ILLUSTR: PRINCEPS SULTAN MORAT MAG●● TURCARUM IMPERATOR ET CETERA  
The Pourtraicture of the most Mighty Princ ᵉ Sultan Mora● Emperor of the Turks now reigning: and brother to Achmat the last deceased Emperor    

A Vaunting, Daring, and a Menacing Letter, Sent from Sultan Morat the great Turk, from his Court at Constantinople, by his Ambassador Gobam, to Vladisllaus King of Poland, etc.  
Which Letter was sent to the Christian King, since the Truce concluded between the Turk and the Persian in March last; as by many Copies whereof, may appear, as it was sent out of Poland.  
Wherein he declares himself a mortal Enemy to the said Christian King, threatening to invade his Kingdoms and Territories, with all manner of Hostility.  
Whereunto is annexed a brief Relation of the Turkish present strength, both of Horse and Foot: with all the Victories the Turks have prevailed against the Christians these last three hundred years.  
As also what glorious Victories the Christians have won against the Turks, till this present year. 1638.  
Published by Authority.  
London Printed by I. Okes, and are to be sold by I. Cowper at his Shop at the East-end of St. Paul's Church, at the Sign of the Holy Lamb. 1638.   

stigations of Satan, there hath none prevailed so much for the enlarging and increase of his Infernal Kingdom, as the setting of Christian Kings and Princes at variance one against the other, and the whilst they have been by the ears (as it were) and infesting each other with deadly hatred and bloody Wars, the Turk, their common Adversary, hath taken advantage of their unnatural dissensions, and by force taken from them (in little more than three Hundred years passed) more Kingdoms, Empires, Principalities, large Territories and Signiories, from the Christians, than all the rest of Christendom beside. His force and power I will partly relate in the latter end of this Treatise, and also how the Christians have oftentimes had the better of him, when they have been at Unity and peace amongst themselves: but first let the Reader peruse the true Copy of an insulting proud Letter, lately sent from the Grand Signior from his Court at Constantinople, to the King of Poland now Reigning; the Contents of the Letter were as followeth.   

The true Copy of a Letter of Denial of Peace, sent from the Turkish Emperor to the King of Poland, as by many Copies here in England, may appear.  
SUltan Morat, or Amurah, the fourth of that Name, by the Grace of the Great God in Heaven, the only Monarch of the World, a great and mighty God on Earth, an invincible Caesar, King of all Kings from the East unto the West, High and Mighty Emperor of the Turks, do by these our Imperial Letters signify to thee Uladislaus, King of Poland, how that our Highness, by our trusty and well-beloved Ambassador Goban, formerly made Articles, Agreements, and Conditions of Peace, which now we utterly deny and renounce, by reason we have received certain Intelligence and true Knowledge at our Imperial Court, that thou hast and dost daily make private Contracts, not only with our revolting and rebellious Subjects, but also with our mortal Enemy the perfidious Moscovite: And furthermore thou hast contemptuously slighted and scorned our Great and Unconquerable forces, making no more account of them than trivial things of small value, or little esteem; relieving and wholly depending upon thy own strength and power, which is but weak and feeble in respect of our Invincible Hosts, and huge Armies and Forces, which we daily do maintain, being both Horse and Foot. We see that the Reflection of the Grace and Favour which we have been pleased of our magnificent and abundant goodness to reflect upon thee, and by the peace which we have suffered and vouchsafed thee by our Clemency (undeserved) to enjoy, thou having formerly sworn and promised to keep good correspondent League and Amity with us, with our Friends and Confederates: which Promises of thine (out of thine own Pride & Insolence) thou hast not performed, but most falsely broken and violated; which we will no longer suffer to go without Correction and Acknowledgement: For by the reason of thy refractory falling off from we, there are other petty Kings and Princes, (who by thy instigation) do combine together, and offer to take up Arms, and stand in defiance against me and my power, trusting upon their handfuls of men and weak Fortifications.  
Moreover, thou art willing, and with readiness dost watch all opportunities to make more Contracts with other Kings, that they also would assist thee; and defy us: But if thou dost persist in thy ambitious intentions and designs; then know, that for everlasting time; neither thyself or any of thy Successors (the Polish Kings) shall never have Peace or Amity with us, or the succeeding Ottoman Empire: but thou art to expect nothing but utter ruin, slaughter, and all the calamities of a just incensed conquering Adversary to fall upon thee; we will enter thy Kingdom and thy other Signiories with our forcible and innumerable Armies, and there shall be no mercy to be expected from our hands. I would have thee know that since that long and bloody War is ended, & that now there is Peace concluded for 21. years to come, between us & the Persian Emperor, that not only thou but other of thy adherents shall not be suffered in their insolent ways to persist, but that I will wholly bend and set my innumerable Army upon thee and them.  
Thou didst promise according to our former agreements, to live quietly, and at Peace, which now thou neglectest, and regardest not, but hast let lose thy licentious will; and thy cutthroat Cossacks and Heiducks', like Hellhounds, do fall in and make incursions into our confines and Territories, in diverse parts of our Empire, plundering and spoiling my people in that Hostile manner upon thy unlawful commands, and unadvised want of foresight, which we will revenge in the highest and severest measure that we possibly can imagine or execute. Also upon thy intemperate will and pleasure thou wouldst have caused our trusty and wellbeloved Ambassador (Abbess, Bassa) to take some distaste against our Imperial person and State, which was an injury insufferable, and it was the occasion that his Loyalty to us, made him fall upon thee, in the defence of mine honour, in my Name, and behalf, which thou at that time didst contemptuously seem to sleight also.  
And dost thou now, (after all these uncivil Insolences) desire Peace? which is because thou hearest of a mighty great Army, which I have caused to be levied ●nd raised, which I purpose shall fall heavy upon thee and thy weak Forces with all possible speed; yea, our invincible janissaries, whose often tried valour and strength shall make thee and the whole World to tremble; besides our Tartarian Horsemen, who shall meet thee in the wide Fields, and toss thee and thy weak forces like dust or ashes in the Air, or motes in the Sun; my invincible powers of Foot and Horse (whose numbers thou shalt not be able to count) like a huge Mountain shall overtop thee, like a raging Torrent overturn thee, and like a violent Inundation overwhelm thee, with merciless plundering, robbing, spoiling, wasting, and burning both thy Country and people. Then shalt thou know (with great fear and dread) my force and power, nay, all thy Adherents and Confederates, (be they whom they will, in number never so many) shall quake and tremble at my dreadful and just indignation: It is not thy Kingdom of Poland, thy Principality of Lithuania, thy Russes, Goths, and Vandails, nor any of thy Countries and Dominions, which thou patst so much unstable security and confidence in, (with all their best defences for themselves, or opposition of us) that altogether shall be able for the space of one Month to endure the force of my might and power: The swelling Seas shall shrink under the burden and weight of our unparalleled Shipping, when our Navy Royal and Triumphant shall gloriously show itself upon the vast Ocean; namely, our Galleys, Gallyasses, Argosies, Friggots, and Brigandines, when they show themselves on the Seas, the land shall admire, and the wild beasts of the Forests shall shake, and fearfully run into obscure holes, dens, and caverns of the earth, when they do hear the terrible report of our thundering Ordnance discharged.  
And what wilt thou do then, thou petty King, with thy poor, and weak Bands and Troops, or handfuls of men, when thou shalt behold my great and powerful Armies, which shall cover thy Countries: Thou makest a ●a●nting show, and art seemingly-confident in thy ever-weening opinion, that thou canst consume and destroy the great Wasp with a small Gnat: Know thou, that our strength and terror doth reach and extend further than our ample Dominions, for our Imperial commanding name is dreadful, and famous through the whole World, or Universal Globe of the Earth, from the rising of the Sun, to the setting of the same.  
We purpose (with the edges of our sharp and well-tempered Semiters) to lop and mow down thy ambition, and to ruinated the ostentatious pride of thee, and thy Country. And we assure thee, that it is mere folly for thee to expect any Peace, Truce, or League with us, after we have once set footing in thy Territories: for our holy Prophet Mahomet is highly offended at our so long Clemency, in forbearing and suffering thee in thy ungodly and wilful actions. Therefore we will come to Craconia, (thy Metropolis and chief City in Poland) in the strength of which place thou puttest much confidence; and where (as we are lately certified) thou hast built a holy Sepulchre, in imitation of that which we have in possession in the sacred City of Jerusalem, upon which thou dost likewise rely; but that neither can, nor shall help thee; for we will raze and overthrow your Temples, Churches, and Chapels, and convert them into Turkish Moskies', for the service of our holy Prophet; and those whom our force and fury do not demolish and confound, we will turn into Stables, where our Horses and Camels shall live, and be housed with rack and manger: Thus we (the great God of the World) determine to do; these fore-threatned mysteries thou must expect; and it is not thy Crucified God (in whom thou puttest thy confidence) that shall help thee; for we purpose, that when our sword is once drawn, not to sheathe it again, till we have made a final conquest of Christendom, or utter extirped and chased them from, or near any parts of our Dominions.  
Sent by our trusty Servant and Ambassador in the Ideses of the Month of March. Anno 1637.   

THus may the Reader perceive in what thundering manner, and ostentatious boasting, this great and and sea Leviathan threatneth to overthrow and devour the Polonian King; but that manner of insulting and vainglorious writing from the Turk, to Christian Princes, is no news in these days of ours: for if any man will but look into the famous, and well written Turkish History, (now newly printed by Master Adam Islip, in the 300 Page he may read how the Turk Amurath, the sixth King of the Turks, writes to Scanderbag, or George Castriot, the son of john Castriot, King of Albania or Epirus. Also if you look into the 1024 Page of the aforesaid book, you may read of a braving Letter (fare surpassing this here before mentioned) sent from Amurath, the third Emperor of the Turks, to Rodolphus the second Emperor of Germany, where in that place may be seen the most impious and blasphemous threatenings, that ever Heathen, Infidel, or Atheistical Barbarian hath belched or vomited against either God or man. But for a proud Letter indeed, look in the 789 Page, and there you may read the Masterpiece of a vaunting title, which Soliman, the Magnificent Emperor of the Turks, sent to Ferdinand the Emperor of Germany, in the year 1561. there you may perceive that the Styles and Titles which the Turk gives himself, would, of itself, fill half a Pamphlet: (in proclamation Print) But Christian Princes who do acknowledge that they do hold their Crowns and Sceptres from, and under God, and his son Christ jesus, are more strongly fortified with heavenly Faith, and Majestical courage, than to be seared or affrighted with Bugbear words, or farre-fetched large embossed, and embroidered Styles or Titles.  
And for one instance of the just Titles of a Prince, who was indeed, in his greatest Style but an Archduke of Austria, yet in real repetitions of the Signiories, over which he was lawful Lord, and possessor: he was (in his time) Equivalent, that was then reigning in the whole Christian World. He lived in the year 1494, and his Titles were as followeth.  

The many, just, and ample Styles and Titles of Philip Duke of Burgundy.  Philip, by the grace of God, Archduke of Austria; Duke of Burgundy, Lothier, Brabant, Stiria, Carinthia, Lemburgh, Lupenburgh, and Gelder's; Earl of Hauspergh, Flanders, Arthoys, Burgoigne, Ferrets, and Kiburgh; Palatine of Henault, Holland, Zealand, Namure, and Zutphen, marquis of the Holy Empire, and of Burgan; Lantsgrave of Elsaten; Lord of Windesmarke, Portevan, Salines, and Macklin.  
Although the repetition of this great Christian Princes Title may seem somewhat impertinent, yet it may be taken as tolerable, because in a good measure it shows that there hath been, are, and will be Kings and Princes in Christendom, that can vie Titles, and dare wage War with the Turk, and first I will a little demonstrate the Turkish power, and after declare how he hath been often foiled and beaten.  
Otheman, the first King of the Turks, won many Castles and Territories from the Christians in Greece; as Cara Chisar, Chalce, Belezuge, Jarchisar, Nice, Neapolis, Prusa, (or Burusa.) This Ottoman overcame the valiant Grecian Emperor Michael, in the Country of Thrace, in an unfortunate mortal Battle: After that Ottoman (in another Battle in Chersonesus) overcame the Christian Emperor, and conquered and plundered almost all Thracia, with many other places of strength, which he won from the Christians: Ottoman Reigned in the year of our Lord 1327, at which time Edward the third was King of England.  
Orcanes, the second King of the Turks, won from the Christians Nicomedia, and likewise the Kingdom of Cha●asia or Carafina, which contained Lydia, part of Misia, part of Phrygia the less, with Troas and the City of Pergamus, a most mighty Kingdom: After that he won the strong Castle of Maditus, and the goodly City of the Callipolis. Orcanes' got most of all these in one year from the Christians.  
Amurath, the first of that Name, and third King of the Turks, won from the Christians many Countries and Cities, of which Cities Hadrianople in Europe was the chief, where he after kept his Court, which was then made the Royal Seat for the Turks in Europe. Amurath invaded and conquered Servia, slew Lazarus the Prince or Despot of that large Country; won a great part of Bulgaria; and many other places. He Reigned Anno 1377. when Richard the second was King of England.  
Bajazet, the first of that Name, and fourth King of the Turks, won Philadelphia from the Christians; he spoiled the Country of Valachia, and made it Tributary to him: He destroyed Thessalonica and all Thessaly; he overthrew the Christian Army at the unfortunate battle of Nicopolis, Sigismond King of Hungaria, having 130000. Thousand Horse and Foot almost all lost. Also Bajazet won the most part of Capadocia: he Reigned Anno 1399. when Henry the fourth was King of England. This Bajazet was at the last overcome, and taken prisoner by Tomberlaine, and lost much of what his predecessors had won. All which and more was recovered again by his Successor Mahomet, the first of that Name, and first King of the Turks: Mahomet reigned Anno 1413, when Henry the fifth was King of England.  
Amurah, the second of that name, and sixth King of the Turks, with a mighty and merciless Army spoilt and plundered the most part of Hungaria, he subdued Servia, he wasted the Principality of Transilvania: he overcame and slew the Hungarian and Polonian King Vladislaus, and conquered a great part of Hungaria; he wasted the large Country of Peloponesus, (now called Morea) and after he had filled a great many Christian Kingdoms and Lordships with blood-slaughter, and all manner of cruelties, he having reigned 28. years, in the year of Grace 1448, or thereabouts, when Henry the sixth was King of England.  
Mahomet the second of that Name, the seventh King, and first Emperor of the Turks, for his many victories and conquests called Mahomet the Great: He won the famous City of Constantinople from the Christians, on the 29. of May, 1453. It had anciently been the Royal seat of the Eastern or Grecian Emperors, where ever since the Ottoman Family hath placed their Imperial Courts. He conquered the City and Empire of Trapezond, Anno 1461. In the time of 31. years which he reigned, he got from the Christians one Empire, 12. Kingdoms, and 200. Cities; he died when Edward the fourth was King of England.  
Bajazet the second of that Name, the Eighth King, and second Emperor of the Turks, he invaded Moldavia, he won the City of Tarsus in Cilicia, (where St. Paul was borne) he made fierce inroads into Podolia and Russia, spoilt the Country of Friulli, which was the Venetians; also he took from them the great Cities of Lepanto, Modon or Methone, Corone, Pilus, Dirrachium; and after he had for 30. years space of his Reign done all the mischief he could to Christendom, he being very aged, was by the command of Selimus, his most undutiful son, who corrupted a Jew, that was his Father's Physician, poisoned, Anno 1509. when Henry the eight was King of England.  
Selimus, the first of that name, the ninth King of the Turks, and third Emperor, he invaded some parts of Hungaria, and after eight years of a cruel bloody reign, he died of a canker in his back, which yielded such a stench, that long before his decease, no man durst come near him: He was so busied in his wars with the Persians, Arabians. Armenians, and Egyptians, that he had but little leisure to molest the Christians; he died in the year of our Redemption 1520, Henry the eight then being King of England.  
Soliman, surnamed the Magnificent, the tenth King, and fourth Emperor of the Turks, he won from the Knights of the order of Saint john of jerusalem, the famous Island of the Rhodes, on Christmas day, Anno 1522: he overthrew the Hungarians, in a mortal battle, at a place called Mohatchaz, where amongst thousands of common Soldiers, many of the nobility of that Country were slain; and King Lewis (King of that Kingdom) seeking to save himself by flight, was most miserably drowned in a Ditch; and he carried away more than one hundred and fifty thousand poor Christians with him in that expedition out of Hungaria to Constantinople 1526: After that, he entered Hungaria again, & won the strong City and Castle of Buda, and spoilt a great part of Austria: And in the year 1532, he entered the second time into Austria, and most cruelly burnt, spoiled, and wasted the Country, filling it full of blood and slaughter, and carrying away many people into perpetual slavery. By his admirable Barbarussa he did much spoil to the Venetians, and did much mischief to the Italians: He also spoiled the rich and beautiful Country of Apulia: he likewise invaded the Island of Corcira, and from certain other Isles and places in Italy, carried away 16000 poor Christians into Captivity to Constantinople, 1537. He conquered the rich Islands of Napos and Aegina; after that he overthrew Ferdinand King of Bohemia, with a great slaughter; he beat the Christian Fleet, or Navy, set forth at the charges of Charles the fifth, Emperor of Germany, Paul the third, Pope or Bishop of Rome, and the Venetians 1539. After that he won the strong City of Buda in Hungaria, 1540 In the year 1543, Soliman came with a huge army again into Hungaria, meaning to overrun the whole Kingdom; then he besieged, and won the most strong and great Cities of Strigonium, and Alba Regalis, wherein he used all kind of cruelties that could be imagined. He won the City of Tripoli in Barbary from the Christians; and in the year 1566 he took the rich and fertile Island of Chios. Thus Soliman, having been a mighty Invador and spoiler of Christendom, after 44. year's reign died, in the eighth year of the Reign of the unmatchable, famous, and virtuous Elizabeth Queen of England. 1566.  
Selimus, the second of that name, the eleventh King, and first Emperor of the Turks, conquered, and took the rich Island and Kingdom of Cyprus, from the Venetians; he made great Havoc in the Country of Moldavia, and Vallachia, and in other parts of Christendom, with the extremest barbarous cruelties, as ever was inflicted, and after eight years of his bloody and tyrannical reign, wasted in his flesh and spirits, and amply furnished with diseases, which are easily purchased with drunkenness and lechery, he died Anno 1574. The famous Elizabeth then being Queen of England.  
Amurath, the third of that name, the twelfth King, and sixth Emperor of the Turks, he was almost wholly busied in the wars against the Princes of the Eastern parts of the World, as the Persians, Arabians, Armenians, and others of the Oriental Nations, so that he had very little leisure to make any wars or inroads into Christendom, although he with threats and braving menacings, made large promises to invade the Christians: but haved reigned nineteen years, he died of the Stone, and the falling sickness, in the year of grace 1595, in the 37 year of the reign of Elizabeth, the admired Queen of England.  
Mahomet, the third of that name, the thirteenth King, and seventh Emperor of the Turks, had many bloody and cruel battles, and bicker with the Christians, in Hungaria, Transilvania Vallachia, Stiria, Moldavia, Austria, and in diverse places of the German Empire: He won, and lost, and by his Bassas, Lieutenants, and Generals, did beat, and were beaten: he died, Anno 1604, in the third year of the reign of King james of blessed memory.  
Achmat, the foureteenth King, and eighth Emperor of the Turks; He, by his Bassa, aided with the Tartars, spoilt the upper Hungaria, there they took and ransacked the towns of Setchin, Tregla, Puganisa, jarmeta, Samoschin, Regimcat, Palanka, Dillena, Sacmaria, Rabenstine, Onoth, Vacia, Sevara, Blavenstine, Tabra, Disgiora, Libetua, Calo, Sitna, Nagibana, Scharospotac, Zatuar, Filek, Budnoc, with many other strong towns and places both in Hungaria, and Transilvania, which were sacked and spoilt by the Turks, through the contentions, rebellions, and treacheries of false Christians; sometimes the Governors and Commanders were corrupted with gifts, given them by the Turks; and many times the Christian Soldiers revolting, and in mutiny for pay; and in the year 1605 the famous and strong City of Strigonium, in Hungaria, was taken by the Turks: But in the year 1606, a peace was concluded betwixt the great Sultan, and the Germane Emperor, since which time there hath no matters of great Hostility been used on either side. Achmat died when he had reigned fifteen years, Anno, 1617. in the 15. year of the Reign of King James.  
Mustapha the Fourteenth King, and Ninth Emperor of the Turks, was the Brother to Achmat deceased; he had no great time in his first Reign, either to make or move Peace or War, for he was deposed, and put into a Cell at or near the end of two Months after his Coronation.  
Osman, the son of the afore-named Achmat, the Fifteenth King of the Turks, and Tenth Emperor, in the year 1620, the Turks with a great power made War by Sea upon the Kingdom of Naples, where they won the City of Manfredonia, and after they had most miserably sacked it, they carried away near 1500. poor Christians into intolerable slavery. Osman gives occasions of distaste, and grievances to the King of Poland, by conniving craftily, and suffering the Tartars to make inroads into diverse parts of Polonia, for which indignity the Polonian King did make the like incursions into the Turks Dominions, insomuch that it grew to a War; so that the Turks entered Poland with a great Army, whence he carried away 25000. Christians as slaves to Constantinople: After which a Peace was concluded betwixt the Grand Signior and the Pole 1622, and in the year 1623. Sultan Osman was treacherously and traitorously strangled and murdered by the Great Visier named Daut Bassa, after which the deposed Mustapha was again crowned the second time, and in less than Nine Months after he was made the mockery of Fortune, and deposed the second time from his Imperial dignity; but what became of him afterwards, I have neither read or heard of.  
Morat or Amurath, the sixteenth King, and Eleventh Emperor of the Turks, (now reigning) was on the last of August, 1623. crowned: he was the son of Sultan Achmat, and hath kept the peace for the most part with all Christian Kings and Princes, but he hath had his hands full with the Persian, and with some others of his own Bassas which have fallen into rebellion against him.  
To show the Numbers of the Turkish Foot and Horse, which he hath daily at continual command in all places of his Dominions at all times, the Relation would either beheld to be incredible, or the Turks power to be invincible, both which opinions of people are scarce worth the refuting; for experience knows they are both false.  
Yet the strong City of Scodra in Dulmalia (bordering on Epirus and Albania) was besieged in the year 1473. by the Turks Army in number 350000 men and Horse; there was 12000. Camels laden with Brass in Mass or hunos, which they cast into great Ordinance, so great indeed as never the like were heard or read of; for it is truly reported, that one Gu●ne carried a Bullet of 300. pound weight, and that two other Pieces carried Bullets of 400. weight, one carried a shot of 650. weight, and one which they called the Prince's Piece, carried a Bullet of 1200. weight; and lastly, another carried a shot of 1300. weight. He had also at that Siege as many Brasse-peeces for Battery, as made up the full number of 178, and after six most sharp and terrible Assaults, and a whole years siege it was through want enforced to yield upon Composition to the Turks. Read the Turkish History, pag. 421.  
The Great Sultan hath Horsemen called Timariot, which are Gentlemen that hold Lands of him during their lives, and they are for every 60. ducats of yearly value or Rent of those Lands to maintain one Horse and a man armed with a Bow, Arrows, Scimitar, Target, and Lance, as well in Peace as in War: He, whose Land is worth but 60. ducats, must find one; he that hath 120. Dukats, must maintain 2. Horsemen so armed; and so of the rest: these Timariot are dispersed all over his Dominions, and are, as is truly related, in number 719000.  
To speak of his potent Bassas, his great Begler bags, his commanding Sanzacks', his insolent Janissaries, his mutinous Spahi, his rustic Acanzij Horsemen, his innumerable unregarded Asapi, it is so well described by many worthy. Authors, but especially in the forenamed History of the Turks, to which I refer the Reader for ample satisfaction.  
And although what hath been in this brief Treatise related, hath only showed the conquests greatness, power, and strength of the Turks, how they have beaten and overcome the Christians in sundry Battles, bloody foughten-fields, Sieges, and Sallies: yet it is not amisie to show when, where, and how he hath been from time to time repulsed, and beaten both by the Christians and also by other Princes and Potentates of his own Mahomet an Superstition.  
In the year of our Lord 1397. Tamberlane overthrew threw Bajazet the first, 
How, when, and by whom the Turks have been overthrown oftentimes.  and the fourth King of the Turks, in a mortal Battle, where Bajazet with his son Musa were taken Prisoners, and the proud Turk was shut up in an Iron Cage by Tamberlane, and in that Battle 300000. Turk's were slain, in which thraldom he endured two years, and then (in the pride of his heart and greatness of spirit) ended his miserable life, and violently beat out his own brains against the Cage, Anno 1399.  
Amurath the second besieged Constantinople, and was most bravely repulsed and beaten thence Anno 1439, and in the same year he was (with a great slaughter, and loss of many Thousands of his men and Horse, beaten from the Siege of Belgrade in Hungaria: The valiant Christian Prince Huniades (Vaivod of Transilvania) in two several Battles overthrew Isa Beg the Turks Cenerall in Servia, and slew Mesites Bassa and his son, with more than 30000. Turk's in both battles, for which losses Amurath was so mad, that he was about to have killed himself: but being persuaded to patience, he surrendered the whole government of his Empire, and retired himself into a Cell, or House of Religion: Afterwards he re-assumed his estate, and though he won the Battle of Varna 1444, in which Vladislaus King of Hungaria, was slain, yet the Christians sold their lives at so dear a rate, that 30000. of the Turks were there slain. After that the valiant Scanderbag, (alias George Castriot) King of Epirus and Albania, he recovered his Kingdoms from the Turk; he beat Alis Bassa, and slew 22000. of them, and took 760. prisoners. In another Battle he vancuished Ferses Bassa, and put him to flight with the loss of 3000. men, and many prisoners taken. He overthrew the Bassa Mustapha in a battle; and slew 5000. Turks, and took 300. prisoners, 1445. Also in the year 1448. Huniades fought the great battle of Cossova, which lasted three days together; and although the Turks won, yet their loss was greatest; for of them there fell 4000, and of the Christians 17000 In the year 1449. Scanderbag overthrew the Bassa Mustapha the second time, in which fight 10000 Turk's were slain, and Mustapha was taken prisoners with others of their Commanders: after that in a skirmish fought by Moses, (Scanderbegs Lieutenant) 2000 Turk's were slain, 1000 Horses taken, with the loss of 22. Christians. In the same year likewise Amurath himself went in person with a huge Army of 300000. into Epirus, where Scanderbag with his own hands in a fight slew the General Feri Bassa, with 7000. Turks, so for that time Amurath went back with his Army: but the next year 1450. he returned again with 160000 Horse and Foot, and at one Assault of the City of Croya in Epirus, the Turks lost 8000. men. Amurath being dead, his Son (Mahomet the great) sent an Army into Epirus, under the leading of a valiant Turk named Amesa, whom Scanderbag met, fought withal, and took Prisoner, with many other brave Commanders, and in that fight also 7000. Turk's were slain, 1464.  
Much about the same time, the famous Prince Huniades, beat the Turks Fleet in Manubius, near to the City of Belgrade in Hungaria, where he took twenty of their Ships and Galleys; many were sunk and spoiled, and the rest ran a ground, and sired themselves, because they would not fall into the hands of the Huniades. Furthermore, in the same year 1464, Mahomet sent his General Debreas, against Scanderbag, betwixt whom was a●mell battle fought, for Scanderbag with his own hand did encounter with Debreas in the hottest of the fight, and slew him, and took many Prisoners, besides 4120 of the Turks were slain. After that, Scanderbag besieged the Turks in Belgrade, and put them to much distress: but Mahomet came to raise the Siege, wherein a battle was fought, and Scanderbag had the worst, but the Turks lost 3000 men.  
In the same year also 1464, Scanderbag met with the Traitor Moses, (who was revolted lately from him to serve the Turk) and after a great and bloody fight, Moses was beaten, and fled, with the loss of 11000 men, and many Prisoners taken by Scanderbag.  
There never were so many noble victories won in one year against the Turk, as were in this, 1464, and by such brave Commanders as were Scanderbag and Huniades, whose powers and force were so small and weak, in respect of the numerous Armies of their Enemies, that the Turks did contemn them; besides Moses (a valiant noble Commander) revolted from Scanderbag, and served the Turk against him; and after that Amesa (Scanderbegs Nephew) likewise fled from him, and likewise came, with Isaac the great Bassa, with 50000 men, against him into Epirus, and there in the Plain of Pharsalia the Turks were overthrown, the Bassa put to flight, the Traitor Amesa, with many of the Turkish Nobility and Commanders taken Prisoners, and thirty thousand Turks slain, and twenty of their bravest ensigns taken, the rich and stately Pavilions, Tents, Treasure, and munition, were all left as a reward to the valiant Scanderbag and his soldiers, who lost but 60 men in that day's battle.  
The Turkish Emperor thus often put to the worst, made a peace with Scanderbag for one year, which being expired, he sent Sinan Beg with 20000 men into Epirus, who was wholly discomfitted and made flee, with the loss of 17000: After that came Assam Beg, with 30000 horse and foot, who was also overcome, and taken prisoner by Scanderbag, and 21000 Turks slain: And after him came jussum Beg with 1800 men, who was also beaten, and fled with much loss: And in short time after Caraza Beg, with a mighty power, of whom, in a sharp conflict was slain 4000 Turks, and Caraza was enforced to retire to Constantinople with disgrace.  
Then was a peace concluded betwixt Mahomet and Scanderbag, which lasted not long, for the Turks began to injure the Epirots; which Scanderbag so much distasted, that he made inroads into their Territories, and having made a great havoc amongst them, returned with rich spoils and prisoners.  
In revenge whereof, Mahomet sent Seremet Bassa, with 14000 Horse and Foot, who was likewise beaten, many rich Turkish Prisoners taken, and 1000 men slain. After that, Mahomet sent Ballabanus, three several times, with three several Armies, who were all overthrown by Scanderbag, one after another, with the loss of 12000 Turks.  
For which overthrows, Mahomet (being enraged) sent the said Ballabanus again, and one jacup, Arnauth, with two Armies, that they might by several ways invade Epirus, and distress Scanderbag with which two Armies Scanderbag fought, and put Ballabanus first to flight, and his army to rout, after which, he slew jacup, the other General, with his own hand in fight, in these two battles 24000 Turks were slain, and 6000 taken Prisoners.  
And thus in the compass of one year, 1464, Scanderbag with his small Armies (for he was never above 20000, sometimes but 6000, and many times fewer) slew 116000 Turks, beside the numbers of Prisoners that he took.  
In the year 1465, Mahomet himself went with an Army of 20000 against Scanderbag, and returned back again, not doing any thing worth the noting, leaving behind him his General Ballabanus, with 80000 men and horse. After that, Mahomet was so malignant against Scanderbag, that he hired two Turks to go into his Kingdom, and to be turned Christians, because under that fair pretence they should work some means to poison him, which Turks were baptised, their treachery disclosed, and Scanderbag preserved, and the Traitors executed.  
The Turkish Tyrant perceiving that all his forces and policies prevailed not against this most glorious, happy, and fortunate Prince; after which damnable plot, and auspicious escape, Scanderbag encountered with jovima, a brother to Ballabanus, and Hither his son, and after a bloody bickering he took them, and many more prisoners, and following his Victory, he slew Ballabanus, the Turkish General: (his old Fugitive, and Renegado enemy) but for the number of the slain it is not mentioned. And last of all, in the year 1466, Mahomet with another huge army entered Epirus, with no better success than before he had; so that after the expense of much Treasure, and many men lost, he was glad to retire home again to Constantinople; and within short time after the most illustrious Prince Scanderbag died of a Fever, so that his miscreant enemies could not boast that they overcame came him, or were the death of him; but God, under whose Banner he had many times courageously fought, was so gracious unto him, as to take him from this transitory life by a Natural death.  
After the decease of Scanderbag, Mathias King of Hungria, the son of that famous Huniades, before named, was another Goad in the side of the proud Turk, for he won from him the Kingdom of Bosna, and a great part of the Principality of Servia, both which he joined to the Kingdom of Hungaria, he was as fearful a bugbear to the Turks, as either Scanderbag, or his father Huniades were before him; he slew Isa, a great Commander under Mahomet, with 30000 common Soldiers, and others: the Turks were a 100000 strong, but the Christians were not one quarter of that number; yet that Heroic Prince (by the assistance of God) got that glorious victory, with the loss of 8000 of his soldiers.  
Selimus the first, had his hands so full with the Persians, Egyptians, Arabians, and other of those Eastern and Mahometan Nations, that (as is said before) he troubled not the Christians, not they did not win or lose much by him.  
His son Soliman (the Magnisicent) besieged Gunza a weak Town, on the borders of Austria and Steirmarke, with 500000 men, and 3000 Pieces of Brass Ordnance: but after one Month's siege, and thirteen fierce assaults, he was fain to raise his Camp, with the loss of a great number of his men, and leave Gunza untaken.  
In the year 1529, Soliman, the Magnificent, came in person to besiege the City of Vienna, in Austria: (which City may well be called the Bulwark of Christendom) The Turks beleaguered it with 300000 men, which City was so valiantly defended, that after many assaults, breaches, minings, and most furious batteries, Soliman was glad to leave the Siege with the loss of 80000. of his Turks, and many Horses, with much Powder, Shot, and Ammunition spent, and all to little or small purpose.  
After that in the year 1565, he sent Mustapha Bassa with an Army of 30000. Horse and Foot, and Piall Bassa with a Fleet containing 180. Ships and Galleys, to mvade the Isle of Malta; the Turks being also aided by the King of Algiers with 2200. men, 10. Galliots', and 7. Galleys, besides 13. Galleys, and 10. Galliots' with 1600. men under the command of Bragut, (a famous Pirate) and after twelve most furious and bloody assaults (by the Turks) by Sea and Land, the Island, Cities, and Castles of St. Elmo, St. Angelo, and St. Michael being bravely defended by the Christians six Months, Mustapha was forced with shame to leave● Malta, he having lost in that expedition 24000. men. The whole Island of Malta is but 20. Miles in length, and 12. in breadth where it is broadest: and of the Knights of the Order, Gentlemen, Priests, Soldiers, Mariners, with all other men Inhabitants, as Artificers, and the like, they were not all in number above 12000 to repulse and withstand so great a power as the Turks were: but Si Deus nobiscum, quis contra nos?  
In the year 1571, Selimus the second sent out a mighty Navy of Ships, Galleys, Frigates, and Brigandines, with a purpose to iuvade and overrun Christendom: Against whom many Christian Princes joined in a noble Confederacy; namely, the Pope, the King of Spain, the Viceroy of Naples, the Dukes of Florence, Savoy; the Dukes of mantua, Urbin, and Ferara; the Galleys of Malta and Sicilia, the Venetian Galleys, and the Forces and personal service of the valiant Alexander Ferneze Prince of Parma: These Christian Worthies with their Fleet united, the chief and general Commander then being Dow John of Austria, (the second son to Charles the fifth Emperor) a Prince of but twenty four years of age, but of an Heroic and invincible courage: and after a most fierce and bloody battle many hours continued, the Turks were beaten, 161. of their alleys taken, more than 40. sunk and fired, their Admiral Hali Bassa slain, with 32000. of his Turks; many brave Commanders taken prisoners, and 2956. of common men also taken; a great number of Christians released from slavery, (who were freed being chained to row in the Galleys. Also 404. Pieces of Brass Ordnance were taken. This glorious Battle was fought near the Gulf of Lepanto, the 7. of October, in the year 1471, in which famous Sea-fight there fell on the Christian side of Commanders and others 7579. men. Lepanto was in ancient time a fair City of the Venetians, it was called Naupactum, it standeth in Morea, (or Peloponessus) it was won from the Christians by Scander Bassa, General to Bajazet the second, Anno 1449.  
Selimus the second (the son of Soliman) is spoken of before, and Amurath his son that succeeded him, had so much to do with the Persian and other Asian Princes, so that the Christians were not troubled with him to any purpose, but only with menaces and threatenings.  
In the year 1596. Mahomet the third was beaten by Mathias the Archduke, near Agria in Hungaria, the Turks Emperor fled, with Ibrahim his great Bassa, and in that fight 60000. Turks, and 20000. Christians.  
Thus may any reasonable Reader perceive, that the Turk hath received many overthrows from the Christians, and with small numbers have repulsed and beaten their multitudes in despite of their boasting and blasphemous threats and Letters.  
FINIS.