The first book of cattle: Wherein is showed the government of Oxen, Kine, Calves, and how to use Bulls and other cattle to the yoke, and fell. With divers approved remedies, to help most diseases among cattle: most necessary for all, especially for husband men, having the government of any such cattle.  
Gathered and set forth by Leonard Mascall.  

Thou herdman, keeper of thy beasts,  
when any beast is sickly:  
Search herein, and thou shalt find,  
of proved remedies quickly,   
LONDON Printed by john Wolf, 1587.   

¶ To the right worshipful Sir Edward Montegue Knight, Leonard Mascall wisheth increase of worship, to the honour of God, and the benefit of the common wealth.  
IT is written in histories (Right Worshipful) that the sons of Seth and Seneca, or some other zealous Philosophers, being desirous to leave some thing worth memory unto their posterities. Did make two pillars, one of brass, and another of earth, wherein were graven the principles of the seven sciences, to the end their successors should understand the good wills of their predecessors: whereby they did set forth and show all such good knowledge and learning, as they had found out in their time, to the furtherance of their common wealth. So likewise now, things necessary for the same, ought not to be deferred, nor lightly regarded, or forgotten. And whereas the delights of people are of divers kinds, the same is perceived by their doings: But as touching their delights, those aught chiefly to be regarded which profit most the common wealth. As (among the rest) the government and preservation of cattle, and such like: wherein (for lack of knowledge) oft times the poor man looseth his beast. Also I have known that the diseased cattle, of wealthy yeomen, and other poor men sometimes have all perished, whereby the whole parisheshave been impoverished thereby: which thing hath been a great loss unto such towns, and also hindrances unto the common wealth. Marcus Tullius Cicero, was ever desirous to further his country and common wealth, and said, that day was evil spent, that he did not therein do good, to his common wealth: I would it were so now. Even so likewise our predecessors, Aristotle, Virgil, Plato, and many other in giving us examples therein, have left immortal fame behind them in writing, through the good zeal and love they had to their country and common wealth. Which thing likewise (Right worshipful) hath moved me of long time to gather and put in writing the doings of divers and sundry persons, as well strangers as of our own country men, to show the helps for most diseases in cattle. And for as much as I am informed your worship is desirous to know and understand of the government of cattle, and of the fatting of Oxen, to the intent to show the good will I bear to further therein, I thought good to set forth the practices of many men, how to help cattle diseased: which thing ought not to be kept secret for the lucre of a few, but rather I do communicate this my labour to him that hath delight therein. If any think not well hereof, or despise this my travel, I will friendly desire them with these words: Quod meliora nosti, candidus imparti si non, his utere mecum. Which is: If you know any better how to mend it, of your courtesy impart it, if not, take part of this with me. Thus I leave to trouble your worship any further, desiring you to bear with this my plain and rude style, and to be the defender thereof in print, and in so doing, I shall think my travel well bestowed, my pains much lightened, and my good will well recompensed.  
FINIS.   

To the Reader.  
WHen I had gathered and collctted (gentle Reader) certain medicines how for to help cattle and to govern them. I considered what benefit, and profit it might be to my country and common wealth, specially unto the husband men, and such as have the government of Oxen, Horses, Sheep, and such other cattle. For oft times for want of knowledge, many cattle being sick, do perish and die: Where as sickness and hurts are accident unto man divers ways, even so it chanceth unto cattle. Whereupon I thought it good to take occasion for the love of my country and common wealth, to write somewhat, partly of the government for our most used cattle, as oxen, kine, calves, horses, sheep, hogs, and such: with divers approved remedies for them. Plainly and perfectly set forth, as well to be understood of the unlearned husband man, as of the learned gentle man: showing somewhat moreover for the bones setting in a beast: Declaring likewise the order and nature of hogs, with the use of dogs, and the cause of their madness, with certain helps against the bitten cattle, and also to help mangy dogs, with divers approved ways to take moules in any kind of ground. Which thing ye shall find out in the tables of the same by alphabet and number, divided into three books. Trusting (gentle Reader) thou wilt take all in good part, as is meant of the author hereof.  
L. M.   

To the Husband man.  

THou husband man, that feign wouldst know,  
Some remedies to find:  
How for to help thy sickly beast,  
To satisfy thy mind.  
Here mayest thou learn plenty thereof,  
Thou needs not farther go:  
But therein search, and thou shalt find  
Such helps to help their woe.  
And when thou wouldst feign cattle keep,  
For to maintain thy stock:  
Thou must then learn as well the helps  
As to increase the flock.  
For if thou seekest first the beast,  
And know'st not how to use him:  
When he fal'th sick, always thou art,  
In danger for to lose him.  
For want of knowledge and good skill,  
Oft times it may so fall:  
A man that is full rich in beasts,  
He may soon lose them all.  
Therefore in this I council thee,  
Seek first to help disease:  
As great a praife to him that saves,  
As he that can increase.  
L. M.   
FINIS.   

What knowledge a man ought to have that useth to buy and sell oxen.  
I May not easily, nor will say all that a man ought to follow or to avoid in buying of Oxen. But ye shall this understand, oxen are according to the region and country where they are bred, for as there is diversity of grounds and countries, so likewise there is diversities of bodies, and diversities of natural courage. And likewise diversity in hair and horn of them. For those Oxen in Asia, be of one sort, and those in France of another sort: so likewise here in England of another sort. And yet not so many diversities of Provinces, but as many diversities in the beasts, as in Italy, in Capam, there they have white Oxen, and small of body, yet very good to labour in the plough and till the ground. Also in the Duchy of Vrben there are great oxen both white and red, mighty of body and of a great courage. In Tuscan and about Rome, the oxen are well set and thick and strong made to labour. Likewise in the Alps, and hills of Burgony they be strong and can; well endure all labour, & fair like wise withal. But never the less although they do thus differ so in divers parts, yet the buyer shall mark and understand here in certain general rules of oxen, the which Mago of Carthage hath given us, and saith, he that 
Buying oxen and his properties.  will buy oxen must buy young oxen, well quartered, having large and big members, with long horns somewhat black, strong and big, his foorehead broad, and his brows wrinkled: his ears rough within, and hairy like velvet, his eyes great and large, his monzell black, his nostrils croofted, writhen and very open and wide, the chin of his neck long, thick, and fleshy, the dewlap or skin that hangeth under his throat, to be great in hanging almost down to his knees, his breast round and big, his shoulders large and deep. His belly big compass in falling deep, his ribs to be wide and open, his rains large, his back straight and flat, with a little bending toward the rump, his thighs round, his legs straight and well trust, rather somewhat short than long: his knees full and round trust, his hooves or claws on his feet to be large and broad under foot, his tail long, and well haired, and to be brief, his body to be thick & short, his colour to be red or black is best, also to be gentle and ease to handle and touch, to lead or to occupy. These are the chiefest properties (if a man would buy,) to know a good ox by, and here shall follow the best way how for to tame them.   

The manner and way best for a man to tame his oxen.  
FIrst to use it best is this, ye shall use to handle your Oxen, and touch them when they are young bullocks and calves, and also use to tie them and to binds them to the stall, so that hereafter it shall not be painful unto you to tame them, nor yet so dangerous to bruise them as when they wax old, and yet I would not have them to be tamed, not before three years, nor after five years: for the one is too weak and tender, and the other is too hard and strong, to tame those which shallbe taken wild and fierce: for ye shall then soon hurt them. Therefore in housing them first, ye shall make your doors large for them to go in and out, and make a right coming in to the house, for crushing one another. And also let your stalls be boarded under their feet, and likewise before them, and let the cross beam over their heads be of seven foot high, to tie up their heads if need be. Ye shall also fasten them first thereunto, and within a while after, ye shall use to handle them by the head and horns: and use to water them in the stall, for by coming abroad, they will seek to break away & will not yield so soon to the keeper. Some do yoke them together 〈◊〉 two days abroad: ye shall likewise take good heed that one ox touch not another with their horns, so within two or three days that ye see them wax more tame, towards the Evening ye may prove to lead them forth and to walk them half a mile space or more, and so return again. But first ye must see to tie them so straight, that they may not well move their heads, than approthe gently, and go before them, not behind them, nor on their sides, and speak to them fair, and so accustom them to see and behold the keeper, then rub their heads, & touch their nostrils and mouzelles: so that they may know and feel the sent of the keeper, and thus ye may use them all. Ye shall also wash and sprinkle them with wine to make them more tame and familiar with you, and then put your hand under their bellies, and betwixt their thighs: to the end that when ye do touch them there, they fly not away 
Flies. worms and tykes, to take away.  or strike. And use them thus, that ye may at any time take from them flies, worms, or tykes. Then use to be more near their sides, but not behind for fear a blow with their feet. and then use to open their jaws and take forth their tongue, and rub the pallet of his mouth with salt, and use once or twice a year to give them a drink, mixed with one pound of salt grease melted, with three pints of ale or wine, and by training and using them this, ye may soon make them tame, so that ye may soon after use them to the yoke, in coupling them with some other gentle ox, and so use to tie them to some tree, or other thing, and then ye may use them to the plough. But first use them to some light earth, for the other may soon tire, and so dull them, because their necks being yet but soft and tender, may soon be bruised and gaulded with the bow and yoke, if the earth be very hard, and they as then are but tender & rude. And above all take heed in taming a Bull, that he 
Taming a bul.  hurt you not with his horns or feet. For if ye do not use him orderly at the first, ye shall hardly tame him after: but he will have one ill touch or other, and likewise an old ox, is more harder to tame and doubtfuller than the young ox. For I have proved (saith he) and had experience thereof at my house. and to frame a young ox to the plough or cart, ye shall match him best with an old ox that is tame, very strong and gentle, which 
To yoke a young ox.  will hold the young ox back if he be too hasty, or pluck him forward, if he be too slow, or if ye will ye may make a yoke for three oxen, and put the young ox in the mids, and by that means ye shall make the most hardiest ox to be tame, and refuse no labour at the length. For the young ox (being never so stubborn) in remaining between the two old oxen, they will if he be too slack, constrain him to draw, or if he would shoot forward, they will hold him back and stay him, or if he would draw back, they will hold him forward. Also if he would lie down, the other will hold him up. Thus by policy he may be let of his stubborn frowardness. Also yoke him to wild bullocks that have not laboured before, and so let them give yoked lose together for two or three days, and so they will wax tame. And a little chastening after willmake him endure to labour well, and some young oxen after they be made tame and gentle, they will wax weary and lie down in the furrow, and when any do so, he ought not suddenly to be corrected and raised again by violence, but by some gentle 
Weary oxen.  means after a little rest, for be may lie down by some other occasion, as sickness or faintness either want of meat and water, which will trouble him more than blows. Whenanie lie so down by slothfulness, ye shall bind fast his feet that he cannot rise to feed, and let him so lie, and so he shall be constrained through hunger and thirst to leave his weary slothfulness, which do seldom hap. Also ye shall not yoke together two beasts of unequal strength and stature, 
●oking unequal.  for the weaker shall still have the worse. Again, those beasts are best to labour that pass on the way without fear of shadows, dogs, waters, or any other thing they see or hear, and those beasts also that eat much, and slow in chewing: for they digest better, and do keep their force & virtue without waxing lean or feeble, more than those which are hasty feeders. Also this is counted a great fault in some keepers of oxen, which will have his ox rather fat than lean: wherefore to labour, the body of a travailing ox or other ought to be in a mean or good state, rather than fat, having his muskels or nerfes strongly made, not charged with fat: which will but grieve them to labour when they are so. Thus I will leave off their government and speak hereafter of diseases, as if an ox have water in 
Water in the belly.  his belly, ye shall give him the juice of hemp leaves, mixed with water to drink, or the leaves of Elder stamped with ale or beer do purge by siege, or the root sodde in old wine or ale, and given, is good to void water out of the maw and belly.   

The remedies for certain diseases in oxen, kine, and other ca●tell,  
IT shallbe small profitto the husbandman to give his beast 
Columella.  meat, and know not how to belie and keep them in health and strength Therefore, our ancients did use, to give them quarterly of Lupin peason, with the seeds of Cypress, by even portion, beaten together, and then steeped all one night in water, and set in the open air, which did use them so, to keep them safe from sickness. Also oft times cattle will have a sickness which will make them desire to vomit, and caught with poverty, the which ye shall help by 
Vomit to help.  throwing into his throat fasting, a raw hen egg shell & all whole. Then on the morrow, take bruised Ramsons with the stalks and mix it with wine or ale, and give it: or of common garlic put into his ears. This is not one thing alone to help them, but there is diverse others: as to mix salt with their meat. And some do give them of mugwoort with oil or wine to drink. Others do give them the roots of leeks beaten with wine, or the seeds of fir tree, or frankincense tree, and also the seeds of savin, or rue, to make them drink it with wine or ale: and some do give them the herb called in English, white Collever, in Latin Drostis, mixed with bitter fitch's. So 〈…〉 do give them a little of a serpent's skin beaten with wine. They do use also to beat wild time, or savoury in sweet wine, and so gives it, which is counted very good for them. Likewise the sea Onion called Squilla in Latin, to be cut small and soaked in water, and given to swallow it. All these or every of them when they are ministered, aught to be given and ministered three days together, a pint or more at once to a beast, which will purge their belly, and take away the diseases, and also doth renew them unto strength and health again. And among all medicines the lees of olives to be given, is a singular good medicine, mixed with as much water as lees. Wherefore, it shall not be ill to accustom your cattle thus, ye shall first sprinkle therewith gently their meat, and then put a little thereof into their water, and at length ye may mix in their water a more portion thereof: and so give it unto them, and likewise among their meat, so thus ye may use to keep the continually in health as they did use them in time past.   

The causes of pestilence in cattle.  
THe causes of pestilence, one thing is, the chafing of cattle: wherefore ye must not chafe your cattle much in labour, specially in the summer, for that doth beside, bring unto them the flux of the belly, or else an ague. Also ye shall neither let hogs, or hens to enter into their stawles, for their dung being mixed with your chattels meat, will breed a pestilence at length, and kill them. And specially the dung of hogs doth breed a murrain among cattle (the sooner) in eating thereof: if remedy be not soon had, they will grow to a murrain, and die thereof. The remedies are thése, ye must by and by change their laier, and to divide them into many parts: and far of from thence. And also to separate the whole from the sick, for one beast infected will poison all the rest in short time. Now when ye have changed them into other parts, ye must put them where no other beasts do feed with them, to the end they do not infect others therein, and to overcome this pestilent evil, is 
Medicine against the pestilence.  to give them medicines therefore, thus ye must use them: Ye shall take of wild carrot called in Latin Daucus, or wild Parsenepe, or of groundstll, or of Angelica roots, or the root of the sea holly named Eringion, in Latin, with fennel seed, and sprinkle it with sodde wine, and fine wheaten meal, with hot water, mix them so together, and give your sick cattle drink thereof: then soon after ye shall make a drink of Cacia, myrrh, and frankincense, in like portion, mixed with as much blood of the sea Tortu, if ye can, than put all together in a quart of old wine, and then squirt it into their nostrils. Ye must minister this medicine three days together, every day a third part.  
We have (saith he,) found also a meet short medicine and a good, which is, the root called in Latin Consiligo, in French Pomele, or Patedelion, in English I take it to be black Elleborie, which is very good for all cattle Which root ought to be taken after this manner. Ye must di 〈…〉 e him out of the earth with your left hand, before the sun do rise, for as they say, he is so taken, and thereby he hath the more virtue: which ye must use in this sort. First, ye must bore thorough a circle of holes, with an awl or a bodkin of brass, or latin in the flap or broadest part of the beasts ear. But first chip away the hair on both sides thereof: and then bore your holes, so done, then when ye see the blood issue forth like a round circle, ye shall then put into the said holes of the foresaid root, cut in small pieces. And when it is within the flesh holes, that beast shall incontinently recover and were fresh and lusty again, and shall not fall into the danger of the said venomous disease. For the root will draw forth all the venom at the said holes in his ear. Whereby that part of the care will rot and fall away, and by the loss thereof, the beast shall escape and be saved. Cornelius Celsus, his counsel is this, ye shall put into their nostrils, of Mistleto leaves stamped with wine, but this must be done, ass 〈…〉 as your beasts begin to aware sick, and then to use every beast that is infected as is aforesaid.   

For a beast that doth not like nor well digest his meat.  
WHen a beast doth not digest his meat, the signs is of rawness in the stomach, and want of digestion is when he belcheth often, and his guts maketh a crowling, his 〈◊〉 willbe charged with drops, his nerfes and sinews will be hard and stiff, which cause is: he do not use to rub nor 〈◊〉 himself. The remedies are these, ye shall take 9 pints of warm water; and 30. colewoort leaves a little boiled, and mixed with some vinegar, & so make him to swallow it down, and all day after ye shall let him eat nothing but that. Some do lie him in the stall, & lays meat afore him, so that he cannot eat thereof, & then they take 4. pound of the tops of lentils, and the tops of wild olives, and beats them together with a pound of honey, and put thereto 4. pints of water, and then setteth it a night in the open air, and on the morrow give it him, and within an hour after they give him of wild tars, or fetches soaked in water, but no drink: and this ye must do three days together, till all the cause be taken away. Then if this do not help his digestion or crowling of his guts and belly, which thing doth trouble him so, that he cannot eat his meat, and it maketh him to weep and to complain and mourn: then let him not rest long in a place, and also if he lie on the earth, ye shall re〈…〉 his head often where his tail was. Also this is a manifest remedy for them: ye shall bind hard the upper part of his tail next his bulcke, so done, ye shall give him then a pint and a half of wine, mixed with a quarter of a pint of oil olive, and make him to swallow it; and then lead him apace, the space of a mile & a half. Then if the disease go not away; ye shall then anoint your hands with grease, butter, or oil olive, and draw forth his dung at his fundament, and make him like wise to run a good space after, if this profit not, ye shall take wild figs dried, and all to bruise them, then mix them with nine times so much warm water, and so give it unto him. If this yet help not, ye shall then take two pound of the leaves of myrtes, then stamp them and mix them with three pints of warm water, and so give it with a horn, but first let him blood under the tail, & chase him well afore ye let him blood to bleed the better: and when he hath bled sufficiently, then stop it in binding it about with the bark of some tree, for closeness. Also they use this remedy among the rest, that is, to give unto the beast three ounces of beaten garlic, in a pint of wine or more, and then to drive and make him to run a good while after. Another, they use also to beat two ounces of salt with ten onions, and then puts thereto a little melted honey, and so puts it into the tewel or arsegut of the beast: and after they chase him awhile and make him to run. All these aforesaid have been assayed against lack of digestion.   

Against the crowling (called of some) the crying of the guts, and fretting thereof in cattle.  
AS concerning the crowling and crying of the guts & pain thereof in cattle, which are oft times troubled therewith, which grief is appeased and helped by this means, as when the beast shall suddenly see any thing swim, specially a drake on the water, shall suddenly be healed thereof, and also the drake in sudden beholding the beast, the said beast shall be healed thereof. Likewise, if any drake behold the horse, the said horse shall be suddenly whole thereby. And yet as some times they can find no medicine that can help. Also the signs of the trenches, with fretting of the guts are these, The flux of the belly, with great abundance of phlegm: the remedies are: take five Cyprus 
Trenches,  apples, with so many gall nuts, with old wheat the weight of both the other two, then beat them well altogether, and put it into three pints of red wine, and give the beast by even portions thereof four mornings, & ye shall not forget to put there unto (if ye can) of lentil pease, of mirtes, and the crops of wild olive tre●s. All these have been said to help the frenches and fretting of the guts. The flux of the belly doth increase by little and 
Flux of the ●elli●.  little, and so at length goeth through the whole body of the beast: which will sore diminish his strength, and cause him to labour very ●●owe and faintly. When this shall happen, ye must keep your ox or other beast three days from drink and the first day to give him nothing to eat. Then after give him the crops of wild olives, or of Reed, or such like, or the seeds of lentil pease, or mirtes, but ge●e him as little water as ye ●an: For the flux of the bells sometimes continueth unto blood, and then it weakeneth a beast very much, and he will thereof die if there be not som● remedy found. Wherefore the best is (as aforesaid) to giu● him no drink for the space of four ●r five days, but to giu● him the bruised kirnelle● of raisins, steeped all one night in red wine, or to give him of gall nu●●es, and of Cyprus, mixed and beaten together in red wine, and so given in a morning. Likewise also against the pain o● the guts and flux thereof, some do take the shoots and tops of the tender bay tree, and steeps it wi●h so much Sothernwood all a night in three pin●es of warm water, and so gives it to the beast fasting. Another: also other do take and bruise a quantity of the dried kernels of grapes, and gives it mixed with three pints of red wine, and to let him drink no other thing, but (as aforesaid) ●he tops of bays, and southern wood steeped in warm water, so long as the said flux do continue, or as ye shall see cause.  
If the flux do not soon cease, or the pain of the gut● and belly. ye shall give him but little meat for the space of three or four days. For his head being then charged with a waterish humour, he shall (by eating little) avoid more easier the water out by his e●es, and at his nose, than otherwise he should do, and for an extreme and speedy remedy thereof, ye must burn him in the mids of his forehead, with a hot iron unto the bone: and also flit or raze his ears, & after rub the place twice a day with some ox piss warmed on the fire, and use this medicine until he be whole, and also ye shall anoint the burnt place in his forehead, with tar & oil olive mixed together, which thing is counted a very good and perfect remedy▪  
If your beast have the flux of blood, some do use to take 
Flux of blood.  a quantity of new hogs dung, with a handful of the moss that groweth about the foot of an Ash tree, and chaps it very small, with the hogs dung, and then they mix it with a quart of good strong ale, or beer, and so gives it the beast in the morning with a horn. Another, some takes a quick loche fish and puts it in his throat and makes him to swallow it. Another: take also of the herb called bloodwoorte, with the herb called shepherds purse of each a handful: and then shop them together small, and so mix them with a quart of the milk of one coloured Cow, and stir them well together, with some leaven of brown bread, than 〈◊〉 you strain it with the rennet of milk, & so giu● it to the beast milk warm first and last 8. or 9 days together: Another, Take three ounces of Facioli, called in Latin Smilax, in English kidney bean or long bean, take those which are red, with 6. drag 〈…〉 es of Pepper, with a quantity of the seed of broom made in fine powder, and so give him thereof, twice or thrice a day: in putting three ounces of the said powder in two quarts of milk. Another, some do make the beast to swallow a live frog, in cutting of one of his legs, and so puts it down his throat. Another, some other do take of new hogs dung, mixed with a quart of strong ale or beer, and so gives thereof to the beast, morning, at noon, and at night, the space of three days together: often proved. Another, some takes 5. or 6. small thin slices the leanest of martlemas beef, and let them be laid awhile to soak in a quart of strong ale or beer, and put thereto one handful of hogs deung newly made, then stir it all well together, and so make the beast t● drink it evening and morning the space of two or 3. days, and keep him still in the house: use this and it will help him often proved. Another: take a good handful or more of kno●gresse, chop it small, then bruise it a little, and mix it with a pint or more of good ale or beer. And i● ye can get the shell stone w●ic● is found on tilled lands, (and is much like unto the scallop shell,) which ye shall burn in the fire, & then make fine powder thereof: then put some of that powder unto your foresaid drink, and so give it your beast, which have been proved a good remedy. Another: make a posset of the milk of one coloured cow, and give it unto your sick beast lukewarm. Another, take a quantity of the fine powder of Bolearmeniacke, and mix it with ale or beer and give it your beast with a horn. Another: take a quantity of the powder of the roots of gallingale, finely beaten, and then mix it with a pint or more of good ale or beer, and so give it: another, also the roots of the wild● mallows boiled in wine, or strong beer, and given to the beast, is good to stop the flux of blood, and so are all those afore mentioned, good against the bloody flux in cattle, being ministered in fit and convenient time, will take the more effect to stop the said disease.   

Against superfluous flesh growing on the tongue of some cattle, which is called of some persons, the barbs.  
SUch superfluous flesh on the tongue of cattle will hinder the beast oftentimes in eating his meat, being called of some husbands, the barbs, or teats, which doth grow long like teats nigh the root of his tongue. Wherefore they do cast him, and take forth his tongue and clip them away with a pair of shears, or cut them with a sharp knife, and some do burn them with a hot iron: which way is counted more painful to the beast. Then they rub it with salt and garlic beaten together, till all the ●egme be clean gone, & then they wash all his mouth, with s●lt and wine, or salt and vinegar, and within an hour after, ye may give him some grass, or green herbs, or the tender leaves of trees, so long till they be all whole.  
Also if a beast have the barbs, which (as some do say) will grow and hang like flethe pimples under his tongue, which must be clipped off, and then rubbed and chafed with garlic and salt beaten together, as aforesaid: and wash and rub his mouth gently with soft linen dipped in warm wine, and bathe well these sores under his tongu● and then use him as aforesaid, and he shall do well.  
If the beast have neither barbs nor yet flux, & do not eat his meat well, it shallbe then good to beat garlic with Salad oil, and squirt thereof a mornings into his nostrils, if ye mix therewith the juice of an onion, it shall make him the more desirous to eat.   

Against pissing of blood or bloody flux.  
IF this disease be newly begun of your beast, ye shall take but a frog, and cut off his left leg, and so put him alive into the beasts mouth: but than ye must have ready a handful of salt mixed with a pint of good stolen ale, and so soon as ye can after the frog, give the beast the drink, and make him to swallow all down together, for this is counted very good, and also well approved. But if your beast have continued long, then shall y● take of sharp Tanner's owze, with the powder made of old martlemas Beef, mixed and well stirred altogether, & then given to the beast: this is also good & well proved, and the juice of madder given with honeyed water is called good.   

If your cattle have dropping nostrils.  
IF the nostrils of your beasts do drop, or water run forth thereat, ye shall rub his throat with salt & sautrie mixed together, and also his jaws, & to rub and chafe the said parts with brine and garlic mixed together, or to squirt into his nostrils the juice of pimpernel, mixed with a little white wine, and this is good both for the dropping nostrils, and the watery eyes of cattle.   

For an Ox or a Cow that swelleth thorough the abundance of blood.  
IF any Ox or Cow do sometimes swell thorough abundance of blood, whereby it will swell in their tongue that it will stop their wind, and soon perish thereof, if there be not remedy with speed. The remedy is, ye shall first chafe him a little, up and down, then cast him and take forth his tongue, and prick with an awl thorough the great & middle vain thereof under, and there at let him bleed well, and he shall amend soon again: but look then that the sign be not in the head, for than it is ill to stop. And sometimes a beasts tongue will swell so big, that he can hardly take his breath, & ye shall see him lyll & hold out his tongue, then if there be not speedy remedy he dieth: which remedy is, ye must prick the vain under his tongue as is afore mentioned and he shall do well   

Against the venomed tongue of a beast, and also his body.  
THe tongue of an ox or bullock sometimes shall be swollen and venomed by eating of some venomous grass, or such like, and then he will commonly gape, & eat no meat, but stand holding down his head and mourn. The remedy is, ye shall bruise a white onion, and mix it with a little good vinegar, then give it him and make him to swallow it down: But first rub his mouth and tongue with all well, and then give it him. So done, ye shall pash a whole egg into his mouth shell and all, and make him so to swallow it down, and then he will recover and do well again.  
Sometimes a beast will be swollen all his body, by eating some evil thing and venomous among their grass, as the ●eld spider, frogs, snails, eftes, or cold herbs, as poppy, dwale, hemlock, and such which will make them swell. The remedies are. Take of the juice of plantain, with the juice of wild carrots by even portion, and give the beast thereof, with a little vinegar. Also the juice of inugwort mixed with ale or beer, and give it. Likewise, the juice of clevers, or goose grease, stamped and strained, and given, is a special remedy against venom of the field spider, and others also. Again, the garden tanzy, stamped and strained, and given with wine. Also the seed of the great Cowthistle dried and made into powder, and given with wine: or the root thereof boiled in wine and given. Likewise the leaves of annisestedes boiled in water and given. Again, the seed of rocket beaten and given wish ale: or a handful of betony leaves, stamped and strained with ale and beer, and given. Likewise doth garlic, being stamped together with Ale or Dear, and given with ale. Any of these are good alone to be given to a beast, when he is swollen, by eating of any venomous thing. And if ye do take of some herbs 2. parts together, it will then be the stronger and take more effect: but my counsel is, use them with discretion even as ye shall see cause.   

Against the swelling in a beast by eating of a Tyne worm.  
IF any Ox or other beast, have eaten any tineworme, which is a small red worm, round and full of legs, much like a hog louse. Which worm in Summer willbe creeping among the grass. If any beast have eaten such, it will poison him, and he will suddenly swell thereof, so that within four & twenty hours (if he be not remedied) he will die thereof. One remedy is, ye shall take a quantity of stolen, & put there in a quantity of false, 〈…〉 e them well together and so give it him and so soon as ye can chafe him after till he do stowar for when they do stowar, they lightly shall do well. Another. Take a good handful of herb Robart, (which smells like a fox:) Chop it small and bruise it well, and then mix it with good ale, or beer, and so give it your beast. Another, Take of the earth of Antony's hills, and mix it with vinegar, and so give it to your beast. Those are all good against the foresaid venom of the tine worm.   

Against costiveness in cattle.  
THere is also another kind of swelling in oxen and kine, both through costinenes which is, when they are so hard bound in their bodies through heat, that they cannot dung, which will cause them to swell. The remedy is to chafe and drive him well up and down a good space, if then he do not dung, ye must then anoint your hand with oil or grease, then rake him and take forth his dung. Some do give him of the 〈…〉 in drink, and so doth well. Yet others do but rake him, and he doth well also.   

Against the worm in a beasts tail.  
THere will breed in the tail of cattle a certain worm, like to a eating canker, which will breed in the end of his tail, which will cause the beast to become lean and of ill liking. Which place ye shall feel to be somewhat soft, and a little above that place on the inside of his tail, ye shall slit the skin (with a sharp knife) two inches long downright: so done, then take a quantity of 〈…〉uised garlic, and safe mixed together, and then hind it fast to that place, and let it so remain till it do fall away of itself, and so the beast shall recover and be well again.   

For an Ox or Cow having the fever.  
OXen and kine both will sometime have the Fever or Ague, which is gotten by some cold or other sickness. The signs are, when his eyes wax hollow, and are dropping, his head lumpish and heavy, his mouth foaming and lathering, and drawing long his breath with pain, and sometimes he will sigh. So when yet shall see such tokens, ye may judge it to be the fever. The remedy: ye shall then keep him a day and a night without meat or drink. Then on the next morning fasting, ye shall draw a little blood under his tail. Then about one hour after, ye shall give him thirty small truncheons of Colewoortes, sodde in salet oil, and salt fish water or brine, and make him to swallow it: thus ye must use him for five mornings together fasting, and ye shall cast before him the tender branches of lentil pease, or the tender crops of the Olive trees or such, or else the tender buds of the vine: and ye must rub or cleanse his lips, and thrice a day ye must give him cold water for to drink, and so ye shall keep him in the stall till he be whole and sound.  
Also the fever is gotten of labouring oxen, by great travel in hot times, and when he hath that, ye shall see him hang down his head, his eyes will inflame and bounce, and his body will be hot out of all order, which ye shall feel by touching his skin. Wherefore they use to let him blood on the vain of his forehead, or on the vain of his ear, and then they give him of green herbs, as lettuce, and such other cold herbs, and they bathe also his body with white, wine and so they give him cold water to drink, and so he will amend.   

Against the Cough in cattle.  
cattle sometimes will have the cough by taking of cold, or by great travel or by, eating some evil thing. If the cough in an Ox be newly taken, he may be well and soon remedied thereof, by a drink made of water mixed with barley meal. Sometimes they use to give unto the beast, of stitchwoort smally chopped, with husked beans bruised altogether, and so given. They take also of lentil pease out of their husks, and then bruise them small, and mix them with three pints of warm water, and give it with a horn. They heal also an old cough with two pound of Isope steeped in a quart or more of water, with eight pound of lentyle pease, smally beaten and mixed altogether, and so given to the beast with a horn. Another: take the juice thereof, with salad oil, or the small roots thereof beaten with barley meal, and so given and make him to swallow it. Another: take the roots of leeks clean washed, and then beaten with pure wheat, and so given fasting. This doth heal any old cough. Another: take of wild tars out of their husks, than beat them with as much of husked barley, and make him for to swallow it. Another: Isope also stamped with ale or beer, and given is good likewise, and to give him no other drink for the space of eight days but mugwoort boiled in water and so given. Another: take five leaves of Asarabacca, and stamp it, and then strain it with wine, or good ale, and so give it with a horn to the beast. Another, mix the powder of light wort, (which grows among stones, or on Okes like a dried turf nigh the ground) with ale or beer, and give it warm, and it will help. Also take butter, new ale, stamped garlic, with dragon water, and so give it the beast warm. Well proved.   

Impostumes in beasts to help.  
IF any beast be troubled with an impostume or such like sore, the best shall be to open the place with an iron, and when it is cut, then shall ye crush forth all the ill humour and matter therein. Then stir and wash it clean with the warm urine of an Ox. So done, then use such things as doth cleanse and heal. And take Cherpi, (so called in French) mixed with tar and oil olive: & plaster wise close the sore therewith. If ye cannot within wash the sore clean, ye shall melt of the tallow of an Ox, or goat, and so power it into the wound, & let it run down all about the bottom thereof. Some sores after they have applied this medicine, they will gather a fiery heat and a distilling of humour which will descend unto that place. Therefore to avoid the same, ye shall wash it with old urine of men, and then to anoint it, with tar and old grease mixed.  
Against the impostumation of biles, they do use to kill them by laying to of leaven, mixed with the sea onion Squilla, 
biles.  and some vinegar, and they also do open the sore and wash it with his own piss made warm: then they tent it with lint dipped in tar, and in the end, ye shall heal it with tents dipped in molten tallow, either of Ox or goat.   

To heal the closhe or founder in the feet of cattle.  
THE closhe or foundering in the feet of cattle, is taken by some cold after a great heat, or by some vehement travail which have stirred the blood so, that it goeth down to the feet, like the founder of a horse. When this do happen in cattle, it will sudden visit the hoof of the beast, and ye shall feel it hot, and paineth the beast so, that he will not suffer you for to crush the place. But when the blood resteth in the legs above the hoof, ye shall but chafe him often, and rub him hard to make the blood retire again. If that profit not, ye must lance his feet gently round on the edge of his hooves, with small races not deep. But if the blood be gone down into the hoof, ye must open then a little (with a sharp knife) in the mids under both the claws. Then lay a tent thereto of lint, mixed with salt, nettles and vinegar, and make him a buskin of broom if ye can, for that is more wholesome, and let not his feet come in any water till he be whole, but keep him dry in the stall.  
And look also that the blood do issue when ye do cut him, for if then he do not bleed, it will grow to some putrefaction, and so to impostumation, and then it will be long in healing. Therefore ye must open and cleanse it well, and bind thereto clothes steeped in vinegar, salt, and oil, and in the end, take of old grease and Dear suet melted together in like portion, and heal it therewith. If the blood do fall to the outmost parts of the clees, ye must then pair the ends thereof to the quick, and so let them bleed. But see that ye open the clees in the mids of the ends, so that no impostumation be there, and they will do well.   

For sinews stiff and shrinking.  
IF an Ox or other beast do closh or haut thorough the stiffness of the sinews and nerfes, ye shall chafe his legs, knees, and hams, with salt and oil mixed till they be well. If the sinews be stiff about the knees, ye must then bathe him with hot vinegar, or with mistleto sodde in running water, or with millet (which is a grain like tars) and line seed, and in all issues, ye must scarify and raze the grieved place, and then to put thereon of fresh butter washed in water and vinegar, and in the end anoint it with salt butter mixed with goats suet.  
Also to boil southernwood in salad oil, or neat's feet oil, and so do anoint therewith. Another: the juice of 
Stiffness of sinews.  privet mixed with oil & therewith anoint. Another: mustard seed boiled in oil, & anoint the sinews therewith. Another: take of barley meal, salad oil, rue, salt, & coriander, stamp all these together, & so plastered on: will comfort both sinews, & nerfes. Another: take water the cabbage or colewortts have been sodde in, to bathe therewith is very good. Another: take linseed, and barley meal, and mix them well together; and then plastered to, is good to mollify and make soft all hardness of the sinews, nerfes, and joints. Another: take the roots of Saturian, stamp them and mix them with sheeps milk, and then plastered, will supple the sinews prettily. Also horehound beaten with oil and vinegar, and then plastered to, doth the like supple the sinews and nerfes. Some do say, take yarrow and barrow hogs grease, and beat them well together, and then laid too, will knit sinews together 
To knit sinews  being cut asunder.   

Against the swelling of the knees of cattle.  
IF the knees of Ox or Cow or other beast be swollen, ye shall first bathe him in white vinegar. Then take vinegar, lineseed, and millet, and sprinkle it with honeyed water, so mix them and bind that to his knees: or else take a sponge kept in water that mistleto is sod in, and lay that unto his knee. If there be any inflammation of humour, ye shall then lay too leaven, and barley meal stéept in warm wine, or in honeyed water boiled, to ripe it, and when it is ripe, ye shall lance it with a razor, and then hele it with lint, salt, and oil, as afore is said. Cornelius Celsus saith, the roots of flowerdeluce, or the see onion squilla, with salt, or the juice of knotgres put into the wound, will heal it. Also, all diseases commonly in the body without wound being new, are healed by rubbings and chafings of the flesh and skin: but if they be old, ye must then cut or burn, and to heal them in melting butter or goats suet, and powered thereon.   

To heal scabs or galls in cattle.  
IF your cattle be scabby, ye shall take of garlic and bruise it, and therewith rub and chafe all the sores. Also against scab or gall: They take garlic, savoury, brimstone powder, vinegar, and gall nuts beaten, with the juice of callamint, neep, or horehound mixed with soot of the chimney, and so anoint therewith. And if it grow to some vicer or great sore, then to use and rub the place, with bruised mallows mixed with white wine, and bind thereof to the place. Also the great burr leaves beaten with oil and laid too, all these afore mentioned are good.  
And for the galling of the neck with the yoke, and if it swell but one side, ye shall let him blood in the ear of that side: But if he be chafed in the midst of the neck, then let him blood in both his ears, and lay thereto a plaster made with the marrow of an ox, mixed with the suet a buck, and then melt it all together with some oil and tar: and therewith ye shall heal it: And it will do very well.  
Also if an ox be galled and bruised on his neck, a sufficient medicine is this. Ye shall first draw blood at one of his ears. If not: Take of the hear be called in latin Auia, in french, Aus oiseauls, beat it with salt, and so lay it too, aus if it do then assuage the chine of his neck, look then on which side he hangeth or leaneth his head, and let him blood on the contrary side he leaneth, on the ear. But before ye do this, ye shall beat his ear well with a twig, and ye shall see it swell and rise on the vain. Then lance the said vain and let him bleed well thereat: and on the next morning draw some more blood thereon, and so let him not travail of two days after. On the third day ye may travail him a little, and so by little and little ye may use him to his task and former journey.  
But if he be of neither side galled, and yet his neck swollen in the midst thereof. Then ye must let him blood on both his ears: and if ye let him not blood within two days after the disease have taken his neck, it will so inflame, that the nerfes and sinews will wax stiff, and then it will grow to a sore of engendered blood: for which I have found a singular good medicine, that is, ye shall take tar, and the marrow in an Ox bone, with the suet of a buck, with old oil olive, of each a like portion. Then boil all together and so use for to anoint him when he leaveth his yoke. But first ye shall always wash him with the water where he commonly drinketh of, and then let it dire, and then anoint him with the said medicine. But if all his neck be so inflamed that he cannot bear his yoke, the next remedy is to let him rest, and use to wash his neck with cold water, and so rub and chafe it with the foam of silver or litarge. Celsus willeth to put on the rest of his neck that is so inflamed, the afore said herb called Auia.   

For a beast being hide bound.  
THere is a disease in beasts called in Latin Coriago, in English, hide bound, which doth sore torment and grieve a beast. This grief happeneth to a labouring Ox when he hath been sore travailed in labour, or sore traveling in traveling in rainy weather, and thereby come to be hide bound through poverty. Wherefore ye must take heed when they return from labour being sore chafed of body and short of breath. Some do use therefore to sprinkle them with wine, & do cast a piece of the fat of a beast down his throat: but if he have this disease already, it shall be good to seeth bay leaves in ale, and to bathe him therewith as hot as he can suffer. And suddenly thereupon for to chafe and rub him with oil, and wine mixed together, and to pluck and draw his skin on both his sides, and lose it from his ribs: and it is good to be done in a hot sunny day, that it may dry and sink therein. Another. Some do put too the lees of olives, wine, and grease, and anoint therewith, which medicine they do use, after they have done rubbing, and chafing the beast. Also if a beast like not, and his skin do cleave to his bones, ye shall bathe him all over with wine, and oil olive, mixed together. Some do take mallows boiled in wine, or ale, or wort mixed with oil, and so bathe him therewith. Also, some do seeth hot grains in ale, and so bathe and rub him therewith once a day for 3. or 4. days together, and to give him the water of boiled barley.   

For the itch in cattle.  
TThe itch oft times in cattle may come for lack of good dressing. Also it may be taken of his fellows, and it may come by ill water and choler in the veins. If a beast have an itch, ye shall wash and chafe him with his own urine made warm, and mixed with old salt butter: or ye shall anoint him with oil, rosin, and white wine melted together, Some do wash it with piss, salt, and the juice of marigolds, mixed all together. Use this and it will help.   

Against the lungs of cattle infected.  
IF the lights or lungs of a beast be infected which is a grievous disease: For thereby he will wax, lean and pine away, and at length he dries so in his body by a common cough, whereby at the length it will kill him, if he have no remedy. The remedies are, ye shall pierce one of his ears with a little bodkin, (as is afore said for the murrain or pestilence) and being so pierced, ye shall put into the said holes, the burnt root of some hazel tree. Then take a quantity of the juice of leeks, with so much salad oil, and mix it with a pint and half of wine, and give it him fasting, use this 9 mornings together, and he shall do well. Also if the sickness of the lights be not sore, they do give him but the juice of leeks mixed with sweet wine, and they put of the burnt root of hazel into his ear, as afore said.  
But ye shall understand, if the beast have continued long therewith, he will then stand much, and eat but little, and therefore he will wax hollow and thin of body: and some times he will cough 20. times in one hour. Then he is sore taken and far gone therewith, and very few do recover, if he be not looked unto. Wherefore the best way is, ye shall divide your cattle asunder, so many as he hath companied with, and then let them blood a little, as aforesaid. Also there be many men that can setter them, which is to cut the dewlap before on the brisket: and therefore also there is grass, which some husbands do call setter wort, or fetter grass, which ye shall take and bruise it a little in a mortar or dish. Then make the dewlap hollow betwixt the skin and the flesh, and put thereof so much as a hen's egg, into the said dewlap, and then look unto it that it fall not forth again, and he shall amend. This some have proved and it hath done well.  
Also again, some cattle will have their lungs grown to their sides, which is gotten (as some husbands say) by some great drought, or lack of water in convenient times. And when he is thus grieved therewith, ye shall hear him house, or have (as it were) a hollow cough, and will forsake his meat, and his hair on his back will stare up right. Then the help is hard to recover, but to kill him is best. Yet some do give him of the lungwort, which lies all the year, (save in the spring) in the ground, and they give a handful of the said roots bruised in ale or beer, four or five mornings together, and no meat after of two hours space. Others do take a quantity of figs, with a handful of I●ope, bruised together, then boil them a little in a quart of ale or beer, than strains it and gives it cold to the beast 3. or 4. mornings, and let him not eat the space of two hours after. Also to take a good handful of pensis, or hearts ease, and stamp it with a quart of ale or beer, and then strain it and gives it so to the beast 3. or 4. mornings, and then use him as afore is said. All these are counted special good against the said grief.  
Also some husbands say, this disease grows in a beast by surfeiting and sore chafing and then suddenly take cold thereon: to show if he be lungrowne, he will then lather sometimes at his mouth, in holding it commonly open, with a running water at his mouth and nose. The cure therefore, they cut away a round piece of skin in the gullet or brisket place, and then with their finger and a little salt make a hole downward two inches or more, and then fills the said hole with red garlic stamped, and plastered thereon with nettles stamped with salt, or with yarrow and salt mixed with vinegar. Then shall ye give him this following. Take of fenecreke, or turmeric, of lungwoort herb, stamp all these together in a mortar, and then mix it with a pint or more of strong ale, or beer, and so give it. Use this twice or thrice or more as ye shall see cause, and it will help, if he be not too far gone. Often proved.  
Likewise some do put into the foresaid cut place, of lungwoort bruised with salt a little, and thereof make it like a tent, and then wraps it all over with fresh hog's grease, and binds it round with a thread, and then role it in salt, and so put it down the said hole as far as it will go, and so stitch up the said hole again, and they give him of lungwoort mixed in ale to drink. And so he shall recover God willing.   

Against the biting of a mad Dog.  
IF a beast be bitten with any mad dog, ye shall take garlic and bruise it, and then put it into a thin linen cloth, and then all to rub and chafe the bitten place therewith, and it will do well. Some do squirt into the holes or wash the wound with water and salt long mixed before together, which is also a good remedy. Another: ye shall wash and rub the bitten place, with the waybrode leaves stamped, and also to give unto the beast the juice thereof mixed with ale or beer. Another. Take the root of the great burr and bruise that with some salt, and so lay it to the bitten place, and this will help either man or beast. Well proved.   

Against the pallet of a beasts mouth inflamed.  
THere will sometimes both ox and cow have the pallet of their mouth inflamed so, that he cannot well eat his meat, which beast oft times will give a sigh, in standing and weighing more on the one side then on the other. The remedy is, ye must cast him, and then raze him in the pallet of his mouth, and make him there bleed well. Then ye shall give him of red fetches without husks, mixed with green leaves, or some other green herbs, but give him no dry meat till he be through whole thereof.   

To help the clowse.  
THe clowse is a kind of grief which do commonly hap on the neck of labouring cattle, which doth not so much molest them, as doth the inflammation, because they do not thereby leave their work. For which thing it shallbe sufficient to put and dissolve thereon of lamp oil, and soap mixed together, and so anoint. This is good. But the best shallbe, if ye can to let him rest till he be whole: and ye must look also that his neck then do not lose his hair, which is soon lost when they labour in the rain, or else sweat: For when his neck gins once to pil (than fear the other,) ye shall then rub it with the powder of old tiles finely made: and before ye do unyoake, cast of that powder on their necks, and when it is well dried on, then chafe thereon all over with the foresaid oil, and so ye shall always keep your oxen in good order from time to time.   

Remedies for the hoof of a beast that is hurt.  
IF the hoof of your beast be hurt at any time either with coulter or share, or any part of her clees hurt, ye shall make a salve of pitch, old grease, mixed with the powder of brimstone, melted all together, and with a hot iron melt of that on the sore hoof or clét. This medicine is good also, when the beast hath been hurt either with stub or spell of wood, and if there be any little gone in, it will draw it forth, but if his foot be hurt far within the flesh, by some sharp stone or other thing, than ye must open the wound, and then sear it with some hot iron, and then bathe it three days together morning and evening with warm vinegar, and wrap it with a buskin of broom if ye can: Also if the beasts leg be hurt with the share, than ye shall lay too of the herb called sea lettuce, or sea spurge, mixed with salt, called in greek Tithimalus, for that is good to heal it, and is also good to heal the hurt in the foot, aswell as on the leg: But first ye shall always wash it with hot piss of men, and then burn ready a faggot of some wood abroad, and assoon as the flame is out, make the beast tread on the hot embers with his sore foot: Then annoyut it with tar, and old grease mixed together. It were good also to wash your beast feet often with cold water when you unyoake them, for that shall keep them from foundering, and then after to anoint and chafe their pasturns, and betwixt their clées, with old grease, and they shall do well.  
Also if an ox do halt of his foot through taking of some great cold, ye must then wash it with warm urine, but if it come through the cause of blood or an impostume in the foot than ye shall chafe and rub it first well to stir the blood, and then raze the skin with a sharp razor, above the clées, and make it bleed, and wash it with piss and salt, & if it will not so heal but descend into the foot, ye must then open the top of the hoof under, to the quick: and make the blood there to come forth, then lap his foot as afore is said, or make a buskin that no water or other thing get in to hurt it, till it be whole.  
Likewise, if an Ox be cut or graveled in the foot, the help is, ye shall bathe him with warm urine, and then anoint him with tar, and old grease, melted together, and there is nothing better to use before ye do unyoke, then to rub and chafe their feet with old fresh grease.  
If the feet of an Ox do open and chap, so that the horn do crack and cleave, ye shall bathe it well first with warm 
Hoof cho〈…〉  vinegar and and salt, and oil mixed altogether. Then lap it well for a day or more, and put thereon a plaster of old grease, and pitch, melted together. And so it will heel again and do well, and when his hooves are broken, ye shall cover and wrap them with linen steeped in vinegar, oil, and salt, for three days still renew it in laying to the said medicine. Then on the fourth day, melt pitch and old grease together, and put it thereon with the bark of a pine apple tree, clean polished: and when it beginneth to heal, ye shall rub it all over with the soot of a chimney, and let it heal. But if ye make small account thereof, there will worms engender soon in the sore, and make it fall to a coldness, if ye wash it not on mornings with cold water: so if this will not heel it, ye shall then bruise of horehound, leeks, and salt together, and so lay it there too, and this will soon kill the worms, and when the sore is well cleansed, ye shall lay thereon a plaster of tow, mixed with pitch, oil, and old grease, and so anoint it all over with the same, to keep off the fly away and it will do well.   

To help the bruise on the shoulder of a beast.  
SOmetimes by long travel a labouring Ox in treading on the hard ground, or by some crush against posts or gates, willbe lame in their shoulders, and oftentimes sore bruised: if this happen in any beast, ye shall then let him blood on the fore legs. If he be hurt in the hinder hips, ye shall then let him blood on the hinder legs, and then wash and bathe it with warm vinegar, salt and oil mixed together, or bathe his shoulder with piss and mallows boiled together. If these do not help, than ye shall lance it a little, and then lay a plaster of pitch thereon and it will heal it.   

Against stinging with Adder or Snake.  
WHen any beast is stung with Adder or bitten with a snake, it will so rankle; that the beast may soon die thereof, if there be not remedy soon had. Against any biting thereof ye shall bruise the root of the great burr with salt, and so lay it too, and it will take away the venom. Another better, which is, cake of the roots of the sharp pointed threeleaved grass, which beareth long sweet leaves and rough, mix the juice thereof with wine, and give it the beast, or cast it into his mouth: and beat the leaves with salt and lay it to the sore, if ye cannot have the green herb bruise the seed with wine and give it him, or bruise the stalks & roots, and then mix it with meal, and salt, & honeyed water, plaster wise laid thereon. Another: ye shall take v. pound of the tender crops of an Ash tree well beaten, and then mixed with three pints of salad oil, in so much wine, them strain it & give it to the beast. Also take of the said Ashtree crops, & beat them with salt, and lay it to the venoumed place. If a beast be stung, ye shall rub the place with the oil of a scorpion, (which ye shall have at the Apothecaries,) or give him soap mixed with vinegar, & wash the place with burr leaves, sodde in water, or green stamped with salt and laid too.   

The stinging of the fieldspider.  
IF a beast be stung with the field spider, it will soon cause nflammation, and grow to an impostume, if there be not speedy remedy. A beast being stung with the field spider, or bitten with ants, all they be but small worms, yet their venom is great, & will put the beast to great danger, & therefore some do hold, in pricking the place with a latten awl, and then mix soap & vinegar, & chafe the place therewith. Also some say, if the field spider be taken & put in oil olive, & so die therein & ●ot, if a beast be stung of him, anoint with the oil and it will help, and so like of other venomous worms put in oil,) but if ye have none thereof, so that the wound show fair and without danger, ye shall but take of bruised Cummin, mixed with tar, and so anoint therewith: and plaster it thereon also: and it will take away the danger thereof. But if it do grow inward to an impostume, than it shallbe best to burn it with a hot iron, so much as is corrupted, and then anoint it with tar, and oil, and so it heals. Some laps alive spider in clay earth, and when it is dry, hangs it about the beasts neck, and by that (they say) it preserves the beast from being stung therewith. Again, some do stamp of wormwood, or Southernewood with vinegar, and claps it on the venomed place and it helps. Also to take beaten cammamile, with honey, and lay it too, doth the like. Also take of house leek, stamp it with ale, and give it to drink, or the water of a Lily root, bruised and strained in water & vinegar, & so given to the beast.   

Remedies against diseases of the eyes.  
THe eye of a beast is tender & is a principal member, & soon may be hurt divers ways. The griefs thereof are commonly healed with honey, but when they do inflame and swell, them they mix of the meal of pure wheat, with honeyed water & lay it too. Also if an ox have the haw in the eye, ye shall heal it with the salt of the montain, or spanish salt, or Sal armeniacke, 
Haw in the eye.  or shall Capadoce, any of these beaten into a fine powder, and blown (with a quill three mornings) into his eye. Likewise the powder of the root called in Greek Silphion, (in English pelliter of Spain,) mix with ten times so much Salarmeniack, well beaten together, & then blow thereof into his eye, & it destroys the haw. Also the said root beaten with the oil of masticktrée, & there with anoint the eye. Likewise for the haw or sore eye, some makes a round collar of Sal armeniack, mixed with some honey, & lays it round about his eye, and anoints thereon all round about with tar resolved with oil olive, for fear of bees coming to his eye, or to anoint his eye with the juice of Cammamell. Also the leaves and stalks of Crow foot to be bruised & laid to the eye, doth take away the haw or web, and is good against a lash on the eye.  
Again, if a beast be stricken on the eye, ye shall take of the juice of centaury herb, and mixed with a little honey, and 
Struck in the eye.  therewith anoint his eye, and lay it also plaster wise thereon. Do this against night, for fear of Bees troubling the beast: also if the eye of your beast chance to be stricken, ye shall take the croomes of wheaten bread, or other, and then soak it a little in rose water, or vinegar, and so lay it to his eye, and it will help. But if it swell or inflame, than the best is to take southernwood, and bruise it with a little vinegar 
Eyes inflamed.  and lay it too. Also the juice of pimpernel, is good against all griefs of the eyes, or to be mixed with other things.  
Also against the watering of beasts eyes, as sometimes 
Watery eyes.  they will run of water. The remedy therefore, they use to lay on the brows or eye lids, the meal of dried barley, tempered with water, and honey. Also the seeds of wild parsenepes, or the juice of wild dayfies mixed with honey and so anoint: which is also good against any pain of the eyes, then anoint it all over with tar and oil mixed as aforesaid for fear of bees coming to the honey, and troubling the beast. And also for the web in the eye, ye shall take of white salt, and wrap it in a linen cloth, and then rake it under the embars, and burn it, and then take & beat it to a small powder, and with a goose quill blow thereof into 
Webbe in the eye.  his eye, and then hold your hand thereon a while, & ye shall see it water, and thereupon amend. Also the juice of Dragons to anoint the eye is good against the web in the eye, and the juice of the wild lettuce doth the like. Also, for a sore eye in a beast, ye shall spurt beer therein, or chew the leaves of ground ivy, and drop it in his eye, or the juice thereof in like manner, mixed with a little powder of ginger.   

If a beast chance to swallow a horseleech worm in his water.  
IF any beast, do swallow down a horsléech with his drink, which will molest and trouble him greatly. For the said horseléech will commonly stay in his throat and there suck blood, and so will inflame the place in causing his throatebowle to swell, whereby he will sore trouble the beast in letting the passage of his meat, so that he cannot swallow, nor take his wind. If she lie so far within, that one cannot take her forth with his hand, ye must then put a quill or some kane into the beasts throat, filled with hot oil and let it go down, or squirt oil and so soon as the oil do but touch the worm, she will fall off. ye may also get her off by letting the fume of the punaise unto her, (which is in Italy, a stinking worm like a tycke,) which assoon as she feeleth the fume, she will fall off, But if she do hold and stay in the stomach & entrales, than ye must give the beast hot vinegar which will kill her: and this will serve as well for other cattle.   

For the Dewbolne in cattle.  
THe dewbolne in Ox, Cow, or other beast, is swelling in his body as much as the skin may hold, which swelling is very dangerous to some for bursting, it is gotten by eating of the trifoly grass in a dewy morning (as some say) which grass maketh him so to swell as though he would burst. The remedy is, some do chase and drive him softly up and down to make him to dung. If that do not help, than ye must rake him and take forth his dung. If that will not serve, than they strike a hole with a knife or bodkin into the hollow part of his back above his flank, and so thereat let's out the wind by a feather or quill, and so he will recover again. But beware ye strike him not so deep that ye pierce his guts. Also to give him rue, or garden tanzey stamped with wine and ale to drink is very good for the same, or give him a quart of verjuice.  
This disease cometh to a beast that is greedy and is put into a Pastor of such rank grass in eating so greedily thereof that his sides will swell as high as his back bone, and sometimes the one side will swell more than the other, and yet few die thereof, and when a beast is so, he may not be hastily driven nor laboured till he be suaged, for it is but a substance of wind within his body. Therefore it is good to drive him softly and suffer him not to lie, some do strike him as aforesaid so deep till the wind do come forth, for wind do remain betwixt the body and the great paunch, and his bowels.  
Wherefore it is evil to put a hungry beast into such pasture after a dew or rain, for the said grass is then so sweet and windy withal, that it filleth them full of wind, and when they be so swollen, some beast will stand still, some will lie down, but if ye can raise him, stir him up and down to make him dung. For if he do once dung, he is past danger for that time, but if he lie and will not rise, ye shall strike him in with a sharp knife or bodkin, three inch deep or more, if that will not serve, thrust him so deep till ye see the wind come forth. Then some do put a quill into the hole, or a feather, that the wind may come forth thereat the better, and when ye shall see him well slaked, ye may then lay a little tar thereon to keep off the fly, and he shall do well again in a short space.   

Against the stinging of hornet, wasp, or breeze fly.  
IF your ox or Cow be stung with wasp or hornet, the remedy is, ye shall temper Ceruse or red lead in water, & then rub the stung place therewith, it is good also to sprinkle the place where the beast do feed, with the decoction of bay leaves sod in water. Also how to make that the breeze fly shall not annoy and bite cattle when they labour, which is, ye shall rub the beast with the decoction afore mentioned. Also if any be stung or bitten therewith, ye shall rub and wet that place all over with the froth or spittle of the said beast, and that will help. Likewise take the juice of meadows and rub or anoint the place therewith, and it will help, or to anoint the beast with salad oil, which will make that the fly will not touch the beast, where he is so anointed.   

How to kill lice or tykes on cattle.  
IF your oxen or kine, or other cattle be lousy, which cometh sometime by some sickness or surfeit in taking cold after a great wet or rain. Sometimes by great poverty, whereby so long as they are vexed with louse, so long they will not prosper. The remedies are, ye shall take the decoction of wild olives mixed with salt, then rub and chafe the beast all over therewith. Another: take of quicksilver killed in oil olive and mixed well together, and therewith anoint. Another: take the roots of white ellebory, otherwise called sneezing powder, and mix of that powder with oil, & therewith anoint, or boil it with good vinegar, & so wash therewith. Another: take of bearefoote herb, stamp it and then strain it with vinegar, then mix therewith the powder of brimstone, and wash the beast therewith. Another: take garlic and stamp it, and mix it with peniriall, and then give it to the beast with ale or beer, and let him be chafed a while after. Another: take the seed of stavesacre, dried and beaten into a fine powder, then mix it with oil or fresh grease, and anoint the beast therewith. All these afore mentioned are good to kill both louse and tickes, for so long as your cattle are troubled therewith, they will prosper smally although ye feed them well, yet a good pastor may do much hereunto, but it will be long ere they recover. And some do sift ashes on their backs and then rain killeth them.   

Against any swelling in Ox or Cow by eating of some venomous herbs.  
A Beast by chance sometime will have a swelling in all his body, which may come by eating of some venomous herb or such like, as of the ground thistle called in Latin chameleon, or of henbane, hemlock, or toadstools. If he have eaten any of these, they will make him so to swell that he will leave his meat. The remedy is, ye shall chop very small, a good handful of wormwood, and then stir it with a good quart of ale or beer, and so give it unto the beast, if once given do small profit, give it him again twice or thrice, & some do stir him then up & down a good while after. Others do keep him in the house an hour or two after, & so he hath done well again. Also yough is evil for cattle to eat.   

Against swelling of cattle by eating of green corn.  
IF your cattle do chance thorough negligent keepers to break into your corn and eat thereof when it is nigh ripe (as in the time of harvest,) of barley, ry, or wheat, it will make them mightily to swell by lying and sprouting in their maws, which thing will put them in danger of death, if they have not soon remedy. The help is, some do use to drive them up & down till they see them assuage thereof, and so they recover, and some do throw a new laid egg shell and all into the beasts mouth, and breaks it in his mouth, & makes him to swallow it with ale. Again, some other do take a handful of the tops of nettles, beaten well & then strained with wine, or honeyed water, and so given. Also to take of Anniseseeds bruised & given in wine or strong ale, or to take a handful of the leaves of Aron or cuckoespit, mixed with salt & vinegar & given. In likewise take of juniper leaves or green berries, stamp & strain them with wine, & then give it the beast. All these aforesaid have been proved good remedies against such swellings, or take soot, & the hard row of a red hearing, beat them and give the beast in ale or beer.   

To help the garget in the throat of a beast.  
IF the garget be in the throat of a beast, it will trouble him sore, which is commonly taken by some great drought for want of water, and it will cause a swelling under the ioules or the sides thereof. The remedy is, ye shall cast him, then cut and flee the skin on both sides, so far as any swelling doth appear. So done, then take of the whitest sifted ashes that ye can, and mix them with the grounds of stolen old piss, and stir them well both together, then also wash the fleshy sore therewith. Some do boil it first, and then wash therewith, both the ways are good. Then ye shall close up the skin again, and anoint it with tar and oil mixed. Also ye may lay thereon a plaster of nettles bruised and mixed with salt, and so it will heal it. Or a plaster of pitch likewise.   

To help the garget on the tongue.  
THe garget in the tongue of the beast, ox or cow, is a certain swelling under the root of his tongue, which will cause his head and face to swell, & to froth also at the mouth, he will then forsake his meat in often gulping in his throat. The remedy is, ye must cast him on some straw for bruising, and then take forth his tongue, and with the point of a sharp knife, slit along the middle vain under an inch, right from the root of his tongue, and there will come forth black blood and water, which cometh from the gall: Then ye shall rub the place with salt and vinegar mixed, and so he will recover and do well again. Often proved.   

To help the blain of the Tongue.  
THe blain of the tongue which will come to some cattle, is a certain bladder growing above on the root of his tongue, against the pipe, which grief at length in swelling will stop his wind, which cometh at the first by some great chasing and heat of the stomach: whereby (as some do judge) it doth still grow and increase by more heat. For commonly it cometh in summer and not in winter: For when the beast is hot and hath been chaste, then (if there be any) it will rise, and swell full of wind and water, so when it is full, and big withal, it will stop the beasts wind, which ye shall perceive by his gaping and holding forth his tongue, and foaming at his mouth. If then there be not speedy remedy, he will suddenly fall and die. The remedy is, to cast him and take forth his tongue, and slit the bladder or breaks it thereon: then softly wash it with vinegar, and a little salt. So he shall do well again.  
This blain on the root of the tongue, cometh by great chasing, and fast driving, and for want of water, they take a heat and so riseth the blain: which cattle will suddenly die thereof, specially fat cattle, for they will soon have the blain. Some beast will have many under the tongue. Therefore ye must prick them with an awl, if ye have no other tool, and then chafe them so with your hand that ye break them all, for the breaking doth help as aforesaid. Then piss thereon if ye have no other thing, and so he shall do well. Often proved.   

Against the garget coming by any push or other stroke.  
WHereas the garget breedeth in cattle upon some bruise or some push, ye shall cut a hole where the bruise is, & make it hollow to the bottom thereof. Some do but cut and raise the skin so far as the bruise goeth, and then make and have ready of beaten garlic, and the tops of the sharp nettles, with some resty bacon of the outside, beat all well together, then put it into the said hole: then shall ye bathe it twice a day as followeth. Take the grounds of ale or beer, and the soot of a chimney, of white sifted ashes, of black soap if ye can, mix all these well together, and stir it well over the fire, and make it warm: Then hath and wash the sore place therewith, use this morning and evening till it be through whole. Well proved. Another way. Some do cut a hole on the upper side of the bruise or sore, and then make it hollow: Then they take of goose grease, and black soap, with a little tar, and then boils them altogether in a pan, and pours it boiling hot into the hole. Use this once a day, and this will heal it. Often proved.   

Against the garget in the maw.  
THe garget in the maw of cattle is an evil thing, which is gotten when they covet to eat of crabs or acorns lying under the trees: Which thing sometimes they will swallow some whole without breaking or chewing, which fruit lieth whole in their maw, and will not digest. But in continuance of time they will sprout and grow in their maws (as some say) which thing will cause the beast to swell, and seem as though some thing did stick and trouble his gullet and throat. And those beasts that have eaten many thereof, and lieth in their maws undigested, are like to die thereof, if remedy be not soon found: the remedy is, ye shall take a good quantity of whole mustard séed, & then mix it with wine, or strong ale and give it to the beast. Another. Chop, & then bruise small a good handful of camomile, & then mix it with wine, and give it the beast. Another. Take a handful of ginniper crops or berries, cut them, and then all to bruise them small: Then mix it with wine, and give it.  
Another. Take peniryall, rocket, garden mint, of each in like quantity, stamp them together, then put a pint of wine or ale, and let it stand close covered all night: on the morrow strain it and then give it the beast. Another. Take a good handful of the the roots and leaves of Avens, wash them, & then lay them to soak all a night in wine, or strong ale, then on the morrow stamp them, and then strain them, and so give it the beast. All these remedies are found good to digest, and also for the cleansing of the maw.   

To help an ox or other beast that have lost their Quide.  
IF an ox or other beast by chance do lose his quide, as sometimes a beast by some occasion his quide will fall from him out of his mouth, and then he will mourn and have no stomach to eat, because the meat which he hath already eaten will not digest. The remedy is: some do use to take part of the quide out of another beasts mouth, which is of like nature, as if it be a cow that do want her quide, to take some of the quide of another cow, and give it her to swallow down, and by that means she will do well again: and so the like of other beasts. Also again some do take a handful of the herb called Cudwoort, which they bruise small, and puts a quantity of fat thereunto, and so convey it into the beasts mouth to swallow that have lost his quide, and so he will amend. Again, some other take a piece of leaven, and put that into the beasts mouth, as afore said, and so he will thereby recover again. Also when a beast hath lost his quide clean, ye may give him lome of a wall mixed with piss, and make him swallow it. Or ye shall take the crumb of bread, and mix it with a little salt, and there withal, to rub and chafe the tongue of the beast: but if he have so remained long, whereby he is far spent and wasted, than ye shall take forth his tongue and prick the vain there under with an awl in 2. or 3. places, and so it will bleed, and thereby he will recover again and do well. Often proved.   

To help calves that have the worms.  
calves will oftimes have worms in their bellies, which will annoy them much, & at length kill them: and when they are so troubled therewith, ye shall see some run up & down, not to stand or abide long in a place, & some will lie down, shake, & quiver, & strait way up again & about, & some will hold their heads oft toward their sides: and those worms in calves do breed of an ill digestiug of their meat. Wherefore ye must then see often unto them, that they come not into the foresaid danger: but when any calves have them, to help him thereof, ye shall take lupin pease half raw, and bruise them, & then make them into small pieces, and cast of those into his throat, and make him to swallow them: so many as ye shall seem good. Do this a mornings and it will kill them. Another. Take sothernwood, or wormwood, & bruise thereof with dry figs, & with fetches, & make the like paste thereof, & cast them into his throat. Another. Take one part of old grease, with 3. parts of Isope, then mix and beat them all well together, and then give it as the other aforesaid. Another. Take of the juice of horehound, beaten and stamped with a quantity of léekblades, and so made in pellets and given. Another. Take of wormeséed, & bruise it well, and give it in wine. and so give the powder of savin mixed with wine or ale: if those worms be in the maw of calves, than ye shall give them a little of the oil of savin, mixed with a little new milk, and that will kill them being in the maw of any beast. Also weaning of calves sometimes will breed worms, when they come to grass soon after they be weaned. Which thing ye shall perceive when they are troubled therewith, for they will then tremble and shake, & sometimes lie and sprawl on the ground. The remedy is, ye shall then take a quantity of the soot of a chimnn, with the like quantity of sour leaven, and a little tar, than stur & mix all these together well, in a pint of new milk from the come, and so give to each calf a portion thereof. Use this for four mornings together. A pint of milk will serve four calves at a time. Also some do give them of tanner's owse to drink, and so thereby they recover and do well.   

Worms in cattle.  
IF your cattle be troubled with worms, ye shall stamp a good handful of wormwood, then strain it with ale or beer, and give it to the beast with a horn. Another. Take a handful of box leaves, cut them, and stamp them, and give them with ale or wine, or take the powder thereof and mix it with new milk and so give it. Another. Take of the herb called prickmadam, which groweth on houses or walls) a handful: then beat the leaves and tops thereof, and so mix it with all or beer, & so give it with a horn. Another. Stamp a good handful of mugwoort, then strain it with ale, & give it. Or take a handful of the red nettle, which carrieth the red flower, called archangel, stamp and strain thereof into als or beer and then give it. Another. Take a handful of wood sage, or wild sage, bruise it, then strain it with ale, & so give it. Another. Take and stamp of garden cress, & then strain it with ale & so give. Another. Take and stamp garlic, & mix it with milk or ale and so give it. All these are special good against worms in cattle.   

Against pain in the feet of cattle, called of some husbands, the foul,  
SOmetimes cattle will have a disease betwixt their cleases, called the fowl: Which grief sometimes willbe in the fore feet, & sometimes on the hinder feet. Which grief will commonly swell & make the beast to halt. The remedy is; ye must cast him, and then bind his four feet together. Then take a rope of hair, or some other hard twisted rope, and draw it up and down betwixt his clease, till ye make it bleed well. Then take some tar and mix it with some honey, and fresh grease, and lay to thereof. Then put a buskin, or such like thing on his foot, to keep it from dirt, and then ye may put him into some clean pasture till he be whole: or to keep in the house and he will soon be whole, in two or three days again.  
There will breed also (as some husbands say) a like grief and swelling betwixt the clees of cattle, called the worm, which will grow to a bunch and so to a ripeness, and at length it will break, and it will be in the midst of his clees, and and so it will make him halt, so much that he cannot well go. When that ye shall see it swell so big, ye shall then lance it, and so let forth the corrupt matter. Then anoint it with tar, and fresh grease mixed, and then keep his foot clean for two or three days, and it shall do well again.   

To help a beast that pisseth blood.  
Some do take a loch fish quick and put it down the beasts throat. If that help not, ye shall take of bloudwoort herb, of shepherds purse, of knotgrass, of each a like quantity, stamp them altogether: then strain them with a quart of the milk of one coloured cow, and put thereto also a little rennet, made of the said milk, and mix therewith the leaven of brown bread, then strain them all together, and so give it with a horn. Use this morning and evening eight or nine days, and it will help. Or give him of the powder of the rinds of pomgarnets, or the powder of the husks of acorns, with red wine, and it will also help him. Likewise the shell stones (that lie in arable lands, as afore said) first burned, and then beat into fine powder, and put into the rennet of milk and so stirred well together, and so given the beast. Use this 3. or 4. days morning and evening and be shall do well.   

To help the show't of blood in cattle.  
THe show't of blood commonly is, to those beasts which have been evil kept, & then to be put to feed in good pasture, those will so feed that they will soon wax fat, and so increase of blood, that they will cast their blood at their mouths. The remedy is, when ye shall see any so, ye shall cut of the tops of both his ears, and then with a small stick ye shall all to beat them, and that will cause them bleed the more, and thereupon he will amend. Some lets blood on the neck, which is very good if he can find well the vain. And some let blood on the vain under the eye. All these are very good against the said show't of blood. Also some do take of the herb turmentil, stamped and strained with ale or beer, and so given, which have been proved also very good against the same.   

The warnell worms in cattle.  
SOme cattle will have certain worms sticking within their skin on their backs, called (of some husbandmen) warnell worms: which worms cometh commonly unto beasts which are poor and lean by great poverty, which worms will stick as on their backs along on both sides thereof, a foot deep or more, which are evil for the sale of the skin if it be then taken. Also ye shall perceive them within the skin of the beast, like small knots or knobs, & they will show and appear over the skin like black spots. The remedy is: some do pick them forth with the point of an awl, yet some husbands do say: as the beast doth grow in fatness, those warnell worms will wear away, and his skin will be again as sound as any others.  
Also some cattle will have a disease run in divers parts of their bodies and legs, called (of some husbands) the waribréede. The remedy is this, ye must cast him and bind his four feet together, & with a hot iron (if the waribrede be long,) sear them off hard by the body, but if it be but beginning, and is yet but flat and low, than ye shall but lay the hot iron thereon: and sear it but to the skin, then anoint it with tar and fresh grease mixed, and so it will heal for ever.   

Against the gout in cattle.  
Certain cattle will have (as some husbands say) a grief in their feet sometimes, which they call the gout, and commonly it willbe on their hinder feet, which thing will cause the beast to go very stiff behind. For which grief I could never find any person that could help it, but the best is, for to bathe his feet in cold water, and then to put him into good pasture and make him fat and so sell him.   

Against looseness of teeth in cattle.  
YE shall understand when the teeth of any beast is lose, so long he cannot well eat his meat, which sometimes cometh thorough the feeble and weakness of the beast, and sometime by a cold rheum, gotten by lying in some cold and wet place, or by eating of much watery grass. The remedy is, ye shall cast him, and draw blood on his gums: and so he will amend, some do rub and anoint his gums: (after his blood letting,) with strong sack, and so he will amend. Also some do slit his tail under, nigh his rump, and binds thereto a little bruised garlic, and so he will recover and do well again.   

Against mylting of a beast.  
THe mylting of Ox, Cow, or other beast is called of husbandmen, when he will sudden lie down if ye shall stay never so little, being at plough or cart. Which grief is gotten by some blow or sore stripe (with good or such like) on the beasts side: which makes him to faint and fall down. When any shall so lie down ye shall not raise him up sudden again, but ye shall then turn him, and lay him on the other side, and so let him rest a while, and so he will recover again: then if ye can, bruise of the bark of an Ash, and strain it with ale, and so give him to drink, and he shall do well.   

To help any beast that cannot piss.  
THey use to give unto an Ox that cannot piss, of warm water mixed with bran, which is good to make him piss: also take and stamp of sowthistle, and then heat it with ale or beer, and so give it to the beast. Another: take and bruise a handful of anniseedes, and then mix it with ale or beer and give it. Another: take & bruise of Carduus benedictus, them strain it with white wine, and so give it to the beast. Any one of these aforesaid, is good to be given a beast, when he cannot piss, and to provoke him there unto.   

Against the flowing of the gall in cattle.  
THe flowing of the gall in Ox or other beast, the chief occasion thereof, some husbands cannot well tell, except it should be the abundance of choler, increasing by great travel in hot times, and so there by filling the gall with choler, & thereupon it flows all over the body, & so increaseth the yelows or jaundice. The remedies are, some takes of gall wort herb, which is bitter, & then stamps a handful thereof, & so strains it with a quart of ale, & so gives it to the beast 2. or 3. mornings. Another: ye may also give the juice of wormwood or southernwood stamped and strained with ale, and so given as that other. Another: take the inner green bark of elder a handful, and soak it all one night in beer or ale in a vessel, close covered: then strain it in the morning, and so give it to the beast. Another: some do give the juice of mugwoort mixed with honeyed water, with a little saffron, and so given. All these aforesaid are very good against the flowing of the gall, and also for the jaundice, Another for the same: take the yolk of an egg, and mix it with some hard soot, powder of Pepper, and honey, and put the egg shell and all down his throat, 
Quod Willis,  then give him a little chamberlye, and he shall dowel.   

To help a beast that is gored.  
IF any beast chance to be stricken and gored with some of his fellows, for fear of some gargel come thereof, or some impostume to grow and breed thereof. The remedy, ye shall take of ashes finely sifted, and mix them with the grounds of ale or beer, and make it thick like a batter, and so lay it thereon, use this and it will heal it. Another: some do take unto the said grounds or dregs of ale, of unquenched lime finely beaten, and so mixed well together, and so lay it thereto. Another: some puts in steed of ashes, red earth, or oaker, mixed like wise together as aforesaid, and so lays it too plasterwise. Another: likewise a plaster of pitch, is also good to be laid thereon. And all the other aforesaid are very good to heal a beast that is gored or hurt.   

Against the turning disease in cattle.  
THere is a certain disease comes to some cattle, called (of husband men) the turning disease. Which disease in eating their meat will cause them to turn about & let their feeding sore & also those cattle which are troubled with this disease, are always in danger of falling into pits and ditches & such like. The cause is, there lieth a bladder under the skull in the forehead of the beast, which is between the brain and the brain pan, which bladder must be taken forth, or he will never amend, but in the end he will die thereof. The remedy is, ye must cast him and bind his 4. feet together, and there ye shall feel all over softly with your thumb thrusting thereon, & whereas ye find the softest place, a little there above ye shall cut the skin overthwart, four inches, & so likewise beneath the soft place. Then also in the mids ye shall cut the skin downward between the two overthwart cuts, & slay those skins on both sides, then turn them up, and pin them with pin's. Then take a sharp knife and cut the brain pan there under two inches broad, and three inches long: but beware your knife go no deeper than the thickness of the brain pan for piercing the brain, (For if ye do so the beast will die,) Than ye shall take away that cut bone, & ye shall see a bladder there under two inches or more long full of water. Which bledder ye shall softly take clean away, and see that ye hurt not his brain. So done, than ye shall lay down again the cut skin as before, and sow them fast together: then bind a linen cloth three or four fold, dipped in fresh grease and tar, and laid thereon, which will keep it from wind and cold for the space of ten or twelve days, which skin will so grow again, and he shall do well. And hereupon I have seen (saith mine Author) many recover and do well. But for the more surety (when a beast is troubled with this disease being flat, or having any reasonable flesh on him) is to kill him, and so there is but small loss. The like disease ye shall have in young sheep, which is spoken of in his place.   

Things good for sinews and to knit bones.  
WHen as there shall chance any bones of your cattle to be broken, ye shall take of the herb called in Latin Aron, in English, Cuckospit, stamp thereof with barley meal and a little honey, and so plasterwise lay it to. Another: take of the herb called in Latin symphitum, in English cumphory, bruise of the leaves and root, with a little honey, and lay it to plasterwise. Another: take of yarrow and stamp it with swine's grease, and plasterwise lay it to, which will knit not bones only, but sinews also. Another: take the tender buds of the Ash tree, stamp them with shell snails or black snails, and so lay it too, or take the powder made of the bark of an Ash tree, mingle and beat it with the leaves of cumphory, and then lay it too. Another, seeth the bark of an Elm tree, in running water, then bruise it and lay it to. All these aforesaid are good to comfort sinews, and for the knitting of bones.   

To breed calves and to geld them  
IF ye will breed calves to make young bulls, take no calf that is calved within the prime, which is counted the five days after the change, for those will not prove well, as some husbands say. Nor likewise also any calf (or other) then calved, is not good for to keep, but to eat or sell, & among a hundred calves, two shallbe sufficient for to make bulls: as for all the rest; it shallbe best to geld them soon after they are calved, or at 2. years of age, & then to lay upon the sores the ashes of vine twigs, burnt and mixed with litarge. And on the 3. day after, ye may melt of tar, and mingle of the said ashes therewith, and anoint therewith for fear of swelling. Also the manner of gelding of Calves, Mago doth counsel and say, the calves would be gelded when they are are young and tender, not with any iron? But with a cloven hazel stick & so pressed together, and then race the cod by little and little till it be consumed. This he taketh to be the bestway of gelding, when they are young and tender, for this kind of way is done withouten wound.  
For when a calf is somewhat big, he would better tarry unto two years, then to geld him at one year, which to geld them is best in Autumn, when the moon is in decreasing, and the sign from that place, ye shall then cast him and traves his feet together, and before ye touch him with iron, ye must take up his stones, then take two straight lathes like rulers of wood, made like a pair of barnacles or tongues. Then take up the stones with the nerfes and strings that the stones do hang by, then close your tongues under betwixt his body & his stones, close them hard together (leaving the stones on the outside thereof,) some gelder's make them of iron for the more strength. Then slit the purse first of one cod, and put forth the stone thereat, and cut him off within hard by the said tongues and close by the nerfs, and so likewise take forth the other stone, and then some do sear it for bleeding too much, and annoyntes it with fresh grease and lets him go, but see to cut them in such sort, that ye leave the ends of the strings joining to the said nerfes: for thereby he shall not lose much of his blood, nor shall not be all feminate, nor yet very stout of his members, in leaving still the form of the male, although the force of engendering be taken away, the which 
Horse gelt or Bull.  he will not suddenly lose by and by after he is gelt, for when a horse or bull is gelt, they will (if ye will suffer them,) cover incontinent, and certainly engender, which ye shall not suffer none so to do, for fear lest they die of the bloody flux, but after ye have so dressed him, ye shall anoint him with fresh grease. Some do anoint after he is cut, with the ashes of the tender vine branches, mixed with the skin of silver, them ye shall give them no drink for the space of three or four days, but to eat of green herbs, and give him but little thereof, for ye shall nourish him as though he were sick, in giving him the crops of trees and green herbs. The least danger in gelding an old beast, is a Boar, all other beasts are more, dangerous being gelded when they are old.  
Some do use a kind of gelding young calves or fools (as I have heard) under nine days, or assoon as the stones descended 
A kind of gelding.  down into the cod, they will by and by take him & knit softly the purse of the cod betwixt the stones and his body with a shoemakers thread, and as the foal doth grow & increase, the stones will consume and wear away, which kind of gelding (as I have learned) they do use in the North parts.  
Aristotle saith, it is jeopardy in gelding all kind of cattle being old, except ●ara be: and likewise it is best gelding in the increase of the moon, for it will make them grow fair, large, and bigger than those which are gelded in the wain of the moon, so that ye geld or spay in a good sign. Also in cutting or letting blood, these signs are counted most dangerous, if the Moon have power over them. As Taurus, Leo, Gemini, Virgo, and the latter part of Libra, and Scorpio, and also the two signs governed under Saturn, as Capricorn and Aquarius. The rest are all good, as Aries, Cancer, Sagittarius and Pisces, so that the Moon be not in them.  
Also ye shall note, that if the sign be coming within a day of the cut place, it shall not then be so good to cut with out a more danger, as when the sign is once past the place. For a green wound being newly cut, the sign coming nigh unto it, will cause it to bleed afresh, being but a little moved, or else to grow and breed to some impostumation of blood or other humours, which hath been often seen among cattle, whereby they have died thereof, but to geld your calves when they are but young is counted best. As when they are of six or eight weeks old, for else (as some husbands say) they will not commonly prove so fair nor so good to wean. If any calf do swell after he is new glded, some do use to burn one of his stones to powder, and so beat it small, and cast it thereon, and some do mix it with neats foot oil, and so anoints the sore place therewith.   

The charge to the keeper and governor of cattle.  
THe keeper and governor of cattle must always be diligent to foresee that his cattle have meat in due season, & that his stalls be cleanly kept, and that no poultry, hens, or ducks, or hogs do use at any time the said stalls. For the feathers of poultry is unwholesome for cattle, and also their dung breed the murrain in cattle as some do judge, and the dung also of hogs doth them no good, and likewise the louse of hogs will make them unquiet and scabby. Also the keeper ought to rub them daily that labour and to comb them with a card, which will make them the lustier, and to wash their feet with cold water when they labour not, will do well, ye shall also know the force and age of an ox in visiting his mouth, for he will cast his two foremost teeth within ten months of his first year, and within six weeks after that, he will cast the two next teeth unto them, and about the end of three years, he will change and cast them all. And when they are grown all full up again, they will then be all equal, white and long. But when the Ox beginneth to wax old, they will return and wax crooked and black and likewise unequal. Also for Oxen to labour, the black 
The labouring Ox.  Ox and the red ox are the best, and the brown or gréeseled Ox are next, the white Ox is worst of all colours. An Ox will serve well to labour till he be of ten years, not after so good, for he will then wax dull, weak & feeble. Wherefore then it were best to feed him and so to sell him: an ox will live well 15, or 16. years. Also wild oxen are better to bear a burden than to labour, for they are never so free nor so strong to draw and labour, as the tame Oxen are. Likewise it is not good to labour with any bull among your oxen, 
Bul te labour.  for he willbe stubborn and sullen, and loves to be a master over the rest, whereby he will but trouble them. Therefore it shallbe always best to keep the bulls lusty and fat, to cover always your kine, so shall ye still have fair calves and large withal: one good and lusty bull is sufficient for threescore kine.  
Likewise kine to be put to the bull, the best & chiefest times is in May, June, & July, then the kine should be put to the bull before 
Kine put to the bull.  they have been in any good pasture: for some husbands saith: a lean cow will take, and sooner be with calf then a fat cow. If a cow with make desire the bull, if she be milked incontinent before, she will not then take nor desire the bull, if then she have no bull, & lose her make, she will desire the bull about a month after again, thus some husbands have proved, and the bull the contrary. For he must be fat and lusty when he shall cover the kine, or else those calves will be weak. A cow will live well 15. years, but after she will wax feeble and wear. Also ye shall not let a cow take the bull before she be three year old. For when young kine go to the bull, they bring forth commonly small and weak calves: therefore some husbands will never wean the first calf of a cow. And also ye shall not put your kine unto the bull before the third or fourth day of june, to the end that she may (by the virtue in eating of herbs and grass) be the more hot and lusty as to take the bull when she shallbe put unto him. Wherefore some husbands (to make a cow take the bull the sooner) do give her of the herb called cowmake, which groweth like a white gillyflower among corn. Then to keep her a little hungry, and to give her thereof, two hours before she shall take the bull, and that will put her in more heat, and ye shall then rub her natural conduit with nettles, which is also good, if she will refuse the bull. Some husbands do counsel not to suffer your kine to be covered under four years, and likewise not after twelve years, because the one is too young, and the other is too old.  
And also they say, the best time to put the bull with the kine is, all the month of july. For then the kine will bring their calves in ver, in the beginning and spring of herbs and grass: ye need not constrain her then to take the bull, for the abundance of herbs will provoke and put her in heat, so that ye shall not then constrain her. A cow will go with calf ten months. If a cow refuse, or the bull will not cover her, ye shall make them have appetite, as it is spoken of among the horses and mares, and as it is afore rehearsed: and then ye shall diminish her pasture, to the end that the abundance of grass do not make her barren, for a cow being fat, will smally desire the bull, and when she hath taken, ye may judge by refusing the bull, and also to know whether she shall have a cow calf or bull calf, ye shall understand, if the bull descend from her on the right side of her, more than the least, is to judge a bull calf: and likewise the contrary if he descend on the least side. Or if the come in descending and lying down on the right side, is to judge she hath a bull calf. And if she lie down on the left side, is to judge a cow calf. And when ye shall judge she hath taken by refusing the bull, which thing doth not always happen true, for although she have taken, yet many kine be not satisfied, for some brute beasts will have a voluptuous desire above nature, as well as other creatures.  
Also to nourish your kine and calves, in countries where there is great store of pasture, they may nourish their calves all the year. But where there is small store of pasture, it will scant suffice them from two year to two year: And ye may nourish your calves of their dams for one years space. But that year those kine must not be charged with any kind of labour. Also when a cow hath calved, some husband's will after the calf hath sucked three weeks, take away a tet, & milk it clean: the next week another tette, & so the third. Thus they will have milk plenty, and yet many kine will keep milk enough to serve for her calf. If a cow pass x. years, she is not then so good to bring calves as before. If a young cow calf before three years, ye shall take away the calf, and milk her first three days together, because she shall not then be charged with to much milk. Then milk her no more but let the calf have all the rest: If ye will dry up her milk, ye shall 'noint her udderne all over with tar. Kine desire not so much to drink of the river water as of pond water, because the water of the river is more colder than the pond water: Which river water being so cold, will chill her within, and make her in danger to cast her calf, if God work not the contrary. Notwithstanding among all great cattle, the cow will lightly abide the most coldest air. Wherefore they commonly let them lie without the doors all the winter in most places and countries.   

The government of cattle, and the ordering of kine with their calves.  
STephanus saith, to order cattle, and to nourish kine orderly and well, the husband man must see himself, or else have some trusty and skilful man, to look and often resort unto his cattle, as oxen or kine in the stall, or without, and to feed or see that they have sufficient meat and water daily at convenient times, morning and evening, and to see when any beast is sickly to help him with medicine, and to make their stawles for cattle to lie in, to set it east and west, with windows and doors towards the south, and close toward the north, for that is very sharp and cold in winter for cattle: And to strew of beaten salt all over on the boards or stones under them, because (they say) it is a manifest thing to keep their bodies in health: And they do use to straw some sand or gravel, under their cattle, on the planks for sliding whereby they may stand the better, without sliding, and likewise to see them have litter at evenings after their labour.  
And when ye shall put them forth in the spring with your kine, ye shall separate the young sucking calves assoon as they have sucked their dams, ye shall put them into some several house or other place, where they shall remain all the day, and when ye will have them suck, ye shall let them forth to their dams, and let them suck but evening and morning, and so shut them up again in the house, for by this order the calves shall wax more fairer and also sooner fat, then roaming still with their dams. Also when a cow hath calved, if she be not then well kept (although she be a good nurse) she shall not be able to nourish well her calf: therefore they do use to give kine with calf, of the green herb called melilot, they stamp it with some honey, & lay it all a night to soak in milk, and so give it her like a medicine: for that is counted marvelous good for a cow with calf or other beast. Likewise again, they do stamp pease with wine, and so gives it them: and let the farmer's wife, assoon as your calves be take up, to put the milk apart, that butter and cheese may be made thereof without any mast, and see to always that your cheese be well and close gathered, in pressing forth clean all the whey (for whey remaining in the curds, will make the cheese wax sour, and air will make it full of holes.) And likewise that your pots be well scalded and clean washed, with other your vessels thereunto belonging, or else vessels with cheese fat's and such, will make your cheese wax sour also. And likewise that your women servants touch no butter nor cheese having their months terms on them, for that is very unwholesome.  
Moreover when as ye shall see a labouring ox that laboureth daily, bate no part of his flesh, but remains still fat and in good liking, which is no good sign: for he is full of phlegm.  
Therefore ye shall every viii. day, open his mouth and wash it with his own piss, and thereby ye shall draw forth much phlegm thereat, which otherwise he would still swallow down. Which phlegm oftimes will molest and grieve him to eat his meat: for by the abundance of phlegm doth cause him to have the catar of rheum, which ye shall perceius when he is troubled therewith, by watering of his eyen, for they will seem very watery: and when they drop water, he will then hang down his ears. Then ye shall take him and wash his mouth with time bruised in white wine, and thereupon rub his mouth with garlic, and fine salt mixed together: so done, then wash his mouth again with wine as before.  
Some do cleanse the said phlegm with bay leaves beaten with the bark of pomgarnets, and so mixed with wine and wash therewith. And other some do squirt wine mixed with myrrh, into their nostrils: but for the rheum or catarrh, if his eyes do inflame, ye shall but let him blood on the vain under his tongue, and so ye shall remedy it.   

To help a cow of the whetherd.  
TO help a cow that is whetherd, that is, when she hath newly calved and hath not cast her cleaning, she will die of it shortly after. To make her void and cast the same, ye shall take a good quantity of the juice of meadows, and mix it with ale or wine and give it, which is good to repulse the latter birth after the cow have calved. Another. Take mugwoort, stamp and strain it with ale and so give it, which will both cleanse the latter birth, and also bring forth the dead calf within her. Another. Take of Aristolochia, do bruise & mix it with myrrh and pepper, and then give it with white wine or strong ale, which doth cast forth the latter burden. Another. Stamp a good handful of penirial, and strain it with ale and so give it, which will put forth the latter burden. Another. Bruise a good handful of betony leaves, strain it with honeyed water & then given: which doth drive forth the second birth. Also take of syler mountain, stamp it and then strain it with wine and so give it: which is good to cleanse and drive forth the latter burden. Also they do use to give when a cow is whetherd, of smoked barley, which barley is but singed in the straw and so given, and she will eat thereof: any one of these afore said, is good against the said disease, if ye shall see knots in the mouth then judge she hath not cleand of her birth: then must ye take them from her, or she will die.   

To help a beast pricked with a thorn.  
YE shall take a beetle fly, called of some a shumbarbe, which creepeth commonly on horse dung, or other dung, slit his belly but kill him not, and lay to the cut place, where the thorn went in. If any thing will help this will do it, but some what painful a while. Another. Take the black snail that beareth no shell, bruise it and lay it to. Another. Shave the roots of red roses, and put thereto of black soap, and so lay it to. Another. Take agrimony, rue, marigolds, of each a like quantity, stamp them all together mixed with a little salt, & so lay it to. Another. Take of the root of barbery tree, bruise it and lay it to, which will draw forth either thorn or iron out of the bone.   

How to visit and oversee your cattle from time to time.  
YE must often oversee and visit your troops of cattle, a— 'gainst any infirmity, that may daily hap, and to choose & take forth the old cattle from the young, so must ye likewise take your kine which are barren from the other, because they will bear no more, and yet occupy the place of the bearing kine. Which barren kine ye may rather fat them, or occupy them to the plough, for they may as well endure labour and travail, as the young ox, because being barren they are as light. They delight to be in sunny places in winter ny● sea, and in summer to be in thick shady woods, and they love more the pasture on mountains, then on the plains, and also their hooves will better endure in forests and grass woods or in places of clay or marish grounds, then in hard & stony places.   

Things good to purge cattle.  
THe powder of ix. or xv. leaves of laurel, or the green leaves thereof beaten, and strained with a pint of honeyed water, mixed with a little salt, then strained and given to the beast in the morning: this will purge somewhat strong.  
Also the leaves of the elder, bruised and sod in water, then strained and so given, doth purge both choler & phlegm downward: And also it doth cleanse water out of the stomach. Also the berries of elder stamped and strained with ale or beer doth the like. Or the inner rind which is green, taken & stamped with wine, and so let it stand cold all a night, and then strain it in the morning and give it warm. Or likewise the low elder, called danewoort, which will do the like, and in all points it will purge both choler and phlegm, as well as the other elder: and (as some do judge) it is good to be given cattle in the time of plague or murrain among beasts.  
Likewise ye may take of spurge which giveth like milk, take a good handful thereof, stamp it, and then strain it, with a pint or more of water and vinegar in like portion, and so give it: this will purge both choler and phlegm. Also xx. or thirty. of the seeds thereof said in honeyed water mixed with a little salt, then bruise them, and so give it, which doth purge more stronger.  
Another. Ye may take a good handful of Centory, of the tops, leaves and flowers, boil it in a quart of ale or beer, till a quarter be wasted, then strain it and give it warm: this ye may minister at all times (if the sign do serve) and it will gently purge both choler and phlegm, but chiefly choler, & keep him in the house (if it be cold) vi. hours after,  
Another. Ye shall take a handful of the roots of polypodium (which is the fern that groweth on the oak.) chop it small, & then bruise it, and mix it with a quart of honeyed water, and so give it warm. In summer ye may take likewise a good handful of the branches, and use it as the other afore said: this doth purge both choler and phlegm, but chiefly phlegm. Another. Ye shall take a good handful of the crops of broom being green, then bruise it, and put unto it a pint or more of honeyed water, or strong ale, and let it rest so all night, then on the morrow strain it and give it warm. If ye will make it more stronger, ye may put into it, two drams of the seed made into powder, and then it will work more stronger.  
Another. Take of Seine of Alexandria, with a pennyworth of aniseeds, then boil them in a quart or more of ale, till a quarter thereof be wasted, then strain it, and so give it warm, this doth purge very gently. Also the seen romana, that is here growing in divers gardens (as at Lambeth house) take three drams of the seed made into powder, with the powder of aniseed, & then mixed with a pint of strong ale, & so given warm, and this will purge more stronger. Another. Take vi. drams of the root of flower-de-luce made into powder, and mix it with a pint or more of honeyed water, and so give it warm. The more proportion ye give, of all these aforesaid, the stronger they will be to work. Wherefore ye must use them with discretion, and as ye shall see cause, for ye may aswell give too much as to little: and as the best is, when ye do give them any drink to purge, to keep them in winter warm after, a day and a night and so they shall do well, God willing. The best signs to give them drink is, Scorpio, and pisces.   

To make a stawle or frame to give your cattle drinks when ye shall see any cause.  
COlumella saith, it shallbe very necessary of good husbands to make a stall or frame, to give your beasts drink in when ye shall see need: Which ye shall make like unto those that the ferrours or smiths do use for shoeing of their ungracious horses. Which fashion ye shall make thus, ye shall first pitch your 4. corner posts fast in the ground, and then plank it in the bottom: then shall ye plank the sides with four strong bars of a side, well and fast made to the four corner posts, which posts must be at least seven. foot high, then cross those bars on the out sides with three cross bars, and let the entrance be four foot wide, so that the beast may easily enter in, and there set with vi. bar res behind. So when the beast is in, he cannot retire nor return on neither side thereof, nor yet stir backward nor forward. Also ye must have two bars before, and a strong cross bar thereon, and as they tie their horses with their halters, so must ye tie up their horns, that ye may give them drink more easier: thus being tied his head fast unto the bar within, his feet shall not then strain without the stall but rest within on the planks: And to order him that he shall not ascend with his body, ye must bind his body down to the bars, to make that ye shall not stir no way to hurt him, but shall be at commandment to receive the medicine, and this order ye may use for all your great cattle, and thereby to keep them in health from time to time.   

How to fat an Ox.  
STephanus saith, ye may fat an ox soon with fetches, pease, boiled barley, or beans husked and bruised, and ye may also fat an ox well with hay, but not to give him as ye give unto a horse, if ye give him in summer of the tender branches of trees, it will refresh him, if ye give an ox only acorns, it will make him scabby, except the acorns be dried and mixed with bran, or such like. Also an Ox that ye intent to make fat, and so to bargain and sell, ye may labour him in fair times once or twice a week in gentle grounds, and to labour him now and then a little for exercise; it will make him have a better stomach to his meat, and let him eat nothing but barley, and hay, and sometimes a little herbs or vine branches, or other tender branches, that he loveth, so shall he be in good order. Also to fat an ox ye shall give him ground beans, dried barley, or Elm leaves, but specially going in the son doth make him like well, & to wash him twice or thrice a week with warm water. Also colewoortes to boil with bran, doth make them have soluble bellies, and it doth nourish as much as doth barley. Likewise chaff mixed with ground beans, is good sometimes, your oxen are less subject to diseases than your horse: yet to preserve and keep them in health, our elders did use to purge them every quarter three days together, one with lupin pease, another with the grain of Cyprus, beaten in like quantity, steeped all one night before, in a pint or a pint and a half of water and so given. Others do give other things according to the use of the country.  
Again, if any Ox do wax weak and feeble in labour, they do use to give him once a month, of fetches beaten and steeped in water, and mixed with beaten bran, and to keep an ox from being weary, they do use now and then to rub his horns with turpentine, mixed with oil olive. But see that ye touch no other part of his head, but his horns, for if ye so do, it will at length hurt his sight. Also there will be sometimes arising come over the heart of an Ox. showing thereby as though he would vomit, to help the same, ye shall rub and chafe his mouzell and mouth with bruised garlic, or else with beaten leeks, and then force him to swallow it down.   

Against the Colic in cattle  
YE shall give chief for the same unto your ox of bruised garlic with wine, or bruised leeks mixed with a pint of wine, & also against the gurling or rumbling in the belly, and noise of his guts, which ye shall understand when he complaineth thereof, ye shall often see him lie down, and suddenly to rise up again, because ye cannot for pain rest long in a place, to help the same, some do use to put unto his drink the oil of nuts. Others do give him of onions boiled in sweet wine, and some do give of myrrh, with the powder of bay steeped in wine, and also they do prick his skin all about the clees of his feet, or to prick under his tail, so long till it begin to bleed, and so he shall amend.   

Time's best to stop laxes.  
THe chiefest times to stop flux or lax is, when the moon or sign is in Taurus, Virgo or Capricorn, them to give your beast drinks to stop it shall do best, but to purge by drinks as afore is mentioned, that is, when the sign is chiefly in Scorpio and Pisces. Also it is not good to purge or let blood (without great need) in the change of the moon, neither when there is any evil aspect of one planet unto another, nor in the signs of Capricorn & Aquarius, for they are the two houses of Saturn, neither when the moon is afflicted with Saturn & Mars. Thus if all these rules aforesaid be observed and kept, things will work the better, & your cattle thereby the better be presarued.   

The form and quality of a Bull.  
FOrsomuch as I have somewhat spoken afore of Oxen, I will here take opportunity to speak somewhat of the Bull and of his form, which is, those Bulls which ought to be praised, they ought to have long and great members, and also to be gentle and of a mean age, the black and the red Bulls are the best. The rest ye must consider to have all things in him as in the ox, for there is no difference betwixt a good Bull and a good Ox, save that the Bull ought to have a quicker look, and his horns to be more shorter, likewise his neck more fleshy, insomuch as it is the greatest part of his body and the strongest to the proportion of the rest, his belly long, slender and straight, whereby he may the more easier cover the kine, thus much for the Bull and his proportion.   

The form and quality of a fair Cow.  
COlumella sayeth, a Cow of estimation ought to be large and long bodied, and also to be gentle, having a large and deep belly, a broad forehead, and black open eyen, with fair and black polished horns: her ears rough and hairy, her jaws well shut, the fan of her tail great, the claws and horns of her feet small, her legs short and thick, her breast deep, all the rest like unto the male, and specially to be young: for when a Cow shall pass ten years, she may not so well bear calves.  
Also Stephanus saith, the farmer having good understanding, shall always esteem the Cow of a mean stature, and being but four or five years old, the brown colour mirte with white spots is good, with the red and the black, also to have a large deep belly, broad for head, black eyen & great, clean horns and black, her ears rough, her jaws narrow set, her mouzell great, her hair somewhat crumpled, her hooves little and smally cloven, her legs short, her thighs thick and round, her udderne large and deep, having but four tettes, her neck long and thick, her breast large & deep hanging, her feet broad and thick. These are the chiefest points belonging to a fair cow.   

How to keep a Cow that is great bellied with calf.  
STephanus sith, ye must keep your kine with calf from dangers, from the tenth month, for than she waxeth great bellied, and also in winter if she be then with calf, ye shall nourish her in the stall from the eight month, because of extreme cold, and then to give her of good meat, it shall do well. But in Summer ye shall give her the branches of tender bruise of trees, such as ye can get, and use her not after two months to fast, but let her feed on mornings in the fields, and so to milk her, and give her also in the evening fresh forage when she cometh to the house. And likewise in the morning before she goeth to the field, and when she have calved, ye shall keep back the calf, when she goeth to field, and so use her still as ye shall see cause. And when to geld as afore is mentioned. Some do use to geld 
To geld calves.  when the calves are young, and some lets them run a year or more before they geld, which is counted more dangerous. Therefore, as most do use, to geld under the dam is best: then after their gelding, ye must keep them well in good pastures, that they may be the more readier and stronger to labour at 2. years. They do use also to labour their barren 
Kine to labour.  kine after nine years, when as they bring no more calves. Therefore they are put unto the use of drawing in the yoke as the oxen are. Also if calves be not gelded 
Gelt of calves  within one year, they will not be great, if there grow an impostume after gelding, burn his stones to ashes, & cast that powder thereon, and it will help.   

How to buy lean kine or cattle.  
FItz harbart saith, and if a man by lean kine or oxen to feed, ye must see they be young, for the younger they be the sooner they will feed, and look well that their hair stare not, but that they do use to lick themselves, and see also they be whole mouthed in wanting none of their teeth. For although he have the gout, and broken both of tail and pizzle, yet will he feed, but an Ox having the gout will not be driven far, ye shall choose him with a broad rib, and a thick hide, and not to be lose skinned, nor yet stick hard to the ribs or sides. For than he will not feed so well. Also those husbands that mean to thrine, must have both Kine and Oxen, Horse, mares, and young cattle, and to rear every year some calves and foals, or else he shallbe constrained to buy. If ye buy Oxen for the plough, see they be young and not gouty, nor yet broken hair of tail nor pizzle. Again if ye buy kine to the pail, ye must see they be young and (having such properties as afore is mentioned.) Also gentle to milk and likewise to nourish up their calves.   

How to buy fat or lean cattle.  
ALso in buying other oxen or kine to fat, ye shall first handle them and see if they be soft on the croppy behind the shoulder, and also upon the hindermost rib, and upon the huckle bone, and on the nathe by his tail, and to see likewise if your Ox have a great cod, and a Cow, to have a big navel, for that is a good sign she should be well tallowed, ye must take heed also where ye buy any lean cattle or fat, and of whom and where they were bred: for if ye buy from a better ground than ye have yourself, those cattle will not so well like with you, ye shall also look if there be no manner of sickness among those cattle in the quarter or parish where ye intent to buy, For if there be other murrain or long saugh, or other infective disease, it is great jeopardy buying any beast coming from thence. For one beast will soon take sickness of another, which sickness will perhaps continue ten or twelve years or more, ere it will appear on him. If any beast chance to be sick, ye shall avoid him soon from the rest of his company. These and such like rules, the buyer ought always to have respect, and take good heed thereof.   

Against the murrain or plague among cattle.  
AS for the murrain or plague among cattle, there be men enough (sayeth he) that can help the same, being taken betimes. Which disease cometh of an infection of blood, and it appeareth commonly first in the head, for then his head will swell, and his eyen wax great, and they will run of water. And when he do once froth at the mouth, he is then past remedy, but shortly after he will die, and yet when they are thus sick they will eat. The remedies are, ye shall slay the beast that is so dead, and bury him in a deep pit, and cover him well with earth, that no dogs can come to the carrion. For so many beasts as do smell thereof, are like to be infected with the same disease, & therewith ye shall have the skin straight to the tanner, carry it not home for fear of more peril may fall thereof, there is a common use and done of a great charity, which is, they will put the beast skin on a pole, and then set it in a hedge fast bound to a stake by the high way side, that every man riding by, may perceive thereby where the sickness of cattle is, and also in what towneshippe, and they hold an opinion it will thereby cease the rather, which I do scarcely believe. But a beast having the murrain, being flayed, it will appear between the flesh and the skin, for it willbe as though it were full of froth bubbles like bliffers, some blackish, some blue, and some yellow, which will commonly be in a fat B 〈…〉, an inch thick and more deep in the flesh.  
There have been some Beasts that have died of the murrain (as I have been credibly told) he that flayed him died soon after, and he that went with it to the tanner, and the horse that carried it, and the tanner that tanned it, all these died soon thereupon, which was thought it was by the infection of the stinking skin, but being true, it was a marvelous infection. Wherefore it is thought good of some to bury them whole, for fear of a further inconvenience, this is thought good of some to take a small cord and bind it hard about his neck, then on the far side, ye shall feel a great vain, and with a lancet. ye shall strike thereon and let him blood, a pint or more, and so likewise on the other side of his neck. Then take away the cord, and it will sudden staunch, but if the sign be there, he is in more danger of bleeding still. If he so do, ye shall clap to bruised nettles and salt, or wild tansy bruised and laid too, and some therefore do give them drinks. Thus must ye serve all your cattle that are infected or being together in one pasture, so doing, ye shall avoid the greater danger in this disease. For the murrain is taken by venoumed grass, by company, and poisoned water, and by hunger.   

The rearing of Calves for increase.  
IT shall be good for husbandmen, to rear yearly so many calves as they conveniently can keep to maintain his stock, & chief those calves that do fall betwixt candlemas & May, for in that season their milk may best be spared, and by that time, there will be sufficient grass to wean them, and in Winter following, they will be strong enough to save themselves among other cattle, having now and then some small helps, and also the Dams by june shallbe the readier again to take the bull, & to bring other calves in the time aforesaid, and if a Cow tarry till after May ere she calf, The calf willbe too weak in the winter, following: and the dam will not be so ready to take the Bull again, but thereby oft time go barren. Also to rear a calf after Michaelmas, and to keep the dam at hard meat as they do in some countries, it would be too costly all the Winter, and a cow abroad will give more milk with a little grass, than much fodder lying in the close house, or fed with hay and straw remaining in the stall: for the dry and hard meat doth diminish more milk a great deal than grass. As for those husbands that have but small pasture or none at all, must do as they may, and in my mind, it were far better for them to sell their calves, than to rear them, whereby they may save the milk to a more profit for the keeping of his house, and the Cow than will the rather go to the Bull again.  
Also if the husband go with an Ox plough, it shallbe then meet to rear two Ox calves, and two Cow calves yearly, to hold up his stock if he can so do, and it willbe the more profit. Also it is better to wean calves at grass, than at hard meat if they were at grass before. And those that can have several pastures for their kine & calves shall do well and rear with less cost than others. The weaning of Calves with hay and water will make them have great bellies, because they stir not so well therewith as with grass, and they will the rather rot when they come to grass. And again in Winter they would be put in houses, rather than to remain abroad, and to give them but haye on nights, and to pasture them in the day time. And thus being used, they shall be much better to handle when they shall be kine or oxen to serve to any other purpose.   

The loss of calf, lamb, or fool, which is the least loss.  
YE shall understand, the least hurt for the husbandman is, his cow to cast her calf, than his ewe to cast her lamb, or mare her colt, because the calf will suck so much milk as he is worth, before he shall be able to kill. And of the yowes' milk, there cometh no profit but the lamb: yet in some countries they wean their lambs and milk their ewes, which is a hindrance for them to take the ram in dry season. But thereby oftimes goeth many ewes barren, because they are brought so low with milking. Also if the the mare cast her fool, that is thrice so great a loss as the other two, for if that fool come of a good breed, which is a most necessary thing for every man to provide for himself, and as much charge will a bad mare cost in keeping, as a good mare, and with good keeping the fool will be in short time ready to sell, for double so much money as the lamb, and calf is worth.   

What cattle are most meet to go in one pasture together.  
YE shall understand, it is not so good nor so profitable, to have cattle all of one sort in a pasture together, as to have all oxen, or all horses in a pasture together, nor yet sheep alone except they pasture on high grounds, for they will not feed even, but overrun, and leave many tufts of grass here and there untouched in divers places of the pasture: except it be greatly laid with cattle. Therefore ye shall perceive that horses will agree well with other cattle in one pasture together, for there is some grass that horses will eat, and beasts will not, and lightly a horse will covet to feed after other cattle. Also a horse loves to feed on low grounds, as plashes and hollow places. But horses and sheep will not so well agree together, except it be for the sheep to feed on the upper grounds. For a sheep will feed on a bare passure, & eat the sweetest grass, and so will a horse likewise, but he must have it longer. Yet (as some do say) a horse will eat as nigh the ground as a sheep, but he cannot therewith fill his belly so soon. To one hundredth of cattle in a pasture, ye may have xx. horses, if it be a low ground. But if there be plenty of grass, than ye may put therein an hundredth sheep more: and so likewise to the rate of the goodness of the Pasture, more or less in cattle: and after this order ye may eat your pastures even with cattle, and leave but few tufts of grass uneaten.  
Also if it be a high ground, ye may then put in more sheep, and less of other cattle. For many kine and draft oxen, will eat a ground much barer than the fatting oxen or kine. And ye may also give a mylch Cow as well to much meat as to little: For to much meat will make her soon fat, and then she will the rather take the Bull: and she being fat will give lesser milk than a leanner cow: For the fatness stoppeth the pores of the rains which should convey the milk unto the udderne. Wherefore a mean pasture is always best to keep your mylch kine in, and to have them in a good mean estate, neither to fat nor to lean. Also if a Cow be fat when she shall calf, she is in more danger than being lean, and the calf (she being fat) shall be the less of stature. As for your draft oxen ye cannot give them to much meat, except it be the after grass of a low mowed meadow. For that will cause them to have the gyrrie, and then he may not away so well with labour. Likewise if there be very much grass in a close, the cattle will feed the worse thereof, for better is a good sweet bit from the earth, than a large and deep grass. For where as it is long, the beasts will bite of the tops thereof and no more, for that is the sweetest. And the other grass shall remain still on the ground and so rot, for no beast will eat thereof, but horses only in winter. For they will feed on foggy grass and such like. Also ye shall understand that horses and cattle may not well be foddered in winter all together, but put apart, for the beasts with their horns will gore both horses and sheep. Wherefore it is the more danger so to feed them together: it is best therefore to make standing racks and cratches, and to cast their meat therein: Which staves ought to be set somewhat nigh together, for pulling and spoiling their fodder to much at once under their feet. It were rather better to change their places every day where ye feed them, which should make them to gather up more clean, and not for to trample so much under their feet. Thus much as concerning the pasturing of cattle together in pastures, and also the fothering of them together in winter.   

A very good order for the fatting of oxen in the stawle.  
WHen soever you intent to fat any oxen in the stawle, being in summer or winter to set them up, if ye take them from grass in the summer, they will hardly fall to the eating of hay of a good while after, but when ye then take them up, keep them so without meat and water one day and a night, and so they will by extreme hunger forget the grass the rather, and then at the first give them a little hay at once, whereby they may eat it up clean, and thereby wax still hungry. Ye must also take them up into the stawle on a dry day, for if ye stawle them wet, they will have (as some graziers say) warnell worms on their backs, which will commonly come unto them by famine & poverty, and will hurt the skin. And also it will make them be lousy. Ye shall therefore use to comb them with wool cards or horse comb, as some do, & say it doth make them more lustier. But indeed that is good for the labouring oxen, so to be used, but not for the fatting ox as some judge: nor ye shall not let them go forth of the stawle at any time, not so much as to drink. For than they will desire the more to be abroad, & the licking of them will hinder (as they say) their fatting. But ye shall so provide that they may have water brought them in cowls, or else to come through their stawles, as some do use, which is to set a wooden troffe along through their stawles, and with a pipe of lead and a cock at the end thereof, coming from a conduit or cistern, and thereby fills the said troffe twice a day with fresh water, morning and evening, and at every time before, to cleanse the troffe of all the old water, and so to give them fresh, for after they have once drunk their fills of the fresh water, they will lightly have no more thereof, for they will blow thereon, and after loath to drink any more thereof until they have fresh. For an ox or cow is a beast that doth love to feed sweet and cleanly. Also ye shall lay your troffes end somewhat a slope so that the water may run forth all at the one end thereof, in taking forth a pin to let out the said water: and then wash the troffe clean, and so give them fresh. Thus ye must use them daily morning and evening so long as ye fat them.  
And first in the morning ye shall take away all their old hay, and so cleanse their water troffe, and then give them fresh water, and then a little fresh hay again, & so at noon, and likewise at night: and thus to use them to be fed from time to time. Also it shall be best to place and set their troffe on the farther side their crib nigh unto the wall, and to set it two foot high and more, and their racks likewise would stand of a good height, as of iiii. foot or more, and to be made almost as broad beneath as above, for fear of tangling their horns therein, and the rack staves set not passing iiii. inches a sunder: yet some do use to feed them on the ground without a rack, but that is thought to be more dusty and more wasteful of hay. They do also give them sometimes for change, of wheat or barley chaff, with the gurgins thereof, for that after it (they say) will make them to drink well. But the hay is only the chiefest fodder and will make the hard flesh.  
Likewise their standards and posts to fasten them by would be made round and smooth, of the bigness of xvi. inches about and seven. foot long, and set iiii. foot wide one post from another. Ye must see likewise they be set fast and strong both above and beneath: and ye shall also hurdle your oxen in the stawle, all of the one side of your standards or posts, for fear of their horns the one ox to hurt the other, and ye shall fasten them unto the posts, with a bow-with made shacle wise, sliding above and beneath his neck on the standard, so that the one side of his neck shall be always close unto the said standard or post. By which order of tying so, they shall not at any time bow their heads so well to lick them. For in licking them (as is said) it doth hinder their feeding in the fatting. And also if ye ty them as plough oxen be, with a sole and a with, which is made like a yoke bow, which would be to long a tie from the standard, and they will then both lick themselves, and strike each other with their horns: therefore the other way of hardeling and tying is best. Some do make a light cradle of wood, and put it about their necks, which will keep their heads from furning back to lick themselves in any part of their bodies, but it is not so easy to lie down. Other do all to smear them with their own dung, and then cast ashes thereon, which will save them from licking. Also for the cleansing and farming of them, they do use morning and evening to shoovell down their dung, and to see from time to time that they be clean kept, for that is a furtherance unto their fatting and liking. And as for the littering of them, they do not litter at all, but let them lie on fair dry planks, and in their own dung. Yet some are of this opinion, that to litter them somewhat under the forepart of their bodies, shall not be hurtful unto them: and further their keeper must from time to time look unto them, and mark how they eat and drink orderly as they should do. For sometimes there will grow diseases among them in their mouths, as the barbs and such like: Which will much hinder their feeding, and so pair if they be not looked unto in time, and have help.  
Some do also use to make holes behind them, and set there in earthen pots even with the ground, to keep their piss in, and so covers them with square boards or planks, which piss they do use to wash the bodies of those apple trees which are given to be worm eaten, or canker eaten: for they say, that will save them. They do also use to cast the said piss among their roots in the garden, for that will also kill or cause the worms to void, and save the roots from being eaten. Thus much for the ordering and fatting of the oxen in the stawle.  
Ye shall take the roots of great sedge, which sedge beareth long leaves with white strekes therein, much like a white and green lace, and grows in some gardens, like a quitch grass, and the roots are much like unto the quitch grass, but they are more greater, and will run in the ground like the quitch called garum, in latin, and it is thought to be a kind thereof. Take a handful of the said roots, bruise them, and boil them in a quart of good ale, then strain it, so give it luke warm three or four mornings, and they shall amend. But let them not eat nor drink the space of two or three hours after.   

The nature of the shrove mouse.  
THe shrove mouse is an ill beast and doth trouble & hurt men's cattle in many places: for her teeth are venomous, for where as she biteth any beast, it will soon rankle and swell, that if they have not some help they will die thereof. The remedies are, those medicines which are used against venoming of other cattle, be also good for this.  
There is also a common saying among husbandmen, that if any beast be mouse crope, that is, when she runneth over the back of any beast, he shall suddenly wax lame, and commonly in the hinder parts, so that he shall not be able to rise nor go, but draw his legs after him. Wherein I have hard no remedy but these: one is, ye shall have him to a briar growing at both the ends, and draw that beast under it through, and so he will recover: some beat him with the said briar. Also among husbandmen this is counted most chief and often proved. That is, ye shall often toss and turn the lame beast, and turn him over and over: Now of one side and then of another, every way up and down, which (as they say) is a present help.  
Another. Some do teach to bore a hole in any tree, elm or other, and put therein a live shrove mouse, and pin it close, and let it so dry therein. Then when any beast is mouse crope, ye shall beat the beast with a twig of the same tree, and he shall recover again. Another. If your beast be bitten with the said mouse, it will swell and inflame, and then they do help it in pricking the place with a bodkin, or nawle of latin, and then all to chafe it thereon, with soap and vinegar mixed together, and that will help it. Another. Sume do take a shrove meuse alive, and put her into a glass of salad oil, and therein let her die, and when any beast is bitten with her, they anoint the bitten place with the said oil, and so he will amend, but touch no other place with the oil.   

To heal the tetter on cattle.  
THe tetter is an unseemly scurviness or scab growing on the skin or outward part of a beast. Some are broad, and some will grow long, and hang like a cluster of grapes, or like a wen with kernels, and knobs somewhat hard. It is supposed they do increase by wet and poverty: and some think it doth increase of some venomed humour, or by some prick or bruise or such like. It is not grievous unto the beast, but unseemly. The remedies are, they do help the running or broad Tetter, by searing it round about with a hot iron, and then to lay Tar thereon. Some do but lay Tar only thereon: and for the long tetter, that hangeth down like a cluster of grapes, or bunch: They do sear it of with a hot iron, and then do tar it thereon, and so it goeth away. Also they say, when the beast doth wax fat and lusty by grass, it will so wear away by little and little again: for they have it commonly in winter, and not in summer.   

Another for the same.  
YE shall mix orpement with tar, and put thereto of grey soap, all in like quantity, and do heat it, and then anoint therewith, so often as ye shall see cause, and this will heal it. If the tetters hang long, some do knit them about with hair, and by such means they will so consume and fall away.   

Against faintness in labouring oxen.  
THose oxen that are laboured all the winter at plough, toward the spring they will wax faint and poor, and full of louse, and with small labour they will lie down. Therefore to keep them still in good plight, and lusty, ye shall give them before their watering, to every Ox a good handful of barley in the straw, and then after let them drink: which will always keep them lusty and strong. And also comb your oxen with a horse comb or card, it will delight them the more, being fat oxen. Yet some will say, a fatting ox, must not be touched or rubbed on the back.   

For a cow lacking milk, having new calved.  
WHen ye have a cow that hath newly calved, and lacking milk through poverty, to cause her milk to increase, ye shall boil of aniseeds in good ale, or wine, then strain it and give it milk warm. Another: take a handful of the leaves of the hedge vine, (called Briony) then bail it in ale or wine and strain it, and so give it her. Another: also the leaves of coleworts boiled in water, or to give her them raw, will do the like, and it is also good against the weathering of a Cow. Another: ye shall give her of sodde barley and Fennel seed sodde together & let her eat the same, or green fennel chopped and mixed with sodde barley, and so given. Also the herb Nigilromana, stamped and strained with ale or wine, and so given three or four mornings. All these are very good approved to increase milk in a Cow.   

To help the love.  
THe love is a disease which breeds in the claws of a Beast, and comes (as some husbands says,) by treading in the dung of Christian folk, which burns them so betwixt their claws, that it will make them to halt. To cure, ye shall take a ropes end, and rub and chafe him betwixt the claws therewith, so that ye make it bleed. Then anoint it with some tar, and fresh grease, and it will heal soon again.   

Against goring of a beast.  
IF any beast be gored, ye shall take of rosin, fresh grease, and wax each alike, then boil them altogether in a pot of earth, and then keep it, and when as ye shall have any need to occupy thereof, make a tent of linen, or flax, well anointed with the said ointment, and so put it down to the bottom of the wound, and so use the same and it will soon heal him: or power in the wound boiling butter.   

For the neck of an Ox that is swollen.  
TO heal the neck of any Ox that is swollen with yoke or other ways, ye shall take tallow, and melt it in a pot, and as hot as ye may suffer, power it on the swollen place, use this once a day, and it will heal him in short space without other thing.   

For a spraine or stroke.  
AGainst a spraine or stroke, ye shall take of butter, black soap, and hemlock herb, with a quantity of bay salt, then bail them altogether, and all to bathe the spraine, or stroke therewith, as hot as ye may well suffer, and it will help. If it be in the legs, ye shall put unto (the things aforesaid:) the grounds of beer, or ale, and wash it therewith: and then wrap it about with a hair rope dipped in chamberlye, and he shall do well.   

To help the shoulder bone of any beast out of joint.  
IF the shoulder bone of any beast be out of joint, ye shall well perceive it, by feeling if lie down and inward towards his body: so that ye may easily put your two fingers betwixt those bones, and also he will still trip on the same foot. To help the same, ye shall first cast him, & bind his other three legs together, then make one to draw forth that leg strait, then put one of your hands on the point of his shoulder where the bone went out, and put your other hand on the inside next his body, and thrust up the bone that is fallen out, into his right place again, just to the other bone, if ye shall see than it be not come home just and close, ye must thrust up your fist betwixt the said shoulder and his body, and put it up more close, or else with some truncheon of wood, and therewith put it up more closer. Then being right, and put up strait and close together, ye shall make two wooden pricks of one length, and make two holes cross, under the skin, just over the mids of the said joint, an inch and a half asunder from both sides of the said joint, and put your two pricks cross there under the skin. Then take of whip cord, or strong packthréed, and wrap it under the said ends of your pricks round, and therewith draw up the skin on a lump together: so done, fasten your thread, and let it so remain till it fall away of itself, and he shall do well again, if it be an Ox, ye may labour him again within two days after. And if the fly be then buste, ye may anoint the place with some tar.   

For the neck being out of joint.  
IF the neck of any beast be out of joint, he will still hold and bow his head on the contrary side that the bone is out: to help the same. First ye shall feel the bone if ye can that is out, so done, than ye shall make one to hold straight his head with a halter, and let another set his hand on the place, where the bone went out, and then do you on the other side thrust in the joint that is out, into his place again. And so let the beasts head be tied to a surcingle, to bend on the same side that the bone went out, and so let his head be kept for the space of nine days after, till the flesh have grown, and is fast settled on the joint again.   

For any other joint of a beast that is out.  
WHere as any other joint of a beast is out: First ye shall search and feel for the bone that is out, so done mark on what side he is, or went out, so done, let one pluck and hold out that limb strait, then set one of your hands on the place or bone where it went out, and with your other hand, thrust in the bone that is out, the same way he went out, and so keep it still nine days after, and ye shall do well.   

For any bone that is broken, or limb out of joint.  
TO help any bone of a beast that is broken, ye must cast and bind his legs, and then feel softly how the bones do lie, then shall ye cause that limb to be holden out straight, and with your two hands, ye shall struck softly up and down, and then softly put each bone into his right place again. Then in holding the limb strait, feel if all the said bones be well bolstered round about, and then splinted thereon and well lapped, and let it so remain for the space of nine days, and give him to drink, of Cumphorie herb, stamped with milk or ale, for that will help to knit the bones the sooner. The bark of ash beaten with wine, and so plastered, will close and knit bones together. Also the Elm inner bark, laid in a running water, and to bathe the place therewith doth knit the broken bones.  
Also Pliny saith, the roots of Rocket boiled in water, & plastered to, will draw and knit broken bones. And Dioscoride saith, wild Betony newly stamped and plastered to, will likewise draw and knit broken bones. Thus much for a beasts shoulder out of joint, and for the setting of broken bones. Also hazel tails and the seeds of red docks, made in powder and given to drink will knit broken bones.   

Against swelling in a beast in any outward part.  
TAke a good quantity of the juice of clevers, & put there unto the grounds of ale or beer, & a quantity of fresh grease or neat's feet oil, then boil all together: For a horse, take tallow in steed of grease, for Ox, or Cow, take grease, and if ye put thereunto of an Ox gall, it willbe the better, and being warm, bind it to the place.   

To know if a beast be sound or not,  
YE●shal go unto your beasts in the morning, which are in the house, before they have meat or drink, & behold the tops of their nose, if there be standing pearls like drops of dew water, he is then sound of body, but if he be dry on the top of his nose, that beast is not then in health.   

Against the rotting of a beast by drinking evil water, or often for lack of water.  
IF any beast be rotten of his body, ye shall slit the skin in the upper part of his deawlappe, two fingers straight downward, then open the sides of a finger breadth, & a finger length strait down. Then take 9 green leaves of lungwort, and bind them with a thread together, & put it down in the wound, and let another thread hang down without, that ye may thereby draw it up and down the wound, every two or three days once or twice, use this the space of 15. or 16. days, and within a while ye shall see it swell, and at length it will putrefy and stink, run, and rot away skin and all. Some will swell before they run of matter, which in avoiding so much corruption cleanseth the beast and maketh him whole again, and give him the juice of saxifrage in drink.   

For a beast that hath the haw.  
ANy beast that hath an haw in his eye, ye shall soon perceive it by holding his head aside, & winking with his eye and it will run of water, the cure is, ye must hold him fast by the head, and with a strong double thread put therewith a needle in the midst of the upper eye lid, and tie it unto his horn, then take your needle again with a long thread, and put it thorough the gristle of the haw, and with a sharp knife cut the skin finely round, & so pluck out the haw, then lay a fine cloth about the top of your fore finger, and put your finger round about his eye within, & take out the blood, them wash it with beer or ale, and cast in a good deal of salt, and wash it then again, and struck it down with your hand, and so let him go, and he will amend again.   

A drink for cattle.  
Whensoever ye shall see a beast not like of his body, and dry in the morning on his nose, it should seem he is not in health, therefore when ye house them, or pasture them, ye shall to help them, give them a drink: as followeth. Take of long pepper, aniseeds, Cummenseeed, liquorice, of bay berries, of each a quantity, than beat them to a fine powder, and boil them in strong ale, and put there unto butter to make it more soluble, or the herb Mercury, and some treacle, and being milk warm give unto each beast the quantity of a wine pint, and they shall amend. Ye may boil with your ale other herkes both to comfort and purge, as ye shall see cause in any-beast, as afore is rehearsed in purging of cattle.   

Teeth of a beast to fasten.  
FIrst ye shall prick his gums beneath on both sides within and without, and the gums above, with the point of a knife, then take a whetstone or rough péeble, or slate stone, and rub the gums therewith, and make them bleed, so done, chafe them well with salt, and so they will fasten again, or rub them with sage and salt.   

For the garget under the ear.  
THe swelling or garget in a be hast comes commonly with cold in winter, or by eating evil meat, which will breed a garget under their jaws, or cheeks: the remedy, ye shall take blue hard clay, and boil so much as a bowl in chamberly till it be consumed and melted, than all scalding hot, bathe the swollen place therewith, and always struck it downward, use this three or four times a day till it suage, and this will help it.  
Or take blue clay with a pint or more of milk, of barrow hog's grease, then boil them together till all the clay be consumed, then as hot as ye may scald the garget, or sore therewith, use this twice of thrice, and it will help.   

leanness of kine or other to help.  
WHen as ye shall see any beast not like, but seem lean, ye shall make a drink, and give it your beast fasting. Which is: Take of long pepper, of madder, of the bark of a walnut tree, and turmeric, with some bays, of each a like portion: beat them into fine powders, and put it into a pint of ale luke warm, and so give it, and your beast shall do well, God willing.   

A good way to geld or cut a calf.  
ye shall make one hold down his forepart or legs, then bind his hinder feet with some cord, half a yard asunder, let his feet be bound, and let the said holder set both his knees on the cord, nigh unto his legs, and so cut him gently, and anoint his flanks with some fresh grease, then rub his rains with cold water mixed with salt, and he shall do well.   

Against hide bound in Ox or Cow.  
TAke a penniewoorth of good treacle, a penniewoorth of long pepper, as much of grains, beat them into a fine powder, and mix them with the treacle, then take a handful of horehound, chopped small with the powder of liquorice, them mix altogether, and boil them in a pint of good verjuice, and so warm it and give on mornings unto your beasts, and this will help. Another: take and stamp the leaves of flouredeluce, then strain it with good ale, and so give it warm.   

A medicine for all manner of griefs in cattle.  
TAke a pennieworth of treacle, a handful of hemp seed, a portion of ivy leaves and of elder leaves, of fetherfew, as much as a tenniceball of lome, and so much bay salt. Put thereto of chamberlye, and a little soot, then stir these all well together, and make it warm, and so give to each beast three good spoonful thereof, and last before they go from your hand, ye shall give to each beast a little tar, some do give them in drink the dried flowers of worm wood mixed with some salt. Thus they use their sheep, and other cattle against all diseases, it is commended to assuage any pain in cattle, or to drive away any hurtful disease in them, either head or body.   

Against any beast bitten or venomed.  
IF any beast be venomed or bitten in any outward place, as the legs, udderne, or paps, or many other outward place, ye shall take a rotten egg, and mix it with foot, and some bay salt, then beat them well together, and plaster or anoint the venoumed place, with a clout & a strick, and it will help. Well proved.   

A proved drink for a beast, ox or cow, that hath the rot in his body, or do not like.  
TAke a handful of sage, another of mercury, another of tansy, and half so much of carduus benedictus, chop them all small together, and then seeth them in a quart of ale, with a pint of verjuice, and some licoris, seeth it till the half be wasted: Then take it of the fire, and put therein a quantity of the powder of long pepper, and powder of bay, and a piece of butter, and being lukewarm, so give it with a dish to the beast, but first pluck forth his tongue, and so your it into his mouth, in holding still up his head, till all be given: then rub his mouth above, and tongue with some bay salt, and rub his back with salt likewise, and he shall do well, but let him not eat or drink the night before this drink is given, nor let him not eat nor drink of three hours after this drink is given.   

Signs when a beast oft belcheth  
THe cause when a beast doth belch, or break wind oft upward, is a sign of crudity, or raw humours in his stomach undigested: with a noise in his guts, no stomach or taste, shrinking finewes, his eyes heavy, not chewing his quide, nor lick him with his tongue. These remedies are: take ix. pints of warm water, & boil a little therein thirty. branches or stalks of coleworts, with some vinegar, so give it to the beast, and all that day let him receive nothing but the same. Some do keep him in the stall, and not to pasture abroad, till he have taken the buds or branches of lentiscus, & wild olive trees, four pound mixed and beat with a pound of honey, putting thereto iiii. pints of water: then set it a night in the air, then with a horn put it down his throat, and about one hour after, give him to eat, iiii. pound of orobe orobe or steeped tine tars, give him no drink, use this three days, till the grease be taken away. If this help him not, his belly is inflamed, and great pain in his entrails, and guts, that he scautly may feed, but groan and complain, nor tarry long in a place but lie down, often wagging his tail, and his head. This is a present remedy. Bind his tail next his rump: and give him a quart of strong wine, or ale, with a quantity of oil, and then druie him a thousand or five hundred paces. If then the pain depart not, pare all about the horns of his feet, and anoint your hands and so rake him, and so chafe him after. If it profit not, give him dry figs of a wild fig tree, with ix. times so much warm water. If this yet help not, take two. pound of the leaves of wild mints, mixed with three quarts of warm water, and so give it him with a horn, and let him blood under the tail, & after well bleeding, stop it with the bark of some tree: then make him run till his tongue hang out, but before ye let him blood, give him this medicine, take three ounces of beaten garlic, mixed with a pint of wine or strong ale, or somewhat more, and on this drink, chafe him and make him run. Some do take two. ounces of salt, with x. onions, and mix all with some sod honey, and so they put it into his belly, so they chafe and make him run after and he shall do well.   

To help cattle that be sick, and will not eat in pasture.  
TAke horehound, camomile, betony, cinkefoile, and peniryall, and agrimony, of each a like, bruise them, and boil them in a quart of good ale, till the half, with a bruised stick of liquorice, than strain and put to iii. peniwoorth of good treacle, stir it well together, and give it fasting, and walk your beasts a good while after, and they shall do well. Often proved.   

To know if ox, or cow, be sound or whole of body.  
YE shall gripe or pinch him with your hand, on the back or withers, behind the fore shoulder, if he be sound, he will not shrink, but if he be not sound, he will then shrink with his back, and be ready to fall. Oft proved.   

Against the blood in beasts.  
SOme cattle are troubled with the blood in their backs, which will make him to go as he drew his head aside, or after him: the cure. Ye shall slit the length of two joints under his tail, and so let him bleed well, if he do bleed to much, ye shall knit his tail next the body, and then bind unto it salt, and nettles bruised, and it will do well.   

If an ox piss blood.  
Against pissing of blood, ye shall keep him from water 24. hours, and they give him a dish fullof the curds of rennet, in a quart of milk, and let him not drink of iiii. hours after.   

Against the sickness of the lungs.  
THe sickness of the lungs is perceived by rising up, and shaking of the dewloppe. Ye shall help him by fettering, after this sort. Take bearefoote, and beaten garlic, and wrap it in butter, then cut his dewlop two, inches beneath the sticking place, then open it round with your finger, or with a stick on both sides & beneath, then put in your stuff ye shall cut your dewlop, 4. fingers above the bottom thereof. Then must ye tie a strong thread unto your stuff, to pluck it up and down as ye shall see cause in every third day, and it will rot the sooner. If the humour do not rot, then change your stuff, and put in new. And he shall do well.   

Against the pantase in a beast.  
IF Ox, or other beast, have the pantase, he will shake much, and quiver in the flanks, and pant. The cure: Ye shall give him some rennet, soot, and chamberlye, mixed together   

Against swelling by eating the tine worm.  
YE shall give him wine, salt, and treacle. For a stroke in eye, lay thereunto the juice of sma 〈…〉 h, fennel, and the white of an egg.  
The garget or swelling in a beast comes sometimes on the bone of the eyelid, which willbe like a botch, or boil. The cure. Cut the skin round about the eye, and again about that, cut another skin betwixt that and his lips, if it come to his lips, it is uncurable. The cure: Take wine, and salt sod together, and wash the place evening and morning, till the swelling go away. Then scrape of all the scales and filth: then anoint the place with narueil andhony boiled together, and that will both heal, and skin it.   

A practice against the murrain in cattle.  
TAke the roots of Angelica, the sea thistle, mixed with fennel seed, take of new wine, of wheat flower, boil them and so give it: sprinkle the beast also with hot water, and he shall recover.  
When horse, bullock, or other beast is sick. Then take bearefoot herb, for a bullock, they put it in his dewlop, for a horse, in his breast, for swine, or sheep, through the ear, wherein ye shall make a hole with a latin bodkin, and the said root of bearefoot put through the hole of the ear: and to make a perfume, take powder of brimstone, unslet lime, garlic, wild marjoram, and coriander, laid on coals, so they may receive the fume thereof, which will heal them.  
Ye shall always have ready for your cattle, fenegreke, one 
Husbandmen to have always ready,  pound, liquorice half a pound, of grains one pound, of turmeric half a pound, of bay berries a quarter of a pound, of long pepper one pound, of treacle of jene one pound, of anniseseedes one pound, of cummin half a pound, of madder half a pound, of orpemint half a pound, which groweth in many woods.  
Against belching, or evil liking in cattle. Take pelitor of Spain, herb grace, fethersue, sage, horehound, of each like, of bay salt three pints, of strong new ale to the value of the rest, let all boil together three or four walmes, then strain it, and give to each beast a good part thereof a morning's fasting warm, and then let them not drink till the after noon. If it help not, he will groan, and remove from place to place. Then shall ye bind his tail close or nigh the rump, and give him a quart of wine, mixed with a pint of good salad oil: Then drive him apace, a mile and half. Then rake him, anointing your hands with oil, or grease. Wherein some let him blood under the tail nigh the rump.  
There is a disease in beasts, which some husbands call the tail. To help it, ye shall feel softly the softest place under his tail, and make a slit thereon, two inches long, open it and lay thereto saite, and garlic, stamp and bind it fast thereto with a cloth, and it will help it.  
For the colic in the belly of beasts, is soon put away, in beholding a goose, or duck on the water swimming. 
Against the lask.  Against the lask in beasts, ye shall help him in giving him the powder of sloes, with cold verjuice, or water.  
Against the bloody flux. The cure: some do not use to let them drink in three days and three nights, and then they 
Against the bloody flux.  give him the stones of grapes and raisins beat in powder two pound, with a quart of sour wine fasting, & so use them. If then they mend not, they use to burn their forehead through the skin to the bone, and cut their ears, & wash the wound with ox piss, till it be whole. The cuts are to be healed with oil and pitch het and plastered. If calves have a lask, take sweet milk, and put r●nnet therein, so that the calf may well drink thereof lukewarm, and it will stay it: el 〈…〉 e leaves be ill.  
If a bullock have the cough, ye shall give him a pint of barley meal, with the yolk of an egg, and raisings boiled, with a pint of white wine, then strain it, and give it fasting to the beast. Also take grains in powder, and mix it with flower, and fried beans, and meal of tars, stir all together and give it like a mash to the beast.  
Against an old cough, take two. pound of Isope, steeped in three pints of water, then bruised and mixed with flower, and so 
For an old cough.  make him to swallow it, and after pour the water (that the Isope was steeped and sod in) into his throat.  
If calves have the cough, ye shall beat centaury to powder and so give it with ale. If they have the ag●●, ye shall perceive it by the watering of their eyes, and heaviness in their head which they will hang down. And also drivelling at their mouth, their veins beating, with a great heat over all their bodies. The cure. Let them fast a day and a night, the next day be times let them blood under the tail: Then within one hour after to give to them thirty. coal wort leaves and stalks sod with oil, water, and salt.  
To heal the kibes, ye shall cut them forth as nigh as ye can, and let them bleed well Then take verdigris, and the 
For the kibe in the heels.  yolk of a new laid egg well beaten and stamped, so bind it to the grief, and it will help and heal it.  
Ye shall bathe them with stolen beer, or old, sod with ivy leaves, and so make it with the combs of honey, and dried camemile mixed together.  
If ox or bullocks feet he near worn, ye shall wash them with warm ox piss, then burn a few small brushes, and 
Ox feet near worn.  when the flame is done, ye shall let the beast stand and walk on the embers a pretty while: then anoint his horns with tar, and oil, mixed with hog's grease. In so doing, they will never lightly halt after.  
If ye wash their feet, and then their pasturns, and also rub between their clées with swine's grease, it will avoid 
Scabs in the feet.  scabs and such. Also scabs and such like, is healed and gotten away in rubbing and chase them with stamped garlic.  
If any vain be ent, and so bleed, lay his own dung thereon, or else clap to bruised nettles, and salt, and it will stop.  
A common medicine for all diseases in cattle. Take the 
A common medicine for all cattle.  root of the sea onion, the poplar root, and common salt, of each a like, then lay it a while in water, then stamp them, and so give it unto your cattle till they be well. Give it to them in the spring, for the space of forty days, which will preserve them from the plague, or all other sickness for that year.  
And if beasts be sick, ye shall give them madder, long pepper, the bark of a walnut tree, with fetherfew, stamp these and strain it, and give it with some treacle to drink fasting: and they shall do well.   

For sick beasts that will not feed in pasture, or drink.  
TTake liverwoort, night shade, cinckfoyle, vervain, egrimony, and centaury, of each a like, boil all these in a quart of good ale, than stamp and strain it, and put to iii. pennyworth of treacle of jene, and milk warm give thereon to your sick beasts fasting, and drive them up and down after a good space, and they shall do well.   

To heal a beast cut with a bill.  
TAke turpentine, barrow hog's grease, honey, and tar, but the tar mustly next the cloth, and boil the other a little, and lay it on the cloth, then strike it all about with pitch the ●des of the cloth, to make it cleave fast: ye may shift it once in two days, and this will heal it. For a sheep ye may lay on a plaster of pitch, and it will heal it.   
FINIS.  

¶ The Table of the principal things in this Book, by Alphabet as followeth.  

A  
AGue in Calves.   

B  
barbs under the tongue of cattle to help. 12  
Beasts sick to help.  
Belching signs thereof. 85  
biles on cattle to heal.  
Biting with a mad dog. 26  
Blaine on the tongue to help. 38  
Blood in Beast. 44. 87  
Blood pissing to help. 13  
Bloody flux. 13  
Bones lose, things good to knit.  
Broken bones, things good to knit. 80  
Bruise on the shoulder to help. 29  
Bulls how to make tame. 3  
Bulls put unto labour.  
Bull, of his form & quality. 63   

C  
calves having the lask.  
calves having worms to help. 41  
cattle sick.  
calves how to breed. 49  
Calves how to nourish.  
calves how to rear.  
cattle to be looked unto. 58  
cattle in pasturing together. 69  
cattle how to fodder.  
Charge to the keeper of cattle. 51  
Closh in the feet to help.  
Closh on the neck to heal. 27  
Colic in cattle to help. 62  
Common medicine for cattle.  
Crowling in the guts to help. 〈◊〉  
costiveness in cattle to help. 16  
Cough in a beast to help. 17  
Cut with weapon on a beast. 92  
cows udder swelled.  
Cow in make.  
Cow to help of the weather.  
Cow with her form and quality. 63  
Cow with calf how to be kept. 64  
Cow new calved, scant of milk to help. 76   

D  
DRopping nostrils in cattle to help. 13  
Drink for cattle. 82  
Deawbolne in cattle for to help. 33  
Diseases of all sorts to help.   

E  
EDder stinging to help.  
Eyes grieved to heal. 31  
Eye having the haw.  
Eyes stricken to help.  
Eyes inflamed to help.  
Eyes watery to help.  
Eyes having the web.   

F  
Faintness of Oxen that labour. 76  
Farming of Oxen.  
Fatting of an Ox. 61  
Fatting in the stall. 71  
Fever in cattle to help. 17  
Field spider stinging to help.  
Flesh superfluous under the tongue.  
Flowing of the gall to help. 46  
Flux of the belly to stay.  
Flux of blood to help.  
Foddering of cattle.  
Founder in the feet of cattle. 19  
Foule a disease in the foot. 42   

G  
GAlling of cattle to help.  
Gall flowing, to help.  
Garget to help. 37  
Garget on the tongue to help. 37  
Garget by some stroke given. 38. 33  
Garget in the maw. 39  
Gelding of Calves. 83  
Gelding another way.  
Goring of a beast to help. 77  
Goring another.  
Green corn hurtful to cattle.  
Government of cattle. 55  
Gout in the feet to help. 45   

H  
Haw in the eye to help. 81  
Herbs venomous for cattle to eat.  
Hid bound to help. 84. 83  
Hoof hurt to heal. 27  
Hoof chopped to help.  
Hornet or other fly stinging.  
Horseleech worm drunk, to help.   

I  
IMpostumes to help. 18  
Inflammations in the mouth.  
joint being out, to help. 79  
joint being out, another. 79  
Itch on cattle to help. 24.   

K  
Keeper of cattle, his charge.  
Kine diseased to help.  
Kibes to help.  
Kine put to the Bull.  
Kine put to labour.  
Kine how to nourish and feed.  
Knees of beasts swollen to help. 21  
Kow with Calf how to use.   

L.  
LAxes in beasts to stop. 62  
Lean cattle how to buy. 40. 65  
Lean or fat cattle to buy. 65  
Lean kine or beasts to help. 83  
Lice on cattle to kill. 35  
Looking often unto cattle is good.  
Loss of cattle léast hurt. 69  
Lungs of cattle infected to help. 87  
Longroune in cattle to help.   

M  
MAw of beasts grieved to help.  
Milting of a beast to help. 45  
milk kine to feed.  
Medicines to have ready.  
Milk scant in a Cow to help.  
Murren among cattle to help. 88 66  
Mouth of a beast inflamed. 27   

N  
Neck galled to help.  
Neck bruised to heal.  
Neck swollen to help. 78  
Neck swollen to help.  
Neck having the clowse.  
Neck out of joint to help. 79  
Nostrils of cattle dropping to help   

O  
OXen how to buy and sell.  
Oxen how to buy.  
Oxen how for to tame.  
Oxen diseased to help.  
Oxen for to labour.  
Ox or Cow be sound to know.  
Ox feet worm to help.  
Oxen labouring and yet fat.  
Oxen how to fat.  
Oxen being faint to help.  
Oxen stalfed.   

P  
PAstoring against tillage.  
Panting in Ox or Cow.  
Pestilence and the cause.  
Pissing of blood to help. 43  
Pissing of blood another. 43  
Pissing good things to provoke. 56  
Pots to keep Ox piss.  
Purging things for cattle. 58  
Pricking with a thorn. 57   

Q  
QVide of a beast lost to help. 40   

R  
REaring of Calves for increase.  
Rotting in a beast to help. 81. 85   

S  
Scabs on cattle to help. 21  
Sinews shrunk or broken to help.  
Sinews stiff to help. 20  
Sick beasts to help.  
Sinews good things to knit them. 48  
Sinews, another to knit.  
shrove mouse and her nature. 74  
Shoulder bruised to help.  
Shoulder out of joint to help. 78  
Spraine or stroke to help. 78  
Stroke in the eye.  
Stall fed Oxen.  
Stall, to give cattle drinks in. 60  
Stinging of Adder or Snake. 30  
Stinging of the field spider. 30  
Stinging with hornet or wasp. 34  
Sound beasts to know. 81  
Swelling thorough blood to help. 14  
Swelling by eating a tine worm. 15. 88  
Swelling by drinking a horseleech. 33  
Swelling in any out part. 80  
Swelling in cattle by venomous herbs. 36  
Swelling by eating green corn. 36   

T  
TEtter on cattle to help. 75  
Another for the same. 76  
The tail a grief.  
Teeth lose in cattle to help. 45. 82  
Tine worm eaten to help.  
Tine blain on the tongue to help.  
Trenches in the guts to help.  
Turning disease to help. 47   

V  
VEnomed tongue to help. 14  
Vain cut to help.  
vomiting of a beast to help.   

W  
WArrenall worm in the back of cattle. 44  
Water in the belly of cattle to help.  
Water meet for cattle to drink.  
Weary bread a disease.  
Weathering in a Cow to help. 57  
Worm in the tail to help. 16  
Worms in Calves to help.  
Worms in other cattle to help. 42  
Worm betwixt the clees to help.   
FINIS.   

THE Second book entreating of the government of Horses, with the approved remedies against most diseases.  
Very profitable for all men, having a charge and government thereof, and chiefly for husbandmen: with divers other remedies practised in this land.  
Gathered by L. M.  
Although the Learned have revealed the helps for horse great store, Yet practisers therein again: have found for them much more.  
LONDON Printed by john Wolf. 1587.   

An instruction for the ferrar and horseleech.  
THe duty of Ferrars and Horseleeches which desire the knowledge to help soreness and diseases in horses. They must well and perfectly understand of the present disease in the horse before they minister. Also to look on him well, how many other griefs are growing on him, and whether the cause be hot or cold. To know also the operation of all such herbs, and drugs, as he doth minister unto them. With what quantity and portion of each thing thereof, and in what time and hour of the dale and year is best. Also what force and strength the horse is of which he doth minister unto. And whether he be old or young, and which disease to cure first.  
These things well considered, so when ye have ministered unto the horse, and given them drinks in declaring how they should after be kept. He ought also to look well unto them (after their drinks) for a time: to see how his medicines doth work, not to give a horse drink (as most horseleeches do) and then to let them go, and takes no care thereof after. Whereby many horses falls worse sick, and so perisheth soon after for lack of attendance and good government, which is a great discredit to that ferrour, or horseleech. For like as the wise learned Physician, when he have ministered unto his patient. He will not then upon the sudden depart, but first he will know the working of his medicine: and thereby he getteth the more knowledge. Even so the horseleech should after giving drinks, mark the working thereof in each horse. So likewise for his salves and plasters he should look unto them from time to time, and see the working thereof, whereby so doing, he should increase still more and more in knowledge and fame. Thus much for instruction to the ferrar and horseleech.   

The judgement of Laurence Ruce of a beautiful horse.  
THe parts of a beautiful horse are these, he ought to have a small lean head, with the skin joining to the same, broad forehead, short ears and sharp, great eyes not hollow, his nostrils large and open, his lips thin and slender, a large mouth and close, a long neck and slender towards the head, his mane crested somewhat bowing up, & broad breast, a short back and strait, his reins full on both sides with flanks like an Ox, his haunches long stretchingout, a round rump, his tail with slender long hair, large thighs fleshy withinside as without, his legs strait, lean and plain, large hips, great legs, lean and full of hair, the joints of his legs big, not fleshy by the hooves, round hooves, short pasterns, strong and well set, with the rest of his universal members of his body in length as in breadth, his neck rising greater towards his shoulders and breast, and to be higher behind then before, like to the stag or hart.   

Also the nature of the horse.  
THe horse is of a hot temperate nature, his heat is showed by his highness, he is hold and of long life, for he is of a longer life than all other labouring beasts, his temperature is therein found, for he is easy to be taught, and gentle towards his master and feeder. Thus much here touching the beauty and nature of a horse.   

To the Horsemaister and breeder of colts.  

1  
RIde not thy horse too young I say,  
nor labour him too sore:  
Where gristles is as yet but weak,  
strive not with him therefore.   

2  
A young horse soon doth catch a crush,  
and wilful oft they be:  
Whereby their sorrows doth increase,  
as daily ye may see.   

3  
Therefore to use and tame thy colts,  
from year to year take pain:  
And when thou makest them ready sale,  
the more shallbe thy gain.   

4  
Thy horse once sick, defer not time,  
his grief for to appease:  
For soreness oft so dangerous be,  
thou mayst thy horse soon lose.   

5  
If thou dost mark of soreness most,  
whereof they do proceed:  
Thou shalt find out that most do come,  
For lack of taking heed.   

6  
Therefore let this book be thy glass,  
wherein thou mayst have sight:  
How for to help and save thy horse,  
wherein thou hast delight.   

7  
Here mayst thou find, both learn and see,  
no kind of helps to want:  
Of secret knowledge in thy horse,  
which skill hath been full scant.   

A Proverb.  
To trust all currant horsecoursers,  
I 'vise thee to beware,  
For truth among the most of them  
is found to be full rare.    

Breeding of colts.  
ALl those which hath a desire for to breed colts & horse, they must first make provision for the good government thereof, and to have large pastures, and to be measured in their meat as well as other cattle. For a horse doth ask a greater diligence to be meated and kept in the stable more than other cattle. There is three sorts of horses, the first are to be nourished young, which are noble and excellent: for the field and tourney. The second is, for carriage of burdens, as moils and pack horse, which are bought and sold for that purpose according to their goodness. The third is, another sort of horses and mares of easy prices, common for most men, the which is of a meaner and smaller stature, and for the common sort are most necessary to travel with, and also are better to feed and bring up for to till the earth, which must have also keepers continually to see unto them in fields & pastures, aswell as in woods or other grounds, and to keep them from dangerous places of mires and bogs, and where as they may have soft grass and sweet, as well as to be rank, high and great. They do suffer these horses to be with the mares in pastures or other grounds, and pass not when they do cover the mares, not for these sort of horses: but for your large & great mares, they ought to be covered about April or May, and some do cover in mid March, to the end the mares may foal about the same time they were covered, in having ready the same time the tender grass and herb to feed on, and to have the hot and fair season unto harvest: for about the end of xii. months after she foaleth: and therefore ye must with good advisement, put the horse unto the mare. For he that keeps these sort of beasts, must serve them at the same hour, when they are desirous, or when they do enter into the fierce and hot desire of the horse, which is (as Hippomanes saith) a venom) because it inflameth both men and beasts, and to have the like rage in love as the horses and mares. For mares may conceive of themselves, without the company of the horse, as without doubt it is most true, that in some countries, the mares be so great heat, and desireth so to be covered, that although they have not the horse, nevertheless in thinking and desiring so much the horse, they burn so within themselves, that in thinking thereof, they become with foal. Like as the birds of houses, as Cocks to lay eggs, and hens to lay eggs without the Cock. And as the Poet Virgil in his third book of Georgics saith thus:  

Above all all beasts great love there was,  
in these hot sort of mares,  
As was oft times in Venus' love,  
by fleshly mindful cares.  
When Glaucus punished was,  
for his audacity,  
By carrying of such mares,  
into the isle Pontie.  
Which love did cause them range,  
the mountains of Gargare,  
Also Ascanie, and  
the mountains of Gargare.  
Thorough springs and mighty rivers,  
themselves did oft torment,  
By eating of the herb in spring,  
that heat did still augment.  
They turning on the mountains high,  
all right against the wind,  
Saith (my Author) Sephorus,  
in their hot burning mind.  
They so became with foal,  
without having the horse,  
Which fire to quench is marvelous,  
that so will have his course.  
They running in all parts fiercely,  
thorough ragged rocks and stones,  
Over mountains and low valleys,  
with cries, sighs and groans.  
Except the Orient parts,  
and in the North and West:  
Whereas the wind is boisterous cold,  
with shades oft times oppressed.  
Which beasts with piercing air,  
oft times are turned and tossed:  
Whereas small heat of sun doth come,  
are punished with the frost.  
Which causeth their hot nature  
more milder for to be,  
In country's cold also they are,  
as ye may daily see.   
Also it is most true in the holy mountains of Spain, which lieth towards the occident seas. Many genets & young mares 
Covering mares.  have colts, without the covering of the horse, which colts they do nourish & bring up, and yet they are unprofitable, for within 3 years when they should be at perfect growth, they die. But as touching the covering of the mares, the meetest time is about the month of March or April, then let the young mares be satisfied of their natural desire, & the rest of the year to keep the horse from them, & to separat the great stallions apart, it shallbe best, because they shall not cover when they would: but to keep them to cover, when the best time is, and so it shallbe better, so that ye have pasture for them, and let them be far from the mares, or else to keep them still in the stable, until the time of covering your mares, against which time they ought to be well nourished, and fed with barley, & dried pease, to make them more lustier. For whereas a horse is weak in covering, so much weaker shall the colt be in growing and might. Some do make the horse therefore as lusty as he may be, whereby he may the better endure to cover many mares within a short time, and yet not to cover above xv. or xx. mares, nor to begin before he is of three years old: for than he will better continue till twenty years, and most commonly they are found good, if the horse be then strong, and have rest. But if he be feeble and weak, ye must then rub the nature of the mare with a sponge, and put it into the horse nostrils, and if the mare will not suffer the horse to cover her, ye shall bruise the sea onion, called squilla, and with that all to rub the secrets of the mare, and that shall put her in more heat. And sometimes they let an other horse leap on the mare, to bring her in more heat, and takes him of again by and by, and then put the other horse unto her and so he covers her. Now after she have taken and is with fool, ye must have a great care for hurting of her, and not to labour her soon after her covering, 
Government of the mare with fool.  or when she is nigh foling. But to nourish her well specially in both the said times. If ye have not grass in winter, ye must stable her, for she feed twain. Let her not run, or travail sore, nor suffer any great cold, nor yet to keep her in any strait or narrow place, or close shut up, that one hurt not an others belly. For all these afore said do oftentimes make them bring forth dead colts. Also the snuff of of a candle hold it at her nose, will make her cast her colt, or when she longeth not to give her desire. Also if the mare fool in traveling, or have a dead colt, ye shall stamp polipodium roots, or oak fern, and mix it with warm water, and give it her with a horn. But if she have fold well and the colt fair, touch not the colt with your hands, for by touching it never so little (being yet but tender) ye may soon hurt it. Ye must also have a care to see it laid warm, and to order the dam so as she may have space enough about her, for the tender colt may soon be hurt by the dam if she should chance to lie on it. So by little and little ye may bring it abroad with the mare, and take heed that dung hurt not his hooves: and when he is of more strength, ye may then let him feed continually with the dam, because she shall not have anger to see her colt, for commonly a mare will become sick for love of her colt, if she see it not. Good and lusty mares do bring colts yearly, and the great and fair mares, ought not to have colts but from two year to two year, to the end (by long sucking) the colts may wax and grow more stronger, and thereby they will be the better to travel, when any shallbe put to serve in the field.  
Also the stallen must not be younger than three years when he covereth a mare, and so he may continue unto xx. years well: and the ma●e may bear well at two years, so that when she is of three years she shall nourish well her colt, but after she is x. years, she is not so good. For commonly an old mare's colt willbe heavy in labour, weak, and soon weary. If ye will she shall bring a male colt, or female, for the male, when the horse doth cover her, ye must bind back with a cord or pluck back his left stone, and for the female 
Mares, for male & female  bind back the right stone of the horse, and thus ye may do unto all other kind of cattle.  
After the colt is fold incontinent ye may judge what he willbe: if he be well fold, then tractable and sure of foot, & moving 
Tokens of a good colt.  at the noise of any thing, full of play and swift, having a short rump, more proper than other are of his age. If he will leap out of a hole without recoiling back. If he will by the way pass boldly over bridges and rivers. Also these are the signs in a good colt, having also the beauty & good disposition of the body, as to have a lean small head, black eyes, wide nostrils, short ears, and strait, the chine of his back large and soft, and not long, his main thick hanging on the right side, a large breast and open, with strong muscles and sinews, his shoulders large and right with round sides, his back bone even, his belly gaunt, his stones and cod close & small, his rains large descending, his knees round & small, not turning inward, his legs right and strait, his buttocks round, his thighs thick and strong, his tail long with big crumpled hair, his hooves hard and high smooth and round, & his fore top above very small, & all his body big, high, & strait, and well in lifting his feet, fair to see in length, & round according to his body. Also to be pleasant and soon chafed, & sudden gentle and meek again, for these colts of such nature do soon obey the man, and will patiently endure labour & travail. If a colt when he is fold do not cast his milt, husbandmen say he will not live long, but die suddenly in few years after, and some colt will cast two miltes, no horse that lives xii. years hath any milt within him. Also for the taming or breaking of a horse colt when he is of two years he may well be tamed and broken for the use of the house, but for the field or journey, he must be of three years old. and then after iiii. hes may be taken to travel, and look also from time to time how the marks do change in his body. The age of a horse is known by his hooves, and tail, and bars in the ruff of his mouth, but chiefly by his teeth, for a horse of two years old and half, will cast his two foremost teeth above, and also under, and when he is iiii. years, the teeth which we call dogs teeth fall, and so cometh other: and before the sixth year, the great teeth or chewing teeth above do fall, and on the said year, the first teeth that fell, are returned whole again, and on the seventh year all are filled up again without having any hollowness in the teeth, and from the seventh a man may not well know of his age, yet about x. years his temples will begin to be hollow, crooked, and withered. therefore some do take up the skin to hide the same, and being old, his brows will wax long, and grey haired, and his teeth grow long and black. Also when as your horses are in health, and yet wax lean, ye shall fat them soon with dried wheat or barley, but ye must give this like a mash in wine or ale, and by little and little to make them have continual appetite, mix therewith the bran of barley, until ye shall accustom them to eat beans, and pure barley.  
Also ye must each day, chafe his body as ye do to some men, 
Chafing his body.  in rubbing them up and down with a cloth, and often so covered and rubbed, doth profit them much, and also to be lead and rubbed with one's hand on the back is better than to give them much meat, for rubbing doth profit, preserve, and keep both strength of body and legs, for fault of rubbing many soarnes grows on the legs of horses in travail, and this I will counsel you, if one lead his horse in a rainy time from his labour into the stable, he must see that the place be dry, and that their hooves be not wet, or stand in cold wet places, for that both will cause them being hot, to founder, or to have an ague. If the stable be well planked with oak, or if the earth be often cleansed, and laid clean straw thereon, for horses oftimes being hot, they catch diseases, in being weary and standing on the cold ground, specially when they are not strong, then see the more unto them: for when they sweat, to give them meat or drink, doth hurt them, but when they are cold ye may then without danger give them meat or drink, but after 
Drink or meat.  his drink, stir him a little, and he shall do the better, and then ye may give him provender or other meat: and when they have rested long they chafe them suddenly which is not good, and for your weary beasts ye must let them rest, and put of salad oil into their throats with a horn, or fresh grease with wine: and against cold, ye must give them things to vomit, and frote their heads, and ridge bone with wine or strong ale, or grease melted and warm rubbed thereon. If your horse cannot piss, give him oil mixed with wine, and chafe him in the flanks, and on the rains. If that serve not, put or give him garlic with ale: also they say, to bruise garlic and rub his yard, is good against let of urine. A piece made of honey and salt put into his yard, or live flies, or a little frankincense, or squirt the juice of betony into his yard. Or give him warm water, or wash his yard with warm vinegar. All these are good remedies when he cannot stale, or when his urine burneth in the inner part of the bladder, or when he hath a hot water.  
Also when a horse hath pain in his head, ye may know it by dropping of his urine, and in falling and flagging of his ears. His neck, and head, heavy hanging downward, and 
pain in the head.  then ye must let him blood on the vain under the eye, and squirt into his nostrils warm water, and that day give him no meat, on the morrow fasting ye shall give him warm water, and then some grass, and litter him well with old hay, or soft straw, at night again give him warm water, and some barley mixed with two pound of fetches, and so by little and little let him come to his ordinary feeding, Also against pain of the eye teeth, or grinding teeth, ye shall fume them with hot vinegar, and some do hold it to the teeth with a cloth on a sticks end, and so rub them therewith. This is good also when there is any inflammation or swelling in them. Also if his shoulder be hurt, or that he have lost blood, then shall ye open the vain in the middle, betwixt his two fore legs, and rub his shoulder with the said blood, mixed with the fine powder of frankincense, but let not to much blood for weakening him, and lay on the place his own dung, and bind it fast with some thing, and ye shall on the next day again draw some more blood in the same place, and use it as before, and then give him no barley, but a little hay, and on the third day unto the sixth ye shall give him in the morning vi. ounces of the juice of leeks, mixed with a pound of salad oil, and after the sixth day then walk him a little, and lead him forth to some place to make him swim. Then do nourish him well after for a time, and he shall do well.  
If your horse is troubled with choler, his belly will swell and will be hot, nor he cannot then vent beneath, and then ye must rake him with your hand, and cleanse the natural conduits which are stopped, and take forth his dung, and ye shall give him savin, stavesaker, and salt boiled and mixed together, in putting to a little honey, and minister it in at his tuel like a glister or suppository: which will move and purge forth all the choler. Some do beat three ounces of myrrh, with three pints of wine and gives it with a horn: and to chafe and rub his tuel with tar and old grease. Other do wash his belly with fault water of the sea, or water and salt. As for other purgations, they do commonly give in powders, and pills, which must be given with good discretion, according to each disease, his medicine. Which ye shall understand more thereof at large, in M. Blundevils book for horses, how and when to purge them, therefore I here pass it over.  
Against the bots or worms in the guts, when the horse is troubled therewith, the signs are: he will oft wallow and lie down for pain, and rise suddenly again. Also he will bow his head towards his side or belly, and stamp with his feet, and frisk with his tail often, the next remedy is, put your hand into his tuel and draw forth his dung, and wash his belly with sea water, or strong salted water, and cast in his throat three ounces of the roots of capers beaten with half so much vinegar, and that will kill all worms and botts. Some take hot embers and put it in running water, then strain it and give it warm with a horn, and walks him after half an hour, and ties him up with the bridle: and others take fenugreek, and bay, liquorice, and turmeric, 
Drinks for horses.  of each a halfpenny worth, of aniseeds a pennyworth, with a quantity of brimstone in powder, & beat all these small together, and put them in a quart of ale, and give it fasting warm, and walk and use him as before, & keep him warm all that day after: or a pint of milk, with a spoonful of soap. Some give savin chopped among provender, or a ry shelf: or the fine powder of brimstone in warm milk: some other do let them blood fasting in the ruff of his mouth, and that is the best for a mare that is with fool, and to let her 
Mare with sole  blood often and to give her a little provender after, for if ye should give her stronger things, it were dangerous for the colt, except it were strong, and nigh her time: & some do give 
Cough.  them man's dung hot, and anoints the bridle therewith, and chafes him thereon, and malvoisie also is good fasting: for the cough newly taken, they take lentil pease, clean made, dried and beat to powder, and put thereof in warm water, and so given a pint, Use him thus three days, and give him grass, and tender branches of herbs. For an old cough, they heal with vi. ounces of the juice of leeks, mixed with a pound of oil olive, and so give it with a horn, and give him grass to eat after, and to anoint his grief with vinegar & oil mixed together. If it help not, then chafe him sometimes with sal niter & alum mixed together with a feather, of each 〈◊〉 like, with some vinegar. If there be pushes or blisters on his 
Pushes and blisters.  body, ye shall frote them so hard in the sun that they bleed, they mix of the root of ivy with so much brimstone, of tar and alum, put all together, and therewith heal it. For the cough some say, take a hedgehog, & cast him into an oven, & dry him to powder, and always mix of that powder with his provender, which will help at length any cough. Or to take a handful of box leaves small chopped, and mix it with a peck of ground malt, and seeth it in a gallon or two of fair water, and let the horse drink thereof milk warm, and give him white water for two or three days after, or a handful of groundsel, small shred with the powder of liquorice, and aniseeds, of each a quantity, and so give it warm in a quart of ale: then ride him softly after and keep him warm for two or three days after.  
To heal all sores or other chasings on horses in any part 
All sores chafes.  of his body, they do use to wash them with warm water, and then to rub and chafe them with grease, and salt melted together, so long till the matter ripe and issue out: such sores oftimes do kill horses, if there be not (in the beginning) some remedy found. Some do anoint them with oil of Cedar, or of lentils, or with nettle seeds, mixed with salad oil, or the oil of a whale, or the dropping of salt tunny: and chiefly the grease of a seal fish. But if the sores be old, ye must have stronger things, as to boil of betony herb, and brimstone powder, of ellebory, of pitch, with as much old grease, and with this they do heal all old sores, in racing them first with a sharp iron, and then to wash them with piss, and so to anoint. And sometime if it be festered, to cut it to the quick, and then to draw it with medicines, as shall be made with tar and oil, or such like which will cleanness and fill again the place, and when the hair shallbe full again and closed full with hair, than it shall be good to chafe the place with soot of a cawdrone, and butter. and to heal a navelgall, or sore back, take soot of a chimney, and yeast mixed together, and plaster it therewith, which will heal without any other thing, in shifting it once a day. For rising of the skin or raising thereof. Take two great onions, and boil them in water, with hound's tongue herb, then being hot, take a pound of salt, and mix it with strong vinegar, putting therein the yeolke of an egg, then mix all together, and rub the place therewith, and ye shall see the experience. And for his back that is chopped and swollen, ye shall first wash him with piss hot, then anoint him with fresh butter, and lay thereon a little hay wet in cold water, and so clap your saddle thereon, and let him rest so all that night, or anoint it with butter, then put on the wet hay, and your saddle. Some clap these to hot, horse dung, & then the saddle, but take the grounds of ale or beer, and boil it well with mallows, and clap it hot: but if the skin be through chafed, so that it do water and is very moist, ye shall have ready in a bag filled with the powder of briar leaves finely beaten, and put a little of that thereon, and it will dry it, by the morning, and it will heal it also, without other thing. Also for sore eyes which may be healed with the meal of wild tars, called oreb. And the crevices and chaps on the eyes are healed, with fasting spittle, and a little salt, or the powder of a dry bone, and mixed with burnt salt, or the seeds of wild parsnips in powder, and put in a cloth, and blosh it in his eyes: and all the griefs of the eyes are healed by mixing the juice of plantain with honeyed water, or if ye have not that, take honey, and time, mixed together. Also for a sore eye, take strong nettles, do stamp them and strain them with beer, and squirt thereof into his eye twice or thrice, then blow in a little powder of sandiver, and let him take no cold of his eye, till it be hole. If ye must needs ride him after, it were good to keep a cloth before his eye, to defend the wind, and it were good to let him blood under the eye, and then dress him once or twice, and it shall suffice: for blood in eyes take the white of au egg, and clap it to, or the juice of Selandine to anoint, and it is good against any stroke, and also it is good to make a tossed of bread and dip it with white wine, and clap it to his eye, and use it often, or to let blood under his brows: and to keep the flies from his eye, or other sore, ye shall melt tar and oil, or tar & hog's grease together, and strike thereof all about.  
Sometimes a horse will cast blood at his nose, which doth weaken him much, and is gotten by some strain, or such like, they staunch it by blowing in at their nostrils the juice of Coriander, or bruise the leaves of periwinkle, and put thereof in his mouth, and let him chew it in his teeth, and that will staunch bleeding of the nose.  
Sometimes a horse will lose his taste, which cometh of sorrow. The remedy is: Take iiii. ounces of the seeds of nigilromana, beat with vi. ounces of oil olive, mixed with a pint of wine, and make him to swallow it down. The dispositition of vomit: they use to take it away, in making them often to swallow a beaten head of garlic, with three parts of wine.  
Against appostumed or pestilent sores, it shall be good to pierce them with a hot iron, rather than with a cold, then plaster it with healing medicines. 
Pestilence in mares.   
Also there is a pestilence, which causeth mares suddenly to wax lean, and so pine away. If any such do happen, ye shall put in their nostrils four pints of Fish brine, called garume. If the grief be great, they take six times so much, and this will make them to purge and cast out all phlegm at their nostrils.  
Sometimes mares will be in a rage, but not often, which is to be noted, how that sometimes they happen to be in a hot rage, that is: when they see their image in the water, they 
Mares in a rage.  are suddenly taken with love, in so much that then they forget to drink or eat, and in so burning doth become dry. The signs are, when she runneth over the pastures as she were chafed or beaten, and looking oft about her, as though she desired something.  
They use to heal this folly, in leading her to the water again. For when she shall see herself in the water as she did before, she doth suddenly forget her first image that she saw: and this is often among mares. Thus will I here leave a little of them, and speak somewhat of mules and their natures.  
Who so hath a desire to nourish asses and moils, they ought diligently to search for the fairest and best males, and likewise the females to bear colts, for if they be not both well disposed, those which shall come of them shall nothing prevail. Ye must therefore choose the mare under ten years, and to be large and fair, and well membered, to abide travail: and let her bear easy burdens for hurting the seed within her belly, and not to be one●●e beautiful of body, but good also of spirit and stomach, and when the seed is long or it take life within her body, or being long ere she fool, scarcely about the end of xiii. months, is a token of some let. Notwithstanding the moil colt taketh most after the ass that begat him, rather than after the life and nature of his dam, and yet ye shall not find it true in all mares, no more than is properly in all horses. For sometimes experience doth deceive a man's judgement in him which he chooseth. For oftentimes stallions of their own nature and race, are marvelous in condition and form. And whereas the mares are but small and fair, commonly they bring more males then females. Nevertheless the colts do increase or diminish after or according to their dams. Some stallions are ill to see to, and yet shall be great colts of great price. And some do yield a worthiness unto the fruit, more than other some. But they are more colder and not so hot of desire, and are not joined in love but very hardly with the mare. And these sort of stallions must have mares of the like nature: For the like nature is more familiar to conceive then others. Yet the ass never begets an ass, nor the moil never begets moils: and for this cause they do often suffer the stallions to mount on the mares, to put them in more heat, and to take them suddenly away again: Which shall make the horse to be more eager of the mare, which before he little passed of, and this is to be noted by the way, those which have their kidneys hot, are always more desirous, than those which have their stones and kidneys cold, which is as well in man, as in beasts.  
There is another sort of stallions which are in a rage in their fiery heat, which are so devilish and froward, that thereby they are soon marred, if they be not wisely governed and handied. And often they break their haltenrs and cords in gnawing and eating them a sunder, and leaps on mares with fool, in biting them by the neck and back.  
Now to correct such, ye must put them into a horse mill, and there to make him sure, and use him a little to labour 
Hot stallions  gently, and so ye shall make him to leave his furiousness. So when he hath left it, yet thereupon let him not be suffered to cover until he be in sufficient heat thereunto. For this is of greater importance, that the spirit of these beasts are naturally heavy and sleepy. But by moderate exercises they will be the more livelier to travail, and then ye may let them cover, that by the secret efficacy of hidden nature, their fruit may be the more pleasenter. Also a moil doth not engender with a she ass, or mare, but a she ass with a horse, or a wild he ass with a mare. Certain authors which I will not hide, as Marcus Ʋerro, and before him Democritus, and Mago, have said, that in Africa there is no marvel, or yet a monstrous thing to see their moils to bear, no more than the mares in this country. The most fair and largest cattle among all moils, are those which are begot of asses, and may well be compared unto those which are gotten of wild asses. If it were not that they are so troublesome, wild, and hard to govern and rule, like unto their sires, there were none like them.  
Wherefore those stallions that shall come of that race, shall be better, and so from time to time alter. For if ye rover a mare with a horse that was begot of a wild ass, or tame, he shall keep their bigness and modesty like their sire, with like strength and age unto their first race. And those which are gotten betwixt a horse and an ass, shall bear the name of their parents, as to say horse moils: For they will resemble like unto their dams. Therefore if it better to have moils of an ass stallion, which by experiences come of a good and fairer race, than otherwise. He must be chosen great of 
Beauty of moils.  body, with a strong neck, his sides long & large, with an open and a large breast, and full of sinews, his thighs fleshy, his legs well trust and black of colour or spotted. The asses are commonly of a mouse dun coloured hair. But that is not a pleasant hair for a moil: Therefore in general it is good to take good heed thereof, that ye be not deceived by your eye, for even like as we shall see the fleece of a Lamb, which cometh of a ram with a spotted tongue, so likewise, the ass hath hair of divers colours on his brows and ears, and thereby often they make the moils of divers colours: Therefore when ye have diligently considered of your stallion, yet nevertheless ye may be deceived, for beside these foresaid marks, sometimes they have moils by other coloured horses which they know not, and yet the same may be as well esteemed as other, which comes of no other cause but from their first parents, and generation, which by mixing with others hath been almost destroyed, and yet by the seed of the horse is renewed again to his first estate. And the ass which I do write of, as soon as she hath foaled, it ought to be taken away from her, and privily to be set to the mare which hath a colt, so that she know not thereof, which must be done in the night, and set in a dark place. But first take away the mare's colt, and put to the other, but in ten days she will not let it suck, therefore ye must help it in the mean time, the one as well as the other, as ye shall cause. Or else take the urine, or milk of the one, and rub the colts therewith contrary, and at length they will love and use them for their own. And this young stallion colt so nourished of the mare, shall take a love unto mares hereafter. And though oft times they be nourished with their Dams milk, yet being but young, and having the usual company among mares daily, he will thereby the better love them, and so will he serve well your mares, but let him not cover them before he be three years 
Covering of young mares.  old. And at such convenient times, as grass may feed him well, and sometimes with sheaves of barley, sometimes of good mashes to drink of bran and wheat: or of wheat said, or barley sodde, and let him not first cover a young tender mare, which hath never been covered before. For in the mounting on her, she will often strike him with her feet, and thereby he will take it scornfully, which shall make him to cast a continual hate to all other hereafter, and therefore they put some other unto the young mare to put her in a heat, and not to cover her, but with him. And when ye 
Place to cover  shall see her desirous to stand, then take him away, and put to the young stallion and let him cover her. Also it shall be good to have a place made with boards descending downward before, that she may the better take the horse, and not fly aside, or turn from the horse when he covereth her. Some do manacle her fore feet to the hinder on both sides. And by this descending place, a low ass, or horse may cover her the better, and more easier. And after being thus covered with an Ass, or other Horse, then in the year after that she have fold, ye shall not by and by cover her again with another, but in that year let her nourish her fool, which fool shall be the better hereafter to do any purpose: therefore let her not be covered again so soon. And when that colt is a year old, take him from his dam, and put the mare in such pastures as you shall seem good, in woods or in mountains, to harden her hooves, whereby she may the better travail hereafter. And always he moils are better to bear the packsaddle, than then the she moils, yet she moils are more quicker, and nimble, and most meet to bring colts: But they are both good to travail with the burden, and also to labour the earth, if it were not that these kind of cattle are somewhat to high for that purpose. Therefore commonly they use a temme of Oxen to break the grounds before.  
And for the burden some do say a mare is weaker than a gelded horse, & a gelding weaker than a stoned horse, and a horse weaket then a moil. For the mules commonly (as they say) will carry v. or vi. hundredth weight, and therewith they will travail thirty miles a day. For both horse and mules are beasts of a great strength, if they had understanding no man should be able to rule them, and also they say a horse or moil hath no brains, but in the place thereof, he 
Horse without brains.  hath as it were a bladder filled with wind, and no brains therein, or other thing, but like a white water. Thus I leave of horse and mules, and here I will speak of the ordering of horse in travail.   

How the husband or carter should order his horse in travail by the way, or other wise.  
TO show somewhat the duty of carters, which carters must have always patience, in moderate using of their horses, & at all other times he ought to bear a love always to his cattle, so that his cattle may love him, not fearing them to much, let him never use to beat them with the stock of the whip, but to whip them with the lash, and use them to the sound thereof, and yet not often for dulling of them: in travail use them sometimes with fierce words more than with stripes. Your loitering horses touch before the other, and the free horse touch him least of all, but at a great need. Also a free horse ought to be haltered short, or else he will soon spoil himself in straining continually, he will soon be lame, broken winded, or blind. And use all the other at times when you shall see cause, and let them not in travail by the way, draw or labour so much as they may, touch not a horse with the whip over his back, for fear of his eyes, and also he that is behind him, but touch on the legs of the near side, and so ye shall avoid danger thereof, nor to draw to much for thereby ye may soon dull and tire them, specially in a young horse, and after travail truss them up to the tuel, for taking cold. Ye must also every morning use to rub and to comb them, for therein a horse doth delight, and it will make them more lustier, and fresher to labour, and in summer the like if they be howsed, or if they be at grass also: and water them not, but at their accustomed hours, and after as they have journeyed in summer, wash often their feet with cold water, and if ye can, sometimes with wine, or ale and butter, which will supple and strengthen their sinews, or to bathe them with the lies of wine, which will likewise supple and strengthen them, and after to rub their legs with butter or neruoileor nets foot oil, and if they be shod, ye shall bind to their hooves dung mixed with men's urine, and if their feet be hot, or have the gout, ye shall then wash their mouths with vinegar and salt mixed together, and for that time give them no hay nor other forage as straw or oats, nor 
Hot feet or hoof.  yet of litter, but well cleansed, nor let them be shod till they be well. Also the carter must use daily to see that his harnaise be just and meet for every horse according to his stature, that he may therein labour the easier. And also those harnaises may be well looked unto from time to time, and all things belonging thereunto: as halters, bridles, headstalles, collars, hawmes, traces, pipes, wanties, packsaddels, backwanties, & belly wanties, with tack, or shoottle pin, tied to every hawm 
The horse cart and harnaise to see to.  with a string, to be the readier at need, and each of the belly wanties to have a cross pin, or ferrell of wood, to be always ready to fasten and lose, and to have all things whole and sound, not to be broken or faulty against any time of occupying, and to be well hanged upon hooks clean from the ground, that horses tread not thereon, or that dogs gnaw no part thereof, and every horse harness placed by himself, ready to harnaise at all times. Also the carter ought to have skill how to mend his harnaise, to stitch and sow it when any part or parcel thereof decayeth, and to have his packsaddle, thread and whitlether always ready, or other great thread wherewith to prepare to help the same again, and to have always with him his nawle, and panel needle. The carter ought also to have knowledge in shoeing his horse, that when any shoe fall lose by the way in travail, he ought to have hammer and nails ready to fasten it on again, for losing, or to set on some other, he ought to have always shoes and nails with him, for by that means he may save his horse oftimes from danger of surbat, graveling, or prickking with some nail, or cut with some stone, & such like: for to have experience in shoeing is a thing soon learned, there is small danger, but in pricking or clowing with a nail, or to drive it nigh or in the quick, whereupon among all skilful smiths, this proverb is said, which is, before behind, and behind before: which meaning is, the most dangerous nails to drive in the fore feet, is the two hindermost nails, and in the 
Proverb.  hindermost feet, the two foremost nails, the rest not so dangerous so that ye drive them even. If your shoes be made hollow or rising in the midst, and not flat to the foot, it will be much better for the horse, to cleanse and void graveling. For otherwise thou canst not cleanse them so well, and they will the sooner be graveled: therefore see to have shoes always ready against any such time of need.  
Likewise also when thou dost take any journey, with the 
Preparing the cart.  horse and cart, thou must likewise see that all things belonging to the cart to be substantial and strong, as thy wheels, and carthodie strong and sure to bear a burden, and the axle-tree likewise. Also see the rath staves and struts be whole and sound and well furnished, with staves of good strong holly, hazel, or ash, and to have them ready dried, if any want or break, and all the shamble staves to be made of good dry and tough ash, which are to bear a burden from the thyller, and thy cartladder, to be made of good dry ash also, and surely set thereunto. And let your axeltres be so made that they may fill close the nathes of the wheels, for when they gaggle or shake, they go uneasy, and hinder nigh the draft of a horse, and that also is uneasy for the thyll Horse. And see that your axle-tree he well clouted and nailed close thereon, that the nails tear not the nathes of the wheels. And see also in like manner the areltree pins be sure and strong, for if the axle-tree go not close, they are commonly in danger of bowing or breaking: and let your nathes and axle-tree he well greast, with fresh grease and soap, or snails mixed together, for that will keep the nathes long cool, and to go more easier. Which grease ye must always have with you when ye travel by the way, to occupy when ye shall see cause, and also to have ready ropes ends, or other small cord, that when any thing do break or cleave asunder: by and by to mend and piece it again. Thus advisedly traveling on thy way, have an eye to the fore horse, in lanes specially & streets for fear of children and beasts, but if thou stay, let thy horse stay also, take heed of the fore-horse in these places. Look well to the body horse, and in routs, holes, and dangerous ways be always nigh unto the thiller, with thy hand nigh his head: whereby thou mayest the better rule him upon a sudden, and alway look to the going of the wheels in thus doing. Thou shalt keep thy cart always upright from overthrowing, and when thou goest down a hill, drag the cart behind, and up a hill, weigh the cart before. And thus doing in considering all ways and places, posts, and gates, thou shalt avoid oft times the dangers thereof, which otherwise thou mayst happen often therewith to be troubled.  
Also the carter ought to see well to his horse in traveling, for the horse is a beast of stout courage, and he loveth 
Bells on the horse.  man, & he is delighted with the whistle, drum, or in bells, which bells do not hang so well at the horse ear, as at his patrell, or on the back wantie, for the bells hanging so nigh his ears, he cannot so soon hear his driver, and the Carter must likewise be careful at all times to see unto his horse, that if any do halt or complain by any means, to see by and by unto him, and search where the pain resteth, and to remedy it in time, with such things as he shall think good. Sometime to lay on their own dung on their pastorns as afore is mentioned, he must also be well advised when the hoof is newly hurt, & chafed, to make him have a sound hoof again, and in taking cold (after his labour) or when he hath the cough, than ye must cover and keep him warm, and give him mashes, or if he be more founded by travel in rainy weather, or at other like times, ye shall clap the roots of Alexander sodde in wine unto his feet, and make him to eat fenugreek, or aniseeds among his provender. But if then he be of full age, it were then best to change him: the carter must also understand what love one horse beareth to another. (For some will not agree together,) & according thereunto place them in the stable. The which stable ought to be made clean every morning, for a horse loves to be clean kept, and at night to be refreshed with some clean litter, and the horse-keeper ought to sleep in the stable: to be ready if any horse break lose in the night and fight with his fellow. The keeper ought also to look advisedly & warily unto his candle, and to place it in the stable out of all danger, and nightly to hang up his harness for fear of dogs, or rats, or other dangers of hurting with horse, and to place them as afore is mentioned, and to have them ready against the morning when he should go forth to labour them: that he slack not the time in seeking his harness in parts. And when any horse is sick or seem heavy, then to forbear, & not labour him for that time, for fear lest he wax worse. For in sickness a horse is a very tender beast and heavy to any labour, therefore whensoever ye have laboured them, walk them after for taking cold till they be in good temper, then truss them with straw (as aforesaid) for taking cold. For thereby breeds many diseases in a horse, which diseases or remedies shall here follow.  
Here I will return & speak somewhat of remedies against soreness as comes oft times to horses. For a moil or horse 
Fever.  that hath the fever, ye shall give him to drink rue or Coleworts, but when he draweth his breath short, and doth often sigh withal, than they use to let him blood on the neck vain, and then take a pint of wine with half an ounce of salad oil, & mix therewith some Frankincense, and with a third part of, the juice of mugwoort give it, and if they have any frets or galls on the pasterns, ye shall plaster 
Pasterns fretted.  thereon the paste of Barley meal, and open the impostume if there be any, and heal it with tents of lint, and such ointments as afore is mentioned, with a pint and a half of Garum, which I take to be saltfish water with a pound of oil olive mixed together, and put it into his left nostril, and put there unto the whites of three or four eggs. And sometimes they do lance their eyes, and sometime sear it with a hot iron, and if the blood be descended down into the feet. They cut it, as the founder of a horse, & they give him bearefoote herb to eat, & Hyosciame, called henbane, the seed is good also to be bruised and given with wine. Against the leanness in a horse, give him often drinks mixed with half an ounce of brimstone finely beaten, with 
Leanness in a horse.  a raw egg, and a penny weight of the powder of myrrh, mix all with wine and give it with a horn. Which is also good against pains of the belly, and for the cough: also against leanness there is nothing better or so good, as three leaved grass given, betwixt green and dry, which doth also mightily fat him more than other hay, and ye shall give of this but little at once. For it will increase too much blood in the horse, and thereby he may son take hurt. Also when a moil or horse is weary and sore chafed, ye shall cast a piece of grease into his mouth and make him to swallow it, and 
Weary and chafed.  give him some wine or ale therewith. The rest for the horse or moil, ye shall use as afore is written, of medicines for Oxen and mares.  
The hoof bound or matelong is when a horse is pinched or 
Hoof bond, or mate long.  bound in the upper part of the hoof, it will make the skin to stare above the hoof, and to grow over the same, It will pain the hoof so that he cannot well suffer to tread full on the ground, and willbe hot, it cometh by standing dry in the stable, and by strait shoing, or heat. The remedy is, ye shall raze the hoof above from the top to the sole in four or five places, so that the water may come forth. Some do raze it round in the top an inch long downward, with the point of a shape knife, and then rubs it all well with salt once or twice and he shall do well. If your horse chance to be stifled as ye may so do in at a door, or on the high way in slipping 
Stiffeling 〈◊〉 horse.  his hinder foot, or with a blow, he must be helped seen after: for if he tarry a day or more, ye must then roll him. If the stifle bone be out ye shall feel and see it stick out, then put it in, and bathe him with beer, and bind his other shame with a girth as hard as ye can all one night, then shift it in the morning, then rub and chafe the place, and bind it again. Use him thus three or four days, and let him stand on the sore leg, & this is good also for any sprain in that place.  
If your horse be sprainde of some sinew, ye shall then wash him with the grounds of ale or beer made warm, 
Sprainde.  and therewithal to bathe him, in striking it downward, then bind him round with a hay rope sodde therein, and bind him from the fetterlocke up to the ham, and let it rest all one night thereon. If once do not help, use it oftener, or take of smallage, Oxeye herb, fluellin, and some sheeps suet, chop and bruise altogether, and boil it in men's urine, and all to bathe his leg therewith, then take a hay rope sodde or dipped therein & wrap his leg all over therewith and he shall do well.  
For a stifle in the heel of a horse, ye shall take but 
Stifle in the heel.  oatmeal and salt, of each like quantity, and temper it with a little running water, and make it into past in a ball, and then cast it into a hot burning fire, and let it lie till it be red hot, then take it forth and let it cool, and then beat it to fine powder, and put thereof on the heel, in croushing it down to the bottom of the grief. with a linen cloth tied on a sticks end, and so dress him twice a day, and before your dressing, wash it with the grounds of stolen urine made warm.  
If your horse have a farcie or fashion, is an ill disease to cure, but if it be taken in time it may well be cured. It 
Farcie or Fashion.  will run by veins thorough the body, and appear in many places of the body, like knots or bunches, as big as half a Wallnutshell, and by following a vain at length, it will break itself, and run filthy matter, and as many horses as do touch or gnaw of him, within moaneth shall have the same disease: or if he do bite any other he will infect him, and if they be not soon helped, they will die thereof, If any horse have it, avoid him at the first, if he can: for dangering all the other. This soreness commonly comes of a corrupt blood and humour engendered in the body, and sometimes it comes of bruised blood by some stroke, or of some galling or biting with some other horse, or of tickes, or hog lice (as some do say.) The cure, let him blood on the vain nigh to the sore, then burn every bunch in plucking them up with your hand to burn them the better, and leave none unburned. Then anoint them every day with melted hogs grease, till they fall away, then have ready a pottle of old stolen, and boil it a little with some coperas and salt, and a handful of strong nettles, and therewith warm, wash all the corrupt sores, then fill each hole with the powder of flacked lime, do thus once a day till the holes are closed up. If any do rankle more than others, fill those with verdegreace. In all this time let him have a small diet of meat, as straw and water, or sometimes a loaf of bread, for the lower, he is kept the sooner he is whole, and yoke his neck that he lick not his sores, also the less rest he hath, the better for him. Another remedy, take of mistleto, and stolen piss, honey, black soap, seethe these altogether, & once a day warm, wash your horse all over therewith. Use this fine or six days and ye shall see experience. Another: let him blood in the neck four fingers from the head, and also on both the sides, and give him this drink. Take a gallon of fair water, and put therein a good handful of rue, and a spoonful of hempeseed, and bruise them in a mortar altogether, and seeth it till the half be consumed, and when it is cold, give it him to drink, and this will make him whole. Another, a very perfect medicine, ye shall cut him two inch long down in the forehead, and open it in the mids thereof on both sides two inches, and put therein a tampin made of the inner rind of Elder bark, and look it lie cross the cut, for so it will destroy all the venomed humour in his body, and it will heal him safe and sound.  
For a horse that cannot stale, give him a pint of wine or ale mixed with garlic, & the whites of ten eggs, & if ye can, for a while give him nothing but green grass. Another: 
Horse cannot stale.  give him the juice of red coleworts, mixed with white wine, or the root of Alexander, bruised and sodde in wine or ale and given, or to give him warm water, or to wash his yard with warm vinegar. Also wormwood, or southernwood, or galingale, or mallows, or pimpernel, some of these, or any one of these stamped with ale, and given, will cause him to make water. For the haw in the eye comes oft times of a humour, or it may breed of some stripe, A singular remedy is: to make a plaster of the juice of ground ivy, stamped in a mortar 
Haw in the eye.  with the juice of ivy berries, or of the leaves beat with cold water, but better with wine, and plasterwise lay it to, & remove it evening and morning. Also some do stitch the eye lids in the mids with a needle & double thread, & taies one down, and the other up, and then with another needle puts out the haw, so far as ye may stay it on your finger's end: and so cut away all the hard matter a penny breadth, but cut not away too much of the wash or fat, and leave also the black behind, for by cutting away too much fat, ye shall make thereby the horse blear eyed, and when it is cut away, squirt either beer or wine into the eye, or blow a little sandiver into his eye within a day or two after, or Camomile mixed with a little honey, and plastered on.  
The Uiues is an ill soreness to heal, if they be suffered to 
The vives in horses.  come up under the ears, which is a small difference from an impostume, they do come by taking cold when he is hot unwalked. Also they come of a corrupt humour, & are like kernels, & will make his throat sore, & stop his wind, they do ripe them by laying to hot hog's grease, and so cuts them out. Some cuts a slit on both side, and with a tool of iron breaketh the nest of them, and plucketh out part and puts in the hole of nettles and salt, others lay riping things thereunto, as some barley meal, mixed with three ounces of raisins sod well together in strong wine, then plaster it thereunto, and change it not till it be ripe, them lance and so tent it with tents which must be steeped in water, and mixed with salad oil and salt, and some do burn them downward with a hot iron in the mids from the ear to the jaw bone, & draweth two strokes under the throat, and then lance it in the mids, and plucks out the kernels with a pair of 〈…〉 ppers, so far as he may cut them off, without touching any vain, and then fills the hole with salt, and if they be rank, take a crop or two of nettles beaten with some bay salt, and put therein two spoonful of ale or vinegar, them strain it, and put in either ear a spoonful thereof, and put some black wool after, and bind it fast, & he shall do well. The Squinancy is an ill soreness, & is a soreness in the throat of the horse, and troubles him to swallow any thing, & cometh of some cold humour, which will make his 
Quincie,  tongue & throat to swell. The cure: ye shall first fume & wash his mouth with hot water, and then anoint it with the gall of a bull, then take two pound of salad oil, with a portion of old wine, put thereto nine fat figs, and ix. leek heads, beat altogether and let it boil awhile, and before ye take it from the fire, in the end put a little of the powder of niter, finely beaten therein: or as ye shall seem good. Then strain all out, and give it the horse half a pint thereof evening and morning warm, and let him eat of barley or green fetches, either barley meal mixed with niter, but in necessity ye may let him blood in the pallet of his mouth. The signs to 
Signs of sickness.  know when a horse is sick, is by his dung, his water or piss, or if he make his dung strong, with whole corn, or if it be too hard or too soft, or have therein worms, or is of an ill colour, or his breath savour, or his piss to be too thick or too thin, or too red or too white, all these are signs he is not well in his body, or some surfeit and raw digestion, or some other grief in his rains, blood or stones. By these signs also it is well known, if he be slow and heavy in labour, or duller with the spur than he was wont, or in spreading his litter, or of tumbling in the night, or a short breath, or loud snuffling in his nose, in casting his vapours out thereat, or immediately after his provender to lie down, or in drinking taking long draughts, or in the night sudden down and sudden up, or to be hot on his pasterns, and betwixt his ears, or his ears to hang down more than they were wont, or his eyesight dimmer & more hollower in his head, or his hair to stand upright or staring, or his flanks hollow and empty. When any of these signs do appear, the horse is not well, and some do feel his stones if they be hot or cold, & smell at his nose, and thereby to judge of his grief, and when any is not well, he would be set apart by himself, till he be whole again.  
If any blind unlearned horsléech do chance to let 
To staunch blood.  blood in any place where as the sign or moon hath power thereof, if it bleed much, it shallbe good to bind thereon of nettles all to bruised or stamped, or new horse dung mixed with chalk and vinegar, and remove it not for three days, or else to take of burnt woollen cloth, feathers, or silk, or to stamp the herb periwinkle and lay it too, or wild tanzie bruised and laid too. All these will do well to stench blood in time of need. Also the come above the Smiths forge, clap too, and it will stench of the abundance of blood, there comes many evils. Which is known by these signs, he will often be rubbing, his dung will savour strong, his urine 
Blood to be let in horses.  willbe red, thick, and stink, his eyes bloody, casting a watery humour, and eateth more commonly than he was wont, breeding also bushes, knots, and knobs in the skin and body, with some inflammations, and oft knapping with his teeth, which ye shall heal thus. If these signs do appear, let him blood on the middle vain in the neck, so much as ye shall see cause, if he be weak, take the less: a pound and a half, or two pound. They use to let blood 4. times a year, to keep their horse in health. At the Spring, in Summer, in Autumn, and in Winter. But thrice a year, is thought necessary, which is, at mid April, for then the blood doth multiply. And in the beginning of September, because the blood is hot by unequal vapours, and at Christmas because the blood is then grown thick, to make it more thinner. And some horse masters say, let not blood except great need in young horses especial, not an old horse, but purge, for it doth but weaken his strength. But yet herein, know always the strength of the young horses, or if they have need or not, as to have red eyes, hot veins, hot skin and itching, his hair falling away and lose, his back hot, and ill of digestion. All these afore said are evil, be not then negligent to help by letting blood on the neck vain. Then if it swell after, ye shall clap to of white vine leaves sodde in water, and it shall slack and do well.  
The Poll evil is an ill soreness to heal, if it grow long, 
The poll 〈…〉  and it is betwixt the ears in the nape of the neck, it do come of evil humours grown to that place, and it will grow by beating the horse about the head, which many rustical and rude Carters do use, not in regarding nor considering the danger thereof, for that is the weakest and tenderest part of the head, and by such strokes many Cart horses have that disease, specially in Winter. Which ye shall soon perceive by swelling of the place, and hanging down his head, in eating his meat with great pain, rotting more inward than outward, and at length will break of itself, which will then be the more harder to heal, but ye shall do well to ripe it with a plaster of hogs grease, laid to as hot as ye can, and keep his head as warm as ye can: shifting the plaster daily till it do break, if it will not soon break, ye shall lance it in the softest place, or burn it thorough with a hot iron, in beginning a little under, and thrust it upward a good depth thorough the softness thereof, then keep it open with tents dipped in hogs grease, and let the matter descend forth, and plaster it with the same shifting it once a day, which shallbe good to kill the heat thereof Use this for four days, then take half a pound of Turpentine washed clean in water, and then the water dried off, and put there to yolks of eggs, with some saffron, and mingle it all well together, then search the wound with some whole quill, and make a tent of a piece of a sponge that it may reach to the bottom thereof, and so big as it may fill the wound, and thrust it home with the finger, and plaster it with warm hog's grease, changing it once or twice a day till it be whole, If the swelling do cease, then use but the tent only, and as it do heal, make your tent lesser and lesser, till it be thorows whole.  
A broken winded horse is hardly healed, and soon gotten, for his wind is soon broken by hasty running or vehement 
Broken wind to help.  labour being fat, or after he is watered, or by long standing in the stable without stirring, or by eating dusty hay, which thing ye shall perceive by the rising of his nostrils, and his slanks, and at his tuel, then if he be sore chafed, he will cough and blow thick, it will least appear when he is at grass, or empty bodied. The remedies: ye shall take of cloves and nutmegs 3. drams, of galigal & cardamomun together 3. drams, of soot, of bay seeds, of cummen more than the other. Make all these into fine powder, and put it in white wine tempered with a little saffron Then put to so many yolks of eggs as all the other in quantity, then temper it all together with the sodden water of liquorice, and make it so thin that he may easily drink it with a horn, and tie up his head for an hour space after, that the drink may descend down into his guts: then take and lead him forth softly that it may work the better, and not cast it up again, and let him not drink of four & twenty hours after. The second day ye shall give him fresh grass to eat, & branches of willow or such like, that by eating those cold herbs, it may mitigate the heat of the potion. The cure is hard, if it have gone-long, then shall ye take of these herbs following, that is, of Venus or maiden hair, of flouredeluce, of ash buds and leaves, of liquorice, of cardamomum, of pepper, of biting almonds, of burrach, of each 2. drams, of nettle seeds, of aristolochy of each 2. drams, of liquor as half a dram, of pitch, of Coloquintida 2. drams, mounting in all to the quantity of two pound, let this portion be given unto him 3. times, or more if he will, and ye may put unto it the water that liquorice have been sodde in. Then if this disease do yet remain, ye shall heal him with this medicine, except it have long grown: this will heal him. Notwithstanding, there may be divers remedies given to help for a tune, as by drinks in helping his guts, also in slitting his nostrils to take wind, which perhaps may be a help to continue long, and to give him a little boiled wheat for three days space. But first ye shall let him drink of the water where in all these herbs have lain a night before, them give it a boil, and let him drink it milk warm, in taking out all the herbs clean with a strainer as of pances, longwoorte, maidenhayre, the crops of nettles, Carduus benedictus, herb fluellin the roots of dragons bruised, the roots of elecampane bruised, of water hemp, of peniryall, of light wort, herb Angelica, of each of these a good handful, or so many as ye may have of them: bruise & lay them all night in 2. or 3. gallons of water, & give it a boil in the morning, and let him drink thereof milk warm, so much as he wil Then give him of the wheat boiled, use him thus five or six days, & keep him in a close and cool place, & after let him have grass, this will help him if there be any recovery, & this is good also for any dry cough. Also it shallbe good to give him water sod with liquorice, and mirt with some wine, and let that be his only drink for nine or ten days after. Thus much for the broken winded horse. The glanders is an ill disease taken by a heat, & a sudden cold, and appeareth at his nostrils, & to have kernels under his 
Glanders in Horse.  jowls, which will pain him sore to eat, and at length will run at his nostrils. The remedy is, take heat horse dung & piss, and clap it under to his jaws, and so perhaps it may go away again. If not, the remedy is, seethe a handful of pilled garlic in milk, and put a piece of butter thereto, and some ale, then stir altogether and give it him fasting, and ride him softly a while after, and then set him up and keep him warm, the space of nine days if ye can, and give him warm water, and he shall do well. Another, take an ounce and a half of the powder of elecampanie, and put it in a quart of ale, and give it him warm, and use him as before. Another: put 2. or 3. roasted and peeled onions into hot seething milk, with a quantity of beaten garlic, and put it into the milk, then stir it well, but first put into the milk a little oatmeal, and then the other, and make it not thick, and put in too, or three spoonful of honey, and stir it altogether, and give it blood warm, and keep him fasting all the night before, & after this drink, walk him awhile, and set him up warm, and give him meat.  
The mourning of the chine is a soreness doubtful to cure, and is taken by sore travel, and then a sudden cold: which 
Mourning of the chine.  disease is uncurable. For as a French man saith: 
To heal the moruning of chine,  
Is hard to find any medicine.   
It will appear at his nose like the Oak water, black: or as it were soot and water mixed together, more blacker, than the glanders. If ye will know further herein, read Master Blundefield his book of horses, & there ye shall see it written at large. The strangurion is a grief east to heal, 
Strangury in horse.  it cometh by chafing, & a hot sweat, & then he taketh cold, wherein he willbe very sick: whereupon will arise swellings in divers places about his head, with kernels on both sides his neck within, near stopping his wind: seantly able to swallow his meat,, and holding his head outright, which is manifest that the inflammation is within the throat, & sometime therewith the throat is swollen, so the he hardly taketh his breath, & neither can eat nor drink. Which cometh of cold humours frg the head. The cure. Let him blood on the neck vain, if his age will permit: then make a ryping plaster of meadows, linseed, rue, smallage, & ground ivy: boil all these together, & put to oil of bay, with a quantity of Dia althaea, then take it from the fire, & therewith make your plaster, & lay it to: let him drink warm water mixed with meal, or lay a plaster of bran steeped in wine, unto his throat to ripe it, & when it is ripe, lance it & so tent it, and keep him warm, and anoint often that place of his neck with butter, till he be whole.  
The haw in the eye of a horse is a little whit & hard gristle, in the inner corner of the eye, & it will grow and cover half his 
the haw.  eye: it cometh by a gross matter from the head, if it be not cut out in time, it will at length have out his eyes, and some horse having one, will soon have another. The cure. Ye shall take up his eye lid, with a steel needle, as is aforesaid, & wash or spurt in some drink after.  
The Frounce is a disease soon cured, and they are small pimples or warts in the mids of the pallet of his mouth above, 
The Frounce to help.  and they are soft, and they will let him to eat his meat, and they come by eating of frozen grass, or by drawing frozen dust with the grass in their mouths. The remedy is, they do but cut them or burn them, and then wash them with wine and salt, or ale and salt, and so they will go away.  
A splint is the least soreness that is, and always doth 
Splint to help.  continue. Many seems to mend it, and they pair it: it is as well on the outside of the legs, as on the inside, & sometimes they will be as big as your fingers, which comes by traveling too young, or by too heavy burdens, or by sudden starting and straining his sinews. The cure. Some do heal it by rubbing it with a hazel stick made cross with nicks, & therewith rubs the splint all over cross. And others do shave of all the hair, & with a stick cut checkerwise, & then lays tar thereon, and rubs therewith twice a day all on the splint, till it be clean gone. Some do say, to burn is the best, but if he be not well healed, he may halt continually after. Also some do clip or shave the hair clean away, on the splint, and then with an awl, all to pricks it all over, so far as it goeth, and then lays thereon a hot roasted onion or two, and use it thus six or seven days, and it will heal him.  
bots in horse is an ill disease to heal, if they take the maw, the bots are commonly an inch long, and they 
Bots in horses,  have red heads, and are as much as your little finger's end. Some are white, and some are yealwish, being quick in the maw, they will stick fast thereunto: Also there are 2. other sorts, the one is called lung woortes, and the other is called trenches. All these worms breed in the horse by eating of filthy meat, & some do come of a raw matter, & by eating green pease, eats, or barley: & when the horse is troubled therewith ye shall soon perceive, for he will forsake his meat, in stamping with his feet, & sometimes trembling, & suddenly down, & soon up again, & will strike at his belly with his hinder foot, and will often bow his head toward his belly, and shake his head often. The cure: Take a quart of milk, and mix it with ten spoonful of honey, and give it him warm, & walk him a while after, and so let him rest with little meat, or none till the next morning, and suffer him not to lie down, Another: some do anoint his bit with hot man's dung, and rides him after an hour or two, and y● will kill them. Another: some chops their hair short, and puts it with bay salt in their prowender, and some gives sau 〈…〉 among their provender, and others put hot embars in water, and then incontinent strains and gives it, and so walks him after an hour. Others take a spoonful of honey, with so much of scraped chalk fine beaten, and stirs them together, and makes them into balls, and then mix them with ale, and makes him to swallow them, and so he shall do well.  
The long worm is in the paunch of the belly, they shine like the belly of a snake, and like in colour, and are in the mids 
Long worms.  great fashioned like a spindle, and they are of seven inches long or more, and sharp at both ends, and soon are killed, which is, take a halfpeniworth of fenegreke, of aniseeds a pound and a halfpeniworth of bay berries, as much liquorice, 
〈◊〉 drinks.  of turmerick a halfpeniworth, of brimstone a quantity, beat them into powder, and put them into a quart of ale, and warm it, give it to the horse fasting, then ride him an hour after, and keep him warm after 24. hours.  
The malender is an ill sore which may be cured for a time, but if he be ill kept it will soon come again. This doth 
Malender in a horse.  appear in the bout of the fore knees, and are like a seal or scab: some horse will have 2. of one leg nigh together, there willbe strokes with hair which doth venom the place, & they will cause him to go stiff, and make him to stumble and fall, which comes of some corrupt blood, but most special for lack of rubbing and good keeping. The cure: take a bareld hearing with a soft row, with two spoonful of black soap, half an ounce of alum: beat in a mortar together, and then lay it to the malander for three days, & it will heal it: or wash it with warm water, & shave away all the hair, & the scab also, then take a spoonful of soap, and another of lime, & mix them together like a paste, and with a cloth lay it, and bind it fast on, and use this for 3. days and every day fresh: & after ye take it of, anoint the place with warm oil of roses, & that by means of the plaster shall take away the scurf, and when the scurf is all gone, ye shall wash it once a day with the horse own water, or with man's piss, them cast on the powder of burnt oyster shells. Use this once a day till he be whole.  
The wyndgal is a soreness light to heal, it is a bladder 
windgall.  full of wind and thin humours on the sides of the joints above the pasterns or fetterlock: as well behind as afore, they are like soft bladders under the skin, and gotten by much travel they will pain the horse so, that in hard ways he cannot well go but halt. The cure: Some do prick it thereon (with a lancet) the length of a Bean, where it is highest, and so it will come out, but beware of hurting the sinews,) and ye shall see it like the white of an Egg. Then take the yolk of an Egg and of oil of bay, as much as a Nut, mix them together, and plaster it on flax, and lay it thereto, and this shall make him whole in a day. another. Take the roots of Comine, and beat them well with salt a little, and then lay it too, and he shall be whole, incontinent. Some do lay them with rubbing there on with the juice of an onion, or leek blades, but if ye ride him soon after, they will come again in 4 days. Some do wash them with warm water, & shave away the hair, and race them with the point of a knife, & so heals it as the splint, and others do burn them downward, & some do cut them, and makes the windgall start out, and heels it with pitch, & rosin, mixed & laid to. Also ground ivy, & wormwood, with the roots sod in wine, and laid too.  
The selander is a soreness much like the malander, and is a 
Selander in a horse.  scab in the bought of the hough, of the hinder legs, for as the malander is in the bought behind of the forelegs, so the sallender is in the bought before on the hinder legs, & it cometh for lack of rubbing, and by evil keeping without any rubbing or dressing when he hath traveled, and as ye heal the malander, so must ●e cure this sallender.  
The Spavin is an ill soreness to heal, and there be two kinds of them, the wet and the dry. The dry is a h●rd 
The spavin in horses.  knob as big a a walnut, on the inside of the hoghes, under the joint, and some will have two spavins appearing on both sides of the joint, which is a hard thing to be healed, and it will cause the horse to halt. Some do suppose it cometh by kind by the horse that begot him, but it cometh by extreme labour, and heats, by increasing a humour to the master vain, in feeding the place with evil humour, & groweth to a hard bone wherein the cure is hard. The cure. Some do wash it, and then shaves away the hair, and opens the skin upon the vain a handful above the knee, and cuts away the vain between both the strings, and where the highest of the spavin is, there part the skin the length of a date, and with a sharp chizel half an inch broad strike it clean away the bigness of an almond, and take two penny weight of Uerdegreace, with a Smiths nerual, mix them together well, and put it therein and so heale-it, Another: some do after they have washed and shaven it, race the place with a sharpeknife, and they take half a dram of cantaradice, with an ounce of Euphorbium made in powder, with as much oil of Bay, and mix them altogether, and to lay thereof to the sore the space of 2. days, in shifting it each day once. Then after two days anoint it every day with fresh Butter to make the hair come again. Some do fire him on both sides without tainting, and so takes up the master vain, and so anoint it with butter nine days after, unto the fired place do begin to scall, and then boil of sage, and of nettles of either a handful, with four handful of mallows in water, and then put too a little butter, and there with bathe him every day once for three or four day still the burning be whole, & let him not wet his feet in this time.  
The wet or soft Spanin groweth likewise on both sides of the hough behind, and is a soft swelling and 
Soft Spavin.  some do call it a thorough Spavin, and commonly it is greater on the outside than on the inside. This will be always soft, and is more easier to be cured, and cures it, as the hard spavin.  
The curb is an ill soreness, appearing on the great sinew, 
Curb in a horse.  behind under the hough, or camerell place, somewhat beneath the spavin, it will swell on the sinew, and after a little labour, he will halt thereon, and then the more labour, the greater grief. And this is gotten by bearing some heavy burden when as he is young. Or by some wrynch or some great strain, and that place will show bigger than the other. The cure is is ill if it remain long. But take a pint of the lies of wine, with two handful of wheaten flower, with a handful of cummin, then mix them all together over the coals, and being warm, plaster wise, lay it to the grief, in changing it for the space of three or four days, once a day, till the swelling do go away, and then draw it with a hot iron all over, and then plaster it with pitch and resin melted together, and so clap it to warm. Some lay flocks it on of the horse colour, and so plaster it to. Let it remain till it fall of itself away, and keep his feet dry for nine days or more after. And he shall do well.  
The pains is an ill soreness, and soon healed, it breedeth in 
Pains of feet,  the pasturne under his fetherlock, and will grow to a scab full of scalding and fretting water, which cometh for lack of rubbing and clean keeping in that place, after his travail and labour, by some dirty sand remaining in that place, which breedeth a scab. Therefore look to your horses that hath long hair in that place, for they will soon have it. The cure: Some do wash it with beer and fresh butts good and warm. And first they clip away all the hair, saving the fetterlocke: Then they take honey, turpentine, and hogs grease in like quantity, in mixing them together with a little Bolarmeniac, and two yolks of eggs, with so much wheat flower as will thicken it, and then plaster wise lay it to, and lap it thereon with some other cloth to keep it fast, and shift it once a day, till it leave watering. Then wash it with piss till it be dried up. Another. Take and chafe his legs with a hay rope till they bleed, or wax raw: Then take a little sharp mustard, bean flower, and fresh grease, with a little fenigrick, mix all together in a dish, and make thereof a salve, and therewith anoint his griefs. And when that place is dry, take honey, and the white of an egg, and fresh butter, temper it together, and anoint the said place therewith. Let him stand dry, not laboured nor lead to water till he be whole. Another. If they be green and new, ye shall take but beef broth, and therewith wash him, and then anoint it with soap: use this iiii. or v. days and he shall do well. Another. Plunge his feet in scalding water twice or thrice and bathe the sore with hot scalding water, then have ready a hard roasted egg, cleave it in the midst, and clap it to as hot as ye can, and let it lie bound all night. Use this once or twice, and ye may ride him on the next day.  
The scratches is a long scurviness right behind the leg. from the fetherlocke up to the knee or hough: The hair will stare, ye may easily perceive it if ye take up his leg, and shed the hair, and ye shall see it scurvy all under. The cure, wash it with men's urine warm, then take black soap, mustard, and vinegar of each a like quantity, and mix therewith of an ox gall, then stir them well together, and chafe and rub the place therewith, and bind thereto a cloth, so use it once a day till it be whole. Then anoint it with neat's foot oil, to supple the the sinews again.  
Another. Take the finest hay ye can, and burn it to ashes upon a fair board, then mix it with neat's foot oil. and make a salve thereof, then all to rub the sores until they bleed almost, and then anoint them with the said salve, and rope his legs, and keep them dry in the stable, and keep him so iii. or iiii. days and he shall do well. Another. Take turpentine, honey, and hog's grease, with two or three yolks of eggs, with some powder of bolarmeniac, and bean flower, mix all well together, in shedding the hair, anoint therewith all over well to the bottom. Use this till he be whole, and let him come in no wet. This soreness comes also for lack of rubbing, and keeping clean after his travel.  
The King bone, is also an ill soreness, it will appear above the fore part of the hooves, and some will be round above the joint, the hair will stare, and rise on a bunch, and there will resort a thick and a slimy matter, it cometh by some blow of some other horse treading, or by striking one leg against another, in process of time it will become hard like unto a bone, and it will make him to trip and halt, and ye shall see it higher than the hoof, if it grow in any other part of the legs, than it is called a knob, and no ring-bone. The cure: wash it well with warm water, and shave that place the hair clean of, and race it with a sharp razor and make it to bleed. Then take an ounce of euphorbyum, half an ounce of cantaradice, and beat them in fine powder, and take oil of bay an ounce. If the grief be but smally grown, take the half of each, and boil them all together, in stirring it well. And with a feather lay it boiling hot on on the sore, and stir him not for half an hour, then let him be in the stable, and use him thus nine days in ordering him as ye do for the splint. Then when the hair begin to grow again, ye shall fire it in down strokes with a hot iron in three or iiii. places like lines, till the skin look yellow, from the pasturn to the hoof, and then lay molten pitch, and resin, on flocks of his colour, and so clap it to, and let it so remain till it fall of itself away. Also some do say the ringbone cometh of a blood in a young horse, which they help thus. They knit fast a shoe maker's thread above his knees, and let it so remain for a space, and that will stay the course of the blood, if it come of blood, but this must be done at first before it grow on the horse foot. Of the foundering of a horse, there is a foundering in the body, by eating suddenly to much provender afore he is cold, after his travail, which for lack of digestion do breed ill humours, and taketh away his strength, and thereon he will be so feeble, scant able to stir his joints, or being down, not able to rise, so troubled with pain not able to stale. There is a foundering for a horse to stand still in the stable, and not stirred. There is also a foundering, in letting your horse drink by the way when he is hot. A saying is: ride him in the water but to the pasture, and let him drink being hot, he founders, ride him to the knees, he founders not, ride him to the belly, he founders, which comes by sudden cooling in his body, which causeth a waterish humour to fall down to his legs and feet, and will make him cast his hooves. Some do founder but afore, and sometimes on all four feet: and some say a horse may be foundered in traveling on hot sandy ways, and suddenly to ride him but through a shallow water, ye may founder him also, by taking cold after a great heat, or by standing still on the stones or cold ground, he being hot, or in a cold wind.  
The foundering in the body, the signs are these, his hair will stare, he will seem chylly and shrink together of all four, hanging down his head, forsaking his meat, with quaking after his drink, and within three or four days he will fall a coughing. The best remedy is to purge him, by some glister, or by purging otherwise.  
The foundering in the feet, the signs are, he will (within xii. or xxiiii. hours after) crouch on his hinder legs, and 
Foundering in the feet.  his fore feet will be so stiff, that he is not able to move them, and go as though he could not well tread on the ground, and ready always to stumble. Then shall ye immediately garter each leg a handful above the the knee or hough hard with a list. Then walk and chafe him to put him in a heat, and when he is warm, let him blood on both the veins on the breast, and keep the blood, and take a quart or two of that blood, with two quarts of wheat flower, half a pound of bowl armeniac, half so much of sanguis draconis, with five or six eggs, and a pint or more of strong vinegar: then mix them well all together, and chafe all his shoulders, back, loins, breast and fore legs therewith, and then walk him on some hard ground, and let him not stand still: and when all the gear is dry, ye shall chafe him with more, and renew it again, and so walk him three or four hours after, and then set him in the stable, and give him a little warm water mixed with some malt, and give him some hay and provender, and then walk him again either within the house or abroad if it be not to cold. And thus ye shall use him for four days, and when all your ointment is spent, then clothe him warm and let him stand and lie warm, and let him eat but little meat for iiii. days.  
If he mend not then, it is a sign the humour is in his feet, then must ye take of his shoes and search with your buttres and pair his soles afore in the midst of his toes, till the water and blood come forth, and so let him bleed well thereat. Then stop it with hog's grease, salt, and bruised nettles, or with turpentine, and hog's grease so melted together, and laid to with flax, and some do but stop his feet with stamped nettles, salt, and hog's grease, but first tack on his shoes, with a leather, and then stop him, and put under the shoe a thin piece of stiff leather to keep in the stuff, and let him run to grass, and then shift it once a week till he be whole. If ye let him run a quarter, he will be the sounder. Also some say, if ye let him blood soon after he is foundered above his hooves, that will help him from any further danger. Another way. Others do cut the skin on the insides, or on the fountain of his legs, the length of a finger, and fills a hollow straw with quicksilver, and make it fly abroad, and so let him remain till he be whole.  
Of graveling a horse, is a fretting under the inside and out 
graveling a horse.  side of the foot, which will make him to halt, therefore he will covet to go on his toes. They are small gravely stones coming under the shoe, betwixt the foot and the calking of the shoe, or chrushes, and by long travail it will eat into the quick. And whereas the shoe lieth flat to the foot, there it will soon gravel, and will not lightly forth again, and it is soon mended at the first. The cure: ye shall pair the hoof, & get forth all the gravel clean, for if ye leave any gravel it will breed to a soreness called aquitter bone, and then must ye stop him with turpentine, and hog's grease melted together, and laid on tow, or flax, then clap on the shoe, and keep it stopped, and shift it every day till it be whole, and let him come in no wet. If ye stop it not well to keep down the flesh, it will rise above the hoof, and then shall ye have more business, and put your horse to more pain.  
The interfering of a horse comes to some by kind, & oftentimes it is for lack of a skilful smith by ill shoeing, for he will 
interfering of a horse.  beat one foot against another, against the fetherlockes, on both the inner sides thereof, both behind and before, and by long beating and chafing one foot against the other, he will beat of the skin, and make it to bleed, and when sand goeth in it will fret and chafe it, but he that is a skilful smith may help it in shoeing, if there be any help to be had, for by paring and shoeing he may help it. The cure. Take may butter if ye can, or else new fresh butter, with a quantity of yellow resin, as much naruoile, then fry them all together in a pan, and then let it stand till it be cold, and put it in a pot, and put to a little cow dung, and anoint therewith, and if ye bind it to, this will heal the prick of a nail also.  
The colt evil is an ill disease, & cometh commonly 〈◊〉 young horses, and is by some rankness of water and blood, or else 
the colt evil.  by abundance of seed stopped, and so corrupteth in the yard, & some geldings are troubled therewith as well as stand horses, specially those which have a string it will swell very big, and cause his belly to swell. The cure: ye shall wash his sheath with warm vinegar, and draw forth his yard and wash it also. Then ride him into some water up to the belly, & make him to swim if ye can in some river, or ride him deep in water, and turn and toss him therein, & that will lay the heat of his yard. Use him thus once or twice a week, and he shall do well. Or bathe his cods and yard with the juice of housléek, and he shall do well Or wash his cods with water that kineholme is sod in. If a horse be galled in the pastern with shakel or lock, or with some halter, if the place be fretted sore, ye shall take honey and vardigrease, and boil it together till it wax red, and therewith anoint the place: (it is very good also for algallings on the wethers.) and after ye have so anointed it, straw thereon fine clipped flax or tow, and make it stick the faster on. Use this once a day till it be whole. Or ye may take that ointment afore mentioned against interfering, and it will also heal it.  
There will be horses and mares oftimes lousy, which cometh 
Lice on horses.  either by poverty, cold, or il keeping, & most commonly among young horses, wherein many make small account thereof, because it may be soon cured, yet they may soon die thereof. The louse will breed most commonly on the neck: If he have louse: ye shall find them in his fore top, and about the ears, and on the tail, and sometimes over all the body, and they make him very poor, and the skin will cleave to the ribs, and he will be always rubbing and froting, in breaking all his mane and tail, so he will eat well, and his meat doth not prosper him. The cure: ye shall anoint him with soap and quicksilver mixed well together, and to one pound of soap take half a dram of quicksilver, or the powder of privet leaves mixed with oil, and therewithal to chafe him all over. The taint is a soreness which comes by over reaching the hinder 
Taint in a horse.  feet on the crushes or veins on the fore feet. If they are behind, they come by the treading of some other horse, and it may be soon cured, it will swell and be sore.  
Some do use to wash the place with warm water, and then shave all the hair, and race it with a razor, and make it to bleed. Then take cantaradice, and euphorbium of each an ounce, and put thereto a quantity of soap, and lay it on the sore, and let him rest in that place half an hour, then lead him to the stable, and standing without litter, and use him as for the splint afore said. The next day dress him so again: on the third day begin to anoint him with fresh butter the space of nine days, and make him a bath with three handful of mallows, a rose cake, and a handful of sage, boil them all well together, and put thereto a good piece of butter, or a pint of salad oil, and wash him therewith every day for three or four days and he shall do well.  
A horse when he is frayed, it is an ill soreness, and it cometh by great labour and fast riding with a continual sweat, suddenly a great cold, which will make his legs stark, and the skin of his back and sides to cleave to the bones and flesh, and it cometh by standing in the cold after his labour, or in some cold rain: which will cause him to be hide bound. The cure, ye shall let him blood on both sides of his flanks under his belly: then take two. ounces of cummin, of aniseeds, of liquorice made in powder, mix them all with a quart of ale or white wine, and give it him warm: then rub and chafe him all over with your hand half an hour space, than set him up warm, and litter him up to the belly, and cover all his back with a wet sack, or such like, so gird him and stuff him well about the back. Those use hima week space, and give him warm water mixed with some ground malt. It were good also if ye did anoint all over his body with salad oil, and wine, mixed warm, or with butter and ale warmed, which is very good to lose and supple the skin.  
The cloying of a horse is an ill hurt, which cometh by evil 
Cloying a horse.  shoeing of an unskilful smith, in-driving a nail in the quick, which will soon cause him to halt, to try which nail it is, ye shall perceive by holding the shoe with the pinsars, and strike on that side of the hoof with the hammer against each nail, and the hoof will shrink whereas the pain is, then take out that nail. But if he halt by and by after, then take of the shoe, and open the hole till it bleed, and pour in scalding hot turpentine, wax, and sheeps suet melted together, and then clap on his shoe again, for so it will little hurt him to travail thereon: but if it first rankle, then must ye cut out the hole, and use the said medicine daily till it be whole, and let him come in no wet. Some do but pour in daily of boiling butter into the raneled hole, and heals it with that only, and other do burn the hole, by and by with another nail, and that will help also.  
The cords of some cold seruse, is a sinew that makes a horse to stumble, and often trip, and ready to fall, and it is afore on the further leg, nigh the horse body: and there are few horses but taste somewhat thereof. It is cured in two places. One is, they slit the top of his nose, and there with a bucks horn he takes up a gristle and winds it out iiii. fingers, and slits it in the midst, and let's out blood, than he binds it in two places, three fingers asunder, and cuts two inches of between, and knits those ends again together, and then heals him with healing salve, and this shall help him.  
Surbat is a disease in the foot, when the hoof is beat against the ground, and a flat footed hoof being 
Surbating a horse.  tender is apt unto the grief: Sometime the shoe lying too flat, or the horse being long unshod, may soons Surbat: Ye shall perceive it, for he will halt commonly on both his fore feet, and creep as though he could not go, like the foundrined horse. The cure is easy. If his shoes be not fit make them fit, and pair his hoof but little, and make them large and easy, and hollow, and tack them on with four or five nails. Then shall ye stop his feet, with bran, and hogs grease boiled together, and laid to hot, and so with the same cover all his hoof all over, and bind it fast on with a cloth, in shifting it once a day till it be whole, and give him warm water, and also let him stand warm and dry likewise till he be whole and sound.  
Against the blindness in horses, some horses will wax suddenly blind, which is gotten divers ways. He may 
Blindness in horses.  become blind of a strain, or by great labour in carrying a great burden. He may wax blind by some stroke in the eye, but taken betimes there is remedies. The cure. If the sight be gone, and the ball of the eye sound, ye shall take a quantity of may butter, with a quantity of rosemary, and a little yellow resin, with a quantity of Selandine, then stamp all together, and fry them with the may butter: Then strain it and keep it in a close box, for it is a jewel for the eyes that are sore, to have it always ready. And this is good also for all cuts being never so evil, and is good for the pin and the web in a man's eye.  
Against weeping eyes, wash or spurt it with warm white wine twice or thrice a day: also seth the white of an egg in water, and mix it with cummin, and lay it to all a night, or more as ye shall see cause. Also ground ivy beaten and mixed with wax and plastered to, or wormwood sod in wine, and bathe it oft therewith.  
And when his eye is stricken with whip or such like. Ye shall open his eye lids with two nippers of wood, made for to hold fast the eye lids, (like a pair of barnacles for the horse nose) and then to hold them open, and with a quill, blow in some beaten salt, or sandever.  
Ye shall blow in the juice of the roots of selandine into his eye: or the juice of the roots of rue, called of some, 
the pin and web in the eye.  herb grace. Also make an hole in an egg, and put forth all that is within it, and fill it with pepper, and put it in some pot of earth, that nothing come unto it, and put it in some pot of earth, that nothing come unto it, and put it in a burning oven, till it be white hot. Then take it forth, and beat that pepper to powder, and blow thereof into the horse eye. Another proved. Take a pebble or paving stone, as the Romans used to pave with: and beat it unto a fine powder, and bolt it thorough a fine cloth: and blow of that powder into the horse eye twice a day, till it be whole. If ye will make it stronger, put the powder in a new wooden dish, and cleanse out all the greatest with your finger, and take the finest, and that will heal any pin or web in horse or man.  
If blood appear in the eye, ye shall take the white of an egg, beat it, and lay it to with tow. Another. The tops of haw thorns boiled in white wine, and laid to.  
For a hurt or stricken eye, ye shall take a small loaf of bread, and pull out all the crumb, and fill the loaf full of burning coals, until it be well burnt within. Then take of that crust, and put it in white wine, and put it on the eye: Use this often. Then take soap water and cold water mixed, and wash the eye brows therewith. If it go not away open the vain of the head that leads to the. If his eye be rubbed or chafed, ye shall let blood of the eye vain, and wash his eye with cold soap water, and put a small splenter on his eye, and he will do well. And to help the red eyes, ye shall lay a plaster of red ointment or red lead.  
Or take the juice of plantain, stamped and mixed with white wine and laid to. For sore eyes, stamp strong nettles and strain that with beer, and thereof spurt it into the horse eye, twice or thrice together. Then put of the powder of sandever finely made into his eye: Or blow thereof into his eye. And see that your horse take no wind or cold of his eye, until he be whole again. If ye must ride him soon after, put a cloth afore his eye of woollen. It were good to let him blood on the vain under the eye, and then twice dressing will suffice.  
A fistula is an ill soreness to heal, and often times breedeth through gallings and chafing sores, which for lack of 
Bistula in horse.  looking to betime, it groweth to a fistula. The cure. First search it well with an instrument of lead, that may bow each way to the bottom of the wound: then finding once the bottom: If ye can cut it out round to the bootome with a razor, and take it out, and feel with your finger if there be any flesh amiss, gristle, or bone perished: If there be, ye must cut it out. Then mix the powder of verdigris and honey together, and boil them till that it look red, and stir it still for burning to: And being lukewarm, dip a tent of flax therein, and tent him therewith, and lay a bolster of flax thereupon: If that will not abide, lay on a plaster of pitch, and sow it fast cross thereon, with a pack thread or other such like, which ye may so tie it, that ye may remove and open it at all times, and see that ye change your tent once a day till it leave mattering, and always make your tent less and less till it be held up: and in the end sprinkle a little unslekt lime thereon to close it up. But if this will not heal to the bottom, to dry up the matter, ye must pour in some stronger water, and so use it twice a day till it be whole.  
Another. Take two quarts of white wine vinegar, of camphor half an ounce, of mercury precipitate half an ounce, of green treacle three ounces; of red sage a handful, of yarrow and ribwoort of each a handful, of honey half a pint, of bores grease half a pint, boil all these together till a quart be wasted, and with this ye shall wash and cleanse the wound. Then to heal the same ye shall take oil of roses, virgin wax, resin, of each a quantity, of turpentine trivenian v. ounces, the gum of ivy, of dear suet, boil these together, and dress the wound first but with the water, until it gather to a white matter, and then dress it with your salve till it be whole.  
And for a fistula in the head some do say: Take the juice of h●usléeke and dip therein a lock of wool, and put 
Fistula in the head.  it in his ear, and bind it fast. Use this once a day, and ye shall see experiences.  
Another. After ye have cut out all the rotten flesh, bath it well with the grounds of ale, made warm, and then wipe the blood clean away. Then take butter, resin, and frankincense a little, and boil them all together, and boiling hot pour it into the wound, use him thus once a day and this will heal it also.  
If there be any inflammation behind the ears, or that it grow to any inpostumation in that place, ye shall boil the roots of mallows in water till they wax tender, them bruise them and strain out the water clean, and warm give it unto the horse.  
The lampas is a light soreness to heal, it cometh by the abundance of blood, and is afore in the ruff of the mouth, 
Lampas in a horse.  they will swell and be so sore, that he cannot eat his meat. The cure is. Take a hooked knife made very sharp, and made very hot, and therewith cut the swollen places in two parts, cross against the teeth, but if they be but smally swollen, then cut but the third rank from the teeth, and so let them bleed well, then rub it with a little salt, and let him go.  
If a horse do piss blood, it cometh by some sore strain, 
Pissing blood.  or ouerladen by some heavy burden, or else being too fat, or some veins broken. The cure: ye shall let him blood, and boil that blood with wheat, and with powder of dried bark of the pomgarnets, then strain it and give it him to drink, three or four mornings, and let him not travel thereupon. And some do but let him blood in the pallet or ruff of the mouth  
Also others do give him of husked beans boiled with the husks of acorns beat small and mixed therewith. Use this as ye shall see cause.  
If a horse have received any venom in his hay, or any 
Horse venomed.  venomous beast have bitten him, ye shall perceive by his eyes: his head, and his body will swell and much shake. The remedy is to run him till he sweat, then strait way draw blood in the pallet of his mouth, and so much as he bleedeth, let him swallow it down hot.  
If he bite of adder or snake, ye shall take a live cock and clean him in the midst, and all hot clap it to the wound. Some take but a pigin, and open her and clap it to, and thereupon give him drink made with a pint of strong wine and some salt. Or take the root and leaves and fruit of bryony burnt to ashes, and give unto the horse a good spoonful thereof in a pint of good wine.  
Also if the horse have eaten in his meat any hen or chicking dung, it will cause him to have the bloody flux, or the trenches, which is small worms, or a crowling in his belly or guts. Therefore keep poultry out of your stables, if ye love your horses.  
Also puddle or dunghill water is unwholesome for a horse 
Water not good for horse  to drink of. Or where geese, or ducks do use. For it will corrupt their blood, and breed a plague. Therefore if ye can, let them drink little thereof. And against the hen dung, and drinking such water, ye shall use to give them quarterly, of the herb Angelica, and of Smallage, made in powder. And give announce thereof in a pint of good wine, mixed with a little honeyed water. Then walk him till his bellyswage, or till he make his dung.  
And when soever a horse is in danger of the pestilence called Phibula, they are preserved by the separating asunder 
Pestilence in horses.  from that place. Which disease cometh divers ways, as by heat and overmuch labour: by hunger. And being hot, to drink cold water: Or sudden chafing after long rest: which things breed the pestilence. It is a disease hard to know: but when one dieth, there will soon follow another. Then the best is to separate them. And to make them a drink of bayberies, myrrh, aristolochia, and gentian, with the shaving of ivory: of each alike, made in powder, and give to each horse a spoonful thereof in a pint of wine, or ale. Use this as ye shall see cause. Or ye may give them of treacle in wine, or ground ivy in his water and meat.  
The yellows, is an evil soreness in a horse, and it is a kind of the jaundice, gotten by cold. His body and eyes will show yelaow. And also his skin will be yellow. 
Yellows in a horse.  In a young horse it is soon had, by taking of cold after a heat. Or it may come by stopping of the bladder, or gall: or his liver inflamed. And likewise a horse getteth the black jaundice, if black choler abound in his body. And then he will not lie but stand.  
The cure. Ye shall minister unto him a glister, and rake him, and let him blood on both sides of the neck, and of the nose. Some do take saffron, and turmeric and mix them with milk, and gives it warm. But first let him blood on the nose, or in the roof of the mouth. And then put of the juice of selandine into his ear, and bind it fast and in twelve hours after, then ride him a little, and then keep him warm for two or three days after, and let him have white water warm, and this disease doth often breed the staggers.  
The Staggers is an ill soreness to heal: It will make the horse to hold down his head: And also he will reel to and fro, and forsake his meat, and this proceedeth of the yellows, and of a corrupt humour in the brain. His sight will be dim, and he will be heavy in going.  
The cure. They do let him blood in the temple vain, and also cut the skin on the fore top, and with a bucks horn doth raise it up towards the head three fingers or more deep. Then to melt turpentine, and hogs grease together, and dip a tent of flax therein, and tent it therewith, and use this once a day till it be whole, and make the like issue on his poll behind, and give him warm mash, and walk him softly once a day.  
Another. Ye shall put a spoonful of the juice of selandine into one of his ears, and so bind it fast, and so let him remain and he shall mend.  
Another. Put a little of white salt into his ear, and then put in after a spoonful or two of fair water, and then knit fast his ear that he cannot cast it out. This is a used medicine for this disease, and a most certain help.  
If any horse chance to be gored with a stake or otherwise, ye shall take and cast him, and open the wound as much as ye may. Then take fresh butter, and boil it over the fire, and boiling hot pour thereof into the wound, and make it run to the bottom of the wound if ye can, and let him so lie, that it may go to the bottom. And then let him rest till the next morning, and use him so once a day, till he be whole. For this will heal him without any other thing.  
To cast a horse or other beast, ye shall bind first his head with a strong halter unto some post, or tree, than  
English saffron alike. Some of these, or so many as ye shall think good, made in fine powder, and mixed with ale, and given warm, in using as afore is mentioned.  
Colts are oft pained in the gums and teeth when 
Colts pained in the gums and teeth. Fever in colts.  they grow, ye shall take of good chalk with strong vinegar mixed together, and rub the teeth and gums therewith, and they will mend. The fever is helped by letting blood on the middle vain on his thigh, four fingers under his tuel, or else take the vain in the neck, and for his drink ye may mix the juice of purselave, gum dragant, frankincense in powder, with a few damask roses, and give him this in a quantity of honeyed water.  
Against faintness and weakness about the heart 
Faintness and weakness.  of a Horse, ye shall keep him very warm, take an ounce of myrrh, two ounces of gum dragant, two ounces of saffron, one ounce of the powder of melilot, one pound of the herb Mercury, the powder of frankincense according to the rest, then mix altogether, and make it in fine powder, and take two spoonful thereof, and give it with a pint of homed water, and two spoonful of oil of roses. Use this once a day till ye see him amend, this is also good to strengthen the reins and back, and slackness of other members. Against heat in a horse: if it be in Winter, ye shall give him three ounces of salad oil, with a pint of red 
Of too much heat in a horse.  wine: if it be in Summer, give him two ounces of oil, with a quantity of wine.  
The barbs are two tettes under the tongue, if they 
barbs in a horse.  grow long, they will hinder the horses feeding, and they do use to clip them with a pair of shears, and then wash it with water and salt, and so they will heal.  
For the itch in the tail, ye shall anoint it with 
Itch in the cayle.  soap, and then wash it with strong lie. This will help against the scab, scurf, and and worms: and against much wearing of the tail, keep it always wet, with fair water. The itch may come of trunchins in the fundalent, and then ye must rake him, for that is a good help.  
Also they say if a Colt do not cast his milt when he is 
Folling of colts.  fold; he will not live long after, but die suddenly within few years after, there is no horse that doth live long, which hath any milt in him.  
Also for the shooing of a Horse, me thinks it is convenient 
Shoing of horse.  that the husbandman should understand somewhat thereof, although in many places, they do know better than some Smiths. For in most places of England the Smiths have small skill thereof, but after a common sort: how to shoe every Horse as he ought to be, they know not. Which knowledge doth consist in divers points, as in good stuff, in making fit, shoes for overye horse foot, in driving the nails right, and also the making thereof in paring, and leaving the hoof where it ought to be, always having respect thereunto. For there is as great a respect unto the paring, as in the shoeing, because of the diversity of hooves, for some be round, some long, some short, some smooth, some rough, some tender, some tough, tome flat, and some hollow: and broad hooves commonly have narrow heels, which will be soon weak to travel, or to carry his shoe long: and in going low on his pasterns, he is apt to surbat and gravel. The rugged horse is not so much apt to surbat or gravel, but it is a sign of untemperate heat, and drought, which makes the hooves brittle. A long hoof commonly treads on the heels and pasterns, which breedeth wyndegalles. A broad crooked hoof without, and narrow within, it makes him splayfooted, and treadeth more inward than outward: going with his joints close together, maketh him to enterfeere, and so become same. A broad foot inward, and narrow outward is not so hurtful, but on the outside he will soon gravel. A flat hoof not hollow within, is like to a unperfect hoof. A hollow hoof will wax soon dry, and that causeth hoof bound. And the strait, upright, and narrow hoof, will wax soon dry: except he be stopped, will soon be hoof bound: which will cause him to be so lame, that he cannot tread sure. And whereas the frushes are broad, the heels are commonly weak and soft, so that ye may easily crush them together, and those horses will never tread well on stones, or hard ground. And also where the heels are narrow, they are commonly tender and hoof bound.  
The hoof ought to be pared even, that the shoe may fit close and just thereon, not being in one place 
Faring the hoof.  more higher than another. And because the weight of the body afore lies most on the heels. Therefore to favour them, take as little as ye may, but the toes being thick and hard, may be taken the thinner, and the paring of the hinder foot, is clean contrary to the fore feet: as afore is showed in driving the nails, saying: before behind, behind before, which is, beware the two hindermost natles on the fore feet, and the two foremost nails on the hinder feet.  
In shoeing the fore feet, make your shoes, with a broad web, and with thick spoonges, meet in all places, 
shoeing the fore feet.  somewhat appearing on the outside of the shoe: And when ye nail or set on the shoe, spare not from the mids forward, but beware backward towards the heels, and ye shall pierce the heals wider on the outside of the shoe, then on the inside, and more distant from the toe, than the quarters, because the hoof is more thicker forward then backward, and more hold to be taken, the nails would be made stiff with square heads, and with sharp points, and meet at the head to fill the holes of the shoes, standing a straw breadth without the shoe, and so will he stand most sure without shaking, and also will last longer. But that order most Smiths do little regard, but to dispatch and away, and when they pierce a shoe, they commonly make the inside as broad as the outside, and their nails are made with such great shoulders, they cannot sit well thereon, nor enter close into the holes, awayle well made should have no shoulder at all, but still lesser and lesser toward the point. For otherwise he will stand so high, and the neck thereof being weak, soon doth break, or else bend at every light stroke, as I have oft seen the trial, and the shoe thereby soon lost.  
The nails also would be made flatter on the one side 
Nails to be made.  than the other, with a small point, and stiffer still towards the head, and when ye drive, strike softly first with a light hammer, till it be well entered. Some do grease the points (for a tender hoof,) to go more easter, and first ye shall drive the two hoof or side nails of each side one, then look if the shoe stand right or not, with the spoonges right on the sides. If not, mend it, and drive your other nails, and set down then his foot, to see if they be all fit and well placed, and the horse to tread even thereon. If not, take up his other foot to make him stand more stiffer thereon, and with your hammer strike where the shoe is scantest, to make it yield that way. Then drive all the rest of your nails, so that the points on the hoof may come out even and just, not out of order like the teeth of a saw, and ye shall clinch, so as the points mayebe hid in the hoof. Some do cut the hoof a little beneath the nails, and so do clinch. Then shall ye pair and rape the hoof round, so that it may be even round with the shoe, which some supposeth to be best.  
By paring the broad hoof, not yet fully grown flat, it may be helped by a skilful Smyth, die diligent 
Paring & shoing the great hoof.  paring and shoeing, and at the toe, let him take as much as he can, but touch not the heels, except to make the shoe sit plain: yet let the hoof continue strong, and make your shoe with a broad web, and strong, with broad spoonges, and from the tacks nails to the heel, let the shoe appear a straws breadth without the hoof, set on with five nails on the outside, and four within, because he weareth more outward than inward.  
To pair the rough and brittle hoof, he is commonly weaker on the outside, than the on the inside: and 
Paring the rough & brittle hoof.  that is, because they are commonly hotter than others, and their hooves may be somewhat more opened, to be the more easier stopped with Cow dung, or to anoint, to keep them always moist. If a hoof be ragged on the outside, it would be wrapped and made smooth, and often to be stopped or anointed with neats foot oil, or Turpentine, sheeps suet, and salad eyle boiled together, which will make it tougher, and to shoe a brittle hoof, ye must make a mean shoe, not too light, nor too heavy. For a heavy shoe he will soon: caste and set it on with seven, or nine nails if it be a large hoof, five without, and four within.  
All long hoof may be helped by paring much the 
To show along hoof.  toe. For the shorter the hoof is made, the better it is, and a long hoof hath commonly a weak and slender leg. But a short hoof hath commonly a strong leg, and the long hoof having a weak leg, is forced most to tread on the heel, and on the pastern. Ye shall pair the rest like the perfect hoof, and ye shall shoe him as round as ye can at the toe, whereby the breadth may take up the length. If his hoof be narrow, let his shoe bear somewhat without the sides, in making the heels deeper for eight nails, and set the shoe backward enough, because he treadeth much on the heel, and it will be the better.  
How to pair a crooked hoof, ye must look where it is least worn, and pair that even with the other, not 
To pair a crooked hoof.  touching whereas it is worn, unless it be to make it plainer. Ye shall make his shoe strong with a broad web, not piercing the holes, till ye have made it fit for his foot, and then make them as ye shall see cause, and pierce the holes on the inside, more towards the toe, than the outside. And where the hoof is weakest, there let the shoe be strongest, set on with nine nails, five on the stronger side, and four on the weaker.  
To pair the hoof called a pomest hoof, or flat 
To pair the flat hoof,  hoof, ye shall pair him plain for the shoe, taking somewhat of the toe, but touch not the heel or ball of the foot, but leave it strong, and ye shall shoe him with a very broad web to cover the weak sole the better, and make the mids of the web more thick than the outsides, and set your shoe on hollow, that it touch no part of the ball of the foot, and see it to be large and long in all parts, to be the easier. Pare him round at the toe, and favour his heels, and make it with ten holes, five on each side.  
The hollow hoof, ye shall pair round, but 
the hollow hoof,  chiefly the seat of the shoe, about the edges, that the hollowness be not made too deep, the which ye shall keep always moist, for fear of being hoof bound, and ye shall pair him plain in all parts like unto the perfect hoof, and ye shall make his shoes light thereunto.  
To pair the hoof with broad frushes, he had 
the broad frushe.  little or nothing there to be touched, but taken at the toe, because of his weak heel. And ye shall make his shoe to lie even thereon, leaving his heels as strong as ye can, in making his shoe stronger towards the heels, than the toe: and the web of the shoe somewhat broader towards the heels, to save them from the ground, and give him nine nails, because they have commonly a broad hoof, the rest use in all points like the perfect hoof. 
the hoof with narrows heels.   
The hoof that hath narrow heels, ye shall pair him short, and make the seat of the shoe plain, and ye shall open it between the frushe and the heel but a little space, or so much as may be suffered, for the less ye take of the heel, the better for the Horse, and ye shall shoe him light in a broad web, and make the spoonges so broad as they may almost touch, and ye shall pierce the shoe more towards the toe, and spare the heels as much as ye can, in making it long enough towards the heels, and setting it on with eight nails, for the perfect hoof.  
The hinder foot is clean contrary to the paring of the fore feet, for the weakest part of the hinder foot is before 
Shoing the binder feet.  on the toe, which must always be more spared than the heels: and ye shall pair them in all points according to the perfection and imperfection thereof, as unto the fore feet. Ye shall also show them as is aforesaid: But always make the shoe strongest towards the toe, because it is the weakest part of the foot, and ye shall make the outside of the shoe always with a Cawkin, and not too high, but agreeing to the spoongye side, not sharp, but rather turned up somewhat flat thereunto.  
If your horse halt, make his shoe with a false quarter, 
Shoing with a false quarter.  not touching the sore place. If he halt not, then make his shoe with a button shouldering on the side next the toe, to defend the same, so it touch not, and ye shall pair him as afore expressed, and with this shoe ye may travel at pleasure.  
The Horse that doth enterfeere, he is commonly 
Shoing for enterfeering.  higher hoofed on the outside, then on the inside, and therefore always the outside would be taken more, and yet be left somewhat higher than the inside, in making the shoe fit, and thicker on the inside, than the outside, and without a Caulkin, for that will make him but tread awry, and the rather to enterféere: but let him be ridden afore you, and then mark where he toucheth most, and in paring him there, ye may ease it much, and also by shoing.  
The paring of the hoof bound, ye shall pair the 
Paring the hoof bound.  hoof bound at the toe, as short as ye can, and some what within on the sole, but open well his heels. ye shall make his shoe like the half Moon. Also it have been often seen by negligent and unskilful Smiths, by paring and shoeing, many horses oftentimes have taken hurt. Also by the unskilful and negligent keepers, for want of rubbing their legs, and stopping their fore feet: for the hinder feet are commonly kept moist by means of dunglying at their heels, and wet by their pissing thereon. Whereas the fore feet stand commonly dry, which maketh them to be hoof bound, and brittle hooved. Therefore a good keeper will see to stop them from time to time with cow dung, for that is best. And to wash their hooves with cold water, and sometimes anoint them with soupling oils, as neats foot oil and such. Or with turpentine, and kept 
An ointment for the hoof.  to anoint therewith at all times convenient: and this will make the hoof tough and strong, and keep them from being hoof bound or brittle hooved. Thus much have I briefly touched as concerning the paring & shoeing of horses, with the diversity of hooves. He that is desirous to understand further herein, let him read master Blundefieldes Book of Horses, and there he shall find written all things more at large, but this shall be sufficient for all husband men.  
Also husbandmen say, the chiefest time for mares to be 
Covering the Mare.  covered, is from the end of the first quarter unto the full of moon, or at the full, for those colts shallbe more stronger and harder of nature. Also if a mare have take the horse and is knit within her, if then another horse do cover her, he burns her, and she will die thereof. Also it is not so good for mares to be covered after the change, for those colts commonly will be nesh, and tender, and soon take surfeits, and likewise those mares that are covered after the full. Also mark in the wane, in what time the mare was covered, about the same time of the moon she will foal.  
Against the scab, 〈…〉 lling, or strain in the legs. 
For the scab swelling or strain.  Take two pounds of Narual, two pounds of black soap, a pound of boors grease, melt and boil them all well together, then strain it, and so let it cool: and when ye have any need, anoint and chafe your horse legs therewith, to make it sink in the better, anoint him first with naruoyle, in holding a hot frying pan near his leg, and so chafe it in, and then use the rest. So done, keep his legs cle〈…〉 from dust, wrapped with some linen cloth.  
To heal the cratches or pains on the legs, put a 
Cracks pains.  hundredth and twelve black snails in a new canvas bag, with a pint of bay salt, and then hang them against the heat of the fire, and set a vessel of pewter under. Then keep that oil in a glass. Then cleanse your horse legs dry, and chafe them with this oil, and keep them clean after: dress him thus three or four days, and he shallbe whole. This must be done and made in May.   

To know where these diseases do grow on Horse bodies.  

Bags, is in the weeks of the horse mouth.  
barbs, are two teats growing under the tongue.  
bots do breed in the maw, and guts.  
Blister, on his body cometh with heat and cold.  
Camery, is in his mouth venomed.  
Colt evil, is a swelling of the cods.  
Cloving, is in the hoof of the feet.  
cords, is a slack sinew on the fore legs.  
Curb, is a swelling sinew, behind the hough.  
Craches, is a rough scurviness above the fetter lock.  
Enterféering, is striking on the joint above the pastern.  
fashion, is a scab or knobs breaking in divers places of his body.  
Fever, is a sickness taken with cold, & will make him shake.  
Fistula, is a deep rotten ulcer on his body.  
Founding, is taken by cold in the body, and feet also.  
Fraying, is a stiffness (taken with cold) in his legs and feet.  
Frounce, is pimples in the pallet of his mouth.  
Gyges' or flaps, is pimples or teats in the in side of his mouth.  
Glanders, are kernels under his jaws, and when they be ripe, they will run at the nose, and there break out.  
Gorge, is a swelling of blood in the legs.  
graveling, is taken in the feet.  
Haw, is a gristle on the corner of his eyes.  
Hid bound, is when the skin cleaveth to the flesh and ribs.  
Hoof bound, is in pinching of the hoof.  
Itch, is first in the tail, by excess of blood.  
Lampasse, is high flesh in the mouth, nigh the upper teeth.  
Mange, is taken by some venomed scab or biting.  
Malender, is a scab in the bought of the knees.  
Matelong, is pinching of a straight hoof.  
Mourning of the chine, is a wasting from the back.  
Navelgaull, is a sore on the back against the navel.  
Pains, is a soreness above the hoof.  
Pole evil, is on the nape of the neck, bred by stripes.  
Pin and web, is a white that covereth the corner of the eye sight.  
Rheum, is taken by cold, and so his teeth will wax lose, and seem long, by shrinking up of his gums, and then he can eat no meat, but lie in lumps in his jaws.  
Ringbone, is a hard rough gristle above the hooves.  
Quinsy, is a soreness in the throat.  
Selander, is a scab in the hams on the hinder legs.  
Shakel gall, is on the pasterns.  
Spavin, is on the joint in the houghs behind.  
Splent, is a sprainde swelling sinew above the setterlocke.  
Staggars, is a disines in the head, bred of cold, and yealowes.  
Strangle, is a swelling in the throat.  
Surbatting, is under the soles of his feet.  
Taint, is an overreaching of the hinderféete on the farther side.  
Uiues, is certain kernels beneath the horse ears.  
Windgalles, are bladders above the fetter lock on both sides of all his four feet.  
Yealowes, is a kind of jaundice, and will cause the eyes to look yellow, and other parts of his body also.   
AGainst blindness or pearl in the eye, or sight lost, if the 
Sight to recover.  ball be whole of the eye. First take a new laid egg, and put forth all within it, and then fill it full of bay salt. Then lay it in the fire till it be burnt black. Then take of, so much burnt alum as your thumb: then beat both those together into fine powder. Then melt a spoonful of fresh butter in a saucer, and then put a little of the said powder therein: and with a feather wipe his eye full thereof, and so the other eye in like case, and then open the first eye again, and put in a little more. So done, take two new laid eggs well beaten, and then take fine flexe and put therein, and let it drink up all the eggs, and therewith cover both his eyes. Then let him be hoded, and keep him blindfold, in dressing him thus once a day for a weeks space. Then take the first medicine again and dress him therewith but once in two days: and keep him hoded xiiii. or xv. weeks after. And this (if there be any help) will help him. But first let him blood on both temple veins of the eyes on both sides.  
The malt worm is an ill soreness on the foot, above 
Malt worms to help.  the hoof, which will break out in knobs and bunches with a watery humour. The cure. If it be in summer, take black snails, and burr roots, than beat them together and lay it thereto. And if it be winter, take scrapings of a pans bottom or cauldron, and put thereto a handful of the green or inner pills of elder, and beat them together, then lay of that to, and it will heal it.  
For the cratches, wash it well first with warm piss of 
Cratches to heal.  men, then dry it with a cloth, and clip away all the hairs on the scabs, then rub and chafe it all over, and make his feet fast, and rub it all over with tar and butter boiled scalding hot: with a clout tied on a sticks end, and bathe it well therewith. Use this till it be whole, once or twice a day.  
Against the inflaming of the cods, boil grunsel in 
cods inflamed.  wine and vinegar, and so bathe him therewith, or else ride him into a river.  
Against pricking in the foot to the quick, so that he do halt. The remedy, bruise a handful of red Nettles, then 
For a prick with a nail.  take black Soap and vinegar of each a spoonful, and thrice so much of Boor's grease or else of salt Bacon. Then beat them all well together, and stop the sore therewith, and it will not then rot no further but heal, though ye labour him there on.  
Against a lose hoof, take three spoonfuls of Tar, and 
Lose hoof.  a quarter of a pound of Rosin. Of Tansey, Rew, Sothernwood, Mint, of each half a handful, beat them altogether, and put half a pound of Butter thereto, with a penny weight of virgin Wax, and fry it thick altogether, and plaster it on a linen cloth to the hoof, seven. or viii. days, and it will be fast again.  
If any cart Horse or other fall to be blind, and may not 
●ies blind.  well see, ye shall do no more but rub two dry tiles together, and take the finest powder thereof, the finer the better, and blow thereof with a quill into his eyes, use him so twice or thrice, and this will help. Oft proved.  
The stand in the foot or pastern is caught, when a 
The stone in the Pastrone.  Horse stumbleth or falleth, or to step his foot awry in a hole, and so wrench it therewith, and stonied in the pastern. The remedy, seethe a quart of brine, till the foam rise, and then strain it, and put thereto a handful of tansy, as much of mallows, with a saucer full of honey, and a quarter of a pound of sheeps tallow: stir them all well on the fire till the herbs be well sod, and all hot, lay it to the joint, and sow a cloth all over, and it will be whole in three days.  
The camery is a sickness gotten by eating of moist hay, 
The Camery to help.  that cats and other vermin have pissed on, whereby his mouth willbe so sore that he cannot eat. The remedy, let him blood on two great veins under the tongue, and then wash it with salt and vinegar, and give him new bread to eat, but let it not be hot, and he shall do well.  
The trenches are small worms with sharp ends, 
trenches to help.  somewhat longer than botts, and breeds in the guts, by eating mouldy bread or hay, or musty corn. The remedy, take therefore a quart of cold wort, and give it him to drink, but let him stand meatles all a night before, & after his drink, give him no meat two hours after, and he shall do well.  
For a Horse back that is swollen, take honey and tallow even portions, and boil them together. Then plaster 
Swelling to help.  it on a linen cloth and lay it on the sore place, and let it so stick on till it be whole, and it will heal it. Also another to assinage a swelling is: take the urine of men, and boil hay therein, and being well boiled, clap the hay on the grief, and keep it warm, and it will help. If a Horse back be swollen and chafed with the saddle and no skin broke, wet a little hay in cold water and clap it on, and set the saddle thereon again by and by, while he is hot, and it will be well: and the skin will fall down again.  
If a Mare colt be spaide within nine days after it is 
Spaide Colts and Geldings.  fold, she will prove (as some have tried,) fair, gaunt, and well to travel and labour, and also to journey. As for the gelding of Colts, I have spoken sufficient afore in the book for ridder bease, therefore I will here let it pass. He that will understand more hereof, let him resort unto those places aforesaid, and there shall he perceive more thereof.  
In the beginning of this disease it shallbe necessary to 
Mourning of the chine.  let him blood on the brisket veins and pastern veins, and to feed him with sundry change of meats, and in any wise to keep him warm clothed and stabled, and let him drink nothing but warm mashes of ground malt, giving him these medicines following.  
Take of Wormwood, Pensedanum, and Centory, of 
Another for the chine.  each like quantity, see the them in wine: then strain them, and power thereof often times into his right nostril: and ye shall see a strange experience to cure him.  
In some places husband men do use for want of hay, 
Chaff to feed Horse.  to give them in the winter oftentimes chaff. Of all kinds of chaff the wheat chaff is the best, and most heartiest: but all other chaff mixed together, as rye, wheat, barley, oats and pease, being well cleansed and given with dried beans or pease is good. But before ye mix your beans or pease therewith, ye must sift out all the dust clean from your chaff. Or else it will breed in your horse, the stopping of the reins and bladder, and also the cough, & ill blood to increase.   

Of stabling a Horse from grass.  
WHen ye take him up from grass in winter, ye shall stable him on a dry day, and see that he be dry taken up into the house. For if he be wet taken up, (as some horse masters say) it will make him scabby, and breed him full of louse. Also if your horse be still fed, and standing in the stable without now and then riding, or stirred once or twice a week abroad a mile or two, if he be not thus used, he will wax purcie, and be in danger of perishing his wind. Therefore to use to ride him a little, it shallbe best once a week at least.  
To pluck forth of the foot, stub, thorn, or iron, ye shall 
For nail, iron, or stub.  take the roots of reeds, & mix it with honey, or take snails called slughes, without shells, and stamp these all together with some butter, then fry them in a pan, & so lay that to the place, and it will draw forth any thing afore said: and when it is drawn out, ye shall lay thereon the white of an egg on tow, the space of xii. hours after. Then take wormwood, marieram, pimpernel, cainomile, dried olib●num, and beat all into a fine powder: and boil them softly with some wax and boors grease, till they wax thick, and so make a plaster thereof and lay it too, and so heal it therewith.   

For to help the mangy on horse.  
TAke of fresh grease a quantity, & scrape therein of chalk, then mix it well together. Then put thereto of the powders of brimstone, and ellecompane root, & stir it well. Then take a quantity of quick silver, & kill it with your fasting spittle, or with fallet oil: and mix it with the rest, all very well together, and so anoint it. And this will kill the scab or mange in horse or other beasts.   

The properties of a fair Horse.  
To choose a good horse and a fair, he ought to be of a good colour, having a short hair, a small lean head, with a broad forehead. Also with a merry look, and wild of countenance, a stout heart, and hardy withal, a small mouth, and long rained, with a white in the forehead, and wide betwixt the jaws; with open nostrils, a round chin, stiff and small prick ears, great eyes, broad breasted, low brawnde, broad ribde, with round sides, thin crested, strait backed, with two good fillets, a short rump, fat & broad buttocks, with four good and sound legs standing up right one against the other, small knees, little round cods, thin legs short and black, and round footed hollow and rough, with a short pastern, a white foot, and great sinews, a stiff dock, with a long tail, a short trot, well pased, easy to leap on, still chewing on the bit, soon stirred, swift of foot, to turn on a little ground, and durable in journeying, these are the chiefest properties in a good and a fair horse.  
Also there be colours of horse which are esteemed one above 
Colour of horse of best proof.  another, to travail. The best colour is counted the brown bay with a golden mouth, and also under his flanks up to his navel of the same colour. Having riveled lips, which is a sign of fierceness, and likewise to have for his beauty, a white in his forehead, or a white feather on his nose, either else a white foot behind, with a small head, short ears, wide nostrils, great eyes, broad forehead, long rained, and thin mane, and the mane hang over the right side, large breasted, side brawnde, lean and small knees, lathe legged, great sinews, short pastern, deep ribbed, short loins, broad hollow footed, with a swift & large pace, small cods, and standing upright, and open of all four legs, one against another, and of sight to be sound. And these are counted the chiefest properties of a good and fair horse.   

Sad sorrel.  
ANd next him is the sad Sorrel with a flexen mane, and a flexen tail, having a wall eye on the farther side, with a black hoof, for than is he like to be good.   

Dapple grey.  
NExt him is the dapple grey, with dark dapple spots on his limbs, and having a hairy neck, with a thin tail, and to have on the one side of his neck or both, hairy feathers like unto crowns, Then is he like also to be good to travel.   

Fleabitten Horse.  
ANd next unto him is the ●leabitten, with a thin crest, having black eine, black hooves, with the like properties unto the Horse, for than is he like to labour and also dure long time.   

Dunne Horse.  
NExt unto him is the Dunne with a black list on the back, and also to have a thin black mane, and a black tail, and a thick hair, having also rough cods and hairy, with other like properties of the brown bay, then is he like for to do well.   

The white Horse.  
NExt him is the white Horse, for he commonly is of long life, but he hath a nice and tender body, and also dangerous to keep: for if he be not well cherished and clean kept, he will soon alter and decay, yet having the like properties of the first Horse, he will then labour well and truly.   

The mouse dun.  
ANd next unto him is the Mouse dun, if he have a meal mouth, and rough cods, with a thin mane, having the like properties of the first Horse, so is he then like for to do well.   

The black Horse.  
THe black Horse is next unto him, with a white in the forehead, or a white feather on his nose, or else the further foot white behind, then is he likely to do well.   

The coal black Horse.  
NExt unto him is the coal black having no white spot on him, which Horse (as some horse masters say) is perilous to keep: for if he continue long with a man, it is marvel if he drown him not, or hurt him by some other way, or else the Horse to come to small profit.   

The iron grey Horse  
NExt him is the iron grey, which is counted the worst colour, for the iron grey Horses are commonly faint to labour, and ill at all assays, for although he be fair of body, he may in no wise away with any great labour. As for other colours skewde or spotted Horse, some chance to be good and some bad, wherefore there is no certainty in them, but if the sire be good, the other may follow. Thus much is spoken to be marked of the colour of Horses. Also if ye put a white Horse to cover a coloured Mare, she shall have commonly a Colt of a sandy colour, like an iron grey, neither like the sire nor yet the damn: yet many Mares will have a Colt like the Horse that got it.   

A Horse without warts.  
THere be some Horse that have no warts, which is counted a great fault, and yet that is no manner of soreness, hurt, or disease. But if a Horse want his warts on his hinder legs beneath the spavin place, if he then be wild, he is no chapmans' ware, but if he be well broken and tame, and have been ridden before. Then a saying is, beware the buyer: for he hath his eyes to see, & his hands to feel. There is a saying among husband men, for when that horse have lived so many years, as the Moon was days old, when he was foalde, he shall suddenly die.   

A Horse forspoken a disease.  
WHen as your horse eyes doth water, and that he do therewith begin to mourn, it is called of some husbands, forspoken. The remedy is, ye shall take a latin nawle, or bodkin, and dash it through both his nostrils above, between the gristle and the bone of his nose, and there will come forth plenty of ill water and blood, which there have been congealed: when this is done, ye shall stop both his ears for a day and a night with black wool. So done, then unstop it again, and let him blood on both his sides, and also on both the veins under his ears, and so he shall amend and do well again.   

The usual places to let blood.  
THe chief places for letting blood are these, the two veins under his eyes, and the veins between his nostrils, and the gristles of his nose. Also the veins in the mouth and under the tongue: & the two veins of both sides of the neck which to be launst a handful from the head. And likewise on the chalk veins. Also the two great veins on the sides, and the two branched veins that leadeth from the cods. And again, the two veins under his tail, these are the chief and common places which do serve for to let blood against most diseases. And this I think here shallbe sufficient for letting of blood.   

Against the Glanders.  
THere comes oftentimes unto young horse of four or five years old (by catching cold after his labour) a kind of glanders, and it will on a sudden raise aswelling under his jaws and on his jaw bone, which swelling at the first will beverie hard, without great heat: and there will remain and breed to some other sore, if ye help it not. The cure. Ye shall take hogs grease, and make it very hot, and so all hot ye shall rub and chafe the sore and hard place therewith, twice or thrice a day, use it, and that will mollify it, and at length it will so break and run, and so heal again.   

To heal the mangy on a Horse.  
YE shall take of lamp oil, the fine powder of brimstone, of black soap, of tar, of barrow hogs grease, and the soot of a chimney, of each a like. And then mix them all well together, and boil them together, and then anoint the place therewith as hot as he may suffer it, and use this, and it will help.   

Against the mourning of the Chine.  
TAke a peck, or half of oats, and boil them in running water till half the liquor be consumed: and then put them into a bag, and lay them all hot upon the navel place on his back, and there let it lie thirty hours, and so dress him therewith three or four times, and ye shall see experience.   

For a Horse that is hide bound.  
WHen a horse is hide bound, ye shall perceive it by plucking up his skin on his sides. If his skin be lose, he is not hide bound, but if it stick close to his sides or ribs, so that ye can scant take hold thereof, than he is hide bound, which is commonly gotten in winter by lying wet, and having small store of meat, which maketh him very faint. The remedies are, ye shall let him blood a little, and then give him warm mafhes morning and evening. And white water, which is water and malt Mixed together, or bran. And give him also sodde wheat, mixed with bran or sodde barley. Use this as ye shall see cause, and he shall do well.   

To plump or puff up a lean Horse, in short time.  
THe best means to puff up a lean horse is, to see the barley in water till it be soft like firmity, and thick withal, or to see the wheat likewise. And give him thereof always before his watering, not after: for than it will do him no good. For this the husband man saith, all dry provender or corn after watering to be given, and all sod corn afore watering, specially barley, and wheat being sod.   

Against any galling or fretting through the skin of a Horse.  
IF your horse chance to be fretted with halter or other cord, clean through the skin, ye shall take but vinegar and soap, and heat them well together, and stir it with a stick or cloth, and then all to rub and wash the said fretting or galling therewith: use this twice or thrice a day, and it will dry it up within two or three days, and it will heal again. For this is the husband men's common medicine, and well proved. If there be galling on the neck, ye shall stamp the leaves of bryony, (called the hedge vine,) and mix it with wine, and plaster it too, and it will help.   

How to take out the haw in the Horse eye.  
THe haw breadth commonly (as cunning horse Leches say), by rankness of blood, and gross phlegm, which by heats doth breed unto a hard white gristle: in the forecorner of the horse eye, which will at length, make him to lose his sight, if it be not soon remedied. The cure.  
The surest and best way to take forth the haw, and not perishing the horse eye, is this. First, (for the more safety, tramel his legs on the one side. Then put a pair of barnacles on his nose, and another on his farthest ear, and so let one hold them fast. Then the master doth put a needle with a double thread through the top of his ear, on the same side the haw is. And then from thence, he putteth the needle through the edge of his eye lid, on the midst thereof, and so draw up the lid towards the said ear, and then fastens the thread and cuts it off. Then knits his thread again, and says to his man hold fast, (for fear of starting of the horseꝭ, the needle head may put out his eye.) Therefore to work sure is best. Then the master waits when the horse turns his eye, and when the said how is most seen, than he catches hold thereof with his fore finger and thumb, and plucks it forth a little: and puts his needle through the outer end of the gristle, and so draws it farther out by the threads end: and then wraps the rest of the said thread about his little finger of the same hand, he puts out the inner side of the gristle which is towards the horse eye, and with a very sharp knife, he cuts cross the gristle, and easeth finely away the skin and fat thereof, on the said haw. And also round about it, which is called the wash of the eye: for if that be cut away, the horse will be blear eide. Therefore ye must leave all the skin and fat about the said gristle, and take away but the tip, or out end thereof with the said gristle or haw,) which the thread hath hold of: but take not too much hold with your needle and thread. Then being taken forth, cut off your thread that holds his eye lid, and pick out the ends thereof out of his eye lid and ear, else they will afterward trouble him, and also pluck away all the long hairs about his eyes. Then soon after, as the horse eye do gather to some blood and matter: ye shall take your mouth full of beer, ale, or wine, (and open his eye) and spirit therein once or twice together, and with the side of your hand strike down the blood and matter out of his eye. Use him thus three or four times, until his eye wax clear, and so it is done, ye may give him what meat ye will after.   

For the Trenches and long Worms.  
TO kill the trench worm, or long worms, ye shall take the powder of worm seed finely searst, two spoonfuls, and put it in a pint of malmeste, and mix it well together, and let it stand to soak all a night, and give it your horse in the morning, and keep him without meat and drink four hours after, and he shall do well.   

Tongue of Horse to look to.  
YOu that use to keep horse, must take often their tongues forth, and see if there be any thing breeding under his tongue, for a husk of horn, or seed of hay, which will trouble him, and soon breed to a blain or other soreness under the root of his tongue.   

Horse eyes often looked unto.  
YOu that keep horse, must often look unto their eyes, for commonly when a horse eye do shine and look with a fiery eye, or fiery colour, he hath something that troubles that eye. Also let all beware of putting the powder of burnt salt, or the powder of ginger, into the horse eye, for those (at length) will make him blind, because they burn.   

To kill the maungie on a Horse.  
YE shall take of quick silver a quantity, and kill it in oil of bay, mi● it so long till ye have 〈…〉 do it like the 〈…〉 e, so that ye can see no part of the quicksilver, and therewith ye may anoint the places infected, and it will heal it.   

For the Glanders.  
TAke a quantity of aniseeds, and liquorice, and Elecampanie roots, long Pepper, garlic, all alike, with three or four new eggs, and some butter, a quantity of Aquavitae or Malmsey, and some good stolen ale, mix all & make it warm, and so give it, then walk him, and keep him warm.   

For the Scraches.  
TAke stolen of men and warm it, and wash therewith down to the hoof, then take a quantity of mustard, of strong vinegar, grey soap, of barrows grease, and some quicksilver, mix all together, and therewith anoint.   

For the bots or Worms.  
TAke of black soap a quantity, and make in three balls, and mix with it a quantity of salt, and wormeséede beaten, and then open the horse mouth & take forth his tongue, and put those balls one after another into his throat, and make him to swallow them: then give him after them a pint of stolen ale warm, then walk him a while after, and he shall do well, or give him of a tanner's fat.   

To heal a sore and a galled back, and also to heal the dead flesh.  
TAke a handful of Bay salt, a handful of great and small Oatmeal, and put a quantity of stolen thereto, and stir them altogether, and temper it like pap or paste, and then make round balls thereof: then throw in a hot coal of fire, and make them red hot, and then cool them, and beat them to a fine powder, and then straw of that powder all over thereon, so oft as ye shall see it bare, or shall have any other cause, and this will heal it.   

For the yealowes.  
YE shall open his mouth, and, and cut (with the point of a knife) the third barb in the roof of his mouth, and let him bleed well, then take a halfpeniworth of English saffron, a pennyworth of Turmerick, & a new laid egg with the shells and all small broken, and mix it in a quart of stolen ale or beer, and so give it to the horse. Then chafe him a while after and set him up warm, and he shall do well again.   

Another way.  
TAke a little of fenugreek, a quantity of Turmeric, a pennyworth of English saffron, two pennyworth of long Pepper, a quantity of bay leaves dried, of Annisédes, and grains of each a quantity, than beat all unto fine powder: then mix it with stolen ale, and so give it unto the horse fasting. Walk him a little and set him up.   

For the Cough.  
TAke a gallon of fair water, and make it ready to seeth, than put thereto a peck of ground malt, with two handful of box leaves stripped and chopped small, with some groundsel, then do mix them altogether, and let him drink thereof Evening and morning. So use this as ye shall see cause, or to mix your box leaves with ●ates and bittony, is likewise very good, and after to be kept warm.   

To kill worms.  
TAke the crops of young broom, and of savin, and groundsel, of each a quantity, than chop them small, and give it with his Provender evening and morning, and let him not drink for a good space after, and he shall do well again.   

To kill the Farcie or Fashion.  
TAke a sharp knife and cut the bu●ches over, and take the powder of white Arsenic, and straw thereon, and use it on each place, where ye shall see any of the bunches to rise, with letting blood by, it will kill them at length.   

For quarts or chinks in the hoof.  
TAke half a pound of Frankincense, a pound of Rosen, a pound of pitch greek, half a pound of black pitch, a pound of new wax, a pound of goats grease, half a pound of varnish, half a pound of Turpentine, two ounces of oil olive, and melt them together, and lay it to the hoof plasterwise, and this will help it, but let him not go into any water or wet, for three or four days.   

For the morefounding or glanders.  
TAke lunature scorii, of baccarum laurii, of Aristolochia rotunda, of Gencium, of nux muscata, of each two ounces, than beat them altogether into a powder, and then put them into a pint of white wine, and give it warm to the horse, and he shall amend.   

To help wind galls.  
TAke Arsenic, of Soliman, of Rezalgar (which are corrosives) of each a like quantity, than beat them together into a small powder, and mix that powder with oil of bays, and shear the hair off from the windgal, as broad as it is, & lay of your stuff thereon, so let it lie four & twenty hours. Then after do anoint them with boats grease, and that will heal it.   

For a galled back.  
TAke the white of an egg and salt, with some oatmeal beat altogether, and make it of a lump, and cost it into the fire and make it red hot, and cool it again, and beat it & it willbe a black powder, and straw of that powder thereon, and it will heal it.  
If he be galled and festered on the side, take but yeast, & honey, the white of an egg, and soot: blend them altogether & make a plaster thereof, and lay it too to eat away the dead flesh, than straw lightly thereon a little verdegreace, and so ye may remove it once a day.   

A very good way to destroy the vives.  
IF the Uiues be rank in a horse, ye shall bow his ears forward, and gripe him with your fingers under his jaws, & ye shall feel as it were a hard roll of flesh like a gristle. If that come up or nigh to the root of his ears, them it is perilous, (as afore is showed.) The cure. Ye shall cut a small hole with the point of a knife, on the end next his ear, or in the mids thereof open a hole, and pick out three or four kernels thereof. Then put of bay salt or other into the hole, and so they will consume and wear away, this way of doing there will be no scar to be seen in that place.   

To help a horse somewhat foundered.  
Pluck of his shoes and pair hollow his feet nigh to the quick, then raze him with a crooked lancet from the heels to the toe in 2. or 3 places, & raise the hoof on both sides of your races & let him bleed well, then clap two or three hard eggs as hot as ye can, and as these do cool take new, and lay hot horse dung thereon and about his hoof, and so he shall soon recover and be well again as before.   

To know the age of a horse.  
YE must feel of his bridle teeth above, at a year old he will shout forth a tooth, at two years two teeth, at three years four teeth, at five years five teeth above. A mare that hath bridle teeth above, she will bring few colts or none, and when his vain tooth is with an edge toward the fore teeth, he is eight years.   

A drink to comfort a horse.  
YE shall boil in ale great raisins the stones taken forth, of liquorice and aniseeds in like quantity, of cummin, and salad oil, strain it and give it with a horn, or take also of turmeric, fenegreke, aniseeds, liquorice, and salad oil, let your powders be searst very fine, & mix them all milk warm, and so give it with a horn.   

To heal an impostumed wound.  
TAke and hollow two or three great enyons, and put therein a curtsy of bay salt, and a little hole saffron, and so roast them under the embars, and plaster wise lay them all hot on the wounds. If ye would have the skin of, make a plaster of Cow dung sodde in milk and clap it too, for 24. hours, which will take away the skin putrefied. But the other will heal all wonndes alone by itself.   

The Horse tongue hurt with the bridle.  
YE shall boil in water of woodbine leaves, of black brier leaves, of primrose leaves, knotgrass, with some honey sod, & then put to a little alum, & once or twice a day to make it lukewarm, and wash his tongue therewith, with a clout tied on a sticks end, and this will soon heal it again.   

For a Horse that doth tire on the way.  
TAke & slice a piece of fresh beef, and lap it about his bit, and fasten it with a thread, and then bridle him, & ride him, and he will not lightly tire.   

To help a horses mouth venoumed called of some the Camery.  
THe Camery is a disease in the tongue and lips of a horse, which hath eaten some venomed grass or hay, that dogs or cats have pissed on, which will make his tongue to have like cliffs and scabs, and his upper lip under to be full of black whealkes or pimples, which will let him to eat hardly any meat. The cure is, ye shall take out his tongue, and prick the veins under the end in six or eight places, & so under his upper lip, and let him bleed well, than all to rub it with salt, than the next day wash it with some vinegar, and rub it again with salt, and he shall do well again, and give him warm drink a day or two after: Duoth Sharp.   

To help the bags in the mouth of a horse  
THe bags, or geakes is an easy soreness to heal, which is hard gristles, being on the insides of a horses mouth in the weeks of his lips or mouth, which will often go between his teeth, and trouble him that he cannot eat, nor chew well his meat. The remedy. Ye shall take forth his tongue, and put a rolling pin of wood under, so hold it out on the contrary side, then shall ye with the point of the shears clip an inch long of that inner gristle clean away, them turn his tongue, and do the other side of his mouth likewise, and then rub them well with salt, and let him go, and they will shrink away, and the horse shall do well again.   

A proved medicine to kill mangy on a horse.  
TAke a pound of black soap, a pottle of mustard, four pennyworth of brimstone made in fine powder, three pennyworth of quicksilver well killed with fresh grease, two pennyworth of verdegreacen, a quarter or less of a pint of grease, stir all these together in a vessel, till the grease and other things be melted with labour, and without fire, and therewith anoint the mangy sore, but first let him blood, then after two days, wash it with the water that young broom or At semanacke herb hath been well sodde in, and smally chopped, and mixed with a little powder of soot, and let those seeth well together, and this will help him with once anointing, and twice washing.   

To ripe an impostume in any outward part.  
Seethe mallow roots, and lily roots in water, bruise them and mix them with porks grease, and put to of linseed meal, and plaster wife lay it to, against the impostume of a cold cause, seethe white mints in wine and oil, or ale and butter, & so lay it too. This will destroy and waste a hard impostume.  
Also for a cold impostume stamp cuckospit with old grease, and so plaster it on, & this will waste it also. Again, against a hot impostume, stamp liverwort, and mix it with the grounds of ale, & it will help, or bruised with mallows at the beginning, mixed with hog's grease, and all hot laid to, will ripe an impostume, or the grounds of ale or beer, boiled with mallows, & bathe it therewith hot, and plasterwise lay it on the swelled place, and it will disperse and waste it away in 2. or 3. days. Also balm stamped and mixed with hogs grease, & so plastered, will ripe & disperse any cold impostumation. Against a hot rising or swelling, bruise of lettuce seed, or Popie seed, and mix it with oil of ree roses, & so plaster it on, which will help if it be taken betimes. Thus much for swollen places and impostumes.   

For a horse that is pricked in a joint among sinews.  
TAke of rosin, pitch, turpentine, and Sanguis draconis, then melt these together, and clap it somewhat warm on the place or joint: then take of floxe and put upon it, for that will clean too and defend it, and this will ripe it and cause it to run, if any thing will dye it, for there is not found a better way to help a swollen joint.   

Against stiffness of sinews and joints.  
Seethe black soap a pound in a quart of strong ale, till it wax thick, like tar, then reserve it and when ye shall see cause, use to anoint the sinews & joints therewith, and it will supple them, and bring them again although they be shrunk. This is as well for man as for beast.   

For a horse that hath a canker in his mouth or throat.  
A Horse that hath a canker, or is venomed in his throat and mouth, he cannot swallow his meat, but it will lie in his jaws on both ●es his mouth, and oft when he have chewed hay, he will put it out again, and his breath will savour very strongly before meat, and having this grief he will never prosper, but pine away at length. The cure. Ye shall cast him, and open his mouth with a pin of wood, then take a crooked kith iron, wrapped with tow on the end, & therewith rake out all the stinking grass or other meat that lieth in his jaws, and under the root of his tongue. So cleansed clean all about, ye shall heat strong wine vinegar somewhat warm, and wrap your irons end with tow, and dip it in the vinegar, than all to chafe his jaws on both sides a good while, and also the roots of his tongue, when ye have so chafed him well. wash his tongue therewith and so let him rise, because his mouth will be sore for a week after, ye must give him mashes, and grains hot, or such soft meat, but no hay, and he will do well again, god willing.   

Foundering of a strait shoe.  
IF ye let fore shoes remain above a month, if ye so journey him, ye may founder him, which ye shall perceive in tavell by the way, for he will often trip on those feet or that foot which is most grief unto him, therefore remove them betimes, or else he will founder and halt down right: then the shoe must be removed and let blood in the too, and some do stop it with bruised sage, & so set on the shoe again, and let him so rest for three or iiii. days or ye can ride him, them may ye ride him softly and he will do will.   

A proverb among husbandmen for the breed of a colt.  

IF thou have a fool with iiii. white feet, keep him not a day.  
If he have three white feet, put him soon away.  
If he have two white feet, lend him to thy friend.  
If he have one white foot, keep him to his lives end.    

To make a horse to scour.  
Give him one ounce of the powder of brimstone, finely beaten in a mash, with some powder of spurge.   

Against worms in the cods.  
SOme horse will have worms in their cods, and when they do abound, if he be not remedied, he will die of them. And these are the signs: he will scratch his belly with his feet, and his hair will stare there, and wax more grayer than before. If ye help him not before they pierce his belly and guts, he shall hardly escape. They are bred by evil meat, and fault of drinking good water. The cure. Ye shall cast into his mouth fasting, the guts of a young pullet, and make him to swallow it down in holding up his head: do this three mornings, and let him not eat nor drink of v. hours after very little. Also some do use to bruise french broom, and give it among good provender, and salt water to drink. Others do also give the horse of green branches of willow, or Sallow, or reeds, and in digestion of his meat he shall cast out those worms.   

To help sinews troubled with humours.  
Boil the meal of lineséed and honey in like portion together, with some white wine, and make thick as a plaster and so put it on: and ye shall see it come to good proof.   

Against shot empoisoned  
WHen a horse is hurt by some poisoned iron, or shot, take the sweat of an other horse, with toasted or burnt bread, mix them together with men's urine, and make the horse to swallow it down, and put grease of a hog into the wound with the like mixture, and he shall mend.   

Falling of hair in a horse tail.  
THe falling of hair commonly is when he hath to much blood, or when he traveleth to much on the way, or is beaten on the tail, whereof comes sometimes scabs with shedding his hair. The cure. If this hap in the tail, ye shall raze the out part unto the midst of the fourth bone or joint of the tail, and take forth that bone called of some barivole, which ye shall take out clean, and betwixt the senture and the body be coctures or strings some what deep, which ye shall softly touch with a hot iron, and a little salt, and in each fent ye shall gently put a broach of wood, which must remaive ix. days, if they fall not away of themselves.   

The canker in the tail of a horse.  
THere comes a disease in the tail of a horse, called (in french) Langie: and will eat the flesh of his tail in manner of a canker, so that the hair will fall away, for the bones are corrupt. If yet see not unto it betimes, all the tail will corrupt. The cure. Make a head bolster of cloth very strong for it, and wet it in vinegar within and without, and so bind it fast on the sore, and alway when it waxeth dry, ye must wet it again.  
Do this twice or thrice a day, if it be done oftener, it is the better. So shall ye continue for three or four days, and then ye must heal it as ye heal a green wound.   

For a horse evil disposed and very heavy in travail.  
YE shall cut the skin between the fore legs, and then make a ring of a vine branch, and put it into the cut place betwixt the skin and the flesh, (like a rowel) and then he shall travel surely again.   

For a horse that is to fat to make him lean.  
TO make your horse lean, that is very fat, ye shall give him bran mixed with honey and warm water, and so it shall abate his fatness without travel.   

To know the differences betwne a horse bewitched and other soreness.  
YE shall mark this in a horse (as in other cattle) that when they be sick or diseased naturally, the grief will often times altar again by little and little, and so to mend. Or else it will increase by leisure, and not to come so vehemently, as when he is bewitched. For the farcie in a horse will rise in knobs and bunches, and will so continue a long time or they break out. And yet the horse (so infected) will eat daily his meat: But if he be bewitched he will eat no meat, because he is so inflamed with such poison in his body, so that within xii. hours many die, or like to die. Some are stricken with knobs and bunches rising in their bodies, with lameness of linunes. Some with running at their nostrils matter and phlegm. Some their eiesswelling and hanging out of their head: with phlegm and matter roping and running. Some suddenly fall and so die. Some run about in fields as they were mad, and drown themselves in pits and ponds of water, with divers other infinite ways they use in bewitching men's cattle, which here I will pass over. But when ye shall doubt of any such thing: the best is to seek remedy betimes: or the poison go through his body. For if it tarry any space, it will be past remedy.   

Sinews and nerfes broken or bruised.  
IF Sinews or nerfes be broken or bruised, or hurt by some sore or otherwise, ye shall lay thereon the flesh of a tortue, well mixed and beaten, with the powder of mullen herb. But if the nerfes and sinews be bruised and hurt within, ye shall then burn it round like a circle with a hot iron in xii. small circles or less, and so he will mend again.   

An ointment to repair the flesh in a Wound.  
TO repair and to heal flesh in a wound, ye shall make this ointment. Take wormwood, pimpernel, callamint or ●ep, of balm, and wax, of each a quantity, beat them all together well, and then boil it over the fire until it be mixed well all together: then couch or steep a piece of linen therein, and lay it on the sore. This ointment healeth marvelous well, and repaireth the flesh again.   

To heal the canker on a horse.  
TAke the juice of daffodil roots seven drams, the juice of hounds tongue a like, of unfleckt lime iiii, drams, of arsenit powder two. drams, beat all these well together, and put them in a new clean vessel of earth close covered, then boil it till it be all resolved: first wash the canker wound with strong vinegar warm. Then fill the canker wound twice a day with the said compound, till it be killed, and fall away.   

Against tiring of a horse on the way.  
IF your horse chance to tyer on the way, if spur, and wand will not profit, ye shall put three or four round pebble stones into one of his ears, and so knit fast his ear that the stones fall not out, and they will so rattle within his ear, that he will then go faster if he have any spirit or power. Some do thrust a bodkin through the midst of the flap of his ear, and put therein a pin of wood, and ever when he flackes his pace, the rider will strike on that ear with his wand, and so he will mend his pace thereby.  
Also if your horse in travail do wax dull on the way, ye shall siice a piece of fresh beef, and bind it about his bit, and thereon he will che● on the way, whereby he will continue and travel well after.   

To help the found ring of a horse  
IF your horse be hot riding on the way, and you riding through a shallow water, letting your horse stay to take but a sip of water, it will founder him. Ye shall perceive it, for he will often trip under you within a quarter of a mile riding. The remedy. Ye shall let him blood as soon as ye can, on the to vain under of all four feet, ye may stop the blood with bolearmeniac, or but pinch it with your thumb and finger, both parts of the vain, the upper and the neither together, and that will staunch them, so you may ride your horse again on the morrow as safe as before. Well proved. But if he be foundered by heat of travel in hot sandy way, and not soon remedied, it will be long to heal: And perhaps ascend to the joint of the feather lock, and shrink the sinew, which will cause him to halt and trip. The remedy: take the roots of nettles, and hemlock, with elder pills, of each a handful, boil them tender in bores grease, or fresh barrows grease, so let him blood in the mids of his foot on the to vain, than bath & chafe his joint and leg therewithal about from his knee to the fetherlock, and then clap it to, & bind a cloth fast to, as hot as ye can, so use this once a day, till he be well, and this will help: well proved. And anonint his legs with suppling oils.   

For wolves teeth in some horse.  
Also some horses have wolves teeth on the upper jaws, & that horse cannot grind well his meat, because the flesh will thrust between, when he would griud, which will let him greatly for feeding. Which teeth some defile them smooth with a rape, and so after they will wear smooth, in doing this they do use to cast the horse.  
But if a horse do over reach his neither grinders with his upper, which ye mine féelle perceive by sight, or by feeling; for his upper teeth will lie over the neither like a bunch on his cheeks, and that horse cannot eat hay, or hardly eat any rough meat, but it will lie in lumps in his cheeks, and under his tongue, which grief is gotten (as some judge) by feeding in watery and mamish groandes in winter, & thereon comes looseness of tooth, and when a horse is so, there is no help or remedy that I can learn but this cast him, and prick his gums, and so let them blood, then rub them with sage, & salt, and so they will ●ast again: so use it viii. or x. days after. For the more surer, but to feed him with provender is best, as with bread, and grains, bran, ground malt, and such, which will be costly to keep: but so he will labour and serve a long time well. In summer ye may put him to grass, and so he will do well. Thus much for wolves teeth in some horse, and over reaching teeth, and also for loose teeth in a horse.   

Against the blood, or pleurisy of blood.  
THe disease of the blood is, some young horses will feed, and being fat, will increase blood, and so grow to a pleurisy, and some die thereof, if he have not soon help, he will sometimes stand and eat no meat, his eyes will seem red, his head and body hot, and he will look heavily, and suddenly in eating he will fall and die. The remedy is, ye shall let him blood on the liver vain, and so he shall do well again.   

For a horse that is swollen with much wind in his body.  
SOme horse with eating certain windy meat or such herbs, willbe so swollen therewith as the his belly would burst, & then he will eat no meat, but stand & hang down his head, ready to fall, and so die, if he have not speedy help.  
When ye shall see any horse so, the next remedy as I can learn i●ye shall take a sharp pointed knife, or bodkin, and arm it so with some stay, that it go not to deep, for piercing his guts. Then strike him therewith through the skin into the body, before the hollow place of his haunch bone, half a foot beneath the back bone, and the wind will come out thereat. Then if ye put a hollow evil therein, (or some father to keep it open a while,) the wind will void the better and so heal again. When a horse is so, some do rake him, and some do ride him, to make him break and void wind: but this hath been proved the best remedy to save your horse or ox.   

Against lose teeth in a horse.  
A Horse being grieved with looseness of teeth, he cannot eat but will fumble, and slaver his meat in his mouth, and may not swallow it down, but chew it and solely in lumps (for the most part) on both sides his jaws: The most meat he can swallow is grass, and provender. This disease is gotten by feeding in wet pastures and wet grounds in winter, and thereby his gums will shrink from his teeth, and so they will be lose and seem long.  
For some horse which hath been howsed in winter, will soon take this griefs, as the red sorrel, assoon as any other. The remedy. Ye shall let him blood on the vain under the tail nigh the rump, and then rub his gums with sage, tied on a sticks end. Also ye shall give him for a while, the tender crops of black briars with his provender, and so he shall do well again.   

For worms in the maw.  
IF worms be in the maw of a horse. Take great worms and cleanse them, and shells of eggs, beat these both togesmall with a hammer, and put to a quavite, and pepper, and so mix them all together, and being warm, put it down the horse throat.   

For proud flesh in a wound.  
FIrst ye shall wash the wound with wine, wherein is sob nettle seed Then straw thereon a little of the ●ine powder of verdigris: and this will take it away. Use this as ye see cause.   

To make a horse to scour or laxative.  
YE shall give him among his provender one ounce of brimstone beaten to small powder, and this will makes him to scour. Also some give a rye shefe, some make a drink with polypodium and spurge sod in ale, and the roots of the water flag stamped, and boil them in ale, and strain it, and milk warm give it, a pint thereof to each horse, fasting, and keep him warm after.   

Another way to heal the mange in a horse.  
LEt him blood on both sides the neck, if he be a young horse. Then cut the skin down the mids of his forehead two fingers broad, or long down right, then open the skin an inch wide on both sides the cut, and put therein thin slices of the green root of Ellecampane, or Angelica, which is better. So let them remain under the skin till the matter rot, then crush it forth in two or three days, and in xii. days the roots will fall as it healeth, and this will help: but ye must anoint the mange with brimstone in fine powder, with verdigris, oil olive, het and mixed all together.   

A perfect and proved way to heal the farcy or fashion in a horse.  
TAke three ounces of quicksilver, half a pound of hog's grease of verdigris an ounce, ye shall first kill your quicksilver in a bladder, with a spoon full or two of the juice of an orringe, or a limon, in rubbing and chafing them in the bladder till the quicksilver be clean killed. Then put your hog's grease in a mortar, or dish, with your verdigris, so beat them well together. Then put to your quicksilver, and beat them all well together, and so keep it, and when your horse hath them fashion or farcy, in rising on the veins like knobs and bunches, then anoint them round, and all over those knots or bunches. Use this once a day, or as ye shall see cause, for they will go no further, but grow to a matter, and when ye shall feel them soft, lance them, and the matter will run out, and so day by and heal again. Also in the 'nointing him, ye shall put into each of his ears one good spoonful of the juice of ragwart, some call it slylote, a weed growing in field: and this will help him in few days.   

Against the swelling under a horse jaws.  
FOr the swelling under or between the horse jaws: take his own dung hot as soon as he makes it, and with a cloth bind it fast thereto. Use this twice a day, and it will be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 husband ●mixe there with hot boiling piss of men, and so ●ay it to: and it helps.   

To heal a horse hurt with harrowtines or such like, on the legs or other parts.  
YE shall first wash the wounds with man's brin, and shall, then take the soft down of the stalks of herb benedictus, called the holy thistle, and therewith fill the wounds or holes, and so let them remain, and ye shall need no other medicine. For that will heal it alone only without changing. Well proved.   

To make a horse stolen.  
Mix wine and oil together, and rub and chafe it on his loins, or put a louse into his yard, or put soap in his yard, if these help not, squirt of honeyed water sod, then cold, into his yard with some salt. Another present remedy: If a maid strike him on the face with her girdle he shall stale.  
If your saddle do chafe your horse. Take an herb called arsemart, in latin Parcicaria, stamp it, and lay it to, which is a present remedy.   

Teeth changing or falling.  
A Horse hath forty teeth: in the thirty. month after his foling, he looseth two above, and two beneath. Again in the fourth year he looseth iiii. teeth, two above, and two beneath, on the fift year he casteth the rest both above and beneath, & those that come first be hollow teeth above. At vi. years his hollow teeth are filled up, and in the seven. year all the rest are filled up. Of this age ye can no longer judge by his teeth. But if ye pluck up the skin of his jaws or cheeks, if they fall soon smooth again, is a sign he is young. But if they fall wrincled, he is old. And like of other beasts. The horse groweth not after vi or seven. years, the mare groweth not after v. years. And to have them bring fair colts, let them not be horsed but every other year.  
FINIS.   

The Table of all the principal things contained in this Book for horses.  

A  
AGe of a horse to know.  
Asses how for to nourish.  
Age of a horse to know.   

B  
BAbbes or Gekes to help. 182  
Back galled to heal. 177. 163  
Barbs in the horse mouth to help. 154  
Blisters on his body to help. 110  
Blindness in a horse to help. 145. 165  
Blood how to staunch. 128  
Blood a disease how to help 191  
Blood how to let.  
Blood letting to know where. 128  
Bors or worms how to help. 133  
Bots another way. 177  
Breeding of colts.  
Brittle hooves how to help. 153  
Brittle hoofed horse to pair. 158  
Broken winded horse to help. 130  
Broad hooves how to pair.   

C  
CAnker in the mouth & throat. 184. 189  
Camery to help. 166. 182  
Canker in the tail. 187  
Cart horse how to use in travel.  
Cart how to prepare in travel. 120  
Casting of horse or other.  
Chafings on a horse to help. 107.  
Chafing sores to help. 111  
Clefts or cracks in the hoof. 179  
Chaff for horse to give. 167  
Chafed or weary horse to help.  
Cloying a horse to heal. 144  
Colts with their good signs. 106  
Cold taken in a horse.  
Coler abounding in a horse to help.  
Colt's to change to other dams.  
Colt evil for to help. 142  
Cods inflamed. 155  
Colts pained in the gums or teeth. 154  
Covering mares in what time best 161. 104  
cords a disease to help.  
Cough to help. 110  
Cough another way. 178  
Covering young mares and how best. 116  
Cratches to heal.  
Crooked hooves how best to pair.  
Curbs a disease to help. 137  
Colours of good horses to know.   

D  
Disease's where they breed on all horse.  
Drink or meat when to give. 108  
Drink against worms in horses. 134. 110  
Drinks against cough or cold.  
Drink to comfort a horse. 153. 181   

E  
Ears inflamed to help  
Eyes sore to heal  
Evil travel in a horse.  
Eyes bloody to help.  
Eyes blinded to help. 166  
Eyes watery to help.  
Eyes stricken to help.  
Eyes stricken, another.  
Eyes with the pin and web. 146  
Eyes being chafed to heal.  
Eyes red to help.  
Eyes sore how to heal.  
Eyes of horse often looked unto. 176  
Enterfeere to remedy. 142  
interfering another.  
Experience of hot and cold horse   

F  
FAlling of teeth in a horse.  
Falling of hair in a horse tail. 186  
Faintness in a horse to help. 154  
Farcy or fashion in a horse. 179. 124  
Fat horse to make lean.  
Fever in horse to help. 122  
Fever in Colts to help. 154  
Foaling of Colts.  
Fistula to heal. 147  
Fistula in the head of a horse. 148  
Flat hoof how to pair.  
Flies troubling a horse to help.  
Foundering of a strait shoe. 185  
Foundering of a horse to help. 140. 190. 180  
Fraying in a horse to help.  
Frunce in a horse to help. 133   

G  
GALling or fretting to help. 174  
Glanders in horse to help. 172  
Glanders another. 131. 177  
Gorge how to heal. 152  
Gelding of horse.  
Green wounds to heal.  
Grinders or wolves teeth.  
graveling of a horse 141  
Gums pained to ease.   

H  
Haw to take forth best way. 132  
Haw in the eye to help. 126  
Haw another way. 174  
Hair to increase  
Heat to abate in a horse. 154  
Head of a horse pained. 108  
Hen dung unwholesome for a horse.  
Hid bound to help. 173  
Hinder feet shoeing.  
Hollow feet pared.  
Ointment for hooves.  
housing of a horse  
Hoof bound to help or lose. 123  
Hoofs being hot on his feet. 119  
Hoof bound how to show.  
Hoof lose how to help. 152  
Horse without brains.  
Horse that will tire, to help. 182  
Horse for to scour.  
Horse age or growing.  
Horse harness to be looked unto. 119  
Horse or beast forespoken. 172  
Horse bewitched to know.   

I  
ILl for horse eyes.  
Itch in the tail to help. 154  
Impostumes to help or ripe. 183  
Impostumed wounds to help. 181   

L  
LAmpas to help. 148  
lameness in a horse to help. 174  
leanness in a horse to help. 123  
Lice on horse to help. 143  
Long worms to help. 134  
Long hoof how to pair.  
Lose hoof to help. 166  
Lose teeth how to fasten. 192   

M  
MAlender how to help. 134  
Malt worm to help. 163  
Mares when to be covered. 104  
Mares when to cover. 161  
Mangy to help. 176  
Mangy in horse to help. 173. 193  
Mangy another. 168. 183  
Mares how for to govern. 105  
Mares hard in foaling to help.  
Mare's old not good for colts.  
Mares how to have male, or female colts. 106  
Mares with fool having botts to help. 110  
Mares having rage of love. 113  
Mares having the pestilence. 113  
Matelong in the foot. 123  
Moils how to nourish.  
Moils with their beauty. 116  
More founding in the foot. 179  
Mourning of the chine. 167. 132. 173  
Another for the same.  
Another for the same.   

N  
NErfes & sinews broken. 188  
Nails for horseshoes to make. 157  
Nails in the flesh to heal. 168  
Narrow heeled horse how to pair.  
Navelgall to help.  
Navelgall another.  
Nose bleeding to staunch.   

P  
Pains a disease in the feet. 137  
Pains or Cratches.  
Paring the hoof bound.  
Paring of hooves. 156  
Paring a broad hoof. 157  
Pasterns fretted to heal. 122. 126  
Pestilence among mares. 113  
Pestilence among horse. 150  
Pin and web to help.  
Pissing blood to help. 149  
Pissing not well to help. 126  
Another for the same.  
Place to cover mares best.  
Plucking out thorn or iron.  
Pole evil to help. 129  
Pricked in a joint to help. 184  
Pricked with a nail to help. 166  
Proud flesh to help.  
Properties of a good horse.  
proverbs.  
Purging of horse.  
Puffing up a lean horse.   

Q  
QVincie in horse to help. 127  
Quertes or chinks in the hoofs.   

R  
Rage's of mares.  
Ringbone to help.  
Rubbing of horses doth good.  
Rugged or brittle hoof to pair.  
Repair flesh in a wound. 189   

S  
Saddle chafe your horse.  
Scratches to heal. 177. 162. 165  
Another for the same.  
To make a horse to scour. 185  
Scratches another.  
Sinews troubled.  
Selander to help. 135  
Shackle gall to help.  
Shot poisoned.  
Shoing of a cart horse. 155  
Shoing of other horse. 155  
Shoing of divers hooves diversly. fol. 158. 159. 160  
Shoing the forefeet of horse best. 156  
Shoing a broad hoof. 157  
Shoes made with whole quarters.  
Shoulder hurt to heal.  
Signs to know if a horse hath the bots.  
Signs to know a sick horse. 127  
Sinews broken to heal.  
Skin of horse razed to heal.  
Skin of horse watery to help.  
Sore chafings to heal.  
Soreness when they breed.  
Sore impostumes to heal.  
Spavin to help. 136  
Spayde colts. 167  
Spraines or strain in horse. 124  
Another for strains  
Splint to heal. 133  
Stabling or houssng of horse.  
Stallions in his best age.  
Stallions some hotter than other. 115  
Staggers a disease to help.  
Strongest horse or moil to know.  
Stound in the pastern to help.  
Stiffness of sinews and joints.  
Stifle in the heel to help. 124  
Strangury to help. 132  
Stubbe in the flesh to help.  
Surbating to heal. 145  
Swelling under the jowls. 193  
Swollen places to heal. 161. 167  
Another for the swelling by too much wind. 191   

T  
TAint in a horse to help. 143  
Taming of horse.  
Taste lost in a horse to help.  
Teeth not even to help.  
Teeth pained to help. 192  
Tiring on the horse by the way to help. 182. 189  
Thorn to pluck out.  
Tongue hurt with bit. 181  
Tongues of horse to see to often. 176  
Trenches to help. 166. 176  
Another for the same.   

V  
VEnomed places to help. 149  
vives how to heal. 126. 180  
vomiting in horse to stay.   

W  
warts on horse legs to mark.  
White feet on a horse.  
Water unwholesome for horse. 149  
Weakness in a horse to help.  
Weariness in a horse to help. 123  
Wound on horse to heal. 181  
Wingalles' to help. 179. 135  
Wolves teeth in horse to help. 176 190  
Worms in horse to help.  
Worms in the maw. 192   

Y  
YEalowes a disease in horse to help. 150. 193    

These be the herbs which are called the fivelaunces which leadeth unto a wound. 
Dittan, Pellute, Meniconfound, pimpernel, and Spear wort.  
The five grasses that draweth a wound, Oculus Christi, Madder, bugloss, Red coal, Erual. The eight grasses defensive.  
Ache, herb Robart, bugloss, Sanicula, savoury, savin. Mollen, and Crow foot: these are defensive.   
These are the grasses with the fivelaunces that leadeth unto a wound, and draweth unto a wound, and knowledgeth a fester. But understand that every open sore is not a fester, for the flesh of a fester is hard and shining being chafed. There be two kinds of festers, the hot and the cold. The hot will have a great hole, and the cold fester will have a straighter hole. Of the one cometh out white matter and fretted flesh. And of the other cometh out black matter which fretteth the sinews and joint, and that is uncurable. This take always for a general rule.   

THE Third book entreating of the ordering of sheep and goatees, hogs and dogs: with such remedies to help most diseases as may chance unto them.  
Taken forth of learned Authors, with divers other approved practices, very necessary for all men, especially those which have any charge and government thereof.  
Gathered by L. M.  
LONDON Printed by john Wolf 1587.   

A praise of the sheep.  

THese cattle sheep among the rest,  
Is counted for man one of the best.  
No harmful beast nor hurt at all.  
His fleece of wool doth clothe us all:  
Which keeps us from the extreme cold:  
His flesh doth feed both young and old.  
His tallow makes the candles white,  
To burn and serve us day and night.  
His skin doth pleasure divers ways,  
To write, to wear at all assays.  
His guts thereof do make wheel strings,  
They use his bones to other things.  
His horns some shepherds will not lose,  
Because therewith they patch their shoes.  
His dung is chief I understand,  
To help and dung the ploughman's land.  
Therefore the sheep among the rest,  
He is for man a worthy beast.   
FINIS.   


The government of sheep, and remedies for such diseases as cometh unto them.  
AS our chief commodity is to have great cattle, so is there a chief comditie to nourish, keep and feed small cattle, as sheep one of the chiefest & fruitfullest for the use of man. For of these beasts cometh a yearly fleece, and are kept with small trouble or any other great pain, but in keeping them from cold in winter, daggin in summer, scab, blood, and such other inconveniences which cometh unto them as well as any other cattles.  
Therefore must ye take some pain to see them kept in fields & pastures as well as in houses. There is no man that loveth sheep but will have a chief care of them, to use and order them as they ought to be, considering all the commodities the comes by them, and to keep their houses clean & warm in winter, with their folds also well set and ordered in summer. The shepherd ought to be of a good nature, wise, skilful, countablo, and right in all his doings, wherein few is to be found at this present. Specially in villages and towns: that by their idleness & long rest, they grow new to wax stubborn and are given (for the most part) to frowardness and evil, more than to good profit to their masters, and evil mannered, whereof breedeth many thievish conditions, being pickers, liars, and stealers, and runners about from place to place, with many other infinite evils. Which contrary was in the first shepherds of Egypt, & other in their time, for they were the first inventors of astrology and judgement of stars, and finders out of physic, augmenters of music, and many other liberal sciences.  
I cannot tell whether I ought to join the art of knighthood, and the government of kingdoms, but by their long continuance in the fields, and many years seeing and viewing out of their cabins, by experiences observed the course of the stars, the disposition of times, and by long use in marking the ordered times and unsteadfastness of days in such sort continuing that the ancient shepherds became people of great knowledge: As witnesseth Hierogliphiques: and therefore all husbands ought to have a great care in choosing of good shepherds.  
Sheep (as well as others) ought to be the first cattle to be looked unto, if ye mark the great profit that cometh by them: for by these cattle we are chiefly defended from cold, in serving many ways, in coverings for our bodies. They do not only nourish the people of the villages, but also to serve the the table with many sorts of delicate and pleasant weates: In some countries their milk doth serve in steed of furmentie, of which are the people of Scythia, called Nomades. And also the greeks do name them, Galactopotes, that is to say, drinkers of milk: and for so much as these cattle are tender and delicate, as Celsus doth affirm. Therefore good heed must be taken unto them for sickness, yet they are commonly in health, except at some times they are subject to the murrain scab, or pestilence, in changing of grounds. Therefore they must be chosen agreeable to the nature of the place where they shall remain, which is a rule meet to be observed and kept, not only in these cattle, but also in all other cattle of husbandry, whereof Virgil saith:  
All grounds for all things is not good, nor meet for all beasts to get their food. For the fat Champion and pasture fields is good to nourish great sheep: for lean sheep and hoggerslles in closes. And sheep well fleshed, they shall do well in Forests, and mountains, dry places, and plain commons: and all severed closes are good and commodious to nourish all tender sheep, and to make them battle, and so to fat well. There is a great respect to be had unto the differences of nature, not only in the sorts and breed of sheep, but also of their colours and choosing them, for experience doth show, as the sheep of Milesie in Athens be great, very fair, and well esteemed. Also those sheep of Calabria and of the Appolitans, and those of Tarent, and now these in France, be more esteemed and praised, and specially the sheep of Torcello, and next unto these, those of the lean champains as be beside Parma, and Medena in Italy.  
Also the white colour in sheep is very good & profitable, as we use here most in England: For of this colour a man may make many other. And the white will keep also his colour long. The black and the brown be also well praised, which be much used in Italy at Pollentia, and also in high Spain at Corube. The yellow sheep be in asia, the which they call red sasarned sheep. Truly tha use thereof we have had already by divers and many experiences of those kind of sheep. For in Africa, where they are brought (from the town called Gaditan, and there about) are wild rams of strange and marvelous colours, with many other kind of beasts, which are oft times brought unto the people to make pastimes. Marcus Collumella saith, a man of a singular good wit and understanding, and very perfect in husbandry, which brought one of those Rams of Africa with him into France, and did put him in his pastures, and when he became gentle, he made him to be put unto his yewes, which ram begat in the beginning all hairy lambs, and like in colour. But after that the said lambs had been covered again once or twice, their wooli began again to be gentle, soft, and fair. And at length those lambs engendering with their sheep, made their fleece and wool as soft as gentle as ours. This Collumella recorded, that from the nature of the ram, by the alteration of the place and cattle, they became again to their first estate. And by little and little, by good order and government, their wild natures be clean changed. So likewise divers beasts become soon gentle by well using thereof in husbandry, which afterward they are found always tame and gentle. Thus I leave here, and and will return to my former purpose.  
There be two sorts of sheep cattle, the better sort is those of the soft wool, and the other the hairy wool, and for to show how to buy these twain, there is many common rules, nevertheless, there is also particulars for the better sort, the which ye must take good heed of.  
The common rules to buy are these, when his wool is white, fair, and long staple, and plain. Ye shall never choose a very white ram: and yet oftentimes a white ram will get a black lamb, but a yellow or black ram, will never get a white lamb. Ye must not choose a ram by his whiteness only, but when the palace of his tongue is of the same colour of his wool. For when either of these two do not agree, the lamb is like to be black, or spotted in some part, as Virgil signifieth by these verses. 
Third book of georgics   

The ram among thy sheep out pull,  
Though he be white of skin and wool,  
Mark well his tongue and thereto see,  
If tongue and fell do both agree:  
For if they altar in any case,  
Their lambs shall follow the self same race.   
Likewise the self same reason is of the yellow and black sheep as is afore declared: Which ought not to have their tongue of a contrary colour to their wool. But in all parts to be like unto the fleece and wool: although the skin be specky and spotted of divers colours, it is no matter. And ye must see that ye buy no ram nor other sheep that hath a thin staple, or small store of wool: And for the better knowledge to see that they be all of one colour, principally is to consider in choosing your rams, for the spotty rams will commonly be seen in the lambs.  
The rams are much esteemed when they are high and long of body, with a large belly and covered well with wool, 
Rams esteemed  his tattle long and thick in wool, his forehead broad, his cods big, his horns crooked or writhe: and yet these sort of rams are not the best. For those which have no horns are more better: and those which have crooked horns do more hurt, for the one dosh annoy the other: and it is yet better to have their horns crooked and writhe, then to be strait and open. Nevertheless in country's moist and windy, they were better to have the rams with great and larger horns, than other without, because it doth keep and defend the greatest parts of their head from the wind and storms. If the winter be very stormy in those countries, they choose those Rams: but if it be calm and gentle, they take those which have no horns. For the horned ram hath this discomodity, he feeleth by nature each part of his body so well armed, that he desireth nothing but to fight with other. And he is more hotter after the yowes at all times, and more importunate than others: So that he will not suffer any other ram to cover any troup of ewes, and he will have war without cause against his fellows, and will not permit or suffer them to cover any you, although he can do no more himself, and yet he will have all at his commandment.  
But he which is without horns knoweth he is unarmed, whereby he is not so ready to fight, and is also of less heat: therefore ye may have the more rams. The good 
Ram●to correct.  and skilful shepherd in correcting the heat and fury of such an unsatiable ram, may by this subtlety. Take a strong board of a foot broad, and fill it full of pikes of iron, and tie that board to his horns with the pikes toward his forehead, and this shall keep him from hurting of others, for in giving his head a stroke, he shall hurt himself.  
Epicarmus de Syracusis in Sicilia, which hath diligently written of the medicines for cattle, he saith: one may appease or abate the fury of such a ram in piercing his horns by his ears (with a wimble or pearcer) against the place where as they crook. Also the age of a ram to cover, is best at three years. And he shall be good unto viii. years, the ewes would be covered after two years, and then they will be good v. years after, and the seventh year being once past, than they begin to wax weak & will fail in getting lambs again, as I have said, ye shall not buy sheep unshorn, nor to make to great account of them which have grey or spotted wool of divers colours, for the uncertainty thereof. Thou shalt cast them of as the barren sheep; and also those which have most teeth, being of three years old. Therefore ye must choose these of two years, having a great large body, a long neck, and long deep wool, not rough or stubborn, his belly great and large of body, covered all with wool, not to be uncovered in any part, nor yet small of stature, his gums ruddy, his teeth white and even, his skin on the brisket red, and on both sides ruddy, his eye strings ruddy, his fell lose, his wool fast, his breath long, and his feet not hot. These are the chief signs of a sound sheep. Signs of a rotten sheep are these. His belly full of water, his fat yellow, his liver shallbe knotty and full of blisters, and if ye seethe it, it will break in pieces, his sides pale, his eyes pale and dark, his gums white, and the wool will soon come of: if ye pluck a little thereof. These are the signs of a rotten sheep or unsound.  
Now for to save and keep them, ye shall understand your sheep houses ought to be made low (like unto a hog sty) and more in length then in breadth, warm for winter, and not strait of rooms, for fear of hurting the lambs, paved and boarded on the sides, and within the place (in descending) of their urine and dung. It shall be also good to hang of rose mary, or other sweet and strong herbs for to take away or kill the sent of their urine and dung. It shall be also good to make and set the house open towards the sun at noon, and to be well covered, for these kind of cattle are tender and cannot abide any great cold.  
Yet although they are housed, they are oftentimes vexed with cold, as rheums, glanders, coughs, and such, & so vexed with cold in winter, as well as with heat in summer, and afore or about their houses, it were good to make a close coa well and high fenced, so that they may go forth of their houses in safety to refresh them. And their Racks to bes made two foot high from the earth, with rack staves set nigh together of a good length. And the shepherd must see, that they be clean kept, and to see that the racks do stand fast for hurting any of them.  
They must also be kept that they have no water or other moisture, and that there be prepared of Fearne or dry straw, for those which have lambs to rest more cleaner and softer, and to see that the rams go not with the Ewes, or the lambs: nor go with any sick sheep or other beast, and it is better to let the lambs remain in the house, than to go with their dams a field. And good to let your best pasture remain for your ewes nigh your sheep houses. The shepherd also shall often cleanse the fodering places of his sheep, and reserve it to litter his kine and horse, and so to keep their houses clean, whereby their health may be the better preserved, and so in any wise they be not hurt or annoyed with filthy moisture, for they are tender and nice, and do love clean places. ye must also see that they have good store of meat, for hunger in them breeds the murrain. A small stock well nourished, increaseth much more profit unto their master, than others with twice so great a flock enduring hunger. And also the shepherd must often drive them over changeable pastures and grounds, whereas there 
Thorns or scratches.  is scant of feeding, and without thorns or bushes, using after the authority of Virgil, which saith by there verses following.  

He that will have good sheep,  
Good wool likewise also,  
He must provide a shepherd  
To lead them to and fro,  
From places which are rude.  
With many ill thorns and bushes,  
And from unwholesome weed,  
From brambles, pricks and crushes.   
For those scrattes ●●e make them to be unquiet, and to breed scabs, and other sores, that although they are thorn, yet the thorns will remain in the skin, and grow to scabs or other sores, and there commonly the wool doth wax lose and diminish every day, so much more as it doth grow and increase. These beasts are always in danger of thorns growing where as they are, and oft times therewith they are tied with hooks and snares, thorns and briars, which doth tear both wool and skin, and these cattle being tender and delicate, thereby loseth a great part of their wool, which other ways would keep it, & for their coupling together of them, all other Authors doth agree, and joins together in one consent, that the bearing 
Putting the Ram.  or lambing time, is at the Spring, about the twenty or one and twenty of April. For then the sheep do wax more stronger.  
If a yeawe have then a little lamb, it were better if they did tarry unto June, or longer. Some therefore (without doubt) saith, it would profit more to cover them sooner, to the end that after Harvest and gathering of fruit, the lambs feeding all Autumn, shall make themselves strong against Winter do come, and shall better endure the fasting in Winter. For this cause it is better to choose Autumn than the Spring, as Celsus reporteth by the proof thereof: for he sayeth, it is more meeter for these cattle to be made strong before Solstitium, in the midst of Julie, (which is the longest day in Summer,) than before Solstitium in Winter, (which is in the midst of December.) And among all cattle, these may be most easiest bred in winter: if the country be not very cold and wet.  
If ye have need to have many male Rams, Aristotle a man of great knowledge of the works of nature, he commandeth 
Male lambs.  to be observed, and to spy out the meetest time to couple and put the Rams to the yeaws: as in a dry time when the North wind bloweth. Then (saith he,) make the flock to go and feed against the wind, and put the Rams unto them, and they shall have male lambs, if ye will have your ewes bring female lambs, put the Rams unto them when the wind bloweth out of the South. And 
Female lambs.  for to have males likewise, they do use to bind the left stone down with a tender band. And to have females, they bind down the right stone of the Ram. This is done likewise in great cattle. also when your ewes have lambed & are strong lambs, the shepherd that leadeth them to seek their pasture, it shall be good to leave behind all the young Lambs. And those that do suck, are meeter to be sold to the Butcher, than those that have eaten grass, for they are more sweeter and delicate flesh, and when they are weaned, there cometh more profit by their milk, then when they go with their Dams, it is also good and profitable to nourish them by the sides of good towns. For the cattle of the house is more profitable, than strange cattle. Also if thy flock of sheep do fail at any time through age, or any other occasion, thou must then 
To alter thy● flock.  renew it in keeping the stock, and looking well there unto, for if thy stock once alter, thou art like to alter tillage.  
To breed Sheep, the office of a good shepherd is, to nourish as many head of Cattle yearly, as there are 
to breed.  sick or dead, for ye must understand the Winter, that by vehement and cold weather, it killeth many sheep, the which ye did suppose they would have outborn the said Winter, which in Autumn they might have been taken well. And therefore it is dangerous, without ye furnish your stock (from year to year) with the strongest cattle, and those that shall easily bear out the after Winter. And he that will follow this: he ought to 
to nourish sheep.  nourish no Lamb under four years, nor above eight years. For these two ages are not so good to nourish, nor those which come of old cattle, for they follow the age of their Parents, or else are always barren, wretched and weak. The lambing of young ewes ought to be looked unto, as though they had midwives: for these 
Lambing time  cattle travelies in Lambing, as well as the woman in child bearing, and often for so much as they are ignorant of the time, they travel more in the deliverance of their Lambs. Wherefore the shepherds ought to have good knowledge and experience of medicines for these cattle, and to help them that have need thereof, and to take out the lamb wholly together out of the matrice. For when he lieth cross, he must not be taken out, but if ye see she cannot well be delivered, ye must help the yeawe, and take and cut it in pieces, and so take it forth without hurting the birth or the yeawe. The which the Greeks do call, an unperfect medicine, then after when the lamb is taken forth alive, ye shall raise her and set her on her feet, And also the lamb, and then let him approach unto the tettes of the yeawe, and open his mouth and press and make the milk come forth, that he may be accustomed thereunto. But before ye do this, ye shall draw the yeawe a little, which the heardinen do call stroking, this is the gross and thick milk, which is the first milk after her lambing, for if ye draw not a little thereof, it will somewhat annoy the lamb. Then let him (if he be weak) be shut up with his dam the two first days after he is lamed, to the end he may be kept warm, and to know the tette and his dam, until that he begin to leap and wax more stronger: and to put him in some warm close place, then after to put him with other lambs, because in being alone, he will wax lean by too much leaping and playing in his youth. also ye must advisedly put to the young lambs by themselves, and not with the strongest for fear in leaping and tumbling to hurt them, and when they are big, ye may well suffer the lambs to go a field with their dams until night, and when they shall wax more stronger, then give them grass in their houses, with the herb melilot, also of fine hay or bran: if barley be good cheap ye may give your Lambs of the meal, and of fetches, and when they shall wax yet more stronger, ye may in the midday remove them with their dams into other Pastures and grounds, and always see that your Lambs break not forth of your pastures into other grounds, for than they will alway be seeking to have fresh pasture. Although I have spoken of certain Pastures, nevertheless yet I will here say a little of that I have omitted, 
Pasture ground,  which is: the best and most frankest grass is that which groweth amongst errable grounds and furrows, rather than meadows which are wet or moist, and the grass in marshes, and moist forests is not good for sheep, nor so good Pasture for the feeding of them, and by long use and continuance these cattle will wax weary & noisome thereof: if their keeper do not remedy it in giving those sheep of salt with their meat, which shall save them and make them to have an appetite. And in summer it shallbe good to have them under shadowy places, or trees in woods, to the end that by their resting, they shall have the better appetite, when they return to their Pasture again, and 
Drink,  they may then drink, whereby to feed the better. And also to avoid their surfeits. In Winter, ye must give them hay in their racks and tars, to nourish them withal. They do also feed them with Ealme leaves, and of ash leaves and such like, which is gathered in seasons convenient, and in Autumn to feed them with hay of the latter season. For that is more tender, and more pleasant for them to eat, than other which is drier, as that which is first ripe, the grass or herb called melilot, is special good for them at all times, and likewise for all other cattle. They use also to have Fetches for them, which is very good, and to give them of Barley straw smally beaten and short, which is in Winter very good for them when they can have no other meat. Likewise of Pease holm, is good for them, if they be kept near towns or villages: and when the time is to drive them to pasture, or to lead them to drink in the hot Summer, as need requireth. I will not be of other opinion, but that which Virgil hath written, which is:  

In the morning tide, lead forth thy ewes,  
For to refresh them, before the son do rise:  
The grass being tender, and shining with dewise,  
Soon after cometh drought, is the common guise,  
That after the sun be once four hours hie,  
Then bushes do crack, and plains wax dry:  
Then singeth the Nightingale, with notes plain,  
drive them to the springs of the high mountain.   
Also in the midday the same Poet saith:  

In heat now of the day,  
To search it is thy charge,  
To find thy Sheep some tree,  
With branches long and large,  
To shadow them withal,  
Out of the heat and dust,  
As heat and and time do last,  
Then let them quench their thirst.   
And when the great heat is abated, soon after let them be driven softly to feed. And saith:  

The sun now being set,  
In the Evening tide,  
All the day before,  
Whereas the ground hath dried.  
The night now being cold,  
The dew descendeth plain,  
On Pastures dried before,  
By them refreshed again,   
And ye must observe Astrum, which is the star of heat in Summer, when the Canicular days do begin, to the end that before the midst of the day, Shepherds ought to conduct and drive his sheep towards the West, & after the midday is past, towards the East, for it is a thing of great importance, to have the head of the sheep to feed against the Sun, which often annoys those cattle when the rays of the sun begin to show on the ground. And also in Winter and spring time, ye ought to keep them close, till the day have taken the jelly or netty rhyme, from 
Rhymes or jelly.  the earth, for in the time the jelly is on the grass, which doth engender (as some say) the scab and a foam at their mouths, & distillations from the brain, with heaviness of the head, & a looseness of the belly. Wherefore in cold & moist times, ye need not observe but once a day.  
Moreover, the shepherd which doth keep them, aught to be wise in governing them with gentleness, as it is commanded 
A shepherd to govern.  to all keepers of cattle whatsoever they be, which ought to show themselves conductors and guiders of cattle, and not as masters, and to make them go or to call them, they ought either to cry or whistle, and after to show them the sheephook, but to throw nothing at them, for that doth fear them, nor yet to ftraie far of from them, nor to sit or lie down. If he do not go, he ought to stand, and to sit very seldom. For the office of a shepherd is as a high watchman for his cattle, to the end that the slow sheep do not slip from the other. And on the plains and meadows when they make no haste, than he may stay. But in hard & empty places of Pasture, the light and young sheep will outgo the other, and therefore he ought to have an eye always amongst his sheep, or if any complain by any other means to see them incominent remedied, and he must see also in their pasturing they range not too fast over the grounds, for the light and young sheep outgo the other, and stray abroad in corners, whereby they are in danger the more to be conveyed away, or lost by some other means, or by killing with dogs and such like, these rules are common with all cattle. Therefore he that will seem to thrive by them, he must see unto them warily and wisely from time to time.  
Ye must not meddle them of a strange kind with other of 
Strange sheep  your flock, for those being of a strange kind, they will always stand gazing about, and will rather seek to fly then feed: or else look on others. Therefore look unto them, for it is a sign they like not the Pasture or layer whereas they gaze, but will seek anew. Therefore the Shepherd must have a great care, & use diligence unto them more than the other. For all beasts of wool are more delicate and dainty than others, therefore they ought to have the less negligence with their keeper or master, for they are of less coveting than other cattle, and yet they cannot abide the heat in Summer, nor the cold in Winter. These cattle are seldom nourished abroad without great danger, but in houses and closed pastures, and are gluttons and greedy, that if his meat by some occasion is taken away of others, thereby sometime he willbe sick. Therefore ye ought to give to every sheep, which shallbe sufficient of meat in their racks for them in Winter, and to give them in their troughs, of barley and beans ground together, and also dried pease, or Acorns ground and given with bran, and dry Elm leaves 
Meat for sheep.  or others as aforesaid, or of three leaved grass, green or dry, or of the herb melilot, or hay of the latter season and such like. Also there is but small profit in selling the lambs being young, and less profit in their milk, and they kill those which they cannot well nourish within a while after they he lambed, and those ewes which have lost their lambs, they make them to give others suck, for they make a lamb suck to ewes: and yet cannot draw forth her milk, because her own lamb have drawn more oftener, & with more strength, & to that lamb which she have lambd nature in her do show a more love. But to the other, she is but as a nurse to a child, and less given to nourish it, than her own. Wherefore ye must observe and see to them all the time being but young, and to be suckled of their dams and other ewes also. In this kind of cattle, it were better to nourish and wean more of males then females. Although by cutting and gelding of them by unskilful persons, many do perish and die thereon, for the females commonly are of a more ruder wool, as some do say. And again before the male lambs be ready to cover the ewes, they are gelded, and when they are passed two years, they are killed, and their skins are more dearer sold than any other, for the beauty of their wool. In Greece, they use to pasture their sheep where as there is no bushes or briars, for fear (as I have said) that their wool should not be torn off their bodies: in plain fields a man need not be so careful. (But here me thinks if I should see my sheep come with torn fleeces, I may ask my shepherd where they have been, in supposing their ill government, amongst bushes and thorns,) therefore he must be careful when they be in field, for all the day some do not go with them. And again in the house he ought to have a more greater care in cleansing of them, or any other occasion not to be foreslewd, in oft opening their wool where as any place seems lose by scratches or other ways, and then to tar it, some do wash the place with wine and oil, sometimes they wash them all, if the day or time be not too hot or cold, and do use it so in some countries three times a year: and often makes clean their houses, & takes away all the moisture of their urine, which is easy to be done in piercing the boards or planks with an aulgar, or cleansing the pavements whereas they lie. And not only to have a care of their dung, but also to keep them beasts and venomous worms. Whereupon the Poet Virgil saith:  

Let burn of Cedar odorant,  
To fume the stall or stable:  
To cause the serpents fly there fro,  
And void if thou be able.  
Whereby thou mayst them follow,  
through such perfuming vapour,  
Of Galbanum the smell,  
Will cause them fly full sure. 
Wash sheep. In Devonshire, they neaer wash their sheep when they clip, but after wash the wool (before they spin it) in warm lie, and drieth it on hurdles.   
Full oft have it been seen,  
this thing and often proved:  
Of litter lying long (they breed)  
If it be not removed.  
The outrageous venomous worms,  
Be dangerous to touch,  
Both Snakes and Adders customed,  
Do hide them in their couch.  
But now be they once seen,  
And perfectly once bare,  
Full soon they fly for fear,  
To hide them is their care,  
They fly away full soon,  
In corners of the house.  
They creep in at a little hole,  
As swiftly as the mouse.  
Take stones or staves and kill them,  
Ere they increase and double,  
For if they wax and multiply,  
Full oft they will thee trouble.   
If thou canst without danger of thy house, oftentimes burn in the house of women's hair, or hearts horn, for the savour thereof driveth away all venomous worms. As for 
Shearing.  the time of shéering or clipping, it cometh not in all countries alike. For in some country it cometh timely, and in other some later. The best is, to consider when the sheep cannot endure cold if thou sheer him, nor heat if thou sheer him not. But at what time ye have shorn, ye ought to 'noint them with this medicine. That is to say, the juice of tars 
'Nointing or greasing.  or pulse, lukewarm, or of the lees of old wine, and lees of olives, of each in like portion well mixed together. And therewithal to rub the shorn sheep. And within three or four days it will be consumed, then if ye be nigh the borders of the salt water, they plunge them therein. If not, they do wash them with rain water kept long and uncoverde, and with salt mixed together and a little boiled. And this shall keep them all well that year from scratching or scabbiness, as Celsus reporteth, and without doubt the wool shall be more gentler and longer.   

The remedies and medicines for Sheep and other cattle.  
FOr so much as I have carefully written of the diligence which they ought to have for the preserving and keeping their beasts in health, now I will declare how to help them with medicines, which are grieved with any infirmity or disease. Howbeit, although I have spoken already of the most part of them, I will yet here repeat a few medicines for great cattle. For as the body is of great cattle, so is the bodies of the lesser cattle, almost of like nature. Even so, there is small difference betwixt their medicines, and betwixt their diseases, nevertheless, whatsoever they are, I will not here let pass or omit.  
If it chance that all your cattle be sick, ye shall do as I have afore commanded of great cattle. (Which I think to 
Medicines.  be a thing necessary.) Even so here I command again for a 
Sickness or pestilence.  singular remedy to change your pastures, & your watering places, and to drive your cattle into other pastures far of. If that pestilence or murrain do come by great heats, ye must have them unto coverts, shades, and cold places. If it come of cold, ye must have them in open places against the sun. And ye must lead them by little and little, and not too hastily, to the end by their soft going they be not grieved: nor yet too slowly but gently in a mean pace. For even as they must not be tormented by too much haste, which are already weary, and avoid with this disease. Even so it is profitable to go meanly, neither too fast, nor yet too slow: having an exercise, and not to let them rest or lie. And when ye have brought them to the appointed place, ye must then part them into many troops or bands, and so let them be looked ever unto, and being so parted, they are then in more safety than ever they were before when they were together, because the strength and the infection of the contagious and pestilent air is not so great in a small troop of cattle, as in a great. And also it is more easy to heal a small number than a great: therefore ye must do this which I have commanded, to the end that ye do not repent the more, when as they fall all sick together. Or if there be any one which hath it, then do as afore said. Also sheep are more tormented with the scab, than all other cattle, which commonly cometh as the Poet Virgil saith:  

When sheep are greatly beaten with rain,  
Then frost and cold increaseth their pain:  
Whereby the scab, will then increase,  
Which ye may kill, with tar and fresh grease.   
Or when they begin to have the itch, ye shall anoint him with goose grease and tar mixed well together, with the tender crops of broom in may: stamped and boiled with goose grease, & put unto your tar in like portion. Then make but two sheds on both sides his back bone, from his head to the tail, and anoint with the foresaid grease, and ye shall need no more 'nointing if they be well used after, and kept from scratches. Also after ye have shorn them, if ye do not remedy them with the remedy and medicine aforesaid: which is, to wash them with sea, or salt water, or in a salt river, and 
Scab.  then sheer and rub them as aforesaid, which is good against the scratches with briars and thorns, which will otherwise grow to scabs. Or if thou puttest them in a stable where horse have been, or lacking of meat, whereby they become lean, which leanness doth cause them to have the itch and scab. The which assoon as it hath taken them, they never cease to scratch, bite, or rub the itching places, either with his mouth, feet, or horns, or to rub against a tree, or other thing, which louse may cause also. If thou seest any one do this, then take him, and open and shed his wool, and ye shall see there under the skin red, and scratched, or bitten with his mouth, therefore it must be suddenly remedied, to the end that all the rest be not infected with the same. For amongst all other cattle, sheep are most therewith tormented: & for the same there be many medicines, the which we shall hereafter speak of. Not that ye can or may use all, because that every country cannot have all, but such as ye may have shall suffice.  
First the composition that I have afore expressed, shall 
Medicines for itch.  serve very well for the most part. Also if ye ca●e the lees of wine, & of olives, the juice of tars or pulse sod, & mixed with as much white ellsbory beaten, which is 〈◊〉 powder. Also the green juice of hemblocke to anoint (is good to kill the itch) if it be not in seed. Some do take it in the spring and beats it, and then straineth it into a pot of earth. And unto xviii. quarts of the said 〈◊〉 ye, they put in half a bushel of salt, and then to cover the pot close, and setteth it in some dunghill a whole year, there to be seasoned. And when it is drawn out, they take thereof and warmeth it, and therewith rubs the scabby sheep, or any place of their skin so troubled: but they rub the place before, with some rough thing, or rugged stone for to make it bleed. Also the lees of olives is good, if it be boiled until the half be consumed, and then to anoint therewith. Likewise doth the piss of men, wherein is quenched of hot burning tilestones, some do boil it on the fire until the first part be consumed, in mixing it, with so much of the juice of green henbane, with two youndes of the powder of tiles, or of cinnamon, also of tar, and beaten salt, and so mingled together, Likewise it shall be good to use of brimstone beaten fine, with as much tar, in stirring it altogether over a small fire: and because tar is very costly for poor men, they make a salve of broom, which 
Broome. Salue for the scab.  is, ye shall take a great quantity of the crops of broom, with the leaves and blossoms, let them be chopped small, and then sod in xviii. gallons of running water, till it wax as thick like a jelly, then take two pounds of molten sheeps suet, with a pottle of old stolen, and so much of brine: put all into the pan with the broom, and stir it well together. Then strain it, and keep it in what vessel ye will, and so when ye clip your sheep, make it lukewarm, and with some soft thing wash your sheep therewith, and at all times ye may use this in shedding the wool, and anoint therewith warm, which will both heal the scab, and kill tikes, and shall not be hurtful to the wool: and those which have sufficient meat, will not lightly scab after. Others do take of ellecampant roots and stamps them, than boils them in running water, and washes therewith. Some do take oil olive and the powder of brimstone, and so anoints therewith. But against maggettes, the powder of brimstone and 
Maggots to kill.  tar, mixed together over a soft fire. To anoint also for hurts, there is no better medicine. As Virgil in his Georgics showeth, and saith:  

If any beast be hurt,  
Or rutby subtiltis:  
With any iron or with staff,  
Upon the grief shall see.  
For underneath the skin,  
The evil is often hi●:  
Where plasters doth not molliffe,  
And skin not opened.   
If it be not cut, they cut it, and melts of wax and grease together, and heals it therewith: which grease is also good against the scab, mixing therewith brimstone powder. 
Seabbe.   
Also if any sheep have the fever or red water, it is good 
Fever, or red water.  to let them blood in the claw of the foot, or betwixt the two claws, for that helpeth very much, and Virgil saith: 
For to help the fever, open the vain,  
Beneath in the foot, and he shall mend again.   
Some shepherds let them blood under the eye, and on the ears. Others lets him blood on the vain under the tail, and then binds of herb grace unto it, beaten with a little salt, and to give the juice of camomile with ale or wine is good. Sheep are also tormented in the feet or claw two manner 
The worm in the claw.  of ways, one is by filth, the other by the worm which breeds therein. And if the worm do wax big, it will wax so sore that the sheep cannot well go but halt. This worm breeds commonly before, just between the two foreclawes, the head thereof is like a tuft of hairs growing together, and will stick out afore, there is no sheep but hath a show of them naturally, but when they are small, they never hurt. So when they begin to grow and wax great, then there is danger: which worm is a hollow skin and all hair within, which ye shall take forth thus, as some do teach. Cut it above the foot round, with a sharp pointed knife, & so beneath, & put your finger in the hollow underneath the foot, and your thumb by it on the top afore, and then thrust it up, & with the point of your knife and your thumb gently take it forth whole, for if ye break it, it is not good, and then anoint the place with tar, and it will heal again full well. Also others saith, it sticks before in the midst of the foot like doges hair, staring byright, and within is the worm all hair.  
For every galling in the foot, they heal it with far 
Gall in the foot.  only, or with alum and brimstone mixed together, or with an unripe pomegranate, beaten alum, and putting too a little vinegar, and laid too. Or of vardegrease in powder and laid on. Also gauls burnt, and made in powder, and mixed with red wine, and said too is good.  
As touching the worm in the claw, is sufficient spoken 
Worm in the claw.  of before. Yet here I will something speak more thereof, which is, the place in the foot to be cut round, not touching the worm, for fear ye make not an ulcer thereof uncurable, and in danger of cutting of all the sheeps feet. When this worm shallbe diligently cut round as is afore said, and so plucked forth whole without breaking any part thereof, if ye do break her (they say) she casteth such a venomed poison all over the place, (except it be straightway medicined) all the foot is in danger to be cut off. And therefore look well unto the taking out thereof. Some, when it is taken out, do no more but drop in the wound scalding tallow, or of the dropping of a candle, and so letteth it heal. Others do but tar it.  
For the disease of the lungs, or purcinesse, like unto 
Lungs sick.  hogs, they put into their ears that which the herdmen and sheep herds call pompelle in French, which is also spoken of among great cattle. Some says it is good to stamp lungwort, and strain it with a little honeyed water, and give it them: and of the juice of Cardus Benedictus, called sowthistle, mixed with ale warm. This disease cometh to them oft in summer for default of water. Wherefore during the heat in summer, they ought to have water plenty. For Celsus saith, that if the lights or lungs be once infected, ye shall give your sheep of strong vinegar so much as they may bear, or else of old urme of men lukewarm, each sheep somewhat more than a pint, and put it into his left nostril, and put down two ounces of old grease of a Hog down his throat.  
The wild fire, which the shepherds call the flying fire, is a strange disease and hard to heal, if it rest not in the 
Wild fire.  first sheep where it taketh, all the rest are like to be infected, so that there is no medicine nor iron may help it: for the one sheep shall but touch the other, and he shall be inflamed therewith. They have no other thing but to keep them warm, and nourish them with goats milk, the which doth cause it to be more gentle, and doth mitigate the violentes of the fire, and the burning of the whole flock, that they die not thereof. Where Dolus Mendesius Egyptian, did very well for to celebrate, which the Greeks called their monuments and books worthy of memory, the which were falsely named Democritus books. Wherein was for to remedy this disease, which was, by and by as one sheep had it, (they took him,) which grief comes first on the back of the sheep: and incontinent they make a hole at the entering in of the sheep house, and there they bury the infected sheep alive, with four feet upward, and so covers him with earth, and all the rest in coming there over, will piss thereon. And so (saith he) the disease will go away, and thereby all the rest shall escape, other remedy there is none found.  
Of the increasing of choler in summer, which is a dangerous disease in sheep. The which they heal in that time, by 
Of choler in sheep.  giving them of the old and stolen urine of men, which is also very good for other cattle which hath the jaundice. And to 
jaundice.  purge choler, some do take the leaves of elder, stamps a few and strains it with ale, and gives it warm. Others do give them the juice of hops with ale or water. And some do give them of femetory amongst their meat. All these aforesaid are very good to purge choler.  
Fleame also do molest sheep, and therefore they do use for 
Fleame.  to put of the tender branches or tops of savoury, into their nostrils: Also to put basil in their noses, which will make them to néese, but ye must close their eyes. Some putteth of tender bays into their nostrils, & that will make them also to néese & purge their heads. Also the juice of briony or hedge vine, mixed with honeyed water, & given warm, & likewise polypody or oak fern roots, stamped small & given with ale, all these will purge phlegm.  
Against breaking of any bone. Or if the sheep's leg chance 
Broken bones.  to be broken, ye ought to help them even as ye do to a man, in first bathing it with oil & wine, or wrapping it in wool dipped in oil and wine, & then to splint it as ye see cause, & so bind it fast thereon. Also the tender buds of ash trees bruised and laid too, will knit bones, or the inner rind of elm bark, stamped & laid a night in water, and then warm, bathe the place therewith, is good to knit broken bones also. Or the herb cuccospit stamped & laid too. Or wild bitony, called in latin Tunica, laid thereto, or coumphery herb, stamped and laid too, is good also for to knit bones.  
Of herbs evil for sheep, as knot grass, for if sheep eat 
Herbs ill for sheep.  thereof, it will inflame their bellies, and so causing a stinking froth or foam at their mouths. Therefore ye must with speed let them blood under the tail, next unto the buttock. Also it profiteth no less to let them blood on the vain called Babine, which is under the upper lip. And likewise green rye or barley nigh ripe, will swell in the maw and kill sheep.  
For purcines or short breath in sheep, they use to cut their 
Short breath or purcy.  ears, & to change their pasture & laier, which is a thing necessary to be counseled against all sickness of the plague. Also to slit their nostrils, as well as to cut their ears. And some thinks it good to give them of aniseed, liquorice, & sugar-candy, all finely beaten together, & mixed with old grease, & so given them: or the powder of ginnepar berries, given with the juice of angelica, and given with a horn in wine or water. Also hare wort, in latin called Aristolochia, stamp the leaves and strained, and given with a little water.  
Sheep oftentimes will have the glanders, & a sneveling at their noses, which comes from their lungs, that neither 
Glanders or snevell.  blood-letting nor drinks can remedy them. Therefore if it continue two days or more, to separate him & kill him were the best. For the other, as well males as females, are so nice, that in smelling where he hath sneveled, suddenly they are taken with the same evil. Yet master shepherds say, it rather cometh of poverty in winter, than otherwise: for it chiefly showeth of those which have been brought low, in winter before. And at the spring time it will show, when as they begin to mend. And he which have been brought lowest, will have it most vehement. Some sheep will run at the nose like a thin water, and those which have it sor●, will have a thick matter or snevel hang at their nose, ready to stop their wind, and those are in danger to die, it they be not soon helped. Some do use to take a stick, and therewith takes out all that he can get, and so makes them clean when any occasion is, and thereupon they do amend. Some other do give them the juice of bitony with honeyed water, and makes them take it. Also the herb called bucks beard, which groweth higher than that, which is called in latin Picnocomon. This groweth in forests and shades, and hath flowers and seeds like a bucks beard, his leaves like great parsley: this herb stamped & given with wine, is marvelous good against all cold or phlegm in any part of their bodies.  
For lambs having the fever or any other grief, & if their 
lambs sick.  be sick, the shepherd ought not to let them remain with they dams, for fear of giving them the like disease. Therefore it were best to draw some milk of the young, and put unto it so much of rain water, and make the sick lambs to swallow it down. Some do give them of goats milk with a horn, and to keep them warm for that time.  
There is also a certain scab which runs on the chin, the 
Scab on the chin.  which is properly called of the shepherds the dartars, the which will kill them if they be not remedied. This kind of scab cometh by the negligence of the shepherds, when as they do suffer them to feed on grass covered with dew which is evil, and ought not to be permitted or suffered. When this do chance, ye shall destroy this scab which is on the mousell and lips, like as the flying fire which was afore named: to remedy this, is to take salt, and hyssop, in like portion beaten together, and therewith all to fret and chafe the palet of the mouth, the tongue, and all over the mousel, or with self heal or 〈◊〉 foil: then wash the scab with vinegar, and afterward anoint it with tar and hogs grease mixed together. Some do mixed a third part of verdigris, & two parts of old grease: and to keep it cool, they use this medicine following. Some do stamp the leaves of cypress in water, and therewith do wash the pallet of the mouth and the sores. Some shepherds do judge this kind of scab, to be a kind of pocke, which will commonly be as well on the brisket, as on his chin: and as they do say, it is taken by feeding after hogs, which have the swine pocks, which they do but anoint them with tar and hogs grease melted together, and so they recover again, and if they be not helped in time, one sheep will infect all the rest in short space. And for the common scab, some takes the powder of brimstone, with the roots of cypress ●ixt and beaten together by even portions, and mix therewith also of blanched rasis, of camphor and wax, and mix it all together, and make an ointment thereof, and therewith rub the scab thrice all together. Then shall ye wash it all over with lée & salt water mixed together, and then after wash it with common water: but the common shepherds do take nothing but tar mixed with some fine grease.  
There comes a scabbines also among lambs, being half 
lambs scabby.  〈◊〉 year old, as toward winter or the next fall of the leaf, ye shall in some places have all your lambs scabby, or the most thereof, which cause is, (as shepherds do say) when the rams be scabby that gets them, all those lambs will be scabby at the next fall. They do heal it in greasing them with tar mixed, with two parts of fresh grease or neats feet oil, or goose grease if ye can have it, for that is best. There is also another scabbines which chance some times 
scabs on the mousell of sheep.  on the mousels of sheep and young tegges, and that comes as shepherds do say, (where as there is great plenty of furs and gorse,) that by the eating of the tops and flowers thereof, they prick their lips and mousel. Whereby cometh these sorts of scabs, the which they heal by 'nointing it with fresh butter. Some takes the juice of plantain and fresh grease boiled together, and therewith anoint them.  
If the wool of sheep after a scabbines do go of, as in some 
Wool to come again.  places the wool will go clean off: To make it grow again and fill the foresaid place. Some shepherds do use to grease them with tar, mixed with some other thing, as butter, oil, goosegrease, or fresh grease, for far alone is sharp, a fretter, and whealer, without it be mixed with some of those things afore 
Of tar and his nature.  said, to make him run the better. Some do use to make the wool come soon again, to mix with tar and oil, the foot of a cauldrons bottom, and some do mix with oil & a little tar, the powder of a burnt daffadil root, or the powder of the water lily root, or the root of the water clote, which hath abroad leaf on the water. Or garden cress beaten with mustard & laid too, or the herb crow foot, stamped with oil & laid too these do cause both wool or hair to come again in any piled place.  
Séep will commonly have the cough, which comes from the 
The cough.  lungs, if it be vehement, ye must give him therefore in the morning with a horn, a little oil of sweet almonds, mixed with a little white wine, & give it warm, & give him new straw, and make him to eat of the clot herb growing on lands. Some do call it horse hoof: and this cough taketh them commonly in the spring. If they chance to have it at any other time, than give them fain Greek bruised which coming. Also all these are good against the cough, as to take three or four leaves of mallows dried and boiled in milk and given with a horn, which is excellent: or ginnepar leaves sod in wine, strained and given. Also the juice of the great nettle stamped & strained with wine and given warm. All these are good against a cough, which makes them lean.  
Sheep oftimes are troubled by a blood toward the canicular 
Blood in sheep.  days, the which blood increasing, causeth sheep to have a turning giddiness in their heads, in tumbling & leaping without cause: and if ye touch their head or feet, ye shali find them very hot. Then ye must incontinent let them blood on the vain (a high in the midst of his nose) called Babina: and soon after he will amend and do well again. Some shepherds do take a pretty quantity of blood on their temples, whereby they find it very good, and for those also which have a cough and morfounded, to give them a spoonful of 
Cough or morfound.  mitridate or treacle, in wine. As for the cough in sheep, if they have it not very sore, they will in short time amend thereof again, and it will by little and little so go away clean. But in the mean time, that sheep shall not wax ●att●, but still wax leaner and leaner if it continue with them.  
For a haw in the eye, to drop therein the juice of camomile, or crowfoot herb stamped and laid too. Against any 
Haw in the eye.  hot cause or pain of the eyes, to drop in the juice of dragon herb, or to drop the juice of lettuce, or lay it too plaster wise. For a cold cause, the juice of clarrie, mixed with honey, and dropped in. Also the juice of the seed of selendine, warmed in a latin vessel, and put into the eye which is very good. Garmander mixed and beaten with honey, and so laid too, is good against any blow on the eye. Also the juice of pimpernel dropped into the eye and laid too, will break or kill every haw, or other impostume in the eye.  
Sometimes a sheep will wax blind for a time, and then 
Blindness in sheep.  mend again. Some shepherds do put a little tar into his eye, and they find that he will mend the rather, there are divers things afore recited, yet they heretofore have used only but this tar: whether it have been for lack of further knowledge I know not. And some do let blood under the eye. Water in the belly of sheep will rot him, which water 
Water in sheep.  some shepherds will cut a hole in his belly and put in a feather, and so let out all that water, and then stitch it up again, and thereby some do escape and are well again.  
Some sheep will have a turning sickness, which is cause 
The worm under the horn.  of a certain small worm (as some shepherds do say) that lieth under her horn, which causeth them to turn as it were round. If the worm be under the right horn, than the sheep will turn on the left side, if the worm be in the left horn, she will turn on the rigght side, thus (as they say) always contrary. Therefore when any sheep turns or bows her head on the left side, ye shall raze all round about the right horn, and then strike it off, then tar it, and she shall mend again.  
Blood on sheep, if it come at any time of the year it is evil, 
Blood on sheep.  and that sheep that hath it is in danger to die suddenly: but ere he die, ye shall see him stand and hang down his head, and therewith sometimes quake. Then if the shepherd can spy it, let him take him and rub all his head and his ears well, and under his eyes. Then with a sharp knife cut off both his ears. And let him blood under both his eyes. If then he bleed well, he is like to recover again. But if he bleed little or nothing, than it were best to kill him, and to save his flesh. For if he die himself (which willbe soon after) his flesh is nought, and his skin will be redder than others. This blood taketh most commonly on sheep that are fat and in good liking.  
There is in sheep a bladder which will be under the skull 
Bladder in the head.  in his head commonly behind, & when he is troubled therewith, he will come heavily dragging behind his fellows. Then shall ye take and search him, and whereas ye shall find it most softest. There cut the skin a cross, and flea & turn up the four corners. Then with the point of your knife, raze the skull finely, but take heed ye touch not the brain, and so take and raise up parts of the skull, and then ye shall see a thin skin or bladder, and therein lies the worms which are white like oatmeal groats, and are alive. So take all the bladder whole out: so done, lay the skin fair and close all over thereon again, and bind thereon eight or nine fold of linen, and keep him warm and close for the space of a fortnight after, & let him take no cold, nor rain, if he do, he dieth thereon, & after xiiii. days ye may turn him abroad to his fellows. This disease cometh most unto young sheep, as of two years or under, & not unto old sheep.  
To tag or belt sheep is, when any sheep by running out 
To tag or belr sheep.  or neshenes of his dung do ray & defile his tail. The shepherd shall then take shears and clip the tags away, and cast dry mould thereon. If it then be the hot time of summer, it were good to rub it over with a little tar, to keep flies away. Also shepherds should have a little board by his fold side, to lay his sheep clean thereon, when he do dress him, and his tar bottle to hang ready thereby, fast on a forked stick, he should not go without his dog and his shéephooke, knife, shears, and tar box ever with him, or at his fold. Also he 
Dogs for shepherds.  must teach his dog to bark, when he would have him to run. And to run, and to leave running when he would, or else he is no cunning shepherd. For to chafe his sheep it is not good: some saith, it is a breeder of the scab, by chase, and then taking sudden cold thereon. Therefore he must learn his dog when he is a whelp, for than is best, for it is hard to make an old dog to stoop. Wherefore let them all be taught when they are young.  
How to perceive sheep when they wax and are scabby, 
Scab to perceive in sheep.  ye shall best perceive when they be scabby, by the locks of wool on their backs, hanging lose, therefore let the shepherd view and oversee his flock day by day, and so he shall soon perceive if any sheep do break or not.  
Sheep will have a scab, which shepherds call the pocks, 
Pocks of sheep.  and it will appear on the skin, like red pimples or purples, and they will be broad like spots as broad as farthings, and there dieth many sheep thereof, for lack of looking too betimes. Therefore to handle often all your sheep, and look all over their bodies, and see if ye find any sheep taken therewith: ye shall by and by take him from his fellows, & put him into some fresh pasture. And then see & look daily to the rest of the flock, and draw them as ye shall see them infected therewith, & put them in fresh pastures if they have it, in summer when there is no frosts, than it shallbe good to wash them in water. Remedies also. Some do take the juice of nightshade mixed with grease, and there with anoint, or garlic beaten together with tar, & so anoint. Or the juice of pelitory of spain, or of arthichoke, mixed with strong vinegar, and therewith wash it. Other remedies shepherds have the which I know not, but these I think shallbe sufficient.  
There is also a sickness amongst sheep, which the shepherds call the wood evil or cramp, which cometh most commonly 
The wood evil or cramp.  in the spring of the year, and taketh them most in their legs and in their necks, so that it maketh them hold their necks awry. And the most part of sheep that have this sickness, within a day or two, thereof will die, except they have speedy remedy, which remedy is best, to wash them a little, and to change their grounds or going, and to bring them to feed in some low pasture. For this grief comes commonly to sheep, on lay and hilly grounds, and full of fearny grounds. Other remedies there are, which men do use to let blood on the vain under the eye. Also some do say, that house leek stamped with neats feet oil, and therewith anoint. Or scallions, stamped and bound to their legs. Other bugloss, the leaves stamped and bound to their legs.  
Sheep in the summer will be troubled with maggets, the fly will blow upon small occasions. To perceive when any 
Maggots in sheep.  sheep is troubled therewith, ye shall see by her biting, stamping, starting, and shaking her tail: and there most commonly it is moist and watery. If it be nigh the hinder parts or tail, it will be defiled and wax oftentimes green with doonging. Then must the shepherd clip away all the wool in that place, to the skin: them to cast a handful of dry mouldy powder thereon, (which he should have always ready in a bag) to dry up the moisture. Then wipe away that mould, and whereas the maggots were, lay tar thereon all over. Thus in the summer ye must every day see well unto them, and mark their feeding and going.  
For a yaewe that will forsake her lamb assoon as it is 
Yeawes to love their lambs.  yeaned, to make her to love it, shepherds dye take the birth skin, (which is a thin Call that the Lamb is leapt in) which they take, or part there of, and laps it on a lump, and puts it into her mouth, and make her to swallow it. If the Yowe will not eat it: then let her chew it well up and down in her mouth: and after that, she will love her Lamb and be afraid of it, as others. And to make her to love another Lamb, if hers be dead, they use to take her lambs skin, and clap it on the other lambs body, & then she will love the other Lamb, & think it is her own. If a Yowes' lamb die in the birth, some shepherds do take the dead lamb, and rubs another lamb all over therewith: and by that means the Yowe reserves it as her own, and will love it aswell.  
Sheep oftimes will be poisoned by eating some evil herb 
Poison of sheep.  or other thing, where upon they will swell, and stagger, in in holding commonly their heads down, and within a while after: they will foam at the mouth, and then soon after, they will fall down and die. The remedy is, shepherds do use assoon as they spy any sheep reel or stagger, they take him and open his mouth and under his tongue at the root, there shall ye see bladders, which they do rub with the powder of loam, or with croomes of bread, and and break them, than they piss in the sheeps mouth, and so washeth it down, If ye cannot piss, than ye shall take drink, and power some into his mouth, and soon after he will do well again, or give him the juice of wormwood, with wine, or vinegar.  
Against the time of yeaning as towards the Spring, shepherds must then take good heed unto their flock of 
Yeaning time.  ewes, or any other having the government of such cattle. Then must the shepherds cherish well their ewes being with lamb, for if the ewes be not then strong, they will have no force to deliver their lambs, which causeth many abortives or dead Lambs, and oft times they cannot be delivered without help. Therefore in that time, good shepherds ought to give great attendance in some places where great flocks are, they watch in the nights as well as days, for perhaps three or four ewes may labour to yeane at one time. Wherefore, then the shepherd must have help, or else they are like to have loss of lambs, and where a yeaws cannot deliver her Lamb, the shepherd must help her in setting his foot on her neck, and with his hands to pluck it from her gently. If it come with the head forward, than it is more easy to be taken out. But if the lamb do come with the rump forward, then must the shepherd put in his fingers, and put a small cord about the houghs of both the lambs feet, and so fasten it and pluck the lamb forth. If any lamb do lie overwhart or cross, them must the shepherd with a sharp knife cut the lamb in three or four pieces, and so take it forth.  
Also if any Lamb be like to die when he is first lambed, ye shall open his mouth and blow therein, 
Weak lambs new yeaned.  and thereby many have recovered soon after, and done well. Wherefore in this time of the year, ye must be painful to see your ewes and to be with them late at night, and early in the morning, and to see and hearken if any yeawe do complain or groan, that ye may be ready to help her, Also if any yeaw have two Lambs and too little milk, thift one lamb as is afore mentioned unto some other yeawe, which hath no lamb, thus ye may do & save in lambing time many Lambs.  
Things good for the easier deliverance of the lambs, to be ministered in time of extremity. Nettles boiled in Malmsey 
Easy deliverance.  and given, which will open the neck of the matrix. Anniseedes boiled in wine or ale, and given. The juice of Peniryall, stamped with ale and given.  
Also the juice of wild Parsnepes, stamped and strained, & given. The herb called Hare wort (in Latin Aristolochia) drunk with myrrh, & pepper, with wine or ale, and given.  
Also the leaves of wild sage stamped and strained with wine or ale, and given, or to anoint the matrix with the ●uice of Wake robin.  
Also Fetches stamped with ale and given is good also. Or mint stamped & strained with honeyed water. Mallow leaves stamped & strained with ale and given: or the root of Laurel stamped & strained with honeyed water, then warmed & given. All these aforesaid are good to be given in order for the speedier deliverance of the lambs, when any yeaw is in danger and weak. Sheep sometimes will have their teeth lose, for 
Lose teeth.  that some do let them blood under the tail, & some do counsel to chafe their gumnes with the powder of mallow roots burnt, and made into powder, and rub them therewith.  
Things good to increase milk in a yeaw, or those which 
to increase milk.  have scant of milk: ye shall use to give them fetches, or the herb Dill to eat, or make the yeawe take the juice in drink, or aniseed beaten and given, and to give them colewoortes is very good. And also barley sodde in water, with Fenell seed, and so given, will increase much milk, and Nigilromana, given to eat five or six days together on morning's fasting. Also Radish roots stamped with ale & given, or to give the juice of Sowthistle. All these aforesaid are very good to increase milk.  
Of herbs wholesome for sheep chief afore others, melilot, the 
Herbs wholesome.  three leaved grass, Selfheale, & cinquefoil, broom, and pimpernel, white henbane they will eat: good in summer, for it cooleth them. Others there be, but these shall suffice.  
What times are best to wean lambs, in some places 
Weaning lambs.  they do never separat the lambs from the ewes, which (as they say) is for 2. causes: one thing is, whereas the Rams go with the ewes it needeth not, for they will wax soon dry, so will their lambs be weaned of themselves. The other cause is, whereas they have no severals to put their lambs in, when they should be weaned. Wherefore he must either sell them, or let them suck so long as the dams will give them leave, and some say though Lambs shall never rot, so long as they suck their Dams, except she want meat. For him that hath several pastures, lambs 
Lambs weaned.  would be weaned when they are sixteen or eighteen weeks old, and the better the yeaw shall take the Ram again, when need shall be. The poor husbands in many places whereas they use to milk their ewes, do wean their lambs being twelve weeks old, & they do milk their yeaws v. weeks after & more. But those lambs shallbe never so good as the other that suck long, & have meat enough beside, which have been tried, & proves best.  
A yeawe having milk and will not love her lamb (as some will not,) ye shall do thus, put her into some narrow place, 
To make the yeaw to love her lamb.  so that she can scant turn her, and her lamb with her, if she smite the lamb with her head, bind her head to the side of the pen, & give her a little meat, them tie a dog by her that she may look on him, & that will make her to love her lamb in short space: and otherwise to make the yeawe love her lamb, I have afore expressed.  
The best time to divide or draw sheep is, after ye have shorn them, then to put them in parts, as those 
to divide or draw sheep.  that ye will feed by themselves, they shear Hogs by themselves, and the ewes by themselves, the Lambs by themselves, and the weathers and the Rams by themselves, if ye have so many pastures for them, or else the great sheep will beat the small with their heads, and there may be some of each sort which like not, and are but weak: all such would be put into fresh pastures by themselves, and when they are well amended, then sell them. And the oft changing of Pasture shall amend all kinds of cattle in shorter time than to remain long in one Pasture. Also the 
Folds for sheep.  folding of sheep, which they in some places do set their fold with divers partitions, and points the weathers, the yeaws, & the lambs each by themselves, some shepherds tie dog at the four corners of the fold. Some drailes his dogs about the fold a pretty way of. Others set up shows of dead Dogs heads, which is to fear any wild beast in coming to the foldde. In some places the shepherd hath his cabin going on wheels, to remove here and there at his pleasure: shepherds need not greatly care for folding but once in the year, which is from july, till after August, except dry countries, for they are never lightly folded in Autumn nor winter, for in rainy weather they counsel not to fold, but to stick stakes about on the lands, and thereby the sheep will sit down by them. Whereby they shall have more room than being together in the fold, and shepherds say it is not good folding of sheep in any rany weather.  
And also to make your Pens near the field or Pasture side in some dry grown, and make also partitions thereinto receive small tropes of forty or more, with gates unto them, that when ye have drawn them, ye may fasten each gate by himself, and there the shepherd may turn them, and look if any of them be faulty in any other cause, & therein to amend them. For if his pen be made in parts, he may take and divide them at his pleasure, and when he hath taken so many as he shall seem needful, he may turn all the rest to pasture. And those which are in the Pen, he may use as he shall seem good, this shall suffice for your penfoldes,  
To put the Ram unto the ewes, if all men do at 
To put the Rams to ewes,  one time is not the best, for then there will loss follow. For him that hath the best Winter Pasture, or a timely Spring in the year, he may suffer the rams to go with the ewes all the year to cover when they wil But in common Pastures, the Rams are commonly put to the ewes about holy Rood time: for then (they say,) the Ram would go with the buck, to have them come more timely, but the common husbandman may not so do, because he hath no pasture but the common fields: for him to put the Ram to the ewes it shallbe best at Michaelmas. And for such poor husbands as dwell among mountains and hills, having neither pasture nor common fields, but mountains and heaths, it were better for them to put the Ramm about Simon & judes day, for because, a yeawe goeth with lamb xx. weeks, then if she lamb too soon or timely in the spring, having no new grass, she may not give her lamb milk, and for want thereof, many lambs are lost, 
A yeaw with lamb.  & the ewes then being poor, & having no milk, they will often forsake their lambs, that in hard countries oft times they die, both the yeaws and lambs: therefore herein, let every man do as he thinks best.  
There is also in the Spring a disease cometh to many lambs, which commonly are of 10. or 14. days old, and is 
The leaf in lambs.  much in lay pastures, which disease the shepherd's call, y● lease because (as they say) they will feed most commonly on leaves, & chief in Oak or the hawthorn leaf, & soon after they will reel and stagger, and foam at the mouth, than they will fall down and so die, whereof I have asked many shepherds, and they know no remedy for it. Wherefore me thinks it should seem good to try if the disease do come by any poisoned thing. Then to give them such things as will deserve poison, as to give the lamb some Treacle in warm milk, or southernwood stamped and given with ale, or the juice of Aron, called cuckospit, stamped & strained in honeyed water, & given warm, or the root of the great burr bruised & sod in wine & then given. All these are good against poisoned causes. But if this disease breed first in the head, then shall ye minister things chiefly to purge the head, as the tender buds of Bearefoote beaten, and the juice mixed with wine & given. Also the juice of Showbread, (in Latin, Panis porcinus,) the which juice ye shall put into his nostrils, and let it distill into his head. The which will purge both bis head and brain. Likewise the juice of garden cresses stamped and strained, and given with wine do also purge the head. But if the said disease come of the Hawthorne or Oak leaf only, which leaves be of a hard digestion, and perhaps may cause this disease, if it should be so. Then boil Southernwood in wine, and give thereof to the sick Lambs, or wild mallows sodde in wine and given. Or the herb Cuckospit boiled in wine and given. Also of juniper seeds or leaves stamped, then strained and given with wine. Also Penniryall stamped and strained with wine or Ale and so given. All these above said are good to make digestion, and other ways wholesome for the Beast. Thus much I thought meet to write, concerning the remedies for this strange disease in Lambs. Let shepherds thereof try so far as they shall think good.  
Against the looseness of teeth, some do let blood as I have afore said under the tail. But whensoever any 
Against lose teeth.  of the sheep have lose teeth, ye shall take the tender crops of briars, called Black brier, and put thereof among his meat, and so they will fasten again in eating thereof. It is good for all men to understand, specially Shepherds, which things do hurt or rot sheep, whereby they 
Rotters of sheep.  may avoid the danger the better, ye shall understand there is a grass or weed, called spear wort, the leaves are long and narrow like the point of a spear, hard and thick, the steals hollow, growing a foot and more high, with a yellow flower, which is commonly in wet places, and there will it grow most, or where water have stood in the winter. There is also another weed called Peniwort or penny grass, it will commonly grow in moist & marish grounds, & it groweth low by the ground, & hath a leaf on both sides the stalk like unto a penny, thick & round, & without flower, yet some, do say it beareth a yellow flower, which will (as they say) kill sheep if they eat it. Also all manner of grass that landfloods do overr 〈…〉 before, a rain is not good for sheep, because of s●nd and stinking filth lying thereon, and all manner marish grounds is evil for sheep, and the grass that groweth among fallows is not very good for sheep, for among it, is much 
Grass among fallows.  earth and other ill weed. Also knottegrasse is not good for sheep, (for as some do say) it will cause them to foam at the mouth & so willbe a scab. Likewise all mildeawd grass is not good, the which ye shall know two manner of way. The one is by the leaves on trees in the mornings, & chief on the Oak tree. If ye lick the leaves, ye shall find a taste thereon like honey, whereby the mildewde grass will kill many sheep, & rhymes on the ground, then if the shepherd do well, he should not let them go abroad, till the sun have dried up all those dews. Evil water is likewise not good, and a hunger rot is the worst rot of all. For therein is neither good flesh nor skin, and being hunger straved, they eat such as they can come by. But in pastures they seldom have the rot, but hurt with mildeawes, yet than they will have much tallow, and likewise flesh, and also a good skin. They say little white snails be ill for sheep, other in pastures or fields, there is a rot called the pellet rot, which cometh of great wet, specially in wood grounds or fallow fields, where they cannot well dry them. All these are the chief things that do rot sheep, as the shepherds have found commonly by experience from time to time.  
Certain precepts taken forth of Aristotle, libro de natura animalis. When the teeth be all even of a sheep, 
Aristotle's precepts.  it is a sign that the sheep is old, yet thereto some shepherds do say, it is so in a young sheep as well as in the old, and that is according to the Pasture or grounds they feed in. If they feed in hard ground their teeth will wear the sooner, than in a soft ground or Pasture  
If ye will have your lambs come in the spring time, put the Ram to the ewes in the mids of October, if ye will 
Lambs.  have them come in Winter, ye must put the Rams to the ewes in july.  
The yeawe goeth with her lamb slew months, ye shall mark when a yeawe doth commonly bleat being 
Lambing time.  great with lamb, then judge that her lambing time is near.  
Also ye shall note, if a rain come incontinent after that the Ram have covered the ewes, those lambs are like to die. 
Black Lambs.   
A Ram that hath a black tongue, all the lambs he gets are like to be black or else spotted.  
Stony and marish ground is not wholesome for sheep, and wood ground is not very hurtful.  
In Summer, sheep ought to be fed in the morning before the heat of the day, and to let them drink fair water of the Spring. Also in the Spring time, and Winter, put not forth your sheep before the dews and frost be gone, for that grass which hath dew or frost, breedeth a disease or scab.  
It is good also to put your sheep in the harvest in stubble ground, for they will dung well the lands. Note also, if a ground be wet with rain, it shall not be good to let them lie thereon, but stur them to some higher place.  
Again in the month of April may, june, and julie, not then to eat much, but in August, Octobre, November, and December, then to eat well after the dew is gone, the better to withstand the storms in winter.  
Note also that the washing of sheep with salted rain water after he is shorn, will save him from the itch, and breaking of the wool, and from being scabby: note that putting the ram to the ewes when the wind is in the north will cause them bring males, and putting the ram to the ewes when the wind is in the south, will cause the ewes bring female lambs. And those ewes that do drink salt water, do desire the ram the sooner, but ye must not salt the water before the ramming time, but after: some say, two good rams to a hundredth ewes is sufficient, and some think the more rams the sooner speed: but they will serve.  
Note also, all things will fat sheep which is mingled with salt water, as fetches, bran, chaff and such like. Much stirring of sheep doth make them lean. There is a disease in sheep which is called the spring, it cometh with a swelling in the belly, and foaming at the mouth, and suddenly the sheep will fall down in the way. The remedy is: Take a quantity of rue, and another of rosemary, and boil them in milk, or in new ale, for that is the better, and when it is a little boiled, then stamp it, and then strain it, and so give it milk warm unto the sheep: but before ye give it, prick him under the tongue and make it bleed if ye can, and he shall do well.  
There is also oftentimes a giddiness in sheep, which doth take them in their heads, (as shepherds do judge,) if it be the bladder ye shall find it soft under your finger, and there ye must cut it as is afore said: or the worm under the horn which is likewise afore declared. For any other pain or giddiness, these are special good. Take the juice of ivy leaves and put thereof into his ear, and bind it fast for casting out. Or the juice of cackcospit in like case warm. Or the juice of hegtaper called fox glove, put it into the ear. The juice of wild time stamped with ale, strained and given. Or the juice of sowbred, (called in latin panis porcinus) distilled in at the nose into the head, doth purge both the head and the brain of the sheep. Against water in the body or belly, ye shall stamp and strain of two penny grass, & give it with wine 
Water in the belly.  boiled. Against any water in the head, boil purcelin in honted water, strained and so given. All these aforesaid are good against water in any part of the body. Also they say, when the teeth of sheep waxelong and even, it is a sign of age in them.   

For the worm in the guts.  
SOme sheep will have a long worm in his guts, and also ●lambs of a quarter old: which breedeth of some raw humour, the signs are, he will forsake his meat, & sit most commonly bowing his head to his belly, & he will often groan, & his belly will swell, & shortly will die thereon if he be not holp. The remedy: take a quantity of the juice of horehound, with some leek blades albrused, & so give it. Or to give him the powder of wormeséed in some malvoisie. Also the powder of savin finely beaten and given in wine or ale.  
Sheep sometimes willbe lousy, and have lice like hog louse, which breed sometimes by much wet, sometimes by hunger 
To kill louse.  and poverty, and sometimes they may have louse in lying among hogs, and then ye shall see them rubbing & scratching with their horns and so will tear their wool in many places. The remedy: take quicksilver killed in oil olive, or spittle & therewith anoint your sheep: or the powder of white ellebory, and mix it with salad oil, and therewith anoint. Or boil it in vinegar, and wash the sheep therewith. Or take the powder of stavesaker and mix it with oil olive & anoint therewith: Or ye may take fresh grease, soap, tar, & melt together, & therewith anoint. All these afore said are good against sheep that are lousy.  
There is sometime on the end of the yowed tets a certain small mote or scab with a black head, hanging unto it a hard 
stopping the tets.  mattry string like phlegm, which is within the tet, and it will slop her milk, that of some you the lamb can draw no milk. Wherefore the shepherd must see to all such things in tamming time, or else some lambs are like to starve.  
Some shepherds say, that a horned ram is ill to get lambs, for the ewes are at lambing time in more danger of deliverance, because the lambs have long stubbed horns before they are lambd: whereby in the lambing time they put the ewes in more danger, therefore the net ram is counted more better.  
Some sheep will have a water bladder under their chin, 
Water bladder in sheep.  which ye shall feel to be soft, which will breed in moist times of winter by feeding on moist places: shepherds have no other common remedy but to lance it a little and then to tar it. There be some lambs their pesill is cloven, I can learn no remedy but keep it clean till he be big, and anoint it with tar, and then to kill him, for he will die at the length. 
Cloueu pefill.   
How for to know the age of a sheep, she being of one shear she will have two broad téethafore, at the second shear, she will have iiii. broad teeth afore: at the third shear, she will have vi. broad teeth afore, and at the fourth shear, she will have viii. broad teeth afore, and thus ye may know the age of all sheep by their teeth.  
Sheep are called (ovis in latin) which word cometh of sacrificing in the old time: The sheep is a beast good & profitable for many commodities for the use of a man, as commonly is known among all men in this country and others. If the rams be put unto the ewes when the wind is in the north, the ewes will bring males, and if the wind be in the south, if the yowes he then covered, they will be female lambs. Also such a colour as the vain is under the rams tongue, of such colour shall the lamb be when he is lambed: and when old sheep are moved to generation in unordinate times (shepherds say) it is a good sign: And if young sheep be so moved (they say) it is a taken of some general pestilence among them that year following.  
Also Aristotle saith, sheep do commonly conceive in drinking-water, and therefore some shepherds do give them salt, and do force them to take it, which doth cause them to conceive the rather, and salt will keep them longer safe and sound without sickness. They do also give them in harvest Cucurbitas, and such herbs with salt, which will increase much milk in their udderns. If your sheep be made to fast three days and then give them meat, they will soon after wax fat: in summer cold water coming out of the north springs is good for them to drink: and in harvest, warm water coming out of the south shall be good for them, and then to eat in the later part of the day or night is also good for sheep. And those sheep which are driven and travel far, do soon wax lean, and shepherds will perceive those that will best endure out the next winter following, for some sheep are so feeble they are not able to shake of the ise from their backs, and some will suffer none thereon but still shake it off. The sheep which be nourished in watery places their flesh is not so wholesome as others nourished in dry grounds, and those four footed beasts nourished in moysts grounds with long tails, may worse away with winter then those with broad tails.  
Also sheep with small and thin short wool on their tails may worst away with winter: shepherds say, the wool of a sheep that is worried with the wolf or eat, thereof, it is infected, and the cloth made of that wool willbe lousy.  
Sheep also are of less stoutness of nature, and wit, than other four footed beasts. The thunder feareth sheep greatly, specially if one be alone. If thunder happen in the evening, or night, it is dangerous to make ewes to cast their lambs, or if any be alone. Therefore it shall be a good remedy to bring them all into one flock. Acorns are ill for sheep, and make ewes to cast their lambs.  
Some shepherds say, to shear sheep not afore midsummer, is good to make them have a long staple, for in hot weather the wool of sheeps backs doth grow most.  
In folding of sheep, the opinion of some husband's hold, that the piss of sheep doth heat, help, and comfort the land as much or rather more than doth their dung: therefore some do will their servants or shepherds to raise all the sheep in the fold before they let them forth in winter once every night, and to go about the sides of the fold with a dog, for commonly when as sheep do see any dog come nigh them, they will then dung and piss, and when they have so done, ye may let them out of the fold, and this order is very good for your lands.  
Against the rot, if you fear your sheep, in wet times, ye shall put them into a house three days and three nights without meat or drink: then give to every hundredth one bushel of bran mixed with so much salt laid in troffes, & hunger will make them to eat it, then drive them to the water, and let them drink their fill. Then let them be chaste with a cur a good space after, and put them then into what ground ye will for one quarter, and they shall take no hurt: then must you take them up the next quarter and serve them so again. Thus must ye use them iiii. times in the year in doubtful times, if ye will save your sheep from the rot.  
Some shepherds do use when they fear the rot, to take them up and to give each sheep he suspecteth, a little milk mixed with salt, and to set water by them, and to keep them so for certain days, which is thought a good way to preserve them if they be taken in time.  
Some shepherds do give his sheep the juice of elder mixed with honeyed water or milk given warm a little, which will purge water forth of their bodies, or three drams of the juice of spurge, in a pint of honeyed water, to give a quantity thereof. Also plantain sod in water mixed with some milk and given, do purge water betwixt the flesh and the skin. Thus much concerning the rot and water in sheep. Also if sheep be chaste or driven a journey, if then they will drink salt water, it is a sign they are sound, and will do well.   

A good medicine for the stagger in lambs, or young sheep.  
TAke of long pepper, of liquorice, of annises 〈…〉 des, of hempséeds, and of honey, of each a pennyworth. Then beat all these together, then put thereto a pottle full of new milk, and stir the honey and it with the rest all together, and thereof give each lamb or sheep two spoonfuls or somewhat more thereof milk warm. And this will save them for that year. This must be given in the beginning of May.   

To help sheep that have the pox.  
YE shall prick the vain under the tail nigh the rump, and let them bleed, and likewise prick the vain under the right eye, and let them bleed. Then take strong vinegar as ye can get, and put to so much salt as ye may make it like a brine, and milk warm give every sheep three good spoonfuls thereof. Use this twice or thrice between two or three days, and it will help. But as soon as you shall see any sheep infected put him from the rest, and then give him this drink aforesaid. The pox will commonly begin under the brisket, and so on the rump, and then it will meet in short time, and so perish.   

For the itch or scab in sheep.  
YE shall boil the herb bearefoot in water, with the roots of chameleon noir, which is the great thistle that hath milk, and wash the scabby places therewith warm, and it will help them: often proved.   

Cutting or gelding lambs.  
THe age of cutting and gelding of young lambs (as some shepherds say) is best in the wane of the moon, the sign and the hour being good, young lambs from three days old till nine days old, for than they are young and tender and may easily be gelt. Yet some other do hold, it is better cutting of lambs when they are more stronger, as of three weeks old or more. But than is more danger in cutting them. For if they be then rank of blood (as some will be more than other some) than the blood often will fall into the cod, rains and belly, and there it will lie and cause the lambs soon after they are cut to die. Therefore put the fine powder of resin into his cod, and that will dry up the quarie blood.  
Therefore some do choose out those lambs that be lusty and fair, and cuts their ears, or lets them blood the day before.  
Some shuts them in a house the night before without meat, and then to cut them. Also a good sure way is this: ye shall cause one to hold the lamb betwixt his legs, or on his lap, and turn the lamb on his back, in holding his four feet up right together: But if ye shall see black spots in his 〈…〉 ankes than cut him not, for he will die, for he is rank of blood. Then let the cutter take and hold the tip of the cod in his left hand, and with a sharp knife cut the top thereof an inch long clean away.  
Then with his thumbs and his two foremost fingers on both hands slip softly down the cod over the stones to his belly, and then with his teeth holeing the left stone whole in his mouth, draw it softly forth so long as the string is: So done, then draw forth the other in like manner. Then spit in the cod, ano anoint his flanks on both sides of the cod with fresh grease, and so let him or them go.  
But if ye draw the stones rashly (as some will) not holding down his cod with their hands, as afore said, and suffers the lamb to struggle, whereby it may soon break the string of a vain in drawing the stones, which will then gather to lumps of blood in his belly and cod, and thereof die within two or three hours after: And when ye have cut them let them not lie, but stir them up and down after for two or three hours. For the lambs to rest suddenly after cutting, is not good, nor yet to be put forth suddenly in cold winds or wet weather. Thus much for the cutting & gelding of lambs.   

For a sheep that hath lost her quide.  
IF a sheep have lost her quide, notwithstanding, sheep will eat all the day, and cast it up at night again, (which casting willbe like to the paunch of a beast:) for he cannot digest it, and thereby they never prosper, but pine away at length by little and little. The cure. Ye shall take quide wort, (which groweth among corn, like groundsel,) and bruise thereof a quantitite, then mark when ye see another sheep chew her quide, take her, and take part of he quide out of her mouth, and mix it with the bruised quidewoort, and role it in a little ball, and so give it, and make her to swallow it, and he shall do well.   

The red water.  
Sheep oftentimes will have the red water, which as shepherds say, is a certain bladder with water under the tip of his heart, which water scalds and consumes the heart, so at length he will die: a good way to help is, every night before they rest, do ye chase them a little with a dog which will preserve them from the said water.   

Against the gall.  
A Sheep when he is troubled with flowing of the gall, ye shall see him stand shrinking with his four feet nigh together. Then give him half a spoonful of aquavite mixed mith so much vinegar, and let him blood under the tail, and he shall mend: and it is good against the red water also.   

Herbs evil for sheep.  
Herbs, if sheep eat thereof, as spear wort, which groweth commonly in moist places, and beareth a yellow flower, and hath leaves like spear points, thick and hard to digest. Also black elleborie, will kill sheep or other cattle if they eat any quantity thereof. There is an other herb called two penny grass, which grows in meadows, which is as evil for sheep as spear wort. Again oak leaves, if sheep eat thereof green, it is evil for them, specially for young lambs, which will kill them: and also yeugh leaves, if they eat thereof, it will go nigh to kill them: and likewise of other cattle. And dead grass or rotten fog in low commons and pastures, is evil for sheep, and will breed a rot in them: and hemlock, and mushromps is ill for sheep, and white snails. Thus much here, of evil herbs for sheep, whereof I have recited part before.   

To help hoggerels if they mislike.  
IF young tegges or hoggerels under a year old, do not like, ye shall make tar warm, give unto each a spoonful thereof, and it will help: but if they be with lamb it is not good for them.   

The turning disease in sheep.  
THere is a turning disease in sheep, which causeth them to hold their heads on the one side: some shepherds do counsel. If she hold her head on the right side, ye shall strike of the horn on the left side of. For under the horn there lies a worm, which ye shall anoint with tar, and that will kill it: then bind a cloth thereon, and so it will do well again.   

The tyne worm.  
THe tine worm is a sinal red worm, with many legs, much like a hog louse, and they will creep in grass: if sheep or other cattle do eat one, they will ●well, and within a day die, if he be not remedied. To remedy him ye shall take stolen & salt a quantity, and stir them together, and give it so, and chafe him a while after: or give him the juice of herb Robart with ale, and he will mend.   

To help the wethering in a you.  
Stamp the leaves of mallows with strong ale and give it: or take & stamp herb grace and strain it with good ale and give the you three or iiii. spoonful thereof, and she shall do well. And the juice of mugwoort will do the like.   

Goats with their nature and feeding.  
FOr so much as I have written sufficiently of sheep, I will now here speak somewhat of goats, which are cattle much desired of in many places.  
These kind of cattle desire to have bushes and briars, and alio thorns, and other trees, rather than to have plain pasture grounds or fields. For they feed as well in rough and rude grounds as plain places. For they fear neither briar, rock nor thorn, bush or other wood, and they love very well low and small trees, shrubs, as also wild trees, crabtrées and such like, or the wild grass melilot: also of willows and young oaks, or elms being not high.  
The bucks have under their jaws two wattles or tufts like a beard, which is the better to be esteemed of, his body also being large withal, and his legs great, his neck plain and short, with great hanging ears: his head small, his hair black and thick, clean and long withal. In many places they dod shear them to make mantils for soldiers. Also the buck goat when he is of seven months old, he is sufficient to couple and to cover the females.  
For he is of so great a heat, and so knavish withal, that 
Goat buck wax soon old.  he will not spare to cover his own dam, though she be yet milk. Through the which heat he waxeth soon old, and before he be vi. years he is nigh spent. For his youthful years being so hot: hath consumed his strength. Wherefore after v years he is not sufficient to cover the females. The she goat which doth resemble the buck afore mentioned, is greatly to be praised, if she have great tets with large uddurns and full of milk. In temperate countries they choose the goats which are without horns. But in country's windy and stormy which is subject often unto great winds, they take those which have horns: but in most places ye shall see that the bucks have no horns, because they are most unhappy in pushing and goring with their horns, which thing is often dangerous.  
These cattle ought not to be above one hundredth in a heard: although that sheep with wool may be a thousand together in a flock. And also when ye buy goats, it is better to buy all together out of one company or heard, then to choose in divers parts or companies, to the end that when ye would lead them to pasture, they do not separate themselves into divers parts: and also it will be the better for them to agree in their houses. And too great a heat in summer doth annoy these cattle very much, yet more doth the cold in winter: for these female goats which do bring forth a kid in winter, through the cold and vehemency thereof, it often maketh them bring forth abortives and dead kids.  
Also abortives comes when they give them in some place nothing but acorns for their meat. Wherefore ye must not give them but a quantity at once thereof.  
The chiefest time to have them coupled or covered with the buck, is in Autumn, before the month of December, to the end that against the grass and leaf do spring fresh and tender, than she shall kid and bring forth their young the better, whereby to have more grass, and thereby to give the more milk.  
Also their houses ought to be paved with stone, or else naturally to be of gravel of itself all under, for these kind of cattle be so hot they must have no litter under them. But their keeper to look always diligently unto them, in cleansing them daily in their houses, and in their said houses not to suffer any filthy dung, or other moisture to remain, or any other dunghill: For it is clean contrary against the nature of goats. If the ewes be of a good kind, they will bring two kids a piece, and some times three at once: Which is not good nor yet commended when a goat so doth. And also being of two years, to bring at once three kids. If so then ye must nourish the kids as ye do the lambs, having but small succour. But the young bucks must be a little more corrected and kept low, to abate their heat and lasciniousnes in them. But the other ye must give them abundance of milk, and also to give them Elm leaves and seeds, and of mellylot herb, and of ivy, or the tender crops of lentil pease, or other tender branches and crops. Also when a goat hath kydded, ye shall reserve the most fairest and strongest of the two: (If that she have two at a birth.) For to replenish always your herd, the other ye may sell if ye will, or other ways dispose him. Ye shall not give any kid to a goat of a year, or two years to nourish, for those kids which they bring within those said times, ought not to be nourished or kept, except they be of three years, and those which be but a year having a kid, it ought suddenly to be taken away from the dam.  
But those goats which have kids being of two years, ye shall let them remain till they be ready to sell. And ye must not keep your doaes no longer than viii. years, because they being sore weakened in so often bearing, they will become barren. Also their keeper ought to be rough unto them, in giving them sharp words, and to be diligent, patiented, not angry, and yet bold: For to go with them through valleys, on rocks, and desert places, through bushes, shrubs, and such like, and yet not always to follow his herd, as the keepers of other cattle. But he ought to be always before this cattle. And to be more careful of them then of any other cattle. For these in feeding and brousing or pastoring do always obey the bucks, in descending and giving them place, and therefore they must be looked unto when some do sit, look the other run not here and there: But see that they rest peaceably and gently all at their own ease, to the end the ewes having the greatest tettes and uddurns, do not thereby wax lean or other ways become evil or sick.  
The goats are nourished almost of nothing chargeable. Yet they browse and feed wholly together as the sheep, and do climb up on mountains against the heat of the sun, with greater force than the sheep, and they be of more greater travel and exercise, and are more in strength and stouter of nature. Wherefore our ancestors did use them as they do yet in mountains, and wild places, which is counted most meetest for them: And to have their houses and government as the sheep have, in putting the bucks apart, as they do the rams: For they are in all things governed as the sheep, and are much conversant with sheep, in housing and pasturing alike.  
But these kind of beasts are not so meet to be about houses as sheep, for they are more hurtful unto all manner of herbs and bees: therefore they are more meeter to be in rougher and barren grounds, as bushes, rocks, mountains, and such. And some think it good not to have in a troop or head above fifty goats, because they will be ranging here and there, and are foolish cattle and without care, soon hanged here and there, which are in more danger than the sheep: therefore it is more painfuller unto their keeper, and not to let them go in cold places, for cold is most hurtful unto them.   

Of their diseases.  
AS it doth happen to other kinds of cattle to have the pestilence 
Of diseases in goats, as pestilence and such like.  or murrain and such: and sometimes sick of other diseases, in waxing lean through pain thereof: also the goats, although they be fat and in good liking, so much the sooner will they have the pestilence, and be cast down all at once, and die throughout all the heard except ye divide them, and when it so happeneth unto them, it is chiefly by the abundance of pasture or feeding. Now when soever ye shall see one or two so taken with this disease, ye must let all the rest blood incontinent, and ye shall not let them feed all the day, but four hours, and keep them shut close in a pen, or such like thing: To see if any other do become sick of the same or any other grief, the which shall be meet to give them of rushes, and reeds, and also the roots of white thorn, the which ye shall beat well with a pestle of iron, and then mix it with rain water, without giving them any other thing to drink. If this do not help, ye must sell them, and if ye cannot sell them, than it were best to kill them, and salt them. And after a certain time, ye must recover another heard. But ye must not do this before the dangerous time of this pestilence be spent, or that year past, as if this should be in winter, ye must abide until the summer next following after. Or if it be in Autumn, then tarry until the spring time. And when some of them shall chance to fall sick in the house, ye must give them the like remedy, as it is afore said of the sheep.  
And when their skin shall swell or inflame, and that the goat is full of water, which the Greeks call Hydropisis, a disease which cometh by drinking too much water. Ye must cut them a little with a sharp knife under the shoulder, and thereby draw forth all the superfluous moisture, and then heal the wound with tar, and after that the she goat hath borne kids, if her matrix be swollen, or that the secundine (which is the skin that the kids are leapt in) is not well borne, ye shall make her take a pint and a half of sod wine, or if ye have not that, ye shall give her as much of other good wine, and to fill and strengthen their nature with cerot liquid. Now to the end I will not again recite that which I have already spoken (if any other disease do come unto them) ye shall help them with such medicines as I have already showed heretofore in the remedies for sheep.  
For goats have the like diseases as the sheep and other cattle, and as they say, the goats are never without agues, for it is a common disease among them, and other diseases they catch in their bringing forth of their young kids, as afore is expressed. This I think shall be sufficient here at this time.  
There is also in the tefs of goats, as in ewes, a certain 
The stopping of the tets.  stopping in some of their tets, which is a hard matter like a straw of phlegm, which will be in the conduit of the teat, with a little black head, some will stick so fast that the kid or lamb cannot draw it forth, and so long they can have no milk. Therefore must the shepherds see to all such things, at the lambing or kidding time, or else the lambs and kids are like to starve.  
Let the keeper also look unto his goats, that the females be not chaste or hunted when they be great with kids, for if they be, they will be in danger of the misturning the kids in their bellies, which causeth the kids oftentimes to die, & put the goats in great jeopardy: & so likewise with ewes great with lamb, if they be chaste being great, it turns their lambs in their bellies, and makes many miscarry in lambing time.  
Thus much for the keeping and ordering of goats.  
If a sheep be bitten with any dog, ye shall clip away all the wool thereabout nigh unto the place, and then clap on a plaster of pitch and it will heal it.   

To heal a tetter which is a dry scab.  
YE shall take the roots of sorrel wild or tame, slice them and bruise them a little, and soak them in good vinegar two days and two nights, & then rub the sore therewith iiii. or v. times a day, and then let the roots so remain in the vinegar still. Use this and it will help. Or take the gum of cherry trees, and resolve it in strong vinegar, and rub the sore therewith, and this will help. Also Acerabacca bruised and laid in vinegar to anoint, doth the same. Again, the herb called pricmadam, growing commonly on walls, stamped with barrows grease, and so remain two days, and then anoint therewith, doth like help. Or bolearmeniac mixed with soap, and then to anoint therewith. All these are good against tetters, either for sheep or goats.   

Lambs cutting, coming late in the year, or kids.  
IF ye have any lambs that come in the end of may, or in june, the fly will be busy if ye then cut them● to defend the fly, ye shall mix fresh grease and soot together. (For the soot being sharp, will keep away the fly) and so anoint the cod therewith, and he shall do well.   

To help goats or sheep that have an itch.  
YE shall take of young broom the tenderest ye can get, and put a good quantity thereof into a pot with chamber lie, then stop it close, and so let it remain: And when as ye shall have any cause to occupy thereof, shed over the wool on the sheeps' back, and anoint therewith, so that it may go down to the skin. This is soon made and of small charge, and is more better than tar and fresh grease. For it will fasten the wool, kill the scab, & also destroy the tikes. Often proved quoth Balgrove.   

To feed a lamb from the Dam.  
A Lamb taken from the Dam, & so nourished by hand, he may soon perish, although ye feed it very well, except ye look unto his dunging. For I have known some being stopped, die thereof for lack of looking to. Ye shall open & anoint his tuel with butter or oil, and so rake him, or else give him spurge with milk, or centaury in milk.   

A proved medicine against the staggers in sheep.  
TAke of house leek called Singréene, the root of Dragon, a like quantity, Some grounds of strong ale, with some new milk, stamp the herbs, and then boil them well altogether. Then put thereto a few grains, grossly beaten, and so let it have a boil or two after, so let it cool, and give each sheep two or three spoonful thereof milk warm, and this will help.    

The Table for sheep, & Goats, by Alphabet, as followeth.  

A  
AGe in sheep how to know.  
Age of sheep by number of teeth.  
Altering thy stock to help. 211  
Aristotle's precepts for sheep. 240  
Other sayings of Aristotle.   

B  
BElting of sheep. 231  
Buying of sheep to know  
Biting sheep with a dog to help.  
Bledder in the head of sheep to help. 230  
Blindness in sheep to help. 229  
Blood in sheep to help. 229  
Blood in the cod of lambs to help.  
Blood in sheep another. 230  
Breeding of sheep. 211  
Breathing strait in sheep. 225  
Broom salve to anoint sheep with. 221  
Bones broken to help. 225   

C  
Choosing of rams.  
Choosing good sheep.  
collar troubling sheep. 224  
Cough in sheep to help. 228  
Cough another way to help. 229  
Cloven pesyll. 243  
Cramp in a sheep to help. 19  
Colour of sheep best.  
Cutting or gelding of lamb. 256   

D  
Dividing of sheep. 236  
Dogs meet for some shepherds. 231  
Drink in summer for sheep.  
Dropsy in goats to help.   

E  
EAning of yeaves to ease.  
Ewes chaste great with lamb not good.  
Ewes to make them love their lambs. 232  
Ewes that love not their lambs. 236  
Eaning time to take good heed of.  
Ewes going with lamb. 237  
Ewes great not to be chasts   

F  
FAtting of sheep.  
Female lambs to have. 210  
Fever in sheep to help. 222  
Fleame in sheep to help. 225  
Folding of sheep. 236  
folding of sheep another.   

G  
GAll in sheep to help. 249  
Galled in the foot to help. 223  
Glanders in sheep to help. 226  
Goats & their nature & feeding.  
Goat bucks having beards.  
Gelding lambs.  
Goat bucks soon wax old.  
Goats with kid not to be chaste.  
Goats when best to be covered.  
Goats how for to nourish.  
Goats having the dropsy to help.  
Goats being diseased to help.  
Government of sheep.  
Grass for sheep among fallows. 239  
Goats inflamed in the skin.  
Goats that have the pestilence to help.   

H  
HAw in the eye of sheep to help.  
Head pained to help.  
Herbs evil for sheep. 225  
Herbs wholesome for sheep. 249  
Horned rams and their nature.  
Houses meet for sheep.  
Hoggerels and young sheep do not like.   

I  
jaundice in sheep to help. 224  
Itch in sheep to help. 246   

L  
Lambs being sick to help. 226  
Lambs scabby to help. 227  
Lambs weak to help. 234  
Lambs what time best to wean. 225  
Lambs eating the leaf to help.  
Lambs which come in the spring.  
Laming time how to know. 240  
Lambs to have black or spotted. 240  
Lambing time to take heed of. 233  
Lice on sheep to kill. 242  
Long sick, in sheep to help. 223  
Lambs coming late to cut.  
Lambs stopped to look unto.   

M  
MAle lambs to have. 216  
Maggots on sheep to help. 232  
Another for the same.  
Medicines good for sheep. 219  
Medicines against an itch. 221  
Meat sufficient for sheep. 212  
Meat or pasture for Goats.  
Milk to increase in sheep. 235   

N  
Nourishing of sheep. 207   

O  
Ointment or greasing of sheep.   

P  
PAsture ground for sheep. 215  
Pens made to divide sheep.  
Pestilence in sheep to help. 219  
Pox a disease in sheep to help. 231  
Poison among sheep to help. 233  
Purcines in sheep to help.  
Proverb of pastures for sheep.  
For sheep that have lost their quide, to help. 248   

R  
RAcks meet for sheep.  
Ram's how to choose.  
Rams of estimation. 210  
Rams how to correct. 214  
Rams of what age to cover.  
Ram's when to be put to the yowes  
Rams to the yowes another.  
Rams to the yowes 260.  
Rayny weather not good to lie.  
Red water to help. 248  
Rotting of sheep to know,  
Rotting of sheep to help.  
Remedies with medicines to help.  
Rymy grass evil for sheep. 211  
Rotting of sheep. 239   

S  
Scab on sheep to help. 220  
Scab on the chine of sheep. 226  
Scab on the lips. 228  
Scabbed sheep how to preserve.  
Scratches of sheep among bushes  
Shepherd how to govern his sheep.  
Shearing of sheep. 217  
Sound sheep to choose.  
Spring a disease in sheep to help.  
Staggers in lambs or sheep. 240  
Strange sheep to order.  
Stopping of nipples of ewes to help. 243   

T  
TAgging of sheep to see to. 231  
Tar and of his nature. 228  
Teeth lose in sheep to help. 239 

Another for the same.    
Tets stopped to help.  
Thunder.  
Tetters in sheep to heal. 256  
Teeth many in a sheep to mark.  
The tine worm. 250  
Thorns or scratches on sheep.  
Tokens good in a sheep.  
Turning disease in sheep. 249   

W  
WEthering of ewes to help.  
Water in the belly of a sheep. 229  
Water in the belly another.  
Water bladder under the chin-243  
Washing sheep with salt water is good. 217  
Washing sheep often.  
Wildfier in sheep to help. 224  
Wood evil in sheep to help. 232  
Wool to come soon again. 228  
Worm in the isle to help. 222  
Worms in the guts of sheep.  
Worm under the horn to help. 230   
FINIS.   

The nature and qualities of hogs, and also the government thereof.  
THe hog is a hurtful and spoiling beast, stout and hardy, and troublesome to rule: he is a great ravener for his meat, because he is hot of nature. Hog's are commonly known to most men: therefore I will here let pass to speak in every point thereof, but such as shallbe most meet and necessary to be known.  
There be of all sorts to be had, but the meetest having and choosing of them, is the males, and boor pigs, for 
Choosing of hogs.  they do more resemble the nature of the boor, than the sow. And those that are large and big of body are most expected, rather than those of long and round of body. And they ought to have a deep belly, with thick and large thighs: not having his claws very high, nor yet very long legs, but thick and short, with a great thick neck. His groin and snout short and bending backward, with a broad thick chine and yet those are most knavishly given, when they are a year old: for they will engender and desire to cover or to be covered within every ten months: and so will continue till they be four years of age: and one Boor is sufficient for ten sows. Also the sows 
A Boar is sufficient for ten sows  ought to have a long body, and all the rest of her body like the other aforesaid of the Boar. Whereas the countries are cold, and subject to frosts, it is best there, to choose and have hogs which have high and hard bristles, thick & black. if it be in temperate countries & warm against the sun: there ye may well nourish those hogs which have thin, small & low bristles, because they are commonly more tender than others. Also those hogs which are nourished in houses & towns, are most commonly whiter than others. A sow will commonly bring pigs until she be seven years old, & those sows tha● bringeth pigs, most often in the year, do sooner waxeolde than others: for some young Sow, well fed, being one year old, will have pigs. The Sows are best to be covered in the month of February: and when she hath 
Covering 〈…〉 es. sows go with pig 16. weeks.  gone with pig four months or fifteen weeks, then in the sixteenth week, or beginning of the fifth month, she will farro. Some (as they say) will have pigs twice, some thrice a year. And when the grass is strong and wet, it causeth them to bring abundance of milk to nourish their pigs the better: for when she waxeth dry, and hath no milk to nourish them with, then must ye take them from her, and see to wean them, and so by little and little they will fall to eat grass and corn, and such as falls on the ground. And thus in continuance they will wax more stronger, to eat of all other kind of meat. This order they chief use in villages where great troops of hogs are used and kept together, bred and brought up in towns, whereby at length there comes a great profit by them unto the husband. As in places and villages, nigh unto great towns, or gentle men's houses, in selling the young sucking pigs which are always ready money unto them: and by this means the Sow is discharged of her pigs the sooner. Whereby she shall be the readier to bring pigs twice or thrice a year: and the boor pigs ought to be gelded when they are about six months old: for than they begin to wax strong in heat, and being ungelt till then they will grow to be more stouter hogs: and yet they commonly geld them when they are young under the dam, as being 
Gelding pigs. spaied Sows.  three weeks or a month old, and some say they will have the sweeter flesh: but the truth is contrary, (as many do judge,) because they are too soon weakened in their nature: and therefore they will not be so large hogs. Some do counsel to geld or spay the sows when they have been often covered, as of three or four years: and to spay the sows is counted then best. Some think in spaying them of shots is best, in cutting them in the mid flank with a sharp knife, two fingers broad, in taking out the bag of birth, and cutting it off, and so they do stitch up the wound again, and then anoint it, and keep her warm in the sty two or three days after, and those that be spayde can bring no more pigs, nor the bores will not seek after them, and they will wax the fatter.  
Notwithstanding, I cannot say why they spay them except it should be to fat them, or where there is want of meat to feed them. For where as plenty of meat is, better it is there to have them bring up pigs than otherwise. Of these kind of Beasts ye shall find in all countries christened, and some are in mountains as well as in plain countries. But the plain and moist grounds, are far better for them, than the hot and dry grounds. For the forests and Commons are most convenient for them to feed on. And where there is great plenty of Oak trees, Beech, ash, and thorn, of briars, Hazels, and crabtrees, wild pear, or Plumtrees, Fearne roots, and suchlike, to feed them withal, from time to time. For these sorts of trees do not ripe all at one time, but in divers and sundry times of the summer, which are almost sufficient to nourish them all the year long, with help of grass and roots, and some helps now and then in Winter of other meat.  
And where there is want of such trees, ye must have them to other feeding ground, and the best is to have of dirty, slimy and soft ground, then to have dry and hard ground. For in the in the soft ground, they may the easier dig and seek for worms & roots in the earth, and to toss and tumble in the dirty water, which doth them much good in hot time. Wherein they much delight to tumble them, because ofttimes they would have water to cool them in, which cooling doth profit them much and easeth them of their great heat, which is a breeder of the meazels. They 
Roots good for hogs.  do feed in moist & marish grounds, where they have many small and sweet roots, as flag roots, and the roots of galingale, of rushes, reeds, and also the roots of Daffodil, which is very good for hogs, knotgrass and such like. And likewise in fallow fields they do find store of roots, and worms which doth make them fat. And as for other grounds covered with grass, they find divers sorts of herbs and fruits, so that in divers parts thereof, they may have beside, of wild plums, of pears, or haws, sloes and nuts, and such like: and whereas ye shall see them have scant of meat, ye must not then spare your Garners: for than ye must needs help them a mornings with some meat, and likewise at night with some: for all the day before perhaps in feeding abroad they have had little or nothing. And therefore all good husbands should keep plenty of acorns after Michaelmas, to serve them all the year if they can. Acorns may be kept in Cestorns with water, 
Acorns kept.  or to be dried and kept in fats, for so ye may keep them from rats and mice: or to dry them and lay them on dry boards, and give thereof in their wash, or dry with some beans or other grain when it is good cheap, and what ye spend one way, ye may so profit an other way.  
Unto sows that give suck, to eat of green herbs, sometimes it doth them hurt. Therefore in the morning before ye put them forth to feed, ye ought to give them somewhat to keep them in heart: for much eating of green grass in the spring, will cause them to be lose bellied, which will make them lean. And ye should not put hogs together 
Stying your hogs.  like other cattle, in their sties: but make them partitions therein. And to put the sows asunder by themselves, and the young pigs by themselves. For when they are shut up altogether, they tumble, toss, and lie out of order one upon another, and thereby oftentimes makes the sows to cast their pigs.  
Also those husbands that dwell by forests or commons, it were good for them to have sties in the said forests, and commons, whereby they may at all times feed such hogs as they shall seem most meet. And there likewise use to give them their meat, whereby they may within a while forget the coming to his house, and thereby he shall the less be troubled with them, from time to time. And it were good to make the walls or hedges of your sties of four foot high: for then your hogs or sows can not get over, nor yet others come unto them. And so open at all times, that the keeper may look into the sty, and to take account of them at his pleasure, to see if he have all or not, and to see if any sowé do overlay, or lie on her pigs, then to remove her, and see unto the pigs, so long as they be young and tender.  
The hoghearde or keeper ought also in keeping of them 
Hogheard watchful.  to be watchful, diligent, painful, serviceable with wisdom, and of a good nature: Being very careful to nourish them, from time to time: who ought also to have in mind the number of all his hogs, sows and pigs, both old and young: and to have regard and consider the profit and increase of every one, from time to time. And likewise to take heed of his sows that they take no hurt, with dogs, or otherways when they are ready to farro: 
Sows with pig.  but to shut them up in the sties, that they may farro there, for fear of casting her pigs. For in farroing abroad, often times & many ways they perish, as with the Fox, or other like chances: which is for lack of looking to in time. Which to a poor man is a great loss, if he consider all things. Also when a sow doth farro, the keeper ought to see how many pigs she hath, (for some sows will eat of them, assoon as she hath farroed them,) and therefore to look well unto them, and see what they be: and let them not suck of any other sow, but of their own dam. For if the pigs resort out of the sty, and go among others, when she lieth down to give them s 〈…〉 e, they will suck with others, which may thereby soon be bitten of the strange sow. Therefore the best is, to see each sow shut up by themselves, that one hinder not the other: for at length ye shall not know the higges of the one sow from the other, except ye mark them.  
And among a heard of many pigs, ye must have of divers marks, to know which is which. For else it 
Marking your● pigs.  will trouble his wits, to know one from an other. And among a great number it willbe a hard and a painful thing to do. Therefore it shall be good to tell them in going forth and coming in, as afore is declared: or to tell them in entering in at a door, no bigger than one hog or sow may pass alone, in going in or coming forth. And look that every sow have with her but her own pigs, and so many as she shall best continue with, to nourish well, which is not above eight pigs, if she have any more, it were best to sell the rest being young, without ye perfectly see, that the sow is well able to nourish them: for if she be not, ye shall soon perceive by decaying of the pigs, for they will soon wax lean, and every pig will but suck his drene or tette.  
To weans pigs, whereas husbandmen have no sties. They ween their pigs in tying a woollen cloth list about the upper snout, with a knot in the midst of the roof of his mouth, so remaining under the pallet of his mouth, he can not draw any store of milk: whereby the sow will soon wax dry.  
And those sows which are good breeders of pigs, they should be rather chosen that suck of the hinder tets, and 
sows & good breeders.  aught to be nourished often with dry and sod barley, for fear lest they being young, should wax lean, or fall into some sickness. Also the hogheard or keeper ought often to cleanse their sties: for although these kind of beasts be foul and filthy feeders, yet they do desire to lie clean and dry in their sties. Thus much here for the nourishing and good keeping of hogs.  
The manner and gelding of hogs, there is two times in the year to geld these kind of cattle best. One is in 
Gelding of hogs.  the spring, and the other in Autumn after Michaelmas. The order how they do geld: one way is thus. They make two cross slits or incisions on the midst of the stones, upon each stone one, and then put them forth, and so anoint them with tar. There is an other manner of gelding, which is more gentle, and more fair: but somewhat more dangerous, if it be not well done. Nevertheless I will therein show somewhat, and not so leave it, which is: to slit on stone on the top, and after ye have drawn forth that, ye shall put in your fingers at the same slit, and with your lancet slit the skin between the two stones, and by that slit ye shall crush forth the other stone, and so draw him forth gently as the other aforesaid: and and then to cleanse out the blood, and so anoint him with fresh grease. And thus ye shall make but one incision or slit on the cod. But this way is best for other cattle. For of all sorts of cattle, a boar may best be gelded being old. Also against certain sickness, they give some remedies as hereafter shall follow.  
The signs to know best when that your hogs have 
Fever in hogs.  the fever, is this. When they hang down their heads or hear it aside; or when they in feeding and pastoring, do suddenly run, and suddenly rest again, and so fall on the ground as they were astonished and giddy. Ye must therefore mark which side he holdeth up or hangeth his head, so that ye let him blood on the ear on the other side: and ye shall also open the greatest vain under his tail, two fingers from his rump or buttocks. But first ye must chafe and beat it with some wand or twig, that it may bleed the better. Then if the infusion (after ye have drawn blood) do begin to swell, ye shall close it together in binding about the tail, the bark of a willow or of elm. And after this, ye shall keep him in the house the space of a day or two, and ye shall give him as much warm water as he will drinks, mixed with a pound of barley meal.  
And also for those hogs which have impostumes or kernels 
Impostume under the throat.  under their throats. They ought to be let blood under the tongue: and when ye have drawn blood sufficient, ye must rub and chafe all his throat and groin with salt, and pure wheat meal, beaten together. Some do say, there is not a better medicine then to make them to take with a horn) six ounces of garum, which ye shall lightly have at the Apothicaries. Then with a small flaxen cord bind thereunto with ferules of wood, and let them so hang about his neck, as they may touch the impostume and kernels, and they shall do well again.  
Also when as your hogs do cast or vomit, is a sign 
Against vomit.  their stomach is not well. Therefore ye shall give them gratings or shavings of ivory, with a little of dried beaten salt. And ye shall beat their beans small, and put them into the trough with their other meat before they go to the field, and they will then remain the more in quiet there.  
Also there comes sometimes a sickness amongst these 
Of a leanness in hogs.  beasts, so that many will be sick together, insomuch ye shall see them wax lean therewith, and they will not then scantly eat any thing at all: and if ye drive them to the pasture or field, they will reel and fall down by the way. And if it take them in summer, they will lie and sleep in the sun all day, and it taketh them as they had lethargy, (which is a sleepy 
Lethargy in hogs.  and forgetful sickness) if this disease then happen, they shut up all their hogs together in one house, and lets them there remain a day and a night, without any meat or drink. On the next day after, to those that will drink, they give them water, in the which is stamped the roots of wild cucumbers. And so many as have drunk thereof, they will 
To vomit.  begin to vomit, and by so vomiting, they are purged clean thereof, and when they have cast and cleansed all the choler and filth within their stomach, than ye may give unto them, pease, fetches or beans, mixed with salt water, or to cast of bay salt amongst it, and then they make them to drink lukewarm water. And as it is very evil and pernicious for all beasts (in summer) to be dry, so is it most chief in hogs. Yet I would not have ye should give your hog's water twice a day, as ye do other cattle, as goats, sheep, and others: but if ye can in the canicular days, let them feed nigh some river, ponds, or low marshes. For their heat is then so great, they cannot suffice them to drink water only, but they must also turn and toss therein, specially in myery and dirty water, the which doth greatly refresh and cool them, specially those which have fat and great bellies. And herein nature doth show them what is good for them.  
But if the situation of the place will not suffer and permit, ye must then give them largely drink from the well, or in such a like place, or else to put plenty of water into their troughs. For if they have not then all sufficient thereof to drink, they will have the disease of the lights, which is, to be pursy, and phthisic. But this disease is easily remedied by putting in their ears the juice of pomeile, so called in French. In Latin Consiligo, the which I take to be the herb called, light wort, or comphere.  
Likewise your hogs oftentimes will have the pain of 
Milt pained.  the milt, which doth oft trouble them: and then they will go aside and crooked with their bodies, which cometh by a great drought as some do judge, but most by fruit, for when fruits do fall from the trees, and lieth on the ground untaken up. These beasts are so unsatiable in following the sweetness thereof, that thereby they engender this disease in the spleen: The which ye shall remedy it, by making them troughs to feed out of, of the wood in Latin called Tamarix, which as I think is called in English quickbeme wood. And ye shall therein use to give them their meat and drink, and that wood will remedy it. For out of that wood, will come a water or moisture, which will heal the inflammation of that disease. Sometimes there comes inflammations in the milt, so that it breeds a pestilence among hogs, which comes by unwholesome times. And also the rather by their filthy bodies & feeding, or else by some infection through evil nourishment. Therefore it will be good sometime to keep them fasting all a night in some dark place, to consume the superfluous humours in them, which they do increase by their ravening & greediness. Which I will not here leave, but to speak somewhat thereof hereafter.  
Now as touching the unnatural kind of some of the sows, 
sows unnat 〈…〉 rall.  there be in some kinds of them which are so rauining, they will not pass to devour their own pigs, which cometh clean against the nature of most cattle: & those are not to be suffered to live, for they be always dangerous to keep. sows may endure least hunger, and some of them although they have sufficient meat, yet they will devour their young pigs, not only their own, but likewise others. Therefore some doth think it not good to nourish any hog or sow, with the garbedge and inwards of beasts, as they do in many places feed them with guts and inwards of beasts, as in butcher's houses and such like. Nor yet a man should not make any estimation of that hog or sow, that is, desirous to feed on carrion or flesh. For the usual custom thereof, will make them mankind: and by eating of dead carrion and other flesh, will at length make them fall to catching quick cattle, and from thence to fall unto lively creatures, as I have heard of credible persons, say, that sows have taken young children without the doors, as in barns, being left alone. Some out of their cradles being no body in the house. Therefore let every husbandman beware of the keeping of any such ravening kind of beast. For they are very tender of nose, and will smell far off.  
A hog is very hurtful after two or three years old, therefore kill him, and if they fall once to eating flesh which 
To feed a hog fat.  is dead, they will soon fall to other alive, that whatsoever they do once lay hold off, be it capon, chikin, duck, lamb, or pig, ye shall rather kill them, or ye make them to leave, or to let it go. And this shall be sufficient in this place for such ravening cattle.  
A way how to feed a hog fat in short time, is, ye shall take him up, and put him in the sty, and give him neither 
Measeld hogs to help.  meat nor drink, the space of three days and three nights, and then give him continually, and let it be changed once or twice a week. And he shall be so greedy after his great hunger, that he will always be hungry in eating so, that he will be fat in short time.  
A proved way to help your measeld hog, or boar is, ye shall put him up in the sty, and keep him there three days and three nights without meat or water, or any other thing. Then take slew or six apples, and in the tops make a hole, and pick out the cores, and fill each apple in those holes with the powder of brimstone very finely beaten: and stop the said holes with pieces of apples, and cast them unto the measeld hog, first one or two, and so the rest, and being so hungry he will eat them all, then let him so remain two or three hours after, and then give him a little meat, and no more till the next morning, and the next morning serve him so again, and give him five or six apples as before mentioned. Thus use your hog the space of five or six days, and ye shall see him wax as clean as ever he was before. Also they do use for the same, to take the lees of soap, mixed with some strong lée of a buck, and gives of that, and use him as the other aforesaid, and give him no meat of an hour or two after. And this (as some do say) is counted very good to help the foresaid disease.  
How to keep and save your hogs from being measeld, is this, ye shall use in the summer, specially in the time of the 
To save them from measeld.  canicular days, or days of heat, which is from the midst of july, to the midst of August. And in these times to give them chopped, (amongst their wash or other meat) of cold herbs, as of lettuce, endive, succory, violet leaves, of daundelion, or sowthistle, fumitory, and such like, which are all cold helps, and will keep them cool: or to chop amongst their meat the leaves of dwale, which is very cold in operation. Therefore use thereof the less portion amongst their meat. All these herbs aforesaid, are very good to keep them cool. For the cause of measelly in a hog cometh 
cause of measelry.  through the great and vehement heat of his blood, or lying in horse dung, & fleam together mixed with his blood, through heat is dried in his body, and so lieth in the outward parts of his body in kernels. And first they will appear in the liver (through the heat of his stomach) at the roots of his tongue, and in his throat: that when he do cry, he will rattle in his voice and cry hoarse. By this ye shall first perceive his infection: and if ye do take forth his tongue, ye shall perceive the kernels there under, and by this order ye may perceive any measeld hog. Also (some do say) if you put mustard 
Mustard is ill for hogs.  amongst your washings and give that unto your hogs, it will (to use much thereof) cause them to be measeld at length, or such like which doth much heat their blood. Also to keep them from being measeld ye may use to put amongst their wash, of men's urine, and mix with their wash also of red ochre, called red earth, beaten small to powder. This will likewise keep them from being measeld. Soap water, and fish water is ill.  
Whensoever ye do intend to fat any hog, to give him dry meat is counted chiefest, and give him to drink beer, 
Fatting a hog.  or ale and water: and ye must not let him go forth of the sty, not so much as to see forth thereof, but to open the sty door and to make it clean: for a hog when he may see forth, he will have so much desire to go abroad, that he will have no care to feed. There is not so much care to be had in them, as in other cattle, yet to keep them clean, they love to have it. And so to be fed and not removed or changed into any other place, or by any other means troubled: yet sometimes they are (in the sty) a little troubled with 
Mice in the fly.  mice, in running on their backs, and so disquiets them in the sty: which ye may soon help by setting of traps, to take them always as they come. Thus ye may feed them to be a foot and a half thick of fat in small time.  
If your hogs have eaten any evil herb, as of henbane or hemblocks. To remedy the same, ye shall give them to 
Hog's sick by ill herbs eating.  drink the juice of cucumbers, made warm, the which being drunk, will cause them to vomit, and thereby they will cleanse their stomachs and so recover health again. Some do use to give them aquavitie, and puts thereof into his nostrils, or in one of his ears, or to give him water and honey mixed together with a good quantity, and that will cause him also to vomit. For if it can make them vomit, they will soon recover again. For by eating either of henbane or hemblocke, they are so cold in operation, they will cause the hog to lie as though he were dead for a time, for they are very nigh unto a cold venom. And the chameleon thistle will kill them, to eat thereof. The herb called goose foot, will also kill hogs.  
Also if any of your hogs have the lask or runneth out, to 
lask to stop.  heal the same, ye shall give them of dried beans, and beaten small, and then mixed with bran. Some do take and mixed therewith the powder of red earth, or the powder of dried knot grass, or the powder of the hulls of acorns, or acorn cups, and mix any of these aforesaid with these dried beans, and let him eat thereof dried, and give him no drink of an hour after, and he shall do well again.  
These herbs are good and wholesome for hogs, daffadil 
Herbs good for hogs.  roots which are good to cleanse the lights of hogs. And knot grass the which a hog loves marvelous well, and it binds the belly, and causeth urine, and the juice thereof put into his ear, will help the pain of the head. And all the herbs afore mentioned, are wholesome for hogs.  
The garget is an ill grief and many die thereof, which 
The garget in a hog.  is a swelling and inflammation in the throat behind the jaws of the hog, I can learn no other remedy but this. They do use to slit it in the midst, as long as the inflammation or sore is, and then flay up the skin on both sides the slits, so far as the sore is, and then all to rub it with salt within, and lays tar without, and so he recovers. Some rubs it with nettles and salt. Some with plantain, with some burnt alum mixed. Other with the juice of cuckospit, and salt and stubwort mixed, and rub it therewith.  
There is a sickness in summer amongst hogs, which ye 
Sick hogs to know.  shall soon know, by plucking a handful of his bristles on his back, and ye shall pluck them against the hair. If (when ye have plucked them) they be clean and white at the root, than he is well and sound: but if they seem at the root bloody or spottie, it is to be noted, he is not then well within his body.  
Likewise hogs are subject oft to the disease of the milt, 
Disease of the milt.  and likewise unto the pestilence, which increaseth by eating of unwholesome meats & drinks, & by unwholesome times, for their bodies are apt to receive ill airs, and soon corrupt, and most of all by their filthy feeding. They are also subject unto fevers and agues, for the which thing, they let them 
Pestilent fever.  blood on the tail. And for the catarrh, or inflammation in the neck, growing with certain kernels, which is thought to be a kind of leper or measelry. For the which thing, they let them blood under the tongue: if that will not help, than ye must slit it and use it as ye do for the garget, which is afore mentioned.  
Hog's will have the catarrh or rheum, it will make their eyes to water, and a moisture ascending up into their heads, 
Catar in hogs.  and it cometh to them commonly by eating of fruit when they fall off from the trees, or when there is great store thereof, and by easing of rotten fruit, which breedeth a corrupt matter, nigh unto the plague. And likewise it doth increase catarrhs, and inflammations in the body. The remedy is, they do use to give them of old capars, with their wash, or other meat, and they use also to put amongst their meat, of coleworts, both red and white. And likewise they put of Thamarix, which I take to be the quick beam tree, or the herb called Amaranthus, which some do call flowers of love. And for the same, to take of marsh mallows, and mix them among their meat, or for to take liverwoort boiled in honeyed water and given. All the other aforesaid are very good to stay the rheum or catarrh.  
Hog's will have also a disease in the gall, which is called the flowing of the gall, and is when the gall is so full of choler, 
Flowing of the gall.  that it flows in all parts of the body. And beside, will cause a swelling under the jaws of the swine. The remedy is, to stamp the inner bark of elder, and strain it with ale or beer, and give it warm. Also some takes a handful of gall wort, stamp it and strain it, and give it with honeyed water. And for the swilling, they do rub and chafe it with beaten salt, and pure wheat meal mixed together. And some do first cut the skin as afore is mentioned, in flaying it on both sides, and then to rub it all over on both sides with salt, and so letteth it go, and it will heal so again.  
Another way to help any hog, if he be not far gone 
Measell to help.  with the measles, to recover him again. Ye shall take your hog and put him in the sty for a day and a night without any meat or drink. Then take a quart of stolen or old piss, or men's urine that hath been kept long, and therein put a good handful of red earth, or red ochre, made in fine powder, with a quarter of a pound of black soap: then stir and mix it with the piss all well together, and then set it unto the hog, if he make dainty to drink thereof, ye shall then put thereto a quantity of whey, if he will not yet take it, then put in more whey, for so he will take it the sooner, if not, force him to take it: and when he have all drunk it, let him so rest two or three hours after, and then give him some other meat, not much: and so let him rest without any more meat till the next morning, and then use him so again, and let him have so every morning for a weeks space or more, as ye shall have cause therein, and ye shall see experience good.  
How best to feed a boor in the stall. Some do use to 
To feed a bore best.  give him of beans and pease, and sometimes for change, to give him dry barley, with such like.  
But if ye will have that your brawn shall feed well and be fair, white and tender, ye shall give him no other thing, but fair bran and whey mixed together somewhat thick: which will both feed your boar very well, and keep him cool also from being measeld.  
How best to ring your hogs in times convenient, and because hogs are commonly ravening for their meat, more 
Ringing of hogs.  than other cattle, it is meet therefore to have them ringed, or else they will do much hurt in digging and turning up corn fields, spoiling of meadows, defacing of commons, moiling in parks, turning up closes, disordering orchards and gardens: and destroying all fine pasture for all other cattle. And in most places for lack of good order and government. One neighbour, being negligent and careless, spoils three or four of his neighbour's grounds with his hogs, more in a day, then can be repaired again in half a year. And the cause is chief, for lack of ringing in time convenient, and they spoil and turn up much fair commons and pasture grounds, in seeking for worms & roots, having grass and feeding enough besides. One hog (as some do say) will turn up and spoil as much pasture ground in a day, as will pasture ten beasts in ten days, which is a great loss among poor men, that hath the most feeding for their cattle on the commons, to have so much pasture ground destroyed. Wherefore the common saying is, the hog is never good, but when he is in the dish. 
Proverb.   
Therefore me thinks it shall not be here unmeet, to speak something more of the ringing of them: wherein some men do use to peg them with pegs of holly, or such like hard wood and horn, but this kind of pegging will not long endure, for they will soon wear or break asunder. And some do ring them with red wire, because they will not stand to any further cost, and that is also soon worn asunder, for red wire is too soft. Others do put rings of iron, some with horse nails or strong white wire, in the groin of their snouts, and those are counted much better to endure, and yet for all those rings they will break the ground, if it be any whit soft: therefore it grieveth them smally as it should seem.  
And some others do slit their groin under, but when that is grown whole again, they will also dig notwithstanding, for all these ways do smally prevail, if they be not looked to from day to day. To cut the gristle asunder is better.  
Some do use (in the spring) to ring and also yoke their hog, at such time as when they may feed or have bit of grass, and so lets them remain all the summer, for tearing of hedges, which is thought not unmeet for the safeguard of corn. Some others, do use to ring them at Michaelmas, and so lets them remain, (if it be a year of mast) unto November or December, or killing time, but they do fear hanging in hedges: they do unyoke them soon after Michaelmas. They do also in some places in Germany (as I have seen) ring them from the spring all the summer unto December or killing time. So that all the summer long, ye shall see no meadow ground broken or digged with hogs, except some rings break or wear asunder: ye may there go a hundredth miles compass ere ye shall see so much ground digged, & turned up with hogs, as ye shall do here in one common or parish, & yet their hogs are as fat & as fair as ours, and they have no other feed but grass, roots, & herbs in the fallow fields. And I was there taught how to ring a hog that 
The double ring.  he should lightly never dig or break any meadow ground, though it be light and soft. Which is, ye shall take a good big white wire, & stiff withal, being two or three inches long or more, according to the bigness of the hog's snout, and make it sharp at both ends, & bow it staple wise with two corners nigh an inch wide, then make two holes through his snout of the same wideness, and put it up through the gristle of his snout, hard unto the bent of the staple: then with a pair of plyers, bow and turn the points of the wire into the holes of his nostrils, like a ramines horn. So that when soever he do offer to dig or turn up any thing, the sharp ends of the wire in turning, will prick him always in the tender holes of his nostrils: and so they shall never dig, but still gaze on the ground continually from time to time, and shall never offer to dig in any kind of ground, but seek still to gaze. And yet to be at all times as fair as ours here in England, with now and then giving them some meat at home, in their houses or sties, and somewhat at putting forth in the morning, and also at coming home at night. Thus ye may keep your common pasturing grounds always whole unspoyld or turned up, and your hogs to be in as good liking, with a little more pain and charge, as the other unringde. This kind of ringing hogs, shall be set in figure here under, for the more perfect and further knowledge thereof. And this shall be sufficient for the ringing of hogs in this sort. Also to ring hogs they shall not dig, some doth put a red passed wire under the skin of his snout, an inch from the groin, and an inch broad, then wreath it together on the midst of his snout, and it is done. Some do use to cut asunder the sinews on both fides of his snout, a ninche from the groin: and when he would dig, the groin of his nose will fall down.  
The figure of ringing, like the Rams horn.  

Here followeth a very good way how to feed a Hog for lard.  
FIrst, ye shall provide two planks or thick boards for him 
To feed a hog for lard.  to lie on, or else to lie on paving stones or pavement: and ye shall feed him with barley and pease, and no beans, and give him no other water but the tappings and washings of hog's heads. And sometimes ye shall change his meat, and give him sodde barley, and so change his meat often, and when ye see he beginneth to glut, which will be within ten days, Then to change his diet, give him a handful of crabs, and use him so once in ten days. But if ye think it will be a loss or spoil of meat to give him much, ye may give it him in a smaller vessel, and a little at once. If ye can make him drunk now & then, that will make him to be a notable fat hog, within three months feeding. But after one month some do feed him with pease, or dough made of barley meal, and feeds him therewith the space of five or six weeks and nothing else, without any drink or other moisture, which is counted the chiefest way of feeding. Thus much for the feeding of him.  
How to kill him is thus, ye shall stick him and scald him as ye do another hog, and then cut off his head and his feet, and open him in the back, in making a narrow chine, then open him and take forth his inwards, and then with a cloth dry away clean all his blood within, and take forth the ribs as ye do a balribbe, and cut off the gammons, and salt the fillets in a close vessel, then close and cover it, that no air enter: and in nine days after, ye may not touch or open it. Then cut all the rest in pieces as ye shall think best, and salt them in a barrel with fair and dry white salt. Then when ye shall need to take forth any piece to occupy or sell, put not the rest ye take forth into the barrel again, for that will fester and hurt the rest. Therefore take forth no more than ye occupy: and that piece ye take forth to occupy, will serve and endure well three weeks, being lapte and covered with dry salt, and ye may keep this lard so in barrel sweet and good, five or six years to occupy.  
Also the hogheards say, to help a measeld hog, give him 
Measeld to help.  dried pease and beans in the sty, and no drink but men's urine, and there by using, it will make him clean.  
Also hogs will covet to eat of men's dung, pigins dung, 
Ill for measles.  and hens or poultry dung, which also is ill for hogs, and will increase a measell among them, and likewise other diseases, and to lie in horse dung, is ill for them.  
For the staggars in a hog, give him of the herb called 
Staggars.  stare wort, or gall wort in milk, and he shall amend.  
Pigs that are farroed with teeth, the males of them 
Aristotle's sayings.  passing three years, do not well engender. A hog dieth and pineth away, if he lose one eye. A hog will live xvi. or xx. years. Hog's have many sicknesses in their heads and sides, and being sick, they will commonly lie in dirty puddles, and commonly they will lie more on the right side, then on the left. If ye keep them without meat three days at the first, they will be fat within forty days. They love each other, and know each others voice, and if one cry, they will cry all, and will help one another. They grunt sleeping and waking, if they be fat. And they sleep faster in May, then at other times: and that cometh of mourning or stopping of the brains in that time, more than in other times. They resolve in summer many humours, in wasting it by too much heat. And hogs change not their teeth, neither male, nor female. A boar will gender within the first year, or being of eight months old: and the sow at a year old. But those pigs will be but weak and feeble, and the first pigs of a sow will be slender of body. And if she be fat, her milk will be more scarce. The winter pigs are better than the summer pigs: and those of young sows, worse than those of old sows. A lusty 
Winter pigs.  & fat boar may engender many times, both in the day and night, and best time is in the morning. When a sow farroeth, she giveth to the first pig the farmost teat. And a sow in going to the boar again, she will not suffer him to cover her, until her ears hang downward. To make them go to brim or take the boar, it shallbe good to give them of barley, which will make them take the boar, and to give them of sod barley, the better for her. Hogs commonly hath three evils, one is Brancos,  
The other is impostumes in their ears, and jowls. And the third is in the feet: and the flesh about those places 
Diseases in hogs.  is most corrupt, and that corruption passeth by some and some, into the flesh near unto it, and so to his lungs, and stoppeth them: and then the hog will die. This evil increaseth suddenly. And therefore hogheards do cut away the place first infected, which otherwise will not be helped or held but by cutting.  
They have also another sickness, which is, great ache and heaviness in their heads, and thereby commonly dieth. 
Ache in their heals.  Another sickness they have, which is, the flux of the belly, (which I have partly showed before) and is a disease hard to remedy. For often it killeth them within three days, Great swine do delight to eat berries, as flows and blackberries, which doth them good. They also the delight to bathe them in warm waters. They are commonly let blood to help them, on the vain under the tongue, & they are made fat with divers kinds of meats, but some do make them fwel. Some engendereth flesh, and some grease and fatness. And hog's delight in acorns, which makes them to have good flesh. If a sow being with pig eat much thereof, it maketh them cast their pigs.  
For disines in their heads, chop mowseare, & nightshade, 
Mistress Risley.  and put it among their wash, and they shall mend.  
To put and chop of cold herbs all the summer into 
Cold herbs in summer.  their wash, and give it them amongst their meat, as lettuce, endive, succory, daundelion, cinckfoile, sowthistle, and such like. Elm leaves in the spring, are good to give unto hogs 
Elm leaves for hogs.  when there is scant of grass or other meat. But to give them much thereof, may bring them into a ●●ix. Therefore to use all their meats discreetly, it shall do best, and so shall ye keep them long in health. Helion reciteth in his history, 
Henbane.  that hogs and wild boars eating of henbane, will sodoinly fall in a sound, and are in danger to die, if incontinent they be not washed all over with water, and to drink water also. Whereupon they will seek water and so recovereth again: against which, woormwood is good to give them with wine or strong ale.  
To feed or fat hogs (as some husbands saith) with such 
Hog's grease.  things which will alter their grease, as to feed them with barley, it will fat and soon puff them up, but their grease will be soft and wasteful. To feed hogs also with acorns, or beech mast, oaks, and fetches doth the like, and all other grain, except beans and pease, which will make them to have a hard and a fast grease, to be fed only therewith.  
Another proved way to help a measeld boar or hog is: Ye shall first search them before ye put them up to be fed, and 
Measeld to help.  then see, if they be not clean, Take & warm a pint or more of cow milk, & mixed therewith so much grey soap as a great tennis ball, and stir it then well altogether till it be all alike. And being milk warm, give it to your boar or hog, with a horn, & make him of force to take it, in striking it down his throat till he have received all. Then chafe and stir him an hours space after, for fear of casting it up again, use him thus three or four days or more, until ye shall see him clean, and then ye may put him up to fat, and they shall do well.  
And also to make a hog to scour, they do use to give 
Hog's to scour.  him of smoked barley in the straw, as it is also showed for the whethering of a cow to help.  
Also if your hogs be lousy, which will come unto them through poverty, and lack of good keeping in winter. And 
Lice to kill.  so long as they be lousy, they will not prosper. The remedy is, ye shall take of quicksilver, and kill it with salad oil and fasting spittle, then mixed therewith of fresh grease, or neat's foot oil, and so anoint them all over. Some meltes soap and tar together, with the powder of stavesacre, and therewith anoints them. And other some do take but quicksilver and soap mixed well together, and so anointes therewith: for lice will keep them lean.  
Moreover, if a hog chance to be sore bitten of dogs in 
hog bitten.  any part of his body or legs, and thereon do swell, and like to come to an impostume, to avoid the danger thereof, ye shall all to wash the wound betimes, with stolen, salt, and nettles bruised, or vinegar and mallows, boiled together, with some hogs grease put thereto: and therewith all to bathe the sore, then anoint it with tar and fresh grease mixed well together, and he shall do well. Use this as ye shall see cause.   

A bathe for Swine that have the swine pocks.  
THe swine pocks in hogs is an ill sore, for it will run abroad, and is a scab very grievous. They come to hogs sometimes by poverty, sometimes by lise in the skin, and when hogs have them, they will never prosper so long as they have them. And one will infect another of them. The remedies. Some do use to give them the powder of brimstone with stolen. A bath to wash them is this. Take yarrow, plaintaine, primrose leaves, briar leaves, old oaken leaves of a year, of water bittonis, of each two handfuls, boil them in two gallons of running water, till they are all tender: and then all to wash your hogs or pigs therewith, and use this once or more, and it will dry them up: for it is but a corrupt water, being between the flesh and the skin, and so grows to a scab.   

How to spay a Sow.  
YE shall first lay her upon some form or board, then bind her mouth close with some cord, then lay her on her right side, so that her left side be upward: and then take your lancet and stréepe away the hair two inches long, three fingers from the hinder leg, and likewise from the edge of her flank: then with the point of your lancet cut a flope her belly through the skin two inches long, and a half, so that you may put in your forefinger towards her back: and there you shall feel two kernels as big as acorns, on both sides the birth, and with the top of your finger, hook or draw the one to the slit: then cut the string with your knife, and so take forth the other likewise. If then ye can not easily find them, ye shall with your finger draw softly forth some of the small trails, & so ye shall find them, and then cut them off, and put in the trails with your finger again: then strike away the blood, and stitch up the slit again with a strong thread, but beware her guts, and then anoint thereon with tar, and so let her go.  
And they do use to geld young Boars, in holding 
Gelding 〈◊〉 Boar.  them betwixt their knees, the Boars rump upward, and resting upon his fore feet, and then puts out the right stone, and cuts it cross over the stone on the midst, and so bushes it forth, and cuts of the string at the right end: and so do likewise with the left stone, and then anoint them with tar thereon, and let him go: and they shall do well.   

The manner of spaying of Colts, Sheep, and Sows, whereof I will briefly speak somewhat more.  
YE shall understand that Mare colts are commonly spayed within nine days after they are fold, if they be older it is not so good, for they say in spaying it will be the harder to reach with his finger and to do that thing well: for in taking forth the birth, if it perish, the colt will die soon after.  
Also in spaying a yeawe is dangerous, if ye hurt the bag of birth, or perish any part of her tallow, she is like to die soon after. The spaying of a Sow, is not so dangerous as the other, but may eastlie be done in taking good heed. Also in the spaying of these cattle, when ye have cut the flank toward the hinder ribs two fingers long slopewise, ye shall put and feels with your forefinger, on both sides the bag or birth certain knots like kernels or clusters like grapes, which do cleave to both the sides of the bag or birth under the rains or rump, which ye shall touch them with your forefinger, and lay them down softly to the wound, and so pluck them out and cut it off, and cast it away, which is but a small string they hang by.  
Thus shall ye do in likewise to the other side of the bag, or birth, when they be out, cut of the string and it is done. If ye perish the bag or birth, she will soon die after, what beast so ever it be. Ye shall note also in the stitching up the wound, if ye stitch the guts withal, she will die soon after (as I have seen) except she be soon ripped and stitched again, which is done by rash spayers of beasts in stitching the guts and the skin together, and so the beasts will pine away, and die within few days after. Thus much here I have seen and learned for the spaying of these cattle.   

Also the nature and ordering of Hogs.  
ASow will have pigs at a year old, and she will continued good six years, & when she is with pig, ye shall put the bore from her, for he will hurt the pigs in her belly, and make her to cast them. The boar will brim, at six months old, at eight months, and after three or feure years ye may geld him. A Sow should not bring up above six or eight pigs, to bring up more: it will make her soon fail. A Sow great with pig ought to have sties by themselves. For if a sow do eat her pigs it is no wonder, for swine can lest away with hunger, for they are hot beasts, a sow should not go abroad in nine or ten days after her farrowing, the wrinkled tails of hogs, is sign of sound hogs. Also after ye cut or geld, give them no drink, and but a little meat. In spaying, look that the skin be sound, just, and close up, and then anoint it with a little fresh grease, or fresh butter, note also, if ye pluck bristles on the back of a hog, if there be blood in the ends thereof, he is not then in health.  
If a hog be sick of a fever, he will hang his head on the one side, and sudden stay, be giddy and fall, Mark which side he holds his head, then cut his contrary ear, and let him bleed. Likewise two inches from the rump, let him blood under the tail, but first with a small wand beat his tail, and then he will bleed the better. Which blood ye shall stop with the bark of willow bound about it, so keep him in the sty a day or two after, and give him warm water mixed with Barley flower. When a Hog is not well, give him Polypody or Oak fern roots boiled in beer or ale, for that will purge him of phlegm, and some choler, which commonly swine are most troubled withal. Against sickness of the lungs, put the root of Fetterwoort through their ears, & it will help them against the mesel. Some husbands say, if ye nail plates of led in the bottom within their troughs, it will preserve and keep them from being mesel. Also the common medicine, is alum brimstone, red oaker, and bay berries, of each like, and put thereto a handful of hare foot, beaten altogether with some madder, and put all into a bag, and cast it into their water or wash which they drink, and so renew it twice a year.  
Moreover, some husbands hold opinion that the mezelry to hogs comes not only thorough heat in Summer, but chief by poverty in Winter: also they say, if a clean bore do brim a mesel sow, he shall become mesel, so like wise a clean sow being brimde with a mexell Bore, she shall likewise become meazel, and all those pigs. The best time to kill a mesel bore, or hog, is after the changes of the moon. For then the curnils will show smallest.  
Also they do feed hogs in some part of this Realm very 
Feeding of hogs in sties.  fat, only with fig dust of Dates, which will feed them in short space, some do mix it with warm water, some with whey, and some do seethe it with water, and make it thick like a groute, and in other places husbands do fat their hogs, whereas scant of feeding is, with pease, and they reserve in leasing their corn after harvest all the charse, darnel, and cockle, which they seethe in water, and make it thick, & so feed them therewith. Thus ye may make in 14. days good bacon, of two inches and more thick of fat.  
Also there is to be noted, (as some good husbands say,) if ye do fat your hogs in a closure abroad without housing, it willbe long ere they wax fat, for when a rain doth come, it doth greatly annoy them and hinder their fatting, for if a hog lie not dry, and warm, and also quiet: he will not be fat, in a long season.  
Therefore when ye do intend for to fat hogs, put not passed two or three at once together in the sty, for when ye put many together, one fighteth with another, both at meat and in lying, which will hinder their fatting. And also to keep them as dark in the sty as ye can. For when a hog may see abroad, he will remember & long for pasture, and is desirous to seek for worms and roots, which will also hinder their feeding. Thus much here for the feeding, & ordering or fatting hogs in the sties.   

A good way to fat hogs after the manner of Duchland.  
YE shall put your hogs into the house, and keep them hungry at the first. Then take the roots of turnepes, & boil them in whey, if ye can. If not, in water: and boil therewith of barley, and give them the roots a few at once, with sodde barley among. And when your hogs are used to them, they will eat them as fast as other meat, and they will be assoon fat with them, as any other grain.   

To help the garget in a hog.  
THe garget is a disease commonly among hogs, and as some husbands do say, it cometh of rankness of blood and they commonly have it in winter as well as in summer. The best remedy is as aforesaid, but some do counsel it best to slit him two inches long on both sides of his jaws, and then open the skin a little on both sides the cuts, and then all to rub it with bay salt within under the skin, and he will do well again.  
If then the flies be busy, ye shall lay a little of tar all over thereon, and he shall do well.  
All some husbands do teach to save hogs from the 
Let blood.  said garget, they use to let them blood at Michaelmas, and in April, on the bane under the upper lip. For that is the chosen place to help hogs, if they droop, or wax sick.   

To preserve hogs and save them from being mesel.  
YE shall mix with their wash, or whey (in the month of june) Of chamberlye and madder, and so give thereof unto your hogs, and use it now and then once or twice a week, & it will preserve them all that Summer, from being mesel, which cause I have showed afore.   

If a hog be bitten of a mad dog.  
YE shall take of strong chamberly, and mix it with bay salt, & soot of the chimney, and put therein an addle egg or two, then beat them with a stick altogether, and make it boil a little, then rub the place that is bit, as hot as ye may well suffer for scalding with a stick, & a clout tied on the end thereof. Use this twice or thrice and he shall do well.  
And this will help likewise, for other beasts that are bit with any mad dogs.   

The whole footed hogs.  
THere is also a kind of hogs in divers places which hath whole claws, not cloven as other hogs be. Which kind is commonly very large of body & bigger commonly than other hogs, and the husbandman saith, they are more fruitfuller than the hogs with cloven feet, & will not lightly be mezeld. Therefore they are in many places much desired of, rather than the other sort. There is of them about Windsor.   

Brimming of Sows.  
IT is not so good (as some hogheards say) for any boar, to brim or cover a sow in the night time, as in the day, for they will not be so large pigs nor yet like so well, as those which are gotten in the day.   

The cause of some Rammish pigs.  
YE shall note, if that ye put and stall a bore in any sty, if ye put in young pigs into the same sty: soon after, all those pigs will taste rammish, like a Boar pig to be eaten.   

To kill Maggots.  
IF Maggots do breed in the ears of hogs after the biting of dogs, or by any other occasion of their bodies, or likewise any other beast, ye shall take but honey, and put it in that place, and all the maggots there will die, or else avoid incontinent, if they live. Well proved.   

Another for the same.  
IF maggots breed in the ear of a hog, or other beast, or in any hollow place under the skin, ye shall take the juice of hemlock, and pour it into the hole, and they will die or avoid, and a rotten egg, mixed with the said juice, will do the like, or the egg alone beaten and powered in, and the egg addle, is good for the ranckline, or venom of some dog's tooth, after he hath bitten a beast, to anoint with the said egg.   

The stagger or staring disease.  
Hog's will have a disease called the stare or Stagger, he will reel and fall with his hinder legs oft, and will put his head sometimes over his trough, in eating his meat if he have not soon help: he will pine and die thereof. The remedy, ye shall see a hard knob in the roof of his mouth like a blister, cut it, and let it bleed, then take the powder of lome and salt, and rub it therewith, then give him a little piss and so he will amend.    


To show some order for the taking of Moules.  
FOrsomuch as I have heretofore showed the order and government of hogs, I will not here let pass, but somewhat I will show of the taking of moules, which is a beast that annoyeth the grounds of husbandmen very much, and having the property to dig and cast within the ground, as the other hogs on the ground, & thereby they may be called a kind of hogs, which may be eaten also. These kind be so hurtful to grounds, that they will in short space deface and spoil any fair meadow or other ground, if they be let alone, in casting up hills both in medes and all pasture grounds. And likewise in your corn fields, in raising the errable and sowed grounds, that your corn can take no root in those places, and in feeding also of the said roots of corn, and making therewith their nests in the spring time, as I have seen. There is no ground void but they will soon find it out, although it be compassed with water, for they wilswim as well as other hogs over the water. And come into Gardens, Orchards, and houses: and because that husbands with many other have the government of such grounds, and do not well know the order and taking of them, whereby many are hurt in then grounds and greatly hindered by them, in lacking the knowledge thereof how to take them. Therefore I have here taken upon me to show somewhat of that order and taking of them, so far as I have known and understand by others, as shall appear in their places.   

To take moules casting in plains.  
WHereas moules do cast commonly in plains, medes and such like, if ye should there take them in trenches, ye should spill much ground in breaking the upper part thereof. Therefore as some do say, the better way is, where ye see them cast●, go thereunto lightly and very softly, but go not on the wind side between them and the wind: For they will soon vent, and hear if ye stamp on the ground, in coming softly be ready with your mole staff to strike at the first or second putting up the earth, and strike it with your tines down right, and mark which way the earth falls mast, if she cast towards you, then strike somewhat over. If she cast up toward your right hand, then strike somewhat on the left, and so of the other contrary to her casting up. And by this means ye shall be always the more likely to strike her. In plain ground strike down right, and when ye have so stricken down with your tines of your staff, ye shall so let them remain in the earth. Then pluck out the thong in the staff that holds the grains, and then take of your staff, and with the spittle or flat end thereof, dig round about your grains unto the ends thereof, and there ye shall see if ye have stricken her or not: But if ye have mist her, leave the hole open and go a little aside, and possibly she will soon come again to stop the said hole, and then strike at her again. For a mole loves not greatly to have the air. Or else as soon as ye have stricken and missed her, if her hole go downward, ye shall pour into the hole a gallon of water by and by, and thereby sometimes she will come out against the water, for fear of drowning, and so ye may take them alive or kill them. By this means ye may take many the sooner, and save your grounds from spoiling, in taking a little pains, in watching the times of their going forth in the morning to feed, and also at other times coming home, when they have fed.   

How to take moules after the plough.  
TO take moules after the plough: Some husbands do teach us thus, ye must prepare a fled or dray, with a great vessel full of water thereon, and have it at your lands ends where ye plough, and then let one go ever after the plough, and where ye see any mole holes newly cast, being opened with a plough, ye shall pour therein your pitchards of water, and by and by ye shall see the mole (if she cannot fly) come out against the water, and so ye may then kill them. And thus ye may also destroy many moules in your crable lands: which being let alone they will do you much harm, both in eating the roots, and stalks of your tender corn, and to make their nests there within the spring time. Also when as the moules do cast in your corn lands, in the spring time, or at other times: the best way is than to make your trenches, and so to take them, as after shallbe showed more plainly.   

How to take moules that run shallow in the ground.  
TO take them when they run shallow is commonly in the spring time, and at other times of the year after a rain when the ground is soft, but in the spring time specially, as in March, and April. Then the moules will run most above and dig very shallow in the ground: and will work so a long space, by bank sides and in the wrodtes of carts: and where ye shall see any such newly wrought, ye shall but tread it down all along softly, and then watch at her accustomed hours when she cometh abroad, and ye shall see her work and stir up the earth in the said trench. Thus ye may go from trench to trench. They will commonly work early in the morning, and in the spring between six a clock and eight, and at a leaven, and in the after noon, about three or four, and some time at seven a clock.  
Then must ye watch diligently, and hearken, and ye shall either hear her work in the ground, or else ye shall see her move the earth in the trench where she goeth and cometh. Then shall ye chop down your broad end of your staff cross the hole behind her, and with your foot before her, so stop the way behind with your staff, and before with your foot, and so to take her up with your spittle. For if ye stop not first her way behind, she will suddenly run as fast backward as she will forward, and so will pass out at the end she came in, if it be open she will bolt out thereat, and in at another, and so ye may soon come to lose her.  
Therefore some do think it better to do this, that when ye shall see her in any such shallow trench being trodden down, than she must make still her way forward: Then look where ye see her, suffer her to come forward well in the trench, before ye stop her way: then do no more but chop your mole spade, cross behind your staff, with your foot, and then take and cast her up.   

How to take moules in bush grounds, and also other grounds, as forest, parks, and such.  
THe best taking of moules in rough grounds and most surest way is, to make trenches and take them therein, as thus: whereas ye do see any mole hath newly cast, ye shall there make a trench four inches broad, and so long as ye think good, and there open the earth on both sides, and cast it up, so deep as she hath gone. Then make it fine and chop it small and put thereof in again and tread it down softly with your foot in the trench, but not to hard upon it, for so ye may cause her to forsake the said trench, when it is trodden down to hard, and she will then take some other way. Thus ye must use your trenches, in making so many as ye shall think good in what ground ye will: ye may make your trenches of what length ye list, from a foot to four foot long. So done. Then must ye take some pains (as afore said) in watching their hours when they come abroad, which (as I have said) is commonly in the morning by sun rising or soon upon. And in March, and April, they will be coming home by 8. or 9 a clock, and sometimes about a 11. a clock, and they will come abroad again about 3. or 4. a clock at after noon. Thus ye must watch and mark in each ground, what time they do use to come and go.  
Also in dry and hot weather a mole will seldom come abroad, but in the morning, and so remain till the next morning. But against moist wether, or after a rain, they will come most abroad twice a day, before and after noon: and they will work very much, if the ground be not to moist: and in frosty weather than they cannot work abroad, but they work under the roots of trees, and in thick hedges and bushes.   

How to know their succours.  
IN winter and wet times, they will lie most in dry banks of hedges, in hills, and under roots of trees, and will come from thence every morning to feed, and go abroad (if it be dry) x. or xii. score of from their holds, and when they have fed an hour or two, they will return home again. Then must ye mark where they have been, and there make your trenches, or chop the earth down (with your spittle or broad end of your mole staff) which she hath raised before and passed through: there tread it down with your foot in your trenches so long as they be, or so far as she hath raised the earth, and the longer ye make your trenches, the longer she will be in passing through when she comes into it. Ye may make and place your trenches where ye shall think best in the grounds. If ye make your trench nigh their holds, it shall do best to take them in going out, or coming home, For there you shall be most sure to have them. If a field be viii. or x. acres, ye may make therein so many trenches as ye shall seem good: along by the hedges side or nigh the banks and roots of trees shall be best: For there shall ye soonest take them.  
Also where as you make your trenches far asunder, while perhaps ye go to one, they will pass through an other, and so for that time escape, if ye have no help but yourself, ye shall so lose many. The best way therefore is, when ye have trodden down your trenches with your foot softly, than ye shall prick white small twigs at the ends of your said trenches, and prick them so shallow, that they may fall by a little moving of the earth when the mole is in the trench: and by those falling ye shall see being a good way of when she is in the trench. Then ye may come softly (on the lie side) and chop down your mole spade cross behind her, and thrust down the earth with your foot there behind your spade, and then take your mole spade and cast her up: For sometimes she will lie still, when she sees she cannot go away. If your trenches be short, ye may prick a wand in the mids thereof, which will show when she is half through, which wands are called watches, for they will tell you when she is in the trench. This way ye may take them most surest in trenches in all places where ye shall think good. Then tread down your trench again, and so ye may take divers one after an other in one trench.   

How to know in the spring, the nests, where moules do breed.  
YE shall understand (as some farmers do say) moles do breed but once a year, and that is in the spring: about March, and April, they go to buck, and commonly about S. Marks day they do kindle, and will have young.  
Therefore from mid March, ye shall view your grounds, where ye may see any great and high hills, for commonly there they will breed, which hills ye shall see, both of old and new cast, & commonly they which are new cast, they make their nests in the mids thereof very low, much like the field mouse, and some will make them in the hedge sides, and in bushes: some in plain fields viii. score from any bush or hedge, casting a great hill as big as two barrow stills. And if ye then let them alone till the end of April, soon after S. Marks day, ye may then possibly take all the young in the nest, and then after ye may watch the trench for their dam, for she will come unto them to seek them.  
Also ye may trench for the female about her nest, a pretty way of, and so ye may possibly take her, in coming and going to her nest, before she do kindle: For if ye spoil her nest, before he have kindled, she will then go far of and breed in some other place, which ye shall hardly find, or come to take her, and then when she hath young, she willbe very subtle for to take, & she will beat her young from place to place, & will not suffer them to bolt nor yet work shallow: Therefore, it will be the more harder to take them, and she will commonly have at a time vi. or seven. young.  
Likewise all the winter, they will cast against moist weather very much: both in November, and December being wet and warm withal: and because the days are short, and the nights long, they will be stirring very early in the morning sometimes before day light, and late toward night. Therefore ye must watch their times accordingly when they go out and come home again.   

Moules to be driven from place to place.  
THere be some which have said, ye may drive moules out of one ground into another, & there to take them, which is, ye shall open their holes whereas they have newly cast, & then ye shall have stamped garlic ready wrapped in clouts of linen, and so put into their holes, made of the bigness of a walnut, and put so into the holes at both the open ends thereof, and cover the holes again, and the strong savour thereof will cause the moules to void from those places: and by such means (in using the holes as afore said) ye may drive them from one ground to another, and from place to place. Some do use tar, some laurel, some galwoort or elder stamped, some gabanum fumed in holes, or any such strong thing of sa●●or, which will cause them to fly from thence or those places so fumed, and ever where ye see her work, still fume that place, and so ye shall soon drive them away.   

How to take moules in pots, set in the earth.  
THey do teach also how to take moules in pots of earth, which pots ye shall set within the ground in their traces or holles where they have gone before, so that your pots brink must so be set, that it be even with the neither part of the trench or trace of the mole. Some do cover the pots with turfs of earth: but let there be no more of the pots brim uncovered, but the breadth of her trace in the trench or two inches. Some do use to put a live mole into those pots, or into each pot one: For when they do gender (in the spring) the bucks will hunt after the doaes, and the doaes will seek the bucks, and then they will run about on the ground one after the other. And those moules which are in pots and cannot come out will cry, and the rest will hear & wind them, and so fall unto them in the pots, and there they will cry and fight together.  
Again some do counsel in the gendering time to lead or draw a bich mole with a string about the ground where the pots are set, and so put her into one of your pots, and the buck moules will find her out by the trace, and so take in the said pots, but ye must not tread nigh her trare, for them they will not follow her: And by this means ye may take many in the spring time with pots. And to know which way a mole hath gone, ye shall open her trench a foot or more, & then tread it light down with your foot, and in the ●●ds of her trench ye shall set down a small stick to the bottom of her trench, and let your stick be three inches without the earth or more. If she come in, the top of the stick will fall backware, and if she go out, the stick will fall inward. Thus may ye know which way she is gone. Again I have hard, in a garden where as the earth is soft, that when the mole doth east, at the second putting up he will thrust in his bare hand and so take them up. Also, where as you shall see moles to make their passage under the earth in woods, & rough grounds, in crossing foot paths, or between bushes, banks, and such: where ye shall see any such earth cast up: there commonly they haunt to go and come daily, wherein ye shall do no more but tread that earth softly down with your foot, or chop it down with your mole staff and so tread with your foot down softly again, and make your trenchso long as ye may feel easily her passage. For the longer it is trod down, the longer they willbe in passing through: so there ye need make no other trenches to take them in, but those, For this order shall do as well as need, if ye watch their times.  
Thus ye may destroy them in woods, and rough grounds in a small time with taking some pain. And when a mole is in the trench, & doth work, if it be hard trod down, she will go back and come again once or twice, & perhaps forsake it. But let her come a good way in the trench, then clap your staff, or chop your heel behind her quickly, and then cast her up: for they will lightly turn back, if they wind you, or hear you stamp. Moreover if ye can bring up a cur, to go with you when ye take them, & so to nosill him therewith, he will then take pleasure in killing them, and he will find in any ground three moles against your one. For he will smell and show you where the mole is, which thing I have seen going by the way side. There is also a trap to take moles in coming or going at all times: Which engine, ye may see in my books of traps and engines. Thus much for the taking of moles in all grounds.   
FINIS.   


¶ For so much as the dog is a very necessary beast for the husbandman, as well as others, some to profit him, and some to disprofit him, as mad dogs, and other, whereof I will somewhat speak briefly, and so make an end.  
I In hounds and dogs which fall mad, the cause is, the burnt choler hath the mastery in his body: which choler being once roasted in them through vehement heat, it overcometh the body, and maketh him to run mad. For the black choler which is so strong, it fumeth up in his head, infecteth the brain, and so from thence goeth to all the other members and maketh them venomous.  
Therefore if any person be bit with a mad dog, it is the venomous spittle of the dogs heat that doth infect: And the venom of him which doth bite, is drawn to the like place wherewith he biteth, which is the brain, and there it worketh and maketh the dog run mad, and if he bite any other person, it maketh him mad also: and such venom is perilous. For in some persons it is a year hid or it be known, and lightly about the same day it was bitten, the same day twelve month it cometh unto his head; and therewith he goeth mad, and commonly hounds will bark at a mad dog, for they perceive, and will rather fly him, then to come to him: and this madness among dogs, chanceth and falleth most in harvest, and canicular days, and days of heat.  
His tongue is so venomous that it maketh him to reel and stagger, and to run about gaping and drivelling in holding down his tail always, and hanging out his tongue. If his drivelling fall into any water, it infecteth the same, and who so drinketh thereof, is in great danger of being mad.  
And the signs after the biting of a mad dog in a man is: They shall have in their sleep fearful dreams and sights, and anger without cause, and they will seem to bark like a dog, and feareth to be seen of others: And they fear water most, and be very dainty in all things, which are doubtful signs to cure. For of him that is bitten, the venom goeth from the bitten place to the heart, & from thence to the head, and so to all members as aforesaid: and the humour is more moist and perilous. And it is also dangerous to touch those bodies infected, because the vaporation and vehemency of the venom, and they will corrupt all things near unto them.  
Note also, that if venom be taken by meats or drinks, these signs do follow, the cramp followeth very strongly, with swelling in the fingers and nails, which is a deadly sign. Or if he also gape, and drivel, his lips do smart and tingle, or feel a heat in his tongue, without any swelling & being vexed straightly about the heart, his eyes wax dim and dark. When these signs are, it is time to make haste, or death cometh soon after.  
The general remedy and medicine is to vomit, or to take a glister to bring it down. Then take of treacle, and wine that Sowthistle is sodde in: Then must he be purged, and bathed, and let blood at the last. And his diet shall be fat meats, with fulbards oer small nuts, with dry figs, which is also good to draw, consume and waste venom. Balsamum with woman's milk helpeth against the burning and sore ache thereof. treacle forti●eth the body, and wasteth venom. If treacle cannot be gotten, then take garlic sod in broth with a fat hen, and drink thereof, for garlic is contrary to venom, and doth assuage the inner burning thereof, and therefore it is called, the husbandman's treacle.  
Also if one be bitten with a mad dog, take a cock or a hen, and kill him, and slit him strait, and all hot clap it to the place, and it will suck & draw out the venom. The drawers of venowe are these, the flesh of a snake, or adder, cut and laid to strait. Also calamint, the seed of wild tars, called orobancke. Sea onions, water cresses, herb grace, salt, Aristolochia nuts eat with rue, the roots of a sperage & the seed also. Balsamum, dinegar, & the milk of an ass, a child's piss, the stones of a hedgehog, the stones of a stag, or an ass, dried and drunk. Also castoreum, garlic, gencian, mint, dittan. All these afore said are good against venom, and others without number: and although the danger of venom cometh many and sundry ways: therefore God of his goodness hath provided sundry helps and remedies. A good way to help the biting of any beast, sheep or other, with a mad dog, or other venomous beast, Which is, ye shall cut the wound and make it to bleed, that the venom with the blood may thereby come forth. Some do use to put to lech worms, to suck out the blood, and to cup or box it, and to give them treacle, and lay to the wounds plasters, as nuts mixed with garlic, rue and salt all together, and also nuts alone chewed and laid to the place, and also treacle with water, of creves of the river made in powder, and drunk: or the ashes of the said crevice with gentian, is a singular remedy against the biting of a mad dog. Likewise the juice of caprisolium, called woodbine. Also the leaves of the wild fig tree: onions and salt, or mint stamped like wise with salt, and laid to, every one of these aforesaid laid to, and mixed with vinegar or honey, are sufficient to help against the biting of a Mad dog, or stinging of other venomous worms: but a perfect remedy is, the oil wherein a Scorpion hath been drowned, and therein also is sod, and thereof a piece laid to the place infected, doth help.  
Other remedies against the biting of a mad dog. A singular remedy, which is, to burn the flowers of hany suckles, or three leaved grass, mix it with eld grease, and lay it to: Or to beat the said flowers with old white wine, and give it him. Also the roots of eglintine made in powder and laid thereon: or to make him a drink it with good old white wine. Another: the horses of elder, or the juice of the leaves to be given with wine lukewarm. Also the juice of plantain given to drink, or stamped with salt and laid to. Or the root of the great burr bruised with a little salt and laid to, doth destroy venom incontinent. Again, the strong nettle bruised with salt, and laid thereon. Or selandine, drunk with wine, and stamped with salt and laid to. Or the leaves of horehound stamped and laid to with salt. All these are special good against the biting of a mad dog. If a mad dog do bite other hounds or hogs, ye shall give them the juice of plantain, and let them blood, and it will help them, but mix it with a little milk, and so give it.   

Remedies and medicines to help mangy dogs, as well in their ears, as also other parts of their bodies.  
IN summer commonly the ears of dogs are sore troubled with ulcers, scabs, and fleas, that many are marred thereby. The remedy is against the scabbines in the ear, anoint it with oil of bitter almands, and it will heal it: or to rub his ear with bitter almands smally beaten, but if his ears are sore within, ye shall then mix therewith tar, and hogs grease, and with the same do anoint, and ye shall make the ticks and lice to fall, if ye touch them therewith: ye must not scratch them with your hand, for fear ye make an ulcer rise thereof.  
If a dog have fleas, the remedy is: take of beaten cummin, with as much ellebory, and mix them together with water, and wash him therewith: or with the juice of wild cucumbers, if ye have none thereof, then anoint all over his body with the lies and old dregs of oil olive.  
But if he be mangy and broken forth, ye must beat the teaves of melilot, & sestamine, in like portion mingled with tar, & so anoint: and this they say is good for men also that are scabbed, & if the scabs be yet more vehement, ye may heal it with the juice of the Cedar. Also rue with a corn or two of salt, & beat them together, then take butter or oil & put thereunto, and stir them well altogether, then strain it all out, and anoint therewith, or seeth the green roots of Elecampane in running water, and make it strong of the roots in see thing long, and put some soap & salt thereunto, & wash your dog therewith warm 3. or 4. dares together, and it will heal very well.  
Also another, some take green grass & beats it into fine powder, & mix it with the powder of brimstone, finely beaten together, and then all well hurt with fresh grease, & then made hot, and therewith anoint. Also another very perfect and good medicine is, ye shall take an oat sheaf as it come from the field with his afles thereon, and burn him to ashes, and with those ashes make lie, and therewith wash your mangy dog twice or thrice a day, and it will help, often proved: and to let him blood on the gamarel vain behind.  
Also another very excellent medicine to kill any itch, either in man or dog, which is, ye shall take a portion of oil of flower deluce, with a good quantity of brimstone beaten to a fine powder, and the like quantity of Elecampane roots dried in an oven, and beat into a fine powder, with a quantity of bay salt, dried and beaten to a fine powder, then mix all these foresaid powders with the said oil, and then warm it over the fire, and anoint therewith. But if ye scratte or make the skin first to bleed or water, and then to anoint, it will do the better. Well and often proved. Another, for a magie dog. Take quicksilver, Uerdegreace, Wooloyle, brimstone powder, then mix all well together, and therewith anoint the dog twice a day. Thus much for the biting of mad dogs in helping the same. And also helps for mangy dogs.  
A bitch goeth with whelp fourscore days, and her whelps are seven days blind, not perfect sight till 21. days, and a grayhound bitch goeth 6. weeks with whelp, her whelps are blind twelve days.    

¶ The Table following to find out any thing in this book as touching moules, and hogs: and to find out likewise remedies against the biting of maddogs, and help for mangy dogs.  

Ache in hog's heads to help. 278  
A corns to feed hogs. 262  
Aristotle's saying. 277   

B  
BIting of a mad dog to help  
Biting of hogs.  
Biting another. 280  
Boars, one sufficient forx, sows.  
Blood letting in hogs  
Brimming of Sows.   

C  
Catarrh to help. 272  
Choosing of hogs.  
Covering Sows. 260.   

D  
Dogs are necessary, and also hurtful.  
Dissines in hogs. 

Of mad dogs    
Dogs mange to help.   

E  
elm leaves are good for hogs. 279   

F  
FAtting with what meat. 270  
Fever in hogs to help. 265  
Feeding a hog fat. 268  
Feeding a bore best. 273  
Feeding a hog for lard.  
Figure how best to 〈◊〉 a hog.  
Flowing of the gall.   

G  
GAll flowing to heal.  
Garget in hogs to help. 271  
Gelding of pig's  
Gelding of hogs. 264  
Government of hogs.   

H  
Herbs ill for hogs.  
Herbs good for hogs. 271  
Herbs to cool them in summer. 279  
Hole footed hogs.  
Hog's being sick to know. 278  
Hogs sick to help. 270  
Hogheard to be watchful 263  
Henbane. 279  
Hog's grease to harden.  
Hogs to stower. 280   

I  
IMpostumations under the throat to heal. 265   

L  
lask in hogs to stop. 271  
leanness by sickness in hogs to help. 266  
Littargie in hogs to help. 266  
Lice to kill in hogs. 280   

M  
MAggots to kill.  
Mangy in dogs to help.  
Marking your pigs. 293  
Mesel in hogs to help.  
Mesel to save them from it. 273  
Mesel to help another. 267  
Mesel to preserve hogs. 279  
Mesel to help another way. 268  
Mesel to help another. 269  
Mesel things evil for it. 277  
Mesel and causes thereof. 269  
Milt pained to help. 271  
Mustard ill for hogs. 270  
Milt pained to help. 267  
Mice in hogsties to kill. 270  
Moules to take.   

P  
PEstilent fever to help. 272  
Pigs weaning.  
Pigs how to mark.  
Proverb of the hog's goodness.  
Pig's winter pigs. 278  
Pox in hogs to helge.   

R  
RAmmish pigs.  
Remedies against the bitting of mad dogs.  
Ringing of hogs. 273  
Ringing double. 275  
Roots good for hogs. 261   

S  
Sick hogs to help. 271  
Signs after the biting of a mad dog.  
sows good breeders. 264  
Sows going with pig. 264  
Sows when to brim.  
sows unnatural. 267  
Spaied Sows. 260  
The spaing of a Sow.  
sows great with pig how to keep. 263  
Staggers in hogs for to help. 277  
Sties for your hogs.  
Stying your hogs. 262   

T  
Tongues of mad dogs are venomous.   

V  
Venom taken by meats.  
Vomit to stay in hogs. 266  
Vomit to provoke in hogs. 266   
FINIS.  
L. M.