The Surveyors Dialogue.  
Divided into five Books: Very profitable for all men to peruse, that have to do with the revenues of Land, or the manurance, use, or occupation thereof, both Lords and Tenants: as also and especially for such as endeavour to be seen in the faculty of surveying of Manors, Lands, Tenements, etc.  
By I. N.  
PROV. 17.2. A discreet servant shall have rule over an unthrifty son, and he shall divide the heritage among the brethren.  
Voluntas pro facultate.  
LONDON, Printed for Hugh As●ley, dwelling at S. Magnus' corner. 1607.   

❧ To the right Honourable, Robert, Lord Cecil, Baron of Esingdon, viscount Crambourne, Earl of Sarum, principal Secretary to the most high and magnificent Prince, JAMES, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Master of his majesties Wards & Liveries, of his majesties most Honourable privy Council, and Knight of the most noble Order of the Gar●er.  
AS the Earth (right Honourable) was given to man: and man (after divine) was enjoined the care of earthly things: every man in several place, quality and state, the greatest receiving thence greatest dignities, even to be called Princes of the earth. So, is it not the least regard, that men of whatsoever title or place, should have of the lawful and just means of the preservation and increase of their earthly revenues. And that especially, by justly achieving, and rightly using Dominion and Lordship▪ which principally grow, (omitting public office and authority) by Honours, Manors, Lands, and Tenants: for, according to the largeness of revenues, are the means to enable the Honourable, to shelter the virtuous distressed, and to cherish such as by desert may challenge regard: And according to their will and power therein, is the vulgar reputation of their Magnificence▪ But (my good Lord) as mine endeavour in this rude Dialogue, tendeth but, as it were, to the plough: So I omit to wade into the impassable censure of Honour and Dignity, wishing it ever deserved reverence. And as touching Land-revenues, wherewith many are (but especially the Honourable are, or aught to be principally) endowed, I presume only in this simple Treatise to discourse: So far (according to my slender capacity, and weak experience) as concerneth the ordinary necessary means of the maintenance & increase of Land-revenues. And because the true and exact Surveying of Land, is the principal: I have herein endeavoured, more of Desire, then of Power, (for the use and benefit of all sorts of men, having to deal with land, both Lords and Tenants,) to show the necessity, and simple method thereof, Most humbly entreating your good Lordship (the fruits of whose, and of your honourable Father's favours, I have many ways tasted) to vouchsafe me your Honourable pardon for presuming, and your like patience in accepting at my hands, this little mite; which, were it as great, as any well-wishing heart can intend good, it were (together with my poor self) in truest service unfeignedly your Lordships. It may therefore please the same to accept it: so shall others the more willingly embrace it, or the less disgrace it, humbly recommending it to your gracious favour.  
At my poor house at Hendon, prime januar. 1607. Your Lordships ever to be commanded, Io. Norden.   

To the benevolent Readers, especially to Landlords and Tenants.  
AS God in his high and incomprehensible wisdom, ●●th given unto man two beings, a Spiritual, and Corporal: So hath he enjoined him two prescript cares, the one of divine & heavenly, the other of human and earthly things. And although the first be as far more excellent than the second, as the brightest Sun exceedeth the blackest darkness: yet hath he not omitted, to give unto all men an express commandment, to be mindful of the second: Although it must be confessed, that no man taking an extraordinary care, can add, a● of himself, one jot of increase of any good thing, neither can he of his own proper industry, assure himself of any part of true prosperity in this life, yet must he not therefore dissolutely neglect his uttermost lawful endeavour, to advance his own welfare, which he neither can do, without fear and trembling, if he call to mind the cause why the earth bringeth forth unto us of it own accord, nothing but the very tokens of our original disobedience, wherein ●s imprinted this Motto or Poesy of our shame: With the sweat of thy face thou shalt eat thy bread, al● the days of thy life. And this without exception of persons. Whereby it appeareth, that none is exempted from labour and travail, in one kind or other to maintain his estate here. Our Fathers of fame began it. Adam digged the Earth, and manured it. Tubal wrought in Metals. Noah planted a Vineyard. Abraham, Lot, Moses, David, Elizeus, Amos, and many other godly and great men were Shepherds. Gydeon was a Thresher of Corne. jacob and his sons the patriarchs, were Herdesmen. joseph a Purveyor of Corn in Egypt. Paul made Tents. Matthew was a Customer, or Tollgatherer. Peter, Andrew and others were fishermans. And Saul a keeper of Asses. If these men began the way of labour in so many kinds, who may say he is free in one kind or other? And he that in respect of his greatness of birth or wealth, will pretend a privilege of idleness, or vain and unprofitable exercises, doth discover his forgetfulness, or neglect of the duty in earth, which every man, even the greatest oweth unto the Commonwealth, his own family and posterity. And he is censured even by the mouth of God, Worse than an Infidel, that neglecteth these duties. And none is excused, or exempted out of this Law of provision for his family, be he never so high or mean; not that such men as are honourable by birth, office or advancement, should till the earth, or be Shepherds or Herdsmen. But that they should, according to their greatness, execute great place in the Commonwealth, whereof (after the care of Divine things, in respect of God that gave them their greatness) they should have care to perform some service, in respect of the King, under whom they enjoy their greatness: To show love and diligent regard, to aid their inferiors, in respect of whom they have the imputation of their greatness. To be provident in providing things necessary for their Families, that have an interest to partake of their greatness. And lastly, in respect of their posterities, that are to become the more great by their greatness. And how can they do thus, unless they look into, and use the means of the increase and preservation of their greatness? And for as much as the same consisteth, for the most part, in the revenues of land: what greater care ought they to have, then to maintain and lawfully to augment the same? which decaying, their Honour and honourable reputation diminisheth. To preserve or augment Revenues, there must be means: the means are wrought by Knowledge; Knowledge had by Experience; Experience by view, and due observation of the particulars, by which Revenues do, or may arise. Wherein are to be considered the Quantities, and Qualities of Land, with the present Rents, and estimate values, by a reasonable improvement: which duly found, to have a due regard to proportion yearly distributions and expending, with the annual incomes, in such sort, as always the present year may rather add unto the next, than the next to be charged with the year past. For when the present year shall expend more than the Revenues of the same may bear, the year following cannot but be surcharged: and so will it surcharge the future so long, that either he shall be forced to strike the topsail of his improvident wasting, in time; or at length, through the furious blasts of excessive prodigality, be blown under the water of disability, by overswelling the sails of his vainglory. I speak not this in the way of attachment, but of prevention. And so I trust, all men will take it, and accept of my poor endeavour in this kind, considering that necessary it is, that all men should know what it is to have revenues, namely, first to know them, & then to use them to their own advancement, and to the good of others▪ And because it is not the work of the Honourable, & of such as have high & serious commonwealth employments, to be personal actors of their own affairs in this kind, they are to use the service of such as are fit in knowledge, and just in dealing, to travel in this kind of business, by whose faithful and sincere informations, they may know what is just and right to be done and demanded: And in all favour and clemency to deal with such, as are in this manner within the compass of their commands, and by whom and by whose labours they maintain their greatness: for (no doubt) there is none but well considereth, that how great or powerful soever he be in land revenues, it is brought in unto him by the labours of inferior tenants: yea, the King consisteth by the field that is tilled. And there is none of these inferiors, 
Eccles. 5.8.  of ordinary discretion, but well knoweth, that what he enjoyeth, is by the favour of his Lord in a sort: And therefore ought there to be such a mutual concurrence of love and obedience in the one, and of aid and protection in the other, as no hard measure offered by the superior, should make a just breach of the loyalty of the inferior: which kind of union is no ways better preserved and continued between the Lord and tenants, then by the Lords true knowledge of the particulars that every tenant holdeth, & a favourable course in fines and rents: and by the tenant's love and thankfulness in all ready service and duty towards the Lord. And to that end, it is (no doubt) expedient, that Lords of tenants have due regard of their own estates, namely of the particulars of all their tenants lands, and that by a due, true, and exact view and survey of the same, to the end the Lord be not abused, nor the tenants wronged & grieved by false informations, which commonly grow by private Inteligencers, & never by just Surveyors. And because the office of a surveyor (duly weighed) is an office both necessary, expedient, & of trust. It behoveth him to be first honestly and uprightly minded, and next, skilful and judicious in the faculty. Then can he not, but by industry and diligence, produce an exact discovery and performance of the work he undertaketh, to the true information of the Lord, whose benefit and uttermost lawful profit he is to seek, in a good conscience, dissuading him yet from distasteful Avarice, the greatest blemish that can befall a man, seeking true reputation and renown, by his revenues. For too much severity afflicteth the hearts of poor Tenants, who (by common experience) are found to be more firmly knit in the band of true duty, loyal affection, and ready service unto their Lords, by their Lord's frugality, sweetened sometimes with the cheerful drops of true liberality, then by the extremes of austerity, vain prodigality, or compulsive exactions. And yet not so, as Lords of Tenants should be so overswayed with abused lenity, or careless looking into their own, as may breed contempt in Tenants: but rather that they should keep such an even, and equal hand over their Tenants, as may continue mutual love, and in them a loving fear: And not to seek the increase of revenues so much for vain glories, as for virtues maintenance. Which will appear by doing good to deservers, by their virtuous life. A work of true virtue, when contrarily, vainglory seeketh idle and vain reputation, by unjustly achieving, and either prodigally consuming, or too miserably increasing Revenues, which I must leave to every man's own fancy, wishing all to fashion their ways in this kind, to God's glory, the King's service, the good of the Commonwealth, and to other such ends, for which God hath given them greatest earthly blessings; recommending unto you this simple rude lump, of which, if some more skilful, will bestow the re-licking, & bring it to his true shape, myself with many others, should thankfully embrace it. In the mean time friendly accept it, and in kindness afford sparing reproof.  Eccles. 7.13. 
Wisdom is good with an inheritance.  
Yours, I. N.   

The Printer to the friendly Reader.  
THe Author ●ot being present at the examination of the proofs, sundry faults have escaped, by mistaking the copy, which faults the Author s●nce, for the most part hath reform, and if you find any not corrected, I pray with patience bear it, and use the means to reform it.  

I pray the Reader to correct these faults committed in Printing, in absence of the Author. uz.  
Page 5. line 20. for under, read over. pa. 7. li. 27. for farm, read same. p. 8. l. 15. for rudely, read readily. ibid. l. 32. for estimate, read extenuate. p. 9 l. 31. for there, read their. p. 12. l. 3. for Surveyors, read surveys. p. 14. l. 4. for corruption, read compass. p. 45. l. 27. for Manors, read manor. p. 53. l. 21. for sine, read fine. p. 58. l. 9 for service, read fee. p. 62. l. 34. for promise, read proviso. p. 119. l. 19 for former, read form. p. 88 l. 2. for leaser, read lease. p. 76. l. 16. for person, read purses. p. 74. l. 32. for our, read one. p. 44. l. 28. for can, read ran. page 39 line 21. for affirmeth, read assumeth.    

The Author to his Book.  

Look ere thou light into the hands of some:  
Some lay but traps, to catch thee in disgrace;  
Disgrace thou none, be silent where thou come,  
(Yet thou shalt come where Momus is in place,)  
Place thee with those, whose hearts aright do see:  
And seeing, judge, in favour, faults that be.   

Faults be in thee; who says he doth not err,  
Errs, in conceit, that he alone is free:  
And such, not free, will sure thy faults transfer,  
And for one fault, transfer them ten in thee:  
Not thee in this, but me they discommend,  
That I abroad do thee so basely send.   

Base I thee send: excuse me what thou can,  
If thou can not, plead thus to seeming friends:  
Alas, my friends, abortive I began:  
Who me began, thus meanly forth me sends,  
That I might send him, how I pass the taunts  
Of taunting tongues, that seek their praise by vaunts.   

I vaunt it not, but am content to be,  
Where meanest be, that blush to show their face:  
Who sees my face, a picture base may see;  
Yet may he see far fayrey find disgrace.  
Disgrace not him, that sends me for good will:  
But will him well. Requite not good with ill.   

invidia sibi, & aliis venenum.    

The Contents of the five books of the Surveyors Dialogue.  

THe first Book containeth a communication between a Farmer and a Surveyor of land: wherein is proved, that Surveyors of Manner's and land, are necessary both for the Lord and Tenant, and in what manner Tenants ought to behave themselves towards their Lords, in respect of their tenors.  
In the second Book, is entreated between the Lord of a Manor, and a Surveyor, concerning the estate of a Manor, of the parts and profits thereunto belonging, & how the Lord of a Manor ought to deal with his Tenants.  
In the third Book is contained the manner and method of keeping a Court of Survey, and the Articles to be inquired of, and the charge: how to enter & enroll Copies, Leases and Deeds, and how to take the plot of a Manor.  
In the fourth Book is showed the manner of the casting up of the quantities of acres of all sorts of grounds by the scale and compass, with Tables of computation for ease in accounting.  
In the fifth Book is showed the different natures of grounds, and whereunto they may be best employed, how they may be bettered, reformed and amended, fit for all Farmers and husbandmen.    

❧ The Surveyors Dialogue, between a Farmer, and a Surveyor: wherein is proved, that surveys are necessary and profitable both for Lord and Tenant: and wherein is showed how Tenants ought to behave themselves towards their Lords.  
The first Book.  Farmer. 
SIr, I am glad I have so happily met with you, for if I be not mistaken, you are a Surveyor of Land.  Surveyor. 
Admit it so, Sir, what then?  Farmer. 
I have heard much evil of the profession, 
Surveying rashly condemned.  and to test you my conceit plainly, I think the same both evil and unprofitable.  Sur. 
You seem to be but a young man in years, and are you so deeply seen in the abuse of this Faculty, that you can so peremptorily condemn i●?  Far. 
Call it you a Faculty? What mean you by that word?  Sur. 
Ability to perform a thing undertaken.  Far. 
Then this faculty of yours, I say, 
Faculty.  is a vain faculty, and a needless work undertaken.  Sur. 
Speak you this by conjecture, by report of others, or by due experience of your own▪  Far. 
I speak indeed, as endured to the opinion I hold, by all the three reasons.  
oftentimes you are the cause that men lose their land: and sometimes they are abridged of such liberties as they have long used in Manors; and customs are altered, broken, and sometimes perverted or taken away by your means: And above all, you look into the values of menslands, whereby the Lords of Manors do rack their tenants to a higher rent and rate then ever before: and therefore not only I, but many poor tenants else have good cause to speak against the profession.  Sur. 
Be you not offended at the comparison which I will make to your allegations. Why should not such persons as are inhibited by the laws of the Realm, to commit certain acts within the common wealth, cry out against them, that by the same laws are appointed Magistrates and Officers to see these laws executed upon them, as Rogues, Beggars, and other like vagabonds? for if such officers and overseers were not, these offensive persons might have their wills: so would it follow, that men of peace, and good members of the Commonwealth, should be endangered to be sacked of that they have, by such lewd persons. Necessary therefore it is, that there should be such as should see unto, inform, punish, and reform these. And by your assertion you may as well intent, under like reason, against keeping of Courts in a Manor, wherein many abuses are found out, reform, and punished, which without such Courts would lie smothered, festering so long, that there would be few sound members left within the same.  Farm. 
It seems, you compare tenants of Manors, that are (many of them) honest, civil, and substantial men, to Rogues, and vagabonds. You forget yourself.  Sur. 
My plain words are that as well these evil members of the common wealth may speak against the Surveyors of the common wealth, which (to speak only of the under officers) are the justices of the peace, Constables, and such like, as may tenants of a Manor speak against the surveying of their lands within the same.  Farm. 
That were strange; for by the one, the whole state of the kingdom is kept in peace, and by the other, 
Frivolous objections against the Survey of Lands.  many millions disturbed, that might live quietly in their Farms, tenements, houses, and lands, that are now daily troubled with your so narrow looking thereinto, measuring the quantity, observing the quality, recounting the value, and acquainting the Lords with the estates of all men's livings, whose ancestors did live better with little, then lo can do now with much more, because by your means rents are raised, & lands known to the uttermost Acre, fines enhanced far higher than ever before measuring of land and surveying came in, and therefore I think you cannot but confess, that other men as well as I, have g●●d cause to speak of you and your profession, as I do.  Sur. 
I perceive that the force of your strongest arguments is as before I said, your ●eare and unwillingness that the Lord of the Manor, 
The faulty are afraid to be seen.  under whom, and in whose land you dwell, should know his own: and that you think it better for you, that he should continue still ignorant of what he hath, and that your estates should be always hidden, and what injury you do should be concealed, then that he should be acqu●●●ted with what you hold, and your abuses, incrochments, usurpations, intentions, and wrongs disco●●red.  Farm. 
Sir, we acknowledge that the Lord ought to have his rent, and that is all, and our services at his Courts, but the land we have, is our own.  Sur. 
Howsoever you may account them yours, yet the Lord hath such an interest and property in them, as he may also call them his, nay, 
Tenant's may be said to be the Lords men.  I may say, you are not in such sort your own, but next under the King, you may be said to be the Lords.  Farm. 
Fie upon you, will you bring us to be slaves? neither law, nor reason, least of all religion can allow what you affirm, and therefore as I before conceived, so I may now protest, that you, and such as you are, are even the cords whereby poor men are drawn into servitude and slavery, 
A rash censure.  and therefore I say again▪ it is pity any of you have any employment in a Common wealth.  Sur. 
What Sir, because I say you are in some sort the Lords? I tell you, that I mistake it nothing at all: for as the King is Supreme head and Prince, and defender of all his Subjects, so under the King is every Lord of a Manor chief and head over his Tenants, namely, 

The Lord of a Manor, under the King, is head of his Tenants.  
A Lord, why so called.   〈◊〉 such as hold of him: And he hath a kind of command, and superior power over them, as they are his Tenants, and for that cause he is called, and they do acknowledge him to be their Lord. And what doth the word Lord import, but a Ruler or Governor? If he be your Lord, then are you his, to be governed in causes determineable within the Manor, and as I will hereafter prove, the Lord of the Manor may command his Tenants to accompany him into the Field against the enemies of the King, by reason of some tenors, and they are to follow and be commanded and directed by him, and if they refuse the service, the Lord may distrain for it, or may enter upon their Lands, and resume it as his own in some case; so that I may well say, that in a sort, even your lands and yourselves are the Lords. The use and occupation i● yours, but if the land were so yours as were none above you, you might then call it yours: but so is none, but the Kingdom which the King holdeth of none but of God. And no man is so absolute within the Kingdom, but he holdeth his land of some Manor, or person, or of the King. And of whom such land is holden, the same is called the Lord of that land after a sort, because it is held of him by some kind of 〈◊〉 or service, and by possibility this land may come unto, and by law be cast upon the Lord 〈◊〉 whom it is holden, as if you be so willing as you seem to talk of these mysteries, you shall anon perceive. And therefore you can not but say, that the land and yourselves are in some sort the Lords. And therefore is it not lawful for the Lord of the Manor, to inquire and examine of the things in those kinds belonging unto him? And if there be clean and plain dealing among tenants, 
The innocent need not fear● to be locked into.  they need not fear who look into their lands and estates. But if there be deceits and wrongs against the Lord, policy willeth you to banish any man, and to bar all the means that may discover them, though equity and honesty be contented to discover all things to the manifestation of truth. Are not these the matters of chief importance that disquiet you? The measuring of your lands, the observation of the quality, and estimating the value of your lands.  Farm. 
It is true: for these are the causes that our rents are increased, and our fines raised, and this would the Lord never do, if such as you did not enkindle the Lords desire, by your so severe scrutations, examinations, impositions, & imputations: for were the Lords of Manors ignorant of these things, us in former times, poor tenants might have things at the rate they had in former times.  Sur. 
My friend, if I compare you to a dead Image, be not offended, for I perceive you have eyes to see, and yet you see not, you have a heart to understand, and yet your understanding is amiss.  Farm. 
I am beholden to you Sir, to make me worse than a beast, for a beast hath the things you say I want: how prove you what you have said?  Sur. 
Because you impute your great impositions unto the act of an honest Surveyor, when I will assure you and prove, that the cause is in and of yourselves.  Farm. 
Then in deed you might account us brutish, if we would work our own woe.  Sur. 
I perceive, though you may be a good worldly Farmer, you are but a mean observer of the course and carriage of things passing daily under your nose. He that hath seeing eyes and an understanding mind, may easily see and perceive, that there is no Manor, nay, no Farm, be it great, or little, far off, or near hand, but hath been, and daily is discovered, by private intelligencers, lurking in or near the same, prying into estates, 
Private intelligencers, and not honest Surveyors, give false informations to their Lords.  ●yming at the quantity, wide, short, or over, seldom hitting right, observing also the quality, and glancing at the value of every man's land, and therefore secretly and underhand do inform the Lords of the Farm, and they being credulous overmuch, and not a little covetous, build their demands both of rents and fines, upon these most deceivable informations, whereby the Lord is abused, and the Tenant wronged; whereas were the things seem, viewed, and surveyed by a judicious and faithful Surveyor, who upon due consideration, and discreet observation of all particulars, gives in a true and indifferent certificate unto the Lord, using▪ rather his uttermost endeavour to moderate and mitigate the Lords excessive demands, 
The course of an honest Surveyor.  then aggravating the validity beyond reason▪ or a good conscience, you would be of another mind, and I protest, I hold that Surveyor a very bad man, that will either for affection or bribe carry a partial hand between the Lord and his Tenants ye sith he holdeth as it were the beam of the ●●●tance, he should rather give the better weight to the weakest, respecting nothing but a charitable course to be held by the Lord, for whom he travaileth with the Tenant, against whom if he speak not, he shall be often suspected of the Lord to be partial. But if there be equal consideration on all sides, the Lord will believe the Surveyor deals justly, and the Tenant rest satisfied, willingly to leave, or r●dely to accept, as his own judgement agreeth or disagreeth with the things propounded. For this have I observed, that oftentimes Tenants consider not when they are kindly used, neither see they at all times when they are abused.  Farms. 
Truly I believe you in part: for indeed there are even amongst us, to the Manor wherein I dwell, officious fellows, that to procure the Lords good opinion, will pry into men's estates, & indeed as you say, into the quantity, quality, & value of men's lands, and give false information oftentimes, and I know it is a foul abuse, 
Officious Informers dangerous for Lord and Tenant.  and of the two, I rather allow a true survey, than a false report: for such fond fellows as are thus busy in other men's causes, are of all men lest to be believed; for they speak always for affection or gain: for they will 〈◊〉 the value of them they love, or have gain by, and aggravate the same, as their hope is of the Lords reward: all this I know without your report. But what is that to the thing you charge poor tenants withal, that they art the cause of their own hard measure 〈…〉.  Sur. 
That can 〈…〉, and I think I shall have the whole world to witness it for your further satisfaction, who can not yourself be ignorant of the same thing; for you have in part 〈…〉 of whom you ●ast spoke, 〈…〉 case them not all, nay, I ●●cuse none in particular for I have seen and observed among them a kind of madness, as I may call it, but in the best sense it is a kind of ambitious, or rather avaricious emulation, 
Tenants striving in lowing and bidding, inhanceth fines and rents.  wherein they strive one to outstrip another in giving most: as where myself have had business of this nature, namely, of letting, setting, or selling of land for years or lives, being, or near being determined, in farms or other like, whereby the Lord hath been at liberty to dispose thereof at his will, for best advantage, by choice of a new tenant, Proclamation to that effect hath been made in open court, where I have seen, and it is daily in use, that one will outbid another, as at an outcry in London, in so much as I have wondered at their emulation, and could not have asked what they have raised it unto themselves. And should any that is in authority in this case (who in duty is not to hinder the Lord, or the Lord himself) inhibit such hot spirits to climb as high for the Lords advantage, as the ladder of their own will, and supposed ability will reach▪ This is not as one Swallow in a Summer, but they are many, and every where Winter and Summer, and yet are other men accused and condemned for than and their faults, if there will be a fault in itself: but I should think it greater madness for a Lord, wilfully to refuse what is so voluntarily offered, and so willingly by given. Now, who is the cause of raising rents and fines?  Farm. 
I know, such rash & over forward men there are in the world not a 〈…〉 e●ery Manor▪ who are especially priched forward to this revelation through envy and a 〈◊〉, having mean●● to achieve their desires. But this bidding and out-bidding is in things, wherein the Lord i● at his liberty to take a tenant whom holist. But in 〈◊〉 tenem●nts of inheritance the case is otherwise, where the rent is and the fi●e (for the most part) certain, what needs the Lord have this surveyed, or any freehold lands?  Sur. 
It is fit the Lord should know what hi● tenant hold to, be it free or customary, though at this day there be a needless niceness in some freeholders of Manors, who seem to conceal their estates, and to kick against the view of their lands: but if they knew what they did, they would reform that error.  Farm. 
Call it you, an error, for a freeholder to refuse to show his estate to the Lord, or not to suffer his land to be surveyed?  Sur. 
I may well so call it, nay, I may call it a great fault, or an injury done against the Lord, and hurtful to himself. There is none (it may be you know it) that holdeth of any Lord land, but he holdeth the same by some kind of rent or service, and when he comes to take up his land after the death of his ancestor, or upon purchase, but he doth or aught to do homage and fealty, 
Homage and fealty by freeholders.  or one of them, unto the Lord of whom he holds it; the doing whereof, how ceremonious it is, if you be a Tenant to any such land, you know, and wherein he maketh a solemn vow and oath, to be true Tenant unto the Lord for the land he holdeth. And sometimes the Tenant of such a Tenure, is forced to be aided by his Lord for the same land, if he be impleaded for it: now, if such a Tenant refuse to show his estate, or to permit his land to 〈◊〉 see●●, 〈…〉, to ●e true Tenant, and to 〈…〉 are due unto the Lord, among which, this, 
A needless niceness in freeholders to show their deeds and lands to the Lord, or his Surveyor.  of permitting the Lord to know his own, is not the least, nay, he ●●ght by his oath of fidelity, to further it by all means, both by his proper knowledge and evidence, not only his own, but other 〈◊〉 lands, and thereby he shall not only not prejudice himself, but he shall fortify his title so much the more, by having his evidence enrolled, and his land recorded ●n the Lords book of Survey, that when his heir shall take up the land, or he al●en the same, it appeareth that he is true Tenant unto such lands for such rent, and for such services: but there be so many scruples thrust into men's heads, by such as have a pretended skill in matters of policy in this kind, and Lords 〈◊〉 Manors have been so remiss in taking knowledge of the things in this manner appertaining unto them, 
Some Lords too remiss in surveying their land.  that questions of Titles and tenors are daily had and moved, to the great trouble oftentimes both of Lord and Tenant, as is seen by experience daily as well of land held of the King, as of inferior Lords, which may be reconciled, if Tenants were not too curious, and Lords too negligent. Besides this, there are other reasons to move the Lord to know what land is holden of him, and by what title, rent, and service: for freeholders may forfeit their land, and their land may escheat unto the Lord: if then he should be ignorant what land it is, where it lies, and how much it is, he may be easily abused for want of records▪ and so are many Lords of Manors, who for want of due knowledge of their tenants and of their land & tenors, other men are entitled to their right.  Far. 
You have said more than I heard or dreamt of, and it holdeth in some sort by reason, how it is by law I cannot dispute: but in all that you have said, you have not satisfied me in the thing before I spoke of▪ touching the 〈…〉 which (as I said before) 〈…〉 ●ig●er then in former times, ●y your 〈◊〉.  Sur. 
You strike always one string, and I find the ●ound of your meaning, you would always 〈◊〉 easily charged in your ●i●es as might bed and in that I blame you not, 〈…〉 man's case to bear as light a burden as he can. But if you remember what I spoke before, touching the cause of this raising of fines, where I proved it came most by your own mean, you may be the sooner satisfied in this, for it is in nature like the former. Although this kind of Tenant hath seldom any competitor to emulate his offer, because the Tenant leaveth commonly one either in right of inheritance, or by surrender to succeed him, and he●by custom of the Manor is to be accepted Tenant, always provided, he must agree with the Lord, 
Information hurtful in fines of land of inheritance customary.  if the custom of the Manor hold not the fine certain, as in few it doth: now this composition is commonly made by demand of the Lord, and offer of the Tenant. The Lord asketh according to his conceit of the value of the thing, and either his knowledge must arise by his own experience, or by information: the information is either by secret intelligence of same officious neighbour, or by due judgement of an indifferent Surveyor, 〈◊〉, such a one as carrieth equal respects to Lord and Tenant. And although, as you allege, former times did afford Tenants more favour in rating and arbitrating fines, as you suppose, if you consider it well, it is now as then it was.  Farm. 
There you much mistake you: for I will show by ancient Court ●●lls, that the fine of that which is now twenty pound, was then but thirteen shillings four pence, and yet will you say they are now as they were then?  Sur. 
Yea, and I think I 〈…〉 in it▪ 
Former fines and rents, and the present, not unequal.  For if you consider the state of things then and now, you shall find the proportion little differing: for so much are the prices of things vendible by Farmers now increased, as may well be said to exceed the prices then, as much as twenty pound exceedeth xiii. s. iiii. d.  Farm. 
You speak far from truth, and I marvel you will err so much, pretending to be a 〈◊〉 of that reach, that men employ you ●o over reach others.  Sur. 
To show you then ●n instance, look into the Chronicle in the time of Henry the sixth, 
john Stow.  and you shall find, that a quarter of Wheat was sold at Royst●n▪ in Hartfordshire for twelve pence: and I trust, 
Wheat at twelve pence the quarter.  if you be a Farmer, you are a Corne-seller, and I think, if a man offer you thirty times as much for a quarter, you will say it is better worth.  Farm. 
Was it possible that ●●ane was then and there so cheap, and to rise since to this ra●●? it is very strange.  Sur. 
Not at all: 
Rents of land, and prices of things grow together.  for since 〈◊〉 grew such emulation among Farmers, that one would ou● bid another▪ (which in the beginning was little seen) it grew at length, that he that bought dear, must sell dear, and so grew the prices of things by degrees to this ●●te as 〈◊〉 they be, and a Farmer gets as much by his Farm no●, a● than he did.  Far. 
You err therein, I assure you: for else could Farmers keep as good houses & hospitality now, as they did then, and alas, you see how unable they be.  Sur. 
It is true, and the reason is manifest: for where in those days Farmers and their wives were content with mean dye●, and base attire, 
The causes why things have grown to this extremity.  and held their children to some ●●stere government, without haunting Alehouses, Taverns, Dice, Cards, & vain delights of charge, the case is altered: the Husbandman so publicly: for Vin● mendibi●● susp●●●sa heder a non est upos. A g●●d workman needs not stand in the streets.  Sur. 
I confess, in this you have said truly: for none that is in deed fit for employment, will, or needs to crave it, in such manner, 
The perfection of a Surveyors office consisteth not in one part.  for they will be sought unto and solicited. But every one that hath but a part of the art, nay, if he can perform some one, two, or three parts, is not thereby to be accounted a Surveyor, as some Mechanical men and Countrey-fellowes, that can measure a piece of Land, and though illiterate, can account the quantity by the parts of money, as a penny to a 〈◊〉, a groat to a day-worke, ten groats to a Rood, and consequently, a mark to an Acre, which manner of calling sufficeth, and satisfieth them in their small accompt●, but the manner of their measuring to 〈◊〉 erroneous, as I will show you hereof 〈…〉 serve. Some have the skill of plotting out of ground, and can neatly delineate the same, and by Arithmetic can cast up the contents, which is a necessary point of a Survey on office.  Farm. 
Saving your 〈…〉, we poor Country men endue not think it good to have our Lands plotted out, and we thinks in deed it is to very 〈◊〉 all purpose: for is not the Field itself a goodly Map for the Lord to look upon, better than a painted paper? And what is he the better to see 〈◊〉 out in colours? He can add nothing to his land, nor diminish●ut●: and therefore that labour above all may be saved, in mine opinion.  Sur. 
They that speak at any time against any thing done, or propounded to be done, do either show their reasons against it, or else they conceal their conceits, and without any good argument, inveigh only against the thing: And I know your meaning in misliking plo●●ing of your land, 
A plot of land necessary.  and yet you 〈◊〉 do what you think: for a plot rightly drawn by true information, describeth so the likely image of a Manor, and every branch and member of the same, as the Lord sitting in his chair, may see what he hath, where and how it lieth, and in whose use and occupation every particular is upon the sudden view; which tenants mislike, not that the thing itself offendeth them, but that by it they are often prevented or discovered of deceitful purposes. For a tenant that is both a freeholder and a copyholder for life▪ or by indenture for life or years, holding these lands inter●●●●, 
Great abuses that grow by Farmers and tenants that are freeholders.  may easily (unless the land for life or years, be very specially butted and bounded in their copies or leases, as seldom they are, through the sloth of some stewards, or for default of a true survey led guide them) appropriate unto himself copy or leased land to a free, and especially having time ●nough to alter names and properti●●, to remove meres, and to call down ditches, to stock up hedges, and to smother up truth and falsehood under such a 〈…〉 conveniency, as before 〈◊〉 be suspected 〈…〉 view, it will be clean for gotten, 〈…〉 shall be able to say, This is the land: whereas if it be plotted out, and every parcel of free copy leased, and the rest be truly distinguished, no such 〈…〉 can be done against the Lord, but it shall be 〈◊〉 readily reconciled. And I dare presume to say, that the want of due plots and descriptions of land in this form, 
Want of plots of land prejudicial to Lords.  hath been the occasion of infinite concealments, and losses of many men's land, and many intrusions and in●ro●hmen●s have been made, and to long continued, that now neither memory or record can reform them; besides infinite other abuses, which are daily done to the prejudice of Lords, for want of such a monument to be always at hand for their instruction.  Far. 
You aim unhappily, I think, to some men's purposes: but for my part, I promise you I had no such thought in me, & yet what you say, may indeed be easily wrought in mo●● Manors, if they be as that Manor is wherein I am a Tenant: for I am persuaded, there hath not been any view taken of it, or perumbulation made, or survey had within the memory of any man alive. And to tell you truly, I think the Lord hath much wrong both by his own Tenants, and by confining Lords; for so the Lord have his rent, and his other duties of us, he is contented: but I may tell you, 
Tenants commonly wish not for surveys.  if he did better look into it, it would be better for himself and his hereafter, yet we wish he would let it rest as it doth, for we may do in manner what we list, and if a Surveyor come, we shall not do as we have done, nor hold that that some have held, long, without any trouble: but that I leave. Then you say, that plotting is the chief part of a Surveyors skill.  Sur. 
I say not so, but I say, it is necessary for him that is a Surveyor, to be able to do it, and that he be painful & industrious, & having this quality with the rest more necessary, he may be then called a Surveyor. 
Who is a Surveyor.   Farm. 
What are they I pray you?  Sur. 
To little purpose I think I shall tell you, yet because you may know that every one that hath the name, is not indeed a Surveyor: 
What a Surveyor must be able to do.  for besides the former faculty of measuring and plotting, he must have the understanding of the Latin tongue, and have some sight in the common laws, especially of Tenors and Customs, and must be able to read and understand any ancient deeds or records, French and Latin, and to judge of the values of Land, and many other things, which if time will permit, I will hereafter declare more at large unto you.  Farm. 
Why is there such a precise knowledge required in a Surveyor?  Sur. 
Because they are employed in such businesses as concern greatest persons in their estates: for although men be endowed, by the providence of God and in his ●ounty, with Honours, Manors, Castles, houses, lands, tenements, woods, and other like revenues, which indeed are the sinews and ligaments which conjoin & tie Honour and Hability together, 
Revenues the sinews of honour.  yet if these be not managed, guided, and carefully continued and increased by a discreet & honest Surveyor, fo● and in the name and behalf of his Lord, and the Lord again proportion his expense and charge, according, unto or within the compass of his known Incomes, the Lord may be disabled to maintain that which he hath gotten, the title of Honour: & where Honour is without means, it wanteth the substance, & hath only the shadow of itself to look upon.  Far. 
It behaves not only men of Nobility, but inferior men also to look unto themselves, for the preservation of their estates, but they indeed that have but little may quickly view it: Sufficit exigno strigilatio curta caballo. But he that hath many Honours, Manors, Lordships, Tenements & Farms, can not of himself take view with ease; for indeed they lie for the most part dispersed in many parts, & they must be aided by the skilful & industrious travail of some judicious Surveyor, who finding by his view & examination, the true values & yearly possibilities of his Lords Lands, may be a good mean to retain his Lord within compass of his revenues, 
A discreet Surveyor may be a good mean to manage the Lords revenues.  and to work him to be good to his Tenants, and by that means the Surveyor shall deserve praise, & his Lord win more honour. But I marvel how such great persons did before surveying came up: for this is an upstart art found out of late, both measuring and plotting.  Sur. 
You speak, I think, according to your conceit, but I will prove it far otherwise, that measuring, 
Plotting of land, and measuring, is very ancient.  plotting, and surveying hath been used in ages of old. As for description, it was used in Egypt by Ptolemy the King, who described the whole world. And where the River Nilus in Egypt overflowed the banks (as at this day it doth about harvest) the violence of the inundations were such, as they confounded the marks & bounds of all the grounds that were surrounded, in such sort as none knew his own land: whereupon they devised to measure every man's land, & to plot it: so that afterwards always at the water's recess, every man could find out his own land by the plot.  Far. 
Truly that was a most excellent invention, & I think it indeed a most necessary course to be held in some grounds that I know in England, which are subject to like confusion: many marsh lands near the sea coast in Kent, Sussex, Essex, Suffolk, Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, & other Shires confining the Sea, or subject to great waters, 
Grounds subject to surrounding, fit to be plotted.  & if they were thus plotted out as you say, I must needs confess it were a good work, howsoever these kind of grounds should be hereafter surrounded, increased or diminished by the force of Seas continual rage, whereunto they are daily subject: for by the means, if the ditches, which are the ordinary méeres, meats & bounds between several men's lands, be confounded, this device might after the winning of these surrounded grounds again, truly reconcile them, and allot every man his own▪ which otherwise will be impossible to bring to true appropriations. And this, in my conceit, is not the least part of your profession, to lay out grounds in their true forms, that every several parcel may be distinguished from other: for I know where great strife hath risen by confounding one Manor with another, where the sea hath won & lost ground, & devoured the true bounds▪ of which I am not alone witness, & it is daily seen, the questions do rise by like casualties, where towns, houses, fields, woods, and much land hath been and are daily devoured, and in some places augmented, Rivers by force turned out of their right courses, upon other confining lands; whereof time hath taken such hold, as the truth is now brought in question, to the stirring up of quarrels between parties, which if these places had been formerly laid out in plot, the doubt would be easily answered. In these things I can not but agree with you, that your profession may steed men that have use of your travail in this kind, although no such art hath been, nor is it reported to have had any use in the word of God.  Sur. 
Is there a necessity to produce the use of this, from examples out of the word of God, when these indifferent things are left to the discretion of man for matters of politic and civil society? If every profession should be driven to fetch authority from the use in sacred things, 
Every matter in modern use among men, can not be proved to have had use in holy Scriptures.  many things plentiful amongst us that live in a Commonwealth, would be found profane: but because you seem to urge it, I will not stuck to let you know, that it is not without example in the divine old Testament. If first you will have the proof of measuring, look into the second Chapter of Zachary, and there shall you find, that the Prophet reporteth, that he saw a man with a measuring line in his hand, and he asked him whither he went? and he said unto him, To measure jerusalem, that I may see what is the breadth thereof, and what is the length thereof.  Farm. 
I do remember now that I have read such a thing indeed, but as I take it, this measurer was an Angel of God.  Sur. 
Then is the warrant of measuring so much the more strongly confirmed unto men. But you may perceive that measuring was then in use in other things: for had not there been the use of the measuring line before, how could the Prophet have known it to be for that purpose?  Farm. 
Yes, being a Prophet.  Sur. 
He could not have called a thing by it proper phrase, that had not been in use before, neither could his relation thereof been understood of them to whom he declared it, unless they also had before known the like.  Farm. 
Can you prove the like of Surveying?  Sur. 
joshua commanded the children of Israel, that every Tribe should choose out three men, 
joshua 18. Surveying proved by Scripture.  that he might send them thorough the land of Canaan, to view, survey, and to describe it: for so is the word, Ye shall describe the land into seven parts, and bring them hither to me. And what description could they make, without viewing and surveying the places?  Farm. 
It is true that you say, such a view was taken at that time, that every Tribe might have his portion of inheritance. And surely in these Surveyors was much trust reposed by joshua the chief head of those children of Israel: for according to their report, did joshua divide to every Tribe his portion. This surely was a works of great discretion and judgement in the Surveyors, and great providence in joshua: for indeed he could not travail in all those parts himself, and therefore he did wisely to appoint such as were fit to perform the service, and it makes me remember your former defence of the profession, in travailing for great persons, who can not afford time nor pains to view their own lands themselves. And it is not every man's gift to be able to divide lands into equal, 
Every man can not equally divide Lands into many parts.  or certain unequal parts, that men that are parties therein, may hold them equally trait withal, unless it be such a one as hath skill in dividing and opportionating, which thing comes often in use among men in this 〈…〉.  Sur. 
If you had time and experience to look into, and to understand what hath been done concerning this matter long ago, you should find in the records of the Tower even before the Conquest, matter to satisfy you, that this profession was then in use, and there shall you find the fruits. And since the Conquest, the book called Dove's day, lying in the Exchequer, will confirm you I think sufficiently, that it is not as you say a new invention. Beside, the same art hath been in sum and substance established by act of Parliament, 
3. Edw. 1. Extenta Manerii.  called Extenta Manerii: upon which Statute, that learned judge Master Fitz herbert, hath written a little commodious and compendious Treatise; so that if you stand upon any further authorities, I will leave you to the present general use thereof, which men of best discretion and greatest revenues do hold and continue, and none sp●r●ie against it, but the malicious or ignorant.  Farm. 
I confess, I was lately ignorant of the things which now in part I know, but I was never malicious: as for the records and Statute whereunto you refer me. I believe you without f●rther search, and for my own part I am sorry that over I have so with others backbitten the profession, and slandered the honest professors thereof▪ for I now do well see and plainly understand, that the same i● lawful and expedient, and not any way hurtful unto the Tenants, if the Surveyor be skilful & honest, and his information given by his assistants, which 〈…〉, ●e true, and his help of the Lords 〈…〉 ready: 
The Lords records, and the Tenants informations, are the pillars of a survey.  for these are the two pillars, upon which a Surveyor must of force build his work, information and record, as I take it, although record be always preferred before verbal intelligence, ye▪ if records be never so authentic, and true, of things unknown to him that hath the examination of them, what can be effected or done, but as by a blind man that knows his face is to his way, but how & where to step he is uncertain? and although he desire none to bear him, because his legs are sound, yet he will not refuse to be led by the hand the way he would go. So a Surveyor, in my poor opinion, that hath a bundle, nay a whole trunk full of records of several tenements, and parcels of lā●● whose names he can read, whose butts & bounds he can relate, but yet he sees not the way of himself to go to them, or can say without direction, This is it: and therefore I know, that Tenants must give aid to a Surveyor, or else he will fail in his art much.  Sur. 
You have said well, and it appeareth, your apprehension is good in this business, and in deed the aid of the Tenants is a good help in this case, especially when records are also present: for if record and their information concur, then is the Survey or in the right way. But many times if the Surveyor can not help the Tenants by his records when they are at fault, 
The Survey or by the Lords records may in some things guide the Tenants.  he shall hardly find which way his game goes: for a skilful Survey or carrying his record in his hand, in his perambulation of a Manor, shall after the first entry be able to guide himself, and go from place to place, from field to field▪ even by his own evidence, if they be truly made, and the butts and bounds right, especially at the names continue vnal●●ed, and that the Tenants can 〈◊〉 it as he citeth it, and nothing then ●s required to be altered, but the names of owners, who change often. And for this business, the fittest men to accompany the Survey or abroad, are the most ancient, 
The ancientest Tenants fittest to guide the Surveyor.  and longest inhabitants within the Manor, for the Surveyors instruction, and the youngest, to the end they may also learn to know the like, to give like aid by their experience to posterities.  Farm. 
Me thinks it were a good course (if I be not too saucy) that a Surveyor should after his perambulation made, and the particulars entered, publicly read the same before the Tenants in open Court, to the end that they may approve or reprove what is true or mistaken, for the best may err in setting down of many things.  Sur. 
I like your advice well, and surely he that doth not so, and compare it also with former records, doth not as behoveth. But I know, and have found by trial, that Tenants think it a hard imposition, 
Tenants unwilling to accompany the Surveyor.  once in their life time to attend such a business, they had rather do any work, then to do their Lord service, and themselves this good: for many of them are so wise in their own conceits, as they think them fools that give any assistance unto this work; and some so wilful, that if they knew that they and theirs should be for ever benefited by it, they will stand aloof, and any small occasion of their own will easily withdraw them from it; and some again are so worldly, that they think no day well spent, but that is spent upon their present profit: and lastly, some are so given to their vain delights, as neither love of their Lord, or fear of forfeiture of their tenements, or doing good to their neighbours, or securing their posterity, can get any duty in this behalf to be done by them.  Farm. 
As far as I conceive, the Lord of a Manor may force his Tenants at such a time, to give their attendance, else you may well think, not a few would finds excuses enough to absent themselves.  Sur. 
You say well, and therefore hath the Law provided a punishment for those that will not do their duties in this, 
The law punisheth Tenants that will refuse to aid him in his Survey.  or in any thing that the Lord hath to do within his Manor, for ordering of his Tenants. And because Tenants should not be forgetful of their duties, they were in former times, and may be still, summoned to the Lords Court every three weeks. And the Lords remissness in calling them, hath bred in many places a kind of contempt, whereby groweth their slackness in times of their Lord's service. But the Lord of a Manor hath power to punish them, and they are remediless without submission, if the pain be within the compass that the Court will bear, which is large enough to weary him that is most arrogant.  Farm. 
You have satisfied me in many things whereof I doubted, you have cleared the profession itself of many slanders, and for my part I will henceforth speak more sparingly, and advise such as I hear too forward, to be better advised. And were I persuaded fully, that I myself might be a Surveyor, & yet retain a good conscience, I should wish I were also capable of the same faculty.  Sur. 
And if I were persuaded, that you would give an indifferent care, and afford an impartial censure of what I would deliver unto you, I could be contented to bestow some time, to show you what were fit to be done, to the attaining unto such a measure of knowledge in the same, as might enable you to steed yourself and your friends in that kind of office.  Farm. 
I would think it well, if I could attain but to some part of this faculty, I would leave the rest to better capacities: but my desire is far from it, I may not be 〈◊〉 that the practice is lawful, 
A good mind.  for I would deal with nothing, wherein I might stand fearful that God alloweth it not.  Sur. 
I like you well, I wish him that you seem to fear, to favour all your honest desires, and name, and that his blessing may follow every our good endeavours: for whosoever undertaketh any profession, be it never so lawful or expedient and necessary for Church or Commonwealth, 
No profession without the fear of God can prosper.  and hath not the grace and favour of God to guide him, he may for a time seem to prosper in it, and to flourish and ruffle it out with shows of great blessedness, but it is but like Iozah's Gourd, that grew up in one night very great and fair, but withered the next day.  Farm. 
That I thank God I have learned, and to tell you truly, for my part I had rather live in a mean estate in my calling, free from bribery, extortion, and wrong, serving God, then to get infinite wealth thereby, yea, although not the world, but mine own conscience can reprove me for it: for I see, 
The bravest is accounted most skilful.  such riches continue not many generations, neither hath it a promise of any blessing, although I know, that they that can so rise and flourish, and brave it out, are the men best accounted of; for they are held wise and politic, and to have skill in their profession, whereas others that bear not the mind to deal corruptly, can not keep way with them in show, and thereby are condemned to be ●mp●e fellows, and their honest ca●●age and 〈◊〉 ●●●ate in the world, 
The simply honest, most suspected.  maketh their 〈◊〉 to perform what they undertake suspicious; 〈…〉.  Sur. 
You are in the right way of a good conscience, which is a continual feast, such a feast, and of such sweetness, 
Though the wicked seem not to see their own errors, God seeth them, and will discover them.  as the world can not see or understand the same, but happy is he whose conscience accuseth him not: for howsoever men may seem to set a good face on evil actions, as if he could not accuse himself 〈◊〉 his due examination of his own heart, yet▪ it will come no pass that his conscience will one day bewray it, to his intolerable terror, and he shall be forced to accuse, judge, and condemn himself, without any further witness. And this I tell thee is the end of all such as fear not God, and live not uprightly and justly in their callings: for it is not the calling itself that corrupteth the man, but the man may be corrupted in his calling, and abuse his best profession▪ therefore I say, see that thou find thine inclination apt unto this profession, 
Some are naturally inclined to some profession.  and in thy desire thou tremble not to attempt the same, for some professions are more natural than others to every man, and all mysteries and sciences whatsoever, are attained by some with greater facility and ease then by others; and some by small industry, study, and endeavour shall attain quickly to that perfection in some faculty, wherein another shall never excel, live he never so long, and be he never so studious and painful.  Farm. 
I find mine inclination in conceit, pliable unto this course of life, how it will succeed, must be seen by practice: but that is the least doubt, all my fear is, whether I may do it and yet 〈◊〉 God▪  Sur. 
Know this, that if thou be already of a godly conversation, having the true fear of God sealed up as it were in thine heart, and dost not desire this profession, as Simon the Magician did, for lucre's sake, divine knowledge, thou mayst assure thee, this profession will not hurt thee, although the workman is worthy of his hire: for none will force thy labour for nought: dulci● labour cum lucre. If men did not get by their honest pains, it were mere slavery to undertake any kind of faculty. But to come to the lawfulness of it, 
The manner of the execution, not the matter executed hurteth.  know, that it is the manner of the execution, and not the matter of the profession that woundeth the conscience. Every man is not borne nor bound to one faculty or trade, neither consisteth the common wealth of one member, but of many, and every one a several office, too long to express them all in kind. Is not the eye surveyor for the whole body outward, 
surveyors of the body.  and the heart the searcher within? And hath not every common wealth overseers of like nature, which importeth as much as Surveyors? 
A Manor is a little Commonwealth.  And is not every Manor a little common wealth, whereof the Tenants are the members, the Land the bulk, and the Lord the head? And doth it not follow, that this head should have an overseer or Surveyor of the state and government of the whole body? And follows it of necessity, that the office is unlawful? An unjust officer maketh not the office unjust, no more than a crabbed face impaireth the fair glass wherein it looketh, or a dusky cloud corrupt fair water whereon it lowreth. In case of Survey of Land, against which you have so much inveighed, if you consider it in reason, and make it your own case, you will say perchance, The case is altered. 
Private and mean men survey their small things, even their little Farme●.  You have now peradventure a small Farm, will you be careless and dissolute of the estate thereof? will you not weigh and consider with yourself what Land is fit for Pasture, what for Arable, what for Meadow, and the like? and will you not command your servant to view it daily, that no trespasses be done therein, and to see unto the hedges, ditches, fences, watercourses, gates, and such like? Will you not regard the estate of your cattle, their number, health, and safety? And have you not a continual watch over all your servants and children, and to the preservation of things within and without? If you do thus in one small Farm, what would you do in ten? could you see unto them all yourself? If you had as many Manors, would you sit at home and receive the rents and fines that your Tenants would bring you, without consideration of the estate, or values, quantities or qualities of the things for which you receive their money? And why have you this care, or would you look into these things? Is it not, because it is your living and livelihood, 
If revenues decay, a man's estate decays.  by which you and yours are maintained? And how much the more it is neglected, so much the more it decayeth: and if it decay in quantity, you can not continue equal in quality. And can you therefore think it a hard course in that Lord (that having his Lands which are his livelihood, dispersed in divers parts of the Realm, to which, through greater employments of importance, he can not personally resort, 
Great Statesmen can not survey their own Lands.  if he could, it is neither his experience, nor fit for his calling to travail therein) to authorize and send such as may take view of his revenues, and of the estates of his Tenants, who are by custom and law in many things bound unto him, and that by such his substitute, he may be truly advertised of what he hath, and how his means do arise, that he may proportion his charge and expenses accordingly? 
The charge imposed upon a Surveyor.  and whether he be abused by his Tenants, or his Tenants by his officers, or one Tenant by another, or the Lord wronged by confining Lords, by intruding too far into his Lands, how rents be answered, and customs continued, how freeholders do perform their suits unto his courts, how his tenements are maintained and repaired, how his woods are preserved, his fishings, fowling, and prerogatives maintained? All which, by how much the more they are neglected and let run without view or survey, 
Wherein honourable persons do offend, in neglecting their revenues.  so much the more doth the Lord weaken his estate, and prejudice his heir: wherein, it can not be denied, he offendeth God, deceiveth the King, and defraudeth the Commonwealth. God, in that he is careless of his blessings bestowed upon him. The King, in that he wilfully disableth himself to do him the service he oweth him in body and goods: and the Commonwealth, in that he disableth himself to give it that assistance, that his quality and place ought to afford; and consequently, showeth himself unworthy to oversee matters of State and Commonwealth, that is careless to see v●to his own. Furthermore, where a due and true survey is made and continued, 
True surveys continue peace between Lord and Tenant.  there is peace maintained between the Lord and his Tenants; where, if all things rest between them confused, questions and quarrels arise, to the disturbance o● both. In private families, if there be none to oversee and to manage things domestical, what disorders, what outrage, what uncivil and ungodly courses, and what spoil and ruin of all things do follow? The like of necessity, where Tenants are left unto their own will: and yet, as the unruly company in a family could be contented to be masters of themselves, and to have no controlment. So Tenants can well brook their Lord's absence, and that they might be their own carvers, and that the Lord should have what they would yield of their own accord. I speak not of the honestly minded: but where a multitude is without a guide or governor, there is disorder; and disorder breedeth complaints; and complaints are unsavoury to a kind Landlord, who must be forced for redress, to punish the offenders: and the most offensive will speak most of their wrong, and will soon exclaim against any course that may keep order. So that, to conclude, I affirm, 
The faulty will first find fault.  that it is most requisite and expedient for due order sake, that every Lord of a Manor should cause his Lands to be duly seen, and truly surveyed and certified, 
A Survey must be renewed once in seven or ten years.  and once in seven or ten years to have it reviewed: for the inconveniences that grow by the neglect thereof, are of so many kinds, and they so dangerous, (like the most perilous disease long concealed) that they work contempt in the Tenants, and loss to the Lord. Now, to keep this upright between the Lord and his Tenants, I think you can not deny, but a true and honest Survey is necessary and lawful, and may be performed with a good and safe conscience, and in the fear of God; if (as I have said) the conscience be not before stained with the corrupt desire of unlawful gain, and (as I said before) I think few or none will mislike the course, 
None mislike true surveys, but deceivers.  but such as are fare gone in some disease of deceiving their Lord, which can not endure to have this kind of salve to come near their sore.  Farm. 
Truly Sir, I know not how to answer you, but do consent to that you affirm: For, for mine own part I can not but confess, I can find nothing in mine experience to contradict your speech. But pity it is that Surveyors should be ignorant, or unhonest: for the one especially abuseth the Lord, and the other wrongeth both Lord and Tenants.  Sur. 
But whether is there cause, in your conceit, to approve or reprove the profession, as it is simple in itself? Deliver your mind plainly, leave not a scr●ple in the minds of your neighbours, that have exclaimed with you against them that never offended them, reproving as much as they durst, Lords, for looking into their own land: and unless Lords were dead images or pictures of men, 
Lords that will not look to their own Lands, are as dead images.  having only the name of Lords, and could not at all command their Tenants, that could neither hear, see, nor consider what were fit to be done with their own proper revenues, I can not but wonder, that any should spu●ne against them herein.  Farm. 
I think you speak something too forcibly against Tenants in general: for surely all are not opposite to this course, though some be.  Sur. 
I condemn none, but I reprove some, that of mine own knowledge have given testimony of their inward dislike, by their outward murmors, for what is done with an evil will, 
Evil will is never dutiful.  can not be said to be done at all. Such as come cheerfully to the service, are dutiful, and I hold it impiety to abuse them, but the unwilling deserve little favour.  Farm. 
What should Tenants principally do in such a business?  Sur. 
Nothing but that law, custom, and duty requireth at their hands, to give their best aid to the Surveyor, 
What Tenants should do in the Lords survey.  to travel with him about the circuit, butts, bounds, and limits of the Manor, to inform him of the same, and of every particular man's land, and rend, to show him their copies, leases and deeds, to the end he may enter and enroll them all together in a fair book, for the Lords use, and for a perpetual record for themselves.  Farm. 
For, information, and showing the particular grounds and bounds of the Manor, indeed is fit, but for their evidences, as their copies and leases, the Lord hath the Court-rolls of the one, and counterpanes of the other; and for f●ée holder's deeds, their Land is their own, and whether they may be compelled to show them or not, I can not tell.  Sur. 
These are frivolous doubt● that some have formerly made, but they have been answered to their cost, for the law compelleth them all. For, admit the Lord of the Manor have the rolls wherein the copies are recorded, 
View of Evidences necessary.  may not copies be abused after their entries, or counterfeited in some things prejudicial to the Lord, as may also the Lease, as hath been found oftentimes, names and lives of men, parcels of Lands, dates of years, and such like, ●azed, inserted, or altered? And is it not fit therefore that they be seen & entered together, that without search of so many court rolls the Lord may be satisfied, & the Tenants justified? And what preiudiceth it the Tenant, to have his evidences truly recorded, if he mean plainly, be it copy, lease, or free deed? he will think it a confirmation of his estate▪ 
Entry of deeds convenient for the Tenant.  what casualty soever come to the same, he may be the better assured that such a record will witness with him; whereas if none such appear, his interest will be the more suspicious: and therefore such as are wise and discreet, will not only consent to this good course, but be thankful unto the Surveyor as behoveth. If it be just and right, that the Lord should know his own, who should manifest it, but the Tenant himself▪ and how should he do it, but by his evidence? And most unjust it is in that Tenant, that by any wilful or sinister means or covert practice, doth either detract his fellow Tenants from the service, or concealeth any thing that may further the same.  Farm. 
This I can not deny, although indeed some ●oly fellows will 〈…〉 doubt herein, but I see it is to good purpose, and for our better security, 
The Tenant's duty.  to do all things requisite in this business, and that all the Tenants within the Manor should conjoin in 〈◊〉, and every one for himself, and all for one▪ and one for all, should seek, examine and declare the uttermost truth of everything, towards the exact performance of this service, and that the Surveyor should know the quantities, qualities, and indifferent pain●●● of every man's Tenement and Lands, their rents, services, customs, wor●s, and whatsoever the Tenant is in law or conscience bound to yield or perform to his Lord; and indeed thus 〈◊〉 have I heard given in charge at a Court of Survey, with many other articles, which are now out of my mind●▪ all which may be done by Tenants with a good conscience, both by relation in Courts, and in the perambulation: but the concealing of these can not stand with an honest mind, for these things of themselves can not prejudice the Tenants, but the misconceiving misen●ring by the Surveyor, may be erroneous, and the over-racking, 
What things are evil in a survey.  urging▪ and overburdening the Tenants by the Lord, may be extortious. These things may fall out by means of an unjust and unskilful Surveyor, and a covetous Landlord. And the fear of this maketh the Tenants to extenuate the values, and to smother the truth of things to their soul's danger: therefore happy are those Tenants, that have a gracious Lord, and an honest Surveyor; for then there can not be but an equal and upright course held between them▪ then can not the Tenants but be faithful and loving to their Lords, 
The principal causes of instituting Manors.  and their Lords favourable to them, so should the Tenants be defended by their Lords, and the Lords fortified by his Tenants, which were the two principal causes of the original foundation of Manors as I have heard.  Sur. 
You say rightly, and I am glad to hear you conceive so well of this apparent necessity; for so may I say, that it is of necessity that the Lord should know the full and absolute estate of his Manor, and of every particular thereof: for howsoever of late days Tenants stand in higher conceits of their freedom, then in former times, 
Tenants are now in conceit more free, then in former times.  if they look a little back into antiquity, they shall see that Tenants (for the most part) of every Manor in England, have been more service unto their Lords, and in greater bondage than now they are, whom the favourable hand of time hath much enfranchised, and it can not be altogether every where forgotten, because they may see as in a glass, the picture of their servitude in many ancient custom rolls, 
Ancient bondage.  and in the copies of their own ancestors, and many servile works have been due and done by them, and in many places yet are, though the most are now turned into money: but neither their infranchisements, nor the conversion of works into rents do so far free them, but that they still owe services unto their Lords, in respect of their tenors, as well freeholders as customary Tenants, as both in most of their copies and deeds is expressed by these words, Pro●editu & seruitiis unde prius debit. & de iure consuet. 
Every inferior estate is conditional.  which proveth their tenors in a sort to be conditional: which condition if it be wilfully broken by the obstinate carriage of any such Tenant, he endangereth his estate.  Lord. 
It were hard, if for not doing some small service unto his Lord, a man should forfeit his living.  Sur. 
And it were very foolishness in a Tenant, for wilful refusal thereof, to endanger the ●ame: for if the Lord be in law tied to maintain the right of his Tenant, and to defend him against any other that shall pretend a false title unto his Land, the Tenant is again bound to perform all such services, and to pay all such duties as of right he ought. And it is expedient that the Lord should see these duties continued, and it hath been and is daily observed, that the neglect thereof extinguisheth the remembrance of them, 
The Tenant's service is parcel of the Lords inheritance.  and so the Lord loseth his inheritance: for every service of the Tenant is parcel of the same, and the remissness of looking into these tenors, hath brought it to pass, that infinite within this kingdom, that hold in fee quillets of Land, and some Manors, know not how or of whom they hold; so that hereby Lords of Manors, of whom these quillets were heretofore known to hold, 
Discontinuance of service hurtful to the Lord.  have lost their tenors and services, and such as hold the Land by unknown tenors, are cast into the danger, to hold to their, and their posterities further hurt.  Farm. 
If Tenants will be wilfully obstinate, and refuse to do and continue their uttermost services unto their Lords, as bound by their tenors, being (as you say) parcel of the Lords inheritance, they are worthy to be attached of disobedience, and to pay for their contempts: and if Lords will be so negligent, as they will not look unto their own, they are worthy to lose their right: and therefore I hold it discretion in the one to do his duty, and providence in the other to continue what is due; and if by age or impotency the Tenant be disabled in person to perform his service, 
Service of the Tenant.  to crave dispensation, or to do it by another; and if the Lord be far off and can not be present, to substitute one to receive it for him. But Sir, in all your discourse, I have observed, you have pleaded (as it were) for the Lord, against the Tenants, exacting sundry duties from them to their Lords, but I have not heard you speak much against the Lords in favour of the Tenants, and yet I know there is a kind of reciprocal bond of duty each to the other, and may be broken of either side.  Sur. 
It is very true, for as children are bound to their parents by the bond of obedience, so are the parents bound to the children by the bond of education: and as servants are bound to their masters in the bond of true service, so are the masters bound to their servants in the bond of reward. In like manner, Tenants being bound unto their Lords in the bond of duty, 
Lords and Tenants are bound each to other.  so are Lords bound unto their Tenants in the bond of love: and though I have said little at this time of the duty of Lords to their Tenants, the occasion hath not been offered at this time.  Farm. 
I trust you have said enough concerning the duty of Tenants, for they can but pay rend, and do service, more can not be exacted.  Sur. 
Yet rend and services are divers and diversly answered and done, which I could be content to show you more at large, but that yonder comes a Gentleman that will interrupt us: know you what he is?  Far. 
I will tell you by and by as he comes near. Oh Sir, it is my Landlord, a man of great possessions, Lord of many Manors, and owner of divers Farms, who hath been inquisitive for a man of your profession, but to tell you truly▪ I altogether dissuaded him before this time: but now having heard your reasons, I will solicit him for your employment, and I would wish you might undertake first the Manor wherein I dwell.  Sur. 
At his disposition and pleasure be it: and so for this time I leave you.  
The end of the first Book.   

The Surveyors Dialogue, between the Lord of a Manor, and a Surveyor: wherein is entreated of the state of a Manor, of the parts and profits thereunto belonging: and how the Lord of a Manor ought to deal with his Tenants.  
The second Book.  Lord. 
FRiend, of late I met with a Tenant of mine, who told me you are a Surveyor of Land.  Surveyor. 
I have been, and am sometimes employed in that kind of service.  Lord. 
I have at this time some occasion to use the aid of one of your faculty: and I have heard by my Tenant, that your skill and diligence may satisfy my desire therein.  Surveyor. 
I shall do mine endeavour wherein you please to command me.  Lord. 
There be many, I know, that bea●e the name of Surveyors, but when they are put to it, they come far short of some principal points required in the absolute performance of the work, 
All that profess it, are not Surveyors.  and either leave it half done, or so shuffle it up, as the Lord is abused, and the Tenants wronged, by the blind and uncertain returns of the Surveyors travails: for a Lord of a Manor knoweth not, but by such as he useth therein, the estate of things, and how the particulars stand between the Lord and his Tenants. If the Lord of the Manor have never so good a mind to deal well with his Tenants, and the Tenants be never so inclinable to do true duty to their Lord, 
Ignorance in Surveyors, dangerous.  they may be both misled by an unskilful Surveyor, to the unjust condemnation or suspicion of both. And therefore I think it behoveth men of worth, that have use of such as you are, to be well assured of the skill and ability which you pretend to have in your profession; and because I have no further experience of you then the bare report of my Tenant, I must entreat you to discourse unto me a little of your knowledge of such particulars, as are to be considered in the absolute survey of a Manor.  Surveyor. 
Sir, you seem to oppose me far, and the thing you demand, will require a longer time, and a larger discourse, then either my leisure, or peradventure my present memory of every particular will readily permit. And it may be, that you that pretend little knowledge in the art, may apprehend both the truth of the thing, 
Some not having the name of Surveyors, may have the skill.  and an error committed in the performance, as well as he that assumeth the title of a Surveyor, although neither your leisure nor your quality may in reason permit you the travail in it: for I know many Gentlemen of good worth, that have the speculative parts of the whole, and the practic of the deepest, and yet they will not be seen to tread that path that a Surveyor is forced to do, in the whole business. You have the matter and subject whereon a Surveyor worketh, and without which a Surveyor loseth both art and name, and therefore you cannot be altogether ignorant of the things required in the business, as the Master of a feast can not dress the dainties, but the Cook, yet can the Master reprove the Cook if he do not his duty therein.  Lord. 
Thou sayst true in thy comparison: but for my part, although 〈◊〉 I have Land, and I know how many Manors I have, their names, and where they lie, and the most of my Tenants, and their rents, and if you should err in these, it may be I might be able to reprove you, yet for matters of farther search, I assume not to be skilful, fo● than I needed not your service, as of quantities, qualities, values, validities of estates, tenors, customs, and other things incident to a Manor, which are not in all Manors alike, the true discovery whereof belongeth to the Surveyors office, yet none but such as are truly skilful, can sufficiently discharge the duty herein required: and therefore by your leave, you shall briefly (I will not be tedious) relate unto me what you can say of the definition of a Manor, whereof it consisteth, how, when, and by whom it was erected, with other such things as shall be expedient for the Lord of a Manor to know the particulars whereof I will leave to your relation, and first tell me What a Manor is.  Survey. 
Sith you will needs dive into my poor skill, by your opposal, and sith indeed I do in some measure profess the art, wherein I think no man is or hath been so exquisite, 
A man may err in whatsoever art.  but he might err in some point or part much or little, as in other arts, yet to answer your demands, I will as briefly as I can, satisfy your desire. And first, where you demand what a Manor is, A Manor in substance is of Lands, 
What a Manor is. Perk. fo. 127  Wood, Meadow, Pasture, and Arable: It is compounded of demesnes and services of long continuance. As touching the beginning of a Manor, and the institution thereof, the beginning of Manors was, 
The beginning of Manors.  when the King gave Lands unto his followers, in such quantity, as did exceed the proportion of a man's manurance and occupation, as a thousand, two thousand Acres more or less: which quantity of Land being at that time as it were in a lump or Chaos, without any distinction of parts, or qualities of Land, he to whom such Land was given to hold to him and his heirs for ever, enfeoffed some others in parts thereof, as one in ten, another in twenty, and some in more, some in less Acres, and inconsideration of such feoffments, every of these were to do the feoffer some kind of service, as he and they agreed upon, reserving such a part unto himself, as he might conveniently occupy in his own hands, and by this means the Land thus given by the King, and thus proportioned out to others by the Donee, became to be called a Manor. And he that was thus invested in this Land by the King, was in respect of such as he enfeoffed, called the Lord, 
Lords and Tenants why so called.  and such as were enfeoffed, were called Tenants: Lord, in respect of government and command; and Tenants, in respect of their tenors, and manner of holding under the Lord whom they were to obey.  Lord. 
But when or about what time was this erection of Manors?  Sur. 
As I take it, and as it seemeth, in the time of the Normans: 
When Manors began.  for among the Saxons was no such name as the name Manor, yet the thing even in substance was then, for they had Demeisnes, and services in substance, 
Inlandt. Vtlandt.  but the demeisnes they called Inlands, and the services Vtlands, so that it differeth only in name, but in jurisdiction little or nothing at all.  Lord. 
Whereof is it called a Manor?  Sur. 
There is some difference of opinions whence the wo●d Manor should be derived: it is in Latin called Manerium, 
Whence a Manor taketh name.  yet a word not used among the Romans or ancient Latins, & therefore to find the etimon by it, cannot be: for the word is used among our Lawyers, as many other made words are, which have been terms raised by our Laws, & are not elsewhere in use; and therefore the nearest way to find the signification of the word, is by the quality of the thing; so that some hold, it should proceed of the Latin verb, Maner●, which signifieth to abide, or remain in a place, as the Lord and his Tenants did in this, whereof the head house, or the Lord's seat was called berry, 
Berrye. quid.  which signifieth in the Saxon tongue, a dwelling place, which continueth yet still in Hartfordshire, and in divers other places, and is also taken sometimes pro castro, which was also the seat of the Lord of some Manors. Manor houses were also, and yet are called in some places, 
Halls. Courts.  Halls, as in Essex, and Northward: Courts and Court-houses Westward, as in Somerset, Devon, etc. as also Manor places all which are places of the Lords own abode, and therefore it may not unfitly be said, to take name of abiding or dwelling. Some think, and not improperly, that it taketh name of the French word Manemirer, which signifieth to till and manure the ground. And of the two, I take this latter to be the most proper derivation of the word Manor: for thereof are many chief houses of tillage, called Predia, 
Predi●.  granges. It may also take name of Mainer, to govern and guide, because the Lord of the Manor had the managing and direction of all his Tenants within the limits of his jurisdiction. Of these derivations qualem mavis accipe▪ necessity ties to neither.  Lord. 
These significations of the word may stand all with sense, and much material it is not whence the word ariseth, but the likeliest is indeed that which most agreeth with the property of the thing. But I have within my Manors sundry messages: whence is the name derived?  Sur. 
Of meisus, or mesuager, which is as much to say, as familiam administrare, 
Mesuage, whence it taketh name.  to govern a household: for every of the Tenants had his family, and of divers of them and of the Lords family did a Manor consist.  Lord. 
Then no doubt, if a man have a thousand Acres of Land more or less, to him and his heirs, which lieth in one entire piece not yet divided, may be divided into parts, as a portion for the Lord himself, and some parcels to erect such messages for Tenants to do him service, as he may make a Manor where none was before.  Sur. 
No Sir, for although a man have a competent quantity of Land in his manurance, and would convert it to the end you speak of, were it never so great, and could establish many messages, 
A Manor may not be made at this day.  and could erect whatsoever services, this would not become a Manor, because all these must have long continuance, which can not at this day be confirmed by any private man, but by the King only: but he may have thereby a kind of signory, a Lordship or government in gross over his Tenants by contract or covenant, but no Manor. No man at this day can create a service or a tenure, or by any means raise or erect a Manor: for there must be very Lord and very Tenant in feesimple, and that of ancient commencement and continuance, or else it can enure no Manor. For a man may have demeisns to occupy, and Tenants to do him services, and that of continuance, and yet no Manor. As if a man that had Land, did give part of this Land in former time to some others in tail to do him services, here are demeisnes in the donor, and services in the donees▪ and a tenure: yet because there be not very Tenants in fee simple, remaketh no Manor.  Lord. 
Whether are all Lands holden of a Manor, parcel of the same Manor?  S●r. 
No, Lands may be holden of a Manor by certain services, the service may be parcel of the Marnor, and yet the Lands not.  Lord. 
But may not this Land be made parcel of the Manor at this day?  S●r. 
By no other means but by escheat, for if the Land fall unto the Lord by escheat, than it comes parcel of the Manor: for than is the service extinguished, and the Land cometh in place of it.  Lord. 
May not a man purchase Land that lieth near his Manor, and annex the same, and make it parcel of the Manor, though it held not of the Manor before?  Sur. 
Foreign Land newly purchased, though it lie within the precinct and bounds of the Manor, can not be annexed, though the Tenant thereof be willing to do his services there: for this is in nature of a new creation of a tenure, which at this day the law will not admit, only the King by his prerogative may.  Lord. 
What if it were tied unto the Lord of a Manor for the payment of an annuity, is not the annuity than parcel of the Manor? And if that Land be purchased by the Lord, and thereby extinguish the annuity, doth not that Land come in place of the annuity, and so become parcel of the Manor, as the Land you spoke of before, which by the escheat ran in place of the service▪  Sur. 
The case is not alike: for the annuity was not parcel of the Manor, 
22. Edw. 4.44.  neither can it be by such means as you propound by the way of Mortgage. But in another sort it may: as if a Manor be to be divided into sundry parts, 
22. lib. ass. 53.  and because the parts fall out unequal in value, there must a rent or annuity be apportioned to make up the value, which rent becomes parcel of the Manor.  Lord. 
If the Manor be divided, as you say, and a rend allotted to one part, how can the rent be parcel of the Manor, forasmuch as in my understanding, the Manor becometh by this partition, to be no Manor: for if there can be no addition to a Manor, there can be no division of a Manor, and yet the Manor to continue still a Manor.  Sur. 
Yes Sir, of one Manor may be made divers at this day.  Lord. 
How I pray you?  Sur. 
If a Manor descend to divers partners, 
26. H. 8.4.  and they make partition, and every one hath demeisnes and services, every one hath a Manor, and every one may keep a Court Baron.  Lord. 
What if a man make a feoffment upon conditions of parcel of his Manor, or do grant a Lease to another for life of part, or do entail part, are not these parts still parcels of the Manor?  Sur. 
If parcels of a Manor be once thus severed, they immediately become no parcels thereof: yet may they all revert and become parcels of the Manor again, as if the condition of the feoffment be broken, if the Tenant for life die, or the limitation of the entail discontinue for want of heirs.  Lord. 
Then a man may say, that though such Land be not, yet the reversions are parcels of the Manors.  Sur. 
So it is intended.  Lord. 
Well, you have reasonably well satisfied me in these points, yet would I gladly have some further satisfaction of some other matters, touching the state and profits of a Manor.  Sur. 
I would be willing to do my best to content you, but you partly hinder me of other business. What else would you know? I wish brevity.  Lord. 
It shall be so, neither shall you lose your labour: for I mean to use you, if my future satisfaction be answerable to this former. May every Manor keep a Court Baron▪  Sur. 
Every Manor in the beginning, no doubt, might keep a Court Baron, 
Every Manor may keep a Court Baron.  and so it may at this day, unless the Manor be so dismembered, as it wanteth that which may warrant the keeping thereof: for if all the freeholders of a Manor do escheat, or all but one, the Manor is then disabled to keep a Court Baron, for the Court cannot be kept without suitors, which are the freeholders. 
35. H. 8.   Lord. 
Then me thinks, the Manor loseth the name of a Manor: 
A Manor may lose the property, and so the name. Fitzh. 3. C. A signory.  for if it lose the quality, it is not the thing, no more than a log that had fire, can be said a fire-logge, when the fire is extinct.  Sur. 
It is true, it becomes no Manor, but a Seignory, having no power to keep a Court-Baron.  Lord. 
An ignorant Surveyor, I see, may be easily deceived, in terming that which is no Manor, a Manor, and that no Manor, which indeed is a Manor. But satisfy me in this one thing. A man having two Manors lying together, and the one of them is decayed, and hath lost his power to keep a Court Baron, and the Lord is willing to have the Tenants of both these Manors to do their suits and services to one Court, namely, to that which standeth yet in force, and that me thinks were good for the Tenants to ease them, and it would preserve the Lords right without prejudice to any▪ for then one homage would serve both, and both serve as one, one Bayly, and other officers, as if it were an future Manor.  Sur. 
Yet this can not be, for this union of the Manors can not extinguish their several distinctions, for they will be still two in nature, howsoever the Lord covet to make them one in name, and the more powerful Manor hath no warrant to call the Tenants of the decayed signory, but every act done in one to punish an offendor, in the other is traversable, and therefore it is but lost labour to practise any such union; if it be considered by such as are forced to service in this kind, they may refuse it: yet if they will voluntarily submit themselves to such a novation, and the same be continued without contradiction, 
How two distinct Manors may be made one.  time may make this union perfect, and of two distinct Manors in nature, make one in name & use, and I do not think but such there are.  Lord. 
Then is there, as it seemeth, no mean to anear two Manors in one, howsoever necessary it were both for the Lord and Tenants.  Sur. 
Yes Sir, two Manors may become as one, if one Manor do hold of another, and it escheat to the Lord, the escheated Manor may be annexed, and united, and of two distinct Manors become one, if the Lord will, in use.  Lord. 
I am answered in this point, and it standeth with more reason indeed then the former: now I pray you tell me what things do properly belong to a Manor.  Sur. 
There do belong to a Manor, Lands, Tenements, rents, and services, as I showed you before in part, which are a parcel in demeisne, and parcel in service.  Lord. 
But speak, I pray you, something more at large of every of these, and first tell me what demeisnes are.  Sur. 
Demeisnes are all such Lands, as have been time out of the memory of man, used and occupied in the Lords own hands and manurance, as the site of the Manor house, Meadows, Pastures, Woods, and arable land, that were reserved for the maintenance of the Lords house from the beginning.  Lord. 
This then is that you call parcel in demeisne: what is that you call parcel in service?  Sur. 

parcel in service.  All those lands, tenements, and hereditaments, which yield rents of Assize, as rents of freehold, copyhold, or customary land: all which are parcel of the Manor, yet no demeisnes.  Lord. 
But are not all customary land copyhold land? 
Copy and customary Land, and their difference.  why then make you a distinction between copy and customary?  Sur. 
All copy hold Land is commonly customary, but all customary is not copyhold: for in some places of this Realm, Tenants have no copies at all of their Lands or Tenements, or any thing to show for that they hold, but there is an entry made in the Count-book, and that is their evidence, and this especially of the ancient Duchy land of Cornwall, and other places.  Lord. 
These Tenants than may be called Tenants by Court-roll, according to the custom of the Manor, but not Tenants by copy of Court-roll.  Sur. 
It is true, but they are held only a kind of conventionary Tenants, whom the custom of the Manor doth only call to do their services at the Court, 
Conuentionary Tenants.  as other customary Tenants do.  Lord. 
The word convenire, where of they be called conventionary, doth, as I conceive, import as much as to call together, or convent: but what say you to the Rents of Assize? What mean you by Assize?  Sur. 
Truly, for my part I take it to signify, set in certainty: 
Rents of Assize, why so called.  for these kind of rents are as in the beginning, neither risen nor fallen, but do continue always one and the same, and only they and none else can be properly called rents of Assize.  Lord. 
I think you take it rightly: and are all rents of one kind?  Sur. 
No: there are properly three kinds, as rend service, Rent seck, and Rend charge. 
3. kinds of Rents.   Lord. 
These terms are strange to me, though I be Lord of many Manors, and no doubt, I receive rents of every of these kinds, but how to distinguish them, I can not tell. And whether I have been abused by mine Officers or no, I know not: for they never told me of these many kinds of rents, and therefore let me entreat you, for my satisfaction, a little to explain their several natures?  Sur. 
These Several rents are paid upon several considerations, 
How every kind of rent is to be paid.  and have several grounds and commencementes, and are diversly to be levied and recovered if they be denied. That which is called Rend service, is so called, because it is knit to the tenure, and is as it were a Service, whereby a man holdeth his Lands, or Tenements. As, where the Tenant holdeth his Lands, by Fealty and certain rent, or by Homage, fealty, and certain rent, or by any other service and certain rent, the rent is called Rend service: for, as the Service followeth a Tenure, so the Rent followeth the service. And if this rent be behind, the Lord of Common right may enter and distrain for it. The Rend charge is so called, because when a man granteth any Land, whether it be in feesimple, ●ee tail, for life, for years, or at will, and in his deed reserveth a rent, with clause of distress for non payment, by virtue of this clause, the Land is charged with payment of the rent, by express words, and by force of it the Lord may distrain for his rent behind.  Lord. 
This kind of rent is at this day, I think, most common: for few will grant Land, 
Rend charge most common at this day.  but they will make such provision, that the Land shall stand charged with the rent.  Sur. 
It is true, for at this day, there can be no rent service raised, because it cannot be without a tenure, which can not be at this day created.  Lord. 
What is that you call Rent seek?  Sur. 
It is a bare rent reserved upon a grant, wherein there is no mention made of charging the Land by distress, 
Rend seek.  and it signifieth redditum siccum, a dry rent, for the recovery whereof the Land is not charged.  Lord. 
Few such rents are now adays, for a man had need to make all the provision he can to secure his rent, and yet he may be driven to try his uttermost means to recover it. But you have satisfied me also touching these rents: now let me entreat you to show something of o●●er things incident unto a Manor, by which the Lord receiveth profit or prerogative.  Sur. 
Profits may rise by infinite means and ways out of a Manor to the Lord, 
Profits of Manors are infinite, and in all Manors different.  but all Manors yield not profits or commodities alike neither in nature, or value.  Lord. 
I think indeed all Manors are not alike profitable to the Lord, neither hath every Manor like means, yet I desire to know for my experience sake▪ what may grow out of a Manor, that I may the better look into the natures & qualities of such as are under my power and command.  Sur. 
If you have a Manor or Manors, there is (as I said before) a Court Baron at the least, incident thereunto, and to some a Lee●e, or Law-day, which is called the view of frank pledge, 
Profits of Court.  by which Courts do grow many, and divers perquisites and casualties, as fines of land, Amerceaments, heriots, rehefes, wayves, estrays, forfeitures, escheats, profits growing by pleas in Court, and such like.  Lord. 
You may do well to show me, though briefly, what every of these former things do properly import, for to tell me the names, and not the natures of the things, is, as if I should know there is a Sun, but whether he give light and heat, to be ignorant. Therefore before you pass further in any discourse, show me how fines of Land do arise unto the Lord, and what amerceaments are, and the rest.  Sur. 
Fines of Land are of sundry kinds, 
Fines of land.  and yet properly and most especially they arise of copyhold, or customary Lands and Tenements, which are in divers Manors of divers kinds: for there are customary Lands, which are called copyhold of inheritance, and they are such as a man holdeth to him and his heirs, according to the custom of the Manor, at the will of the Lord. When such a Tenant dieth, and the heir cometh to be admitted (if the custom of the Manor bear a fine certain) he giveth but the accustomed fine: If it be uncertain and arbitrable, he agreeth and compoundeth with the Lord, or Surveyor, or Steward, for the fine. Some hold Customary Land for lives, as for one, two, or three lives, whereof the fine is always at the Lords will, as is also the fine for years. There are also fines for licences of Surrenders of Customary Land, and for alienation also of freehold Land, and these are called Fines, which signifieth as much as a final composition: 
Fine why so called.  and when the fine which is the end of the contract is answered, all but the yearly rent during the term agreed upon is paid. These and such like sums of money raised a● a Court●ar●●, are parcel of the pe●quisites of the Court, as are all amerceaments, which are sums of money imposed upon the Tenants by the Steward, Surveyor by oath and presentment of the homage, for default of doing suit, or for other misdemeanours punishable by the same Court, infinite in number and quality.  Lord. 
Whence taketh the word Amerceament name?  Sur. 
Of being in the Lord's mercy, to be punished more or less, 
Amercements.  crumenally at the Lord's pleasure and will. It is no doubt, a borrowed word, as many other words used in our common laws are: for he that is amerced, is said to be in misericordia, that is, in the mercy of some body.  Lord. 
These words may be understood by use, and by the manner of the use of things: but he that should seek the etimon, among the Latins, of the substantine Amerc●●mentum, and the adjective Amerciatus, might seek long, & be never the near. But I perceive, we must take it as our ●athers first framed it and left it, I understand what it meaneth in our common sense, and that sufficeth.  Sur. 
Other words, not a few, in like sort to be understood, we find in use amongst us, which doubtless the Romans never knew: and yet they that have to do with the things wherein they are used, understand the meaning, although their derivations be strange, as amongst others it is questionable, whence the name of a heriot may be derived.  Lord. 

Heriots.  That would I be glad to learne● for I have to do sometimes with Herio●s▪ But because I know not why they are so called, what they be, how, where, when, by whom, & for what they should be answered, I do fear I am sometimes abused.  Sur. 
I may tell you as I have heard, and of myself conjectured, whence the word cometh. But I have no certain authority for it. I● may be● said, and most likely it is, that it should come of the word H●rus, 
Heriots whence so called.  a Lord and Master: and Heriot●● belonging to the Lord. And it was in the beginning a thing for the wars, as the best Horse a man that died had at the time of his death. Six Controls 11/26 maketh a Barony. 25600. acres, whose relief is 100 Marks. 
Mag. Cart. Ca 3. An Earldom.  One Barony ½ make an Earldom 38400 acres, whose relief is 100 pound.  Lord. 
Do these proportions of Land always hold, with their titles of honour?  Sur. 
Surely no▪ for we may observe, they are increased, and diminished, as men are in disposition to spend, or save, to add to, or to dismember their patrimonies. But these were the proportions at the first institution of these particular allotments, and the denominations do hold, though the quantities of the Land be more or less: the lesser parts we see, as yard lands, plowlands, etc. differ, as the custom of every Country drawn by time, doth at this day hold and allow: but that is no prejudice to the first purpose, which allotted a certainty to every part, and a certain relief to be paid, according to the first institution of every part, and the payment followeth the title, not the quantity.  Lord. 
You have said enough of reliefs: now speak of the rest: and as I remember, the next after reliefs was veins, what are they?  Sur. 
Wanes, or waned goods, are goods or chattels of what nature soever, stolen, 
Wanes, or waned goods.  & in the fugacie of the thief, he le●ues them behind him for want of convenient carriage, or conveyance, being pursued; and wheresoever such goods are, they are the Lords of that Manor o● liberty wherein they are found, if the prerogative of the Manor will bear it: for every Manor will not, but such as have it by grant from the King.  Lord. 
Whence cometh the word Waiffe?  Sur. 
The goods thus stolen and left behind the thief, are called in Latin Bona, or catalla waniata: 
Waife, whence derived.  a word, which our common Lawyers only use, and the signification is gathered by the use: for I think, none that is a stranger to the 〈…〉, he be never so well seen 〈◊〉▪ can say this word signifies the thing for which it is now ●●ken.  Lord. 
Well then, as long as we understand the meaning, by the use it sufficeth, without further examination, or disputation about the word itself. But how is it to be 〈…〉 goods? for it may be as 〈◊〉 casually l●st, as 〈◊〉 stolen.  Sur. 
Therefore when any such thing is found within a Manor, 
How to prove waned goods.  the Bailiff, or other the Lords officer, seizeth it to the Lords use, as a thing wherein at the instant no man claimeth property. And if it be nor evident by the pursuit of the thief, that it was stolen, it is proclaimed and presented the next Court, and found by the jury of what nature it is, and that the property is in the Lord: and because these and estrays are spoken of at large at every Court-Baron by the Steward, no man can pretend ignorance of them, therefore I will omit to speak any more of them. 
Forfeitures.  But, a little of forfeitures, though no doubt, you being Lord of many Manor, know right well what they are, and how they grow, and the 〈…〉 no doubt, could wish you and other Lords knew less than generally you do.  Lord. 
Tush, if there were no penalties, men would commit offences without fear, and if there were no forfeitures for abuses done against Lords of Manors, 
Forfeitures fit to curb offenders.  Tenants would too boldly make waste●● spoils of the Lords inheritance, without regard of law, love, or humanity: and therefore let me hear your opinion what forfeitures are, and for what causes, Lords of careless Tenants may take advantage of forfeitures.  Sur. 
I know many Lords too forward, in taking advantage of forfeitures upon small occasions, and if manifest cause be given them, they show little compassion: And if I knew you were a man desirous to take advantage in this kind, I would be● sparing to discover any thing tending to that liberty: for, I well conceive, that the law did not to much provide, to enrich the Lords of Manors, by their Tenants forfeitures, as to keep Tenants in good order, 
The chief end of forfeitures.  and to restrain them (with fear of losing their Tenements) from rash and wilful abuses. And therefore in all forfeitures, there are divers circumstances to be considered; as whether the Tenant did it ignorantly, negligently, or as constrained through necessity. In these cases, whatsoever law in extreme justice alloweth, a good conscience forbiddeth to take advantage, though the second be worthy to suffer some smart: for negligence cannot be excused: for nature itself teacheth beasts, & they in their manner of living, use a kind of providence. But if the forfeiture be committed wilfully or maliciously, it deserveth in the first, little, & in the second less pity. Yet where a good mind is, there lodgeth no revenge, or covetous desire. And where neither of these are, there all extremities die. Yet I wish, that in these last two cases, the offenders should be punished more in terrorem, for example's sake, then to satisfy the greedy desire of a covetous Landlord, who (though he may say, he doth no more than the law warranteth) doth yet strain a point of Christian charity, 
A good mean to make Landlords sparing to take forfeitures.  by which men are bound to measure all men's cases by a true consideration of their own. So shall he that is Lord of much, and of many Manors, looking into the law of the great Lord, of whom he hath received, & 〈◊〉 whatsoever he hath, find, 〈◊〉 himself hath committed a forfeiture of all, if his high Lord should take advantage of all the trespasses 〈◊〉 wrongs he hath done against him.  Lord. 
You are out of the matter, whereof our talk● consisted, I desire you not to tell 〈…〉 I may take a forfeiture by a good conscience▪ but what a forfeiture is? and 〈◊〉 the taking and lea●ing the advantage, unto such as have the power to punish or forgive.  Sur. 
So must I when I have spoken all I can. But I hold it not the part of an honest mind in a Surveyor, 
The part of a good Surveyor.  to be an instigator of the Lords extremities towards his Tenants: though I confess he ought to do his uttermost endeavour to advance the Lords benefit in all things fit and expedient, yet ought his counsel and advice to tend no further, then may maintain obedience in the Tenants towards their Lords, and love and favour of the Lords towards their Tenants, which being on all side● unfeigned, neither of them shall have just cause to complain of, or to use r●go● to the other, for it is not the actor himself of any extremity, that is only to be reproved, but the abetter there unto: and if I wist that any Lord, who shall ●●quire the use of my poor trauaile●, would expect more at my hands, than the performance of my duty with a good conscience, I had rather leave then take the reward for such a travail. Neither do I find that you, howsoever you reason of this point, will commit any act towards any Tenants you have, that may not be justified by the law of love: therefore I leave further to persuade or dissuade you herein. 
Forfaytures' divers in divers Manors.  And as touching the matter and manner of forfeitures, I pray you understand, that they be of divers kinds, and divers ways committed for in some Manors it is lawful to do that, as ●ath in others incurs a forfeiture. Forfeitures grow either by br●●ch of a custom, as in Customary or copy hold Land, or of a condition or promise in a Lease or grant, of which last, the Tenant can not say he did not think it was so, because the meaning is expressed in his deed: but of 〈…〉 in some sort ignorant 〈…〉 them to lead them. 
A customero● necessary  But for the most part causes of forfeitures are apparent, and known of all within a manner; as none payment of their rent, not doing his service▪ 〈…〉 where custom inhibits it, 
Causes of forfeitures.  letting his 〈…〉 to f●ll 〈…〉 the Lords 〈…〉 waste, and such like, which as I said before▪ are not alike in all places, and therefore it is most convenient that the customs of every Manor were known, and the Tenants made acquainted with them, that when question groweth for any cause of forfeiture, they may not say they knew it not: for Lords commonly know better how to take advantages of such casualties, than the Tenants know how to avoid them.  Lord. 
You speak that is reason, I confess. But may a Lord enter immediately upon a forfeiture?  Sur. 
The forfeiture must be first presented to the homage at the next Court holden for the Manor, 
How and when a Lord may enter after a forfeiture.  and there found, & recorded, & then hath the Lord power to show justice or mercy. It were inconvenient, that the Lord should be judge in his own cause; and ●his present carver of things doubtful. And therefore hath the Law ordained, in all controversies, even in these inferior courts, a just manner of trial by jury.  Lord. 
May none, but Copyhold Tenants, forfeit their land?  Sur. 
I showed you before, that Tenants by deed indented for life or years, may forfeit their estates, but that is by covenant or condition expressed in the deed, according to the prescript agreement made, and interchangeably confirmed between the Lord and his Tenant.  Lord. 
What is an Escheat for▪ as I remember, that followeth in your formerly r●cite● perquisites of Court.  Sur. 

What escheats are.  Eschete is, where a freeholder of a Manor committeth felony, the Lord▪ of whom his Land is holden, shall have his Land, and that kind of forfeiture is called escheat.  Lord. 
The Lord may then enter immediately into this Land, because the law having tried the felony, it casteth the Land upon the Lord●  Sur. 
The King hath it for a year and a day, and then cometh it unto the Lord, and his heirs for ever.  Lord. 
Is this all the causes of escheats?  Sur. 

Escheat for want of heriots.  Escheat may also be, where a Freeholder, Tenant in ancient demeisne, and a customary Tenant of inheritance, dieth without heir general or special, & none of the blood coming to claim the same, it falleth unto the Lord, by way of escheat.  Lord. 
This then is immediately the Lords, and the King hath no part, or time therein, and without any further ceremony, he may enter & dispose of that his pleasure.  Sur. 

How escheats are found.  It must be also first sound, and presented by the homage of the Manor whereof it is holden: and after proclamation made to give notice unto the world, that if any can come and justly claim it, he shallbe received, the homage then finding it clear, doth entitle the Lord thereof, as a thing escheated for want of an heir.  Lord. 
You speak of an heir general or special, what difference is there▪  Sur. 
The heir general, is of the body of the deceased, and the special, of his blood or kin.  Lord. 
So have you satisfied me thus far: now what say you to the pleas of Court? for I remember, it is part of that you before spoke of▪  Sur. 
It is true: they are parcel of the Perquisites of Court. 
Perquisites of Courts.   Lord. 
Whereof cometh the word Perquisites?  Sur. 
Of the word Perquire▪ (as I take it) which signifieth to search for: or to inquire diligently, as also to get or obtain.  Lor. 
It may well be so: for these things before rehearsed under the name of Perquisites, are all casual, and not at all times alike: and therefore may be called Perquisita, things gotten by diligent enqui●●e. And to that end, so many things are given by the Steward to the jury of a Court Baron, & Lee●e in charge, 
Perquisites, why so called.  that they should diligently inquire of them, find them, and present them: and yet scarcely one of forty, of the several things, wherewith they are charged, are found by the jury. And some things happen at one Court, that happen not again in twenty Courts after: and therefore are also called Casualties, as happening now and then, as I conceive it, having little experience in them.  Sur. 
Yes: it seems you have the better part of experience, namely, coming in of the profit of the things: where some know the same, but they know them as appertaining to others, not to themselves. But of this nature are the profits that arise by Plea● of Court, which because they are divers, and do diversly arise, there need● no long relation of them.  Lor. 
Are there no other Perquisites of Court, but such as you have already remembered, nor other 〈…〉 Manor▪  Sur. 
There be many other profits that may grow also unto a Lord of a Manor: yet they not certain, nor in all Manors alike.  Lord. 
Then are they also casual▪ and may ●e called also Perquisites of Courts, 〈…〉  Sur. 

Perquisites, but not perquisites of Court.  Casual: But no● perquisites of Court, yet fo●●e of them may be called perquis●● in some sense, because they be gotten by search and iniquity, as those that are hidden in the earth: as Treasures, which, as long as they lie unknown, benefit not the Lord: but when they are found, they are called Treasure trove, as Silver, Gold, Plate, jewels, and such like, 
Treasure trove.  before time hidden, which appertain unto the Lord. So do minerals of Lead, Ti●●e, Copper, and such like: And quarries of stone, Freestone, S●a●e-stones, Marking-stones, and all such: which may long lie undiscovered▪ As may also Col●, Lime, Chalk, and such: for which search being made, are haply found: yet because the benefit is uncertain upon the present, and what continuance and vent it may afford, they may pass under the name of Perquis●●es, 
How casualties may become certain.  and Casualties: as may also Fishing and Fowling, unless the Lord can bring the same to be a certain con●●●uing rent: Then are they no more casual during the grant, but are in nature of other rents certain. And of these kinds, are infinite other things, incident to some Manors, but not to all. As the profits of Fairs, and Markets, Woodsales, sales of heath, flags, and Turburie, pa●●nage and such like. All which are in themselves uncertain, as touching the value, unless they be turned into a rent certanine.  Lord. 
 Sur. 
Yet the Lord must be 〈◊〉 how he lets these casual things, before he know what they are, how they rise, & what profit they may yield, how they will continue▪ and to whom, and upon, what conditions he grant them. Otherwise he may be overtaken and much abused: for a secret once ●et, can not be revoked a● pleasure▪  Lord. 
 Sur. 
Therefore I say, it behoveth the Lord, to whom such casualties shall befall▪ first to make due and diligent trial by men, both of trust and experience, what may be made of any such thing by the year: for such is the wa●y dealing of some, 
Policy in Bailies, and overseers.  that have the guiding of things of this casual nature, that they will observe the conditions and qualities, circumstances and value to themselves, and disable the thing, and estimate the value to the Lord, to bring him out of conceit with the goodness and validity thereof, to the end they may obtain a grant, as hath fallen out in many things, and to many men, whose future profit of the things thus achieved, have approved the Lord to be much abused. This I know by experience, in the grant of a coal mine, which as long as it was in the Lords hands, it yielded a small yearly revenue, until he that managed the same, got a grant of the Lord, and then the profit was twice qua●rebled by the lessees own confession. The like of a Sa●● on fishing, wherein the Lord lost two parts in three, & yet at the time of the letting, made to believe, it was hardly worth the rent: yet would I wish that Lords of Manors in these casual things, would be contented, after true trial made, to grant the same for a reasonable ●ent, though the lessee gain▪ for the travail and hazard in these uncertain whereby I may apprehend truly the full estate of my Manor as belieeve 〈◊〉, and what commodities do rise, or may by any means lawfully be raised in the same.  Sur. 
If a painter should draw your picture, Sir, and you having a blemish in your face, or defect in your limbs, would you think he dealt truly with you, if he omitted the blemish, and made your lineaments perfect & strait, being deformed & crooke●?  Lord. 
I know your meaning: I like no such flattery, neither would I he should make a strait leg crooked, but true conformity in all parts.  Sur. 
So will I as near as I can: for neither in quantity, quality, nor value, will I, 
A Surveyor should be equal between Lord and tenant.  for I ought not be partial: for these are the things wherein in●u●●e may be done to the tenants: neither will I, for I ought not conceal or counterfeit their estates, terms of years, lives, covenants or conditions, rents, services, forfeitures or offences, neither whatsoever profits, emoluments, or commodities that may any ways arise or grow unto the Lord. For a partial eye seduceth the heart, and the heart, the hand, and the hand the pen, which cannot but witness against a corrupt entry of these collections, many years after the Surveyor is in his grave.  Lord. 
Thou speakest as an honest man, and I mislike thee not, if thy words and thy works agree. And seeing we are grown thus far, I pray thee make an end of thy whole discourse, & tell me what else appertaineth to a Manor.  Sur. 
I have already declared the most. But Manors much differ in their profits. For a Manor of small quantity of land, and few tenants, may be more beneficial to the Lord, than a far greater.  Lord. 
How may that be?  Sur. 
divers Lordships yield extraordinary commodities, 
Commodities under the earth.  some under the earth▪ some of the earth, some above the earth: as Tin, lead, copper, coal, stones, millstones, and such like, found under the earth, which every Manor hath not.  Lord. 
But these are chargeable commodities to get.  Sur. 
So is the Lord of the Manor at no cost in planting, ploughing, setting, or sowing them.  Lord. 
That is true, but commonly the land is barren where these things are found. And therefore it is a great work of divine providence, 
The wisdom of nature.  to yield such a commodity from under the barrenest soil, to supply the want thereof in plates more fertile, of other things more behoveful for the relief of man. And yet in many of ●hese barren places, groweth by the diligence of man, corn in abundance, as the Psalmist sayeth: 
Psa. 70.16.  A handful of corn shall be sown: upon the top of the Mountain, and the fruit thereof shall shake like the Trees of Lebanon.  Sur. 
Whe●e diligence is and the fear of God, there no doubt, God blesseth the labours of men, and watereth even the highest Mountains from his Chambers. For when Israel turned to God from their Idolatry, 
Psa. 104.13. Ezech. 36.9. Psa. 109.3, 4.  he promised by Ezechiel, that their desolate places, and high Mountains, should be tilled and sown. But he maketh a fruitful land barren, for the sins of them that dwell therein. So that whether God send his blessings under the earth, upon the Mountains, or in the Valleys, whether in grass for Cattle, in herbs for the use of men, whether in Wheat, Oil, or Vines: he truly int●tleth none unto them, but such as fear to offend him, and show thankfulness.  Lord. 
Though these words digress from our present matter in hand somewhat▪ yet it is good, that both Lords and tenants should know and acknowledge indeed, from whom all these good things do proceed. For although they come, 
Lords and tenants must acknowledge all to come from God.  some from under the earth, some of the earth, and some above the earth, they ●e not yet the gifts of the earth, but of God that hath provided the earth to bring them forth to our use. But what mean you by the things of the earth? come not these of the earth?  Sur. 
Yes, I confess i●: but some things are more perfect of themselves then other. But such as by an extraordinary working of man's art, are made of the earth, I term things of the earth, and they also rest to the benefit of the Lord of that Manor where such earth is found: as the earth whereof Allome, 
Things made of the earth.  Copras, Salt-peter, Glass, or other such is made, together also with Fuller's earth, Brick, Tile and Potter's clay, which are not common.  Lord. 
Is there any other thing Material, incident to a Manor  Sur. 
Yea, and amongst all the rest of the privileges which the Lords of Manors have to raise their further benefits by, are two not yet mentioned, wherein if they be not very precise and circumspect how they bestow them, and in what sort they dispose of them, there will follow a fearful account, when the great Lord of all Lords shall take survey of the things done by the Lord of the earth.  Lord. 
What are these things, I pray you, that you make such scruple to utter them?  Sur 
Things of themselves lawful by the laws of the Land, where they be judiciously and carefully handled, as they are by the laws intended, and by the chief disposers meant: namely, the marriages of Wards, 
Wards. Presentations  and disposition of their lands in their minorities, and the presentations of benefices in the gifts of private men.  lord 
For the first, I have yet no occasion to make proof, how or what they are, but the second, I have had some power to bestow, wherein I was not so remiss, as that I presented such as were not fit for the function, which I think is your meaning: & therefore let that pass awhile, & learn me what a Ward is, and how he and his land is to be disposed by the law, that I may learn it against the time I may have use.  Sur. 

The word Ward, whence taken.  The word Ward is as much as guard, which signifieth tuition or defence, and he that is in ward, is under some man's government and keeping: and the word hath a passive signification, as it is used in our common speech, and yet the same word is also used in the active sense: as they that watch or attend for the defence of any, are called the ward or guard of that person or thing they do protect. But the wards whereof we are now to speak of, are the sons or daughters, heirs to some person, that held his land either of the king in chief, 
Wards what they are.  or of some inferior person by knight's service: whose heir male being under the age of 21. years, and the female within the age of 14 years, the Lord shall have the ward, guard, or custody of the body and of the lands so holden of him, to his own use, until they come to these ages, without making account to the heir when he or she comes to age, as law books will tell you.  Lord. 
Then me thinks, the word as it is commonly used, is improper, namely, to call ●uch an he●●e, a ward: it is more proper to say, he is in ward, or as the Law●er says, a ward.  Sur. 
I take it as y●u do.  Lord. 
But what is the reason that the Lord should have the land to his own use? why rather do not the profits redound to the use of the heir in his minority.  Sur. 
This kind of wardship had some reason for it in the beginning. For you must understand, that he whose son or daughter is to be thus guarded, and his land to be disposed by the Lord, was in his life time bound, by the tenure of his land, to do manly and actual service in person in the time of war: or to keep a castle, ●ith some kind of warlike weapon, in the time of war and peace. And these kinds of capital services were called either tenors in capite, 
What tenure draws wardship.  as holden of the king, who is the chief E●●nage uncertain, grand seri●●●tie, or some other like service, and was called seruici●m mi●●tare, service of a soldier, now called knights service. These services were not to be discontinued, for to that end, were the lands first given by the king and other inferior Lords of manors, that they might have the continual service of their tenants. And therefore whensoever the tenant of such a tenure died, having none to supply the place of like manly service, the heir being under age, and not of power, the Lord was and is supposed to be bound for the defence of the Realm, to perform the service by a person, for whom he must answer in the heirs minority. And because the charge was in former times great and dangerous, 
The cause.  and the land given only for that cause, the Lord was to keep the heir, and to see him trained up, and to be made fit for the same service: and for his maintenance & supply of the service, to have the use & profit of his land, until he became able to perform the service himself in person.  Lord. 
I think this to stand with great reason: for if it had not been thought reasonable, the laws would not have provided in that case as they have done: as it appeareth by your relation.  Sur. 
Many Statutes indeed have been made touching Wards▪ Mag. cart. ca 4.7. & 28. 
Statutes for the confirmation of wardships.  Ma●l. cap. 6.7.8. etc. Westm. 1. Westm. 2. and many Statutes since, to which I refer you, too long here to relate.  Lord. 
What needed you then give such a strict caveat touching Wards?  Sur. 
Truly, to put Lords and others, into whose hands they often happen, in mind to be careful of their education and disposing: because many inco●uenienc●s follow, if their Guarders be not faithful, and provident for their well bestowing.  Lord. 
How, in bestowing?  Sur. 

Marriage of Wards.  In marriage. For the Lords have the marriage both of the Male and Female, if they be unmarried at the time of their ancestors decease. And it falleth out many times, that partly for their land, and partly for their marriage, they are bought and sold, and married young, and sometimes to such as they fancy not, & when they come to riper judgement▪ they bewray their dislikes too late. And sometimes their education is so slenderly regarded, that when they come to govern themselves and their families, their estates and patrimoneies, they discover what their education was, good or evil.  Lord. 
There be three especial ends whereunto the good education of such an Infant should send. 
Three ends whereunto the good education of Wards tendeth.  The 〈◊〉 and principal, is the fear of God, in true Religion: the second is, the benefit that the Commonwealth shall reap, by his virtue and sufficiency: the third and last, the ability by which he may govern his family, and manage his patrimony, for his best maintenance. But what can you now say, touching the second of these chief points? Namely, the presenting of Clerks unto Ecclesiastical 〈◊〉▪ and how it cometh to pass, that our Lay man (as he is called) may nominate and present a Clerk, to a Parsonage, vicarage or 〈◊〉 Chapel, 
Why lords of manors do present Clarks.  whose function is high, and divine.  Sur. 
The reason why these Lay-lords of Manors do present, as aforesaid, is in right of the Parsonage, Vicarage, or free Chapel, belonging to their Manors, & where the Lord of the Manor is very and undoubted patron of such an Ecclesiastical gift, he may make his choice of the parson, or vicar. Always provided, by divine ordinance & human institu●ions: he must be Idoneus, fit for the place.  Lord. 
But lie th●t in the Lord's power, only to nominate and present such a one? and is it then sufficient if he deem the party fit?  Sur. 
No, he must be approved fit by his Ordinary, the Bishop of the Diocese, by whom he must be instituted and 〈◊〉.  Lord. 
Then is the Lord in his nomination▪ and presentation, cleared of offence to the Church, if the party prove after insufficient.  Sur. 
He is in some sort. But he is bound in conscience to be very circumspect in his choice. For i● any carnal consideration moved him to the party, he standeth not clear before God, into whose stead he intrudeth himself after a sort in this case. But if he do it in a godly zeal of the good of God's church, he will aim only to the virtues of the man, 
No carnal consideration must move a Lord to present a Clark.  and not to any human respect. For, although the party have an higher probation namely, by the Bishop, that is especially of his literature, which is easily found by examination▪ But his qualities, conditions, and conversation▪ by time and experience, and that most the present or have good trial of, 
What a Patron must consider in his choice.  before he either name him, or present him. For he is as it were the hand, that reacheth him forth to be received of the church. A matter far higher and of greater moment, than every man that covers ad●ousons for such presentations sake, can reach unto by their rashness. For if they weighed the matter in the balance of divine judgement, they should find their understandings far too light to perform it as they ought. For if he prove unprofitable, of scandalous to the Church, as too many do, he that presented him so unadvisedly, will fearfully answer it in time to come.  Lord. 
Now surely, although peradventure some may think these things digress much ●●ou● matters of Survey, yet I hold thy words within the compass of it, for these are necessary observations and admonitions to us that are Lords of manors, and ●o whose lot it often falleth to perform this work. And I hold thou hast in this, done no more than a● honest Surveyor should, 〈◊〉 advising men, to be wary how they dispose of this part of their patrimony.  Sur. 
Sir, I hold it neither part of their patrimony, 
A Parsonage or Vicarage no part of a Manor.  nor part of a manor, neither a thing unto them of any advantage to their person: but a thing appertaining unto the Manor, i● such sort as the Lord may dispose of it, as before is said: and the greatest benefit is, that he may upon the vacation, appoint a worthy man to teach himself, and his tenants, which as I conceive it, is a sweet gain: for by the godly Minister, he and they may gain heavenly riches.  Lord. 
As thou sayest, it is a great benefit, nay, it is a high blessing to have a godly teacher of the people: and it is a blessing of God an him, that having a godly care, findeth, nameth and presenteth such a one: and woe to him, that negligently or wilfully doth the contrary. But what say you ●● impropriations? for they also are within the compass of a Survey, 
Impropriations.  where the Lords take the tithes and nominate a Minister, Vicar, or other hireling, and he (oftentimes unworthy) serves the turn, as is commonly observed in too many places of this Realm.  Sur. 
I know too many such, the more to be lamented, & that in manors of great value, & parishes very populous: whose continued ignorance of divine duties, bewrayeth the original to proceed, first from that Satanical beast, to foster monastical idleness. And as a matter too high for me, to aim at the 〈…〉 formation, I reverently leave to their 〈…〉 have authority to reprove it, and power to reform it.  Lord. 
〈…〉 is there to be considered, touching the 〈…〉  Sur. 
Nothing Sir, that I now remember: but a matter almost out of use, a tenure called villeinage: 
Tenure in villanage.  that is, where the Tenants of a Manor were Bondmen and Bondwomen, the men were called Villains, and the women Neiffes.  Lord. 
It hath a base title: A Villain is an approbrious 〈◊〉, howsoever it took beginning.  Sur. 
As the word is how used and taken, it is indeed a word of great dishonour: but the time hath been, the word hath been of no such disgrace. And it is now but as the thing is meant by the speaker, and taken by him to whom it is spoken▪ although some say, that a villain is quasi ser●u●: which name indeed is of a more tolerable construction in our common sense, then is now the name of 〈◊〉, which is indeed no more than villanus, 
Villain quid.  a Rustic or Countrim●n, which word is in sense contrary to Ci●es, or 〈…〉 that since the Conquest by the normans, these villains became bondmen: for where the Conqueror came and prevailed by force, 
Villains came by conquest bondmen.  there the Country people became Captives and Slaves. But Kent, which was not subdued by the sword, but by composition, retained their freedom still, as did also many Cities.  Lord. 
Why then should the name villain be so odious, if it 〈◊〉 but a Countryman: for there are many honest▪ civil, and wealthy Countrymen?  Sur. 
Because they endured, under that name, many too much frugality, and that he needs not to care for getting more, he hath no rent to pay, but some to receive which will maintain him: and when he is gone, all is gone, spending is easier than getting. And thus by little and little roweth himself and the hope of his posterity under water, in the calm weather. Whereas he, that hath a rent to pay, is not idle, neither in heart nor hand: 
The farmer cares to pay his rent, and labours for it.  he considers the rend day will come, and in true labour and diligence provides for it, and by his honest endeavours, and dutiful regard, gets to pay rend to his Lord, duties to the King, relief to the poor, and maintains his estate more pleasing to God, more obedient to the King, more profitable for the commonwealth, and more truly contented in mind, than sometimes his thriftless Landlord. I infer not yet by this Sir, that because they sometimes thrive well, that live upon racked rents: therefore you Landlords, should impose the greater rent or fine: that were to do evil, that good might come of it, nay rather, to do evil, that evil may follow: for if there be not a mean in burdens, 
Happy is the Tenant, that hath a good Landlord.  the back of the strongest Elephant may be broken. And the best and most careful, and most laborious, and industrious husband, may be overcharged with the rent of his Land. Happy therefore is that Tenant, that meeteth with a considerate Landlord, and happy is that Landlord, that may see his Tenants prosper and thrive, and himself have his due with love. And on the contrary, I think it will be very unpleasant to a good mind, to see his Tenant to be overcharged, and be forced to fall under the burden of overheavie an imposition.  Lord. 
Well, I have heard all thy discourse with patience: and indeed my desire was to hear thee in these things, and I mislike not any thing in thy whole relations, and thy conclusion is not amiss, though perchance some young novices of the world might censure thee: reason will not but allow wh●● thou hast said. And I wish that all the Tenants that I have, may live under me with comfort: for to tell the truth, I had rather buy a smil●, and a good report of my faithful tenants, 
A good resolution in a Landlord.  something to my loss, then to get their frowns to my gain. For there is no comfort in a discontented people, though some have said: Rustica gens, optima flens, pessima gaudens: which may hold among Infidels, and vnde● Tyrants, but not among Christians, that should not grieve one another.  Sur. 
I am right glad, Sir, you are of so qualified a disposition, your example may do good to others, if not, it will give evidence against the contrary minded in time to come. And so for this time I must entreat you, I may take my leave of you. I will attend your other occasions forthwith.  Lord. 
That is my will. But who comes yonder?  Sur. 
I take it is your Tenant, that lately departed from us.  Lord 
So it is, I will leave you two together: far● you well. You know the place● where mine occasions will draw you, and in the mean time I will make you a warrant to go in hand with it.  
The end of the second Book.   

The Surveyors Dialogue between the Farmer and Surveyor: wherein is showed the manner and method of keeping a Court of Survey: with the articles to be inquired of, and the charge how to enroll Copies, Leases and Deeds, and how to take the plot of a Manor.  
The third Book.  Farmer. 
YOu are happily met here again, Sir, have you ever since had conference with my Landlord?  Sur. 
Yea.  Farm. 
He is a man of good understanding, and very inquisitive of things of profit. And yet to tell you truly, he is a good man to his tenants.  Survey. 
Love him then, for such deserve love. 
Good Landlords deserve love.   Farm. 
He is beloved of his tenants indeed: for they will go, and ride, and fight for him.  Sur. 
It is the part of good tenants, and an argument of a good Landlord. But fare you well, I cannot now stay, I have been long letted by your Landlord and you.  Farm. 
Are you presently to undertake the survey of my Landlord's Lordships?  Sur. 
I am now going about it.  Farm. 
I think it be in your choice where to begin, let me therefore entreat you to begin with Beauland, a Manor of his here at hand, whereof I am both tenant and Bailie: and therefore I will and must attend you, and yield you my best aid, both by my travel, information, and records of the Mamnor.  Sur. 
Keep you the Lords records?  Bay. 
The key is in my keeping that leads to the Chest, but the key of the Chest is in my Lords keeping: but I will send for it, that you may have the full view of the evidence.  Sur. 

A Surveyor ought to see the Lords evidence.  So it behoveth. Is it a large Manor?  bailie. 
It is spacious in circuit, and of great appearance of Tenants, full of divers commodities, both under and above the earth, as also of fishing, and fowling, and beareth not the name for nought: for the Manor is fair, and very commodious.  Sur. 
Be you then my guide: Is yonder it, with the fair house by the Woods side?  bailie. 
That is it, and a stately house it is indeed.  Sur. 
It seems to be a large and lofty cage, if the Bird be answerable.  bailie. 
What mean you by that?  Sur. 
I mean, that a Titinus may harbour in a peacocks cage: 
Great houses with small revenues, cannot suit well.  and yet the cage maketh her not a Peacock, but will be a Titinus, notwithstanding the greatness of the cage: So if this lofty Pyle be not equalized by the estate and revenues of the builder, it is as if Paul's steeple should serve Pan●ras Church for a Belfry.  bailie. 
I think my Landlord sent you not instead of surveying his Land, to deride his house.  Sur. 
The house is beautiful and fair: I deride it not, you do yourself wrong in attaching me, neither discommend I the builder. For he that hath gold enough, let him build a house of gold, with Ner●, 
Mart. lib 2. Great houses fit for great men.  who made unto it a pond Mari● i●st●r, and woods full of all kind of wild Beasts. Publius Clodius whom Mil● slew▪ bought a house which cost him 147000, Sest●rties. Let Princes have their Palaces, and great men, their pleasant seats: for the poorest will please his fancy, if he be wilful. But to tell thee by the way, (for this is but idle communication) that I have observed in nothing more sudden and serious repentance, then for building: 
Building often repent.  I could point out places and persons too with my finger, but what needs that? I wish their repentance could redeem the thing repent of, but it cannot, no more than Quintus Curtius could redeem himself out of the devouring gulf. We have in our days many and great buildings, a comely ornament it is to the face of the earth. And were it not that the smoke of so many chimneys, did raise so many dusky clouds in the air, 
Many attorneys, little fires.  to hinder the heat and light of the Sun from earthly creatures, it were the more tolerable.  Bayly. 
Nay truly, I will excuse that fault, the fire is made most in the kitchen.  Sur. 
Then it besmoketh not the hall, as old worthy houses did, whose kitchens smoke sent forth clouds of good meat, and showers of drink for the poor.  Bayly. 
Yea, Sir, that was a comfortable smoke: but Tempora mutantur, & omnia mutantur in illis: no earthly thing continueth constant, but hath his change. Lo, Sir, now you are come to the house itself.  Sur. 
Truly, here is a pleasant ascent, 
The best situation of a house.  neither too steep, nor too flat, and of a good length. And now we are come to the top of the hill: here is a goodly prospect and pleasant. And these springs I like well. For a house without lively water, is maimed: and the water is well conveyed, that it cannot annoy the foundation of the house, and yet serveth the most necessary offices very commodiously: and I see the Conducts are made of earthen pipes, 
Earthen Conducts.  which I like far better than them of Lead, both for sweetness, and continuance under the ground. The trees are well placed about the walks, but that they are somewhat too near together, their branches confound one the other, they are but twenty foot, and I like better, thirty. It standeth warm and comfortable towards the Southeast, to which the best lights are made fitly to serve: but i● the ground would have served, I like plain South, the better point for the comfort of the Sun, at all times of the year. And nature hath planted this wood most commodiously in the North side of the house. And it is delicately advanced upon the edge of the hill: it is not possible to seat a house more delightfully, for Winter and Summer, in mine opinion. Now, if upon view of the demesnes, and the rest of the parts, it be not found like unto a child borne in Chesshire, with a head bigger than the body, I shall like it well. Now to our business: you are Bayly, take this Precept, and summon the tenants to make their appearance, according to the purport of the same.  

The form of the Precept.  
THese are to will, and in the name and behalf of the Lord of this Manor, 
Beauland Manerium.  to require you, to gi●e notice and warning unto all and singular the tenants of the same Manor, that they make their personal appearance on Monday next, being the tenth of this instant ●une▪ at the place where the Lords ●ourts of this Manor are usually kept: And also to warn them, and every of them, to bring with them all such Deeds, Copies, Leases, & other Evidences, whereby they, or any of them do hold or claim to hold of the Lord of this Manor any lands, tenements, or hereditaments: And that they then and there show, or cause the same to be showed unto the Lord's Surveyor, at the Court then and there to be held for that purpose, and to give their further attendance, as occasion of the service shall require. Whereof fail you not, etc. Dated the 3. of june, in the fourth year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord, james by the grace of God, King of great Britain, France, and Ireland, etc.  
Per I. N. Superuiss.   

To the Bailie of the Manor of Beauland, or to his Deputy.  
Commonly the Lords of manors do direct their letters of warrant unto the tenants, unless the Surveyor be a known Surveyor by patent, and performeth the service, when and where he thinketh most fit for the Lords use.  
The order of a Court Baron being performed (for a Surveyor hath not power to administer an oath ex officio, unless he be a Surveyor by patent, or by commission out of the Chancery or Exchequer, Duchy Court, Court of Wards, or such like) by a particular Steward, or by the Surveyor, who for the time may supply the Steward's office and the charge of the Court Baron ended, the Surveyor may proceed to his admonition and charge, to the effect following▪   

First, taking note of the names of every tenant, both Freeholder, Copyholder, Leaser, & tenant at will in a paper, to whom (after they be sworn) the Surveyor may say:  
You that have been here presently sworn to perform our uttermost duties, in all the things that are & shall be given to you in charge, do, or at least you may conceive, that as the Court Baron (the charge whereof you have already heard) is with you ordinarily twice a year, & (if the Lord will) every 3. weeks: this kind of Court, which I have now to admonish you in, tending to the survey of the Mamnor, happeneth not (perchance) in the time of a man's age, though the Lord hath power, & (no doubt) occasion to keep it oftener. You must therefore show yourselves so much the more diligent in this, by how seldom you are troubled therewith. And it behoveth you to call to mind, what by oath you have assumed to perform, namely, all that shall be given you in charge, whereof part hath been delivered unto you already: which being so ordinary amongst you, it must needs be more familiar, than the things you have seldom heard of. And for that this business of Survey stretcheth a little further than the Court Baron, let your du● attention and examination, and faithful presentation witness your true affections to the persons, & ends to which the purpose of our present meeting at this time aimeth. The particulars inquirable are many, and of many kinds: but the persons and ends few. The first is God, in whose presence we all stand: who loveth truth from the inward parts, that is, when the action & the will concur, & hateth dissimulation. The second is the King, whose we all are, under God, whose laws we are to follow, as well in this business, as in any other: for that it tendeth to the seeking and settling of truth, (the mother of true peace) between you and your Lord, in giving both to you and him, what is equal and just. The third, is the Lord of the Manor, whose you are under God & the King: and therefore requireth at your hands at this time, equal dealing, neither to discover for malice, nor to conceal any thing for favour to either party. The fourth, is yourselves, whom you can in no better sort befriend in this action, then to keep your hearts & lips pure, in concealing or uttering: for there is as great a danger in conceiling truth, as in uttering a falsehood. And ●here is no such burden, as the burden of a guilty conscience, which is laid on no man, but of himself. And lastly, the persons to be considered in this business, are your posterities, whom your true or false relations will either help or hurt. The ends whereunto it aimeth, are first, to explain unto the Lord of the Manor, what is his by the examination of your estates, rents, & customs, and to establish you in all things that are rightly you●●: both which being truly found, & duly recorded, cannot but preserve amity between you and your Lord: which should be the principal end of all endeavours. And sith God is the first and the last, and will be present in the beginning, in the middle, and in the end of all your consultations, and will be a witness for you, or against you, even in your most secret counsels, set him before the eyes of your hearts: so shall you tremble to conceal truth, or utter falsity, whether it be with or against yourselves, or dearest friends▪ yea, or the Lord of the Manor himself▪ whose purpose in this service is, that the manifest truth might be confirmed, the hidden revealed, and errors abandoned. And all this lieth in you, and at your hands it is required to search, and by searching and examination, to find out; and found, to deliver and present the whole, and not a part of your sincere knowledges, for from your mouths must that be taken and had, which must be recorded for the direction of your posterities as a perpetual glass, wherein the estates of all the particulars within this Manor, may be at all times seen and confirmed: wherein you shall discharge your duties to God, who commands, and commends truth: to the King, who by the sword of his justice, maintains truth: to your Landlord, who desireth only to know, & have his own: to yourselves, who by this means shall possess your own in peace: and to your posterities, who by this your travail, diligence and true information, shall partake of your sincere and faithful service, being enrolled, and recorded under your names, to your perpetual commendation: whereas if you delude me, and abuse the Lord of the Manor that hath sent me, I by your sinister information may commit error, and leave it to your posterities by record: yet shall I be free of the wrong, and you shall answer it. And if you should frame any defence against the service, and plead either ignorance, or show obstinacy, pretending thereby to stand dispensed of your oath, because you do it not, you deceive yourselves: for the service is so inseparably knit to your tenors, and your tenors to the Lord of the Manor, deny or refuse to do the one, you forfeit the other: howsoever some may say, that they are freeholders, & they are customary Tenants of inheritance, which in their conceit implieth a kind of freedom: let them not deceive themselves, their estates are conditional, as both by their deeds and copies, they may be easily resolved, by these words: Habendum sibi et haeredibus suis (in the deed) advoluntatem domini, secundum consuetudinem manerii (in the copy.) In both pro reditu et seruici●s inde prius debitiet de iure consuet. And because some of you do not (perchance) understand the meaning of the words: thus they signify, that you are to hold your Tenements, to you and your heirs, etc. For such rent, and doing such services, as have been heretofore due, & of right accustomed. Is not this a condition? for if you pay not the rent, or deny the service, you are at the Lords mercy to be compelled. I do not think therefore that any of you, of any discretion, will adventure the loss of his interest, for not performing a service at his Lords command, that tendeth also to his own benefit, and to no prejudice at all. The end therefore of all mine admonition is, to move you (being a thing of common right) to show yourselves like unto yourselves, true and faithful Tenants unto the Lord, concurring all in one mind, to do the Lord this service in love, and the Lord, no doubt, will recompense it with like favour, although there be no recompense due, for that which duty bindeth to be done. By this means you shall confirm your own strengths, by gaining & retaining the Lords kind countenance: and he again shall be the more fortified, by your true affections towards him: for what a joyful thing is it, for Lord and Tenant to dwell together in unity? Now having thus prepared you to attention unto the matters of your charge: I will here read, & explain unto you such Articles, as shall be for your instruction, and leave them with you in writing for your better memory: for I know, and have often found, that a bare delivery of many words, and of divers things (as in the charges commonly given in Courts Baron, and leet●) even to cares well prepared, may be little effectual, less to him that heareth, and regardeth not: but least of all to him that will not hear at all. Such hearers there are of divine things, but many more of human of this kind: but were they matters of carnal pleasure & delight, they would be both heard and practised: And therefore I the more move you to attend unto the things which I now am to deliver unto you.   

The substance of the charge of a Court of Survey, contained in the Articles following.  

Beauland. Manerium.  1 First, as no doubt you all know, that A. B. Knight, the reputed Lord of this Manor, is the true & undoubted owner of the same, and of all the lands, meadows, pastures, and other hereditaments within and belonging to the same: And that you, and every of you do hold your lands belonging unto this Manor of him: 
Owner of the Manor  if not, who hath the interest and right of the same, to your knowledges?  
2 You shall duly and diligently set down, or show unto the Surveyor in his perambulation of the Manor, 
Bounds of the Manor.  all the circuit, butts, bounds, and limits of the same, and upon what, and whose manors, Lordships, lands, and parishes it bordereth on all parts. And whether any confining Lord, or his tenants, do any where intrude or encroach upon this Manor, where it is, by whom, & how much is so encroached.  
As for the bounding of the Manor, it is fittest to be delivered unto the Surveyor, when he treads the circuit, & that the best experienced tenants accompany him for information, and some of the youth, that they may learn to know the bounds in times to come.  

Manors intermixed.  3 Whether there be any other Manor or manors, lying within the limits or circuit, or extending in part into this Manor, what are the names of the Manners, and who are owners of them, & how they are distinguished from this Manor. And whether this Manor do any way extend into, or lie within any other Manor.  
It is often seen, that one Manor lieth within another, and intermixed one with another in such sort, as the true circuits, butts, and bounds, become confounded: necessary therefore it is, that their distinctions should be carefully observed and recorded, for oftentimes one is devoured, or otherwise injured by the other, when Lords are remiss, and Tenants careless, to bring that to certainty, which is or may become doubtful.  
4 What Freeholders there are within, or do belong unto, and hold their land of this Manor, 
Freeholders.  what are their names, what land hold they, what rend pay they, by what tenure do they hold, and what services owe they to the Lord?  
The negligence of Lords in the due continuance of the substance of this Article, hath bred prejudice to many: for where Freeholders dwell out of the Manors, whereof they hold and pay unto their Lords but a small acknowledgement, as a rose, a pepper corn, a jelsoflower, or some such trifle: or are to do some service, at times whereof in many years hath been no use, they have not been looked for, neither have their suits been continued for long time, insomuch as they and their tenors have grown out of memory, and their services out of use, and other Lords have entitled themselves to the land, and the right Lord lost all possibilities of estate, wards, marriage, etc. As common experience maketh more plain, by the daily questions and suits, which rise, when profits apparent, may grow by any of the former casualties.  
And therefore it is most necessary to have always a true suit roll, whereby the Steward should every Court call the Freesuters by name, & to express what rent he should pay and what services he ought to do, & that at the death of every suitor, his heir with the land, rend and services, would be inserted in his stead. The profit that will hereby grow unto the Lord and tenants, is manifest, and this roll is to be made by the Surveyor, and to be indented, the one for the Lord, the other for the tenants, upon view of every Freeholders' land.  

Felony. Treason.  5 Whether you know, that any Freeholder within, or belonging to this Manor, hath committed any felony or treason, and hath been thereof convicted, the Lord not yet having the benefit of the forfeiture: or whether hath any such tenant died without heir general or special: If so, who hath the present use and possession of the land, and by what right▪ what land is it, where lieth it, how much in quantity, and of what value?  
It is a great defect in the Survey of a Manor, which remaineth to posterities, being enrolled or engrossed for perpetual memory, when the Survey or doth superficially pass over the observation of the lands of every Freeholder, their tenors, quantity of land, the place where it lieth, the rent and services. For upon sundry necessary occasions, the Lord is to seek in every of these: and some are worthy, because they love not to be at charge to find out and continue that which is not presently profitable.  

Bastard.  6 Whether doth any Bastard hold any land belonging to this Manor, as heir unto any, what is his name, what land is it, and where lieth it, and what is it yearly worth?  
A Bastard, though he be known to be the son of that father that leaveth him the land, cannot inherit 〈◊〉 hareditario, but by conveyance. Neither, if he purchase land in his own name, can any inherit it after him of his supposed blood, unless he be married, and have children lawfully begotten to inherit. Because it is contra formam Ecclesia, as appeareth more at large, Merton. cap. 9 For a Bastard is no man's, or every man's son.  
7 What Demeysne lands hath the Lord within or belonging to this Mamnor, what & how much woods, 
Demeysnes.  underwoods, meadow, pasture, arable, moors, marshes, heaths, wastes, or sheep walks: And what is every kind worth yearly by acre, how many sheep may the Lord keep upon his walk winter and summer, and what is a sheepe-gate worth by year, and what is every acre of wood worth to be sold?  
Although this Article, and sundry other hereafter mentioned, be in substance enacted by a Statute made Anno g. Ed. 1. called extenta Mannerii, to be inquired of by the tenants, yet it is the part and office of a Surveyor, to see, examine, & judge by his own experience & knowledge, every particular, comparing the juries presentment with his own opinion: so shall he more truly attain to the true understanding of the things he seeketh: and the more if he discreetly feel the minds of foreign inhabitants, that are ignorant of the cause of his inquisition.  
8 What demeisne Lands hath the Lord lying in the common fields of the Manor, 
Demeisne in common fields.  how much in every field, and every furlong: And what is an acre of field arable land worth by year? The like you are to present touching demeisne meadow, lying in any common meadow within the Manor.  
9 Also you are to present the names of all your common fields: and how many furlongs are in every field, 
Common fields, and common meadows.  and their names, and the common meadows, and their names. And what beasts, and sheep, every Tenant ought to keep upon the same, when the corn and hay is off. And what a beast gate, and sheep gate is worth by year. Also at what time your field; and common meadows are laid open: and how are they, or aught to be used. And whether is it lawful for the Tenants, to enclose 〈◊〉 part of their common fields or meadows, without the licence of the Lord, and consent of the Tenants.  
This Article is duly to be considered, first in setting down in certainty, what every man is to keep upon the fields, and common meadows, because injury is daily done by some of greatest ability, to the meaner sort, in oppressing the fields, with a greater number of Cattle, then according to a true proportion will fall unto their share, which is very extortion, and a punishment is to be inflicted upon the offenders.  
Also enclosures of common fields, or meadows in part, by such as are most powerful and mighty, without the Lords licence, and the Tenant's 〈◊〉, is more than may be permitted: the reason is, that the rest of the Tenants love 〈◊〉 much right 〈…〉 the same, when the corn is off, as he hath that encloseth the same.  Bayly. 
But Sir, if they lay it open at Lammas, or at such time as custom requireth, I think he doth neither Lord nor tenants wrong.  Sur. 
Yes: for first, be depriveth them both of the seed, of as much as his hedges, ditches and enclosures take: beside, whether is it as convenient for pass and repass for cattle at one little gap or two, as when there is no esto●ell at all?  Bayly. 
You like not enclosures then.  Sur. 
I do, and I think it the most beneficial course that tenants can take, to increase their abilities: for one acre enclosed, is worth one and a half in Common, if the ground be fitting thereto: But that it should be general, and that Lords should not depopulate by usurping enclosures.  
10 What Commons are there within the Lordship, 
Commons.  which do properly belong to the Lord and tenants of this Manor, and how are the tenants stinted, whether by the yard-land, plow-land, oxegang, acres, or rend: how many may every tenant keep, after either proportion or rate.  
In this, the like consideration is to be had, as of the former: but that this kind of pasture is called in the Statute of extenta Manerii 3. E. 1. pastura forinsica, foreign herbage or pasture, because no part of it is proper in any sort to any peculiar tenant, no not to the Lord himself, as are the common fields & common meadows. This kind of Common or pastura forinsica is in three sorts: the one is, where a Manor or towneship having and holding their land in severalty, have by consent limited a certain parcel of ground, to lie common among them, and from the beginning have stinted every man according to a proportion between them agreed, and that is commonly by the acre, which the pasture containeth.  
Another manner of such kind of common pasture is, where certain waste grounds, one, two or more lie within the Mamnor or township, and the Herd of the whole Town is guided and kept by one appointed by the Tenants, and at their general charge, to follow their Cattle: in which kind of pasture, there is also a limitation or stint both of the number, and kinds of Cattle.  
A third kind of this pasture, or common feeding is, in the Lords own woods, that lie common to the Tenants: as also common Moors or heaths, that were never arable.  
In all the former commons of pasture, there should be a certain stint and allotment, both to the Lord and his Tenants: but in this latter, it seemeth that the Lord should not be limited, because all these latter commons are supposed his own, and the Tenants have no certain parcel thereof laid to their holdings, but only bit of mouth with their Cattle. But the Tenants ought to be stinted in all sorts of common, lest, as I said before, the rich devour the poor: for the one can provide sheep, and other Cattle for the summer, and have enclosed pasture for the winter, or can sell again, when the foreign pasture is gone: but the poor cannot do so.  
11 Whether hath any man, to your knowledges, encroached any part of the Lords waste, by enclosure, or adding any part thereof to his own land: 
Encroaching the Lords waste.  present who hath so done, where, how much, and how long it hath continued.  
This kind of incrochment is not rare, especially where great wastes and mountainous grounds are, where the Lord nor his officers walk not often, and where Tenants, for favour or affection, will wink at evil doers, or for their own private lucre, commit the same error themselves, with hedges, ditches, pales, walls, shed is, etc.  
12 Whether hath the Lord any Park, 
Park, demeisne woods.  or demeisne wood, which by stocking may turn to the Lords better benefit, by pasture, Arable, or meadow: and what is an acre worth, one with another the stocking, and how many acres is the wood, and what will an acre of the wood be worth, and what will an acre of land be worth by the year to be let, when the ground is stocked and cleared.  
Although it be the part of the jury, to yield their opinions in this case: yet it behoveth the Surveyor to have so much judgement, in every of these points, as he may be able to satisfy himself and his Lord, by sufficient reasons, lest he be deceived, and the Lord abused, either through ignorance or partiality. And above all it behoveth the Surveyor, to look into the nature of the soil of the wood: for there are some wood grounds that are good for no other use, as a dry or cold gravelly ground, whose virtue and disposition may be easily observed by the herbage.  
13 Also you must present the names of all customary Tenants, within or belonging unto the Manor, what messages, Tenements or lands they hold, & what every message or Tenement is called, what rend it payeth: and what profit ariseth to the Lord, by the death of any such customary Tenant, or by the death of any freeholder, 
Customary Tenants.  by fine, heriot, or relief by the custom of the Manor.  
Commonly these customary tenants, upon death & alienation do pay a fine, which in some places is certain, & in some, even in the most they are at the Lords will: and in most places they are also heriotable.  Bayly. 
In this manner there be some customary tenants heriotable, and some not, how comes that? can there be two custo●● in one Manor?  Sur. 
There may be so. And the reason may grow by the escheating of a Manor, that had in this point a contrary custom to the Manor, to which it was escheated and annexed: and so the customs of either may hold under one Court.  Bayly. 
Your reason in good: and I take it, it may also be, that these that pay no heriots, are tenements of a newer erection, & so upon their first grants, the heriots were omitted.  Sur. 
That is not so likely: for that if any such new erections were, they were granted in such form as other tenements, with these words: Habindun, etc. ad voluntatem Dom. secundum consuet. Manerii: which words do imply all duties & services, which the most ancient tenements are bound unto.  
There is also a copyhold estate, called ancient demeisne, & the tenants, 
Briton sol. 165.  S●kemains, whereof some are of franktenement, & some of base tenure. Tenants of Base tenure, are they that hold by verge at the will of the Lord, & the Franktenement thereof is in the Lord.  
It is to be noted, that Copyhold lands are very ancient, before the Conquest, in the Saxons time, who called this kind of land, Folkland, and their Charter lands were called Bokeland.  
14 How doth the Customary land of this Manor, 
Descent of customary land.  by your custom, descend after the death of an Ancestor, to the younger or elder son? And whether will the custom of the Manor allow an entail by copy, and whether doth it bear widows estate, or whether may she have it during her life, though she marry: and whether may a man hold by the courtesy?  
Sundry differences there are in sundry Manors, touching the substance of this Article.  
The custom of some Manors is, 
Heir.  that the youngest son shall inherit, as in Burrough English: if he have not a son, his youngest Brother, as at Edmonton in Middlesex.  
The custom of some Manors is, that all the sons, and all the daughters shall inherit alike▪ as in Gavelkind at Islington near London.  
The custom of some Manors is, that if the tenant die seized of five acres or under, than the youngest son shall inherit, but if above, than all the sons shall inherit, as in Gavelkind. 〈◊〉.  
The custom of some Manor is, that neither the wife shall have dower, neither the husband hold by Courtesy. And the custom of some other Manor is, that she shall have the third part of the rent, as at Bushie in Middlesex, and no part of the land in dower.  
In some Manors, the wife being a virgin at the time of her marriage, shall have all the Copyhold land for her franckbanck, whereof her husband died seized. And many such.  
15 Whether are there any customary tenements that are heriotable dismembered, 
Heriotable tenements dismembered  and divided into parcels, to the weakening of the tenement, and who be they, that have these heriotable parcels, & what quantity hath every of them?  
Although there be no immediate profit can accrue unto the Lord, by the presentment of the substance of this Article, yet it behoveth the Lord to know, who be the tenants to any part of the land, belonging to an heriotable tenement, because every part continueth heriotable, and draweth unto the Lord the best goods of the tenement of such land deceasing, though the land, in regard whereof he payeth it, be but an acre, and he have elsewhere free or copy, that maintaineth hors●, or other cattle of great value, the Lord may seize the best for his heriot.  

Fines.  16 Whether are not the Fines for admittances, of a new customary tenant, being heir, or coming in by purchase, or upon Surrender at the will of the Lord, or are the Fines always certain▪  
This is an Article, whereat some close-hearted tenants will seem to stagger, being the nature of all men to favour themselves, and their posterities, and ●o work so, as they will (if it be possible) make the Fines certain, by looking back 〈◊〉 past, wherein they have found by old Records▪ stand by report of tenants before, that the fines have been certain, and so they may be in some places, though in few at this day▪ And it may be, former times did afford such favour, until land became of more value: but of late years, that course hath been broken, and Fines become arbitrable. Wherein I wish, that Lords and their ministers would use a mean in exacting.  
17 How, 
Forfeiture of Copyhold  and by what means may a customary tenant forfeit his Copyhold tenement? whether for felling of timber trees, ploughing up ley grounds, or meadows never tilled before, or for suffering his houses to decay, or for pulling down any houses, or for committing any other wilful waste, or devising his customary tenement or lands, for longer term, than the custom of the Manor will bear: Or for committing any other act, contrary to the custom of the Manor? And whether hath any tenant of the Manor offended in any of the former things? who it is, and wherein is any such offence committed?  
divers Acts there be, whereby a tenant in one Manor may forfeit his Copyhold tenement, which Act is no forfeiture in another Manor. For Customs are very different in divers Manors: for in some manors a man may cut down wood and timber trees upon his Copyhold land, & sell them at his pleasure, which in some manors is a forfeiture.  
Some Manors do allow the customary tenants of the same, to let their land for 3. years, some for more without the Lords licence: and in some Manors to let the same above a year and a day, is a forfeiture.  
In some Manors a man may let fall all his customary houses, which in some other Manors is a forfeiture.  
In some Manors a man may not plow up or sow his Copyhold meadow, or ley ground, that hath not been used to be tilled, in some Manors contrary.  
So that these kinds of forfeitures are according to the custom of every Manor.  

Customs.  18 What are the customs of the Manor in general, both in the behalf of the Lord, to perform or suffer to the benefit▪ of his tenants, and of the tenants to perform to the service of the Lord.  
In every manor there hath been such a mutual concurrence of aid between the Lord and tenants, as through the force of time hath bred a Custom. And the Lord may exact it of his tenants by law▪ if they deny the performance of the things to be done, in the right of their Customary lands.  
And these customs are of divers kinds, & diversly to be performed. Some in the course of inheriting of land, some in the way of women's dowries, some in the estates of land, some in matters of forfeitures, some in works, some in rents, some in fines, some of the Lords benevolence in allowing his tenant's meat, drink, money, etc. in time of their works: as these customs in several Manors, severally are allowed.  
And because it behoveth every tenant to know whereunto he is bound by custom, if there be no ancient Custom roll to lead them, it behoveth the Surveyor to renew the same, wherein he is to set down every tenant's name, his tenements, lands, meadows, pastures, etc. the rent and service due for every of them, 
Custom roll.  and whether works be turned into rent, and to indent the same, that the Lord may have the one part, and the tenants another. The neglect whereof hath bred many inconveniences, both to Lords and tenants.  
19 Whether is there within this Manor any villain or niefe, namely, 
Villains, & Nieffes.  any bondman or bondwoman: if there be, what are their names, what land do they hold and keep, and what is the same yearly worth.  
Although this kind of tenure be in manner worn out of use, yet some there are (no doubt) though concealed in some manors, never enfranchised, or manumized.  
20 Whether hath any tenant or other person within this Manor stocked up any hedge-rom, ploughed up any Balk or land-share, removed any Mere stone, 
Removing of Mere or bounds.  landmark, or other bound between the Lord's demeisnes, & the tenants freehold, or customary land of inheritance, or between his freehold and customary land, or between this and another Manor or Lordship, where is any such offence committed, by whom, and where ought the same bound so removed, altered, taken away, or displaced, to stand.  
This is a necessary Article to be duly considered, because that by this means of removing or taking away Meerestones and landmarks, the Lord oftentimes incurreth great prejudice: for that when a Leassee of the Lords demeisnes being either a Freeholder, or a customary tenant of inheritance, hath land of his own adjoining unto the demeisnes or intermixed, & he take away the marks of division, leaveth the matter doubtful which is the Lords, especially where a long lease or patent is, whereby the Tenant hath time to make alteration: and it is no new or strange thing, to attach some by name and place, that are culpable, and have yielded to reformation, being found out before their intents were fully ripe. And above all, such are most worthy to be punished, for altering any such known marks, under whatsoever pretence of ease or necessity, which is the common cloak of the mischief, used most in the King's lands, where long Patents are granted.  
21 What customary Cottages are there within this Lordship, 
Cottages.  toasts, croftes, or curtelages: what are the Tenants names, what rend pay they, and what services do they.  
It is to be understood, that the word C●tagium, signifieth as much as casam, a little house or a place of abode only, or a little dwelling, whereunto little ground belongeth but an Orchard garden, or some small toft, croft, or Curtelage: but Cottages of themselves are not ancient, as I take it.  
22 Whether are there within this Manor, any new erected Tenements or Cottages, barns, Walls, sheds, Ho●ells, Hedges, Ditches, or such like erected, set up, or made: or any Watercoarses, or Ponds, digged upon any part of the Lords waste, without the Lords licence: where is it, and by whom was it done, and by whose licence, and upon what consideration.  
The overmuch liberty of too many new erections, breedeth sundry inconveniences, not only to a Manor, and the Lord, and Tenants thereof, but to a whole Commonwealth, and therefore not to be permitted without good consideration: although it is most convenient, that the poor should have shelter & places to shroud them in, if they be found honest, virtuous, painful, and men of ability, to gain their own and their family's relief.  
But it is observed in some parts where I have traveled, where great and spacious wastes, Mountains, and heaths are, that many such Cottages are set up, the people given to little or no kind of labour, living very hardly with Oaten bread, sour whey, and Goats' milk, dwelling far from any church or chapel, & are as ignorant of God, or of any civil course of life, as the very Savages amongst the Infidels in manner, which is lamentable.  
23 What Tenants are they within this Manor, that do hold any lands or Tenements by Indenture of lease; what are their names, 
Indentures.  what land hold they, for what rent, under what conditions and covenants, for what terms of years, or lives.  
This Article is most especially to be observed, touching the covenants by view of the Tenants leases, but the jury is to find the names, and to present them with the land and rent.  
24 Whether hath or doth the Lord employ any land to justment, 
justments.  as in taking in cattle to pasture and herbage: who hath the disposing of the same, what quantity of land is so disposed, and how many cattle will it pasture, & what is a Cow, Ox, Horse or sheepe-gate worth by the year, or by the week.   

Much land is thus used in Yorkshire, and other places Northward very beneficially.  
25 Whether hath the Lord of this Manor any customary Water-mill, 
Custom mil.  Windmill, Horse-mill, Griest-mill, Mault-mill, Walkmil, or Ful●ing-mill▪ Whether is there within this Manor any other Mil, Iron-mil, Furnace, or Hammer, Paper-mill, Sawing-mil, Shere-mil, or any other kind of Mill: what is it worth by year, and in whose occupation is it?  
Where sufficient rivers, brooks, stagnes, ponds, or watercourses are, there are commonly some kinds of Mils, or other profitable devices, that human wit and invention hath set up for necessary uses, for the benefit of man, and for the Lords profit of the Manor, where such devices are erected. And yet all kinds of devices are not convenient in all places: as where no Lead or Tin is, there is no need of the use of water, to move a wheel, to blow the fire for the melting & trying thereof: yet there may be like use for Iron oar: and where neither of them is, there may be use of Walkmilles, or Fulling-milles; and where those are not, yet there may be use of Corne-milles, and such like. And in some places the force of watercourses is used, to raise water out of one place into another, where the natural current denieth the coming, and mounting thereof: with infinite other devices, according to the situation of the place, and necessity of the thing required. Which, although they be not all Mills to grind corn, yet may they bring profit to the Lord, which is the thing the Surveyor should covet, not only to observe what is already, but must have also some judgement to erect some, if the watercourse will conveniently afford the same.  
To the Corne-mils, which are custom mills, doth belong a kind of duty from the tenants, that is, that they are bound to grind their corn at the Lords mill: and that kind of custom is called Socome. 
Socome.   Bayly. 
Must a customary tenant of a Manor, where such a mill is, be forced to grind all the corn he spendeth in his house, at the Lords mill?  Sur. 
Of necessity, if it grow upon the Manor: or else the Lord may amerce him for his default.  Bayly. 
What if he be forced to buy it in the market?  Sur. 
Surely then it is a question, whether he be bound to grind it there or not. But I take it, he is at his liberty, to grind it where he will, even where he finds himself best served. For there is bond-Socome, that is, where the tenant is bound by custom, and lone-Socome, where he grindeth of free-will.  Bayly. 
We that are tenants would be glad, if you could tell us, what toll our Miller may take: for we are much abused in it, as we think, & because we be bound by custom, we cannot conveniently leave the mill, and yet we find no remedy of the miller's abuses▪  Sur. 
As touching T●ll, (which word cometh of the verb t●ll●, to take away, as it seemeth) there are so many differences, by grants made by Lords of Manors, that the certainty in general can hardly be declared. Some Millers take a twentieth, some four and twentieth part: tenants at will should pay a sixteenth part, and a bond tenant a twelfth part, and some are toll-free. But howsoever the toll be, fear not, the Miller will be no loser. And for his abuses, you have your remedy in the Lord's Court, or at the common law.  

Fishing.  26 Whether hath the Lord of the Manor any peculiar fishing within any river, brook, mere, stagne, pond, or other water: where, and how far doth it extend, and what is it yearly worth, and who be Farmers thereunto, & what common fishings are therein, and waters within the Manor, and how is the same used?  
As this Article is little needful to be propounded in Manors where no rivers or sufficient waters are for fishing, so is it very necessary to be examined, where such waters are. For it is daily observed, that many abuses are committed against the Lord himself, by such has usurp his peculiar fishing, and against the Commonwealth, in destroying fish, as appeareth by the punishment ordained against offenders therein, 25. Herald 8. cap. 7. and 31. Hen. 8. cap. 2. Therefore it behoveth the Surveyor to be more careful in seeking the mean how to raise a profit unto the Lord by his fishing, then to find the present abuses which are inquirable, and punishable at every Leete, although, if any apparent offenders be found, he is to advertise the Lord for reformation: but it is no part of the matter inquirable, and to be enrolled in his book of the Survey. For nothing is therein to be inserted, but matter of perpetuity, in recommending the present state of the Manor unto posterities, and for the Lords immediate use. And therefore besides the ordinary fishing in small land rivers, brooks and ponds, there must be also remembered what profit may arise by fishing in the sea, if the manor be near it, or any creek thereof, in oysters, muscles, cockles, crabs, crevishes, and such like.  
27 Whether hath the Lord of the Manor any Fowling within this Manor, 
Fowling.  by means of any moors, marshes, waters, brooks, reeds, or such like: as of Duck, Mallard, Widgin, Teal, Wild-geese, Busterd, Plovers, Bitters, Swans, or such like foul: or any woods wherein do breed any Herinshoes, Shoutlers, stork, or such like: or any Pibble, Peach, or Sea-bank, wherein breed sea-pies, Olives, Pewets, or such, who taketh the profit of them, and what are they worth by year.  
These kinds of commodities are not in every Manor: and therefore as in all other things it behoveth the Survey or to consider of these particulars, and give no more unto the jury to be inquired of, than he either knoweth to be inquirable, or likely by examination to be found in the Manor he intendeth to survey.  
8 Whether hath not the Lord of this Manor (time out of mind) had and received all waives, 
Wayves, estrays.  estrays, felons goods, treasure found, within the Mamnor, and such like profits, and whether hath he been answered of them from time to time truly, or not, and who is the officer that doth oversee, and take notice of the same to the Lords use.  
Although these kind of profits may redound unto the Lord by prescription, yet most commonly they are confirmed by charter, and therefore the Lords evidences, together with the use, must be examined.  

Mines. Quarries.  29 Whether are there within this Manor, any Tin-mines, Lead-mines, Coppermines, Colemines, Quarries of stone of Marble, Free-stones, Millstones, Lime-stones, Grinding-stones, Marle, or Chalke-p●ti, 〈◊〉 or moorish earth, fit for soiling of land, or any Potter's cla●, clay for Brick or Tile, or any Fuller's earth, or any sand, or gravel-pits, or such kind of commodity's, and what is every such kind worth to the Lord, or may be made worth by year.  
These are casualties, and seldom or never at all happen in any Manor, and few Manors but have some or one of them.  
30 Whether hath the Lord of the Mamnor any Turf, Peates, 
Turfs and Peates.  Heath, Broome, Furz●, or Flag, which are, or may be yearly sold within the Manor, & what may they yield the Lord by year.  
These things are not in every country, much less in every Manor: for I think Essex can afford little of them, unless it be of Turfs and Peates, if they were sought in some low grounds, in some creak of the sea▪ Northumberland, Westmoreland and those wild fields, yield store of peats and turfs: so doth Yorkshire some, and other places, many.  Bayly. 
What mean you by Turfs and Peates? are they not heath Turffs you mean?  Sur. 
There are heath-Turffes, which are also meant in this Article, but the Turf and peat is of another kind: for they are taken in bogs, and such rotten grounds as cattle cannot feed upon. And those that are first cut up, are called Turfs of the upper part, and such as are taken downward, are called Peates.  Bayly. 
How mean you downward?  Sur. 
Under the first cut: for you may cut a spears length deep in some places in the summer time, and that kind of earth will burn very excellently. And if it be cut never so deep, it will fill again in few years, and then may it be digged again.  Bayly. 
Then it is beneficial ground.  Sur. 
So it is: and I think there be many grounds would serve to this purpose, if they were sought out, where scarcity of other fuel is.  Bayly. 
You spoke of Furze, I take that to be no good fuel, but to brew or bake withal.  Survey. 
Yes: it is good firewood in Devonshire and Cornwall, where they make great profit in venting it for that use, in many the greatest towns, and in Excester especially.  Bayly. 
Then are they better than our ordinary Furzes about us.  Sur. 
The country people do call them French Furzes, they have a very great stalk, and grow very high, and their prickle very strong: but that they grow thick, and the body is commonly bare to the top, where is only a green bush of the tender and small branches, and seldom elsewhere, so that they easily make them into Faggots.  

Slate stones. Marking stones.  31 Whether is there within the Manor any Slate-stones for ●iling, red or black Lead, or Ochre for marking stones.  
These kind of Slate stones are full in Cornwall, and the marking stones most about Darbyshire, and those parts.  

Dear.  32 What Deer hath the Lord of this Manor in his Park, red and fallow: how many of Antler, and how many rascal: who is Keeper, and what is his Fee by year: whether hath he any Warren of Coneys, or Hare●, who is Keeper of either of them, and what Fee hath he by year, and what is the Warren of Coney's worth by year, and what were the Park worth by acre to be let by year, if the Deer were destroyed, and how many acres is there within the 〈◊〉  
A Park for Deer is more for the pleasure then for the profit of the Lord, or Commonwealth, and yet fit that Princes and men of worth should maintain them at their pleasures, yet not so fit, that every man that listed should maintain that game, for his private pleasure, that depriveth a Commonwealth of more necessary commo●ties. But men of late are grown more considerate, and have disparked much of this kind of ground, and converted it to better uses. As for wardens of Coneys, they are not unnecessary, 
Coneys.  & they require no rich ground to feed in, but mean pasture and craggy grounds are fittest for them. It is therefore in the discretion of a good and circumspect Surveyor, to advise his Lord▪ how to dispose of these things for his best advantage.  
33 What pensions, portions, payments, or fees are, 
Reprises and payments.  or aught to be yearly paid out of this Manor: to whom are they paid, and for what, and what rent or annuity is there paid, or ought yearly to be paid out of any Manor, or by any person, unto the Lord of this Manor: and whether hath the same been duly paid, or discontinued: what is the annuity or rent, by whom ought it to be paid, for what thing, and how long hath it been discontinued.  
These things are very duly to be examined, both which go out of a Manor, or be paid to a Manor, although in many places they be much neglected, not in calling for, I confess, but if such payments be denied, the Lord, to whom such things are due, can hardly say or avow, for what, or in consideration whereof they are due: and by that means men 〈…〉 right, both of the pay●● 〈…〉 of the land, if it escheat, yea whole Manors.  
34 Whether is there within this Manor any Market weekly, 
Markets. Fairs.  or Fair at any time of the year kept, on what day or days, who hath the toll and profits of the same, and what is it, or may it be worth unto the Lord by year.  
Fairs and markets are commonly by patent from the King.  

Pawnage.  35 Whether doth the Lord, or may he take in any ●●ine to pawnage yearly into his park or woods, what i● the pawnage worth by year.  Bayly. 
Sir, you need little to inquire of that, for Okes and Beech that have been formerly ●ery famous in many parts of this kingdom, for feeding the Farmer's veni●●n▪ are fallen to the ground and gone, and their places are scarcely known where they stood.  Sur. 
It is very true: and it is pity, that Lords of manors have no more care of their posterities. For assuredly there will be greater want of ●●mber in time to come in this Realm, then may be supplied with little charge from any part else whatsoever. And therefore might Lords and Farmers easily add some supply of fu●●●e hope, in setting for every twenty acres of other land, one acre of Acorns, which would ●ome to be good timber in his so●nes age, especially where there is, and like to be more want.  Bayly. 
The course ●●ere good, but you 〈…〉: for Okes are 〈…〉 it will be long ere they come to be timber.  Sur. 
I know in Suffolk, where in twenty years Acorns have yielded fruit, already ●ere as high, as a steeple of ordinary height.  Bayly. 
Truly it is pity it were not enjoined to men of ability and land to do it. But I think men imagine, there will be timber enough to the end of the world.  
36 Whether hath any of you any Deeds, 
Evidence.  Evidences, Courtrolles, Rentals, Sute-rolles, Custome-rols, Books of Survey, Accounts, or any other escripts, or miniments, touching or concerning this Mamnor. If you have any such, produce them at this Court for the Lords use and service: or if you know any that have any such, deliver their names, that the Lord may procure them to show the same.  
37 Who hath the ad●ouson, nomination, 
Ad●ouson.  presentation and gift of the Parsonage, Vicarage, or Free-chappell whereunto this Manor belongeth: or whether is it an impropriation, belonging to the Lord of this Manor, who is incumbent of the Parsonage or Vicarage, or who hath the impropriation in use, and what is it worth by year  
Some have taken, and set down, a Parsonage or Vicarage to be parcel of a Manor, but I take it otherwise: for a matter of spiritual or ecclesiastical function, cannot be parcel of a secular living. But a Manor as touching the tithe, may belong to an ecclesiastical charge: neither do I think, that an impropriation, though it belong unto the Lord, yet is it not parcel of his Manor: because that ab origine, even from the f●r●t institution, it was dedicated to a spiritual office. And although the profits were afterwards disposed to a secular person, yet are not the profits parcel of the Manor.  
38 Who is the Lords bailie, what is his name, what yearly fee hath he, & whether hath he a patent for life, 
Lord's bailie. Steward.  or is at the Lords will: and who is Steward of the Lords Courts: what is his fee, & whether doth he hold it by patent or at will: who is also keeper of the lords park, warrener, or woodward, & what other officers are there within, or belonging to this Manor, and what are their fees.  
Sundry Manors have sundry officers: some of the Lords election and appointment, & some of the Tenants, among whom they are yearly chosen, as Hayward, Reeves, etc.  
39 Within what Diocese, and Deanery, within what division and hundred lieth this Manor: 
Diocese, hundred, etc.  and to what place are you that are the Tenants, usually called to do your services, to muster, and to show your Armour, and weapons▪ and what Beacons are you appointed to watch and ward at.  
It were a simple part of a Surveyor, if his Lord should ask him these questions, and he should answer, I cannot tell: and yet are they things fit for the Lord, to be acquainted with.  

Market towns.  40 What Marke● Towns are nearest unto this Manor, and what commodities are there especially vented at every of them.  
This is also necessary to be known of the Lord, that dwelleth remote from his Manors.  

Thus much for the charge.  

●●●andum▪  Every Surveyor is in discretion to order his own business, and none is tied to this method of charge: yet he must take the substance of these Articles, 
Every Surveyor is to use his own method.  or such and so many of them, as in his conceit (guided by some foreknowledge of the state of the Manor which he is to survey) are fittest to be delivered unto the jury: and withal he is to explain unto them, the sense and meaning of every Article more at large, than he will give them in the letter. And having thus finished the charge, I hold it fit to give the Articles in writing unto the jury, to the end they may answer their knowledges, to every of them in writing. And because the jury (perchance) cannot so methodically set down their own plain meanings, as is fit to be engrossed in the Lord's book, the Surveyor must correct the former, still keeping himself within the compass of the meaning of the jury, & then to read the same unto them distinctly, that they may allow or disallow the same: and because they shall hau● sufficient t●●e, to consult and deliberate upon every Article, they may have day given them, until such time as the Surveyor doth think he shall finish the Perambulation, and view of the Manor in sort as he intendeth: and then to take their verdict, and accordingly to engross the same.  
Immediately af●er the charge thus ended, the Surveyor is to make proclamation, in the name of the Lord of the Manor, that every Tenant do presently produce his deeds, copies, Leases, and other Evidences, to the end that the Surveyor and his Clerk may enter them roughly in a book, and afterward enroll them fair in a bo●ke of Parchment for continuance.  
And if any man make default, he may find it by the catalogue of the names of the tenants, which he must take at the beginning of the Court, and cross them as they bring their evidences to be entered: the manner of which entries doth briefly follow.  
Intrationes omnium & singularum chartarum, 
Beauland Manerium.  Copiarum, Indenturarum omniumque aliarum Evident. tenentium, ibidem factae tertio die Novemb. Anno Regni▪ Domini nostri jacobi, Dei gratia, magnae Britanniae, Franciae & Hiberniae Regis, fidei Defensor●s, etc. 4. ut sequuntur. viz.    

Chartae Liberorum tenentium.  
W. P. de F. in Co●▪. M. Yeoman, per charta 〈◊〉 dat. tertio die Martii, Anno regni Henr. 7. secundo, tene● libere sibi & haeredibus suis (if it be entailed, then according to the limitation) ex donat. R. S. unum mensuagium sine tentm. vocat. Whytlocks situate. in quadam venella vocat, Potters-street, 〈◊〉 ●esuag. R. L. ex. ●●str. & quandam viam vocat. Love-lane ex part Bor. abut●●an. fuper magnam communiam vocat. Hownes Moor in Occiden. & supper come. campum, vocat. Beggars Bushfield in Orientem, & continet in longitudine quadragint. pertic. & in latitudine novem pertic. & dimid. unum ●lm. prati, vocat. Moss meadow. cont. per estimat. quinque acr. & quinque acr. prat. iac. in commun. prat. vocat. Collier's mead, & tres clausur, terrae arabilis insimul jacent. vocat. Bathyes, cont. in se in to. per estimat. decem act. unum clm. pastur. vocat. Abbot's close, jacent. etc. cont. per estimat. tres acr. Quod quidem mesuagium pred. R. S. nuper perquisivit, de quodam A. B. habend. etc. per red. unius libr. Piperis, & per seruic. inde debit. & consuet. 
1. libr. Piperis.   
In hac forma ceterae omnes irrotul●nt●r chartae, secundum particularia in eisdem specificata.   

Copiae Custumariorum Tenentium.  
B. C. pe●cop. Cur. dat. nono die Maii Anno regne Elizabeth. 30. tenet exsursum reddic●one W. R. unum tentm. jacent. in quodam vico vocat. Church-street, in't. etc. (according to the buttles) & unam clm. terrae voc. Haywood, 
Finis 3. po 6. shill. 8 pe.  iac. etc. cont. per estimat. duas acr. unum pratum voc●t. Dear mead, cont. quinque acr. & decem acr. terr. in come. campis. Habendum sibi & haered. suis ad voluntatem Domini, secundum consuetudinem Ma●ern, & dedit Domino pro fine 3. pounds, 6. 〈◊〉. 8. pence, & reddit per annum 
2 shil. 6. pence.   
If the estates be for lives, as in the most Ma●●●rs in the West, than the entries of the Copies must be according to the words of the copy: and at the foot of the entry of every copy, it is fit to set down the ages of the tenant in possession, and of them in reversion.  
Also it behoveth a Surveyor in the entry of all Deeds and Copies, to set down the names of all messages and tenements, and the names of every particular close, and parcel of land, as they are set down in the Copy. And not only the present tenants name, but the former tenants, for two, three, or four descents, if it be expressed in the copies.  
It is a fault in some Stewards, that in making out Copies, do set only down the name of him that surrenders, and the name of him to whom the surrender is made, without further relation of any former tenant's name, and do also set down the message, without setting down the particular parcels of land belonging unto it▪ using only general words, which in all things import incertainty. Whereas, if he did well, he should observe and set down every parcel both in quality and quantity: namely, what is meadow, pasture, arable wood, etc. with the principal butts and bounds, by the Surveyors book.   

De intratione dimissionum, sive Indenturarum, in quibus ea quae sequuntur, obseruanda sunt.  
Dies mensis & annus.  
Partes inter quas facta est Indentura.  
Consideratio concessionis.  
Particularia, quae per Indenturam traduntur.  
Habe●dum, cum termino annorum aut vitarum, pro quo aut quibus conceduntur.  
Redditus, & tempora solutionis.  
Clausa districtionis, a●t forisfacturae.  
Conuentiones, & Provisiones breviter.  
Quomodo obligatur ad warrantizandu● Concessor, etc.   

This sufficeth for the form of the entry of Deeds, Copies, and Leases.  Bayly. 
Is this all that is required in the making up of a book of Survey?  Sur. 
Some think it sufficient to come into a Manor, and to call the tenants, and to cause them to show their evidences, and to enter them, and so to give the Lord a book of the estates, end think they have done a great work. Which is as much as if a Caterer should provide meat, and the Cook to send it to the table raw for his Lord to eat. The Caterers office doth as much towards the Lord's diet, as the bare knowledge of the estates of a Manor, doth towards the performing of an absolute Survey. Yet is the Caterers office, a good inducement, and without this provision the Cook can do nothing: & without the knowledge of the estates, a Surveyors travail: is to little purpose.  Bayly. 
Yet you will enter every man's particular lands again: will you not, notwithstanding the entering of their Evidences?  Sur. 
It must be so, after the view had, and made of all the Manor.  Bayly. 
What else require you at my hands to be d●ne then at this time? for I perceive you have given the jury their charge, and limited them a day to bring in their verdict: and you have seen and entered all the Deeds, Copies and Leases of the tenants which have appeared. What will you now do in the mean time? 
Tenant's must accompany the Surveyor in his perambulation.   Sur. 
I must now command you (the Lord's Bailie) to appoint me some sufficient tenants, to accompany me in the perambulation and description of the Manor.  Bayly. 
What, will you make a plot of the Manor?  Sur. 
It is very expedient and necessary for many causes, 
A plot of a Manor necessary.  which I showed you in our first conference.  Bayly. 
Will you do it by instrument?  Sur. 
Yea.  Bayly. 
Then you need the less help, for you will use no chain.  Sur. 
I will, and it behoveth to use the chain, notwithstanding the instrument.  Bayly. 
I have heard some of your profession say, they could plot out a Manor, and never use line or chain, with the instrument.  Sur. 
A Painter can by his art delineate the proportion of any creature, without using perspective glass, or a compass, even by the eye and serious observation: so may a man, having the true use of any topographical instrument by rules geometrical, describe a Manor in a kind of form, without line or chain, or other measure. But if he will say he doth, or that he can truly delineate a Manor with all the members, as every street, highway, lane, river, hedge, ditch, close, and field, in form with true curning, angles, lengths, and bredths, so that by the plot which he so maketh, a stranger by scale & compass may truly find the quantities of the particulars, I will then say he is rara avis, he is to be admired, because I must needs speak as I find, that it is a matter both unnecessary and unprofitable: unnecessary, because it is as if a man should build a house, without pin or nail, by ingenuous excellent geometrical conclusions, to magnify the art, when with more certainty it may be done by the ordinary aid of pins, and nails: and it is unprofitable, because it will require a tenne-fold time more than the ordinary course of the instrument and chain. And yet when curiosity hath done all that it can in this behalf, he shall find (though the conclusions be true) the work false.  Bayly. 

vainglorious Artists.  Then I perceive, there be some vainglorious of your profession: for I have seen one come into a field, & set his instrument in the middle, or in some part thereof, and hath taken upon him immediately to say, the content is thus much.  Sur. 
He that so assumeth unto himself admiration, may be more admired for his presumption, then for his truth in performance: for a piece of ground cannot lie in any such form, as he with an instrument at one station can find the quantity, though he may aim at it at two station▪ but a piece of land may so lie as he shall err, let him ●ake as many stations as he can, and yet he must measure between his first two stations at the least, and toil himself and his companions, more than if he went the true course of art and reason.  bailie. 
What you mean by stations, I am not acquainted, but I hold the plainest way, the truest way in all conclusions, if art and reason be not against them: and sith the chain, I perceive, is necessary to be used with the instrument, I will provide you help, both for your aid in that behalf, and for your information, hoping that you will not be against me to view your manner of working, and if I do ask you a question now and then, for my better satisfaction, you will not be curious in advising.  Sur. 
I will not only not be curious, but I will gladly impart my poor skill unto you, if you be willing: & I will bestow demonstration, if you will afford attention and practice.  bailie. 
What call you this instrument?  Sur. 
Some call it the plain table.  bailie. 
Is there no other instrument used in plotting of ground?  Sur. 
Yes, according as men of skill do fancy.  bailie. 
But which do you approve most? for as there be divers, so men diversely affect them? 
As instruments are divers, so men diversely affect them.   Sur. 
Affection is often blind, and it may misled a man, but reason seldom or never: and therefore he that can maintain the credit of that he affecteth by reason, I hold that a fit instrument for his use: there are but two principal instruments, fit indeed for the plotting of grounds, and that is this that hath the name of a plain table, and the Theodelite which sometimes I use.  bailie. 
But I have seen many, and divers forms of instruments, and are they all comprehended under these two names?  Sur. 
No, they have sundry names, 
All instruments have one ground.  but they are all grounded upon like principles: & as a man may make sundry kinds of clocks, one differing in a kind of form, from other, and call them by divers names, yet they are all found upon one ground; and as every clock bringeth forth like effects, as to strike and to distinguish times: So these instruments, though they differ in form and name, yet they produce like effects, if they tend to this part of Geometry, which is most principally called planimetry: 
Planimetria.  namely, the measuring of the length, and breadth of any thing, as of a Manor, and of all sorts, and forms of grounds.  bailie. 
But I have heard of an instrument called a Circumferentor, which some do use about this business.  Sur. 
It is true, it is a new name given to the very Theodelite, used in a sort otherwise then the Theodelite, but not contrary. For as the working upon the Theodelite, is performed by reducing the needle always upon the point North, as it is marked in the box, the Index turning to the degree, and pointing out of the line of opposition: So the Circumferentor having his Index fixed, pointeth to the opposite, and the needle falleth at adventure upon some degree marked in the box: And the difference is only in the protraction: for where the one protracteth the work, by the degrees, found by the fall of the wandering Index: so the other protracteth from the degree, whereupon the needle falleth.  Bayly. 
This differs as much, as if the bell should strike the hammer to make it strike: where it is more ordinary, that the hammer should strike the bell: but if the sounds be like certain, and sensible, it makes no great matter whether do strike the other. And if either of these instruments will perform the work, let men use whether they list. But I pray you, let us proceed in our intended business: we have company sufficient both for your instruction of every man's land, and to aid you to carry the chain: as for your instrument, I will carry. Is it much material where you begin?  Sur. 

Where ●o begin to describe a Manor.  Truly no: yet I hold it most fit to begin abou● the middle of the Manor, and then to take a course, as the convenient lying of the land will move us, or at one end or side, all is one.  Bayly. 
Then I think here is a convenient place to begin the business: here is a spacious waste, and near about the middle of the Manor.  Sur. 
I pray you then set down your instrument there.  bailie. 
What will you do with that paper▪ Sir.  Sur. 
I must fasten it upon the table, that as I go, I may draw out the form of every particular.  Bay. 
But what is that bra●se Ruler, that you have taken out of the ●ase?  Sur. 
It is the Index of the plain table.  Bay. 
Wherefore strike you that line upon the paper, throughout the table, at adventure?  Sur. 
It is a meridian line, upon which, at every station, as you shall see, I lay the Index, observing to lay it always alike, lest I mistake the North point for the South, and the contrary.  Bay. 
Wherefore serveth this great box, and needle upon the middle of the Index.  Sur. 
It directeth to set the table always precisely upon one point.  Bay. 
Must it stand always one way, and direct always to one point? how then can you find the true curvings of the angles?  Sur. 
When the needle of the Index standeth true, as I take it now it doth: Look upon it. 
The manor of describing.   Bay. 
Indeed, it is right over the line.  Sur. 
Then I pray you, let me have one to go before me, always to stand with a mark at ●uery angle.  Bay. 
There is one gone.  Sur. 
I see him: Lo, I stir not the table, now it is truly rectified, and upon this line I make a prick, which is the very station where the instrument is supposed to stand: and now from this prick, laying the Index hard unto it, I, by the sights of the Index, lay it unto the mark, which is set up in yonder angle, let him not remove it till I come to it: & then as you see, I draw a line from the prick by the index as it lieth, truly and firmly to the mark. Come on with the line. How many sticks is it?  bailie. 
Sir, it is 25. sticks.  Sur. 
That is 75. pole.  bailie. 
Is your chain three pole?  Sur. 
Yea.  bailie. 
Oh Sir, what do you now with your compasses, that you first laid to your Index, and after to the paper?  Sur. 
I lay out the true distance, which is from the place where we begun, to the place where the mark stands.  Bayly. 
How do you know whether you strike that line too long, or too short? do you aim at it, as a man would divide a thing in divers parts by his eye?  Sur. 
No, there is in all arts sundry parts, and every part hath his several practice. A man is not presently a Musician, as soon as he can say his Gamma●th. There are steps and degrees to every perfection. But this little note that you take hold of, is not the least of the practice in this faculty.  Bayly. 
What call you it? For as Arts have divers parts, so every part hath his several denomination.  Sur. 

The use of the scale.  And this whereof we are now in hand, is called The use of the scale.  Bayly. 
I pray you, if I trouble you not too much, let me see the demonstration.  Sur. 
You see in this Index divers inches, diversly divided: 
The dividing of the scale.  one you see, is divided into 16▪ equal parts, another into 20. another into 60. these are called scales of ascending, or descending, to a higher or lower computation and extension, according to the number of perches found between station and station. This (as you see) is 75. pole, and the scale or divided inch, which I have chosen, is 20. as you see the inch so divided.  Bail. 
But how can you take 75. out of 20. for that you say is your scale?  Sur. 
I cannot take a greater out of a lesser: 
How to find the number of perches in the scale.  therefore you see me apply my compasses to more inches than one, though some of them be divided more or less, I must conceive every inch in the whole Index to be 20. Then I lay the one foot of my compass over 3. inches, which maketh 60. then I lack 15. to make 75. Therefore I set the other foot of my compass into the scale of 20. and reduce it only to 15. which 15. and the three inches next adjoining, being imagined 20. a piece, makes 75. And as you see the compass thus spread, I apply it without altering, to the line, which I drew from the first prick, and where the other foot of the compass falleth, there is the second station: namely, the place where this mark stood.  Bail. 
Truly, Sir, I thank you, I conceive it well for I perceive, I must always account the inches, not as they are in themselves divided, but every of them 20. And if it be under 20. then I must refer me to the very scale itself, which is divided 20. and take the number out of it: and if it be above 20. I must take the next inch or inches to the scale, and take the odd out of the scale itself.  Sur. 
If your sudden apprehension have as strong a retention, you will do well: but commonly quickest conceits do soon forget. 
Quick conceit● soon forget.  Therefore must you often chew it in your mind, and apply it to your memory, and as we pass in this business, you may make some practice.  Bai. 
Sir, I thank you.  Sur. 
What call you this common?  Bai. 
Ye● that are Tenants, and are sworn, inform the Surveyor.  jury. 
Sir, it is called, Water-hurst common.  Sur. 
So, you that carry the mark, I pray, go to the next angle, and set up your mark, and stir it not till I come. Master Baily, set down the instrument again, here where the mark stood.  Bai. 
I perceive you lay the Index upon the line again: and then you turn the table, till it be by direction of the needle, North and South, as before.  Sur. 
I do so.  Bai. 
But why do you now lay the Index, and by it look back again?  Sur. 
Only to try whether the needle be right: for if the Index from this last prick, do fall truly upon the first station, then may I be bold that I shall make the next angle true.  Bai. 
Now you lay the Index, to the yonder mark before you, & the line that you have stricken from the last prick, is the line that directeth to it: but because you know not yet how many pole it will be, you omit, applying your compasses to the scale, until you come to the mark, and know the number of petches.  Sur. 
I must do so: now come on with the chain. How many pole is it in the whole?  Bai. 
37. pole: I see you take almost 2. inches for this number, namely one entire inch▪ for 20. & 17. parts of the scale of 20. which in the whole maketh 37. & I see truly, as 37 is the half almost of 75. so is this last line, the answerable halfa of the first, and the angle falleth out in the paper, just alike unto the angle of the field. Surely this is a perfect way, and I conceive the doing of it very plainly.  Sur. 
Then we may go on the faster: for this doth a little hinder our business: but if you think fit to ask any question, do it freely, and I will answer you willingly.  Bayly. 
When I come to any doubt, I will be bold. Sir: now we have gone round about the Common of Water-burst, and you have closed it up as rightly like it in form, as one form may be made like another. Whither will you go next?  Sur. 
Into the next field. What field call you this?  jury. 
Oxe-leaze.  Sur. 
Whole is it?  jury. 
Thomas Turner's.  Sur. 
How doth he hold it?  jur. 
He holds it by Copy of Courtroll.  Sur. 
It is meadow.  jury. 
Yea.  bailie. 
I perceive you write the names of the Commons and closes you take, and the name of the owners and occupiers, and the quality of the ground, and how it is held in every particular close.  Sur. 
I must of necessity do so for: memory may not be trusted to retain so many things, as are to be noted in this business.  Bayly. 
I pray you proceed to the rest.  Sur. 
What river call you this?  Bayly. 
Will you have the names of the rivers too? 
The names of all particulars, are to be set down.   Sur. 
Yea, and the name of every other particular else whatsoever: for it is very material, whether it be river, Brook, lane, high way, cross, tree, pond, hill, hedge, corner, gate, style, gravel, or sand-pit, meerestones, balks, land, shares, or any matter or thing memorable, because they are often mentioned in records: butts, boundaries, deeds, copies, leases, and to distinguish between land, and land, Manor, and Manor, parish, and parish, & such like.  Bay. 
In deed, I perceive it is very needful to remember them all: this river indeed is called Otter brook, and is indeed the bounds between this Manor of Beauland, and the next Manor.  Sur. 
What call you the next Manor, on the other side the river?  Bay. 
The Manor of Littleton. But will you observe the names of all the Manors, that border upon this our Manor?  Sur. 
Yea, of necessity, and whose Manor it is: for it were a simple part in me, 
Conf●●ing Manors are to be noted.  to take the circuit of this Manor, and if the Lord should ask me what Manors lay about it, I should answer, I cannot tell: it is fit the Lord should know who were his neighbour Lords, and what Manors were near him. Whose is the Manor of Littleton?  Bay. 
The king's Manor: and therefore whether you may boldly set it down, you may be advised.  Sur. 
There is no fear, where is no purpose of offence: and in this it is not only not offensive, but expedient that the true bounds, meres, & marks of division between Manor, and Manor, should be observed and set down, that either may know how far his own extendeth.  Bai. 
It is, I confess, very necessary. But Sir, how will you do now? here is a great pond, through which you cannot measure. how can you find the breadth of it, that when you come to the other side, you may take the lust distance? for as I conceive, if you should lay it down by your scale, as you call it, too far, or too short, you should bring all the land near it out of rule, making it either too much or too little.  Sur. 
I perceive you understand well, for you say truly. Therefore if you observe what I do, you shall find that I will not commit that error.  Bai. 
How, I pray you?  Sur. 
You see how the instrument standeth, 
How to take a distance.  truly erected as before, & you see a little Molehill upon the further bank of the pond: I lay (as you see) the Index upon it, and take it for my mark just in the middle of it, and from this last station I strike a line at adventure, in the extension, but truly upon the mark: then without moving the instrument, I turn the Index from this station, where the instrument stands, unto the staff which the marke-bearer hath set up yonder, and strike likewise a line to it, as you see: now I measure from this station to the staff, and I find it is 16. perches, that you see how I take it with my compasses upon the scale, as I showed you before, and where the foot of my compass falleth, there is the place where the staffs standeth. Now see, I erect mine instrument again, and then I place my Index upon this place measured unto, and turn the same unto the middle of the former Molehill: and you see, that the Index doth cross the first line, & I draw a third from the place of the sta●●e, to the Molehill, and it crosseth it, you see, at this place, than I find, that the very point of the cross lines is the place of the Molehill.  Bayly. 
But how know you by this, how far the river or pond is over?  Sur. 
I will tell you presently. Lo, I lay the one foot of the compass upon the first station, and the other upon the prick of the Molehill: and now mark, I lay the compass, without stirring the feet, unto the scale, and as you see, it taketh three inches and a half: therefore I lay the compass so, as the one foot may rest upon the scale, which I have chosen, which is the inch divided into twenty parts, and that, you see, is just in the middle of the inch, which is ten perches, and the other three whole inches, are twenty apiece: so the whole breadth of the pond is 70. perches, deducting as much on either side, as is between the brink of the pond, and the marks on either side, because I could not plant mine instrument so near ●he water, but that some space must be of necessity between.  Baily. 
I understand this well: and I see, that by this rule a man may take the distance of a place far off, and never measure to it.  Sur. 
So may you, and to tell how far distant divers things are one from another, though neither of them be near you. But for these things, if you covet more instruction, you may refer you to divers in London, or elsewhere, that are practisers & teachers of these Geometrical conclusions: for now time will not serve us, neither for me to teach, nor you to understand the things at full, which are required in the Mathematics, whereof this is but a p●r●.  Bayly. 
I thank you for your present willingness: when better your opportunity and leisure will permit you, I will be bold ●o trouble you further, & I will be thankful. I will not now let you: I pray you proceed.  Sur. 
What house is this?  Bayly. 
These men of the jury will tell you better than I▪ for I am but a stranger here to speak of, and I dare not be too bold to speak either by guess, or by report, of things which must be recorded to posterities.  Sur. 
You do better to forbear, and to be silent indeed, then to speak what may lead us into error, 

They that inform, must know what they say.  
Raw reports without knowledge, are unfit to be recorded. Houses are called after the names of Tenants.   as many busy and forward fellows do, to the hurt sometimes of the Lord, sometimes of the tenant. And some Surveyors over credulous, will take their raw reports for matter of record, and so leave doubts or untruths to them that shall come after. But what say you that have been sworn?  jury. 
The name of the house is Fuller's: but why it is so called, we cannot tell.  Sur. 
It is so called (no doubt) of some former tenant of that name: for houses and farms are oftentimes called after sundry names, according to the variety of the tenants names: and it is a good course to set down all the ancient names of a farm, because in ancient records, names are found both of farms, and closes, and such like, that are out of knowledge, for want of the continuance of expressing them in their Copies, Deeds, Leases, Rentals, suit Rolls, and custom Rolls. But whose is the house now?  jury. 
It is now in the renure of W. Sands.  Sur. 
How doth he hold it?  jury. 
By Lease for 21. years.  Sur. 
When I come to any of the land that belongeth to this house, let me understand it: for it is convenient to mention, in setting down every piece of ground, to what house, farm or tenement it belongeth.  Bayly. 
Here you are now come to the Lords wood.  Sur. 
What call you this wood?  Bayly. 
I take it, it is called Frith-wood.  Sur. 
It is parcel of the Lords demeisnes, is it not?  jury. 
It is so, Sir.  Sur. 
Here are good timber trees, we will number them.  Bayly. 

To number trees.  Number them? how is it possible to number them, they are so many, and stand so thick?  Sur. 
I confess (especially if it be thick of bushes and underwoods) there is difficulty in numbering them: yet if you will follow my direction, we will come near the number.  Bayly. 
How, I pray you? we will all give any aid we can.  Sur. 
Then go you along by this hedge, and when I bid you stand, stand you still: and let another go up this path, and when he comes right against you, let him stand: likewise another must stand here at the end of the wood, and must not move, until I call him to remove: and I and my man will account the number of the trees, that are within the square, which you three and the corner of the wood doth make. Sirrah, go you along by the hedge, and let your eye be always upon the trees that are between us, and as you see me move, so move you: and I will number the trees as I go. So, now call away the 〈◊〉 that stands at the end of the wood, and place them again in another square, and do as before: and so from place to place, till all the wood be viewed, and the trees numbered.  Bayly. 
To what end is this? what is the Lord the better, to know the number of the trees?  Sur. 
Howsoever the Lord be pleased to think of the service, a Surveyor ought to know it, 
A Surveyor should seek to know the number of timber trees.  that when he shall be demanded of the Lord, what he thinketh the wood to be worth to be sold, he may be able to answer it; and give a reason for that he saith, and not to speak at random or by guess, without some ground of reason or proof. For how can a man value a wood, when he knows not what crop it beareth? For a wood may have an hundred trees in an acre, some woods not twenty, some not five: and therefore it were great negligence in a Surveyor, that would pass by a wood of the Lords, and would not take note of the trees, yea, and of the reasonable value of them one with another, that he may be readily able to satisfy the Lord, when he shall demand the Surveyors opinion, though he cannot answer precisely, yet near.  Bayly. 
You say truly: But what if there be no trees at all in the wood, as here is a wood adjoining, called Buckes-grove, that hath the name of a wood, but hath no trees at all?  Sur. 
Then is it underwood, 
Difference between timber trees and underwood.  which must be considered in another kind: for there is difference between timber trees, and underwoods: for an acre of timber trees may be worth forty pounds, and far more, or much less, when an acre of underwoods can not lightly exceed five pounds, and may not be worth twenty shillings. Therefore must the Surveyor be heedful, I say, to note what trees are among the underwoods, and must also have skill to judge of the values of the trees: namely, to judge what a tun of timber, or a load is worth, and how many loads a tree will make. And because this is not alike in all places, he must be careful to observe the plenty or scarcity, the use and little use of timber or firewood in the place where he is to deal, and accordingly in discretion to judge of the values of that he hath in hand, else may he deceive himself and his Lord much, 
The place to be considered.  if he prise wood in the wield of Sussex, as it is worth about Salisbury plain.  Bayly. 
Saving your speech, the like is to be considered in the letting and sale of land.  Sur. 
It is true: we have had a good walk between these two stations, and a long discourse of woods. But me thinks, I see a quarry of very good stone here.  Bail. 
Yea Sir, here is both excellent fréestone and good Marble, and as we shall go, you shall find divers sorts of minerals and earths: which you can not note upon your plot, because they are things hidden under the earth.  Sur. 

To note special places of profit.  Yea, but I will (for so I ought) set down in the plot, the places where every of these commodities are found. But for the matter and substance, and the profit and value, I know, the jury will bring in, in their verdict: for they are all given them in charge.  Bail. 
It is true: these things are necessarily given them in charge. But here is a Mill, Sir, will you take note of it upon your plot?  Sur. 
In any case: for it is not the least ornament of a Manor, a fair stream and a well conditioned, 
A good Water-Mill, an ornament to a Manor.  and well wrought Mill upon the same. In whose use or occupation is this Mill?  Bayly. 
It is one G. Iohnsons.  Sur. 
By what right?  Bayly. 
Let them of the jury speak.  jury. 
He holdeth it freely for a pepper corn a year. But it was parcel of the Lords demeisnes, but he sold it: and it was a custom Mill very profitable.  Sur. 
He that persuaded the Lord to sell away his custom Mill, 
Not good for a Lord to al●●n his Custome-Mill.  had little respect to the Lords profit or royalty: the profit comes easily, and the custom confirmeth the antiquity of the Manor. And such a member of a Manor, I would wish none to put away. But humour and necessity, 
Humour and Necessity, two Emperors opposite.  are two opposite Emperors; the one commands, willeth, and doth what he listeth, the other forced to do what it would not. And therefore men that may do what they list, and will do what they may, if they err to their own hurt, are not to be lamented. But they that are constrained to do what they would not, to their prejudice, I pity them. But I take it, we have near trodden the whole Manor.  Bayly. 
Almost indeed. Here are some few closes more, and then an end.  Sur. 
But here are certain cottages, me thinks, builded upon the Lords waste. 
Cottages on the waste.   Bayly. 
Yea, but let them pass, never meddle with them: for they are only shelter for poor people, and yield the Lord little or no commodity, and therefore spare labour of observing them.  Sur. 
Nay, it is a parcel of my task, I must omi● nothing, that may inform or benefit the Lord.  Bayly. 
Be it then as you will.  Sur. 
What are we now at an end?  bailie. 
Yonder corner is the last: for it is the place where you began in Water-hurst common.  Sur. 
So, than we will retire.  bailie. 
What will you then command to be done?  Sur. 
cause the Tenants all to appear, and let the jury bring in the verdict.  Bayly. 
The Tenants are at the Court house, and the jury ready with their verdict.  Sur. 
I will go with you and take it: call the jury by poll: make proclamation.  bailie. 
They all appear.  Sur. 
You sworn men of the Court of Survey, have you agreed upon the Articles that were given you in charge, and are you provided with answer unto every of them in writing?  jury. 
Yea Sir, here it is fairly written.  Sur. 
You have well done in your endeavours, though peradventure, there may be defects in the form of your answers, yet if you have kept the main aim, which is the seeking out, and delivering the truth, you have discharged the parts of honest Tenants, and men fearing God. And because that it may be somethings may be omitted, which you may now instantly call to mind: blush not to declare it here, before you be deprived of that you have written▪ for this paper I must have, and that under your hands.  jury. 
What need we set to our hands?  Sur. 
Because if I err from it, your hands shall testify against me: if you have erred, 
Th● jury must subscribe their verdict.  and I err through you your hands shall justify me.  jur. 
The thing is reasonable, we will subscribe.  Sur. 
Now will I read the Articles of your charge, and to every Article your answer, that you may yet correct or add what shall be thought fit, and therefore I pray you listen.  jur. 
Read you Sir.  Sur. 
You agree to all these things willingly, whereunto you have set your hands.  jur. 
We do so, and do here confirm it by the delivery thereof, by our foreman in the name of us all, to the behoof of our Lord. And what you else require at our hands, we are ready to perform.  Sur. 
You do kindly, and like dutiful Tenants, and be you assured, that your forwardness herein shall not be concealed from the Lord, but with true report of your endeavours for the furthering of the business, which cannot but draw a kind consideration from the Lord again to you. Which both to gain for you, and to retain it, I will truly do my best: and so for this time, I will leave to trouble you further, until I have set my other collections, which I have taken in the perambulation of the Manor, in some order, then will I be bold to trouble you again, to the end that you may all approve, what is done, whether I have truly set down the particulars: namely, the Lords demeisnes, the free, copy, and leased lands, under their true names and due owners: if not, that by your help I may reform it, before I engross it, to continue to your children. For what we do, will be hereafter a light unto them that shall come after you: and if it should be erroneous, it would be prejudicial to your posterities.  Sur. 
I pray you therefore, let there be an examination, and we will gladly give both our attendance and best aid to perfect it.  Bail. 
I shall then make an Oyes, and adiourn the Court, until they have notice again.  Sur. 
Do so.  Bai. 
You will now keep your chamber, until you have made your collections perfect, and cast up the land.  Sur. 
I purpose so.  Bayly. 
I would gladly see the manner of your casting up of the acres as you do it: for the rest, I shall see, when you have done. For the juries examination, I will leave you till the morning, and then will I come to your chamber.  Sur. 
Do so.   
The end of the third book.   

The Surveyors Dialogue, showing the manner of casting up o● sundry fashions of land, with the scale and compass, with Tables of computation for ease in accounting.  
The fourth Book.  Bayly 
I See you are busied, and I perceive you are casting up the quantity of this square piece of land.  Sur. 
So I am.  Bayly. 
This, I take it, is plain and easy to be measured.  Sur. 
I pray let me see your skill, what containeth it?  Bayly. 
I think, if I were upon the ground, I could tell you: but upon the plot I cannot, because I remember, you do it by your scale: I would gladly see the use of it, and how you apply your scale to the perches: and if I saw it once, I think I could then guess at it. Where is your scale?  Sur. 
This that you see like a ruler divided.  
 Bayly. 
If you will give me leave, and if I trouble you not, I will try how near I can come to it. I apply the compass to the even side of the figure of the close, and then letting the compass stand, I lay the compass to the scale, & I find it is just one inch, which is▪ third part● 〈…〉 of the whole scale: and as I remember, you made your scale twenty perches to an inch.  Sur. 
You say right.  Bayly. 
Then is the one side 20. perches. And having laid my compass to the rest of the sides, I find them twenty of each side. What now is to be done?  Sur. 
Multiply the one side by the other.  Bayly. 
Then I must say twenty times twenty, that makes four hundred perches. But now am I at a s●and again, how shall I know how many acres is in this figure?  Sur. 
You must know, that there go 160. perches to one acre, 80. perches to half an acre, 40. perches to one rood, 
The parts of an acre.  on fourth part 〈…〉 of an acre, ten day-works to a rood, four perches to a day-worke, 18. foot and a half to a perch.  Bayly. 
Then I perceive, that as many times as I find 160. perches in 400. perches, so many acres the piece is, and if the overplus come to 80. perches, it makes half an acre more, it to forty, one rood, it is four perches, a day work: and so according to the 〈◊〉 perches, it maketh parts of an acre,  Sur. 
You take it rightly.  Bayly. 
Then I divide 400 by 160. and I find 160. twice in 400▪ and 80. over: so it amounts to two acres and a half.  Sur. 
It is well done: but I would have you observe, a form in setting down your quantities: for as the parts are four, so set them down in four columns: as for example: 2-2-0-0: the first is acres, the second is roods, the third is dayworkes, and the fourth perches.  Bayly. 
I thank you Sir, I pray let us see some other form.  Survey. 
This form following is also a square, let me see how you will cast it up.  Bai. 
I have laid the compass to the sides, as before, and by the scale▪ all the sides are twenty perches a p●●ce, as were the first, 〈◊〉 I find no difference in the quantity.  Sur. 
But you shall find you are in an error: for it is not the length o● the sides that justifies the quan●titie: but the angles must be considered: 
Pieces of equal sides, may make unequal quantities.  for you see there is great difference between the angles of the first figure, and the angles of this: for the angles of the first are all right angles, but this hath two sharp or acute angles, and two blunt or obtuse angles, which maketh difference in the quantity, though the sides be equal every way to the former.  Bay. 
I pray you show me the reason.  Sur. 
Your eye may discern, there is inequality in the bigness of these two: but you shall prove it thus: the first is a just square of twenty perches every way, which maketh the Area and content as big as possible like sides may make: but this last, by ben●ing two sides, makes the 2 angles unequal to the other, and must be measured by drawing a line from the two sharp angles, and then raising a perpendicular from that base, to one of the obtuse equal angles: multiply the base, 
How to cast ●p a triangle  which is 34. by half the perpendicular, 〈…〉, and that maketh in the whole 2-0-0-3. the base and both the perpendiculars being equal.  Bai. 
This is almost two parts of an acre less than the former. And by this reason there may be a piece of land 20. perches every side, that shall not contain above two parts of an acre.  Sur. 
It is true.  Bai. 
I see in your plot a crooked piece of land to be measured as I take it, and I think it be the Lords wood, called Frith-wood.  
 Sur. 
This is that you see, and it is troublesome to measure indeed: and without a Geometrical instrument, it can very hardly be measured, because there are woods about it, and the wood itself thick of trees and bushes.  Bai. 
You have indeed laid it out in his true form: but it hath so many angles and curvings, that I dare not adventure to measure it upon your plot. I pray what course take you in the casting up of such a piece of land?  Sur. 
The truest course, for that it is so irregular, is, to put it into as many triangles as you conveniently may, making no more than necessity requirech: and if you can do this, you may do any other form.  Bai. 
I pray you show me the manner.  
 Sur. 
I will make a demonstration unto you, and mark it: you see the figure: there are contained within this figure 7. triangles, and one long square: the base of the first triangle is 22. perches, the half perpendicular thereof is two perches, and that containeth 0-1-1-0. The second triangle hath his base 37. perches, the half perpendicular, two and a half, which maketh 0-2-3-1. The third hath the base 37. the half perpendicular 6▪ which maketh 1-1-5-2. The fourth hath the base 21. the perpendicular 3. maketh 0-1-5-3. The fifth is in the base 12. perp. two and a half, and maketh 0-0-7-2. The sixth base 12. perp. 2 maketh 0-0-6-0. The long square 6 in length, and 4 in breadth, 0-0-6-0. The two last are equal triangles, base 8. perp 1. and a half, 0-0-3-0. All which several sums being added together, do amount unto 3-0-8-0.  Bai. 
But which do you call the base, and which the perpendicular lines?  Sur. 
The longest line in any triangle is the base, and the perpendicular is a line imagined to rise from the base to the obtuse or blunt angle: 
Base & perpendicular, quid.  as in the example following.  Bai. 
That which is done with pricks, you call the perpendicular, 
Base and perpendicular questions.  and the lower line, you call the base, as in this figure.  Sur. 
So it is.  Bai. 
But how lo you cast up the quantity, by a triangle thus? you cannot as I take i●, by multiplying the base by the perpendicular, find the content: for it is by that computation, more item indeed the triangle containeth. 
The base multiplied by the perpendicular.   Sur. 
You say true, if you multiply the whole base, by the whole perpendicular: but you must multiply the one, by the half of the other.  Bai. 
Do you imagine that the truest measure, i● by triangles?  Sur. 

Triangles surest measuring.  Yea, where you find many angles in one field: there are other kinds, and manners of measuring, but this is speedy and certain.  Bai. 
How if a piece of land lie directly round? I think you measure it round, and then cast it into a square, as if the circle be 40 perches round, it maketh 10 square.  Sur. 
Indeed, many vulgar measurers do use to measure many sorts of land round, and cast the whole into a square, which is for the most part false. But for a round, and circular piece of land, you must indeed measure it round, 
A circular form.  and take the half of the number of perches for the length: then take the semidiamiter, namely, as many perches, as are from the Centre, to the extreme, and multiply the half of the circle by the semidiamiter. And for a half circle, multiply half the half circuit, by the Sem●diamiter, and divide as I showed you.  Bay. 
I thank you Sir: I keep you from your business, yet I pray you let me ask you one question more for my learning: how are hills, and valleys measured?  Sur. 
There is indeed some difficulty in them, without great industry: for commonly, hills, 
Measuring hills and valleys.  and valleys lie very irregularly, sides, heights, and depths, very unequal. And therefore, to demonstrate any certain rule for these kind of contents, many have endeavoured to do, to whom as unto uncertainties I refer you: but for such kind of grounds, there must special diligence be had, in bringing them into certain parts, distinguishing the parts by marks, and so by degrees to bring these parts into a certain content general, and that upon the ground: otherwise I see not, 
Irregular forms must be measured by regular parts.  how by measuring a whole irregular circuit together, as irregular heights or depths, and applying the numbers to a general computation, according to the rules of arithmetic, a certainty may be procured: although the rules be true, yet in regard of the inequality of forms, the working may fail, upon a plain plot.  Bay. 
Sir, loath I am to be troublesome unto you, for that I know you have much business, and the casting up of the particulars of this whole Manor, will be very laborious: for to cast up every particular angle of a ground by arithmetic, will be very tedious.  Sur. 
But I have certain tables of ease, which yield more speedier dispatch, then to cast up every content with the pen.  Bai. 
I pray you let me be bold, to crave the sight of those tables.  Sur. 
I have set them down in a little book, and here it is.  Bai. 
Were these of your own invention?  Sur. 
No truly: many have endeavoured several manners and methods of computation: as one Benese a Canon of Murton Abbey▪ 
Many rules of casting up contents. Benese, a Canon.  near Mecham in Surrey, who did it by sundry square tables, increasing by ten, as from one, to ten times ten, from one time 20, to ten times twenty, and so increasing by ten, until he come to an hundred times 120. that is, from one perch to 75. acres.  Bai. 
Truly, these are very necessary tables, is yours in another form?  Sur. 
It is in that kind, but it worketh by the increase, from twenty times twenty, from one to forty times forty, from one to sixty times sixty, eighty times eighty, etc.  Bai. 
This differs not much from the former, yet I take it to be more ready.  Sur. 
So it is.  Bai. 
Who, I pray you, found out this way 〈◊〉▪  Sur. 
Surely I had certain papers of that method, of M. Ran. Agas, but they were imperfect in the due progression: 
Randolph Agas. Valentine Lea. M. Digges.  for they contained the first, wanting the middle, and some of the end of the Tables: that I have been forced to calculate them since, to make them perfect. But surely his diligence deserves commendation.  Bai. 
Did M. Agas first contain them so?  Sur. 
So I take it, but M. Valentine Lea, and M. Digges had in manner the like, increasing by the multiplication of greater sums; but of all other, I take this to be the most ready.  Bai. 
Is this the book, and are these the Tables?  Sur. 
These are they: but that I have set them into this form, because they may the better fall into leaves of a portable book, being before in long and troublesome rolls, and in another form.  
Tabulae primae, pars prima.  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 2 2  2 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 4 4 2 5  3 2 1 3 3 3 4 2 5 1 6 6 3 7 2  4 4 5 6 7 8 9 1  5 6 1 7 2 8 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2  6 9 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 5  7 1 2 1 1 4 1 5 3 1 7 2  8 1 6 1 8 2  9 2 1 2 2 2  10 2 5  
Tabulae primae, pars secunda.  11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 4 4 1 4 2 4 3 5 2 5 2 6 6 2 7 7 2 8 8 2 9 9 2 1 3 8 1 9 9 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 2 1 4 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 ● 1 8 1 2 2 5 1 3 3 1 5 1 6 1 1 7 2 1 8 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 5 6 1 6 2 1 8 1 9 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 4 2 5 2 2 7 2 3 2 3 7 1 9 1 2 1 2 2 3 2 4 2 2 6 1 2 8 2 7 3 3 1 2 3 3 1 3 5 8 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8 1 9 2 4 3 2 7 2 7 1 3 1 2 3 3 3 3 6 3 8 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 10 2 7 2 3 3 2 2 3 5 3 ● 2 1 1 2 2 1 ● 1 ● 2 1 1 11 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 3 8 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 6 3 1 0 2 1 1 1 ● 1 1 5  12 3 6 3 9 1 2 1 5 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 7 1 2  13 1 2 1 1 5 2 1 ● 3 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 1 1 ● 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 5  14 1 9 1 1 2 2 1 1 6 1 1 9 2 1 2 5 1 2 6 2 1 2  15 1 1 6 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 ● 2 1 3 1 1 1 3 5  16 1 2 4 1 2 ● 1 3 ● 1 3 6 2  17 1 3 2 1 1 3 6 2 2 3 2 5  18 2 1 2 5 2 2 1  19 2 1 1 2 2 5  20 2 2  
Tabulae secundae, pars prima.  21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 5 1 5 2 5 3 6 6 1 6 2 6 3 7 7 1 7 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 3 2 1 4 1 4 2 1 5 3 1 5 3 1 6 2 1 7 1 1 8 1 8 3 1 9 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 2 4 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 5 2 6 1 2 7 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 3 6 1 3 7 8 6 3 1 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 6 3 2 3 9 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 5 7 3 6 3 3 8 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 5 2 1 7 1 1 9 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 8 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 6 1 1 8 1 ● 9 1 ● 1 1 9 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 6 1 1 1 8 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 5 1 1 2 7 2 10 1 1 2 2 1 1 5 1 1 ● 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 5 1 2 ● 2 1 3 1 3 2 2 1 3 5 11 1 1 7 3 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 6 1 2 8 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 4 1 1 3 7 1 3 9 3 2 2 2 12 1 2 3 1 2 6 1 2 9 1 3 2 1 3 5 1 3 8 2 1 2 4 2 7 2 1 13 1 2 8 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 4 3 1 3 3 2 1 1 2 4 2 2 7 3 2 1 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 7 2 14 1 3 3 2 1 3 7 2 2 2 4 2 7 2 2 1 1 2 1 4 2 2 1 8 2 2 1 2 2 2 5 15 1 3 8 3 2 2 2 2 6 1 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 1 7 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 5 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 16 2 4 2 8 2 1 2 2 1 6 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 8 2 3 2 2 3 6 3 17 2 9 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 7 3 2 2 2 2 2 6 1 2 3 2 2 3 4 3 2 3 9 3 3 1 3 7 2 18 2 1 4 1 2 1 9 2 2 3 2 2 2 8 2 3 2 2 2 3 7 3 1 2 3 6 3 1 2 3 1 5 19 2 1 9 3 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 1 2 3 4 2 3 8 3 3 3 2 3 8 1 3 1 3 3 1 7 1 3 2 2 2 20 2 2 5 2 3 2 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 1 5 3 2 3 2 ● 3 3  
Tabulae secundae, pars secundae.  31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 1 7 3 8 8 1 8 2 8 3 9 9 1 9 2 9 3 1 2 1 5 2 1 6 1 6 2 1 7 1 7 2 1 8 1 8 2 1 9 1 9 2 2 3 1 3 1 2 4 2 4 3 2 5 2 2 6 1 2 7 2 7 3 2 8 2 2 9 1 3 4 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 1 5 3 8 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 5 1 6 1 1 7 2 1 8 3 1 1 6 1 6 2 1 ● 1 9 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 1 5 2 1 1 7 1 1 8 2 1 2 7 1 1 4 1 1 1 6 1 1 7 3 1 1 9 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 4 3 1 2 6 2 1 2 8 1 1 3 8 1 2 2 1 2 ● 1 2 6 1 2 8 1 3 1 3 2 1 3 4 1 3 6 1 3 8 2 9 1 2 9 3 1 3 2 1 3 4 1 1 3 6 2 1 3 8 3 2 1 2 3 1 2 5 2 2 ● 3 2 1 10 1 3 7 2 ● 2 2 2 2 5 2 7 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 5 2 1 7 2 2 2 11 2 5 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 2 1 6 1 2 1 9 2 2 1 3 2 2 4 2 2 2 7 1 2 3 12 2 1 3 ● 1 6 2 1 9 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 8 2 3 1 1 3 4 2 3 7 3 13 2 2 3 2 2 ● 2 2 7 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 ● 3 7 2 1 3 3 2 3 6 3 3 1 14 2 2 8 2 2 3 2 2 3 5 2 2 3 9 3 1 2 3 6 3 ● 2 3 1 3 3 1 6 2 3 2 15 2 3 6 1 ● 31 3 3 7 2 3 1 1 1 3 1 5 3 1 ● 3 3 2 2 2 3 2 6 1 3 3 16 3 4 3 8 3 1 2 3 1 6 3 2 3 2 4 3 2 8 3 3 2 3 3 6 4 17 3 1 1 3 ●● 1 3 2 1 3 2 4 ● 3 2 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 1 4 1 2 4 5 3 4 1 18 3 1 9 2 ● 2 ● 3 2 8 2 3 3 3 3 3 7 2 4 2 4 6 2 4 1 1 4 1 5 2 4 2 19 3 2 7 1 ● 3 ● 3 3 6 3 4 1 1 4 6 1 4 1 1 4 1 5 2 4 2 2 4 2 5 1 4 3 20 3 3 2 4 4 5 4 1 4 1 5 4 2 4 2 5 4 3 4 3 5 1  
Tabulae secundae, pars tertia.  21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 21 2 3 1 2 3 5 2 3 3 3 6 3 1 1 1 3 1 6 2 3 2 1 3 3 2 7 3 3 2 1 3 3 7 2  22 3 1 3 6 2 3 1 2 3 1 7 2 3 2 3 3 2 8 2 3 3 4 3 3 9 2 4 5  23 3 1 2 2 3 1 8 3 2 3 3 3 2 9 2 3 3 5 1 4 1 4 1 6 3 4 1 2 2  24 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 6 4 2 4 8 4 1 4 4 2  25 3 3 4 1 4 2 2 4 8 3 4 1 5 4 2 1 1 4 2 7 2  26 4 9 4 1 5 2 4 2 2 4 2 8 2 4 3 5  27 4 2 2 1 4 2 9 4 3 5 3 5 2 2  28 4 3 6 5 3 5 1  29 5 1 1 5 1 7 2  30 5 2 5  
Tabulae secundae, pars quarta.  31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 21 4 2 3 4 8 4 1 3 1 4 1 8 2 4 2 3 3 4 2 9 4 3 4 ● 4 3 9 2 5 4 3 5 1 22 4 ●● 4 1 6 4 2 1 2 4 2 7 4 3 2 2 4 3 8 5 3 2 5 9 5 1 4 2 5 2 23 4 8 ●● 4 2 4 4 2 9 3 4 3 5 2 5 1 1 5 7 5 1 2 2 5 1 8 2 5 2 4 1 5 3 24 4 ● 6 4 3 2 4 3 8 5 4 5 1 5 1 6 5 2 2 5 2 8 5 3 4 ● 25 4 ● 3 5 5 6 2 5 1 2 2 5 1 8 3 5 2 5 5 3 1 1 5 3 7 2 6 3 3 6 1 26 5 ●● 5 8 5 1 4 2 5 2 1 5 2 7 2 5 3 4 6 2 6 7 6 1 3 2 6 2 27 5 9 5 1 6 5 2 2 3 5 2 9 2 5 3 6 1 6 3 6 9 3 6 1 6 2 6 2 3 1 6 3 28 5 7 5 2 4 5 3 1 5 3 8 6 5 6 1 2 6 1 9 6 2 6 6 3 3 7 29 5 ● 4 ● 5 3 2 5 3 9 1 6 6 2 6 1 3 3 6 2 1 6 2 8 1 6 3 3 2 7 2 3 7 1 30 5 ● 2 ● 6 6 7 2 6 1 5 6 2 2 2 6 3 6 3 7 2 7 5 7 1 2 2 7 2 31 6 6 8 6 1 5 3 6 2 3 2 6 3 1 1 6 3 9 7 6 3 7 1 4 2 7 2 1 1 7 3  32 6 1 6 6 2 4 6 3 2 7 7 8 7 1 6 7 2 4 7 3 2 8  33 6 3 2 1 7 2 7 8 3 7 1 7 7 2 5 1 7 3 3 2 8 1 3 8 1  34 7 9 7 1 7 2 7 2 6 7 3 4 2 8 3 8 1 1 2 8 2  35 7 2 6 1 7 3 5 8 3 3 8 1 2 2 8 2 1 3 8 3  36 8 4 8 1 3 8 2 2 8 3 1 9  37 8 2 2 1 8 3 1 2 9 3 9 1  38 9 1 9 1 2 9 2  39 9 2 1 9 3  40 10  
Tabulae tertiae, pars prima.  41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 5 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 3 5 1 3 6 3 6 3 3 7 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 5 1 1 6 1 1 1 7 2 1 1 8 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 6 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 2 1 2 6 1 2 7 2 1 2 9 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 3 2 1 3 5 7 1 3 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 3 5 1 1 3 7 1 3 8 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 5 3 2 7 2 8 2 2 2 4 2 6 2 8 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 1 6 2 1 8 2 2 9 2 1 2 1 2 1 4 2 2 1 6 3 2 1 9 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 5 3 2 2 8 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 10 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 2 7 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 5 2 3 7 2 3 3 2 2 3 5 11 2 3 2 3 3 3 5 2 2 3 8 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 6 2 3 9 1 3 1 4 3 3 1 7 2 3 2 1 12 3 3 3 6 3 9 3 1 2 3 1 5 3 1 8 3 2 1 3 2 4 3 2 7 3 3 13 3 1 3 1 3 1 6 2 3 2 9 3 3 2 3 3 2 6 1 3 2 9 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 6 3 3 ● 1 4 2 2 14 3 2 3 2 3 2 7 3 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 7 2 4 1 4 4 2 4 8 4 1 1 2 4 1 5 15 3 2 5 3 3 3 7 2 4 1 1 4 5 4 ● 3 4 1 2 2 4 1 6 1 4 2 4 2 3 3 4 2 7 2 16 4 4 4 8 4 1 2 4 1 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 8 4 3 ● 4 3 6 5 17 4 1 4 1 4 1 8 2 4 2 2 3 4 2 7 4 3 1 1 4 3 5 2 4 3 9 3 5 4 5 8 1 3 1 2 1 18 4 2 4 2 4 2 9 4 3 3 2 4 3 8 5 2 2 5 7 5 1 1 2 5 1 6 5 2 2 5 2 5 19 4 3 4 3 4 3 9 2 5 4 1 ● 9 5 1 3 3 5 1 8 2 5 2 3 1 5 2 8 5 3 2 3 5 3 7 2 20 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 5 2 5 2 5 5 3 5 3 5 6 6 5 6 1  
Tabulae tertiae, pars secunda.  51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 3 1 4 1 4 1 1 4 2 1 4 3 1 5 2 2 5 2 2 6 2 6 2 2 7 2 7 2 2 8 2 8 2 2 9 2 9 2 3 3 3 8 1 3 9 3 9 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 ● 1 2 3 1 3 2 1 4 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 5 1 1 6 1 1 7 1 1 8 1 1 9 1 2 5 1 2 3 3 1 2 5 1 2 6 1 1 2 7 2 1 2 8 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 3 3 3 1 3 5 6 1 3 6 2 1 3 8 1 3 9 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 4 2 5 2 2 7 2 8 2 2 1 7 2 9 1 2 1 1 2 1 ● 3 2 1 4 2 2 1 6 1 2 1 8 2 1 9 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 5 8 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 2 5 2 2 8 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 4 2 3 6 2 3 8 3 9 2 5 4 3 2 3 7 2 3 9 1 ● 1 2 3 3 3 3 6 3 8 ● 3 1 2 3 1 ● 3 3 1 5 10 3 7 2 3 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 5 3 1 7 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 5 3 2 7 2 3 3 11 3 1 ● 1 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 1 3 3 4 3 3 6 3 3 3 9 2 4 2 1 4 5 12 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 3 ● 4 2 4 5 4 1 4 1 1 4 1 4 4 1 7 4 2 13 4 5 3 4 9 4 1 2 1 4 1 5 2 4 1 8 3 4 2 2 4 2 5 ● 4 2 8 2 4 3 1 3 4 3 5 14 4 1 8 2 4 2 2 4 2 5 2 4 2 9 4 3 2 2 4 3 6 4 3 9 2 5 3 5 6 2 5 1 15 4 3 1 1 4 3 5 4 3 ● 3 5 2 2 5 6 1 5 1 5 1 ● 3 5 1 7 2 5 2 1 1 5 2 5 16 5 4 5 8 9 1 2 5 1 6 5 2 5 2 4 5 2 8 5 3 2 5 3 6 6 17 5 1 6 3 5 2 1 5 2 4 1 5 2 3 3 5 2 9 2 5 3 3 3 5 3 8 6 6 2 6 1 3 6 1 5 18 5 2 9 2 5 3 4 5 3 8 2 6 ● 6 7 2 6 1 2 6 1 6 2 6 2 1 6 2 5 2 6 3 19 6 2 1 6 7 6 1 1 2 6 1 6 2 6 2 1 1 6 2 6 6 3 3 6 3 3 2 7 1 7 5 20 6 1 5 6 2 6 2 5 6 3 6 3 5 7 7 5 7 1 7 1 5 7 2  
Tabulae tertiae, pars tertia.  41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 21 5 1 5 1 5 2 2 5 2 5 3 5 3 1 5 3 6 1 6 1 2 6 6 3 6 1 2 6 1 1 1 6 2 2 2 22 5 2 3 2 5 3 1 5 3 6 2 6 2 6 7 2 6 1 3 6 1 8 2 6 2 1 6 2 9 2 6 3 5 23 5 3 5 3 6 1 2 6 7 1 6 1 3 6 1 8 3 6 2 4 2 6 3 1 6 3 6 7 1 3 7 7 2 24 6 6 6 1 2 6 1 8 6 2 4 6 3 6 3 6 7 2 7 8 7 1 4 7 2 25 6 1 6 1 6 2 2 2 6 2 8 3 6 3 5 7 1 1 7 7 2 7 1 3 3 7 2 7 2 6 1 7 3 2 2 26 6 2 6 2 6 3 3 6 3 9 2 7 6 7 1 2 2 7 1 9 7 2 5 2 7 3 2 7 3 8 2 8 5 27 6 3 6 3 7 3 2 7 1 1 7 1 7 7 2 3 3 7 3 2 7 3 7 1 8 4 8 1 3 8 1 7 2 28 7 7 7 1 4 7 2 1 7 2 8 7 3 5 8 2 8 9 8 1 6 8 2 3 8 3 29 7 1 ● 1 7 2 4 2 7 3 1 3 7 3 9 8 6 1 8 1 ● 2 8 2 3 8 2 8 8 3 5 1 9 2 2 30 7 2 7 2 7 3 5 8 2 2 8 1 8 1 1 2 8 2 5 8 3 2 2 9 9 7 2 9 1 5 31 7 3 7 3 8 5 2 8 1 3 1 8 2 1 8 2 8 2 8 3 6 2 9 4 1 9 1 2 9 1 ● 3 9 2 7 2 32 8 8 8 1 6 8 2 4 8 3 2 9 9 8 9 1 6 9 2 ● 9 3 2 10 33 8 1 8 1 8 2 6 2 8 3 4 3 9 3 9 1 1 1 9 1 9 2 9 2 7 3 9 3 6 10 ● 1 10 1 2 2 34 8 2 8 2 8 3 7 9 5 2 9 1 4 9 2 2 2 9 3 1 9 3 9 2 10 8 10 1 6 2 10 2 5 35 8 3 8 3 9 7 2 9 1 6 1 9 2 5 9 3 3 3 10 2 2 10 1 1 1 10 2 10 2 8 3 10 3 7 3 36 9 9 9 1 8 9 2 1 9 3 6 10 5 10 1 4 10 2 3 10 3 2 11 1 11 1 37 9 1 9 1 9 2 8 2 9 3 ● 3 10 7 10 1 6 1 10 2 5 2 10 3 4 3 11 4 11 2 3 1 11 2 2 2 38 9 2 9 2 9 3 9 10 8 2 10 1 8 10 2 7 2 10 3 7 11 6 2 11 1 6 11 2 5 2 11 3 5 39 9 3 9 3 10 2 10 1 9 1 10 2 9 10 3 8 3 11 8 2 11 1 8 1 11 2 8 11 3 7 2 12 7 1 40 10 1 10 2 10 11 11 1 11 2 11 3 12 12 1 12 2  
Tabulae tertiae, pars quarta.  51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 21 6 2 7 3 6 3 3 6 3 8 1 7 3 2 7 8 3 7 1 4 7 1 9 1 7 2 4 2 7 2 9 3 7 3 5 22 7 2 7 6 7 1 1 2 7 1 7 7 2 2 2 7 2 8 7 3 3 2 7 3 9 8 4 2 8 1 23 7 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 7 2 4 3 7 3 2 7 3 6 1 8 2 8 ● 3 8 1 3 2 8 1 9 1 8 2 5 24 7 2 6 7 3 2 7 3 8 8 4 8 1 8 1 6 8 2 2 8 2 8 8 3 4 9 25 7 3 8 3 8 5 8 1 1 1 8 1 7 2 8 2 3 3 8 3 8 3 6 1 9 2 2 9 8 3 9 1 5 26 8 1 1 2 8 1 8 8 2 4 2 8 3 1 8 3 7 2 9 4 9 1 2 9 1 ● 9 2 3 2 9 3 27 8 2 4 1 8 3 1 8 3 3 3 9 4 2 9 1 1 1 9 1 3 9 2 4 3 9 3 1 2 9 3 8 1 10 5 28 8 3 7 9 1 9 1 1 9 1 8 9 2 9 3 2 9 3 9 10 9 10 1 3 10 2 ● 29 9 9 3 9 1 7 9 2 4 1 9 3 1 2 9 3 8 3 10 6 10 1 3 1 10 2 2 10 2 7 3 10 3 5 30 9 2 2 2 9 3 9 3 7 2 10 5 10 1 2 2 10 2 10 2 ● 2 10 3 5 11 2 2 11 1 31 9 3 3 1 10 3 10 1 3 10 1 8 2 10 2 6 1 10 3 4 11 1 3 11 9 2 11 1 7 1 11 2 5 32 10 8 10 1 6 10 2 4 10 3 2 11 11 ● 8 11 1 6 11 2 4 11 3 2 12 33 10 2 3 10 2 9 10 3 7 1 11 5 2 11 1 3 3 11 2 2 11 3 1 11 3 8 2 12 6 3 12 1 5 34 10 3 3 2 11 2 11 1 2 11 1 9 11 2 8 2 11 3 6 12 4 2 12 1 3 12 2 1 2 12 3 35 11 6 1 11 1 5 11 2 3 3 11 3 2 2 12 1 1 12 1 12 1 8 3 12 2 7 2 12 3 6 1 13 5 36 11 1 9 11 2 8 11 3 7 12 6 12 1 5 12 2 4 12 3 3 13 2 13 1 1 13 2 37 11 3 1 3 12 1 12 1 1 12 1 9 2 12 2 8 3 12 3 8 13 7 1 13 1 6 2 13 2 5 3 13 3 5 38 12 4 2 12 1 4 12 2 3 2 12 3 3 13 2 2 11 1 2 13 2 1 2 13 3 1 14 2 14 1 39 12 1 7 1 12 2 7 12 3 6 3 13 6 2 13 1 6 1 13 2 6 13 3 3 3 14 5 2 14 1 5 1 14 2 5 40 12 3 13 13 1 13 2 13 3 14 14 1 14 2 14 3 15  
Tabulae tertiae, pars quinta.  41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 41 10 2 1 10 3 2 11 3 11 1 1 11 2 1 1 11 3 1 2 12 1 3 12 1 2 12 2 2 1 12 3 2 2  42 11 1 11 1 1 2 11 2 2 11 3 2 2 12 3 12 1 3 2 12 2 4 12 3 4 2 13 5  43 11 2 2 1 11 3 3 12 2 3 12 1 4 2 12 2 4 1 12 2 5 1 12 3 6 13 1 7 2  44 12 4 12 1 5 12 2 6 12 3 7 13 8 13 1 9 13 3  45 12 2 6 1 12 3 7 2 13 8 3 13 2 13 5 1 1 14 2 2  46 13 9 13 2 2 13 3 2 14 3 2 14 1 5  47 13 3 2 1 14 4 14 1 5 2 14 2 7 2  48 14 1 6 14 2 8 15  49 15 1 15 1 2 2  50 15 2 5  
Tabulae tertiae, pars sexta.  51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 41 13 ● 3 13 1 3 13 2 3 1 13 3 3 2 14 3 3 14 1 4 14 2 4 1 14 3 4 2 15 4 3 15 1 5 42 13 1 5 2 13 2 6 13 3 6 2 14 7 14 1 7 2 14 2 8 14 3 8 2 15 9 15 1 9 2 15 3 43 13 2 5 1 13 3 9 14 9 3 14 2 2 14 3 1 1 15 2 15 1 1 3 15 2 3 2 15 3 4 1 16 5 44 14 1 14 1 2 14 2 3 14 3 4 15 5 15 1 6 15 2 7 15 3 8 16 9 16 2 45 14 1 3 3 14 2 5 14 3 6 1 15 7 2 15 1 8 3 15 3 16 1 1 16 1 1 2 16 2 3 3 16 3 5 46 14 2 5 2 14 3 8 15 9 2 15 2 1 15 3 2 2 16 14 16 1 5 2 16 2 ● 16 3 8 2 17 1 47 14 3 4 1 15 1 1 15 2 2 8 15 3 4 2 16 6 1 16 1 8 16 2 9 3 17 1 2 17 1 3 1 17 2 5 48 ●5 1 ● 15 2 4 15 3 6 16 8 16 2 16 3 2 17 4 17 1 6 17 2 8 18 49 ●5 2 ● 3 15 3 7 16 9 1 16 2 1 2 16 3 3 3 17 6 17 1 8 1 17 3 2 18 2 3 18 1 5 50 15 5 ● 2 16 1 16 2 2 2 16 3 5 17 7 2 17 2 17 3 2 2 18 5 18 1 7 2 18 3 51 16 1 1 16 2 3 16 3 5 3 17 8 2 17 2 1 1 17 3 4 18 6 3 18 1 9 2 18 3 2 1 19 5  52 16 3 6 17 9 17 2 2 17 3 5 18 ● 18 2 1 18 3 4 19 7 19 2  53 17 2 2 1 17 3 5 2 18 8 3 18 2 2 18 3 5 1 19 8 2 19 2 1 3 19 3 5  54 18 9 18 2 2 2 18 3 6 19 4 2 19 2 3 19 3 6 2 20 1  55 18 3 6 1 19 1 19 ● 3 3 19 3 7 2 20 1 1 1 20 2  56 15 2 4 19 3 8 20 1 2 20 2 6 21  57 10 1 2 1 20 2 6 21 1 21 1 5  58 21 1 21 5 2 21 3  59 21 3 1 22 5  60 22 2  
Tabulae quartae, pars prima.  61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 1 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 5 3 6 1 1 6 1 1 6 2 1 6 3 1 7 1 7 1 1 7 2 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 4 2 3 5 3 1 5 3 1 6 2 1 7 1 1 8 1 8 3 1 9 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 5 1 2 6 1 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 9 1 3 5 1 3 6 1 1 3 7 2 1 3 8 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 5 2 6 1 2 7 2 6 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 4 2 2 2 6 2 1 7 2 2 1 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 5 7 2 2 6 3 2 2 8 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 5 2 2 3 7 1 2 3 9 3 3 3 2 2 8 3 2 3 4 3 6 3 8 3 1 3 1 2 3 1 4 3 1 6 3 1 8 3 2 9 3 1 7 1 3 1 9 2 3 2 1 3 3 2 4 3 2 6 1 3 2 8 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 7 2 10 3 3 2 2 3 3 5 3 3 7 2 4 4 2 2 4 5 4 7 2 4 1 4 1 2 2 4 1 5 11 4 7 3 4 1 2 4 1 3 1 4 1 6 4 1 8 3 4 2 1 2 4 2 4 1 4 2 7 4 2 9 3 4 3 2 2 12 4 2 3 4 2 6 4 2 9 4 3 2 4 3 5 4 3 8 5 1 5 4 5 7 5 1 13 4 3 ● 1 5 1 2 5 4 3 ●● 5 1 1 1 5 1 4 2 5 1 7 3 5 2 1 5 2 4 1 5 ● 7 2 14 5 1 3 ● 5 1 7 5 2 2 5 2 4 5 2 7 2 5 3 1 5 3 4 2 5 3 8- 6 1 2 6 5 15 5 2 ● 3 5 3 2 2 5 3 6 1 6 6 3 3 6 7 2 6 1 1 1 6 1 5 6 1 8 3 6 2 2 2 16 6 4 6 8 6 1 2 6 1 6 6 2 6 2 4 6 2 8 6 3 2 6 3 6 7 17 6 1 9 1 6 2 3 2 6 2 7 3 6 3 2 6 3 6 1 7 2 7 4 3 7 9 7 1 3 1 7 1 7 2 18 6 3 4 ● 6 3 ● 7 3 2 7 8 7 1 2 2 7 1 7 7 2 1 2 2 2 6 7 3 2 7 3 5 19 7 9 3 7 1 4 2 7 1 9 1 7 2 4 7 2 8 3 7 3 3 2 7 3 8 1 8 3 8 7 3 8 1 ● 2 20 7 2 5 7 3 7 3 5 8 8 5 8 1 8 1 5 8 2 8 2 5 8 3  
Tabulae quartae, pars secunda.  71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 1 1 7 3 1 8 1 8 1 1 8 2 1 8 3 1 9 1 9 1 1 9 2 1 9 3 2 2 3 5 2 3 6 3 6 2 3 7 3 7 2 3 8 3 8 2 3 9 3 9 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 3 1 1 5 2 1 1 6 1 1 1 7 1 1 7 3 1 1 8 2 1 1 9 1 1 2 4 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 3 1 3 4 1 3 5 1 3 6 1 3 7 1 3 ● 1 3 9 2 5 2 ● 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 5 2 1 6 1 2 1 7 2 2 1 8 3 2 2 6 ● 2 6 2 2 2 8 2 2 9 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 4 2 3 5 7 2 3 7 2 3 5 2 3 7 3 4 1 3 6 1 7 3 3 9 2 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 4 3 3 1 6 2 3 1 3 1 3 2 8 3 2 ● 3 2 4 3 2 6 3 2 8 3 3 3 ● 2 3 3 4 3 3 6 3 3 3 4 9 3 3 5 3 4 2 4 4 1 4 6 2 4 8 3 4 1 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 5 2 4 1 7 3 4 2 10 4 1 ● 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 2 5 4 2 7 2 4 3 4 3 2 2 4 3 1 4 3 7 2 5 11 ● 3 5 3 4 3 8 2 5 3 5 3 2 5 6 1 5 9 5 1 1 3 5 1 4 2 5 1 7 1 5 2 12 5 1 3 5 1 6 5 1 9 1 5 2 2 5 2 5 5 2 8 5 3 1 5 3 4 5 3 7 6 13 5 3 3 5 3 4 5 3 7 1 6 2 6 3 3 6 7 6 1 1 6 2 3 2 6 1 6 3 6 2 14 6 ● 2 6 1 2 6 1 5 2 6 1 ● 6 2 2 2 6 2 6 6 2 9 2 6 ● 1 6 3 6 2 7 15 6 2 6 1 6 3 6 3 3 3 6 3 ●● 7 1 1 7 5 7 8 3 7 1 2 2 ● 1 6 1 7 ● 16 ● 4 7 8 7 1 2 7 1 6 7 2 7 2 4 7 2 8 7 3 2 7 3 6 8 17 ● 2 ● 3 ● 2 6 7 3 1 7 ● 4 2 7 3 8 3 8 3 8 7 1 8 1 1 2 8 1 5 3 8 2 18 ● 3 ● 2 8 4 8 ● 2 8 1 3 8 1 7 2 8 2 2 8 2 6 2 8 3 1 8 3 5 2 9 19 ● 1 ● 1 8 2 2 8 2 6 3 8 3 1 2 8 3 6 1 9 1 9 4 3 9 1 2 9 1 5 1 9 2 20 ● 3 ● 9 9 5 9 1 9 1 5 9 2 9 2 5 9 1 9 3 5 10  
Tabulae quartae, pars tertia.  61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 21 8 1 8 5 2 8 1 3 8 1 6 8 2 1 1 8 2 6 2 8 3 1 3 8 3 7 9 2 1 9 7 ● 22 8 1 5 2 8 2 1 8 2 6 2 8 3 2 8 3 7 2 9 3 9 8 2 9 1 4 9 1 9 2 9 2 5 23 8 3 3 8 3 6 2 9 2 1 9 8 9 1 3 3 9 1 9 2 9 2 5 1 9 3 1 9 3 6 3 10 2 2 24 9 6 9 1 ● 9 1 8 9 2 4 9 3 9 3 6 10 2 10 8 10 1 4 10 2 25 9 2 1 2 9 2 ● 2 9 3 3 3 10 10 6 1 10 1 2 2 10 1 8 3 10 2 5 10 3 1 1 10 3 7 2 26 9 3 6 2 10 3 10 9 2 10 1 6 10 2 2 2 10 2 9 10 3 5 2 11 2 11 8 2 11 1 5 27 10 1 1 3 10 1 8 2 10 2 5 1 10 3 2 10 3 8 3 11 5 2 11 1 4 1 11 1 9 11 2 5 3 11 3 2 2 28 10 2 7 10 3 4 11 1 11 8 11 1 5 11 2 2 11 2 9 11 3 6 12 3 12 1 29 11 2 1 11 7 2 11 1 6 3 11 2 4 11 3 1 1 11 3 8 2 12 5 3 12 1 3 12 2 1 12 2 7 2 30 11 1 7 2 11 2 5 11 3 2 2 12 12 7 2 12 1 5 12 2 2 2 12 3 12 3 7 2 13 5 31 11 3 2 3 12 2 12 8 1 12 1 6 12 2 3 3 12 3 1 2 12 3 9 1 13 7 13 1 4 3 13 2 2 2 32 12 8 12 1 6 12 2 4 12 3 2 13 13 8 13 1 6 13 2 4 13 3 2 14 33 12 2 3 1 12 3 1 2 12 3 9 3 13 8 13 1 6 2 13 2 4 2 13 3 2 3 14 1 14 9 1 14 1 7 2 34 12 3 8 2 13 7 13 1 5 2 13 2 4 13 3 2 2 14 1 14 9 2 14 1 8 14 2 6 2 14 3 5 35 13 1 3 3 13 2 2 2 13 3 1 1 14 14 8 1 14 1 7 2 14 2 6 1 14 3 5 15 3 3 15 1 2 2 36 13 2 9 13 3 8 14 7 14 1 6 14 2 5 14 3 4 15 3 15 2 2 15 2 1 15 3 37 14 4 1 14 1 3 2 14 ● 2 3 14 3 2 15 1 1 15 1 2 15 1 9 3 15 2 9 15 3 8 1 16 1 2 38 14 1 9 2 14 2 9 14 3 8 2 15 8 15 1 7 2 15 2 7 15 3 6 2 16 6 16 1 5 2 16 2 5 39 14 3 4 3 15 4 2 15 1 4 1 15 2 4 15 3 3 3 16 3 2 16 1 3 1 16 2 3 16 3 2 3 17 2 2 40 15 1 15 2 15 3 16 16 1 16 2 16 3 17 17 1 17 2  
Tabulae quartae, pars quarta.  71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 21 9 1 1 3 9 1 8 9 2 3 1 9 2 8 2 9 3 3 3 9 3 9 10 4 1 10 9 2 10 1 4 3 10 2 22 9 3 2 9 3 6 10 1 2 10 7 10 1 ● 2 10 1 3 10 2 3 2 10 2 9 10 3 4 2 11 23 10 8 1 10 1 4 10 1 9 3 10 2 5 2 10 3 1 1 10 3 7 11 2 3 11 8 2 11 1 4 1 11 2 24 10 2 6 10 3 2 10 3 8 11 4 11 1 11 1 6 11 2 2 11 2 8 11 3 4 12 25 1● 3 3 11 1 11 1 6 1 11 2 2 2 11 2 8 3 11 3 5 12 1 1 12 2 2 12 1 3 3 12 2 26 1● 2 1 2 11 2 ● 11 3 ● 2 12 1 12 7 2 12 1 4 12 2 2 12 2 7 12 3 5 2 13 27 1● 3 9 1 12 6 12 ● 2 3 12 1 9 2 12 2 6 1 12 3 3 12 3 ● 3 13 6 2 13 1 3 1 13 2 28 1● 1 7 12 2 4 12 3 1 12 3 8 13 5 13 1 2 13 1 9 13 2 6 13 3 3 14 29 12 3 4 3 13 2 13 9 1 13 1 6 2 13 2 3 3 13 3 1 13 3 ● 1 14 5 2 14 1 2 3 14 2 30 13 1 2 2 13 2 13 2 ● 2 13 2 5 14 2 2 14 1 14 1 7 2 14 2 5 14 3 2 2 15 31 13 3 1 13 3 8 14 5 3 14 1 3 2 14 2 1 1 14 2 9 14 3 6 3 15 4 2 15 1 2 1 15 2 32 14 ● 14 1 6 14 2 4 14 3 2 15 15 8 15 1 6 15 2 4 15 3 ● 16 33 14 2 5 3 14 3 4 15 2 1 15 1 2 15 1 3 3 15 2 7 15 3 5 1 16 ● 2 16 1 1 3 16 2 34 15 ● 2 15 1 2 15 2 2 15 2 ● 15 3 ● 2 16 6 16 1 4 2 16 2 ● 3 16 3 1 1 17 35 ●5 2 1 15 3 15 3 8 1 16 7 2 16 1 6 1 16 2 5 16 3 ● 3 17 2 2 17 1 1 1 17 2 36 ●5 3 9 16 8 16 1 7 16 2 6 16 3 5 17 4 17 1 3 17 2 2 17 3 1 18 37 ●6 1 6 3 16 2 6 16 3 5 1 17 4 2 17 1 3 3 17 2 3 17 3 2 1 18 1 2 18 1 3 18 ●● 38 ●6 3 ● 2 17 4 17 1 3 2 17 2 3 17 3 2 2 18 2 18 1 1 2 18 2 1 18 3 2 1● 39 17 1 2 1 17 2 2 17 3 1 3 18 1 2 18 1 1 1 18 2 1 18 3 3 19 2 19 1 1 19 2 40 17 3 18 18 1 18 2 18 3 19 19 1 19 2 19 3 20  
Tabulae quartae, pars quinta.  61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 41 15 2 5 1 15 3 5 2 16 5 3 16 1 6 16 2 5 1 16 3 6 2 17 6 3 17 1 7 17 2 ●● 17 3 ● 2 42 16 2 16 1 1 16 2 1 2 16 3 2 17 2 2 17 1 3 17 2 3 2 17 3 4 18 4 2 18 1 ● 43 16 1 5 3 16 2 6 2 16 3 7 1 17 8 17 1 8 3 17 2 9 ● 18 1 18 1 1 18 2 1 3 18 3 2 2 44 16 3 1 17 2 17 1 3 17 2 4 17 3 5 18 ● 6 18 1 7 18 2 8 18 3 9 19 1 ● 45 17 6 1 17 1 ● 2 17 2 8 3 18 ● 18 1 1 1 18 2 2 2 18 3 3 3 19 5 19 1 ●● 19 2 7 2 46 17 2 1 2 17 3 3 18 4 2 18 1 6 18 2 7 2 18 3 9 19 1 2 19 2 2 19 3 3 2 20 5 47 17 3 6 3 18 ● 2 18 2 1 18 3 2 19 ● 1 3 19 1 5 2 19 2 7 1 19 3 ● 20 1 3 20 2 2 2 48 18 1 1 18 2 4 18 3 6 19 8 19 2 19 3 2 20 4 ● 20 1 6 20 2 8 2●● 49 18 2 7 1 18 3 ● 2 19 1 1 3 19 2 4 19 3 6 1 20 ● 2 20 2 3 20 3 3 21 5 1 21 1 7 2 50 19 2 2 19 1 5 19 2 7 2 ●0 20 1 2 2 20 2 5 20 3 7 2 21 1 21 2 2 2 21 3 5 52 19 1 7 3 19 3 2 20 3 1 20 1 6 20 2 8 3 21 1 2 21 1 4 1 21 2 7 21 3 ● 3 22 1 2 2 52 19 3 3 20 6 20 1 9 20 3 2 21 5 21 1 8 21 3 1 22 4 22 1 7 22 3 53 20 8 1 20 2 7 2 20 3 4 3 21 8 21 2 1 ● 21 3 4 ● 22 7 ● 22 2 1 22 3 4 1 23 ● 2 54 20 2 3 2 20 3 7 21 1 2 21 2 4 21 3 7 ● 22 1 1 22 2 4 ● 22 3 5 23 1 1 2 23 2 5 55 20 3 8 3 21 1 2 2 21 2 6 1 22 22 1 3 3 22 2 7 3 23 1 1 23 1 5 23 2 8 3 24 1 2 56 21 1 4 21 2 8 22 2 22 1 ● 22 3 23 4 23 1 8 23 3 2 24 6 24 2 57 21 1 9 1 22 3 2 22 1 7 3 22 3 2 23 6 1 23 2 2 23 3 4 3 24 9 24 2 3 1 24 3 7 2 58 22 4 2 22 ● 9 22 3 3 2 23 8 23 2 2 2 23 3 7 24 1 ● 2 2● 2 6 25 2 25 1 5 59 22 1 9 3 22 3 4 2 23 9 1 23 2 4 23 3 8 3 24 1 3 2 24 2 8 1 25 3 25 1 7 3 25 3 2 2 60 22 3 5 23 1 23 2 5 24 24 1 5 24 3 25 5 25 2 25 3 5 26 1  
Tabulae quartae, pars sexta.  71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 41 18 ● 3 18 1 8 18 2 8 1 18 3 8 2 19 8 3 19 1 9 19 2 9 1 19 3 9 2 20 9 3 20 2 42 18 2 5 2 18 3 6 19 6 2 19 1 7 19 2 7 2 19 3 8 20 8 2 20 1 9 20 2 9 2 21 43 19 3 1 19 1 4 19 2 4 3 19 3 5 2 20 6 1 20 1 ● 20 2 7 3 20 3 8 2 21 9 1 21 2 44 19 2 1 19 3 2 20 3 20 1 4 20 2 5 20 3 6 21 7 21 1 ● 21 2 9 22 45 19 3 8 3 20 1 20 2 1 1 20 3 2 2 21 3 3 21 1 5 21 2 6 1 21 3 ● 2 22 8 3 22 2 46 20 1 6 2 20 2 8 20 3 9 2 21 1 1 21 2 2 2 21 3 4 22 5 2 22 1 7 22 2 8 2 23 47 20 3 4 1 21 6 21 1 7 3 21 2 9 2 22 1 1 22 1 3 22 2 4 3 22 3 6 2 23 ● 1 23 2 48 21 1 2 21 2 4 21 3 6 22 8 22 2 22 3 ● 23 4 23 1 6 23 2 ● 24 49 21 2 9 3 22 2 22 1 4 1 22 2 6 2 22 3 8 3 23 1 ● 23 2 3 1 23 3 5 2 24 7 3 24 2 50 22 ● 2 22 2 22 3 2 2 23 5 23 1 7 2 23 3 24 2 2 24 1 5 24 2 7 2 25 51 22 2 5 1 22 3 8 23 1 3 23 2 3 2 23 3 6 1 24 9 24 2 1 3 24 3 4 2 25 7 1 25 2 52 23 3 23 1 6 23 2 9 24 2 24 1 5 24 1 8 25 ● 1 25 1 4 25 2 7 26 53 23 2 1 23 3 4 24 2 1 24 2 2 24 3 3 3 25 1 25 2 1 25 3 3 2 26 6 3 26 2 54 23 3 ● 2 24 1 2 24 2 5 2 24 3 ● 25 1 2 2 25 2 6 25 3 ● 2 26 1 ● 26 2 6 2 27 55 24 1 6 1 24 3 25 3 3 25 1 ● 2 25 3 1 1 26 5 26 1 8 2 26 3 2 2 27 6 1 27 2 56 24 3 4 25 8 25 2 2 25 3 6 26 1 26 2 4 26 3 8 27 1 2 27 2 6 28 57 25 1 1 3 25 2 6 26 1 26 1 4 2 26 2 9 3 2●● 3 27 1 1 1 27 3 1 2 28 5 3 28 2 58 25 2 ● 2 26 4 26 1 8 2 26 3 3 27 7 2 27 2 ● 27 3 6 2 28 1 1 28 2 9 2 29 59 26 7 1 26 2 2 26 3 6 3 27 1 1 2 27 2 6 1 28 1 28 1 5 3 28 3 2 29 ● 1 29 2 60 26 2 5 27 27 1 5 27 3 28 5 28 2 28 3 5 29 1 29 ● 5 30  
Tabulae quartae, pars septima.  61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 61 23 1 1 23 2 5 2 24 3 24 1 6 24 3 1 1 25 6 2 25 2 1 3 25 3 7 26 1 2 1 26 2 7 2  62 24 1 24 1 6 2 24 3 2 25 7 2 25 2 3 25 3 8 2 26 1 4 26 2 9 2 27 5  63 24 3 2 1 25 8 25 2 3 3 25 3 9 2 26 1 5 1 26 3 1 27 6 3 27 2 2 2  64 25 2 4 26 26 1 6 26 3 2 27 8 27 2 4 28  65 26 1 6 1 26 3 2 2 27 8 3 27 2 5 28 1 1 28 1 7 2  66 27 9 27 2 5 2 28 2 28 1 8 2 28 3 5  67 28 2 1 28 1 9 28 3 5 3 29 1 2 2  68 28 3 6 29 1 3 29 3  69 29 3 1 30 7 2  70 30 2 5  
 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 61 27 2 3 27 1 8 ● 27 3 3 1 28 8 2 28 2 3 3 28 3 9 29 1 ● 1 29 2 9 2 30 ● 3 30 2 62 27 2 2 27 3 6 28 1 1 28 2 7 29 2 2 29 1 ● 29 ●● 2 30 ● 32 2 ● 2 31 63 27 3 8 1 28 ● 4 28 2 4 3 29 5 2 29 2 1 1 29 3 ● 30 1 ● 3 30 2 ● 2 31 4 1 31 2 64 28 1 6 28 3 2 29 3 29 2 4 30 30 1 ● 30 3 ● 31 5 31 2 ● 32 65 2● 3 3 3 29 1 ● 29 2 ● 1 30 2 2 30 1 ● 3 30 3 5 31 1 1 1 31 2 ● 2 32 3 2 32 2 66 29 1 1 2 29 2 ● 30 4 2 30 2 1 30 3 5 2 31 1 4 31 3 2 32 ● 32 2 ● 2 33 67 29 2 9 1 30 6 30 2 2 3 30 3 4 2 31 1 6 1 31 3 ● 32 ● 3 32 2 6 2 33 ● 1 33 2 68 30 7 30 2 4 31 1 31 1 ● 31 3 5 32 1 1 32 2 ● 33 ● 33 2 3 34 69 30 2 4 3 31 2 ● 30 1 9 1 31 3 6 2 32 1 3 3 32 3 1 33 ● 1 33 2 5 2 34 2 3 34 2 70 31 2 2 31 2 31 3 ● 2 32 1 5 32 3 2 2 33 1 33 3 ● 2 34 ● 34 2 2 2 35 71 3 2 1 31 3 ● 32 1 5 3 32 3 ● 2 33 1 1 1 33 2 ● 34 6 3 34 2 4 2 35 2 ● 35 2  72 32 1 6 32 3 4 33 1 2 33 3 34 8 34 2 6 35 4 35 2 ● 36  73 33 1 2 1 33 3 2 34 8 3 34 2 7 35 5 1 35 2 3 2 36 1 3 36 2  74 34 9 34 2 7 2 35 6 35 2 4 2 36 3 36 1 2 37  75 35 6 1 35 2 5 36 3 3 36 2 2 2 37 1 1 3● 2  76 36 4 3 2 3 37 2 37 2 1 38  77 37 2 1 37 2 1 2 38 3 38 2  78 38 1 38 2 2 39  79 39 1 39 2  80 40  Bay. 
Surely this is a necessary book for him that is employed in matters of great quantity. For if it should be all cast up with the pen, it would ask much labour, and waste much paper: and yet I know, 
Country land measurers will cast by memory.  simple Country fellows will cast it up very speedily, even by their memories, by money; as one penny to a Perch, four perches to a day-worke▪ ten dayworkes one Rood, four Rood one Acre, three shillings four pence, is forty pence, and forty Perches, one Rood, one hundred & threescore pence, make thirteen shillings and four pence, or a Mark of money, 
Casting by the parts of money.  and one hundred and three score Perches one Acre. So that twenty pound makes thirty Acres, forty pound threescore Acres, a hundred pound one hundred and fifty Acres; and so forth. But this kind of casting is troublesome, when it riseth to great portions, and many parcels. And therefore for my part, I could willingly embrace these tables for my ease, and leave this account by money, unto such as have not the use of learning to aid their memories.  Sur. 
I have observed, that many unlearned men have better and more retentive memories, then have some Scholars.  Bay. 
So have I noted, and I know some, 
All Scholars have not best memories.  that will by memory do very much, and no doubt, the reason is, because Scholars do commit their memories to the pen▪ where such as have not the use of the pen, must use the memory only, which being fed with continual pondering the things they delight in, becomes as a Calendar of their accounts. 
Admirable memories of some great persons.  King Cirus could name all his soldiers by memory. And Pliny reporteth of Methridates, that having under his government 22. kingdoms, or nations, could speak all their languages, and understand any tongue without an interpreter. And Scipio could remember the names of the soldiers of all the Roman army.  Sur. 
Use memory, & have the use of memory, either Scholars or unlearned; if they use not their memories, they can make little use of their memories. On the other side, he that imprinteth too many things in his memory, shall, & some have oftentimes wished, 
Some would forget, and cannot.  they could not remember so well, & that they had the art of forgetting, to clear the memory of that they would not retain in memory: for many t●mes a fresh & free memory heapeth up so many things in his thought, that it breedeth such confusion, that what it should indeed retain, is often confounded with that which it would forget.  Bay. 
I wish therefore that my memory could retain according to occasion, to forget things whereof I have no necessary use, and to remember things expedient: yet surely, although the thought can apprehend but one object at one instant, the memory may well apprehend and retain many things. But Sir, omitting this, I entreat you to show me the use of these Tables which you have showed me.  Sur. 
The use is very plain & easy: propound you a number of perches, 
The use of the former Tables.  the length & breadth of a ground.  Bay. 
If a piece of ground be in length fifty two Perches, and in breadth twenty six, where, and how shall I find the content in the Tables?  Sur. 
Look the third Table, the fourth part of the Table, in the upper rank, whereof in the third Collum, you shall find 52. then look in the first Collum for 26. then refer your finger and eye towards the right hand, till you come right under 52. and that square answers the content to be thus  Bay. 
What mean you by making the figures in the angles of the square?  Sur. 
Because the 4. angles do demonstrate the acres & parts of an acre. The upper angle on the left hand showeth the Acres, the upper angle on the right hand, the roods; the lower angle on the left hand, the day works, and the lower angle on the right hand, the odd perches.  Bay. 
This is very easy. But I see there are no figures in the 2. angles on the right hand, neither above nor below.  Sur. 
When it falleth so out, that there are none of the denominations found in the number, than his place is left blank.  Bay. 
Then this abovesaid quantity is 8. acre and 5. day-works, which is twenty perches, and twenty perches is ½ Rood.  Sur. 
You are right.  Bay. 
Then if the number of perches be less, I must seek them in the lesser Tables; if greater, in the greater.  Sur. 
You must do so.  Bay. 
Yet there resteth one scruple in my mind, which if it should happen before I be resolved, would breed a great doubt, and therefore I am bold to ask it. That is, if the length of a ground be more perches, then is expressed in any of the Tables, how shall I find it, when no Table reacheth so far? 
How to find the quantity, when the number of perches exceed any table in the book.   Sur. 
You do well to cast all doubts. If the length be more than the tables will yield, whereof indeed the most is four score perches: Take first 80. perches out of the whole sum, and then seeking the breadth in the Table as before is showed, you shall find the content of that part. Then if the breadth be more than the remanent of the length let the breadth be the length, and the remanent of the length, the breadth. And seek them likewise in the Tables, and what ariseth of both the numbers, add together: As for example: A ground is 119. perches in length, and 67. in breadth: the whole length is not in the Tables to be found▪ then I find 80. and that is the length, and 67. the breadth, which the Table showeth to be 33-2-0-0. There remaineth of the whole length 39 which is a lesser number than the breadth: therefore I make 39 the breadth, and 67. the length, which the Table showeth to be 16. 1-3-1. which added to the first number 33-2-0-0. maketh in the whole 49-3-3-1.  Bay. 
I see, this Table will serve for the finding of the quantity of any sum, and I do understand it well. But I pray you what Table is that you have here?  Sur. 
A necessary Table for some purposes. It showeth how to lay out a just Acre of land, the length, or breadth being given.  Bay. 
Indeed it is a necessary Table: for every man can not upon the sudden: for I take, it is very hard without Arithmetic, to lay out a just acre to every length or breadth.  Sur. 
This can indeed hardly be done by guess, it requireth art.  Bay. 
This is the Table, I pray you show me the use of it.  
Breadth.  Length of an Acre. Perches broad.  Perches long, and their parts. Feet, & their parts. 1  160  2  80  3  53 ¼ 1 ½ 4  40  5  32  6  26 ½ 3 7  22 ¾ 1 11/12 8  20  9  17 ¾ 6 10  16  11  14 ½ 9 12  13 ¼ 1 ½ 13  12 ¼ 1 14  11 ¼ 3 15  10 ½ 3 16  10  17  9 ¼ 2 ●/12 18  8 ¾ 1 19  8 ¼ 3 20  8  Breadth.  Length of an Acre. Perches broad.  Perches long, & their parts. Feet, & their parts. 21  7 ½ 2 2/12 22  7 ¼ ●/12 23  6 ¾ 3 2/12 24  6 ½ 2 8/12 25  6 ¼ 2 6/12 26  6 2 7/12 27  5 ¾ 3 28  5 ½ 3 29  5 ½ 4/12 30  5 ¼ 4/12 31  5 2 7/12 32  5  33  4 ¾ 1 8/12 34  4 ½ 3 4/12 35  4 ½ 1 2/12 36  4 ¼ 3 2/12 37  4 ¼ 1 3/12 38  4 3 5/12 39  4 1 8/12 40  4   
Breadth.  Length of an Acre. Perches broad.  Perches long, and their parts. Feet, & their parts. 41  3 ¾ 2 7/12 42  3 ¾ 1 ⅓ 43  3 ½ 3 ●/12 44  3 ½ 2 ¼ 45  3 ½ 11/12 46  3 ¼ 3 7/12 47  3 ¼ 2 ½ 48  3 ¼ 1 ⅓ 49  3 ¼ ¼ 50  3 3 1/6 51  3 2 ¼ 52  3 1 ¼ 53  3 ⅓ 54  2 ¾ 3 3/12 55  2 ¾ 2 ●/12 56  2 ¾ 1 9/12 57  2 ●/4 11/12 58  2 ●/4 1/6 59  2 ½ 3 5/12 60  2 ½ 2 ⅔  
Breadth.  Length of an Acr●▪ Perches broad.  Perches long, and their parts. Feet, & their parts. 61  2 ½ 2 1/6 62  2 ½ 1 ⅓ 63  2 ½ 2/3 64  2 ½  65  2 ¼ 3 5/12 66  2 ¼ 2 1●/15 67  2 ¼ 2 ¼ 68  2 ¼ 1 2/3 69  2 ¼ 1 1/6 70  2 ¼ 7/12 71  2 ¼ 1/12 72  2 3 ⅔ 7●  2 3 ¼ 74  2 2 ⅔ 75  2 2 2/6 76  2 1 ⅔ 77  2 1 ⅓ 78  2 11/12 79  2 ⅓ 80  2   Sur. 
The use of this Table is only to be required, when a man is suddenly to set forth an acre of land limited in length or breadth, how far it shall extend. As for example. There is a piece of land containing many acres, and there are to be set out of this 1 2, 3.4. or more acres. First, the length must be considered. If the length be 77. perches: find that in the first Collum of the Table, and right against it, you shall find the breadth to be two perches, 1. foot, 4. inches, which maketh an acre.  Bay. 
But where you say, I shall find the length in the first Collum of the Table, it is in the head of the Collum noted for the breadth.  Sur. 
It is so in deed: for that Collum may be reputed to contain both the length and breadth.  Bay. 
How can that be?  Sur. 
Until the breadth do exceed the length, it may be said the Collum of breadth. But when the breadth surmounteth the length, the length may be said the breadth.  Bay. 
I understand you: reason will observe that, without serious instruction. But this Table, I see, extendeth but to the length and breadth of one acre: if a man be occasioned to lay out more, he is as far to seek, as if he had no Table at all.  Sur. 
Not so: for if you observe it, you are to double, treble or quadreble, the length or breadth, as you have occasion. As for example: 
How to lay out many acres by the former Table.  If you would lay out 3. Acres, and admit your length be 48. perches, which to make one Acre, is to have in breadth 3. perches, and a quarter, 1. foot and four inches, which three perches, ¼ 1. foot, and ⅓ being taken three times, make nine perches, ¾ and four foot. And thus of length and breadth, how many Acres so ever are to be set out.  Bay. 
I see in deed, this Table may serve by due observation for the laying out of any quantity. But now Sir, there is one thing which will breed some difficulty: 
Perches divers in divers Countries.  for the difference of the quantities of Acres, is great in divers Countries, by the custom of the Countries▪ for by the custom of some Countries, their measure is 24. foot to the Pole, in some 20. in some 18. and yet the statute alloweth only 16 ½ foot.  Sur. 
You say truly. Yet, when a Surveyor undertaketh to lay out the land in any of these, he is to measure it by the standard chain: that is, by the chain of 16 ½ foot.  Bay. 
But the Country people, peradventure will be obstinate, & will have the custom measure, because they will have the content of their land seem the less: and so shall they rend their ground the more easily, having it by the greater measure.  Sur. 
That is but a conceit that they shall have it the cheaper: for admit that an acre were as big as the Cornish acre, 
A Cornish Acre.  near 140. statute Acres: will any man think a Lord or his officers so simple as to grant the same, because it hath but the name of an acre, as he would let the statute Acre? It is nothing to the Lord what measure they take: 
The great or small measure all one to the Lords. ●ood measure.  for he must, & will apportion the price, according to the quantity and quality, be the Acre great or little.  Bay. 
But woods are always measured with the Pole of 18. foot.  Sur. 
It is as the Buyer and Seller agreeth: for there is no such matter decreed by any statute, neither is any bound of necessity.  Bay. 
Why is it then in use 〈…〉  Sur. 
I take it, 
Why woods are measured with the 18 foot pole.  〈…〉 they are they that are thus measured for 〈◊〉 they have in many places▪ sundry void places & g●lles, wherein groweth little or no wood, or very thin. And to supply these defects, the buyer claimeth this supply by measure.  Bay. 
The difference is but a foot, and ½ in a pole, which is nothing.  Sur. 
Yes, it is some thing, 
Great difference between the 18. and 16 ½ pole. Whence an Acre taketh name.  for in every 5 ½ Acre, it gaineth above an Acre▪  Bay. 
So might I have been deceived. For truly, I did not think it had gotten so much. But I pray whence is the word Acre derived?  Sur. 
As I take it, from the Latin word, Actus. A deed: a days work of a plough, in tilling the ground.  Bay. 
It may be so. For a plough will air an Acre a day.  Sur. 
We read in 1. Sam. 14.14. that half an Acre of land was as much as 2. oxen could plow; And that is it which the Burgundians; & others in France do call journaux, which I take, is as much as Ingerum in Latin, which containeth as much, as two Oxen or Horse can till in a day: in length 240. foot, and in breadth 120. which seemeth near to agree with our Acre.  Bay. 
We have 4. or 5. horses, or 2 or 3. yoke of Oxen to till an Acre a day, where the former Ingerum hath but 2. But the French have another kind of Acre, which they call an Arpent, 
An Arpent, or French Acre.  which amongst them differeth in quantity, as ours do differ in several kinds of Poles: And their Arpent is 100 Pole, howsoever the Poles do differ. One Pole they have, which containeth 22. foot, and that is called The Kings Arpent, 
The kings Arpent.  and used most in measuring of 〈◊〉: another of 20 foot, another of 19 ⅓ foot, another of 18. foot. So that indeed, their Arpent doth little differ in his several quantity, from our Acre.  Sur. 
I observe one thing by the way, because you speak of the Kings Arpent in France, and other measures there. I have seen in ancient Records, and books of Survey of great antiquity, which do show, that the Lords demeisnes were measured with a Pole of 20. foot, which was called maior mensura, 
Maior & minor mensura.  & the customary by a Pole, called mensura minor: which I take to be but 16 8/2 foot, though in some places the Tenants claim the 18. foot Pole.  Bay. 
Then, let me ask you another question: You shall shortly come into a Manor of my Landlords, where the Copies do speak of an Acre ware, or war: which I never could find, or hear what it truly meant, nor what quantity it containeth. But the Tenants make good use, in their conceits, of the name: for under that title, they will carry away 2.3.6.10. Acres, though they lie in 20. parcels, it is all but an Acre war: and yet I have seen some, under that title not 3. roods of ordinary measure. How comes it to pass, think you?  Sur. 
To speak truly, I cannot precisely tell you: for I have seen the like, especially in Suff. Norff. and Essex: But as I conjecture, it is a measured acre, as an Acre by warrant. Acre war, an approved Acre: and the true sense being lost by time, they make it like a finger of wax, to draw it more or less, as will best serve their purpose.  Bay. 
I have also seen Land, under the name of Molland, 
Molland.  and I have heard much disputation about the etimon of the word: Some hold it to be de Mollendo, of custom grinding at the Lords mill. Some otherwise, and leave it uncertain.  Sur. 
There is no difficulty in it: 
Molland and Fenland contrary.  for Molland is upland, or high ground, and the contrary is Fenland, low ground, a matter ordinary, where they use to distinguish between these two kinds. But we will leave these ambiguous words, and so take my leave, and betake me to my task.  Bay. 
Sir, I will not be troublesome unto you: only, when you have cast up your particulars, and finished your business of this Survey, I will be bold to trouble you again, to see what every man holdeth, and the value both of the customary leased lands, and the Lords demesnes. May I be so bold?  Sur. 
It is a thing which I seldom consent unto; for I must tell you this, 
A Surveyor must be secret for his Lord.  he is no true Surveyor for the Lord, that will make the same known to strangers. I have undertaken the business for the Lord, not for strangers: And as he putteth me in trust, so will I be secret in these things, & therefore I pray you in this pardon me.  Bay. 
You show me reason, and I was too rash. But by your leave, how shall the jury give their allowance to your doings (as you say, you will acquaint them with them) unless you deliver every particular plainly?  Sur. 
You must think, there are some things which may be public, as the names of grounds, the owners, their estates, butts, bounds, & such like, & their answers to the Articles; And some things private, & to be concealed, as the quantities, and supposed yearly values. These are for the Lord.  Bay. 
I thought I should have seen the whole method of your collections and observations, to the end, that seeing I have waded thus far into the Art, I might be somewhat instructed, how to have marshialed and engrossed my Book, when such a work were done.  Sur. 
Every man in that case, may use his own method: yet if you be desirous to see an exact course, in that kind, I must refer you to the most commendable work of Master Valentine Leigh, 
M. Leas book of Surveying.  whom in that if you imitate, you shall tread the right way to the mark.  Bay. 
Then, I shall only rema●●● thankful unto you, for your patience, and puyn●●: and be studious evermore, to do you any service.  Sur. 
I thank you, I have a desire to have some communication with you, when I have passed over this little work in hand.  Bay. 
Willingly, Sir, I will give my diligent attendance. But I pray you, Sir, in what especially do you purpose to confer wi●h me? to pose me, I fear, whether I have forgotten that you taught me.  Sur. 
Not so: but you being Bayly of this Manor (about which I have, as you see, taken a serious perambulation) have not, as I persuade me, been so careful & provident for the Lords profit, as you may: for there be divers grounds, which good and industrious husbandry would be much bettered, as I will tell you further, at our next leasurable meeting. For this time, fare you well.  
The end of the fourth Book.   

The Surveyors Dialogue, showing the different natures of grounds, how they may be employed, how they may be bettered, reformed, and amended.  
The fifth Book.  Bai. 
I Perceive, Sir, you are now at some leisure, you are walking abroad to take the air, after your long and tedious sitting, & I think indeed you are weary.  Sur. 
I am somewhat weary: but a man that undertaketh a business, must apply it, and not be weary, or at least, not to seem to be so.  Bai. 
But me thinks, you apply it too hard, you might sometimes ease you, and give yourself to some game for recreation.  Sur. 
They that are idle, may take their pleasures in gaming: 
Labour that lawfully gets is a game of delight.  but such as are called to live by their labours, and have a delight therein, & (as all men ought) take pleasure, and think it a pleasing sport, to get means by their lawful labours to live.  Bai. 
You say truth indeed: for the old Proverb is, Dulcis labor cum lucro. But I pray you, whither walk you?  Sur. 
Into this next piece of ground.  Bai. 
Nay, it is an ill ground to walk in: for it is full of bogs, a very moorish plot, overcome with weeds, and indeed, is of no use.  Sur. 
I therefore go to see it, and worthily to attach you the Lords Bailie, of remissness & negligent looking unto the Lord's profit, suffering such a piece of ground as this, to lie idle and waste, and to foster nothing but bogs, Sedges, Flags, Rushes, and such superfluous and noisome weeds: where, if it were duly drained, and carefully husbanded, it would make good meadow in short time.  Bayly. 
I think that impossible: for there be many such plots you see in this level, and in many men's occupations, and some of them think themselves good husbands, I can tell you: and they see, that it is a matter of difficulty and charge, and therefore they think, and so do I, that it is to no purpose to begin to amend it.  Sur. 
I think they have more land, than they, or you have experience how to convert to best use, they their own, and you your Lords.  Bayly. 
If you be so skilful, I pray tell me for the Lords profit, how it may be amended.  Sur. 
If you be ignorant how to amend it, and simply desire to learn, it were a fault in me to conceal from you the means how to do it. But if you be careless or wilful, it were good to leave you in your ignorance, and to inform the Lord of your unfitness, that a more skilful might take the place.  Bayly. 
That is the worst that you can do. But I trust I may be a Bailie good enough, & yet want one part of that, which my place requireth to performs.  Sur. 
Even as well as a horse may be said to travel well enough, and yet lack one leg.  Bai. 
I would be sorry, that comparison should hold: for than I could not but confess, that I were a same officer, as there be in other kinds, ●uen of your own profession many. But, I am not only not wilful, but I am willing to learn: and I do not think any man so absolute in his place and calling, but he may learn some point of his function, if at least he will confess his own imperfections. 
All men may learn.   Sur. 
Whether he verbally confess them or not, the execution will bewray them, and the world will observe them in him. And therefore it behoveth all such as undertake, and enter into any office or function, to examine the duties appertaining to such an office: and finding his fitness or unfitness, to perform it: so to leave or take, (though few stagger at any:) If his ability be weak, reason and duty may move him to seek expedient knowledge, lest he shame himself, and slander the place he is in. And therefore I wish you to ask advice, not only in this case, but in all other belonging to your charge. For as it is commendable to know more and more: so is it no shame to ask often.  Bay. 
I pray you then tell me, Sir, how must this piece of ground be handled, to be made meadow (as you say it will be made) or good pasture.  Sur. 
It must be drained.  Bayly. 
If that be all, I think, I can say it is to little purpose: for I have made trenches to that end, as you may see where and how. But it became little or nothing the better, and therefore I think, cost will be but cast away upon it.  Sur. 
It is a true Proverb: 
Ignorance enemy to art  Ignorance is an enemy to art and experience. What you did, it may be, you had good will to do the Lord service in it: but the course you took, was not in the right kind. It is not enough to make such ditches, as appeareth you have done, they are too few & too wide. Neither did you rightly observe the fall of the water.  bailie. 
That were hard to be done in such a place as this, where the water hath no fall at all, neither is the water seen much, as you see, but it is the moistness of the earth, that ●arres the land.  Sur. 
But the moisture comes by water, and the water is swallowed up in this spongy ground, and lies unseen: ye● if you mark it well, you may observe, which way it re●les: for as you see, though this plot of ground be very level in appearance, yet if it were tried by a true level, it would be found declining towards yonder forlorn brook, which you see is stop● up with weeds, that i● permitteth not the water convenient pass. Therefore the first work is, to rid the sewer or chief watercourse, and then shall you see, that the grounds near the cleansed brook, will become more dry, by the moisture soaking into the sewer: then make your other drains, using discretion therein, namely, in cutting them straight, from the most boggy places, to the main brook, every of them as it were paralelly: then cut you some other drains sloping, which may carry the water into these first drains, which again will convey it into the main.  Bayly. 
You see the ditches that I made, they were broad enough and deep, fit to convey much water, yet they did no good: can you prescribe a better form▪  Sur. 
Your ditches, for the form, were too broad, and (as it seems) too deep, and that makes the water to stand in them, and being broad above, and narrow in the bottom, makes the loose earth to fall in and choke the ditch. But if you will make profitable drains, you must first observe, how the water will run in them: for so will it appear presently, and to make them as narrow above, as at the bottom, which at the most must not be above one foot and a half broady, and the crust of the earth will hold, that the earth fall not in again. So will it in short time make it appear, that the moisture will decay, and the grounds become more dry, and as it becomes, freed of the superfluous moisture: so will the weeds that are nourished by it, begin to wither, as they are deprived of their nurture, which is too much water, which breedeth too much cold: 
Cold ground breeds weeds.  and too much cold is the life of such weeds as increase in this ground: and therefore the weeds should be often cut down in the spring time, and by that means they will consume, and better grass come in their stead: and the better, if cattle feed the ground, upon the draining, as bare as may be.  Bayly. 
But the ●raines you speak of, may be dangerous for cattle, especially for sheep and lambs.  Sur. 
Not, if they be kept always cleansed, and open, that sheep and cattle may see them: 
Bridges over drains.  for the bigger sort may step over them, and the lesser may have little bridges of the same crust, by undermining the earth some three or four foot, that the water may pass under.  Bail. 
Indeed, if the crust of the earth will hold it, this course is necessary. But there is much land in England lost for want of draining, as the Fens and low grounds in Lincolnshire, Cambridg-shire, 
The Fens.  Norfolk, and other places, which I did think impossible ever to be made dry▪ by the art or industry of man. And yet as I hear, much of it is made lately firm ground, 

Captain Lovel.  
M. William Englebert.   by the skill of one Captain Lovel, and by M. William Englebert an excellent Ingenor. And truly it is much to their own commendation, and to the common good of the inhabitants near. But these grounds are not drained by such means as you speak of.  Sur. 
Indeed, the drains are of unlike quantity, but like in quality: one and the same rule of reason doth work both the one and the other. But to say truly unto thee, the people of those countries (especially the poorer sort) where this kind of public benefit is thus gotten, had rather have the want by their Father's error, then to reap good, and more plenty by other men's art and charge. And in their conceits they had rather catch a Pike, then feed an Ox.  Bayly. 
They are either very unwise, or very wilful. But (no doubt) authority is above such country wilfulness, and doth or may enjoin them, for the common weal, to consent and yield all aid in the business. But if they will needs fish and fool, and refuse rich relief, we will leave them to their wills, till reason in themselves, or compulsion bring them to a more general desire of so great a blessing.  Sur. 
Let it be so: What Alders are in the next ground?  bailie. 
They are the Lords too, Sir: but the ground is so rotten, that no cattle can feed in it.  Sur. 

The Alder tree enemy to all grounds  The Alder tree is enemy to all grounds where it grows: for the root thereof is of that nature, that it draweth to it so much moisture to nourish itself, as the ground near it, is good for no other use.  Bailie. 
Do you think this ground would be good, if the trees were gone?  Sur. 
Yes: for commonly the ground is good enough of itself, only it is impaired by this kind of woo: and therefore if the cause were taken away, the effect would die.  Bayly. 
Then will I cause them to be stocked up.  Sur. 
Nay, first it behoveth you to consider, whether it be expedient or not: for although this tree be not friendly to pasture, meadow, or arable land, yet it yields her due commodity too, without whose aid, in some places where other wood is scant, 
The Alder necessary for many purposes.  men can hardly husband their lands without this. For of it they make many necessary implements of husbandry, as Ladders, Rails, Hop poles, Plow-stuffe, and Handles for many tools, besides firing.  Bayly. 
If it be so commodious, it is not only not good to stock them, but expedient to cherish them, and where none are, to plant.  Sur. 
There is great difference between necessity and the supper abundance of every necessary. 
Necessity a commander.  For want is a great commander, & enforceth oftentimes: and in many places they desire and search for that, which will in the time of plenty merely neglecteth. And therefore where none of this kind of wood groweth, (the place destitute of other means, and fit for this kind of commodity) will may be forced to give place to occasion: as in other things.  Bayly. 
I have heard, that this kind of wood is also good to make the foundations of buildings, in rivers, fens, and standing waters, as also piles for many purposes in moorish and wet grounds.  Sur. 
It is true: this kind of wood is of greater continuance in watery places, than any other timber: 
Alder good to make piles  for it is observed, that in these places it seldom or never rots.  Bayly. 
It loved the water and moisture well in growing, and therefore it brooketh it the better, being laid in it. 
Fir tree lain in the ground since the flood.  But I think the Fir-tree is much or the same nature: for I have seen infinite many of th●m, taken out of ●he earth in a moorish ground in Shropshire, between the Lordships of O●westry, and Elsemere, which (as is supposed) have lain in the moist earth ever since the Flood, and being da●ly taken up, the people make walking-staves & pikes of them, firm and strong, and use the chips in stead of candles in poor houses: so fat is the wood to this day, and the smell also strong and sweet.  Sur. 
I know the place well, where I saw pales made of an Oak taken out of the same ground, of the same continuance, firm and strong, black as Ibony, and might have fitly been employed to better uses: and I take it, that most wood will last long under the earth, where it never taketh the open air. But the wood now most in use for the purposes abovesaid, is Alder and Elm.  Bayly. 
May a man sow the seeds of the Alder?  Sur. 

Alder hath no seed.  It beareth a kind of seed, yet some have affirmed the contrary. But the seeds will hardly grow by art, though by nature they may. The branches of the tree and the roots, are aptest to grow, if they be set so, as the water & moisture may be above the plant: for it delighteth only in the moistest grounds. Is not this next close the Lords, called Broad-meddow?  Bayly. 
It is for I perceive you have a good memory being but once, and to long since, upon the ground.  Sur. 
It is most necessary for a Surveyor to remember what he hath observed, and to consider well the natures and qualities of all kinds of grounds, and to inform the Lord, of the means how to better his estate by lawful means, especially in bettering his own demeisnes. So shall he the less need to surcharge his tenants by uncharitable exactions. And forasmuch as of all other grounds, 
Meadows.  none are (of their own nature) so profitable, and less chargeable, as meadow grounds, which are always ready to benefit the owner, summer and winter, they especially are to be regarded.  Bail. 
That is true indeed, and peradventure it take● the name of the readiness: for we call it in Latin Pratum, as if it were semper paratum, either with the fleeze for ●ay, or with the pasture to feed: 
Pratum, quasi semper paratum▪  and this meadow wherein now we are, is the best meadow that I know: and I think, for sweetness and burden, there is not a better in England.  Sur. 
You do well to advance the credit of the Lords land, and you speak, I think, as you conceive, because you are not acquainted with the meadows, upon D●ue-banke, in Tan Deane, 
Best meadows in England.  upon Seavern-side, Allermore, the Lords meadow, in Crediton, and the meadows about the Welch-poole, and many other places, too tedious to recite now.  Bai. 
These he like are made so good by art, but naturally, I think, this may match the best of them.  Sur. 
Indeed, meadows very mean by nature, may be made excellent by charge: but they will decay, unless they be always relieved. But these that I speak of, require little or no help at the owner's hand, only the aid of these rivers overflowing, do feed them fat, gives great burden, and very sweet.  Bayly. 
These yearly overflowings of fat waters after floods, no doubt, are very beneficial, 
Rivers overflowing good  as appeareth by the annal and yearly overflowing of the river Nilus in Egypt, 
Nilus in Egypt, jos. 3.15.  which maketh the adjacent grounds so fat and fruitful, as they be famous through the world for their fertility, and was allotted to Joseph's brethren in Egypt.  Sur. 
You speak of a matter wonderful in the conceits of some, that the river should so overflow in the summer, and yet it never rains in those parts at any time of the year.  Bai. 
So I have heard indeed: and that the floods grow in the heat of the year about harvest, between julie, and September, with the snow melting, that falls in the winter time, among the Mountains.  Sur. 

The Lavent and the Leame.  We have in England matter more strange, as the river near Chichester in Sussex, called the Lavent, which in the winter is dry, and in the driest Summer, f●ll to her banks: So is the Leam, a river in Berkshire, near Leambourn.  Baily 
That is strange indeed: one studious in natural Philosophy, could tell the cause of this.  Sur. 
I take it to be, because they are only fed with springs, which run only, when springs are at the highest. And that also is the reason, why many bourns break out of the earth in sundry places, 
Bournes.  as we may read it hath done sometimes near Merga●e, in Hartfordshire, corruptly called Market, and near Croyden in Surrie, near Patcham in Sussex, and in many other places in this Realm: which breaketh forth suddenly out of the driest hills, in Summer.  Bay. 

Water smelling like violets.  Because you speak of Angleton, I can assure you, there is a Well, that sometimes yieldeth water, which when you wash your hands with, it smelleth like violets. Some would (no doubt) give much for such excellent water.  Sur. 
Though the smell be sweet, I hold not the water so wholesome: for we doubt it is in itself, Levis putredo, 
Levis putredo.  a kind of light putrefaction, which passing lightly by the sense of smelling, deceiveth the sense, which if it took a more serious note of it, would find ●t a kind of stink: as your purest musk and C●uet, 
Sense deceived.  the more nearer the sense it cometh, and the more the s●●ce chargeth itself with the whole sent, the more loathsome it will prove. But these are things coming into our talk by the way: let us return to our matter of meadows, the cause of whose goodness is the soil, and overflowing, with the most muddy water.  Bay. 
No doubt, 
Boggy grounds helps by overflowing.  it is an admirable help unto them: nay, I by small experience that I have found, can tell you a pretty paradox, how say you to this? Boggy and spongy ground, whereof we discoursed before, though in it own nature it be too moist, yet, if it be overflowed with water often, it will settle and become firm: which howsoever in my poor understanding, it should seem opposite to reason, that water should help watery ground, yet experience findeth it so.  Sur. 
All overflowing waters do bring a slimy and fat substance with them, and leave it behind them: which together with the working of the water, thorough the spongy ground you speak of, worketh that effect in all grounds, where it comes.  Bai. 
But water cannot be brought into all kinds of boggy grounds, nor into all kinds of meadows.  Sur. 
No, for there are two sorts of meadows, 
Two sorts of meadows.  low & moist, and upland, and dry meadows, of these kinds the low is commonly the best: because they are aptest to receive these falling and swelling waters, which for the most part brings fatness with it: and beside, it moisteneth the ground, and makes the grass to grow cheerful: yet howsoever fat & fruitful they be, continual moving yearly without intermission, may weaken them and impair their goodness, and will require some help, unless they be such meadows as I recommended unto you ye● while, that are so fed with fat overflowing waters, as do still maintain them in strength.  Bai. 
Then must the upland meadow, by often and continual shearing, needs decay.  Sur. 
The upland meadows have but the name of meadows: 
upland meadows have but the name  for indeed, they are but the best pasture grounds, laid for hay. And to distinguish between that kind of meadow and pasture ground, or between pasture and arable, is frivolous: for that kind of meadow is most properly pasture, and all pasture grounds may be tilled. For when we say arable, it is as much, 
Hard to distinguish grounds.  as if we said, it is subject to the plough, or land which may be ploughed: and why then may not a man say, that which is now pasture, is arable? that is, convenient to be tilled. And on the contrary, that which is now tilled, may be pasturable: namely, apt to graze, and to feed cattle?  Bai. 
You prove, that it is superfluous in manner, to distinguish the qualities of grounds.  Sur. 
I confess, a Surveyor may note the quality of every kind, as he findeth it in the time of his perambulation and view. But peradventure, the next year, he that comes to distinguish them, may enter them clean contrary to the former. And therefore it is not amiss, in all such entries, to add the word (now:) as to say, now tilled, or now pasture, now used for meadow: unless it be low meadow always mown. But he that shall enter a piece of upland ground, (though it be sometimes mown) under the name of meadow, erreth in his entry. But for that, let all men follow their own fancies. But because we speak of upland meadows, we will accept all mowable grounds in that sense. 
Meadow of different natures.  And of such I will first speak. They are either of a clay soil, and so naturally fat, or stiff: or a sandy earth enriched and made fat by industry: and both of these by moving yearly without intermission, and supply of help, may be so impaired, as it will yield little benefit to the owner. The nature therefore of every ground must be considered: for the upland and high ground, may be also watery, and consequently cold and moist, which kind of grounds are generally clay: for a sandy and gravelly ground lying high, and depending, is seldom or never found moist by nature, but dry, and consequently hot. So that all upland grounds are commonly either too cold and moist, o● too hot and dry: either of which must have his several help. For as the constitution of a man's body, is found by the effects of fatness, leanness, heat and cold: So do the earth's discover their natures by their fruit, which nature causeth them to bring forth in infinite kinds. The cold and watery grounds yield long, but four and unprofitable grass, rushes, and rank Moss: which kind of ground must be cured, if need require, with drains, but commonly these grounds are of clay: and clay will never give way, or evacuation to the water, because the ground is hard and stiff, contrary to the open and spongy ground, which is thin and open. And therefore the hottest chalk or lime, is best to kill the four grass, & unprofitable moss. So is coaldust ashes, & chimney foot, if sufficient quantity could be gotten: & after these things thus laid, it is expedient to give it a tilth or two, & then to let it lie again, if it be to be used for meadow or pasture. And for the other grounds which are hot and dry by nature, the contrary is to be used, by using means to cool the heat; and to moisten the dryness: and that i● by bestowing some fat and slimy Marl upon them, which will much cherish & revive the parched grass, and kill the hungry moss, that groweth by the dryness of the 〈◊〉, as a scurf or tetter on the body, by the heat that proceedeth of a salt humour. The natures of these two kinds of grounds are also found out, whether they be cold & moist, or hot, and dry, by the quantity, and quality of their fruits, as the seasons of the year be dry or moist: for that ground that groweth best in a moist year, 
Clay ground.  is hot and dry. The clay ground in a moist year (if it be not too moist) may be also comforted, because in too dry a year, the clay becometh so strongly bound, that the tender grass can hardly make way, through the obdurate earth: whereas moderate moisture mollifieth the same, cherisheth the root, and gives way for the grass: and if it have too much moisture, it becometh so slimy, and the roots so drenched, as it turneth the grass into a spirie kind, and that but short, and by the cold that cometh of the too much moisture, it increaseth rushes abundantly, and thick moss: So that it appeareth, that the seasons of the year do either help or hinder the increase of all kinds of grounds: which the art or industry of man cannot prevent. 
Helps intended sometimes hinder.  For many times the helps, that man useth to assist and help nature, do binder it: as where compost and stable soil is laid upon a dry ground, reserved for grass, if a dry year follow, the heat of the soil and the dryness of the year, do so impoverish the grass, that it yieldeth the owner less increase, then if he had bestowed no soil at all: yet men ought not to be remiss, in soiling their lands: for if it prevail not in one year, they shall find it at another time very profitable: 
Bringing of street water into grounds profitable.  and for all seasons, I persuade men to make means, where it may be done, to induce out of streets, lands, ways, and ditches, all the water, that by some extraordinary rain passeth through them, into their grounds, by making some little dam, or bar to draw them into to their grounds: for the matter which this water bringeth with it, is commonly so rich and fat, as it yieldeth a marvelous refection to all the grounds, high or low, into which it may be brought: which kind of husbandry is much used in Somerset, Devon & Cornwall, to their admirable advantage, and in some other place here, and there, but not so generally, as in providence men might.  Bay. 
This is a good course, no doubt, in places where it may be put in execution: but as you say, all men are not so provident, and painful, which indeed is a great fault, and wherein I myself, I confess, have been culpable: but I will be more careful aswell in that, as in other things, whereof you have put me in mind. And truly I think, there is much profit▪ wilfully lost in many places by negligence, want of skill, and sparing of some small charge. You have hitherunto spoken only of upland meadow grounds: but you divided meadows into two sorts: what say you to the second, namely low meadows? for I have seen and observed as great defects in them, by reason of their too often moving without rest, as may require some consideration how to repair them: for some of these grounds are as much annoyed by too much moisture, as the upland with the want of it.  Sur. 
For the too much moisture, if it be but in the winter season, 
How water doth good to meadows.  and continue but until the middle or end of April, it doth not only no harm, but good: for if you mark and observe it well, you seldom or never see bogs, where the water overflows, and stands in the winter time. But if it be more permanent, and of longer stay, there must be means used for the evacuation: for in many places you may perceive certain low places in meadow grounds, where if the water once take a standing, it will cause the ground to sink more and more, and therefore that kind of water must be vented betimes: for otherwise it killeth the grass, 
Water, ●ow it may be hurtful to grounds.  & makes the place bore in a dry summer, when the water is gone, or else it will cause such a coldness to the earth, as it will bring forth more rushes than grass. And therefore it must be a principal care, to have all rivers, sewers, and water drains, well cleansed and scoured, that upon occasion, when time requireth, when you will convey the water from the meadows, it may have a due current.  Bay. 
But estoples of water courses, do in some places grow by such means, as one private man or two cannot by force or discretion make remedy. As when sewers be common, sometime between Lordship ● Lordship, parish and p●rish, or between a multitude▪ among whom it is always seen, some will be perverse, and wilful▪ and hinder the best public action that is, though the doing of it be never so profitable to themselves, and the omitting, hindrance. Besides this▪ you see upon divers streame● Watermils, 
Mills of too high a pitch, pen the water.  which by reason of their high pitch, bat back the water that should have clear pass: so that sundry men's grounds are drowned, even until, and at the time of haying. And for the most part, these mills do appertain to great persons, who rather than they will lose a penny o● their profit, will hazard the loss of a pound to poor men. What remedy is these for any of these mischiefs?  Sur. 
For every of them the law hath provided remedy. And the greatest hindrance is either neglect or fear of complain 2▪ and upon complaint in places, and to persons appointed to reform neglect of justice to be executed, 〈◊〉 or lawdays, general Sessions, Commissioners of Sewers, and actions at the common Law, are provided to right these wrongs: therefore speak no more of this, as matter of impeachment of the grounds, which of themselves are naturally good or evil. But rather seek the means to better and help the ground, which, as you object, is weakened by often cutting. 
How to amend weakened meadow  When a man observeth such decay in his meadow, let it lie some few years to pasture, and be eaten very low, it will procure some heat again. If not, take the fattest earth that may be gotten, & let it lie a year if you can, to dissolve, and when it is dry and will crumble small, mingle it with good and well fatted dung, and lay them a while in a heap, until they be sufficiently incorporated, which will be in one winter, then carry it into your meadow about the beginning of March, or before, and then cast it abroad upon the meadows, not too thick, nor the clods too great, it will revive the weakened mould, and make the grass spring again very freshly.  Bai. 
I think this be good also for barren pasture.  Sur. 
It is very excellent for pasture, for he that will bestow the cost, shall find his recompense in short time.  Bayly. 
I see in some meadows gaully places, 
Gauly places in meadows.  where little or no grass at all groweth, by reason (as I take it,) of the too long standing of the water, for such places are commonly low where the water standeth not having bend to pass away, and therefore means must be first made for the evacuation of the water for the continual standing of the water consumeth the grass, and makes the place bare, and sinketh it.  Sur. 
In such a place therefore, 
Claver grass.  sow in the Spring time some hay seed, especially the seed of the clover grass, or the grass honeysuckle, and other seeds that fall out of the finest and purest hay: And in the sowing of it, mingle with it some good earth: But sow not the honeysuckle grass in too moist a ground, for it liketh it not.  Bayly. 
Is it not good sometimes to ●ill and sow● the meadow grounds?  Sur. 

To till meadow grounds  Yes, upon good occasion, as you find by the slender crop of hay it beareth in a seasonable summer, that the ground begins to faint, as it were under the burden of continual bearing, fallow it, and let it lie a whole summer, and in the fall of the leaf plow it again, and at the season sow it with pease or fetches, next with wheat, and lastly with fetches and hay dust, laying it as plain and level as you can. Then seed it the next summer, and after that, hayn it and mow it, and within a year or two, the grass will be fat, sweet and good.  Bayly. 
I have seen meadows, as well as other arable lands, 
Meadow ground burned.  namely, the crust of the earth cut in turfs and burned, and so sown as aforesaid.  Sur. 
This kind of husbandry is neither usual nor expedient in all places, especially in meadow grounds, unless the meadows be too much overgrown with moss, through too much moisture & cold: yet in deed I have seen it in some part of Shropshire. But I have thought it rather done for the corn sake, then for reformation of the meadow.  Bay. 
But I like not this husbandry in any sort, in good meadow grounds.  Sur. 
You need not fear it, for experience hath found, that it hurteth no kind of ground. But I leave every man to his own fancy.  Bayly. 
Surely, I think there needs no help to good meadow grounds, 
Meadow most beneficial.  for it requireth small travail, and less charge, and of all grounds (as was said in the beginning of our speech, it is most beneficial.  Sur. 
Every thing hath his time and course, a growing, a perfection, and decay. And the best ground may be overcharged, the plough, and the scythe will weaken, if there be no helps by Art, or Nature▪ for though nature wake & work when we sleep, and are idle, yet it often faileth, when wit and industry must work and supply what Nature leaveth. And therefore he that hath best meadow grounds, if he be a good husband, will observe how they stand in force, or weakness, and accordingly endeavour to help the defects: he must neither sleep for the too much heat in Summer, nor keep house in Winter for the too much cold: but both Winter and Summer give such attendance and aid unto his land, as in discretion he shall find most behoveful: for land is like the body: if it be not fed with nurture, 
Land like the body.  and comforted and adorned with the most expedient commodities, it will pine away, and become forlorn, as the mind that hath no rest or recreation, waxeth lumpish and heavy. So that ground that wanteth due disposing and right manurance, waxeth out of kind; even the best meadows will become ragged and full of unprofitable weeds, if it be not cut and eaten; some will become too moist, and so grow to bogs; some too dry, and so to a hungry moss. And therefore according to the natural or urged inclination, men are to endeavour to prepare preservations, or reformations, namely, to keep the good in good case, and to bring the evil to a better state. If it be too moist, you must seek to dry it: if too dry, you must use means to moisten it.  Bayly. 
What if there be such places in a meadow, as neither Art nor charge can conveniently make dry, or fit for grass, as I know many▪ and (no doubt) so do you, which will be unprofitable, whatsoever course be taken, unless more charge be laid upon it, than it can requite?  Sur. 
In such places the best course is to plant willows red or white, 
To plant Willows.  namely, in every void plot of low ground that is too moist, and of little use to plant them, as also near unto, and in hedgerows: for those kinds of willows are very profitable, and little hurtful, and delight most in watery places, where profitable and sweet grass likes not: They grow speedily, and bear much, and serve for many uses in husbandry.  Bay 
In this indeed I can approve your judgement by mine own Art and experience: for about seven or eight years since, I set a certain number of these kinds of Willow poles, 
Setting of Willows.  shaped and cut for the purpose, and in deed I cut them and set them in a dry time, for I can tell you, although they love the water well in their growing, wet is an enemy ●nto them, being cut from the tree: and in the time of their replanting, some I set in the end of january, some in the beginning of February, when the extremity of the cold is near gone. I set some in a meadow by a rivers side, some in a bottom, where the water falls most in the time of rain, and I set every one of them six foot asunder, and for three years space I kept them pruned very carefully: and at this present time they have heads and branches of very great burden, every three trees near a load of wood. And I do not think, but every five or six years will afford as much and more: for as the body of the tree doth increase, the branches will augment in greatness: and this without loss of much ground, or hindrance to the grass. Nay, I find that under these trees, the grass is most rank and fruitful, not only by reason of the dropping of the boughs, but by the fall of the leaf in Autumn, as also by the cattle sheltering and shadowing under them. And moreover, I have planted an Osier hope, 
Ozier hope.  (for so they call it in Essex, and in some places an Osier bed) in a surrounded ground, fit before for no use, for the too much moisture and overflowing of it. And to tell you truly, I think, it yieldeth me now a greater benefit yearly, acre for acre, than an acre of best wheat: and that without any great travel or charge, and the ordinary increase seldom sailing. Only I find, that this kind of tree brooketh not the shadow of any other tree, but delighteth in the open air, 
Ozier brooketh no shadow.  and in the Sun beams: so imperial or sullen is this little plant. And truly I conceive, that men that have such grounds, as befit this kind of commodity, come short of good husbands, if they plant them not.  Sur. 
You say in this very truly: and it is a great shame for many capable wits, and able bodies, that they having livings and leisure, employ neither of them to their uttermost profitable ends: for lands is given to man, to the end he should till it, manure it, and dress it: namely, he should set, sow, and plant upon it, and in due discretion to convert every place to his fittest fruit. For I am of opinion, that there is no kind of soil, be it never so wild, boggy, clay, or sandy, but will yield one kind of beneficial fruit or other. 

All grounds good for some use.  
Pease upon the beach grow naturally.    Bail. 
Nay, by your leave, I think, the pebbles or beach stones upon the sea coast, about Orford Nesse in Suff. the Camber in Sussex, and such like, are good for no use, especially for any profitable fruit: for I think, there is no firm● soil within a spears length of some part of the highest of them.  Sur. 
It is true, and yet have I eaten of good and nourishing fruit growing even there, as pease, pleasant, wholesome, and good, growing of their own accord, never steinhouse: but they differ in the manner of branching, only the blossoms differ not much, but the co●●les hang in clusters, eight, ten, or twelve in a bunch, and taste as other pease.  Bayly. 
That is strange that they should grow where no firm earth is our, and without set●ing or sowing: me thinks, if they be of any abundance, poor people might make use of them, if they be wholesome and not forbidden.  Sur. 
So do they in the times of dearth.  Bayly. 
〈◊〉 have seen upon these grounds, store of Pewets, Olives, and Cobs breed, fowls of great request at most honourable table●. 
Pewets and Olives, etc.   Sur. 
So have I: but to allure them, it is good to strew rushes and grass upon the beach, whereon to lay their eggs, unless there be store of sea-weedes to serve for that purpose. But for your other sorts of ground, as boggy, and hot, and sandy grounds, commonly bar●en, I see not how they may be employed to any great profit. For the first, namely, your lo●e & sp●ngie grounds ●renched, 
Hops.  is good for hops, as Suffolk, Essex, and Surrie, and other places do find to their profit. The hot and sandy, (omitting grain) is good for carrot roots, a beneficial fruit, as Orford, Ipswich, and many sea towns in Suffolk: 
carrot roots.  as also Inland towns, Berrie, Framingham, and others in some measure, in the same shire, Norwich, and many places in Norfolk, Colchester in Essex, Fulham, and other places near London. And it begins to increase in all places of this Realm, where discretion and industry sway the minds of the inhabitants: and I do not a little marvel, that husbandmen and Farmers do not imitate this, for their own families, and to 〈…〉 their poor neighbours, as in some places they beg●n, to their great profit. I have also observed in many places, where I have had occasion to travail, that many croftes, toftes, pightes, pingles, and other small ●uillits of land, about farm houses, and Tenements, are suffered to lie together idle: some overgrown with nettles, mallows, thistles, wild tezells, and divers other unprofitable weeds, which are fat and fertile: 
Many waste grounds might yield profit. Hemp. Mustardseed.  where if the farmer would use the means, would grow sundry commodities, as hemp, and mustard seed, both which are so strong enemies to all other superfluous, and unprofitable weeds, as they will not suffer any of them to grow, where they are sown. The hemp is of great use in a farmer's house, as is found in Suffolk, Norfolk, Sussex, Dorset, and in many places in Somerset, especially about Burport, and Lime, where the people do find by it great advantage, not only for cordage for shipping, but also for linen, and other necessaries about a house. So is also the flax, 
Flax.  which is also sown in many places, where good housewives endeavour their wits▪ 〈◊〉, and hands to that commodious and profitable course, and the flax will like well enough in a more light and gentle, and leaner soil, than the hemp. And indeed there is not a place so rude, & unlikely, but diligence and discretion may convert it to some profitable end: and among many other commodities, I marvel, men are no more forward in planting of Apple trees, 
Apple trees.  Pear trees, Crab-stockes, and such like in their hedges, between their fields, aswell as in Orchards: a matter praise worthy, and profitable to the planter, and to the common wealth, very beneficial.  Bail. 
Indeed, I have thought upon this kind of husbandry, but I have been prevented of mine own desires, by a prejudicate conceit, that these fruits would redound little to my benefit, for that I think they will be stolen, the hedges trodden down, and the trees broken for the fruits sake.  Sur. 
Negligence may easily find excuse: but this objection is frivolous: for I know in Kent, Worcestershire, Shropshire, Glocestershire, Somerset, and Devon, and many parts in Wales, full of this commodity, even in their remote hedgerows. And although some few be lost, sith the rest come so easily, so fully, and so freely, a good mind will not grudge at a wayfaring passenger, taking for his refection, and to qualify the heat of his travel, an apple or a pear: for the remnant will content the well conditioned owner. For I have known, that (all the stolen allowed) the fruit thus dispersedly planted, have made in some little Farms, or (as they call them in those parts) Burgaines, a tun, two, three, four, of Cider, and Perry, which kind of drink resembling white wine, 
Cider. Perry.  hath without any further supply of ale, or beer, sufficed a good householder and his family, the whole year following, and sometimes hath made of the overplus twenty nobles, or ten pounds, more or less.  bailie. 
This surely cannot be but confessed, to be very beneficial, both for private and public w●●le. And I myself have noted, that Mid. in former times, hath had regard to this kind of commodity: for many Appletrees, Pear trees, Service trees, & such like, have been planted in the fields and hedgerows, especially in the North and East part of the shire, as also in the South part of Hartfordshire, which are at this day very beneficial to the inhabitants, both for their own use and relief, as also to vaunt divers ways at London. But the trees are now for the most part very ancient, and I do not see such a continual inclination in the time present, to continue or increase this benefit for the use of posterity: neither did I ever know much Cider or Perry made in these parts, neither do I think they have sufficient skill or means.  Sur. 
I think indeed, little Cider is made there, some Perrie there is here and there: but more in the West country and in Kent, 
Kent.  a place very fructiferous of that kind of fruit.  Bai. 
Yet is there not so much Cider made, for all the great abundance of fruit, as there might be but in the Inland.  Sur. 
The reason is, because that near London, & the Thames side, the fruit is vented in kind, not only to the Fruterers in gross, but by the country wives, in the nearest part of Kent, Middlesex, Essex, & Surrey, who utter them in the markets, as they do all other vendible things else.  Bayly. 
But above all others, I think, the Kentishmen be most apt and industrious, in planting Orchards with Pippins and Cherries, especially near the Thames, about Feversham, & Sittingburne. And the order of their planting is such, as the form delighteth the eye, the fruit the taste, and the walks infinite, recreate the body. Besides, the grass and herbage, notwithstanding the trees, yieldeth as much benefits▪ in manner, as if there were no trees planted at all, especially for hay.  Sur. 
I● is true: and in mine opinion, many men having tenements, and time in them, make not half the profit, which by due and discreet industry they might.  Bayly. 

Men untaught, know little.  Truly I now so conceive it: for you have in m●ny things, made me see mine own indiscretion & negligence▪ but in many of them fear hath more prevailed with me, then wilful refusal. And so I think it doth in other men, who also with myself, ar● ignorant of many points of providence, and good husbandry: because they are not generally travelers to see other places, neither hath their breeding been judicious, but plain, according to a slubbered pattern of ancient ignorance, by which they only shape all their courses, 
Many follow old husbandry.  as their Fathers did, never putting in practise any new device, by the rule of more reason. And therefore indeed, we that are yet in a plodding kind of course, may conform us ●o new and probable precedents, as time and trial will yield experience. But ●urely, I hold your opinion good for the planting of fruit trees, not only in Orchards, but in the hedge rows & fields: for I think, we have of no tree more necessary use.  Sur. 
It is true in respect of fruit. But in other respects, 
Oak, Ash, and Elm.  the Oak, Elm, and Ash, are more precious.  Bayly. 
These indeed are building trees, and of the three, the Oak is of most request a timber most firm and most durable. I have b●●ne no great traveler, and therefore I can speak little of the increase or decrease of them, other then in the places where I am most resident, and where my ordinary affairs do lie. And for those parts, I can say, that they increase not, though they seem not to be wanted: for you see this country inclinable to wood and timber much: yet within these twenty years they have been diminished two parts of three: and if it go on by like proportion, our children will surely want. How it is in other countries I know not.  Sur. 
I have seen many places of note for this kind of commodity, (for so ●t is, howsoever it hath been little preserved) and I find, that it hath universally received a mortal blow within the time of my memory: 
Oak much decayeth. 35. Hen. 8.  notwithstanding there is a Statute for the preservation and maintenance of the same, and the same continued to this day, but not with wished effect, as we have thereof spoken before.  Bail. 
I will tell you, Sir, careless Gentlemen, that have Manors and Parks well wooded, left them by their careful ancestors, that would not strip a tree for gold, are of the mind (as it seemeth) that the shadow of the high trees do dazzle their eyes, they cannot see to play the good husbands, nor look about them to sell the land, ti●l the trees be taken out of their sight.  Sur. 
Can you break a jest so boldly upon men of worth?  Bail. 
You see as well as I, some do it in earnest: and I think indeed, it is partly your fault that are Surveyors: 
Gentlemen sell their woods too fast.  for when Gentlemen have sunk themselves by rowing in Vanities boat, you blow them the bladders of lavishing helps, to make them swim again awhile, counseling first to clear the land of the wood, (in the sale whereof is great abuse) persuading them, they shall sell the land little the cheaper. And indeed I hold i● providence, where necessity commands, to choose of two, the lesser evil: namely, to sell part of a superfluous quantity of wood, where the remanent will ser●● the party in use, 
A Surveyor must counsel frugality.  rather than the land. But withal, it is the part of a good Surveyor, to counsel frugality, and a sparing spending, according to the proportion of the means of him he trauel●●or. And ●f that great Emperor Necessity will needs have havoc, sell the wood, or p●ize it so, as he that buys the land have not the wood for nought: as is often seen, when the wood and timber sometimes is worth the price of wood and land.  Sur. 
It seems, when you come to be a Surveyor, as you labour to be, 
Affection.  I hope you will be very careful in your counsel: but it may be, when you seem to have best skill, and earnest desire to draw the line strait: for a man inclinable to his own will, he will rather give it into the hands of some one that feeds his conceits with flattery, 
Simple men do manage men's business through flattery▪  and he shall manage the building, when you have laid the foundation. And what he doth, be it right or crooked, is level with the mark. And therefore leaving every man to him he likes, I say only this, that sith timber and timber trees, and wood by due observation, are found to decay so fast, me thinks, in common discretion, it should behove every good husband (for all would be so accounted) both upon his own ●and, as also upon such as he holds of other men's, not only to maintain, 
All men ought to preserve timber  and to the uttermost to preserve the timber trees, and saplings likely to become timber trees, Oak, Elm, and Ash: but voluntarily to plant young: and because there is not only an universal inclination to hurl down, it were expedient that sith will will not, authority should constrain some mean of restoration, namely, to enjoin men, as well Lords, as tenants, to plant for every sum of acre, a number of trees, or to sow or set a quantity of ground with Acorns.  bailie. 
I remember there is a Statute made, 35 Hen. the 8. and the ●. Eliz. for the preservation of timber trees, Oak, ash, Elm▪ Asp, 
35. Hen. 8.1. Eliz.  and Beech: and that 12. storers & standils should be left standing at every fall, upon an acre: but me thinks, this Statute is deluded, and the meaning abused: for I have seen in many places at the fa●s, where in deed they leave the number of standils and more; but in stead they cut dow●e them that were preserved before, and at the next fall, 
The Statute abused.  them that were left to answer the Statute, and young le●t again in their steads: so that there can be no increase of timber trees, notwithstanding, the words of the Statute, by this kind of reservation, unless such as were thus left, were continued to become timber trees indeed: And therefore it were not amiss, that some provision were made, to maintain the meaning of the Statute in more force: but I leave that, to such as see more than I see, and have power to reform it.  Sur. 
It is a thing in deed to be regarded, for indeed there is abuse in it.  Bayly. 
Surely it is, especially in places where little timber grows: for there is no Country, how varraine of timber soever but hath use of timber: and therefore, if neither men's own wills, 
Want of Wood▪ and Timber feared.  seeing the imminent want, nor force of justice will move and work a reformation, we may say as the Proverb is, Let them that live longest, fetch their wood farthest.  Sur. 
But some Countries are yet well stored, and for the abundance of timber & wood, were excepted in the Statute, as the Wields of Kent, Sussex, & Surry, which were all anciently comprehended under the name of Holmes dale. There are divers places also in Darinshire, 
Holmes dale.  Cheshire & Shr●pshire, well wooded. And yet he that well observes it, and hath known the Weles of Sussex, Surry, and Kent, the grand nursery of those kind of trees, especially Oak, & Beech, shall find such an alteration within less than 30. years, as may well strike a fear, 
Thirty years have consumed much wood and timber. Glass houses Great woods wasted.  lest few years more, as pestilent as the former, will leave few good trees standing in those Wields. Such a heat issueth out of the many forges, & furnaces, for the making of Iron, and out of the glass kilnes, as hath devoured many famous woods within the Wields: as about Burningfold, Lopwood green, the Minns, Kirdford, Petworth parks, Ebernowe Wassal●, Rusper, Balcombe, Dalington the Dyker: and some forests, and other places infinite. Tantum ●●ui longinqua valet mutare vetustas. The force of time, and men's inclination, make great changes in mighty things. But the crop of this commodious fruit of the earth, which nature itself doth sow, being thus reaped and cut down by the sickle of time, hath been in some plentiful places, in regard of the superfluous abundance, rather held a hurtful weed, than a profitable fruit, and therefore the wasting of it held providence, to the end that corn, 
Woods destroyed for corns sake.  a more profitable increase, might be brought in, in stead of it, which hath made Inhabitants so fast to hasten the confusion of the one, to have the other. But it is to be feared, that posterities will find want, where now they think is too much. Virtutem inc●lum●m od●mus, sublatam sero saepe quaerimus invidi. Things that we have too common, are not regarded: but being deprived of them, they are oft times sought for in vain.  Bay. 

140. Iron works in Sussex.  It is no marvel, if Sussex and other places you speak off, be deprived of this benefit: for I have heard, there are, or lately were in Sussex, near 140. hammers and furnaces for Iron, and in it, & Surry adjoining, 3. or 4. glass houses: the hammers and furnaces spend, each of them in every 24. hours, 2.3. or four loads of charr coal, which in a year amounteth to an infinite quantity, as you can better account by your Arithmetic, then I.  Sur. 
That which you say, is true, but they work not all, all the year: for many of them lack water in the Summer to blow their bellows. 
Wasting of woods in Sussex, good for the common wealth.  And to say truth, the consuming of much of these in the Weld, is no such great prejudice to the weal public, as is the overthrow of wood & timber, in places where there is no great quantity: for I have observed, that the cleansing of many of these weld grounds, hath redounded rather to the benefit, then to the hurt of the Country: for where woods did grow in superfluous abundance, there was lack of pasture for kine, and of arable land for corn, without the which, a Country or country farm cannot stand, or be relieved, but by neighbour helps, as the Downs have their wood from the Weld. Beside, people bred amongst woods, are naturally more stubborn, and uncivil, then in the Champion Countries.  Bai. 
What, are men's manners commonly guided by the disposition & quality of the places where they are bred?  Sur. 
There is no necessity in it, I take, but by observation it hath been collected, That Montani sunt asp●ri atque incu●ti; 
men's manners of their place of breed.  Molliores corpore atque moribus pratenses: Campestres mansue●● & Civiles: Rudes & refractory S●●●●colae: Paludicolae inconstantes & ●ebeti ingenio: Littorales duri, b●rrendi, immanes, latrociniis dediti, ●mniumque deniqu● pessimi. etc. So that if this observation hold, men vary in wit, manners and disposition of body & mind, much after the nature of the place where they are brought up. 
Divine grace shapes new minds.  But let us not think that follows always, but that education & divine grace doth shape new minds, manners & dispositions in men, as they are trained up in the knowledge & fear of God. But woods are commonly most desert, so are Sea coasts subject to violent winds, & vapours, and therefore these above other places are most condemned, & the inhabitants the more need to seek the means of reformation.  Bay. 
Truly, I think all the places you name, the Mountains, Meadows, Woods, Marshes, and the Sea-coast, breed by nature all rudes, refractarios & immanes, without the grace of God directing them. And therefore we will leave to censure conditions of men, in one continent, & as it were, under one climate by the places of their breed. That in my conceit, were to give sentence against God's secret Counsel, & providence: 
Complexion never a true argument of good or evil men.  As also to say, such a complexion were always an argument of ill condition, and such of good, which never holdeth generally true. Let us▪ I p●ay, retain to our former communication, for time passeth, and I know, you would not be 〈◊〉 long.  Sur. 
Then I say, where, in former times, a 〈◊〉 stood in those parts, wholly upon these unprofitable bushy and woody grounds, having only some small and ragged pastures for some kind of cattle, now I see as I travail, and where I have had business, that these unprofitable grounds are converted to beneficial tillage: 
The benefit that Sussex findeth by decay of woods.  In so much as the people lack not, but can to their great benefit, yearly afford to others, both Butter, Cheese, and Corn, even where was little or none at all: yet I held a moderation necessary, lest that the too much overthrowing of timber trees, and stocking up of Woods bring such a scarcity of that most necessary commodity, as men build not for lack of timber, but use Peats, Turf, 〈◊〉, Furse, Broome, & such like fuel for firing, 
fuel of constrain●.  where they may be gotten, yea, & Ne●ts dung, as in some places of Wiltshire, and else where: which cannot but ensue, if there be neither prevention for the subversion of the present, no provision to plant or spare for the time to come: who seeth not that the general extirpation, and stocking up of coppise grounds in Middlesex, 
Middlesex stocking.  will not breed want to them that shall succeed?  Bail. 
But that may be the more tolerated, because it bringeth a greater profit in tillage and pasture, the ground being good, bringeth forth wheat and oats, and other commodious grain, instead of s●ubs and shrubs.  Sur. 
Stubs and shrubs are also necessary: but as we desire food, we must preserve the means to prepare it for food: for as corn availeth not without Mills to grind: so other necessaries without firing, are of little use. If all were arable, where were meadow and pasture▪ if all pasture and meadow, 
The use of firing necessary.  where corn? if all for corn and grass, it were like Midas his wish. Therefore it is good to foresee, and to avoid a mischief to come, by desiring or using present commodities moderately and providently. For when there is a true concurrence between the use, and preservation, and increase of necessary commodities, without wilful consuming, there seldom followeth too much want: but if, for the over-greedy use of things present, there be no regard of future occasion, it cannot be, but if the earth, the mother of man and other creatures, could verbally complain, she might well say, 
A commodity present should not deprive future times of a better.  she were even robbed of her fruits by her own children: and namely when for one commodities sake, another is abandoned by some private men, more expedient for the public weal.  Bai. 
I think your meaning is, when farms, or townships are by private men dispeopled, and the houses pulled down, and the land converted to some more private use: as only to sheep pastures, or grazing for cattle only, you mean, corn, the more commodious, is abandoned for these less profitable.  Sur. 

Depopulation, dangerous.  Both these are necessary in their places, no man can deny it. But when the Ox and sheep shall feed where good houses stood, where honest men and good subjects dwelled, where hospitality was kept, the poor relieved, the king better served, and the common wealth more steeded: who will not say it is the ban● of a common wealth, an apparent badge of Atheisms, and an argument of apish ambition, or wolvish emulation? but because there is a statute carefully providing reformation, I will be sparing to accuse, though a man might point at the places and persons: Is not this next, fern hill, a close of the Lords demeisnes?  Bayly. 
You remember well, it is so.  Survey. 
If my memory fail not, there is a deep bottom in this field, and a little rill of water rising out of the hill, runs thorough it.  Bayly. 
If you look but over this hill, you shall see it.  Sur. 
I ●ee it, and I marvel that there hath been no respect had of this place: for it is a desert bottom, full of bushes and shrubs, yielding now little or no benefit.  Bay. 
What can you advise to be done with it, to make it more profitable?  Sur. 
I could wish some cost to be bestowed herein, 
Fish ponds.  making a fish pond, nay it would make at the least, two or three, one below the other.  Bai. 
Alas, that were to little purpose, as I take it, considering the charge of making the ponds, the clearing of the water course, the cleansing of the bodies, the making of the dams or heads of the ponds will be more chargeable, than the fish will be profitable.  Sur. 
As you conceive it, for where reason or experience teach not, there the will follows to be untoward in all actions: and seldom men practise doubtful things, howsoever probable, for experience sake. But in this there is no doubt at all, the benefit is certain by approved experience, & it payeth the charge to the founder in short time, & afterward the benefit comes without much labour or cost. He that hath travailed, and is acquainted with Sussex, 
Fish ponds many in Sussex, and Surrie.  & Surrie, and hath observed this commodity, may find that gentlemen, and others able in those parts, will not suffer such a convenient place as this for the purpose, to lie unprepared for this use: & the sweetness of the gain they yearly make of it, hath bred such an increase of ponds for fish, as I think, these two shires have more of them, than any twenty other shires in England.  bailie. 
That were very much, but I take it, the making of them is very chargeable, for the cleansing and digging, the ridding of the stuff, and making the head, I think will consume a greater charge, than many years will pay, or redeem again, as I said before.  Sur. 
That which commonly cometh out of these kind of places, is good soil for other lands, and will of itself quite the cost of cleansing and carrying. As for the head wherein the greatest charge consisteth, may be done, for a mark or a pound a pole at the most, but where there is good fast earth, as is here, I think less will do it. This pond may be 20. pole at the head, few so much: and after 2. or 3. years being well stored, it will yield requital, not only for domestical use, but to be vented very beneficially: for the Fishmongers of London do use to buy the fish by the score or hundred, 
Fishmongers buy pond fish far off.  of a competent scantling, when the ponds in the country be sewed, and bring them to London in cask, 20, 30, 40, 50 miles, and vent them by retail: and if the ponds be so remote from the main Mart London, as the fish cannot be conveniently transferred, other confining Cities, towns, & inhabitants, besides the owner's private families, will find good use of them: and many times also, these kind's of ponds may have sufficient fall of water for corn Mills, 
Ponds necessary for Mills.  fulling, or wake Mills, sith Mills, and Mills of other kinds, as the country where such convenient places are, may require: and it is found, by such as duly observe the courses of countries, and inclinations of men, that want of providence and fear of charge, withholdeth men's minds from many benefits, private & public, and that many times, where they are voluntarily moved to consume far more in matter of mere vanity, and things which right reason holdeth very frivolous.  Bay. 

Ambitious building ridiculous.  Truly I have observed this that you say, to be true in many, especially in such, as ambition moveth without necessity to build more fair and stately piles, than their estate or abilities will well hear, and covet nothing more, then to raise their fame by their folly, not respecting commodities, so much as pleasures, as if the name of a fair house, were meat, drink and credit unto them: where if they were forced by necessity to raise an habitacle, it might be so marshaled in discretion, 
A house with necessaries commendable.  that it should not exceed the quality of the person, neither stand without such supply of all convenient appendances, as might both argue the party provident, and add means unto all necessaries for alike families relief.  Sur. 
Men will have their humours: but he is wise, that can learn by others harms to avoid, and by others good example to follow the like.  Bay. 
Sir, you see this piece of ground, it hath not the name for nought, it is called fernie close, and as you see, it is full, and so overgrown with these brakes, that all the art we can devise, and labour we can use, cannot rid them.  Sur. 
Neglectis urenda filix, innascitur agris, saith Horace. But in many places they serve to good use: 
Horace. Ferne.  & therefore, where they grow, it must be considered, whether it be better, to destroy them, or to foster than, for they seldom or never grow in a fat soil, nor cold, but in a sandy and hot ground: And as Theophrastus saith in his eight book, 
Theophrastus. lib. 8.  it cometh not up in manured places, but withereth away.  Bai. 
How, meaneth he by manured places, ploughed grounds?  Sur. 
Ploughed grounds, may be said to be manured, but it is not so meant by Theophrastus: 
Manuring what is meant by it.  for he meaneth grounds well soiled, with good fat marvel and dung: for ploughing without this kind of manurance, will hardly kill it: for the ground being naturally barren, it will not quite cost to plough it, till they grow no more. And if there be no other soil to manure it, take the brakes themselves, to kill the brakes.  Bayly. 
I think, that were the way to raise more: for it is like the adding more fuel to put out the fire.  Sur. 
But you see, that though the oil feed the Lamp, oil will extinguish it. 
fern destroyed by fern.   Bayly. 
That is, if you drown the match with oil.  Sur. 
So if you cut the brakes often, while they are young, and a little before Midsummer when they are grown, and cast them upon the same land, and set the fold upon it, and use it thus, 2. or three years, feeding it often with cattle or sheep, you shall find a great decay of them. In the wields of Sussex and Surry, places inclinable to brakes, you may learn, 
The use of fern, in divers places.  how the inhabitants by their endeavours▪ do make good use of this kind of husbandry, both for corn, and to increase their pasture, by cutting them in August, & after when they are withered, and laying them upon their grounds, with the fold, as I told you, which causeth the grass to spring very fast, and freshly: and they are so far from coveting to kill them, that they fetch them for this use far off: but the continuance of this course will impair them much. Moreover, they bring the brakes into their yards, where their cattle lodge in the winter, and there they rot, & when they be well dissolved among their other soil, they carry it about September, and October, into their arable fields, to their good advantage. And in some places they lay it in the common high ways (as in Hartfordshire and other places) and about March carry it into their grounds. It is so lively, slimy and vegetable a nature, as it seldom becomes utterly consumed, but by fat marl●, and soil, & continual ploughing, as I told you before. But I see, here is a ground next unto this, of another nature, full of bushes and briars, he is no good husband that oweth it.  Bai. 

Bushy ground  Neither he that owes it, nor a better husband can prevent this inconvenience: for besides the bushes, the moss is so full and rank, as the ground is good for nothing, but for that small pasture, that is in it here and there.  Sur. 
The ground of itself, I see is good enough, and not so prone to moss as you take it, 
The cause of moss.  but the cause of the moss is the bushes: for after every shower of rain, the bushes hang full of drops, which often falling on the ground, makes the upper part of the earth so cold, that i● increaseth this kind of moss: but without the aid and industry of a skilful husband, fairest grounds will be come ugly, and best land evil, and will bring forth unprofitable weeds, bushes, brakes, briars, thorns, and all kind of hurtful things▪ according to the curse inflicted upon it for man's fault, at the beginning.  Bail. 
Admit, no man did manure the earth, 
The earth not manurde what becomes.  yet surely there be many grounds, in my conceit, would never become worse than they be.  Sur. 
You are in a great error: for the freest grounds that you see, the fairest pastures, and greenest meadows, would become in short time, overgrown with bushes, woods, weeds, and things unprofitable, as they were before they were rid, and cleansed of the same by the industry of man, who was enjoined that care and travail to manure the earth, which for his disobedience should bring forth these things.  Bayly. 
How then was the state of this Island of great Britain, at the beginning, when it was first peoplet?  Sur. 
A very desert and wilderness, full of woods, 
Great Britain sometimes a desert.  f●lls, moors, bogs, heaths, and all kind of forlorn places: & howsoever we find the state of this Island now, records do witness unto us, that it was for the most part an universal Wilderness, until people finding it a place desolate, and forlorn, began to set footing here, and by degrees grew into multitudes; though for the time, brutish and rude, Time taught them, and Nature drew them to find the means how to stock up trees, bushes, briars, & thorns, & in stead thereof, to plough the land, to sow, set, and plant, to build Cities for defence, aswell against the force of Wild beasts, then plentiful in these grounds which now we manure, as against enemies, as the ruins of Cilchester in Hamshire, 
Cilchester▪ Verolamium.  among the woods, and of Verolamium in Hartfordshire, and other Roman Monuments of antiquity, do lay before our eyes at this day. After Cities, (as the land became more and more peopled) they built lesser Towns, Villages, and Dorpes, and after more security, Country Farms, and Gruinges: and as these increased, 
Wild beasts in Britain.  wild beasts, as Bears, Boars, Wolves, & such like decreased: for when their shelters, great woods, were cut down, and the Country made more and more champion, than the people more and more increased, and more and more decreasing the inconveniences that offended them.  Bai. 
I observe in this your discourse some doubts, as whether all this Island, now great Britain, were a Wilderness and Desert, and whether there were ever such wild beast in it, as you speak off.  Sur. 
If you will be satisfied by records, you may find, that most of the Shires in England were Forestae. and as for the wild beasts, Authors very antentique, report of the Caledonian Bear, Boar, Bull, 
Colidonian bear and boar.  and Kine, which were in this Island, with infinite many Wolves: as by reason of the great woods and fastness, there are yet in Ireland.  Bay. 
This our discourse is some what from our matter, yet not altogether impertinent: for if this lie hidde●▪ and men be ignorant of the state of former times, 
Former ages had more art and industry than ours.  our present swelling and ambitious conceits may seem to assume more commendation, for present art and industry, in reforming the earth, them Ages of old: wherein I perceive, and by your discourse collect, that our fathers did more in ten years, than we in forty.  Sur. 
It is true, because we saw not the earth's former deformities, we dream it was then, as now it is, from the beginning, 
The earth not in the beginning as 〈…〉.  whereas indeed our forefathers, by their diligence and travail, left unto our forefathers, and they by increasing experience, and endeavour, left unto us that fair and fruitful, free from briars, bushes, & thorns, whereof they found it full. And this field wherein now we are, may be an instance: for you see by the ancient ridges or lands, though now overgrown with bushes, 
Lands formerly arable, now wood.  it hath been arable land, and now become fit for no use, unless it be reform. And the bushes that are in this field, you see, are such shrubs and dwarffie bushes, and fruitless briers, as are never like to prove good underwood, nor good haying or hedging stuff. If it were fit for either, and the country scant of such provision, it might be preserved. But sith they have been so cropped & bruised with cattle, and sith this country is full and most inclinable by nature to this kind of stuff, more than sufficient for fencing and fuel, and corn ground and good pasture nothing plentiful, if the tenant were a good husband, he would stock it up and plow it.  bailie. 
I think it is so full of Moss, it will bear little corn.  Sur. 
The Moss being turned in by the plough, will rot, and these hillocks, Molehills, 
Moss.  and Ant-hils, will enrich the ground, & cherish the seed sown.  Bayly. 
What grain is best to be sown first after the stocking?  Sur. 
It seemeth to be a good stiff clay ground, and therefore Oats are best to prepare the earth, to make it fit for wheat the next season: and after it, 
Oats in clay.  as the ground may be by the skilful husbandman thought fit for wheat again or pease. But if the soil were lean and light, barley would agree better in it, and a light red rush wheat, where, in the more stronger ground, the white Wheat, and grey Ball, 

Barley in sand.  
A mutual agreement between grains and grounds.   (as they call it in the West parts) is best. And in some more hot and sandy grounds, Rye, as men shall by experience find the land to like the grain, and the grain it. For there is a natural affinity or enmity between grains and grounds, as between stomachs and meats. And therefore the husbandman's experience will best guide him. But I do not a little wonder of men in this age, whom, whether I may rather accuse of idleness, or ignorance, I cannot tell: for where I ha●● traveled in sundry parts of England, I have in many of them found many old dry pits, anciently digged in fields, Commons, Moors, and other grounds, many of them bearing still the names of Marl-pits, 
Marle pits.  and by search have been found to yield very excellent Marle, first found and digged by the providence and industry of our forefathers, and left by the negligence of later times.  Bayly. 
But by your favour, fat Marle, me thinks, is not good for this kind of ground, because it is a strong ●lay, it is better, I take it, for a hot and sandy soil, and a hot chalk better for this.  Sur. 
It is very true, that observation should not have been forgotten: but it is well remembered of you.  Bai. 
We have, indeed, a kind of plodding and common course of husbandry hereabouts, & a kind of peevish imitation of the most, who (as wise men note) are the worst husbands, who only try what the earth will do of itself, and seek not to help it with such means, as nature hath provided; whereas if men were careful and industrious, they should find, that the earth would yield in recompense for a good husband's travel and charge, Centum pro cento without corrupt usury. 
Grounds well manured, greatest interest.   Sur. 
I am glad you can now approve it so in reason: for I think, experience doth not yet so fully teach you. I have known where land hath been very base and barren, and so continued many generations, as ground in manner forsaken and forlorn, abandoned of the plough, which after hath come into the hands of a discreet and industrious husband, that knew how, 
Ill ground made good.  and would take the pains, and bestow the cost to manure it in kind, hath much enriched himself by it, and where before it would not bear a crop of requiteful increase, by marling and good usage, hath borne crop after crop, 12.16. or 20. years without intermission. The benefit of marling, Lancashire, Chesshire, Shropshire, Somerset, Middlesex, Sussex, Surrey, among many other places, can witness, though not all by one kind of soiling and marling. For neither is all kind of Marle in one place, neither any one kind in all places. But few places are so defective, but it yieldeth of itself, or is near unto some place of help. And men that will have profit, must use the means, they must not sit and give aim, and wish and repine at others increase. There must be observation▪ to mark how others thrive, inclination and imitation to do the like endeavour & charge. And if one experiment fail, try a second, a third, and many: look into places and persons, note the qualities of the land of other men, and confer it with thine own: and where there is a resemblance, mark what the best husband doth upon his land like unto thine: if it prosper, practise it, and follow the example of him, that is commonly reported a thrifty husband. And by this means, will experience grow, & of one principle of reason, many conclusions will proceed. If a man look into Cornwall, there shall he find, that in divers places, especially upon the North coast, about Pa●●s●ow, that the inhabitant Farmers do soil their lands with sea sand: 
Sea sand, a good soil in Cornwall▪  which because the country affordeth not in all places, pass for cart-cariage, men fetch this kind of sand 3.4.6. miles in sacks on horseback. And poor men live 〈◊〉 ●etching and selling it to the more wealthy. In 〈◊〉 and Somerset, and in some places of Cornwall, Sussex, and in the South part of Surrey, besides their other commendable courses of husbandry, they burn their land, and call it in the West parts, Burning of beat, and in the Southeast parts, Devonshiring, and by that means in barren earth have excellent Rye, 
Devonshiring.  and in abundance. In Shropshire, De●highshir●, Flintshire, and now lately in some part of Sussex, the industrious people are at a more extraordinary charge and toil. For the poor husbandmen and Farmers do buy, 
Limestones.  dig, and fetch limestones, 2.3.4. miles off, and in their fields build Lime kilnes, burn it, and cast it on their fields, to their great advantage: which kind of lime is of the nature of hot chalk, great helps to cold and moist grounds.  Bai. 
But this kind of stone is not to be had in all places.  Sur. 
That kind or some other, is to be found in or near most places, and there is no kind of stone, but being burned, will work the like effect. So will also & especially the beach or pebble stones burned, that frequent the sea shore in many places, 
Pibble and beach, good to make lime.  as upon the Camber shore near Rye, and at East-bourne in Sussex, near P●msey about Folkestone, and upon the coast of Kent, upon Orford nesse, and about Alb●row, Hoseley, and that coast in Suffolk, and sundry other places upon the sea shore: In some places in so great abundance, as if there were wood in competent measure, would make good & great store of lime for building.  Bay. 
It is far to fetch it: for I do not think, but every land fetched 5. miles, is worth 5 shillings the carriage, and four pence at the pit: this is very chargeable.  Sur. 
Yet it quiteth the cost well enough, he that is able, 
Difficulties pretended, where is no will.  doth find at profitable. But you are in the mind of some that I have heard, when they have been moved to entertain a help for their land, either it is too deal, or too far to fetch, or too deep in the earth, or some difficulty they pretend in it, that few undertake the right way to good husbandry, like unto them that Solomon speaketh of, that in winter will hold his lazy hands in his lousy amnerie, and for sloth will not look about his land in the cold, and sleep out the time in Summer. Many difficulties and impediments prevent them that will never be good husbands nor thrifty. But such as mean to live like men, will shake off the cold with travel, and put by sleep by their labour, and think no cost too great, no labour too painful, no way too far to preserve or better their estates. Such they be that search the earth for her fatness, and fetch it for fruits sake. 
Moor earth Murgion.  Many fetch Moore-earth or Murgion from the river between Colebrook and Uxbridge, and carry it to their barren grounds in Buckinghamshire, Hartfordshire, and Middlesex, eight or ten miles off. And the grounds whereupon this kind of soil is employed, will endure tilth above a dozen years after, without further supply, if it be thoroughly bestowed. In part of Hamshire they have another kind of earth, for their dry and sandy grounds, especially between Fordingbridge and Ringwood, and that is, the slub of the river of Auon, which they call Mawme, which they dig in the shallow parts of the river: 
Mawme.  and the pits where they dig it, will in few years fill again: & this Mawme is very beneficial for their hot and sandy grounds, arable and pasture. And about Christ-Church twineam, and up the river of Stowre, they cut and dig their low and best meadows, 
Meadows cut and carried into dry grounds.  to help their upland hot and heathie grounds. And now of late, the Farmers near London, have found a benefit, by bringing the Scavingers street soil, which being mixed as it is with the stone coal dust, is very helpful to their clay ground: for the coal dust being hot and dry by nature, qualifieth the stiffness and cold of the soil thereabouts. 
London soil.  The soil of the stables of London, especially near the Tha●es side, is carried Westward by water, to Chelsey, Futham, Battersay, Putney, and those parts for their sandy grounds.  Bai. 
Whether do you account the better, the stall or stable dung▪  Sur. 

Difference of stable and stall dung.  The stable dung is best for cold ground, and the stall dung for hot grounds, if they be both rightly applied. And of all other things, the Ashes that proceed of the great roots of stocked ground, is fittest and most helpful to a cold clay. So is the cinders that come from the Iron, where hammers or forges are, being made small, and laid thin upon the cold moist land.  Bay. 
I was once in Somersetshire, about a place near Tanton, called Tandeane, I did like their land and their husbandry well.  Sur. 

Tandeane, the Paradise of England.  You speak of the Paradise of England: and indeed the husbandry is good, if it be not decayed, since my being in those parts: as indeed (to be lamented) men in all places give themselves to too much ease and pleasure, to vain expense, and idle exercises, and leave the true delight, which indeed should be in the true and due prosecution of their callings: as the artificer to his trade, the husbandman to the plough, the gentleman, not to what he list, but to what befits a gentleman, that is, if he be called to place in the commonweals, to respect the execution of justice▪ ●he be an inferior, he may be his own Bailie, and see the managing and manuring of his own revenues, and not to leave it to the discretion and diligence of lither swains, 
A provident master.  that covet only to get and ea●e. The eye of the idle master may be worth two working servants. But where the master standeth upon terms of his quality and condition, and will refuse to put (though not his hand) his eye towards the plough, he may (if he be not the greater: for I speak of the meaner) gentlelize it awhile: but he shall find i● far better, and more sweet in the end, to give his fellow workmen 〈…〉 in the morning, and affably to call them, and kindly to incite them to their business, though he foil not his fingers in the labour. Thus have I seen men of good quality behave them towards their people, and in surveying of their hirelings. But indeed it is become now contemptible and reproachful, for a mean master to look to his labourers, and that is the reason, that many well left, leave it again before the time, through prodigality and improvidence, and mean men industrious step in; and where the former disdained to look to his charge, this doth both look and labour, and he it is that becomes able to buy that, which the idle and wanton are forced to sell. Now I say, if this sweet country of Tandeane, and the Western part of Somersetshire be not degenerated, surely, as their land is fruitful by nature, 
Good husbandry in the West.  so do they their best by art and industry. And that makes poor men to live as well by a matter of twenty pounds per annum, as he that hath an hundred pounds.  Bayly 
I pray you, Sir, what do they more, than other men, upon their grounds?  Sur. 
They take extraordinary pains, in soiling, ploughing, and dressing their lands. 
The manner of husbandry in the West.  After the plough, there goeth some three or four with mattocks to break the clods, and to draw up the earth out of the furrows, that the lands may lie round, that the water annoy not the seed: and to that end they most carefully cut gutters and trenches in all places, where the water is likeliest to annoy. And for the better it riching of their ploughing grounds, they cut up, cast, and carry in the unplowed headlands, and places of no use. Their hearts, hands, eyes, and all their powers concur in one, to force the earth to yield her utmost fruit.  Bai. 
And what have these men in quantity upon an acre, more than the ordinary rate of wheat, which is the principal grain?  Sur. 
They have sometimes, and in some places four, 
Great yielding of wheat.  five, six, eight, yea ten quarters in an ordinary acre.  Baily. 
I would think it impossible.  Sur. 
The earth, I say, is good, and their cost and pains great, and there followeth a blessing, though these great proportions always hold not. And the land about Ilchester, Long Sutton, Somerton, Andrey, Middles●y, Weston, and those parts, are also rich, and there are good husbands.  Bai. 
Do they not help their land much by the fold?  Sur. 
Not much in those parts: but in Dorset, Wiltshire, Hamshire, Barke-shire, and other places champion, the Farmers do much enrich their land indeed with the sheepfold. 
The Sheepfold.  A most easy, and a most profitable course: and who so neglecteth it, having means, may be condemned for an ill husband: nay, I know it is good husbandry, to drive a flock of sheep over a field of wheat, rye, or barley, newly sown, especially if the ground be light and dry: for the trampling of the sheep, and their treading, doth settle the earth about the corn, keeping it the more moist and warm, and causeth it to stand the faster, that the wind shake it not so easily, 
sheeps treading good for corn.  as it will do when the root lieth too hollow.  Bai. 
I cannot reprove you. But I know grounds of a strange nature in mine opinion: for if they be once ploughed, they will hardly graze again in 6. or 7. years: yet have I seen as rich wheat and barley on it, as may well approve the ground to be very fruitful. 
Grounds long in grazing.  And if a stranger that knoweth not the ground, look upon it after a crop, he will say it is very barren.  Sur. 
Such ground I know in many places, as in the Northwest part of Essex, in some places in Cambridgeshire, Hartfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Wiltshire. But commonly, where you find this kind of earth, it is a red or brown soil, mixed with a kind of white, and is a mould between hot and cold, 
The cause why grounds will not graze in long time.  so brittle in the upper part, and so fickle, as it hath no firm settling for the grass to take rooting so soon, & in such sort as in other firmer grounds: and for this kind of ground, good and well rotten stable dung is fittest. Let us I pray thee, walk into the next field, the Lords demeisnes, called as I take it, Highfield.  Bay. 
It is indeed, a large ground you see it is▪ and good pasture, but so overgone with Thistles, as we can by no means destroy them.  Sur. 
This kind of Thistle approveth the goodness of the ground, they seldom or never grow in a barren soil.  Bay. 
Yes, I have seen thistles in mean ground.  Sur. 
It may be so, a kind of small hungry dwarffy thistle, but this kind which you see large, high and fatty, you shall never see in abundance, in a weak soil.  Bail. 
But I wish they were fewer in number: though they may be a note of good ground, I find them nothing profitable, unless it be to shroud the under grass in the parching Summer, from the heat of the scorching Sun, for they are good for no other use that I can find.  Sur. 
That is some benefit: but the best way to kill them, 
Thistles, how to kill them.  is to take them up often by the roots, ever as they begin to spring, and either presently to rake them up, and carry them out of the fields, or else to beat them in small pieces: for their nature is to revive again like an Adder, that is not thoroughly battered in the head, and cut in pieces. Such is the nature of this kind of Thistle, 
Thistle, the nature.  that though it be plucked up by the root, if it lie still upon the ground, as soon as it receiveth the evaporation of the earth, his sli●●ie nature gathers a kind of new life, and begins to fasten & cleave itself to the earth again, and to shoot forth small strings, which entering into the earth again, will bring forth many for one.  Bai. 
That is, if they be cut when they are seeded, the seeds fall and increase.  Sur. 
Nay, if you cut them in their infancy: for if they be not cut often, & that, as soon as they show themselves a foot high or less, the root will recover, 
The roots of vegetable things, like the liver in the body.  and bud again: the root is as the liver in the body, from whence proceedeth all the blood that feedeth the veins, that quickeneth the body, which by obstr●ction and stopping of the passages, putrefieth. So the roots of these vegetables, when the branches are again & again cut off as they spring, the root is left so overcharged with moisture, that it will in the end yield, and give over bearing, and die: as will also Rushes, Flags, and such like, which though they be strong by nature, 
Rushes. Flags. Heath.  yet by this means they will be destroyed soonest.  Baily. 
But what say you to this heathy ground? I think of all other grounds, this is the most unprofitable.  Sur. 
Indeed, naturally all heathy grounds are barren, and that comes by the saltness of the soil.  Bai. 
Doth all barrenness proceed of saltness?  Sur. 
As leanness in a man's body, is principally procured by saltness of the humour: 
Saltness, hot and dry.  So is barrenness in grounds; for salt is hot, and heat drieth, and too much drought breeds barrenness and leanness. And according to the measure and proportion of the decree of hot and cold, moisture and dryness, are all grounds fruitful and barren, as the body by these causes is fat or lean. Therefore, though heathy grounds be commonly in the highest degree of barrenness, yet are some more in the mean then some. Some are more tractable and more easily reduced to some use than others, and therefore hath sundry names. Heath is the general or common name, whereof there is one kind, called Hather, the other, 
Hather. Ling.  Ling. And of these particulars, there are also sundry kinds distinguished by their several growth, leaves, stalks, and flowers: as not far from graves end, there is a kind of Hather that beareth a white flower, and is not so common as the rest, 
Heath divers kinds.  and the ground is not so exceeding barren as some other, but by manurance would be brought to profitable tillage. Some, and the most, doth bear a purple or reddish flower, as in the Forest of Windsor, and in Suffolk, and sundry other places; and this kind is most common, and groweth commonly in the worst ground. In the North parts, upon the Mountains and Fells, there is a kind of Ling, that bears a berry: every of these hath his peculiar earth wherein it delighteth. Some in sandy, & hot grounds, as between Wilford bridge, and Snape bridge in Suffolk. And that is bettered especially, and the heath killed best and soon, by good fat marvel. Some in gravelly and cold earth, and that is hard to be cured, but with good stable dung. 
Heathy ground unprofitable.  But there is a kind of heathie ground, that seemeth altogether unprofitable for tillage, because that the gravel & clay together retaineth a kind of black water, which so drencheth the earth, & causeth so much cold, as no husbandry can relieve it, yet if there be chalk-hils near this kind of earth, there may be some good done upon it: for that only or lime will comfort the earth, dry up the superfluous water, and kill the heath. But the sandy heathie ground is contrarily amended, as I told you, with fat marvel and that is commonly found near these heathie grounds, if men were provident and forward to seek for it. Every of these heathie grounds are best known of what nature they be of, 
How to find the natures of the heathie grounds  whether hot or cold, by the growing of it: as if it grow low and stubbed, it argues the ground to be gravelly, cold, and most barren; where it groweth rank and high, and the stalk great, the ground is more warm, and more apt for tilth, yet it requireth some kind of composte, else will it not bear past a crop or two, contenting the owner: but if men will not endeavour to search for the hidden blessings of God, which he hath laid up in store in the bowels of the earth, 
The earth commanded to deny ut fruit without labour.  for their use that will be painful, they may make a kind of idle & vain ●hew of good husbandry, when indeed they only plow, and sow, and charge the earth, to bring forth fruit of it own accord, when we know it was cursed for our sakes, and commanded to deny us increase, without labour, sweat, and charge, which also are little available, if we serve not him in fear and reverence, who is the author of true labours, and of the blessings promised thereunto.  Bai. 
I think there is no disease in the body of man, but nature hath given virtue to some other creatures, as to herbs, plants, and other things, 
All kinds of grounds have their help.  to be medicines for the same: so is there no kind of ground so mean, barren, and defective, but God hath provided some means to better it, if man, to whom he hath given all, will search for it, and use the same to that end it was provided for. And yet this piece of ground adjoining, hath had much labour and great cost bestowed on it, and the ground little or nothing the more reformed: 
Furse.  This fursy close.  Sur. 
In deed it is a strong weed, called in the North Country, Whynns. It seldom gives place where it once footeth, 
Whynns.  I will go see the form of the furses. These furses are not worth the fostering, they be dwarf furses, & will never grow great, nor ●igh, 
Dwarf furses.  and of little use.  Bai. 
I speak not to learn how to preserve them, but how to destroy them.  Sur. 
But there is a kind of Furse worth the preservation, if it grow in a Country, barren of wood. And of that kind there grows much in the West part of Devonshire, and in some parts of Cornwall, where they call them French Furses, 
French Flures.  they grow very high, and the stalk great, whereof the people make faggots, and vent them in neighbour Towns, especially in Exeter, and make great profit of them. And this kind of Furze groweth also upon the sea coast of Suffolk: But that the people make not that use of them, as in Devonshire and Cornwall, for they suffer their sheep and cattle to bruise them when they be young, and so they grow to scrubbed and low tufts, 
Quick set hedges of Furse.  seldom to that perfection that they might; yet in that part of Suffolk they make another use of them, they plant them in hedges, and the quickset of them make a strong fence.  Bai. 
Very silly quickset hedges, I would think, can be made of simple furzes.  Sur. 
Such as after two or three years, being cut close to the earth, they will then branch and become so thick, as no hedge, if the ditch be well made, and quick well set, can be more defensible, being set in two or three ranks.  Bay. 
I marvel they learn it not in Cornwall, where for want of quickset, and haying or hedging stuff, 
Fences of Turfs and Stones.  especially in the West parts, they are forced to make their fences with turfs and stones.  Sur. 
They do so indeed, upon the Moors there: but sheep will easily scale their walls. But the Furse hedges which I have seen in that part of Suff. no cattle can pierce them.  Bai. 
Then are these furzes good for nothing.  Sur. 
To brew withal and to bake, and to stop a little gap in a hedge.  Bayly. 
Then may we hereabouts afford the standing of them: for we have no great plenty of these necessaries in these parts.  Sur. 
I see no store of hay boot, unless it be in the Lord's wood, where I think it be not lawful for men at their pleasure to take.  Bay. 
What mean you by hay boot? I have read it often in Leases, and I promise you, I did ever take it to be that which men commonly use in hay time, as to make their forks and tools, and lay in some kind of losts or hay taliets, as they call them in the West, that are not boarded: and is not that the meaning?  Sur. 
I take it not: it is for hedging stuff, namely, 
Hay boot, what it is. Hedge boot and hay boot the difference.  to make a dead hedge or rail, to keep cattle from corn or grass to be mown.  Bai. 
What difference then is there between hay boot and hedgeboote.  Sur. 
Some there is: for a hedge implieth quickset and trees: but a hay a dead fence, that may be made one year, and pulled down another, as it is common upon the downs in many countries where men sow their corn, in undefenced grounds, there they make a dead hay next some common way to keep the cattle from the corn.  bailie. 
If that be the difference, we have some use of it also in this country, but we want it much, as you see, by the lying of our hedges.  Sur. 
I see the hedges lie very unhusbandly: a true note of few good husbands: for he that will suffer his hedges to lie open, and his houses uncovered, never put a good husband's hand to his head. Quickset hedges are most commendable: for they increase & yield profit and supply, to repair decayed places: but dead hedges or hays devour and spend, 
Dead hedges devour.  and yet are seldom secure.  Bayly. 
I pray, what is the best stuffs to make quickset of?  Sur. 
The plants of white thorn, mixed here and there with oak and ash.  Bayly. 
But the plants are not easily gotten in all places.  Sur. 
Then the berries of the white or hawthorn, 
How to make a quickset hedge.  acorns, ash keys mixed together, & these wrought or wound up in a rope of straw, will serve, but that they will be somewhat longer in growing.  Bayly. 
How must the rope thus stuffed with the former berries be laid?  Sur. 
Make a trench at the top or in the edge of the ditch, and lay into it some fat soil, and then lay the rope all along the ditch, and cover it with good soil also, then cover it with the earth, and ever as any weeds or grass begins to grow, pull it off & keep it as clean as may be from all hindrances: & when the seeds begin to come, keep cattle from bruising them, and after some two or three years, cut the young spring by the earth, and so will they branch and grow thick, and if occasion serve, cut them so again always, preserving the Oak and Ash to become trees.  Bayly. 

Time of quick setting.  What is the best time to lay the berries in this manner?  Sur. 
In September or October, if the berries be fully ripe.  Bay. 
What if a man were desirous to make a little grovet, where now no kind of such plants do grow?  Sur. 

How to make a grovet.  Till the place with the plough, in manner of fallowing▪ and cross plow it, and bend the clods small as may be: Then sow or set Acorns, Ashkeyes, Haws, Hedgberries, Nuts, and what else you desire▪ and then ●arrow it, and for some two or three years it were good to keep it as free from grass or weeds as could be, until the seeds were above the grass, and when they be somewhat stronger, the superfluous weeds will be the more easily could out. I know a wood sown of Acorns about two and twenty years since, the Oaks whereof are now as high as an ordinary steeple. The ground in this case must be considered: for some grounds are more naturally inclined to foster such things, and some are not. Some kind of wood also loveth one kind of soil more than another, as the juniper delighteth in a chalky soil, 
Several trees and the grounds the like.  as appeareth in Kent and Surrey. So doth also the Yew tree, which brooketh a light and barren soil. The Walnut tree likewise in mean ground being hot, and the Elm a sandy earth, the Asp, the Popple, the Alder, the Able trees moist ground, the Oak most kinds of ground.  Bay. 
I have a piece of land, overcome with a kind of weed that is full of prickles, and groweth a foot or two foot●high, whereof no cattle will feed, and I know no way to destroy it.  Sur. 
By your description it should be Gorse or prickle broom, 
Gorse.  a weed that groweth commonly upon grounds overtilled, and worn out of heart, and it commonly groweth not but in cold clay ground, and is hardly killed, but with lime or chalk, and so ploughed, & then sow it two or three crops together. And if you then let it lie, it will bear you the next year a crop of course Hay, and will then yearly increase in goodness for pasture or Hay, & so much the sweeter and thicker, if you keep it low eaten.  Bay. 
I think you mistake the weed, you mean, I take it, Furse or Whyns, which some call also Gorse.  Sur. 
I think I mistake it not, but such as call Furse, Gorse, are as much mistaken, as they that call Brakes, Broome.  Bay. 
Because you speak of Broome, 
Broome.  I know a Lordship of my Landlords, which no doubt you shall survey too, it is much pestered with Broome, and there hath been much charge and pains, and Art too bestowed in destroying of them, but all in vain. They have been cut, stocked up by the roots, as was thought, burnt and ploughed, and yet they grow again.  Sur. 
It is the nature of Furse, Broome, 
Furse, Broome, Brakes, their nature.  and Brakes, to keep their standing, and hardly will yield the possession once gotten in a field: for commonly they like the soil well, and the soil them, & where there is a mutual congruity, there is seldom a voluntary separation. And therefore, as long as there is not a disturbance of their possession with a contrary earth, they will keep where they are: for as the Fish loveth and liveth in the water, the Chameleon by the Air, the Salamander in the fire, and either of them being taken from his element, will die. So these kinds of weeds (for so they may be called) as long as they possess the soil they affect, do what you can, they will live. And therefore as the soil is commonly barren hot, 
How to kill Furse, Broome, and Brakes.  and dry wherein they live, make this ground fat and fruitful, and they will die. And therefore the greatest enemy that may be set to encounter them, is good and rich Marl, and thereupon, the Plough some few years together: And you shall see, they will shrink away, and hide their heads.  Bail. 
But commonly this kind of fat Marle is not to be gotten in all places; nay seldom where these barren grounds are.  Sur. 
It is true, they commonly come not, and say to the lazy husbandman, Here I am. It is the nature of all things to covet rest, and where dumb and dead th●ngs ●urke, is not easily found without diligent search, 
All hidden benefits must be sought for  Gold, Silver, Brass, Tynn, Led, Cole: Slate, and great Millstones, show not themselves voluntarily, but are found by scrutation and discretion. And I think, many treasureable blessings lie hid from slothful men, for want of search, and worthily. So doth this notable commodity of Marle, from the eyes of the husbandman, until he dive into the bowels of the earth, to seek, and admit he miss it here, he may find it there, if he fail to day, he may get it to morrow. But thrift hath no greater enemies than Ignorance & Idleness. 
Ignorance and Idleness enemies to thrift.  The one persuades it cannot be, the other, it will not be. And between these Weeds, briars, Thorns, Thistles, Furse, Broome, Gorse and a thousand marks of the first curse annoyous, which by the blessing of God, Industry, and charge might easily and shortly remove more out of our sights: And yet if the view of them daily could make us or move us to call our first disobedience obedience to consideration, & repentance, I would wish thorns to grow where corn stands. But sith no spectacle of former threats, no use of present blessings, will move the hard hearted, either to seek by labour or charge to reform these evils, easy to be reform, Let us leave to discourse, 
None should be idle.  and he that hath understanding, and will, let him use them here in this toilsome life, and not be idle: for if we do what we can, these cankers will follow us, these inconveniences will annoy us, and will procure every day, new labour, and new cost, and new diligence, and new Art, to make us know, that Omnia proposuit labori Deus. Man of necessity must labour. And when he hath swett and toiled, and bestowed all his skill & utmost charge, if God add not a blessing, all is lost. Paul may plant, Apollo may water, but if God give not the increase, the labour is vain. God maketh a fruitful land barren, 
Ps. 107.34.  for the wickedness of the people that dwell therein there is a curse. Again, A handful of corn sown upon the tops of high mountains, 
Psal. 72.26  shall so prosper, as the fruits and ear, thereof shall shake like the high Cedars in Libanon. Here is a blessing. It is a gracious thing therefore to fear and reverence him, whose blessing and cursing so much prevail, and to pray to him for success in our endeavours, and to glorify him for his blessings.  Bai. 
You have divinely concluded: And I wish not only the words of mouth, but the substance of your meaning were fully engraven, and truly seated in the hearts of all that labour. So, no doubt, but the Lord would be always ready to bless their endeavours: Although indeed job saith, The earth is given into the hands of the wicked, 
job. 9.24.8.21.7.  and they wax old and wealthy. And David in divers and sundry places declareth that the wicked prosper most ●n the world. And I tell you, it is a daunting unto weak men, that think they serve God truly, and many times it goeth worse with them, then with such as seem seldom or never to call upon his name.  Sur. 
But when David considered the end of these men, 
Psal. 37.22  he could say, that the Lord had set them in slippery places. And that they that are blessed of God, shall inherit the earth: And whatsoever they do, it shall prosper. Therefore I say, that he that commendeth his labour unto the Lord, and the success of all his endeavours unto his divine providence, who doth and can always bring all things to pass for our best good, whether it be the full fruits of the earth for our relief and comfort, or scarcity and want, for our trial, 
Psal. 1.3.  he is sure to stand fast, and shall be as a tree planted by the rivers side, whose leaf shall never wither: And in the same time of dearth, he shall have enough to sustain his necessity.  Bay. 
It is a good and holy resolution, on which all men ought to rest themselves, with a faithful and patient expectation. And therefore he that hath far● and fruitful ground, let him be laborious and thankful: and he that hath lean and barren, let him be painful and patient.  Sur. 
You say well, and so I leave you. And for other matters, & better satisfactions in these things thus superficially discoursed, I refer you to the advice of the better able to resolve you. I will return to my former task.  Bayly. 
I thank you for your patience and pains, and I commend you to your labours. And as your occasions shall challenge my further poor service, I shall be ready.  
FINIS.