THE customer's APOLOGY. That is to say, A general Answer to Informers of all sorts, and their injurious complaints, against the honest reputation of the Collectors of her majesties CUSTUMES, specially in the OUT-PORTES of this Realm. Written only FOR UNDERSTANDING READERS AND WISE IN HIGHEST AUTHORITY, to Read and discern by. Always provided, In reading Read all, or nothing at all. Ha●d Natura potest justo secer●ere Iniquum, Nec vincit Ratio hoc, tantund●● ut p●ccet, i●●●que Qui te●er●s caules ali●●i freg●rit h●rti, Et qui n●ctur●●s Diu●●●● sacralegeri●: AD SIT REGVLA, peccatit qua p●●as irr●ge● aquas. .1599. To the GRAVE and GODLY WISE, in Highest Authority. A GENTLEMAN a friend and lover of learning, coming into a free School, where divers young Scholars were learning their Grammar, desirous to feel how they thryud at their Books by some familiar question; demanded, (their Ushers standing by) When an English is given to be made into Latin, what's first to be done? The answer is easy, namely, To seek out the principal Verb: yet all stood silent, and half amazed, till ONE at the last (the Question eftsoons repeated, and he urged to say, Men affecting to do the Prince and Commonwealth service, in some honest calling, enter the charge of Custumes simply, & doubting no harm. What was to be done) replied; NO HARM SIR I HOPE, at least THAT I WOTS OF. Which the Gentleman taking in very good part, as suspecting rather ignorance in the Ushers, then want of wit in the Scholars, departed, smile. Most REVEREND and RIGHT HONOURABLE. This Question & Answer includeth the present estate of all the students in the School of her majesties Custumes, where such as the Teachers be, such are the Scholars. There is a reason for all things. And the reason hereof is not so much, for want of wit or will in the Learners, To deal justly between the Prince and her People (which in this kind of doctrine is supposed to be the Principal verb) as in the ignorant & indiscrete Husshers, who whilst the grave Masters and Moderators of the School, were distracted and busied in the study & practise of higher points of learning; have used no method, but bearing the Scholars. " Qui paria esse volunt peccata, Ipsique laborant " Cum ventum ad verum est: Sensus moresque repugnant, " Atque ipsa utilitas, justi prope matter & Aequi. Which kind of discipline, discouraging all men & driving many good wits from the School, to the secret injury of the whole Commonwealth; forced me to my Book, and as well as I could, to Analise my lesson, meaning thereby with the foresaid plain Scholar (NO HARM AT ALL) such therefore as it is, I have briefly set down in the Discourse following. The Matter whereof being partly drawn from mine own Patience and experience, and partly observed and learned from others: The Form is merely mine own, and hath for my warrant the Rules of my Grammar. But since Things are then well done, when things are well taken; to clear and acquit me from partial clamour, or the sin of presumption, The Will appliant to Reason, is guiltless of passion, and Nature overborne appeals to Necessity. Quae quod cogit, ipsa, solet utique defendere. Hard therefore and above measure extreme should their cases appear, that still subject to beating, might neither bemoan themselves, nor be suffered to cry. And so much the rather, when as (SO FAR AS I WOTS OF) in all their Complaints, The Law of Nature and Nations both, allow all men, to stand in defence of their Callings and honest Reputations. there is nothing concluded nor included, at least intended thereby, but a natural defence of their honest reputation in that kind of Calling, which the Law itself by great wisdom hath laid out, and reserved For men of the best sort only, and a dutiful Zeal to find out thereby The principal Verb. The Principles and general Maxims, whereon this Discourse is grounded: making an Epitome of the whole. ALl Commonwealths are established and maintained by Laws. The life of Law, is Reason. Reason in making Laws aims at Equity. Equity is guided by Certainty and Indifferency, the two Balances of justice; for where these two fail, men run into Extremities. Extremities find out Shifts. Shifts incur Suspicion. Suspicion argues Ignorance. Ignorance groping for truth lights on Errors. Errors prove Mischiefs. private Mischiefs turn to public Inconveniences; the high way to Discord, Disorder, and Confusion. And as things grow confounded, Offences by consequence increase more and more. Which as puddled waters and corrupted air, breed and engender nothing, but creeping Informers, noisome Caterpillars, ravenous Harpies and such like vermin, to vex and torment a State withal. By means whereof, ¶ The PRINCE is abused, and so justly offended. ¶ The MERCHANTS are wearied and generally grieved. ¶ The CUSTUMERS overburdened are injuriously disgraced. ¶ The COMMONS of all sorts impairing, repine: And ¶ The PORT-TOWNES decay. The reading of whose several Complaints, may make any UNDERSTANDING READER, able to be his own judge, and see. How in the present disordered estate of custom service: 1 TRAFFIC is become impaired, and so consequently her majesties Custumes diminished. 2 The COMMONWEALTH grows disordered, and daily empoucrished. And 3 The STATE (besides the Common Enemy) is engaged and unkindly at jar, with her ancient Allies, and best foreign Friends. The state of the CUSTUMES. Specially in the OUT-PORTES of this Realm. GREAT HATH BEEN THE CARE, AND THE Inventions sundry, that have been undertaken, for the advancing, collecting and true answering, of all such Duties as upon things by way of Merchandise, Custumes defined. Crossing the Seas, are either vented out or brought into this Land, according to Laws and Contracts to that end. But as in the State of a natural body, those diseases prove of most dangerous consequence, that are of longest breeding, and most desperate to cure, whose causes are unknown: so fares it at this day with that, which highly importing the whole Commonwealth, is of itself, no small nor idle portion in the body of the Prince's Revenues. Namely, the state of the CUSTUMES; specially in the OUT-PORTES of this Realm. The present condition whereof, being nearly observed, may be fitly resembled to the diseases of the body, Resembled to inveterate Diseases. which the physicians term Morbs Chronici. For as they engendered with time, not seen to at first, or but slightly regarded, make work at the last for Apothecaries and Surgeons, leading the part infected still from ill to worse: so in the occasions and continuance of these kinds of sores or disorders, for want of due inspection or true information, as the service grows confounded; Offences by consequence increase more and more. For remedy whereof, though confident Emperiks never so boldly, with their violent and repercussive medicines, from all parts obtrude themselves, sucking profit thereby at one hand or other: When all is done & said, the Grave and Wise Physicians, Fit for none but grave and Physicians of experience must put to their hands, who proceeding by method from An fieri possit, to Quid fieri debet; by the pulse and Symptom observe the disease, and conferring with the Patients themselves, finding the cause; proportion Receipts for remedy. For if urines prove deceitful, and Patients never speak: No marvel then, if Physic fail and medicines be to seek. In which respect, for the better information of the State of this Cause, this present Discourse is conceived, The motive of this Discourse that through it the UNDERSTANDING READER AND WISE IN AUTHORITY, by reading only, without passion or partiality might be their own judges. Wherein (if for the length in show it seem to be tedious) so the Form for the plainness prove not offensive; The oftener read the better understood. the Matter for importance deserves more than a reading. ¶ Privatio praesupponit habitum. Sickness doth imply a habit of health, & the disproportioned disposition of any Function, doth argue an intention & possibility of Order. To the understanding whereof, since particularities & circumstances do best approve and lay open the truth or falsehood of any Action or Assertion: In the Consultation and Resolution of this argument of CUSTUMES, The Argument. as well for their due Collecting and true Answering, as the infallible means of their orderly advancing, to the glorious demonstration and happy upholding of the wealth and peace of this State and Kingdom, both at home and abroad: Four things do first offer themselves to mind and necessary consideration. ¶ 1 The CAUSE or Ground, whence such Duties grow and have their first being. ¶ 2 The MATTER what, and where upon such Duties growing are to be paid and taken. ¶ 3 The PERSONS, whom such Duties either immediately or by consequence touch and concern. ¶ 4 The FORM how to collect such Duties, fit and peculiar to the CAUSE, MATTER and PERSONS. First therefore of the CAUSE of CUSTUMES for Orders sake, and so of the rest. THe Nature of all things that consist in Action, is best seen and valued, by the worthiness of that Object and End where to it tendeth. The highest Object of humane Actions (GOD only excepted) is the MAJESTY of our SOVEREIGN and GOOD of our COUNTRY. And there is no Action more dutiful, then at all hands to amplify the honour of the one, and to procure the peace of the other; nor any more odious, then wittingly or willingly to impair the Means, mutually meant for the maintenance of either. The main drift and purpose of the Argument. It followeth then as a consequence of all sides to be agreed on; That to maintain the Prince's Revenues, and to further the prosperity of her people is, or aught to be, the special care of every man's best endeavour. But, as in all things that depend on CAUSES, and consist of MATTER and FORM, where the proprieties of either are not rightly understood nor seriously observed, the first Error breeding Mischief, leads the high way to Disorder and so to Confusion: so fares it at this day with the State and argument of this Discourse, namely the public duties of CUSTUMES. That as well for the CAUSE whence they proceed and their MATTER what it is, as in their FORM how to stop the course of Errors and currant of Abuses, hath of long time been and yet is a proposition diversly and strangely debated. Wherein howsoever Confusion increase general offences, Holding the Actors next hand still subject to suspicion and blame. (Ignorance and Impudency bearing the sway) * The ATTORNEY and Experience and ⸪ SOLICITOR general: for the Prince and her People. Truth arguing the case before Equity and Reason, dispute the Question, and resolve it thus. All Effects work only by & live or die with their proper CAUSES. All CAUSES are either Efficient, Material, Formal, or Final. Custumes described. ¶ CUSTUMES are the Princes public Duties, growing by TRAFFIC, on Merchandise outward and inward, payable according to the Equity of positive Laws and foreign Contracts, freely and only given For defence of the Realm and safe passage at Seas. Thus CUSTUMES follow TRAFFIC as the Effect doth the CAUSE; The CAUSE. in which regard the Merchant at all hands is to be cherished, favoured and encouraged in every commonwealth. Traffic described. ¶ TRAFFIC is a mutual bartering, or buying & selling of Vendible wares, by Merchants, Subjects or Strangers, at markets convenient, according to the Rulers of Reciproke Commerce, generally intending the honour of the Prince and prosperity of the Commonweal. There appear in TRAFFIC by this description four special parts, to be severally considered and jointly maintained, as being so essentially coherent, and necessarily concurrent, that where any one is failing, the rest have no longer being. To wit, MATTER (as Vendible wares. Secondly PERSONS (Merchants Subjects, or Strangers. Thirdly, PLACE (at Markets convenient) Fourthly ORDER (rules of reciproke Commerce.) 1 First in the Condition of the MATTER whatsoever it be GOODNESS only (more or less) makes it Vendible, as respected & fit for Trades. All GOODNESS is either by Nature or by Art: And as in GOODNESS there is a proportion always answerable to the first MATTER, wherein it consisteth: so in Trades, the blessing of God by Nature, and the benefit of Industry by Art, is immediately more or less admired, to the special reputation and profit of the PERSONS and PLACES that first afford them. 2 In the quality of the PERSON of the Merchant, whosoever he be, Subject or Stranger; only Loyalty and Alliance, makes his TRAFFIC avowed, without distinction of Sex or years: For with known Traitors or open enemies, the Law admits no Commerce. 3 In the PLACES Conveniency at home or abroad, Easiness of Access by Sea or land and public Freedom with Safety for MATTER and PERSONS, is only regarded in all Martes and Markets. 4 And the best Rules for ORDER to direct TRAFFIC by, are they which being precisely squared out to the Generality, Indifferency and Certainty of the Laws of the land and foreign Contracts, admit no particular, partial nor doubtful; deceit, injury nor disturbance, to MATTER, PERSONS, nor PLACE. Thus TRAFFIC supported by four special Pillars; The first is grounded on GOODNESS. All GOODNESS is needful. TRAFFIC therefore either outward or inward of things bred at home or abroad; in respect of the Use thereof aught to be General. For look what the Soul is to the outward Actions of the body, in ordering each member: so, as to Nature seems fittest for the good of the whole Man: Such is the use of TRAFFIC in disposing Mysteries and Trades to the behoof of the whole Commonwealth. A consideration in no part of Civil Government to be neglected, much less in this great CAUSE of CUSTUMES. For as much as the GOOD intended thereby both to MATTER, PERSONS, and PLACES, by the rules of Equity is so due to All, as cannot be justly restrained or denied unto Any, without disorder and confusion. Bonum autem quo communius, ●o melius. From TRAFFIC therefore CUSTUMES derive their first Essence, and being, and by it increase; to the Honour of Princes, and prosperity of commonwealths. To conclude; TRAFFIC is the true and assured practice of that mystical Philosophy (wherein so many wits have spent themselves, and blown the coals in vain) whose heavenly Elixir (GOODNESS) the Quintessence of Nature and Art, Lapis Philosophicus. by divine sublimation, applied to Materials, begets Mysteries in Trades, and purging all dross of deceit from Trades, turns Trades into Metals, and all Metals into pure Silver and fine Gold: universalis Medecina. And that general Restorative, which easing all grief in Sores, suppling all Sores in Diseases, and curing all Diseases in particular Members, holds the whole Body of the Commonweal in perfect health. The sacred Rules whereof, as no profane Covetise could ever comprehend, nor confident Empirics attain to practise, so none of private Discretion or Affection, may presume to alter or control; as being a Doctrine and Study, peculiar to the GRAVE and GODLY WISE only in highest Authority, and for PRINCES themselves. The MATTER or Subject, 2 MATTER. is all kind of wares that by way of Merchandise crossing the seas are either transported and vented out, or imported or brought into the Realm; whereupon such payments are collected, as (For defence of the Realm, and safe passage at Seas) loyally offered and graciously accepted, the Laws of TRAFFIC do record by the names and titles. Of CUSTUMS' Great and Small. and SUBSIDIES of Pondage, and Tonnage. The word CUSTUMES albeit it be used as a general name for all Duties upon goods crossing the Seas, both inward and outward: yet it hath his peculiar and distinct signification. And is either that Duty which is taken upon wools, Woolfels, Tin, Led, and other Staple wares of this land, by the name of Grand CUSTUME; Or the Duty of three pence upon the pound etc. Yielded only by Strangers, by the title of PETIT-CUSTUME. SUBSIDY, is but the Genus or General title to other duties, namely, Pondage and Tonnage. Pondage is a SUBSIDY paid generally upon all Merchandise, crossing the Seas, of twelve pence the pound (not otherwise increased by special Statute as is that of Corn). Whereof it sorts the name of Pondage, though in respect of the use, it be more usually called SUBSIDY, Quia datur in subsidium Principi. Tonnage, is also a SUBSIDY diversly collected according to divers Statutes limiting the same; being either generally granted for defence of the Realm, and free traffic on the Seas, as the Tonnage of Wines, or for the particular relief of some Port or Town, as that of Dover. ¶ The MATTER being thus laid open: The PERSONS, are next to be weighed; 3. The PERSONS whom these Duties do for several respects concern, Either Immediately or directly, as The PRINCE to whom they are given and by Law due. The MERCHANT, that by Law is to pay them. The OFFICER, specially appointed to Collect them to the Prince's use. Mediately, or by consequence; in regard of free Traffic. Viz. Generally, The whole COMMONS of this Realm. Specially the PORTE-TOWNES whose inhabitants, are Artificers and Trades. or M. of Ships and Mariners. The .4. 4. FORM. thing to be necessarily thought upon and understood, is the FORM and manner of collection, fit & answerable to the MATTER and PERSONS. Forma dat esse rei. For without it, the Prince, though much be given, is void of ordinary means to be justly answered, and so not satisfied. Without it, the Merchant though much be due, knows not how and with what discharge to pay it. And without it the Officer, though much be to be received, is without sufficient warrant to collect it by. In the direction whereof therefore, Common equity is to be respected. viz. That is in all other Duties having one and the same ground (Like twins) as namely those upon lands & goods (De paribus autem est idem judicium) the Assess once agreed upon, by competent authority; doth entitle and satisfy the Prince, bind and acquit the Subject, direct and warrant the Collector, and so fulfils the Law by giving every one his right; so in these duties upon Merchandise both inward and outward, the Assess or Rate of things once digested, is or aught to be a rule general and inviolable; the Equity whereof, consisting in the Certainty and Indifferency of Assessment, according to a reasonable valuation of things in use, and so experssely set down and named, and commanding the like in Matters occurring. But by reason of some uneven carriage in the MATTER and present FORM; the PERSONS aforesaid in their several degrees and places, have their Offences, Griefs, and Complaints. The knowledge whereof comprehends the whole State of the Cause in question, and giveth light to the grounds and occasions of the present disorders. For The PRINCE offended. ¶ First, the PRINCE, is two ways highly displeased; namely, either in that her Duties are by the Merchants defrauded, or by the Collectors ill answered into the Exchequer: or in that they seem not so well husbanded for her, as private Persons by Leases do make them for themselves. The satisfying of whom, may make a way to relieve others. The MERCHANT grieved. ¶ The MERCHANTS griefs are likewise double, Public and Private. For Generally they bemoan themselves, that as subjects desirous to live under the rule and direction of the Law; they are driven to incur the danger thereof, for want of Indifferent and Certain proceed. For where as one and the same Law (though by several Statutes) do bind them to answer the Prince Subsidies, and other duties on their lands and their goods, as well as their Merchandise; yet in paying the one (though held with more assurance at home, and that paid happily but once in the year) the Assess is set down with a consideration of each man's estate and charge; and in Collecting the other (though the payments be more frequent and daily for one thing or other) there is far less regard or feeling of the hazards they run, by Sea, by Enemies, by contrary winds, Bankrupts and ill Markets. And whereas in the payments on lands and goods, the Collector alone being satisfied, the party is acquit, without further charge, trouble or delay: in the matter of Merchandise, beside the Princes and Collectors due, Impositions and a multiplicity of irregular exactions and fees to Searchers, controllers, Surveyors, Waiters, Wayers, Packers, Scavagers, their Deputies, Clerks, Servants (and such like) is such a secret burden, that in 6 or 7 years, the payments in this kind, do countervail their Stocks. ¶ Privately they grieve, that amongst themselves Trades under Companies and Societies are drawn and abridged into a few men's hands; wherein, besides the wrong offered to the Law and general freedom of the land, even within themselves also, the wealthier and best grounded, by odds of stocks, restraints and other advantages, drive the weaker to the walls. That one port seems to give Law to all the rest, without warrant of Law, reason or Policy; the danger whereof, more see and lament, then know how to prevent or remedy. That in all Ports extremities attend them driving them to this issue, either to quit their Trades altogether, Extremities drive the Merchants to shifts. or to work it out by favour at one port or other, to the displeasure of the Prince, as if they concealed he Custumes, when they get least by it, as may be observed in the falling of sundry, and decay of a great many. The OFFICER complaineth. ¶ The OFFICER, thirdly, hath his griefs and complaints; for unfolding whereof, many things concurring are first to be laid open, namely, who that OFFICER is, and what he is; for the service is pretended and attended on by many, each valuing himself above other, and his place and standing to be of most importance. In the viewing of whom a part and a sunder, REASON shall the better discern and judge between them. Arist. coutra Sophist. For Quaedam sunt & non videntur; Quaedam videntur & non sunt omnino. ¶ Custumes being Effects of that CAUSE, whose Actions are conversant about no meaner Objects than the Majesty of our Sovereign, and prosperity of her People; imply a Service, which as it requires men of special regard and trust: so none may undertake it, but with authority and power given them in lawful manner. In the Function therefore of an Officer of CUSTUMES. Four grounds to discern by, between the necessary institution and needless or bootless use of their Functions 4. things are to be weighed and considered, to justify the lawfulness and necessity of his calling. 1. The Institution, that gives him power to meddle with Duties of that nature. 2. The PORT and Places allotted him for the exercise of his Office. 3. The diligent performance of his service, according to the importance & exigence of his charge. 4. And lastly the Countenance and proportionable Maintenance which in that respect he deserves and receives. The Officers therefore in the OUT-PORTES are four in number, and known by the names of CUSTOMER, SEARCHER, controller and SUPERVISORS. The customer's Office The CUSTUMERS hold their places by the Prince's letters Patents & great seal of England, whereby they are authorized and warranted, appointed & named Collectors, as well of all ancient duties upon Wool, Woolfels etc. termed Grand custom and of the Petty custom, paid only by Strangers: as also of the Subsidy of Pondage and Tonnage, granted her Majesty in Primo of her Reign, during her life Pro defension Regni, & custodia Maris. Concluding all with this Close. Ita quod de denarijs inde provenientibus ad Scaccarit●m nostrum nobis respondeas. In which behalf for the Prince's security, before the delivery or receipt of any letters Patents, the Custumers are bound by themselves and good sureties, and sworn beside at their admissions, to do their endeavours, To deal justly between the Prince and her People The whole service towards the Prince and people, liable to the Custumers only. The PRINCE being secured, next follows the service of the Merchant. On whose behalf, if any denial or unlawful delay be used to his hurt or hindrance, the Law calls the Custumer in question only, and in that respect, the Office seal is committed to him, and the form of all Warrants, of Cockets and Bonds, to the use of the Queen run only in his name, as well from PORT to PORT as otherwise. This being the effect and whole sum of the Service; is the customer's office and charge only, 12. Ric. 2. cap. 2. And such had they need to be, for no Officer in the Commonwealth may do more good or harm, than a Custumer in a shire, or the Towns of his charge. whom therefore the Law doth point out and chose, From amongst the best and most sufficient men to be found, to the Lord Treasurer's estimation. And is no more indeed then may well be performed by such a one; Provided the Law be his Loadstone, & Equity his Compass, and enabled withal with Countenance and Maintenance, fit for his calling. Thus the whole service, as appears, hath but two ends, the satisfaction of the Prince, & dispatch of the Merchant. To which end, for the customer's relief, that being busied within doors, might want help abroad, out of the necessity of the service: The SEARCHER was created: The SEARCHERS Office described. Whose Office is to see that no water pass by, without the Grinders knowledge, but either to send them to the CUSTUME house, or drive them to the Exchequer, as the words of his Patent do import and command: so as taking the moiety of all forfeits and seizures for his pains, De altera medietate nobis respondeas, & fidelem inde computum in Scaccario nostro reddas. And thus what the Custumer may not conveniently do, the Searcher performs. Keeping entries of all Cockets, Bonds etc. passing by him from the customer's hands, as of his own seizures, and accountable yearly, for the truth of his doings. But as all Officers of account are subject to suspicion, and the man once suspected, is said to be half hanged: So with Custumers above all men (as things are mistaken) it is not enough to be an honest man. For the faults or weakness of any one, is made a consequence to call the rest in question, as if all were cast in one mould; without distinguishing the true Causes, whereby one Error is made the Author of an other. Hence grew the institution of a third Officer in name for an imaginary service; for wanting matter to make a new function: He is to set with the Custumer; and in all things to imitate his doings, Et quasi actum agere. This man albeit as the Custumer is either honest or dishonest, be needless or bootless (only the Prince may charge herself with fees to as many new Officers as she please) what wants in essence of a function, Before her majesties time all Custumers accounts, were written in Rolls. The controller. is recompensed in title: and for keeping a Counter-rowle of the Custumers doings, is in his Patent called a controller. ¶ Though Rules and directions wherewith Functions are bounded, propound indeed and intent perfection. Yet not that, whereto none can attain: but such as all men must and may aim at, to the end, that as far as humane care and foresight can extend; it may take place. In which respect, what more effectual Bond of dutiful endeavour may be urged, than the vows and pledges which Custumers give for their fidelities at their first admission? The nature of their service holding them withal, so subject to care and fear. In whose behalf therefore and special defence: 1. Here might be much spoken to approve and maintain, that in all Offices of charge and necessary trust, Two general Propositions, affirmative, and necessary. he that for his fidelity gives the uttermost of all security in use amongst Christians, aught to be absolutely credited. And that, that being done; all cautions beside, are but bootless effects of jealousy and Suspicion, injurious to the Reputation of that Officer and hurtful to the service. 2. And that where the pledge is once given and taken, which is the uttermost of all securities in use amongst Christians: Of consequence if that Officer be dishonest, he is ill chosen, and so fit to be removed; or the Function in matter or form defective, and so fit to be reform. But truth is called the daughter of Time, and practise and Experience the Midwives that bring her to light, for the weakness of this third Provision or Caution, in time gave easy way to a fourth kind of Officer, and so may do to the fift and a sixth in infinitum, so long as the grounds and causes of offences are mistaken or unknown. ¶ Ignorance is called the mother of Error. Of Errors come Mischiefs, Truth best found out by knowledge of Error. and private Mischiefs prove public Inconveniences: which breeding Confusion, point out Order and Perfection as Causes grow known. So that, Faelix qui poterit rerum cognoscere Causas. CUSTUMES paid by Merchants are subject to TRAFFIC as the Effect to the Cause. Traffic subject to Occasions and Times. TRAFFIC riseth and falleth with occasions and Times, the observing whereof, requireth Experience and judgement to direct; and Freedom with Judustrie to manage the same. Examples whereof are all Owners of lands, that by distinguishing Soils, and observing of Seasons, make use of their grounds. But, as if a Lord of a Manor, that intending to make the best of his own, by his immediate Servants, though the grounds be excellent, fertile, and good, gives charge notwithstanding, and expressly forbids them both the use of the Plough, Custumers forbidden all Trades and Traffic. and all means besides of manuring their soils: whereby their wills wanting freedom to approve their endeavours, they reap none other yield, then as nature affords; and so at the end of harvest, falling out with his Servants, farms the Land unto Strangers, who nearest themselves, first serve their own turns, The farming of Custumes unnatural, and not so good to the Prince, as injurious to the Subject. and in raising their rents (for the most part) make spoil of the grounds: So fares it with the Servants and lands of this great Field of revenues. And no marvel at all, for where things are passed over without distinction of Times, Persons and Place; the Error in judgement makes the Actor next hand suspected and blamed. Thus first grew the occasion, that the CUSTUME of sundry things became farmed out to sundry Persons, for yearly rents certain, and set terms of years. But with what uncertain success, the times have declared, and the persons have found. For witness whereof, omitting times past to begin nearer hand; about the xii. of the Queen, M. Smith took the Custumes of some PORTS to farm, M. Smith. whose industry made his gains so envied, that all was resumde at the end of his years. After him, Sir Francis Walsingham was won to the like for some PORTS else where; S. Fra. Walsingham. but missing the method, how ever he thrived, after his death, the remainder of his term was by composition surrendered up into her majesties hands. Then grew it a question (things so meeting together) how the same might be best husbanded, to her majesties own and immediate use, that had been so good to some others at a second hand. And because the Custumers at all hands were holden for Publicans & Sinners, a new & fourth sort of Officers became created, who at the cost of Sir Francis having won their experience before, undertook by themselves and Deputies, To reform all abuses, and advance the Queen's Custumes, in all PORTS of this Realm, LONDON excepted. To these therefore, being four in number: a Commission is granted jointly, 4. SUPERVISORS. by the name of SUPERVISORS. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. l. Occultatio. truly describing the state of the service. Drawn from concord in Music and Order in building. To reform all abuses, and advance the Queen's Custumes? Bid such men welcome, be they never so many; for that's the diapason of all our Music, so the more the merrier. And the base of that building so many have undertaken, and so few have set forward; therefore the more hands the lighter work. Provided always, they sing with the Company, and work in God's name. Hoc opus, hic labor est, committed to none but " Men of the best sort only. Religious and honest indeed, as these pretend to be. Yet since in this & in all things, Virtutis laus actio, and Carpenters are always best known by their chips; first hear their voices and examine their cunning, for so their consent and harmony will show their skill in Music, and their Disposition and Order in raising their work, will commend their building. For if into a Consort, ordained to sing or sound, Any or Many, should obtrude themselves, and taking up Instruments, pretending to tune them, regard neither Rests, nor give ear to any Time, nor sound the Instruments to find out what compass of Music they are ablest to maintain; but sing to themselves, and stand winding up Strings till all break in sunder; would ye not catch the Instruments from the hands of such Tuners, and as persons either ignorant or impudent, desire such musicans of less acquaintance? Likewise in the framing and rearing some ●ta●●ly piece of building, such as might be the Steeple for Paul's (a work fair and far seen, and faisible enough, for fit and skilful workmen) if Any or Many undertaking to advance it, should begin at the height, and so build downward, or pitching the Weathercock beneath, strive to raise the base end upward, would any well advised, stand near such builders for fear of danger? or at least, Spectatum admissi, risum teneatis Amici? Even such and no better proves the skill and proceed of these forward Reformers of abuses, and advancers of Custumes. For whilst the Custumers, set up as it were, and opposed with the a Extremity. Discant of their lesson enjoind them to learn, and finding their * Merchants. Instruments not able to maintain such a Compass in Music; were applying themselves to the b The equity of the Law. Plainsong, pricked out to the plesingest Ditty that ever was indited, beginning thus. “ Est Modus in rebus, sunt certi denique Fines. There is a Mids between Extremes, much like a mark or white “ Quos ultra citraque, nequit consistere Rectum. Whereat who levels short or gone, can never shoot aright. Which fitting all a Raates. Strings (the Searchers withal, at every Close singing, Then Measure is the merry Mean for Prince and People.) Makes a song in itself of Good rhyme and Good reason, being perfectly learned and sung with good Time and Tunable voices; Spo●daeum melos, 〈◊〉 nisi Sua●e sonans. far fuller of dainty strains of Music and heavenly harmony, than Dowlands delight, or Persons Sweet In Nomine: whilst the Custumers (as said is) were thus tuning and singing, as their skills and voices would serve; These step in at adventure, and disgrace all the b Custumers. musicans, for the hoarcenes of some, and accusing the c Merchants. Instruments for their low sound; wind up the Strings, to pitch all at the highest, and with a Catch of four parts, like Harpers besides themselves, sing blindly together, Chanting it thus. No fishing to the Sea, Nor service to the King. Which fitting no a Raates. Strings (their Deputies at all times lowly repeating, For all on private profit wait; Where things go guided by Conceit.) They that have ears to hear let them hearken, how this private and chanting Discord, fitting neither Instruments nor voices, prove offensive to the State, by disquieting the harmony and Concord between the Prince and her People. Makes such a noise of No rhyme, or No reason, so full of discords, and far from proportion, Phrygium melos, omniu● classicum & tu●ultuosum. so harsh for the voices, and strange for the sound: that their best RECTOR CHORI by no rules of Art can beat out their Time, nor temper their Tune. Yet see their good luck. They notwithstanding, thus pleasing themselves (whilst all men beside, amazed at their Music, and doubtful success of their building and work) stumbling on Fortune, proved more happy than wise. For indeed and in truth (let REASON be judge) if ever men thriude under Prince by ignorance and service in conceit: These may well say to themselves, Plus quandoque valet in rebus promovendis opin●o hominum, quam rei veritas. And Assay been balla a chi fortuna suona. But be it known to all men by these presents beside (of Understanding and judgement) that as omne quod efficit Tale, oportet esse magis Tale; so the Law setting down the Rates of Custumes, and Authority digesting the Form of their payments, cannot properly be said to increase or diminish, but by the same Power and Authority, or by a This found Ma. Custumer Smith full true to his happy avail, trading in some things himself, lending stocks unto others, and dealing friendly with all men, to hold them in doings; which brought in his profit still, for one thing or other. traffics and free Commerce more or less. Otherwise, Nostrum, magis Nostrum furi nequit. Which standing most true, and then this noted withal, namely: That as it did not appear (almost in forty years together) how Trades of this thing and that thing by occasions fell in, and with time increased, and so of Custumes by consequence, the profits not seen nor observed, whilst by Leases they ran through private men's hands: so it was their better hap than foresight or skill, to come in at such an instant of Time, as when both the grace of God in an admirable sort, gave increase to our b The plenty of Come at their beginning, their only good luck, whereof they called all gains, custom, to make a show of service. grain, and all accesses of profit met in one, to her majesties immediate use together. Wherein their Industry can claim, neither art nor part, but in Conceit only. For a full trial whereof (which here to set down, would be too tedious to read) a bare collation of c The want of these observations from time to time, holds all Custumers so subject, as they are to disgraces, and suspicious suggestions. Matters and Times before them and since, for forty years past; would satisfy all and make this no question. (But by way of Parenthesis, if to profit the Hundred by impairing the Shire be holden for gain, Pretence of zeal to the Prince, without regard of her people, is preposterous and dangerous in all public service. then do them no wrong, and let it be granted which they so desire. Yet take this withal, That their service beginning with Eclipsing the a The equity of the Law eclipsed by licences for Corn, showed their service at the first. Moon, which never falls out but when she is at full: was a natural consequence of their immediate Declining; and of a fearful assurance of a Mischief to come. Whereof one b The Dearth succeeding for want of the forestore, exhausted by private licences, against the wise provision of the Law Storm is past, God send us no more, and let this be a lesson for ever hereafter, that, To out run the Law, is to haste to confusion.) Yet since every new Officer, implieth new matter fit for a new function, and none may assume more to themselves; then a greater Power doth confer, (These having erected to themselves a place for a private Office, and devised a public Seal) as of the Rest, so see their Commission. Their Commission is jointly, and contains only their Name, Their Commission. with a power by themselves and Deputies; to do such and such service, as in a Schedule is ordered, and there to annexed. The Schedule hath Articles twelve or thirteen. All formal and nothing material at all. Their Schedule. For what was assigned to controllers before (if that were to purpose) is here but repeated; as sitting & signing Cokets and Bonds, and keeping a Book as the Custumers do. With searching of Ships for prohibited wares, contained in the Searchers Patent likewise. Which serves to no use; but to charge the Custumers at each accounts ending, with tedious delays, All Mischiefs are heaped on the Custumers only. and triple expenses for the Auditors pains. Two things only are specially forbidden, that they delay not the Merchant, nor take any fees, and how they are performed God knows best, but the Merchant can tell. Thus. The CAUSE at the first, mistaken or unknown, bred Error in the MATTER and FORM, and so consequently Defects in the general Service. Whereof Ignorance taking hold, accused the CUSTUMER as Actor next hand and only bound for all. Necessity, for the customer's relief, fitly found out the use of a SEARCHER; but his looseness and liberty bewraying his Negligence, (Ne quid asperius) made jealousy and Suspicion, devise a kind of controller. His needless or bootless calling; gave easy way to the new SUPERVISORS and their Retinue, whose confident Presumption, combining with Ignorance (their special Upholders) made them undertake they knew not what, and to go forward they card not how, in Opinion only and Conceit, to cure all sentes of Leeks or Onions by eating Garlic. Hence grow Contentions, Disorders, Offences and Complaints of the PERSONS. Clodius accusat Moechum, Catelina Cethegum. Quis tulerit Gracchos de seditione querentes? The Mischiefs whereof, though the MERCHANTS and CUSTUMERS in special divide between them; the general Inconveniences extend to the PRINCE herself, her Allies and most Loyal Subjects; the importance whereof, the GRAVE and godly WISE; will in due time be pleased to consider, and remember with all: That none prove Saints for seeming so to others, Since all are men and all have sucked their Mothers. ¶ Thus far the ATTORNEY and SOLICITOR general, (Experience and Truth) having pleaded before EQVITIE and REASON, on the behalf of TRAFFIC, no less dangerously supplanted by the customer's disgrace, than the Merchant's extremity; in true Zeal of the Prince's honour, and Good of her People; began here seriously to lament and bewail the unfaithfulness of such, as ignorantly have been the cause, or wilfully persist to maintain the burdening of the custom houses, with such swarms of unfit and needless Instruments, that as Razors cutting off the life of Custumes, and wrangling out disorder by a greater confusion, so live by their places, that in time they must needs be the death of the Nurse herself that feeds them. But the wisdom of the judges, moved rather with the weight of the CAUSE, than passion in their Plea (looking back to the time) bid them go forward. ¶ Now then, see what hath been said; and so hast to an end. The PRINCE (as aforesaid) is justly offended, & the Merchant likewise hath laid down his griefs. These are the four sorts of persons that attend custom causes, amongst whom, if any complain; these last have no reason to look to be pitied, for that obtruding themselves into other men's works, undertaking a task exceeding their skill; like men in amaze, strive still to go forward, and in doing less than nothing, would seem to do all. Accusing the Custumers. Calumus and● audacter, ut alis quid adhareat. Not unlike to insolent and ignorant Ushers, that lawless themselves, know no rules of teaching, but beating the Scholars. But this by the way willbe well worth the noting, how generally just, 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ¶ regula veritatis as necessary true, the old rules of Art and Propositions of reason, continue and stand. Namely, Quam frustra fit per plures, quod fieri potest per pauciores. 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. ¶ regula Justitie And Institutio ab i●stio inutilis, expostfacto non convalescit. For as these supervisors doubting at the first, 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. ¶ regula sapientie the holding out of their Deputies good abearing, and wisely looking into the weak foundation of the controllers, whose Office themselves foresaw to be idle, and so easy to be outfaced; by their new Company and access, the service is become so violent, so intricate and out of order, that in the confusion, the Searchers that only have best means, and by Office should concur and assist the Custumers, leave the QUEEN to the custom house, and inquire the next way to their own private profit. The Custumers only have cause to complain. In which distress, the CUSTUMERS in displeasure with the Prince, in disgrace with the world, forsaken of their best Helps and Associates the SEARCHERS: Quàm iniquè comparatum sit, videri●t Reipub. Patres, ip●●y; Vnlitas, quùm Quod opti●●● iure, Optimis tantúm destinatum sit, Munus: nunc tandem è Vulgi collu●ie hominum Pessimis prestituatur. in the midst of a number of lawless, hungry, and for the most part ignorantly wilful Deputies, that like defective HETEROCLYTS, wrangle with the very rules of Grammar (pitying the Merchant) sup up their own griefs, and bemoan themselves in this manner. ¶ That the means to enable them to service, viz. Countenance and Maintenance, are withholden from them and conferred upon others. That their service notwithstanding is like the making of Brick in Egypt, for wanting means to perform their Tasks, yet have idle Task masters set over them, whose credit hath no (being) but in their disgrace. That the Law itself, so good and just in general, is made both hurtful to the Prince in their public function, and injurious to themselves in their private callings. For that, whereto they are precisely enjoined at their admissions, and which in respect of their places and charges, The Law is made to debar Custumers from their best endeavours. they should and might best perform; by one and the same way to the Princes immediate profit, which others at the second hand have made so available for themselves: The Custumers of all men are by statute forbidden, namely, to meddle with any Trade or Traffic. That their service beside is no thanks to themselves, but a Countenance and means of Maintenance to others. Sic vos non vobis nidificatis aves fertis aratra boves etc. That They, notwithstanding, underlie all kind of Expenses and hazards incident to custom causes, and others not touching the burden with their fingers, for crying aim only, reap thanks, reputation and reward. For (omitting extraordinaries) their expenses for their Bands and Sureties, to answer all Duties & subjection beside, is an unknown bondage and burden, in respect of the liberty the rest do live in. No Custume-houses built by the Prince in the Out-Ports. They only are to provide, hire and furnish for every port of their charge a convenient custom house, which besides Tables, Desks and necessaries fit for such places, are hardly hired for 40. a piece of yearly rent, So as where (for examples sake) there are five Ports; he writers own charged in Kent. 5. Portes. for five custom houses, the Custumer is chargeable with the yearly rent. Of. 10. ot. 12. At each of these five custom houses, must be entertained a discreet Person: for though any be fit enough for the supervisors turns (as matters do stand) yet it stands the Custumer in hand to use choice, and honest men of the best education (the service passing in Latin) for his own security. And unto such, less than twenty marks wages, and as much for diet cannot be offered. Which yearly is a charge of two hundredth pounds, or more. the Head-Porte considered in proportion. At these five custom houses, what ever is spent in Ink, Parchment, Paper, and Wax, is supplied always by the Custumer only, which yearly may be a Matter of some. 10. pounds. ¶. Besides. The hazard of the Queen's money, that of necessity is to pass by Bills of Exchange through sundry hands (being allowed no Portage money) is an unknown hazard, trouble, W●●t of Portage m●ney. and care to the Custumers only, which the rest break no sleep for. Theirs also are all charges, expended in riding or sending from place to place, as the service falls out by letters, or Order from the Lord Treasurer or Exchequer. Lastly, They put in their Books twice a year, to their double charges, which the rest perform but once yearly, for fashion's sake only, without expense or attendance, leaving the Custumers only to abide to follow; and to pay all Duties, Fees, and whatsoever charges to Officers and others. Wherein the best part of their wages and reward from the Prince is consumed, but usually the one half, if not two parts of three, as being more delayed, and accumbred with the confused entries, and writings of others Books, by careless and ignorant Deputies, than any of their own, as the Auditors can witness. Which kind of bondage of Custumers the rest in their freedom do many ways insult upon, colouring their doings always with the general Pretence of her majesties service. Of all which expenses both certain and casual, the Searchers, controllers, and supervisors, bear no part, each possessing his life with liberty, his wages with quietness, and his Trade with credit, and as it were altogether live as they list. Whilst the Custumers overbeared, and debarred all Traffic and means of good service and thrift, are in case like the Merchant (aforesaid) forced either to quit their places, though with loss, Quod Necessitate cogitur, Necessitate defenditur. or relieve themselves as they may by one means or other, as Necessity compels them. Extremities breeding nothing but shifts. ¶ Having thus far laid open the state of the service, (according to three of the four Considerations afore laid down) with the bondage and expenses depending: Which (as appears) the Custumers only underlie; there resteth in a word or two, four, to show the proportions of rewards, which alone being but indifferently weighed, ma●y happily help to excuse them hereafter, though the age we live in, give small hope of relief. Fees and rewards for Service allowed by the Prince. The Fees and Rewards yearly allowed by the Prince to the Custumers and controllers jointly (the Searcher is allotted the moiety of all seasures) in all the OUT-PORTES of this Realm amount unto the sum of 1240. little under or over, whereof the controllers receiving for their parts about. 340. the rest being some 900. serves the Custumers among them. This 900 divided into three parts, two at the lest are spent in passing, attending and clearing accounts. So rests not above 300. divisible among them, to recompense their bondage and service, being less than the controllers receive with freedom and ease. A proportion very hard and unknown, but to those that find it by experience, yet the same compared with the supervisors; (whose service and the controllers is one and the same;) comes to a far less reckoning. For where the Custumers being in number 20. divide about 300. Deductis deducendis (as is above said) among them all, and that upon account at the years end. The supervisors being but. 4. receive by Debentur out of the Exchequer, (for their good service) 425. every quarter, 1700. li. Yearly for no service at all. which comes to 1700. yearly without account or reckoning. The Custumers stand cleared before God and the world, of the Prince's offence, and all other slanderous reports and suggestions against them and their calling. By this time the UNDERSTANDING READER may discern between est and videtur: and who is that Officer hath cause to complain. And the Prince hath wherewith to be satisfied in both the grounds of her displeasure, at least not to be longer offended with the distressed Custumers. For by the Law of nature and Nations both Imputari non debet ei per quem non stat, si non facit quod per ipsum est faciendum. The reason is yielded withal Quia culpa caret, qui scit, & probibere nequit. ................................ ADSIT REGVLA, Peccatis qua poenas irroget aquas. ¶ The Merchants have been heard to say for themselves. Now the COMMONS press forward to speak in their turns, but they are too many and the time almost spent. Therefore hear but the PORT-TOWNES, and read their short Petition. The life of all Custumes is Traffic and Commerce: In which kind of calling, the Merchant of all men is to be favoured, cherished; and encouraged in all Commonwealths. All Traffic is either Ourward or Inward, of things bread at home or abroad. And albeit that Kingdom or Country be holden most wealthy and happy, that is ablest and aptest to spare and transport Commodities of their own, wherein this Island may compare with the best; yet since no place is extant so absolutely blessed, as in all points to stand and subsist of itself, by the benefit of Intercourse and Traffic, bounded by Laws, Special treatise, Leagues, Oaths and Decrees, all wants are supplied, each Part intending the best for itself, according to Reason, Wisdom and Policy. Which with us here in England hath evermore aimed at the increase of our Shipping. The increase of the Navy. This necessity of mutual Commerce, by the malice of Time stands mightily envied, and by Enemies abroad many ways interrupted; if withal it become disturbed among Equals at home, when the general is wrong, Particulars grieved cannot but groan. Abundance and obstructions distempering London, cause a disposition to consumption in all Ports beside. Such hath been of late years, and yet is the State of dealings & Trades within ourselves; for the City of LONDON, as the Liver in the body receiving the Chylus from all parts of the Stomach, by detaining the blood from the rest of the veins; is both inflamed & distempered in itself, and injurious withal to all her fellow Members. In which estate, though the whole Commons seem engaged, and deeply interessed (for it may be the case of each private Subject) the Port-Townes in special; consisting of Artificers and Traders, Masters of Ships and Mariners, do most grieve and therefore complain. That albeit as Subjects underlying the brunts of all foreign attempts and troubles, The Out-Ports Complaint. living under one and the same Laws, ready at all commands of public service by Sea & by Land, as the other Subjects and Towns of the Realm are: And as liable to all duties and payments of Custumes, Subsidies, fifteens, Privy seals, Loans, & such like, yea as LONDON itself, is every kind of way (for the proportion of their abilities) yet contrary to the general liberty of English Subjects, they are abridged envied, and as it seems, held a This hath relation to the strange and unnatural courses, holden in that City, to draw all dealings thither, debarring, and from hand to hand, by Tickets limiting things sent into the Countries. As if all Cities, Towns and Places else where were but Suburbs, All Ports but Creeks and Members, All Officers but Deputies depending on London, No Matter vendible, and so no Traffic lawful, but at, or for London. From whence as from the fatal Box of Pandora are flown, and do daily proceed a great part of the evils, wherewith the whole Realm is become so perplexed. For thereby the free and lawful Traffic between equal Subjects, is violently impeached. Trades and Occupations in the Cities, and Inland Towns are generally decayed. Whereby the Commons impairing, grow discontented, and the poor for want of work, forced out to begging. The skirts and Out-Ports of the Realm grow dangerously desolate of Trades and destitute of Mariners and Shipping. The Princes Custumes, there consequently decreased. The Custumers without distinction by all means disgraced. And the Merchants of all sorts discouraged, wearied and made a prey to a world of ravening and lawless creatures, of whom, as of Harpies may be truly spoken. Virg. Tristius haud illis Monstrum, nec saevior ulla Pestis & ira Deum, Stygiis sese extulit undis. No monsters like to these might hap, nor curse from God befall Nor from the pit of Hell arise, to plague a Realm withal. UNWORTHY, the very superfluities of that cities abundance, to their manifest decay, (for want of free Traffic) in their Inhabitants, Mariners and Shipping. And that all things being drawn into Private societies, are there so engrossed, that ENGLAND is but LONDON, and LONDON also seems abridged in itself. In which distress the PORT-TOWNES appealing in all humility to the PRINCE, their only comfort is, that albeit her Majesty as a Mother of all her Children in her a Sacred Love and b Royal. Affection (as well may beseem Her) stand gracious to some more than the rest: A natural & lively Similitude of the Prince's PREROGATIVE yet that her Storge and natural inclination to justice, affords bread to the meanest, and intendeth at least, that all should enjoy their birthrights in the general treatise of Intercourse abroad, and Common Laws at home, to grow up thereby to live to her Service and the Commonwealth. Let not LONDON therefore envy her fellow Subjects to breath common air any longer, living under one and she so good a SOVEREIGN; nor disgrace her fellow servants of equal place and function, for the reasons afore laid down. And in LONDON more specially the Society of merchants b The Argument of this Discourse, being the Advancement of Custumes, and the drift thereof, Honour and Peace to the Prince and her Kingdom: was resolved at the first to depend efficiently on Traffic. That Traffic consisted of four essential Parts or Pillars, Matter, Persons, Place, and Order. That to maintain Traffic and so consequently Custumes, etc. Was to procure and cherish in all Matter, Goodness: in all Persons, Loyalty and Friendship: in all Places Conveniency and Freedom: and in all Order general Equity, the best Rules whereof, were only to be found in the Certainty and Indifferency of the positive Laws, Treaties and Contracts of mutual Commerce. But the merchants Adventurers, not knowing or not regarding these four essential grounds together, run away with Traffic, as if it stood only in the choice of Persons, and by their uneven, uncertain and violent proceed, hold all men under to keep themselves above. Terming all Enterlopers that would live by the direct and set Laws of Traffic, as if all were bastards, and scarce good Christians, at least no Loyal Merchants nor Friends, but they and their Society. And by a bare and idle pretence of the word Order and orderly transporting the Credit and Cream of the Land (Cloth) have brought the Trade there of to a kind of confusion, and themselves to such a Labyrinth: that besides the distress of the (Clothiers) withal their dependents, and general complaints at home (to their Ho. Lordship's endless offence and trouble at the Council Table) the Commodity itself is impaired, abased and in a sort despised, and the State withal dangerously divided & unkindly at jar with her ancient Allies and best foreign Friends. ADVENTURERS, that sometime have been as curious to keep and debar men from their MART-TOWNS as now they seem violent to force all men thither. Lest by their unquiet and uncertain Instruments and form of proceed, they make good at home amongst themselves and within themselves, against themselves, that, Strangers have feared, written and forespoken, terming them a Private, Particular, and Preventing company. ¶ This is the state of the CUSTUMES, as they are at this present, fit for the GRAVE and WISE to know and consider. The reformation whereof, though none but Authority may promise and perform; yet common Duty makes it lawful in all to wish and further. Unto whom therefore in all Submission, the PORT-TOWNES for themselves and their * Cities & Inland Towns of this Realm. FRIENDS, by way of remembrance, do make this Petition. QVi Reipub. praesunt, Cic. Offic. li. 1. ut duo praecepta teneant. Vuum, ut utilitatem Civium sic tueantur, ut quicquid agant, ad came referant, obliti commodorum suorum. Alterum, ut totum corpus Reipub. curent, ne dum partem aliquam tueantur, reliquas deserant. Qui autem parti consulunt, partemque negligunt, seditiones & discordias inducunt. Ex quo fit, ut alij Populares, alij Optimi cuiusque studiosi videantur, pauci universorum. An abstract or part of a Letter, written by Master Roger Askham (of most honest and learned memory) from Auspurge the xj. of August, 1551. unto Master Leaver. A fit lesson for London, and all Cities and incorporations in England, to prevent a Dearth by. MAgdeburge passeth the siege of Troy etc. The provision of Corn at Norenberge is notable. I wrote it to M. Cheek and so I will to you, for I saw it. They have eighteen store houses full of Wheat, whereof one flower was not taken upon these (_____) years, as doth appear in their Records and writings, yet the Wheat is good, it is so well kept. This provision of Wheat maketh that Corn doth never fall nor rise above twelve pence in a Quarter about Norenberge. For when a hard year cometh that Corn should be dear among the Poor, than the Senate of Norenberge do sell to all that lack plentifully at the old price, and when Corn is so plentiful that the Poor men can get no money for it, than the Senate buyeth all that comes, and pays as much as the old price was. Thus their Wheat except certain flowers is so renewed, that the people neither want Corn when it is dear, nor money when it is good cheap. They have Laws and Statutes for this good order. Such a Senate be Veri Patres Reipub. God maintain them, and give others grace to follow them. etc.