounting the one against the other.   

¶ How to set the graffs right in the cleft.  
WHen the bark of the stock is more thicker than the graff, ye must take good heed of the setting in of the graff in the cleft, to the end that his sap may join right with the sap of the stock, on the inside, and ye ought likewise to consider of the sap of the stock, if he do surmount the graffs on the outsides of the cleft to much or not.   

¶ Of setting in the graffs.  
ALso ye must take good heed, that the graffs he well and clean set in, and join close upon the head of the stock: likewise that the incision which is set in the cleft, do join very well within on both sides, not to join so even, but sometimes it may do service, when as the graffs do draw to much from the stock, or the stock also on the graffs do put forth.   

¶ Note also.  
ANd therefore when the stock is rightly cloven, there is no danger in cutting the incision of the graff, but a little strait rebated, to the end thereof, that the sap may join one with the other, the better & closer together.   

¶ How ye ought to draw out your wedge.  
WHen your graffs shall be well joined within the stock, draw your wedge fair & softly forth, for fear of displacing your graffs, ye may leave within the cleft a small wedge of such green wood, as is aforesaid, and ye shall cut it of close by the head of your stock, and so cover it with a bark as followeth.   

¶ To cover your clefts on the head.  
WHen your wedge is drawn forth, put a green pill of thick bark of willow, crab, or apple, upon your clefts of the stock, that nothing may fall between: then cover all about the clefts on the stock head two fingers thick with good clay, or nigh about that thickness, that no wind nor rain may enter. Then cover it round with good moss, and then wretch it over with clothes, or pills of Willow, Briar, of Oziars, or such like, then bind them fast, and stick certain long pricks on the graffs head amongs your scions, to defend them from the Crows, jays, or such like.   

¶ How ye ought to see to the binding of your grafts.  
BUT always take good heed to the binding of your heads, that they wax slack, or shag, neither on the one side or other, but remain fast upon the clay, which clay remains fast (likewise on the stock head) under the binding thereof, wherefore, the said clay must be moderated in such sort as followeth.   

¶ How ye ought to temper your clay.  
THe best way is therefore, to try your clay betwixt your hands, for stones and such like, and so to temper it as ye shall think good, if so it require of moistness or dryness, and to temper it with the hear of Beasts, for when it drieth, it holdeth not (otherwise) so well on the stock, or if ye knead of moss therewith, or mingle hay thin therewith: some do judge, that the moss doth make the trees mossy. But I think (saith he) that cometh of the disposition of places.   

¶ To bush your graff heads.  
WHen ye shall bind or wrap your graff heads with band, take small thorns, and bind them within, for to defend your graffs, from Kites, or Crows, or other danger of other fowls, or prick of sharp white sticks thereon.   

¶ The second way to graff high branches on trees.  
THe second manner to graff, is strange enough to many: this kind of graffing is on the tops of branches of trees, which thing to make them grow lightly, is not soon obtained: wheresoever they be graffed, they do only require a fair young wood, a great Cion or twig, growing highest in the tree top, which scions ye shall choose to graff on, of many sorts of fruits if ye will or as ye shall think good, which order followeth.  
TAke graffs of other sorts of trees which ye would graff in the top thereof, then mount to the top of the tree which ye would graff, and cut of the tops of all such branches or as many as ye would graff on, and if they be greater than the graffs, which ye would graff, ye shall cut and graff them lower, as ye do the small wild stock aforesaid. But if the scions that you cut, be as great as your graff that you graff on, ye shall cut them lower betwixt the old wood and the new, or a little more higher, or lower: then cleave a little and choose your graffs in the like sort which ye would plant, whereof ye shall make the incision short, with the bark on both sides like, and as thick on the one side as the other, and set so just in the cleft, that the bark may be even and close, as well above as beneath, on the one side as the other, and so bind him as is aforesaid. It shall suffice that every graff have one eyelet, or eye, or two at the most, without the joint, for to leave them to long if shall not be good, and ye must dress it with clay and moss, and bind it as is aforesaid. And likewise ye may graff these as ye do the little wild stocks which should be as great as your graffs and to graff them as ye do those with sap like on both sides, but than ye must graff them in the earth, as three fingers off, or there abouts.   

The third manner of graffing, is of graffs which may be set betwixt the bark and the tree.  
To graff betwixt the bark and the tree.  
THis manner of graffing is good when trees do begin to enter into their sap, which is, about the end of February, unto the end of April, and specially on great wild stocks which be hard to cleave, ye may set in four or five graffs in the head thereof, which graffs ought to be gathered afore, and kept close in the earth till then, for by that time aforesaid, ye shall scantly find a tree but that he doth put forth or bud, as the Apple called Capendu, or such like. Ye must therefore saw these wild stocks more charily, and more higher, so they be great, and then cut the graffs which ye would set together, so as you would set them upon the wild stock that is cleft, as is afore rehearsed. And the incision of your graffs must not be so long nor so thick, and the bark a little at the end thereof must be taken away, and made in manner as a lancet of iron, and as thick on the one side as the other.   

How to dress the head, to place the graffs betwixt the bark and the tree.  
ANd when your graffs be ready cut, then shall ye cleanse the head of your stock, and pair it with a sharp knife, round about the bark thereof, to the end your graffs may join the better thereon, then by and by take a sharp penknife, or other sharp pointed knife, and thrust it down betwixt the bark and the stock, so long as the incision of your graffs be, than put your graffs softly down therein to the hard joint, and see that it do sit close upon the stock head.   

How to cover the head of your stock.  
WHen as ye have set in your graffs, ye must then cover it well about, with good tough clay and moss, as is said of the others, and then ye must incontinent environ or compass your head, with small thorny bushes, & bind them fast thereon all about, for fear of great birds, and likewise the wind.   

Of the manner and graffing in the shield or scutcheon.  
THe fourth manner to graff, which is the last, is to graff in the scutcheon, in the sap, in Summer, from about the end of the month of may, until August, when as trees be yet strong in sap & leaves, for otherways it can not be done, the best time is in june and july, so it is some years when the time is very dry, that some trees do hold their sap very long, therefore ye must fairy fill it return.   

For to graff in Summer so long as the trees be full leaved.  
FOr to begin this manner of graffing well, ye must in summer when the trees be almost full of sap, and when they have sprung forth of new shewtes being somewhat hardened, then shall ye take a branch thereof in the top of the tree, the which ye will have graffed, & choose the highest, and the principallest branches, without cutting it from the old wood, & choose thereof, the principallest eyelet or eye, or budding place, of each branch one, with which eyelet or eye, ye shall begin to graff, as followeth.   

The big Cions are best to graff.  
PRincipally ye must understand that the smallest & naughty oylettes or buds of the said scions, be not so good to graff, therefore choose the greatest and best ye can find, first cut of the leaf hard by the eyelet, than ye shall trench or cut (the length of a barley corn) beneath the eyelet round about the bark, hard to the wood, and so likewise above: then with a sharp point of a knife, slit it down half an yuche beside the eyelet or bud, and with the point of a sharp knife softly raise the said shield or scutcheon, round about, with the eyelet in the midst, and all the sap belonging there unto.   

¶ How to take of the shield fro the wood.  
ANd for the better raising the said shield or scutcheon from the wood, after that ye have cut him round about, and then slit him down, without cutting any part of the wood within, ye must then raise the side next you that is slit, and then take the same shield betwixt your finger and thumb, and pluck or raise it softly of, without breaking or bruising any part thereof, and in the opening or plucking it of, hold it (with your finger) hard to the wood, to the end the sap of the eyelet, may remain in the shield, for if it go of (in plucking it) from the barks, and stick to the wood, your scutcheon is nothing worth.   

¶ To know your scutcheon or shield, when he is good or bad.  
ANd for the more easier understanding, if it be good or bad, when it is taken from the wood, look within the said shield, and if ye shall see it crack, or open within, than it is of no value, for the chief sap doth yet remain behind with the wood, which should be in the shield, & therefore ye must choose and cut another shield, which must be good and sound, as aforesaid, and when your scutcheon shall be well taken of from the wood, then hold it dry, by the eyelet or eye, betwixt your lips, until ye have cut and taken of the bark from the other tion or branch, and set him in that place, and look that ye do not fowl or wet it in your mouth.   

¶ Of young trees to graff on.  
But ye must graff on such trees, as be from the bigness of your little finger, unto as great as your arm, having their bark thin and slender, for great trees commonly have their bark hard & thick, which ye can not well graff this way, except they have some branches with a thin smooth bark, meet for this way to be done.   

¶ How to set or place your shield,  
YE must quickly cut of round the bark of the tree that ye will graff on, a little more longer than the shield that ye set on, because it may join the sooner & easier, but take heed that in cutting of the bark, ye cut not the wood within.   

¶ Note also.  
AFter the incision once done, ye must then cover both the sides or ends well & softly withal, with a little bone or horn, made in manner like a thin skin, which ye shall lay it all over the joints or closings of the said shield, somewhat longer and larger, but take heed for hurting or crushing the bark thereof.   

¶ How to lift up the ba●ke, and to set your shield on.  
THis done, take your shield or scutcheon, by the eyelet or eye that he hath, and open him fair and softly by the two sides, and put them strait way on the other tree, where as the bark is taken of, and join him close bark to bark thereon, then plain it softly above and at both the ends with the thin bone, and that they join above and beneath bark to bark, so that he may feed well the branch of that tree.   

¶ How to bind on your shield.  
THis done, ye must have a wreath of good hemp, to bind the said shield on in his place: the manner to hind it is this, ye shall make a wreath of hemp together as great as a Goose quill, or there abouts, or according to the bigness or smallness of your tree: then take your hemp in the midst, that the one half may serve for the upper half of the shield, in winding and crossing (with the hemp) the said shield, on the branch of the tree, but see that he bind it not to strait, for it shall let him from taking or springing, and likewise their sap can not easily come or pass from the one to the other: and see also that wet come not to your shield, nor likewise the hemp that ye bind it withal. Ye shall begin to bind your scutcheon first behind in the mids of your shield, in coming still lower and lower, & so recover under the eyelet, and tail of your shield, binding it nigh togethers, without covering of the said eyelet, than ye shall return again upward, in binding it backward to the midst where ye began. Then take the other part of the hemp, and bind so likewise the upper part of your shield, and increase your hemp as ye shall need, and so return again backward, and ye shall bind it so, till the fruits or cliffs be covered (both above and beneath) with your said hemp, except the eyelet and his tail, the which ye must not cover, for that tail will shed apart, if the shield do take.   

¶ On one tree ye may graff or put two or three shields.  
YE may very well if ye will, on every tree graff two or three shields, but see that one be not right against another, nor yet of the one side of the tree, let your shields so remain bound on the trees, one month or more after they be graffed, and the greater the tree is, the longer to remain, and the smaller the lesser time.   

¶ The time to unbind your shield.  
ANd then after one month or six weeks past, ye must unbind the shield, or at the least, cut the hemp behind of the tree, and let it so remain unto the Winter next following, and then about the month of March, or April if ye will, or when ye shall see the sap of the shield put forth, then cut the branch above the shield three fingers all about all of.   

¶ How to cut and govern the branches graffed on the trees.  
THen in the next year after that the scions shall be well strengthened, and when they do begin to spring, then shall ye cut them all hard of by the shield above, for if ye had cut them so nigh in the first year, when they began first to spring or bud, it should greatly hinder them against their increase of growing: also when those scions shall put forth of fair wood, ye must bind and stay them in the mids, fair and gently with small wands, or such like, that the wind or weather hurt them not. And after this manner of graffing, is practised in the shield or sutchion, which way ye may easily graff the white rose on the red, and likewise ye may have roses of divers colours & sorts upon one branch or root: this I thought sufficient and meet to declare, of this kind of graffing at this present.    

The uj Chapter is of transplanting or altering of trees.  

¶ The sooner ye transplant or set them, it shall be the better.  
ye aught to transplant or set your trees, from Alhalowtide unto March, and the sooner the better, for as soon as the leaves are fallen from the trees, they be meet for to be planted, if it be not in a very cold or moist place, the which then it were best for to tarry unto january, or February: to plant in the frost is not good.   

To plant or set towards the South, or Sunny place, is best.  
AFore ye do pluck up your trees for to plant them, if ye will mark the southside, of each tree, that when ye shall replant them, ye may set them again as they stood before, which is the best way as some do say. Also if ye keep them a certain time, after they be taken out of the earth, before ye replant them again, they will rather recover there in the earth, so they be not wet with rain, nor otherwise, for that shall be more contrary to them than the great heat or drought.   

How to cut the branches of trees before they be set.  
Whensoever ye shall set or replant your trees, first ye must cut of the boughs, & specially those which are great branches, in such sort that ye shall leave the small twigs or sprigs on the stocks of your branch, which must be but a shaftment long or somewhat more or less, according as the tree shall require which ye do set.   

Apple trees commonly must be disbraunched before they be replanted or set.  
ANd chief the Apple trees being graffed or not graffed, do require to be disbraunched before they be set again, for they shall prosper thereby, much the better: the other sorts of trees may well pass unbraunched, if they have not to great or large branches: and therefore, it shall be good to transplant or set, as soon after as the graffs are closed on the head of the wild stock, as for small trees which have but one tion or twig, it needs not to cut them above, when they be replanted or removed.   

All wild stocks must be disbraunched, when they are replanted or set.  
ALl wild trees or stocks which ye think for to graff on, ye must first cut of all their branches before ye set them again, also it shall be good, always to take heed in replanting your trees, that ye do set them again, in as good or better earth, than they were in before, and so every tree according as his nature doth require.   

What trees love the fair Sun and what trees the cold air.  
COmmonly the most part of trees do love the Sun at noon, and yet the South wind (or vent d'aual) is very contrary against their nature, and specially the Almond tree, the Abricote, the mulberry tree, the Fig tree, and the pomgranade tree: certain other trees there be which love cold air, as these: the Chestnut tree, the wild and eager Cherry tree, the Quince tree, and the Damson or Plum tree: the walnut loveth cold air, and a stony white ground: Pear trees love not greatly plain places, they prosper well enough in places closed with walls or high hedges, and specially the Pear called bon Crestien.   

Of many sorts and manners of trees, following their nature.  
THe Damson or Plum tree, doth love a cold fat earth, and clay withal, the (helm) great Cherry, doth love to be set or planted upon clay. The Pine tree, loveth light earth, stony and sandy. The Medlar cometh well enough in all kind of grounds, and doth not hinder his fruit to be in the shadow and moist places. Hasell nut trees, love the place to be cold, lean, moist and sandy. Ye shall understand that every kind of fruitful tree, doth love, and is more fruitful in one place, than another, as according unto their nature, nevertheless we ought to nourish them (all that we may) in the place where we set them in, taking them fro the place and grounds they were in. And ye must also consider when one doth plant them, of the great and largest kind of trees, that every kind of tree may prosper and grow, and it is to be considered also, if the trees have commonly grown afore so large in that ground or not, for in good earth, the trees may well prosper and grow, having a good space one from another, more than if the ground were lean and nought.   

¶ How to plant or set trees at large.  
IN this thing ye shall consider, ye must give a competent space, from one tree to another, when as ye make the holes to set them in, not to nigh, nor that one tree touch so another. For a good tree planted or set well at large, it profiteth oftentimes more of fruit, than three or four trees, set to nigh togethers. The most greatest and largest trees commonly are walnuts, and chestnuts, if ye plant them severally in rank, as they do commonly grow upon high ways, beside hedges in fields, they must be set xxxv foot a sunder, one from another, or there abouts, but if ye will plant many ranks in one place togethers, ye must set them the space of xlv foot, one from another, or thereabouts, and so far ye must set your ranks one from another. For the Pear trees and Apple trees, and other sorts of trees which may be set of this largeness one from the other, if ye do plant only in ranks by hedges in the fields, or otherwise, it shall be sufficient of twenty foot one from another. But if ye will set two ranks upon the sides of your great alleys in gardens, which be of ten or twelve foot broad, it shall be then best to give them more space, the one from the other in each rank, as about xxv foot: also ye must not set your trees right one against the other, but intermeddling or between every space, as they may best grow at large, that if need be, ye may plant of other smaller trees between, but see that ye set them not to thick. If ye list for to set or plant all your trees of one bigness, as of young trees like rods, being Pear trees, or Apple trees, they must be set a good space one from another, as of xxv or xxx foot in square, as to say, from one rank to another. For to plant or set of smaller trees, as Plum trees, & Apple trees, of the like bigness, it shall be sufficient for them xiiij or xu foot space, in Quarters. But if ye will plant or set two ranks in your alleys in gardens, ye must devise for to proportion it after the largeness of your said alleys. For to plant or set eager or sour Cherry trees, this space shall be sufficient enough the one from the other, that is, of x. or twelve foot, and therefore if ye make of great or large alleys in your garden, as of ten foot wide or there abouts, they shall come well to pass, and shall be sufficient to plant your trees, of ix or ten foot space? and for the other lesser sorts of trees, as of Quince trees, Fig trees, Nut trees and such like, which be not commonly planted, but in one rank togethers.   

Ordering your trees.  
WHen that ye plant or set ranks, of every kind of trees togethers, ye shall set or plant the most smallest towards the sun, & the greatest in the shade, that they may not annoy or hurt the small, nor the small the great. Also whensoever ye will plant or set of Pear trees, & Plum trees (in any place) the one with another, better it were to set the Plum trees next the sun, for the Pears will dure better in the shade. Also ye must understand, when he set or plant many ranks of trees togethers, ye must have more space betwixt your ranks and trees, (then when ye set but one rank) that they may have room sufficient on every side: ye shall also scarcely set or plant Pear trees, or Apple trees, or other great trees, upon dead, or mossy barren ground unstirred, for they increase (thereon) to no purpose. But other lesser trees very well may grow, as Plum trees and such like: now when all the said things above be considered, ye shall make your holes, according to the space that shall he required of every tree that ye shall plant or set, and also the place meet for the same so much as ye may convenient, ye shall make your holes large enough, for ye must suppose that the tree ye do set, hath not the half of his roots he shall have hereafter, therefore ye must help him and give him of good fat earth, (or dung) all about the roots when as ye plant him. And if any of the same roots be to long, and bruised or hurt, ye shall cut them clean of, a slope wise, so that the upper side (of each root) so cut, may be longest in setting, and for the small roots which come forth all about thereof, ye may not cut them of as the great roots.   

How ye ought to enlarge the holes for your trees, when ye plant them.  
WHen as ye set the trees in the holes, ye must then enlarge the roots, in placing them, and see that they take all downwards, without turning any roots the end upward, and ye must not plant or set them to deep in the earth, but as ye shall see cause. It shall be sufficient for them to be planted or set (half a foot, or there abouts) in the earth, so that the earth be above all the roots half a foot or more, if the place be not very burning and stony.   

Of dung and good earth, for your plants and trees.  
ANd when as ye would replant or set, ye must have of good fat earth or dung, well meddled with a part of the same earth where as ye took your plants out of, with all the upper crests of the earth, as thick as ye can have it: the said earth which ye shall put about the roots, must not be put to nigh the roots, for doubt of the dung being laid to nigh, which will put the said roots in a heat, but let it be well meddled with the other earth, and well tempered in the holes, and the smallest and slenderest scions that turns up among those roots, ye may plant therewith very well.   

If ye have worms amongst the earth of your roots.  
IF there be worms in the fat earth or dung, that ye put about your roots, ye must meddle it well also, with the dung of oxen or kine, or fleckt soap ashes about the root, which will make the Worms to die, for otherwise, they will hurt greatly the roots.   

To dig well the earth about the tree roots.  
ALso ye must dig well the earth, principally all round over the roots, and more oftener, if they be dry, than if they be wet: ye must not plant or set trees when it raineth, nor the earth to be very moist about the roots. The trees that be planted or set in valleys, commonly prosper well by drought, and when it raineth, they that be on the hills are better by watering with drops, than others, but if the place or ground be moist of nature, ye must not plant or set your trees so deep thereon.   

The nature of places.  
ON high and dry places, ye must plant or set your trees a little more deeper, than in the valleys, & ye must not fill the holes in high places, so full as the other, to the end that the rain may better moisten them.   

Of good earth.  
YE shall understand that of good earth, commonly cometh good fruit, but in certain places (if that they might be suffered to grow) they would season the tree the better. Otherwise they shall not come to proof, nor yet have a good taste.   

With what ye ought to bind your trees.  
Whensoever your trees shallbe replanted or set, ye must knock in (by the root) a stake, and bind your trees thereto for fear of the wind: and when they do spring, ye shall dress them and bind them with bands that may not break, which hands may be of strong soft herb, as Bulrushes or such like, or of old linen clouts, if the other be not strong enough, or else ye may bind them with Oziars, or such like, but for fear of fretting or hurting your trees.    

The seventh Chapter is of medecining and keeping the trees when they are planted.  

The first council is, when your trees be but plants (in dry weather) they must be watered.  
THE young trees which be newly planted, must sometimes (in Summer) be watered when the time waxeth dry, at the least the first year after they be planted or set. But as for other greater trees which are well taken & rooted a good time, ye must dig them all over the roots after Alhallowtide, & uncover them four or five foot compass about the root or tree: and let them so lie uncovered until the latter end of Winter. And if ye do then meddle about each tree of good fat earth or dung, to heat and comfort the earth withal, it shall be good.   

With what dung ye ought to dung your trees.  
ANd principally unto mossy trees, dung them with hog's dung meddled with other earth of the same ground, and the dung of Oxen to be next about the roots, and ye shall also abate the moss of the trees, with a great knife of wood, or such like, so that ye hurt not the bark thereof.   

When ye ought to uncover your trees in Summer.  
IN the time of Summer, when the earth is scantly half moist, it shall be good to dig at the foot of the trees, all about on the root, such as have not been uncovered in the Winter before, and to meddle it with good fat earth: and so fill it again, and they shall do well.   

when ye ought to cut or prune your trees.  
ANd if there be in your trees certain branches of superfluous wood that ye will cut of, tarry until the time of the entering in of the sap, that is, when they begin to bud, as in March and April: then cut of as ye shall see cause, all such superfluous branches hard by the tree, that thereby the other branches may prosper the better, for than they shall sooner close their sap upon the cut places than in the Winter, which should not do so well to cut them, as certain do teach which have not good experience. But for so much as in this time the trees be entering into the sap, as is aforesaid. Take heed therefore in cutting then of your great branches hastily, that through their great weight, they do not cleave or separate the bark from the tree in any part thereof.   

How to cut your great branches, and when.  
ANd for the better remedy: First you shall cut the same great branches half a foot from the tree, and after to saw the rest clean of hard by the body of the tree, then with a broad chisel cut all clean and smooth upon the place, then cover it with Ox dung. Ye may also cut them well in Winter, so that ye leave the trunk or branch somewhat longer, so as ye may dress and cut them again in March and April, as is before mentioned.   

¶ How ye ought to leave these greae branches cut.  
OTher things here are to be showed of certain great and old trees only, which in cutting the great branches thereof truncheon wise, do renew again, as walnuts, Mulberry tree, Plum trees, Cherry trees with others, which ye must disbraunch the bows thereof even after Alhallowtide, or as soon as their leaves be fallen of, and likewise before they begin to enter into sap.   

¶ Of trees having great branches:  
THe said great branches, when ye shall disbraunche them, ye shall so cut them of in such truncheons, of length on the tree, that the one may be longer than the other, that when the scions be grown good and long thereon, ye may graff on them again as ye shall see cause, according as every arm shall require.   

¶ Of barrenness of trees, the time of cutting ill branches, and of uncovering the roots.  
SOmetimes a man hath certain old trees, which be almost spent, as of the Pear trees and Plum trees, and other great trees, the which bear scant of fruit, but when as ye shall see some branches well charged therewith, than ye ought to cut of all the other ill branches and bows, to the end that those that remain may have the more sap to nourish their fruit, as also to uncover their roots after Alhallowtide, and to cleave the most greatest roots thereof (a foot from the trunk) and put into the said clefts, a thin slate of hard stone, there let it remain, to the end that the humour of the tree, may enter out thereby, and at the end of Winter ye shall cover him again with as good and fat earth as ye can get, and let the stone alone.   

¶ Trees the which ye must help or pluck up the roots.  
ALL sorts of trees which spring scions from the roots, as Plum trees, all kind of Cherry trees and small Nut trees, ye must help in plucking their Cions from the roots in Winter, assoon as conveniently ye can, after the leaf is fallen. For they do greatly pluck down & weaken the said trees, in drawing to them the substance of the earth   

¶ What doth make a good Nut.  
But chief to plant these Cions, the best way is to let them grow and be nourished two or three years from the root, and then to transplant them or set them in the Winter, as is aforesaid. The Cions which be taken from the foot of the Hazel trees, make good Nuts, and to be of much strength & virtue, when they are not suffered to grow to long from the root or foot aforesaid.   

¶ Trees eaten with beasts, must be graffed again.  
WHen certain graffs being well in sap, of three or four years or thereabouts, be broken or greatly endamaged with beasts which have broken thereof, it shall little profit to leave those graffs so, but it were better to cut them and to graff them higher or lower than they were before. For the graffs shall take as well upon the new as old Cion being graffed, as on the wild stock: but it shall not so soon close, as upon the wild stock head.   

How your wild stock ought not hastily to be removed.  
IN the beginning when ye have graffed your graffs on the wild stock, do not then hastily pluck up those Cions or wild stocks so graffed, until ye shall see the graffs put forth a new shewte, the which remaining still, ye may graff thereon again, so that your graffs in hasty removing may chance to die.   

¶ when ye cut of the naughty Cions from the wood.  
WHen your graffs on the stocks, shall put forth of new wood, or a new shewte, as of two or three foot● long, and if they put forth also of other small superfluous scions (about the said members or branches that ye would nourish) cut of all such ill scions, hard by the head, in the same year they are graffed in, but not so long as the wood is in sap, till the winter after.   

¶ How sometimes to cut the principal members.  
ALso it is good to cut some of the principal members or branches in the first year if they have to many, and then again within two or three years after when they shall be well sprung up, & the graffs well closed on the head of the stock: ye may trim and dress them again, in taking away the superfluous branches if any there remain, for it is sufficient enough to nourish a young tree, to leave him one principal member on the head, so that he may be one of those that hath been graffed on the tree before, yea and the tree shall be fairer and better in the end, than if he had two or three branches or precidens at the foot. But if the tree have been graffed with many great scions, them ye must leave him more largely, according as ye shall see cause or need, to recover the clefts on the head of the said graff or stock.   

¶ How to guide and govern the said trees.  
WHen that your trees do begin to springe, ye must order & see to them well the space of three or four years, or more, until they be well and strongly grown, in helping them above in cutting the small twigs, and superfluous wood, until they be so high without branches as a man, or more if it may be, and then see to them well, in placing the principal branches if need be, with forks or wands pricked right and well about them at the foot, and to prune them so that one branch do not approach to nigh the other, nor yet fret the one the other, when as they do enlarge and grow, & ye must also cut of certain branches in the tree, where as they are to thick.   

A kind of sickness in trees.  
WHen certain trees are sick of the Gall, which is a kind of sickness that doth eat the bark, therefore ye must cut it, & takes out all the same infection with a chesil, or such like thing. This must be done at the end of winter, then put on that infected place of ox dung, or hogs dung, and bind it fast thereon with clouts, and wrap it with oziars, so let it remain a long time, till it shall recover again.   

Trees which have worms in the bark▪  
OF trees which have Worms within 〈◊〉 barks is, where as ye shall see a swelling or rising therein, therefore ye must cut or clean the said bark unto the wood, to the end the h●m or may also until: out thereat, and with a little hook ye must: pluck or draw out the said worms, withal the rotten wood that ye can see, then shall ye put upon the said place, a plaster made of Ox dung, or of Hog's dung mo●●●… and beaten with Sage, and a little of, unfleckt lime, then let it be all well blend together, and wrap it on a cloth, and bind it fast and close thereon so long as it will hold. The lies of wine shed or poured upon the roots of trees (the which he somewhat sick through the coldness of the earth) which lies doth them much good.   

Snails, Ants and worms doth mar trees.  
ALso ye must take heed of all manner of young trees▪ and specially of those graffs, the which many worms and flies do endamage and hurt in the time of Summer, those are the snails, the pismiars, or ants, the field snail which hurteth also all other sorts of trees that be great, principally in the time that the Cuckoo doth sing, & betwixt Apryll, and Midsummer, while they be tender. There be little beasts calls Sows, which have many legs: and some be of them grey, some black, and some hath a long sharp snout, which be very noisome, & great hurters of young graffs, and other young trees also, for they cut of in eating the tender tops (of the young scions) as long as one's singer.   

¶ How ye ought to take the said worms.  
FOr to take them well, ye must take heed and watch in the heat of the day (your young trees) and where ye shall see any, put your hand softly underneath, without shaking the tree, for they will suddenly fall, when one thinks to take them: therefore as soon as you can (that they fly not away nor fall) take him (quickly on the tion) with your other hand.   

¶ To keep ants from young trees.  
FOr to keep the young trees from snails and Ants▪ it shall be good to take ashes and to mingle unsseckt lime, beaten in powder therewith, then lay it all about the root of the tree, and when it raineth, they shall be beaten down into the ashes and die: but ye must renew your ashes after every rain from time to time: also to keep them moist, ye must put certain small vessels full of water, at the foot of your said trees, and also the lies of wine, to be spread on the ground there all abouts. For the best destroying of the small snails on trees, ye must take good heed in the spring time; before the trees be leaved, then if ye shall see as it were small weartes, knobs or branches on the trees, the same will be snails. Provide to take them away fair and softly, before they be full closed, and take heed that ye hurt not the wood or bark of the said tree, as little as ye can, then burn those branches on the earth, or all to tread them under your feet, and then if any do remain or renew, look in the heat of the day, and if ye can see any, which will commonly be on the clefts or forks of the branches, and also upon the branches lying like toftes or troops together, then wrap your hands all over with old clothes, (and bind of leaves beneath them & above them,) and with your two hands rub them down therein, and straight way fire it, if ye do not quickly with diligence, they will fall, and if they fall to the earth, ye can not lightly kill them, but they will renew again, these kind of worms are noisome flies which he very strange, therefore take heed that they do not cast a certain redness on your face and body, for where as there be many of them, they be dangerous: it is strange to tell of these kind of worms, if ye come under or among the trees, where as be many, they will cast your face & hands, (your covered body, as your neck, breast and arms) full of small spots, some red, some black, some bluish, which will so tingle and trouble you like nettles, sometimes for a day, or a day and a night after: they be most on Plum trees, and Apple trees, nigh unto moist places, and ill airs yet nevertheless, by the grace of God there is no danger (that I understand) to be taken by them. Ye shall understand that if it be in the evening, or in the morning, when it raineth, they will remain about the graffing place of the tree, therefore it will be hard to find them, because they are so small. Moreover, it such branches do remain in the upper part of the bows or tree, ye shall bind of dry straw about the bows all under, then with a wisp on a poles end, set fire on all, and burn them.   

¶ A note in spring time of Fumigations.  
Here is to be understand and noted, that in the spring time only when trees do begin to put forth leaves and blossoms, ye must then always take heed unto them, for to defend them from the frost, (if there come any, with fumigations or smokes made on the wind side of your Orchards, or under your trees) with straw, hay, dry chaff, dry Ox dung, of saw dust dried in an oven, of tanner's ooze dried likewise, of Galbanum, of old shoes, thatch of houses, of hair and such like, one of these to be blend with another: all these be good against the frost in the spring time, and specially good against the east wind, which breedeth (as some say) the Caterpillar worm.   

To defend the Caterpillar.  
AND some do defend their trees from the Caterpillar when the blossoming time is dry (if there be no frost) by casting of water, or salt water, every second or third day upon their trees, (with instruments for the same, as with squirtes of wood or brass or such like) for in keeping of them 〈◊〉, the Caterpillar can not breed thereon: this experience have I known proved of late to be good. For to conclude, he that will set or plant trees, must not pass for any pains, but have a pleasure and delight therein, in remembering the great profit that cometh thereby: against scarcenesss of corn, fruit is good stay for the poor, and often it hath been seen one acre of orchard ground worth four acres of wheat ground.    
FINIS.   

Here followeth a little treatise how one may graff and plant, subtle or artificially, and to make many things in Gardens very strange.  
FOr to graff a subtle way, take one eyelet or eye of a graff, slit it round, above and beneath, and then behind down right, than wreath him of, and set him upon another tion, as great as he is, then dress him as is aforesaid, and he shall grow and hear.  

¶ To graff one Vine upon another.  
FOr to graff one Vine upon another, ye shall cleave him as ye do other trees, and then put the vine graff in the cleft, then stop him close and well with wax, and so bind him and he shall grow.   

¶ If a tree be to long without fruit.  
YE shall uncover his root and make a hole with a piercer or small awger, in the greatest root he hath, without piercing thorough the root, then put in a pin (in the said hole) of dry wood, (as oak or ash) and so let it remain in the said hole, and stop it close again with wax and then cast earth and cover him again, and he shall bear the same year.   

For to have Peaches two months before other.  
TAke your scions of a peach tree that doth soon blossom in the spring time, and graff them upon a frank Mulberry tree, and he shall bring of Peaches two months before others.   

To have Damsons or other Plums, unto Alhallowtide.  
FOr to have Damsons all the Summer long unto Alhallowtide, and of many other kind of sorts likewise; ye shall graff them upon the Goosebery tree, upon the frank Mulberry tree, and upon the Cherry tree, and they shall endure on the trees till Alhallowtyde.   

To make Medlars, Cherries and Peaches in eating to taste like spice.  
FOr to make Medlars, Cherries and Peaches to taste in the eating pleasant like spice, the which ye may also keep unto the new come again, ye shall graff them upon the frank Mulberry tree, as I have afore declared and in the graffing, ye shall wet them in honey, and put a little of the powder of some good spices, as the powder of cloves, of Cinnamon or ginger.   

To make a Muscadel taste.  
FOr to make a Muscadel taste, take a gouge or chesil of iron, (and cut your sap round about) then put in your gouge or chesil under your sap on your tion, and raise three eyes or oylettes round about, and so take of fair and softly your bark round about, and when he is so taken of, do anoint it all over within the bark, with powder of cloves, or nutmegs, than set it on again, and stop it close with wax round about, that no water may enter in, and within thrice hearing, they shall bring a fair Muscadel reason, which ye may after both graff and plant, and they shall be all after a Muscadel fruit: some slyttes the bark down, and so put in of spice.   

¶ To set Apples and Pears, to come without blossoming.  
FOr to make Apples, and Pears, & other sorts of fruit to come without blossoming, that is, ye shall graff them (as ye do other kind of fruit) upon the fig tree.   

¶ To have Apples and Chestnutes rathe, and also long on the trees.  
FOr to have Apples called (in french) de blanc durel, or de Yroael, & of Chestnuts very rathe, and long (as unto Alhollowtide) on the trees: and to make such fruit also to endure, the space of two years, ye shall graff them on a lateward fruit, as pome Richard, or upon a pear tree, or apple tree of Dangoisse.   

¶ To have good Cherries on the trees, at Alhallontide.  
TO have Cherries on many trees, good for to eat unto Alhallontide, ye shall graff them upon a frank Mulberry tree, & likewise to graff them upon a willow, or sallow tree, and they shall endure unto Alhallontide, on the trees.   

To have rath Medlars two Months before others.  
FOr to have Medlars two months sooner than others: and that the one shall be better far than the other, ye shall graff them upon a Gooseberry tree, and also a frank Mulberry tree, and before ye do graff them, ye shall wet them in Honey, and then graff them.   

For to have rathe or timely Pears.  
FOr to have a rathe Pear the which is in France, as the Pear Cailonet, and the pear Hastinean. For to have them rath or soon, ye shall graff them on the Pine tree: And for to have them late, ye shall graff them on the pear called in France Dangoisse, or on other like hard pears.   

To have Misples or Meddlers without stones.  
FOr to have Meddlers without stones, the which shall taste sweet as honey, ye shall graff them as the other, upon an Eglantine or sweet Brier tree, & ye shall wet the grafs (before ye graff them) in honey.   

To have Pears betimes.  
FOr to have the pear of Anguisse, or Permain, or Satigle, (which be of certain places so called) a month or two, before others, the which shall endure, and be good unto the new come again, ye shall graff them upon a Quince tree, and likewise upon the frank Mulberry tree.   

To have ripe or frank mulberies very soon and late.  
FOr to have frank or ripe Mulberries very soon, ye shall graff them upon a rath Pear tree, and upon the Gofebery tree, and to have very late and to endure unto Alhallowtide, ye shall graff them upon the Medler tree.   

To keep Pears a year.  
HOw for to keep Pears a year: ye shall take of fine salt very dry, and put thereof with your pears into a barrel, in such sort that one Pear do not touch another, so fill the barrel if ye list, then stop it, and let it be set in some dry place, that the salt do not wax moist, thus ye may keep them long and good.   

To have your fruit taste half apples, half pears.  
IF ye will have your fruit taste half a pear and half an Apple, ye shall in the spring take graffs, the one a pear, and the other an Apple, ye shall cleave or pair them in the graffing joint or place, and join half the Pear tion, & straw, and if the time of winter be cold and very hard, then put of hay above them on your straw, and take it away when as a fair time cometh: and thus ye shall keep your fruit fair and good.   

The days to Plant and graff.  
ALso (as some say) from the first day of the new moan, unto the xiij day thereof, is good for to plant, or graff, or sow, and for great need, some do take unto the xvii or xviii day thereof, and not after, neither graff, nor sow, but as is afore mentioned, a day or two days afore the change, the best signs are, Taurus, Virgo, and Capricorn.   

Te have green Roses all the year.  
FOr to have green Roses, ye shall (as some say) take your rose buds, in the spring time, and then graff them upon the holly stock, and they shall be green all the year.   

To keep Raisins or Grapes good a year.  
FOr to keep Raisins or grapes good all a whole year, ye shall take of fine dry sand, and then lay your raisins or grapes therein, and it shall keep them good a whole year, some keep them in a close glass from the air.   

To make fruit laxative from the tree.  
FOR to make any fruit laxative from the tree, what fruit soever it be, make a hole in the stock, or in the Master root of the tree, (with a great pearcer sloop wise) not thorough, but unto the pythe, or somewhat further, then fill the said hole with the juice of elder, of Centori, of Seney, or of Turbich, or such like laxatives, them fill the said hole therewith, of which of them ye will, or else ye may take three of them togethers, and fill the said hole therewith, and then stop the said hole close with soft wax, than clay it thereon, and put moss very well over all, so that nothing may issue or fall out, and all the fruit of the said tree shall be from thenceforth laxative.   

A note for all Graffers and Planters.  
ALso whensoever ye shall plant or graff, it shallbe meet and good for you to say as followeth. In the name of God the Father, the Son and the holy Ghost, Amen. Increase and multiply, and replenish the earth: and say the lords prayer, then say: Lord God hear my prayer, and let this my desire of thee be heard. The holy spirit of God which hath created all things for man, and hath given them for our comfort, in thy name O Lord we set, plant, & graff, desiring that by thy mighty power they may increase, and multiply upon the earth, in bearing plenty of fruit, to the profit and comfort of all thy faithful people, thorough Christ or Lord. Amen.   
FINIS.   

¶ Here follow certain ways of planting and graffing, with other necessaries herein meet to be known, translated out of Dutch by L. M.  

¶ To graff one Vine on another.  
YOu that will graff one Vine upon another, ye shall (in january) cleave the head of the Vine, as ye do other stocks, and then put in your Vine graff or cyon, but first ye must pair him thin, ere ye set him in the head, than clay and moss him as the other.   

¶ Chosen days to graff in, and to choose your scions.  
ALso when so ever that ye will graff, the best chosen times is on the last day before the change, and also in the change, & on the second day after the change, if ye graff (as some say) on the third, fourth & fift day after the change, it will be so many years ere those trees bring forth fruit. Which thing ye may believe if ye will, but I will not. For some do hold opinion, that it is good graffing from the change unto the xviij day thereof, which I think to be good in all the increase of the Moon, but the sooner the better.   

¶ To gather your scions.  
ALso such scions or graffs which ye do get on other trees the young trees of three or four years, or .v. or uj years are best to have graffs. Take them of no under bows, but in the top upon the East side, if ye can, and of the fairest and greatest. Ye shall cut them two inches long of the old wood, beneath the joint. And whensoever ye will graff, cut or pair your graffs taperwise from the joint two inches or more of length, which ye shall set into the stock: and before ye set it in, ye shall open your stock with a wedge of iron, or hard wood, fair and softly: then if the sides of your clefts be ragged, ye shall pair them with the point of a sharp knife on both sides within and above, then set in your graffs close on the out sides and also above: but let your stock be as little while open as ye can, and when your graffs be well set in, pluck forth your wedge: and if your stock do pinch your graffs much, than ye must put in a wedge of the same wood for to help your graffs: Then ye shall lay a thick bark or pill over the cleft from the one graft to the other, to keep out the clay and rain, and so clay them two fingers thick round about the cliffs, and then lay on Moss, but Wool is better next to your clay, or else to temper your clay with Wool or hair, for it shall make it bide closer and also stronger on the stock head. Some take Wool next the clay and wrappeth it all over with linen clouts: for the Wool being once moist, will keep the clay so a long tyme. And other some do take Woollen clouts that have been laid in the juice of Wormwood, or such like bitter thing, to keep creeping Worms from coming, under to the graffs. If ye graff in winter put your clay uppermost, for summer your moss. For in Winter the moss is warm, and your clay will not cleave. In Summer your clay is cold, and your moss keeps him from cleaving or chapping. To bind them, take of willow pills, of cloven briars, of osiers, or such like. To gather your graffe● on the East part of the tree is counted best: if ye gather them below on the under boughs, they will grow flaggie and spreading abroad: if ye take them in the top of the tree, they will grow upright. Yet some do gather their scions or graffs on the sides of the trees and so graff them again on the like sides of the stocks, the which is of some men not counted so good for fruit. It is not good to graff a great stock, for they will be long ere they cover the head thereof.   

Of worms in trees or fruit.  
IF ye have any trees eaten with worms, or do bring wormy fruit, ye shall use to wash all his body and great branches with two parts of Kowpisse, and one part of Vinegar, or else if ye can get no Vinegar, with Kowpisse alone, tempered with common ashes: then wash your trees therewith before the Spring, and in the Spring, or in Summer. Annis seeds sown about the tree roots, drive away worms, and the fruit shall be the sweeter,   

The setting of Stones, and ordering thereof.  
AS for Almond trees, Peach trees, Cherry trees, Plum trees, or others, ye shall thus plant or set them. Lay first the Stones in water three days and four nights, until they sink therein: then take them betwixt your finger and your thumb, with the small end upward, and so set them two fingers deep in good earth. And when ye have so done, ye shall rake them all over and so cover them: and when they begin to grow or spring, keep them from weeds, and they shall prosper the better, specially in the first year. And within two or three years after, ye may set or remove them where ye list, then if ye do remove them again after that, ye must prune of all his twigs as ye shall see cause, nigh the stock: thus ye may do of all kind of trees, but specially those which have the great sap, as the Mulberry, or Fig tree, or such like.   

To gather Gum of any tree,  
IF ye list to have the Gum of the Almond tree, ye shall strike a great nail into the tree, a good way, and so let him rest, and the Gum (of the tree) shall issue thereat: thus do men gather Gum of all sorts of trees, yea the common Gum that men do use and occupy.   

To set a whole Apple.  
ALso some say, that if ye set a whole Apple four fingers in the earth, all the Pepines or kernels in the same Apple, will grow up togethers in one whole stock or tion, and all those Apples shallbe much fairer and greater than others: but ye must take heed, how ye do set those Apples which do come in a leap year, for in a leap year (as some do say) the kernels or Pepines are turned contrary, for if ye should so set, as commonly a man doth, ye shall set them contrary.   

Of setting the Almond.  
Almonds do come forth and grow commonly well, if they be set without the shell or husk, in good earth, or in rotten hogs dung: if ye lay Almonds, one day in vinegar, then shall they (as some say,) be very good to plant, or lay him in milk and water until he do sink, it shall be the better to set, or any other nut.   

Of Pepines watered.  
THe Pepines and kernels of those trees which have a thick or rough bark, if ye lay them three days in water, or else until they sink therein, they shall be the better, than set them, or sow them, as is afore mentioned, and then remove them, when they be well rooted, of three or four years growth, and they shall have a thin bark.   

To plant or set Vines.  
IF ye plant or set Vines, in the first or second year they will bring no fruit, but in the third year they will bear, if they be well kept, ye shall cut them in januarie, & set them soon after they be cut from the Vine, and ye shall set two together, the one with the old wood, & the other without, and so let them grow in plucking away all weeds from about them, and when ye shall remove them in the second or third year, being well rooted, ye shall set them well a foot deep (in good fat earth) with good dung, as of one foot deep or there abouts, & keep them clean from weeds, for than they will prosper the better, and in summer when the Grape is knit, than ye shall break of his top or branch, at one or two joints after the grape, and so the grape shallbe the greater, and in the Winter when ye cut them, ye shall not leave past two or three leaders on each branch, on some branch but one leader, which must be cut betwixt two joints, and ye shall leave the young vine to be the leader, also ye shall leave thereof three or four joints at all times, if a young tion do come forth of the old branch or side thereof, if ye do cut him, ye shall cut him hard by the old branch, and if ye will have him to bring the grape next year, ye shall leave two or three joints thereof, for the young cion always bringeth the grape: ye may at all times, so that the grape be once taken and knit, ever as the superfluous scions do grow, ye may break them of at a joint, or hardly by the old branch, and the grapes will be the greater: thus ye may order your Vine all the Summer long without any hurt.   

To set or plant the Cherry.  
CHerry trees, and all the trees of stone fruit, would be planted or set of scions, in cold grounds and places of good earth, and likewise in high or hilly places, dry and well in the shade: if ye do remove, ye ought to remove them in November and january, if ye shall see your Cherry tree wax rotten, then shall ye make a hole in the mids of the body two foot above the ground, with a dig pearcer, that the humour may pass forth thereby, then afore the spring, shut him up again with a pin of the same tree: thus ye may do unto all other sorts of trees when they begin to rot, and is also good for them which bear scant of fruit or none.   

To keep Cherries good a year.  
FOr to keep Cherries good a year, ye shall cut of the stalks, and then lay them in a well leaded pot, and fill the said pot therewith, then put unto them of good thin honey, and fill the said pot therewith, then stop it with clay that no air enter in, than set it in some fair Seder, and put of sand under, and all about it, and cover the pot well withal, so let it stand or remain: thus ye may keep them a year, as fresh as though they came fro the tree, and after this sort ye may keep pears, or other fruit.   

Against Pismiars.  
IF ye have cherry trees jaded or troubled with Pismiars or Ants, ye shall rub the body of the tree, and all about the root with the juice of Purslayne, mingled half with vinegar. Some do use to anoint the tree beneath all about the body, with tar and bird lime, with wool oil boiled together, and anoint the tree beneath therewith, and do lay of chalk stones all about the tree root, some say it is good therefore.   

The setting of chestnuts.  
THe chestnut tree, men do use to plant like unto the Fig tree. They may be both planted and graffed well, they wax well in fresh and fat earth, for in sand they like not: if ye will set the kernels, ye shall lay them in water until they do sink, and those that do sink to the bottom of the water, be best to set, which ye shall set in the month of November & December, four fingers deep, a foot one from another, for when they be in these two Months set or planted, they shall endure long, and bear also good fruit, yet some there be that plant or set them first in dung, like beans, which will be sweeter than the other sort, but those which be set in the two months aforesaid, shall first bear their fruit: men may prove which is best, experience doth teach. This is another way to prove and know, which Cheffnuts be best to plant or set, that is: ye shall take a quantity of Nuts, than lay them in sand the space of xxx days, then take and wash them in water fair and clean, and throw them into water again, and those which do sink to the bottom, are good to plant or set, and the other that swim are nought: thus may ye do with all other kernels or nuts.   

To have all stone fruit taste, as ye shall think good.  
IF ye will have all stone fruit taste as ye shall fancy, or think good, ye shall first lay your stones to soak in such liquor or moisture, as ye will have the fruit taste of, and then set them: as for the Date tree (as some say) he bringeth no fruit except he be a hundred years old, & the Date stone must soak one month in the water before he be set, then shall ye set him with the small end upward, in good fat earth, in hot sandy ground four fingers deep, and when the bows do begin to spring, then shall ye every night sprinkle them with rain water, (or other if ye have none) so long till they be come forth and grown.   

Of graffing the Medlar and Misple.  
FOr to graff the Medlar or Misple: men do use to graff them on the white Hawthorn tree, they will prove well, but yet small and sour fruit: to graff one Medlar upon another is the better, some men do graff first the wilding tion, upon the Medlar stock, and so when he is well taken and grown, than they graff thereon the Medlar again, the which doth make them more sweet, very great and fair.   

Of the Fig tree.  
THe Fig tree in some country, beareth his fruit four times a year, the black figs are the best, being dried in the sun, and then laid in a vessel in beds one by another, and then sprinkled or strawed all over, every lay with fine meal, then stop it up, and so it is sent out of the land. If the Fig tree will not bear, ye shall dig him all about, and under the roots in February, and take out then all his earth, and put unto him the dung of a privy, for that he liketh best: ye may mingle with it of other fat earth, as Pigeons dung mingled with Oil and Pepper stamped, which shall forward him much to noint his roots therewith: ye shall not plant the Fig tree in cold times, he loveth hot, stony, or gravely ground, and to be planted in Autumn is best.   

Of the Mulberry tree.  
IF ye will plant the Mulberry tree, the Fig tree or others which bring no seed, ye shall cut a twig or branch (from the tree root) of a years growth, with the old wood or bark, about a cubit long, which ye shall plant or set all in the earth, save a shaftment long of it, and so let it grow, in watering it as ye shall see need. This must be done before the leaves begin to spring, but take heed that ye cut not the end or top above, for than it shall wither and dry.   

Of trees that bear bitter fruit.  
OF all such trees as bear bitter fruit, to make them bring sweeter, ye shall uncover all the roots in januarie,) and take out all that earth, then put unto them of Hogs dung great plenty, and then after put unto them of other good earth, and so cover them therewithal well again, and their fruit shall have a sweeter taste: thus men may do with other trees which bring bitter fruit.   

To help barren trees.  
HEre is another way to help barren trees, that they may bring fruit: if ye see your tree not bear scantly in three or four years good plenty, ye shall bore an hole with an auger or pearcer, in the greatest place of the body, (within a yard of the ground) but not thorough, but unto or past the heart, ye shall bore him a slope: then take honey and water mingled together a night before, then put the said honey and water into the hole, and fill it therewith, then stop it close with a short pin, made of the same tree, not stricken into far, for piercing the liquor.   

Another way.  
IN the beginning of Winter ye shall dig those trees round about the roots, and let them so rest a day and a night, and then put unto them of good earth, mingled well with good store of watered oats, or with watered barley or wheat, laid next unto the roots, then fill it with other good earth, and he shall boar fruit, even as the boring of a hole in the master root, and strike in a pin, and so fill him again, shall help him to bear, as afore declared.   

To keep your fruit.  
ALl fruit may be the better kept, if ye lay them in dry places, in dry straw or hey, but hey ripeth to sore, or in a barley mow not touching one the other, or in chaff, and in vessels of juniper, or Sypers wood, ye may so keep them well in dry salt or honey, & upon boards where as fire is nigh all the Winter, also hanging nigh fire in the Winter, in nets of yarn.   

The Mulberry tree.  
THe Mulberry tree is planted or set by the Fig tree, his fruit is first sour & then sweet, he liketh neither dew nor rain, for they hurt him, ye is well pleased with fowl earth or dung, his branches will wax dry within every six years, then must he cut them of, as for other trees: they ought to be pruned every year as ye shall see cause, and they will be the better, and to plant him from mid February, to mid March is best.   

Of Moss on the tree.  
OF the Moss on your trees, ye must not let it to long be uncleansed, ye must rub it of with a grate of wood, or a rough hear, or such like, in Winter when they be moist or wet, for than it will of the sooner, for moss doth take away the strength and substance of the fruit, & makes the trees barren at length: when ye see your trees begin to wax mossy, ye must in the winter uncover their roots, and put under them good earth, this shall help them and keep them long without moss: for the earth not stirred above the root, is one cause of mossynesse, and also the barrenness of the ground whereon he standeth, and your moss doth sucker in winter, flies and other vermin, and so doth therein hide them in Summer, which is occasion of eating the blossoms and tender scions thereof.   

To keep Nuts long.  
FOr to keep nuts long, ye shall dry them and cover them in dry sand, and put them in a dry bladder, or in a fat made of Walnut tree, and put of dry ivy berries therein, and they shall be much sweeter. To keep Nuts green a year, and also fresh: ye shall put them into a pot with honey, and they shall continue fresh a year, and the said honey will be gentle and good for many medicines. To keep Walnuts fresh and green in the time of straining of verjuice, ye shall take of that pommis, & put thereof in the bottom of a barrel, then lay your Walnuts all over, then pommis over them, and so Walnuts again, and then of the pommis, as ye shall see cause to fill your vessel. Then stop him close as ye do a barrel, and set him in your Seller or other place, and it shall keep your nuts fresh and green a year. Some use to fill an earthen pot with small Nuts, and then put to them dry sand, and cover them with a lid of earth or stone, & then they clay it, setting the mouth of the pot downward, two foot within the earth, in their Garden or other place, & so they will keep very moist and sweet until new come.   

To cut the peach tree.  
THe peach tree is of this nature, if he be cut (as some say) green, it will whither and dry. Therefore if ye cut any small branch, cut it hard by the body: the withered twigs ever as they wither, must be cut of hard by the great branch or body thereof, for than they do prosper the better. If a Peach tree do not like, ye shall put to his roots, the lees of Wine mingled with water, and also wash his roots therewith, and likewise the branches, then cover him again with good earth mingled with his own leaves, for those he liketh best. Ye may graff Peach upon Peach, upon Hasill, or Ash, or upon Cherry tree, or ye may graff the Almond upon the Peach tree. And to have great Peaches, ye must take cows milk, and put good earth thereto, then all to strike the body of the tree therewith both upward and downward, or else open the root all bare three days and three nights, then take goats milk, and wash all the roots therewith, and then cover them again: this must be done when they begin to blossom, & so shall he bring great Peaches.   

To colour Peach stones.  
TO colour peach stones, that all the fruire thereof shall have the like colour hereafter, that is: ye shall lay or set peach stones in the earth seven days or more, until ye shall see the stones begin to open, then take the stones and the kernels softly forth thereof, and what colour ye will, colour the curnel therewith, and put them into the shell again, then bind it fast together and set it in the earth, with the small end upward, and so let him grow, and all the peaches which shall come of the same fruit (graffed or ungraffed) will be of the same colour. The peach tree ought to be planted in Autumn, before the cold do come, for he cannot abide the cold.   

If peach trees be troubled with worms.  
ALso if any peach tree be troubled with worms, ye shall take two parts of Cow piss, with one part of vinegar, then shall ye sprinkle the tree all over therewith, and wash his roots and branches also, and it will kill the worms, this may ye do unto all other trees, which be troubled with worms.   

To have the Peach without stones.  
FOR to make the peach grow without stones, ye shall take a peach tree newly planted, then set a Willow hard by, which ye shall bore a hole thorough, then put the peach tree thorough the said hole, and so close him on both sides thereof, sap to sap, and let him so grow one year, than the next year ye shall cut of the peach stock, and let the Willow feed him, and cut of the upper part of the Willow also three fingers high: and the next Winter saw him of nigh the peach, so that the Willow shall feed but the peach only: and this way ye may have peaches without stones.   

Another way for the same.  
YE shall take the graffs of Peaches, and graff them upon the Willow stock, and so shall your Peaches be likewise without stones.   

If trees do not prosper.  
IF that ye see that your trees do not wax nor prosper, take and open the roots in the beginning of january or afore, and in the biggest root thereof, make a hole with an anger, to the pith or more, then strike therein a pin of Oak and so stop it again close, and let it be well waxed all about the pin, then cover him again with good earth, and he shall do well▪ some do use to cleave the róote.   

How to graff Apples to last on the tree till Alhallowtyde.  
How ye may have many sorts of Apples upon your trees until Alhallowtide, that is, ye shall graff your Apples upon the Mulberry tree, & upon the Cherry tree.   

To make Cherries and Peaches smell, and taste like spice.  
HOw to make that Cherries and Peaches shall be pleasant, and shall smell and taste like spice, & that ye may keep them well, till the new do come again, ye shall graff them on the Mulberry tree, as is aforesaid: but first ye shall soak them in honey and water, wherein ye shall put of the powder of Cloves, ginger and Cinnamon.   

To graff an Apple which shall be half sweet, and half sour.  
TO graff that your Apples shallbe the one half sweet, & the other half sour: ye shall take two scions, the one sweet and the other sour, some do put the one cyon thorough the other, and so graffs them between the bark and the tree: and some again do pair both the scions finely, and so sets them joining into the stock, enclosing sap to sap, on both the outsides of the graffs, unto the out sides of the stock, and so sets them into the head as the other: and they shall bring fruit, the one half sweet, and the other half sour.   

To graff a Rose on the Holly.  
FOr to graff the Holly, that his leaves shall keep all the year green, some do take & cleave the Holly, & so grafs in a white or red Rose bud, and then puts clay & moss to him, & lets him grow, & some do put the rose bud into a flit of the bark, & so putteth clay and Moss, & binds him featly therein, and lets him grow, and he shall carry his leave all the year.   

Of keeping of Plums.  
OF Plums there be many sorts, as Damsons, which be all black, and counted the best: All manner of other Plums a man may keep well a year, if they be gathered ripe, & then dried, and put into vessels of glass: if ye cannot dry them well in the sun, ye shall dry them on hurdles of Oziars made like Lettuce windows, in a hot Oven after bread is drawn forth, and so reserve them. If a plum tree like not, open his root, & power in all about the dregs of Wine, mixed with water, and so cover him well again, or power on them stolen urine or old piss of old men, mixed with two parts of water, and so cover him as before.   

Of altering of Pears, or stony fruit.  
TWO a Pear do taste hard, or gravelly about the core, like small stones, ye shall uncover his root (in the Winter, or afore the spring) and take out all the earth thereof, & pick out all the stones, as clean from the earth as ye can about his root, than fift that earth, or else take of other good fat earth without stones, and fill all his roots again therewith, and he shall bring a soft and gentle Pear to eat, but ye must see well to the watering of him often.   

The making of Cider and Pyrry.  
OF Apples and Pears, men do make Cider and Pirrie, & because the use thereof in most places is known, I will here let pass to speak any further thereof, but this (in the pressing your Cider) I will counsel you to keep clean your vessels, and the places whereas your fruit doth lie, and specially after it is bruised or broken, for than they draw filthy air unto them, and if it be nigh, the Cider shall be infected therewith, and also bear the fast after the infection thereof: therefore as soon as you can, tun it into clean and sweet vessels, as into vessels of white wine or of sack, or clarette and such like, for these shall keep your Cider the better and the stronger, along time after: ye may hang a small bag of linen, by a thread down into the lower part of your vessel, with powder of Cloves, Mace, Cinnamon, Ginger and such like, which will make your Cider to have a pleasant taste.   

To help frozen Apples.  
OF Apples that be frozen in the cold and extreme winter. The remedy to have the Ice out of them, is this. Ye shall lay them first in cold water a while, & then lay them before the fire, or other heat, and they shall come to themselves again.   

To make Apples fall from the tree.  
IF ye put of fiery coals under an Apple tree, and then cast of the power of brimstone therein, and the fume thereof ascend up, and touch any Apple that is wet, that Apple shall fall incontinent.   

To water trees in Summer, if they wax dry about the root.  
WHereas Apple trees be set in dry drowned and not deep in the ground, in Summer if they want moisture, ye shall take of white straw, or other, and every evening (or as ye shall see cause) cast thereon water all about, and it will keep the trees moist from time to time.   

To cherish Apple trees.  
IF ye use to throw (in Winter) all about your Apple trees on the roots thereof, the urine of old men, or of stolen piss long kept, they shall bring fruit much better, which is good for the Vine also, or if ye do sprinkle or anoint your Appte tree roots with the Gall of a Bull, they shall bear the better.   

To make an Apple grow in a Glass.  
TO make an Apple grow within a glass, take a glass what fashion ye list, and put your Apple therein when he is but small, and bind him fast to the Glass, and the Glass also to the tree, and let him grow, thus ye may have Apples of divers proportions, according to the fashion of your glass, thus may ye make of Cucumbers, Gourds, or Pomecitrons, the like fashion.   

 
THese three branches & figure of graffing in the shield in Summer is, the first branch showeth how the bark is taken off, the middle place showeth, how it is set to, and the last branch, showeth how to bind him on, in saving the eyelet or eye from bruising.   

To graff many sorts of Apples on one tree.  
YE may graff on one Apple tree at once, many kind of Apples, as on every branch a contrary fruit, as is afore declared, and of pears the like: but see as nigh as ye can, that all your scions be of like springing, for else the one will out grow and shadow the other.   

To colour Apples.  
TO have colowred Apples, with what colour ye shall think good, ye shall bore slope a hole with an anger, in the biggest part of the body of the tree, unto the mids thereof, or there abouts, & then look what colour ye will have them of, first ye shall take water, & mingle your colour therewith, then stop it up again, with a short pin made of the same wood or tree, then wax it round about: ye may mingle with the said colour what spice ye list, to make them taste thereafter, thus may ye change the colour & taste of any Apple: your colours may be of Saffron, turn soul, brasel sanders, or other what ye shall see good. This must be done before the spring do come: some do say, if ye graff on the Olive stock, or on the Alder stock, they will bring red Apples: also they say, to graff to have fruit without core, ye shall graff in both the ends of your Cyon into the stock, & when they be fast grown to the stock, ye shall cut it in the mids, & let the smaller end grow upward: or else take a tion & graff the small end of the stock downward, & so shall ye have your apple tree on S. Lambert's day, (which is the xvij of September) they shall never waste, consume, nor wax dry, which I doubt.   

The setting of Vine plants.  
 
THese figures do show how ye ought to plant and set your Vines, in two & two together, the one to have apart of the old tree, and the other may be all of the last cyon: but when ye plant him with a part of the old tree he shall commonly take root the sooner than the new tion: ye must weed them every month, and let not the earth be too close above their roots at the first, but now and then lose it with a spade as ye shall see a rain past, for than they shall enlarge, and put forth better. Further herein ye shall under stand after.   

How to prune or cut a Vine in Winter.  
 
THis figure showeth, how all wines should be proined and cut, in a convenient time after Christmas, that when ye cut them, ye shall leave his branches very thin, as ye see by this figure: ye shall never leave above two, or three leaders at the head of any principal branch ye must also cut them of in the midst between the knots of the young scions, for those be the leaders which will bring the grape, the rest & order ye shall understand as followeth.   

Of the Vine and Grape.  
SOmewhat I intend to speak of the ordering of the Vine & grape, to plant or set the Vine: the plants or sets which be gathered from the vine (& so planted) are best, they must not be old gathered, nor lie long unplanted after they be cut, for than they will soon gather corruption, and when ye do gather your plants, ye must take heed to cut & choose them, whereas ye may with the young tion, a joint of the old wood with the new, for the old wood will sooner. take root than the new, & better to grow than if it were all young tion, ye shall leave the old wood to the young tion, a foot or half a foot, or a shaftment long, the young tion ye shall cut the length of three quarters of a yard or there abouts, and ye shall choose of those young scions that be thickest jointed, or nigh joints togethers, and when ye shall plant or set them, look that your ground be well digged in the Winter before, then in january ye may both cut and plant, but cut not in the frost, for that is danger of all kind of trees, or ye may plant in the beginning of February, and when ye do plant, ye shall take two of those plants, & set or lay them together, a foot deep in the earth, for two plants set together will not so soon fail, as one alone, and lay them a foot long wise in the earth, so that there may be above the earth three or four joints, ye may plant a young tion with the old, so that he be thick or nigh jointed, for than he is the better to root, & also to bring fruit: then when ye have set or laid them in the earth, then cover them well therewith, in treading it fast down unto the plants, but let the ends of your scions or plants be turned upright, above the earth three or four joints, if there shall be more when they be set, ye shall cut them of, and ye shall cut them always in the mids, between the two joints, and then let them so grow, and see that ye weed them always clean, and once a month lose the earth round about them, and they shall prove the better: if it be very dry and hot in the Summer after, ye may water them, in making a hole with a crow of iron to the root, & there ye shall pour in water, in the evening. As for the pruning of them is, when the grape is taken and clustered, than ye may break the next joint or two after the grape, of all such superfluous scions as ye shall see cause, which will cause the grape to wax bigger: ye may also break away all such superfluous buds or slender branches, which cometh about the root, or on the under branches, which ye think will have no grape, and when ye prune or cut them in Winter following, ye shall not cut the young tion nigh the old, by three or four joints, ye shall not cut them like oziars, to leave a sort of heads together on one branch, which doth kill your vine, ye shall leave but one head, or two at the most, of the young scions, upon the old branch, and to cut those young scions three or four knots or joints of, for the young tion doth carry the grape always, and when ye leave upon a great branch many scions, they can not be well nourished, & after ye have so cut them in Winter, ye shall bind them with cziars, in placing those young branches as ye shall see cause, and in the spring time, when the branches are tender, ye shall bind them so, that the stormy tempest or wind do not hurt them, and to bind them withal, the best is, great soft rushes, and when the grape is clustered, than ye may break of all such branches as is afore declared, upon one old branch three or four heads be enough, for the more heads your branch hath, the worse your grape shallbe nourished, & when ye cut of any branch, cut him of hard by or nigh the old branch, if your Vine ware old, the best remedy is: if there grow any young cion about the r●…te, ye shall in the Winter, cut of the old Vine hard by the ground, or as nigh as ye can, and lot the young Vine lead, and he will continue a long time, if ye cover and fill the place about the root with good earth again. There is also upon or by every cluster of grapes, a small tion like a pigs tail, turning about, which doth take away the sap from the grape, if ye pinch it of hard by the stalk of your grape, your fruit shallbe the greater: if your Vine wax to rank and thick of branches, ye shall dig the root in Winter, and open the earth, and fill it up again with sand and ashes blend together, & where as a Vine is unfruitful and doth not bear, ye shall bore a hole (with an anger) unto the heart or pith, in the body or thickest part thereof, then put in the said hole a small stone, but fill not the hole close therewith, but so that the sickness of the Vine may pass thereby. Then lay all about the root of good earth mingled with good dung, and so shall he not be unfruitful, but bear well ever after: or also, to cast of old men's urine or piss, all about the root of the barren vine, and if he were half les● or marred, he should grow again & wax fruitful as before: this is to be done in Winter.   

To have grapes without stones.  
FOr to have grapes without stones, ye shall take young plants or branches, and shall set or plant the top or small end downward in the earth, and so ye may set two of them togethers for failing, as I have afore declared of the others, and those branches shall bring grapes without stones.   

To make your Vine to bring a grape to taste like Claret.  
TO make your Vine to have a grape to taste like claret wine, and pleasant withal, ye shall bore a hole in the stock unto the heart, or pith thereof, then shall ye make a lectuary with the powder of Cloves, of Cinnamon, mingled with a little fountain or running water, and fill the said hole therewith, and stop it fast and close with wax, and so bind if fast thereon with a linen cloth, & those grapes shall taste like claret wine.   

Of gathering your grapes.  
ALL grapes that men do cut before they are thorough ripe, the wine shall not be natural, nor yet shall long endure good, but if ye will cut or gather grapes to have them good, and to have good wine thereof, ye shall cut them in the full, or soon after the full of the moon, when she is in Cancer, in Leo, in Scorpio, and in Aquarius, the moon being in the wain, and under the earth.   

To know if your Grape be ripe enough.  
FOr to know if your grapes be ripe enough or not, which ye shall not only know in the taste, but in sight and taste together, as in taste if they be sweet and full in eating, and in sight if the stones will soon fall out being chafed or bruised, which is the best knowledge, and also whether they be white or blue, it is all one matter: the good grape is he which cometh out all watery, or those which be all clammy as birdlime: by these signs shall ye know when to cut, being thorough ripe or not, and whereas you do press your Wine, ye must make your place sweet and clean, & your vessels within to be clean also, and see that they have strong heads, and those persons which do press the grape, must look their hands, feet and body be clean washed, when as they go to pressing the grape, & that no woman be there having there terms: and also ye shall eat of no Cheboles, Scallions, Onions, or Garlic, aniseeds, or such like, for all strong savours your Wine will draw the infection thereof, and assoon as your grape is cut and gathered, ye shall press your Wine after assoon as ye may, which will make your Wine to be more pleasant and stronger, for the grapes which tarrieth long unpressed, maketh the Wine to be small and ill, ye must see that your vessels be new fair and sweet within, and to be washed with sweet water and then well dried again, and to perfume them with Mastic and such sweet vapour, & if your vessel chance not to be sweet, then shall ye pitch him on the sides, which pitch will take away all evil and such stinking savour therein.   

To prove or taste Wine.  
ANd when soever ye will prove or taste any Wine, the best time is, early in the morning, and take with you three or four sops of bread, then dip one after another into the wine, for therein ye shall find (if there be any) sharp taste of the wine. Thus I leave (at this present) to speak any further here of the Vine and grape. If this my simple labour be taken in good part (gentle reader) it shall the more hereafter encourage me to set forth another book more at large, touching the art of planting and graffing, with other things necessary to be known.   

Here followeth the best times how to order, or chose, and to set or plant Hops.  
IN this figure ye shall understand the placing and making of the Hoppe hills, by every Cipher over his head: the first place is showed but one pole set in the mids, and the Hoppe beneath, the second showeth how some doth chap down a spade in the mids of the hill, and therein lays his Hoppe roots. The third place is showed, how other some do set out one pole in the mids, and the Hoppe roots at holes put in round about. The fourth place showeth how some chops in a spade cross in the top, and there lays in his roots. The fift place showeth how some do set four poles therein, and puts the Hoppe round about the hill. The sixth place showeth that some use to make cross holes in the sides, and there lays in the Hoppe roots. Thus many practices have been proved good, provided always that your hills be of good fat earth, specially in the mids down unto the bottom. This I thought sufficient to show by this figure the diversity in setting, whereof the laying of the Hoppe is counted the surest way.  
THe best and common setting time of Hops, is from mid November, to mid February, then must ye dig and cleanse the ground of weeds, and mix it well with good mould and fat earth. Then divide your hills a yard one from another orderly, in making them a yard asunder, and two foot and a half broad in the bottom, and when that ye plant them, ye shall lay in every Hill three or four roots, some do in setting of them lay them crosswise in the mids of the hill, and so covers them again, some sets the roots in four parts of the hill, othersome do make holes round about the hills, and puts of the roots therein, and so covers them again light with earth: of one short root in a year ye may have many plants, to set and lay as ye shall see it good, and it shall be sufficient for every plant, to have two knots within the ground, and one without, some do chap a spade cross in the hill, and lays in cross the Hoppe, and so covers it.   

To choose your Hoppe.  
YE shall choose your roots best for your Hop, in the Summer before ye shall plant them, for than ye shall see which bears the Hop, for some there is that brings none, but that which bears, choose for your plants, and set of those in your hills, for so shall ye not be deceived, and they shall prosper well.   

To sow the seeds.  
SOme do hold, that ye may sow among other seeds, the seeds of Hops, and so will increase and be good to set, or else to make beds and sow them alone, whereby they may increase to be set, and when they be strong, ye may remove and set them in your hills, and plant them as the other before mentioned.   

¶ The setting your poles.  
THe best time is in April, or when your roots be sprung half a yard long or more, then by every plant or Hop, in your Hills, ye shall set up a pole of xiij or xiiij foot long, or there abouts as cause shall require, some do use to set but four poles in every hill, which is thought sufficient, and when ye shall set them, see that ye set them so fast that great winds do not cast them down.   

¶ How to prune the tree.  
YE shall mark when the Hoppe doth blossom, and knit in the top, which shall be perceived to be the Hop, then take and cut up all the rest growing there abouts, (not having Hop thereon) hard by the earth, that all those which carry the Hop, might be the better nourished: thus shall ye do in Summer, as ye shall see them increase and grow, until the time of gathering.   

¶ To gather the Hop.  
AT such time afore Michaelmas as ye shall see your Hop wax brown, or somewhat yellow, than he is best to be gathered in a dry day, in cutting your Hop by the ground, then pluck up your pole therewith for shaking of your Hop, so carry them into some dry house, and when ye have so plucked them, ye shall lay them on boarded lofts, or on hurdles of clothes, that the wind may dry them, and the air, but not in the sun, for the same will take away the strength thereof, nor with fire, for that will do likewise, and ye shall daily toss and turn them till they be dry: to try them when they are dry, hold them in your hand a space, & if they cleave together when ye open your hand, they are not then dry: but if they shatter a sunder in opening your hand, than ye may be sure they are dry enough. If not, let them remain, and use ye them as is before said. Ye shall understand the dryness of them is to preserve them and long to last, but if need be, ye may occupy them well undried, with less portion to sow.   

¶ What Poles are best.  
YE shall prepare your Poles of such wood as is light and stiff, and which will not bow with every wind, the best and meetest time to get them is in Winter when the sap is gone down, and as soon as ye have taken of your Hop, lay your Poles in sundry places until the next spring, whereby they may endure the longer.   

¶ How to order and dress your hills.  
AFter the first year is past, your Hop being increased to more plenty of roots in your hills, ye shall after Michelmasse every year, open your hills and cast down the tops unto the roots, uncovering them, and cut away all the superfluous roots, some doth pluck away all the roots that spreads abroad without the hills, then opens the hills and puts of good new earth unto them, and so covers them again, which shall keep them from the frost, & also make the ground fat, so shall ye let them remain unto the spring of the year, in February or March, than again if ye shall see any superfluous roots ye may take them away, and cup them up, and your Hop shall be the better, than again cast up the earth about your hills, and cleansing them from all weeds and other roots, which will take away their strength, if the herbs remain, so let them rest till your Poles may be set therein.   

¶ Of ground best for your Hop.  
THe Hop delighteth and loveth a good and reasonable fat ground, not very low, nor yet to moist, for I have seen them prove well in Flaunders, in dry sandy fields, the Hoppe hills being of good fat earth, ye may (as some say for great need, make your Hoppe grow and bear on any kind of rocky ground, so that your hills be great and fat earth, but the lower ground commonly proveth best, so that it stand well and hot in the Sun.   

A note of the rest abovesaid.  
YE shall mark and understand, all this order above said, is to have many hops and good, with a few roots and plants placed in a small plot of ground. Ye shall understand, the wild hop that growth in the hedges, is as good to occupy as the other, to set or plant in any other place, but look ye take not the barren hop to plant, some hop will be barren for want of good earth, & lack of dressing, which ye shall perceive (as I have told you) in the Summer before, that when they should bear they willbe barren, which is for want of good fat earth, or an unkind year, or lack of weeding and good ordering. Therefore such as are minded to bestow labour on the ground, may have as good hop growing in this country, as is in other countries: but if ye will not go to the cost, to make hop yards, ye may with a light charge have hops grow in your hedge rows, to serve as well as the other, and shallbe as good for the quantity as the other in all respects: ye may (for lack of ground) plant hop roots in hedge rows, when ye do quick set up poles by them when time shall require in the spring, and to bestow every winter after the gathering your hop, on every hill head, a shovel full of dung to comfort the earth, for them will they bear the more plenty of hop the next year following: to conclude, you that have grounds may well practise in all things afore mentioned, and specially to have hop in this ordering, for yourselves and others, also ye shall give encouragement for other to follow hereafter. I have heard by credible persons, which have known a hundredth hills, (which is a small plat of ground, to bear three hundredth pound of Hoppe, so that the commodity is much, & the gains great: and one pound of our Hoppe dried and ordered, will go as far as two pound of the best Hoppe that cometh from beyond seas. Thus much I thought meet and necessary to write, of the ordering and planting of Hoppe.   

¶ How to pack your Hops,  
WHen your Hops be well tossed and turned on boarded floors, and well dried (as I have afore showed) ye shall put them into great sacks according to the quantity of your Hops, and let them be trodden down hard together, which will keep their strength longer, and so ye may reserve them, and take at your pleasure. Some do use, (which have but small store) to tread them into dry fats, and so reserve them for their use, which is counted the better way and the less portion doth serve, and will longer keep their virtue and strength.  

Wishing long life and prosperous health,  
To all furtherers of this common wealth.    
FINIS.   

Here followeth a necessary table (by alphabet) to find out quickly all several particulars in this book afore mentioned, by the numbers in this table, seeking the like number on the pagine or leaf.  


A  
ABricotes graffed. 22  
Ants or Pismiars on trees. 51  
Ants on young trees. 51  
Ants or Pismiars about trees 58  
Ants or Pismiars on Cherry trees. 67  
An Apple to be set whole in the earth. 67  
Apple trees graffed. 20.  
Altering of hard Pears. 76  
Altering or transplanting. 38  
Apple trees disbraunched. 40  
Apples without blossoming. 56  
Apples to be had rathe or late. 56  
Almonds to be greater than other. 59  
Almonds set of the curnell. 37  
Apples to remain long on the tree. 74  
Apples which are frozen to help. 76  
Apple trees to be cherished. 77  
Apples to be made fall from the tree. 77  
Apple trees to be set, not to consume. 79  
Apples to grow of divers fashions. 79  
Apples scions to graff divers sorts on a tree. 78  
Apples to be coloured.    


B  
barrenness of trees and branches cut. 47  
barrenness of trees to help. 70  
Beasts bruising on trees or graffs. 48  
Binding of trees being weak. 27  
Binding of graffs against winds. 28  
Binding of graffs. 31  
Binding of trees, and with what. 45  
Boughs broken to remedy. 13  
Bushes or small trees to be set. 19  
Branches to be set in the earth. 16  
Branches another away. 16  
Branches old how to be set. 28  
Branches to be set and governed on trees. 38  
Branches to be cut before they be set. 39  
Broken branches to cut of. 13  
Bushing of graff heads. 31    


C  
Caterpillars on trees. 53  
Changing the fruit of kernels. 7  
chestnuts to be set. 68  
Cole wort hard to be graffed. 23  
chestnuts in rank. 41  
chestnuts to have rathe and late. 56  
Cherry trees to be set. 10  
Cherry trees set. 11  
Cherry trees graffed. 12  
Cherries with the difference. 15  
Cherries to be graffed one upon another. 16  
Cherries graffed to be great. 20  
Cherries graffed and how to be cut. 26  
Cherries to taste like spice. 35  
Cherries to have long on the trees. 56  
Cherries to plant or set. 67  
Cherries to be kept in good air. 67  
Choosing your graffs or tions. 23  
Cleaving your stocks. 28  
Cleaving your stocks of Cherries and Plum trees. 18  
Cherry how to be tempered. 31  
Covering your cliffs, on the head. 31  
Curnelles watered. 66  
Curnelles to be set. 2  
Curnelles taken out of the pressing of fruit. 2  
Cutting of principal members. 49  
Cutting of principal roots. 3  
Cutting of great roots. 43  
Cutting of scions with the tyme. 19  
Cutting the heads of your stock. 27  
Cutting, preying and when. 46  
Cutting great branches. 46  
Cutting of branches in replanting. 14    


D  
Damson trees to be set. 11  
Damsons to last long on the trees. 35  
Days on the Moon to graff on. 58  
Days best to plant or graff. 60  
Date tree set of a stone. 68  
Defending your trees from Snails. 51  
Deep setting or shallow. 16  
Deep digging and dunging. 17  
Differences of Cherries. 15  
Donging your trees of Pepines. 3  
Dung and good earth for trees. 43  
divers kind of graffs. 21  
Digging the earth for slips. 17  
Digging the roots all about. 44  
Disbraunching all wild stocks, before they are replanted. 40  
Drawing forth of your wedge. 30    


E  
Earth with the use thereof. 2  
Earth to be made good. 44  
Earth good for trees. 43  
Earth to be digged for slips. 17  
Elms hard to be graffed. 21  
Emettes or Ants. 58    


F  
Fensing your graff heads. 31  
Filbardes to be set. 10  
Fig tree graffed. 21  
Fig trees to come forward. 69  
Fig trees to be planted. 18  
Forward trees to be marked. 14  
Four ways of graffing. 19  
Furnishers to be had. 24  
Fruit charging the tree. 22  
Fruit to have the taste of half an Apple, & half a Pear. 57  
Fruit how to keep from the frost. 59  
Fruit to be made laxative. 60  
Fruit to taste as ye shall seem good. 68  
Fruit to be kept long. 71  
Fumigations in the spring time. 53    


G  
Graffing all sorts of trees. 20  
graffs of Plumtrées to graff with. 11  
Graffing of Plums and Cherries. 11  
Graffing four ways. 19  
Graffing of Service, or set. 6  
graffs of divers kinds. 21  
Graffing the Fig tree. 21  
Graffing all sorts of trees. 20  
graffs to be kept long. 23  
Graffing how to begin. 24  
Graffing wild stocks. 24  
Graffing things to graff with. 24  
graffs not prospering. 25  
Graffing well and sound. 25  
graffs how to be ordered. 25  
Graffing how to take heed of the bark. 26  
graffs pinched in the stock. 28  
Graffing the branch or great tree. 28  
Graffing many scions on one head. 29  
graffs which do lightly take. 29  
graffs to be right set in the head. 30  
Graffing the second way of branches. 32  
Graffing the third manner, betwixt the bark and the tree. 33  
Graffing in the shield. 34  
Graffing in the Summer. 34  
Graffing with great big scions 34  
Graffing on young trees. 36  
Graffing three or four heads on a tree. 37  
Graffing artificially or subtly. 54  
Graffing one Vine on another. 54  
Graffing times, and when. 58  
Graffing one Vine with another. 60  
graffs how to be gathered. 61  
Graffing without core. 70  
Grapes without stones. 83  
Grapes to taste like claret. 83  
Grapes when to be gathered. 83  
Grapes to know when they are ripe. 84  
Great Nuts or Plums, set of kernels. 59  
Great Cherries to be grafted. 20  
Great branches how to be cut. 47  
Governing of trees cut. 49  
Ground best for hops. 88  
Gum to be gathered on trees. 65    


H  
Hasell Nuts to be set. 10  
Heads of graffs to be covered. 34  
Heads of graffs to be dressed. 33  
how to graff the shield. 35  
How to set trees at large. 41  
Helping of trees. 48  
Helping of mossy trees. 45  
Holes for the roots enlarged. 43  
how to remove trees. 5  
How to leave great branches cut. 47  
how to take worms on trees. 51  
Hops how to plant. 85  
Hops how to be chosen. 86  
Hops seeds to be sown. 86  
Hops to be pruned or weeded. 87  
Hops when to be gathered. 87  
Hoppe hills how to be dressed. 88  
Hoppe ground the best. 88  
Hops how to be packte best. 90    


K  
Keeping graffs long. 23  
Keeping Ants from trees. 51  
Keeping young trees from Snails. 51  
Keeping young trees in the Spring. 53  
canker or worm in the bark. 50    


M  
Making Cider. 6  
Making Orchards in few years. 7  
Marking the stock in taking it up. 16  
Meddlers grafted. 20  
Medlars bow to be grafted to wax great. 69  
Medlars again to be grafted. 20  
Medlars or other fruit tasting like spice. 55  
Medlars sooner two months than others. 56  
Medlars without stones. 57  
Medicining of trees. 45  
Medlars, principal times to cut. 49  
Many trees following their natural earths. 40  
Moss on trees. 71  
Moss taken from trees. 45  
Mulberry tree to be set. 18  
Mulberry tree to come rath or late. 57  
Mulberry tree. 69  
Mulberry to be planted. 71  
Muscadel taste in Grapes. 55  
Multiply or augment trees. 6    


N  
Nature of the graffs. 21  
Nature of places. 44  
Negligence of the planter. 5  
Nuts grafted. 59  
Nut in graffing. 26  
Nuts and what doth make them good. 48  
Nuts to be kept long and green. 72  
Nuts how to be set. 8  
Nuts and stones which be like the trees. 9  
Anointing the trees beneath. 68    


O  
Orchards making in few years. 7  
Ordering your trees in ranks. 42  
Ordering Plum trees and Cherry trees. 11    


P  
Packing of Hops. 89.  
Pains taking in planting. 53  
peaches rathe or timely. 55  
Peche trees how to be cut. 72  
peaches how to be coloured. 73  
Peche trees with worms. 73.  
peaches without stones. 73  
Pears to be altered. 76  
Pears to come rathe. 56  
Pears to keep a year. 57  
Pippins to be watered. 66  
Pippins taken from the press. 2  
Pine tree to be set. 10  
Pinching of the graffs. 28  
Pismiars or Ants. 67  
Pismiars to be destroyed. Another. 58  
Planting in valleys. 44  
Planting trees at large. 41  
Planting without the root, and also with the root. 59  
Planting of the Vine. 66  
Planting Nuts. 9  
Placing the shield on the tree. 36  
Plums to be graffed. 59  
Plums how to be kept. 75.  
Plum trees if the like not. 75  
Plum trees to be set. 11  
Plum graffs to be cut. 26  
Plums tasting like spice. 55  
Poles for Hops. 87  
Poles which are best.  
Prayer in graffing and plant●●●… 〈◊〉  
Profit that come by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
pruning or cutting 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  
pruning what trees. 15  
pruning scions. 16  
pruning of trees and when. 46  
pruning of hops. 87  
Pultrie to take heed of. 2    


Q  
Quyne Apple how to be graffed. 58  
Quinces for to plant. 18  
Quinces to be graffed. 20  
Quince again to be graffed. 21    


R  
Raisins of grapes to keep a year. 60  
Ranks to be set. 41  
Remedy against broken bows. 13  
Removing or replanting trees. 3  
Replanting in the meetest times. 5  
Roots to be cleansed. 12  
Roots to be cut. 43  
Roots rebated in replanting. 15  
Roots to be uncovered. 47  
Roots uncovered. 46    


S  
Services graffed or set. 6  
Service trees. 22.  
Service tree set. 22  
Saving the stock before ye graff. 26  
Setting trees in rank. 4  
Setting of Nuts. 8  
Setting of Filbardes, or hazel Nuts. 10  
Setting toward the South or sunny place. 39  
Setting plums or Damson trees. 13  
Setting all sorts of Cherries. 11  
Setting of bush trees. 19  
〈◊〉 how to be bound. 36  
〈…〉 taken of, to know if he be good or 〈…〉 35  
〈…〉 76  
Cider making. 7.  
Sickness in trees. 50  
Zion's when to be gathered. 61  
Zion's pluck up. 3.  
Zion's without roots. 18  
Zion's which are best. 23.  
Slender stocks or trees. 27  
Small trees of kernels. 3.  
Snails on trees. 51  
Sowing of pepynes or kernels. 2  
Space from rank to rank. 4  
staves to stay your scions. 14  
Stock heads to be well cut. 27  
Stock heads cloven to much, or the bark head do tear. 29  
Stocks not hastily to be removed. 48  
Stones of fruit to be set. 64  
Swelling of the stock or graff. 13    


T  
Taking heed in graffing. 26  
Taking up of trees. 14  
Taking of the shield from the bark, & to set him on again. 36  
times best to graff in. 60  
times and manner of graffing four ways. 19  
times to cut Cions. 19  
Times to set Nut trees. 8  
times when to uncover the shield. 38  
To keep years a year. 57  
Transplanting after Michelmasse. 39  
Trees graffed or ungrafte, to make Cider. 6  
Trees of wild Nuts. 10.  
Trees to be taken up, 14  
Trees of great scions pricked in the earth, without roots ●  
Trees hard to be grafted, with shield or scutcheon. ●  
Trees charged with fruit. ●  
Trees to change scions or graffs on. ●  
Trees to choose to graff on. ●  
Trees to mark, which be forward. ●  
Trees as big as your leg. ●  
Trees having great braunchesse. ●  
Trees hurt or eaten with beasts. ●  
Trees being long without fruit. ●  
Trees which do not prosper. 74  
Trees with worms or fruit. 64  
Trees bearing bitter fruit. 70    


V  
Vines how to plant. 66.  
Vine or grape. 80  
Use of earth in sowing your kernels. 2  
Uncovering of the tree roots. 45    


W  
Walnuttes set. 9  
Walnuttes how to be kept. 72  
Walnutts trees what they love best. 40  
Watering trees against the Caterpillar. 53  
Watering trees or plants. 4.  
Watering of trees. 45  
weeding your beds or ground. 2  
Wedges in graffing, how to be softly drawn forth. 30  
What trees loveth fair sun; & what love cold air. 40  
What dung to dung your trees. 45.  
When to prune. 46  
When to uncover your trees. 46  
Why fruit savour or taste not well. 9  
Wild trees plucked up. 3  
Wild stocks removed. 48  
Wine how to prove or taste. 84  
Worms among roots. 44.  
Worms in the bark. ●5  
Worms that do eat in trees. 51  
Worms of a strange nature, and how to take them. 50  
Worms in trees of fruit. 64  
Worms in the peach tree. 7●    
FINIS.