OVID'S METAMORPHOSIS Translated Grammatically, and also according to the propriety of our English tongue, so far as Grammar and the verse will well bear.  
Written chiefly for the good of Schools, to be used according to the directions in the Preface to the painful Schoolmaster, and more fully in the book called Ludus Literarius, or the Grammar-schoole, Chap. 8.  
ET VSQVE AD NUBES VERITAS TVA   printer's or publisher's device 
LONDON Printed by Humphrey Lownes, for Thomas Man, dwelling at the sign of the Talbot in Paternoster row. 1618.   

TO THE RIGHT HOnourable, EDWARD, Lord Denny, Baron of Waltham.  
WHereas (right noble Lord) I have been much, and am daily called upon for the performance of my promise in my Grammar-schoole, concerning the Grammatical translating of our lower school Authors, and that by those who have made due trial, and found by good experience the benefit of such like translations; I have presumed, to send forth unto them this Essay, under your Lordship's patronage, not only for your Lordship's most honourable affection to some unto whom God hath very nearly linked me, and your undeserved favour unto myself, but more specially for your singular courtesy, and desire of the advancement of all good learning, which being conjoined do somuch grace true Nobility. The rather also have I done this, for that full assurance which God hath given me, of a rich blessing to accompany the right use of these translations for the general good of schools. And first, for all the ruder places of the Land, wherein there is not any thing usually to be found, which may afford the least content or comfort to parents, children, or any other. Chiefly, for the poor ignorant countries of Ireland and Wales; of the good whereof we ought to be careful aswell as of our own: unto which I have principally bend my thoughts in all my Grammatical-translations of our inferior classical schoole-authors. For that as in all such places, so especially in those barbarous countries, the hope of the Church of God is to comp rimarily out of the grammar-schools, by reducing them first unto civility through the means of schools of good learning planted amongst them in every quarter; 
Add, quod ingenuas didicisse fideliter arts, Emollit mores, nec sinit esse feros. ovid.  whereby their savage and wild conditions may be changed into more humanity; according to the right judgement of our Pöet, which the experience of all ages hath confirmed.  
To which purpose, what can be imagined to be more effectual, then if together with the Latin tongue they shall attain withal unto our own Language, and both get and keep the Latin far more easily and surely in each respect, by the means of these translations, without any inconvenience. Yet have I not so written them for our ruder places alone, but that even our head Grammar-schooles may sundry ways receive their benefit by them, and make their profitable use of them for their great furtherance for Grammar, true sense and meaning of the Authors, propriety, purity of style, and variety of phrase, both in our own and the Latin tongue, & in many other things; especially, when the Lord shall be pleased that they may be brought to that perfection, which we hope & pray for, daily labouring and striving thereunto. As for evils and inconveniences of such Grammatical translations surmised by some who never saw any true trial of them, nor ever considered of them aright, what can they be? when the scholars that use them are caused to seek out according to their rules, and to render a reason even of every word why it must be so, & not otherwise. But for all imagined evils by such like translations, I have fully answered in my Ludus literarius, in the eight chapter, and in my other translations; and have moreover there given directions for the right use of them; as I shall here also more fully in the Preface to the Reader, and for the benefit hereof. Concerning the matter of this book, I need not commend it unto your Lordship, or unto any other: Because, as I can never sufficiently admire the divine wisdom (that I may so speak) of Tully in his Offices, in prescribing most moral duties amongst men, as if he had been directed by the sacred Scriptures; so nor here the rare understanding of this our Poet, in setting forth unto us the creation in that wonderful manner, and so alluding to the Flood, as if he had seen and read that part of holy story in Genesis. Also for the Latin and style used in it, who knoweth not, that as in all Ovid's works, so chiefly in his Metamorphosis his singular wit and eloquence do appear: that we may truly say, that never heathen Poet wrote more sweetly in such an easy and flowing vein, than he in this.  
Thus desiring through the assistance of our blessed God to creep forward by little and little in accomplishing my promised service to our Grammar-schooles, which I have so much longed for, & wherein he hath been hitherto showing his power in my weakness, and is still with me graciously, humbly craving pardon I commend your Lordship with your honourable and worthy Lady unto his heavenly Majesty, who looketh not as man, but accepteth the upright heart, and the labour according unto the same, and rest  
Your Honours in all Christian affection and service, I. B.   

To the painful Schoolmaster, desirous to reap the fruits of his labours, and to see the blessing of the Lord, by the new means and helps which he affordeth daily.  
IF you desire to find the benefit, and reap the fruit of this, and the like Grammatical translations with me, without inconvenience, do these things; at least make trial that you may be able to judge truly hereof.  
1. cause all your scholars, who take construction to be very perfect in the rule of construing, as it is set down in the Ludus Literarius Chapt. 8. or more shortly in the Posing of the Accidence.  
2. To be able to say perfectly without book, or to turn unto presently any of the rules of Grammar which are usually learned.  
3. For taking of their lectures, direct them in this manner following, and see that they can do it.  
1. That one of the two Seniors of the form which is to use the help hereof, having the translation, do in all more hard places read unto the rest of the form either the lecture in English first, as it is translated, or at least the brief sum & sense of it out of the inmost columns, over against the translation of the lecture, to give them some light and understanding of the meaning of it.  
2. That one or both of the Seniors looking upon the translation together with the Author in Latin, cause the rest, each in his order, first to read his piece, and in reading to observe all things according to the direction in the said rule of construing, and then to construe and give a reason according to the same rule, why it must be so construed, and not otherwise. And where any stick or go amiss, varying from the translation, to recall them to the rule, demanding of them what the rule teacheth to be taken first, and what in the next place; so to help them by the translation, where none of their fellows can find it out, to give both Grammar, sense and variety of phrase in English, according to the text in the translation and to the third column compared together, by the help of the marks.  
Thirdly, when they have construed twice or thrice over, and that the very lowest and worst can construe, that they cause them likewise to purse according as they construed, viz. each his piece, giving the reasons of every word.  
Fourthly, afterward let them direct them to be able to give each thing observed in the uttermost column for notation, history or otherwise. And this for taking their lectures.  
Secondly, for preparing their lectures herein;  
First, cause each to study and make their lectures perfect by the help of the translation and their Grammar, to be able, so soon as they shall be called to say, First, to deliver the English, secondly, the Latin both in prose and verse, viz. first, in a pure Latin style in prose, and then turning that into the Poet's verse. Which practice will be both a good help for making Latin, and also a most plain way to enter them in making a verse. And afterwards to be able to construe and purse without book, rendering a reason of every thing; to give the phrases, to vary them, and to do whatsoever the translation directs unto. Thus let them do in all the Authors thus translated, so far as the Author and translation afford them help.  
Secondly, Cause them at their leisure, oft to construe over amongst themselves all which they have learned in the Author, the two seniors only, or one of them directing the rest by the translation that they construe truly. And especially make them to construe it oft out of the translation, looking only on it, each his piece, all the rest looking upon their Latin books: which will be a help to cause them to keep all most perfectly, and chiefly if they observe phrase and difculty as they proceed. And much more if they be warned to construe them oft over, privately at home, and sometimes be examined of a sudden in several places.  
By these means (unless daily experience can deceive) these translations will prove worthy the acceptance and use of our chief Schools; when hereby all the middle forms of the school may both take and each ways prepare their own lectures of themselves, at least with very little help or trouble of the master; & that as profitably and surely in every respect, as if the master gave, or heard the giving of them himself: when they are caused hereby to search out and give a reason of each word why it must be so construed, parsed, and used in that place, that the master ordinarily shall need but only to examine them, when they are prepared. Thus to avoid not only that common toil to the Master in giving each lecture, but also that he may save all that time which is so spent, to employ much of it with his highest forms in the chief Authors Latin or Greek in giving their lectures, or hearing them to take their own lectures of themselves, for their greater furtherance & better fitting for the University, and likewise for the credit of the school, and in examining and posing, which is the best quickener of their wits, and spur to all good learning. Hereby, moreover▪ shall the children be fitted with understanding and judgement, how many ways to make their benefit of their Authors. Or else that the Master may bestow the more time and pains, amongst the lowest and first forms, for the better entering and grounding of them, which being rightly performed makes all their proceeding afterwards full of certainty and pleasant delight. In this one thing (and that by means of these helps, there may be many more of a form, and every one able to prepare his own lecture, and also that all of them may so easily and surely by oft repetitions, and their own private pains keep all which they have learned) I find so great gain without loss, in redeeming so much time to be employed upon other most necessary uses in the school, yea so much freedom from many occasions of discontentment and overwearying myself, and so sweet an allurement to provoke the children to study of themselves with contention & delight, as that it makes me bold to commend the use of them to all of this function, that they may be partakers of the same comforts. To omit the sundry other benefits; and namely for beating out the right sense, & Grammar rule in each place, with propriety in our own tongue, somuch as I have been yet able in my straits of time. Give them not overmuch at a time, but that they may learn all so perfectly as that what they have learned may be a schoolmaster to that which followeth, and make experiment hereof: for this Essay and the many defects and slips in it, let the difficulty in this kind of translating (to frame it each way both for Grammar propriety purity, variety, and to fit it to the children's capacities in every respect and meet to all the intended purposes without inconvenience & that in my continual employment in my calling) plead for me. I doubt not but all they who have or shall make trial of it, (as some learned have done) will favourably accept it. Afford me your help in showing how to amend it, directing your Letters to the Printer to be delivered, & future editions shall God willing send it forth more perfectly, with all the rest. In the mean time desiring still an increase of your love and prayers for finishing my work, I commend you to him, whose this & all my labours are; and shall rest yours as his goodness shall vouchsafe mercy.   

Contents of the Columns.  
The inmost columns contain the sum of the history, which is to be first read and understood.  
The second contain the Grammatical translation made plain and easy according to the propriety and purity of our own tongue so far as Grammar will well bear.  
The third have variety first of Grammatical construction, where the English is over harsh to be placed in the translation, noted with an Asterisk, or little star thus (*); and secondly variety of other phrases better to express the meaning, directed by an (r).  
The fourth showeth the resolving of sundry difficulties in allusions and the like, for better understanding of the Author, with some more obscure notations, tropes & other necessary points of learning.   

THE FIRST BOOK of the 
a Metamorphosis signifieth a change of one likeness or shape into another, of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, whereof cometh 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 transformo, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 transformatio. Some books have of the metamorphosis or transformation in the singular number, others of the transformations in the plural, it is all one in effect; one sort speaking of the whole work in general, the other of the particular changes.  
* Metamorphosis.  
r Changes.  Transformations of P. 
r ovid.  ovidius Naso.  
The Exordium [or entrance] into the whole work. 
Here first is set down the Exordium or entrance into this work, contained in these 4 first verses. Which consisteth of two parts, viz. a Proposition, and an Invocation.   
MY 
* [My] mind carrieth [me] viz. desireth.  desire is 
r I intent, or I am purposed or determined.  to speak of 
b Forms changed into new bodies, for bodies changed into new forms, by a figure most common amongst the Poets called Hypallage.  
* Forms or shapes changed into new bodies.  bodies changed into new shapes. 
d This is usual with the Poets, to begin with the invocation of those Gods which they thought to be the principal authors and directors of the matters whereof they writ.  
* O [ye] Gods (for even ye have changed those shapes) & no other,  O [ye] God's, 
1. The proposition showeth the author's intent, which is to set down a continued history of the first creation of all things, and the change of them after.  
c Aspirare] signifieth to blow prosperously unto. A metaphor taken from the winds blowing fitly upon the sails of a ship, so furthering it in sailing.  
* Favour ye etc.  favour my 
* Aspire ye unto, or blow ye unto, viz. Prosper ye, or give good success unto.  enterprises: 
2. The invocation of the Gods is to prosper this attempt: And that first, because this transformation was their work alone. Secondly, for that his desire is to draw out the story in a continued verse, even unto his own times, & to make each fable to arise and depend every one upon another.  
* Beginnings or attempts.  (for 
r Ye, and none other.  even ye have changed them) and draw ye out a 
* Perpetual, viz. so continued as no transformation is omitted, but every one fitly knit unto another, that one fable might seem to rise of another.  continued verse from the first 
r Creation of the world.  beginning of the world [even] until my times.  

FABLE I.  
Of the Chaos, or of the first and most admirable Metamorphosis, viz. of the forming or fashioning all things out of the Chaos: & first of the 4. Elements made out of it. 
This Ovid teacheth to be the order of the creation, according to the Poets, as they had received of the ancicients, who it is most like had scene or heard of the sacred scriptures. Which although it be not in all things agreeable to the scriptures, yet in many things cometh very ne●re thereunto.   
BEfore the 
r Seas.  Sea, & 
* Earth's or lands.  earth, and 
e Coelum quasi varj●sy. deribus coelatum, or q. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●concau●tate.  
r The outward circumference wherein are the Sun, moon, and stars called the firmament or heaven.  Heaven, 
r One one●y.  which covereth all things, 
Before Heaven or earth were mave there was but one form or fashion of all things.   
There was one 
* Countenance shape or fashion.  form 
f O● nature viz. of all natural things, wh●r● of nature is the author. Met. efficientis, for nature is thus described, Vis quaedam qua omnia 〈◊〉  of nature in 
r All the world.  the whole world:  

* Which form or countenance.  Which they called 
g Chaos signifieth hiatus, ● gaping, of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 The Poets mean by it a confused heap or lump, which th●y hold to have been eternal and that out of it God form all things, contrary to the Scriptures, which teach that God made this first, and then all things out of it by his word alone. They seem herein to allude to that which is Gen. 1. ver. 1. 2 That in the beginning God created the Heaven, & the earth, & the earth was without form and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep etc. yet missing in the chief, that God created first the very lump or mass.  
r Men termed or the ancients called.  Chaos, 
This the ancients called Chaos.  [which was] 
r An impolished & undigested mass or a greatness without distinction or order  a rude & confused 
r Lump.  heap, 
Which was a confused heap without all order.   
Neither [was there] any thing but a 
r Sluggish or heavy and immovable without all art  lumpish weight, 
And nothing but a dead and unmovable lump without all art.  and 
r Contrary or repagnant.  disagreeing 
h Those seeds were chiefly the four● Elements, called the first bodies of which all things consist.  ●eeds of things not well joined, 
Yet having the seeds of all things heaped up together in it.  
r Seeds viz. the beginnings of all things disagreeing among themselves, heaped or confused in the same place, or in the Chaos.  heaped up together in the same.  
No 
t Titan] son to Coel●m, and Vesta, viz. to the heaven and the earth.  Sun gave light as yet to the world; 
There was as yet no Sun to give light to the world.   
Neither 
* The new move repaired.  did 
Al the moan repaired ●er new horns. . the new 
k Phoebe, sister to Phoebus the Sun so called o● 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because or their brightness.  Moon 
r Renew or restore.  repair her horns by increasing. 
Nor Moon to change and increase.   

* Neither.  
r Neither did the earth peized, etc. hang in the air  Nor yet the 
l The earth alone of all the Elements remains immovable, and is therefore called the centre of the world, because it is in the midst of all the elements unto which all things descend.  earth 
* Weighed by her etc. or stayed up.  prized with her 
r Proper.  own 
* Weights.  weight, 
Nor earth hanging equally of itself in the midst of the air.  did hang in the air 
* Poured about or compassing it about.  compassed about [it] neither 
* The sea had reached or stretched out.  had the 
m Amphitrite the wife of Neptune, here put for the Sea. Met▪ Effic.  sea reached out her arms by the long 
* brink or shore.  bank of the 
* Earth's or lands.  earth. 
Neither any sea reaching along by the banks of the earth.   

* And also.  And likewise in what [part] 
* There was.  was earth, 
All parts of the world were mingled and confused in one.  there was also both sea and 
Al sly. . air▪  
So the earth was 
r Unsettled or movable.  unstable, 
The earth was unstable.  the water 
r Not possible or fit to be swam in.  not to be swam in. 
The water not to be swam in.   
The air was 
* Needing or wanting light.  without light, 
The air without light.  
* The own form [or shape] did remain to nothing, or to none of the four Elements.  nothing had the proper form. 
Nothing had the right shape.   

n Contrary qualities were in the same subject, which now cannot be in the same manner.  And 
* Another thing stood against other [things]  one thing 
r was contrary to others.  was against others: 
One thing hindered another.  because in one body. 
For that all things did strive together in the Chaos.   
Cold things did 
r Strive or contend.  fight with 
* Hot things.  hot, 
Cold with hot.  
* Moist things [did fight] with dry things.  moist with dry. 
Moist with dry.   
Soft things, 
Soft things with hard.  
Heavy with light.  [did fight] with 
* Hard things.  hard 
r Weighty or heavy things.  things, having weight 
* Did strive with things.  with things without weight. 
Thus much concerning the Chaos: Now the Poet showeth the the first general change how the four Elements were made out of this, & by whom, & so all things out of them.   

o This he speaketh either according to the opinion of those Philosophers, who thought nature to be superior to God, & more mighty than he, as it is in the 9 Book. Or [et] may be taken for ●d est, melior natura, viz. God that better nature, so the words following import, that he divided, etc.  God and a better nature 
r Ended or broke or determined.  took away this 
r Contention.  strife. 
That God the best nature took away this strife.   
For he 
* Cut away or parted in sunder.  divided the 
* Earth's.  earth from heaven & the 
* Waters.  water from the earth. 
Dividing the earth from heaven, and the waters from the earth.   
And 
* Severed or distinguished.  separated the 
r Pure clear, bright, free from corruption.  liquid 
* Heaven.  sky from the 
p The thick air wherein the clouds and rain are bred.  
* Thick or gross.  foggy air. 
The pure sky from the foggy air.   
Which after 
* He rolled out.  he had tumbled out, 
And having separated these forth of the Chaos,  and 
* Exempted.  taken from the 
* Blind or disordered.  confused 
r Lump or Chaos.  heap. 
He bound each of them in their own proper place, and settled them in a quiet peace.   
He bound [them] being 
* Dissociate in [their] places or severed a sunder.  separate in 
* Places.  place, with a 
* Agreeable.  quiet peace.  

r The fire.  The fiery 
* Force or strength.  power of the heaven 
* Bowing downward.  bending downward, 
The fire or fiery power of the heaven bending downward and lightest, in the highest place.  and without weight, 
r Appeared.  shined out, & chose itself a place 
r In the highest part of all.  in the 
r Chief.  highest tower.  
The air is next to it in lightness, 
The air next to it in lightness and place.  and in place.  
The earth [is] more 
r Gross and heavy.  solid than these, 
The solid earth pressed down with the weight of itself, and drawing all heavy things unto it, in the lowest place.  and 
q The earth is said to draw all heavy things, because all heavy things do naturally descend to it.  hath drawn 
r The great & heavy parts out of the Chaos, or all weighty things.  the great Elements [with it.]  

r Ovid doth not assign the third place to the earth, but the lowest, as being th● heau●est, and drawing down al● heavy things unto it, and so the water, compassing it about.  And is pressed down with the heaviness of itself. 
The water flowing upon and compassing the uttermost parts of the earth in the third.  The water flowing about it  
Hath possessed 
r The utmost parts of the earth flowing upon it, in many places compassing it about, not covering it all.  the utmost [places] and kept in 
r The earth.  the so●●e globe.   

FABLE II.  
Of the full and perfect forming and fashioning of the 4. chief parts of the world, and the adorning each of them with their proper creatures, more specially of the creation of man last, to be Lord of all.  

Al So when he which of the Gods soever he was. . WHen 
a here the Poet making ●s though he was ignorant which of the Gods it was, which divided the four Elements, intimateth that it was some greater and more mighty than those which the common sort took for Gods.  he, 
In this Chapter the Poet showeth that God having thus divided the Chaos into parts  which soever of the Gods he was, 
* Cut, or hath cut, or separated.  had divided the 
r Set in order.  heap so disposed, and 
* Reduced or brought ba●ke, viz. dig●steit.  brought it 
* Being cut.  divided into parts. 
First he made the earth round like a globe.   

* In the beginning.  First of all 
* He wound round, or made round the earth  he made the earth round 
* To the fashion or shape or like to.  after the fashion of a great 
* Orb or bowl.  globe, 
r That it might be.  lest that it should not be 
* Equal or round, and of like weight.  even 
r On every side.  of every part. 
That it might be equal on each side.   
Then he poured abroad 
b Pretum is any narrow sea, where 〈…〉 to boil à seruend● o● as ●ome w●●● à ●remendo.  
r The mediterranean seas.  the narrow seas, 
Then he poured abroad the seas.  and commanded them 
* To begin to swell or to rage.  to swell with the 
r Violent, vehement or fierce winds.  whirling winds, 
Commanding them to swell with the winds.  and to compass about the shores of the earth 
* Gone about, or compassed in, or hamed in,  environed [
r By those seas.  thereby.] 
To invirone the earth.   

* He added also  Moreover he added 
r Springs.  fountains, and 
* Unmeasurable standing waters or fens.  huge standing ponds and 
r Pools queres, or deep places, a●wa●es full of water.  lakes; 
After he made fountains, & the great standing waters, as lakes, and fens.   
And he 
r Compassed in, or compassed about.  girt in the rivers 
r Turning downwards.,  running downwards 
Also rivers kept in with crooked banks.  with 
* Thwart, or winding, or sidelong banks.  crooked banks.  

* Which [rivers.]  Which being 
* divers or separate.  distant in places, 
Which being distant in places one from another,  are 
r Swallowed up.  supped up partly of [the earth] itself. 
Are some of them swallowed up of the earth.   
Partly do they 
r Run.  come into the sea, 
Others of them run into the Sea.  and being received [there] 
r As in a field, or in a more large place of waters.  in a field 
Where they have more liberty as in a large field.   

r Where there is more liberty or room for them.  Of more free water, they 
r Dash against.  beat upon the shores 
* For banks.  instead of banks. 
And shores instead of banks.   
He commanded also the 
r Plain fields.  champain fields to be 
Next hereunto he stretched out the champain fields.  
* Extended or stretched out, to lie even all abroad.  stretched abroad, the 
c A valley is properly the hollow between two hills.  
r Vales or dales.  valleys to 
r Descend.  settle downward, 
Making the valleys to descend.   

* He commanded the woods.  The woods to be covered with 
* A leaf, viz. with boughs of trees.  leaves, 
The woods to be covered with leaves.  the 
* Stony hills to arise; or rocks.  craggy mountains to ascend. 
Mountains & rocks to ascend.   
And as two 
d Zona signifieth both the part of the body which is gi●t, and the girdle itself which girdeth it.  
* Girdles or circles.  zones 
* Cut.  divide the heaven on the 
e Coelius Rhodiginus showeth out of Cleomedes, a notable expounder of the difficulties of the Poets, that antica, or the forepart of the heavens is the West, whither the heavens turn, quoniam illuc annuit mundus; so the hinder part towards the East, from whence it is carried towards the West; and thereupon the left part towards the South, the right toward the North. Like as it is if we stand with our face towards the West.  right part, 
H●e likewise divided the heaven's into five zones or p●rts; two on the right hand, two on the left, and the burning zone in the midst.  and 
* So many, or even so many.  as many more on the 
* Left [part.]  left, 
* The fifth [zone.]  the fifth is more 
r Hot or scorching.  burning 
r Then these four.  than those:  
So the 
* Care.  providence of God hath 
r Divided.  distinguished 
r The earth compassed about within those zones or circles.  the burden included, 
He divided likewise the earth into five climates proportionable to the five zones in the heavens.  
r By the same number of five, viz hath divided the earth into so many parts.  by the same number; and even so many 
* Cuts, divisions, circles, or regions.  climates are 
* Pressed or stamped.  set in the earth.  

* Of which climates that &c.  Whereof, 
Whereof that which is in the midst is not habitable for heat.  
f The fifth which is the middle, is more hot and scorching then the rest, for the nearness of the Sun passing over it twice in the year.  that which is 
r In the midst.  the middle is 
g Thus the ancients thought, but our travellers find it otherwise.  not habitable for heat:  

* High.  Deep snow covereth 
* Two [climates of those c●●mates.]  two [of them:] 
The two uttermost are extremely cold.  
* And he hath set even so many between both or either of them.  and also he placed as many more between those two. 
The two middle, viz. between the cold and hot of either side, temperate, of an equal mixture of hot and cold.   
And hath given [them] 
* A temper.  a temperature, 
* The flame.  
r Having mingled or tempered them of hot and cold.  heat being mixed [in them] with cold.  
The air hangeth over 
* Those climates.  these, 
* Which is heavier than the fire by so much, by how much it is light●● the● the weight of the earth, [and] then the weight of the matter.  which is so much heavier than the fire, 
The air hangeth over these, which is so much heavier than the fir●, as the water is lighter than the earth.  
h Pondus levius.  as the 
Al Pondere levior.  weight of the water is lighter than the weight of the earth.  

* He hath commanded both the little clouds [to stay] there, and the great clouds to stay there.  There he hath commanded both the 
r Fogs or mists.  little and great clouds to 
* Stand or abide.  stay, 
In the air he hath placed both the little clouds, viz. fogs and mists, and also the great.  and the thunders 
* About to move or able to terrify men's minds or the hearts of men.  to move 
* human minds.  men's hearts. 
The terrible thunder.   
And together with the 
* Lightnings.  lightning, 
i All winds are cold by nature.  the winds making the 
* Colds.  cold, 
Lightning. Winds.   

* And also.  Moreover, 
He also limited the winds, that they should not have free liberty of the air.  the 
* Framer.  maker of the world hath not 
r Suffered or granted  permitted 
* to these,  the air to be used of these 
* The air to be had or to have the air, viz. free liberty of the air.  every where: 
* All abroad.  there 
* It is resisted scarcely to them now, viz. things can hardly abide the violence of them now.  there is scarcely any withstanding of them now, 
For that they are so boisterous, that they hardly can be resisted:   

r Although every of them hath but his own region, or quarter.  Whenas every one of them ruleth his own blasts in a divers 
r Tract, coast, or quarter.  region. 
Although he have restrained every one of them to his own part and region.   

* But that they tear in pieces the world, or butcher the world, or destroy it.  But [that] they would rear the world in pieces: 
k Epiphonem●.  the discord of [those] brethren is so great. 
Because they would otherwise tear the world in pieces, through the vehemency of the discord between them.   

l Eurus 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod ab oriente flat. It is called Vulturnus, by a similitude from the fierce flying of the Vulture.  The eastwind 
* Went back or departed.  betook itself unto the 
r The Sun rising.  morning, and to the 
* Nabathaean kingdoms.  kingdoms of 
m Nabathaea is a part of Ar●bia-foelix, between the Persian Sea, and the red Sea.  Nabathaea. 
The Eastwind he hath limited to the Sun rising, viz. to all those parts towards the Sun rising.   
And to 
n Persia a Country in the East part of Asia.  Persia, and to the 
* Ridges or tops of the hills, subject or lying towards the  mountains lying under 
* morning beams.  the Sun rising.  
The evening and the shores which wax warm by the Sun setting▪ 
The warm west-wind to the Sun setting, viz. to all those parts towards it.   
Are next unto the 
o Zephyrus' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, à ferenda satis omnibus vita, of refreshing and quickening all things sown.  West-wind: the horrible 
p Boreas' 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, of the noise which ●t maketh: or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, à nutrimento, because it especially nou●sheth the body, making it healthful.  North-wind hath 
r Gone into.  invaded Scythia, 
The boisterous North wind to the parts towards the north ●ole, or the Charles wain.  & 
* The seven flow Oxen, or the seven stars, called the Charles wain.  the parts lying under the North pole. 
The moist Southwinde to the contrary parts.   
The contrary 
r P●rt of the earth  earth 
* Doth wax wet.  is wet with continual clouds & 
r Or by the rainy South.  from the rainy 
q Austere q. hauster ab hauriend a aqua, because it is commonly rainy.  south. 
Over these he set the liquid sky without all weight or earthly substance.   
He 
* He hath imposed or set.  placed over these 
* The liquid sky.  the 
r Aether, may be taken here for the Element of the 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ●b ardendo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, ● semper currendo.  sky being pure, and 
* And wanting weight.  without all heaviness, neither having 
* Any thing of earthly dregs or settling.  any terrene substance. 
These were scarcely thus separated and settled, but the stars,   

* He had separated or distinguished scarcely.  Scarcely had 
r He, viz. God.  he thus severed all things in [their] 
r Settled and unchangeable.  certain bounds, 
Which before had lain hid, kept-in in the Chaos,   
When as the 
* Signs consisting of many stars▪ as Aries, T●uru● &c.  stars, 
* Which have lain hid long.  which had long lain hid 
r Kept under that they could not shine.  pressed under that same 
r The Chaos.  mass, began to 
r Shine bright in every part of heaven.  glister in the whole heaven. 
Began to glitter in all parts of the heaven.   
[And] least any region should be 
* Deprived or void of.  destitute of 
* Her, viz. proper and belonging to them.  their own living creatures. 
And lest any region or part of the world should be destitute of her huing creatures, He set in each of them several kinds.   
The 
s He followeth their opinion who hold the stars to be living, and the feigned Gods living creatures.  stars and the 
* Forms [or shapes] of the Gods, viz. the imagined Gods of the heathens.  Gods do 
* Hold, or have.  possess 
r Heaven.  the heavenly 
t Solum] is taken for whatsoever doth sustain other things, as the earth doth the creatures upon it. q sol dum.  soil. 
The stars and Gods in the heavens.   
The 
* Waves.  waters have 
* Given place to, yielded themselves, or fallen to the lot of.  befallen to be inhabited of the 
r Shining.  bright fishes. 
Fishes in the waters.  The earth 
r Received the beasts for her creatures.  took the 
u Ferae] quod toto corpore ferantur. They are properly wild beasts, here for all kinds by Synec spec.  
* The wild beasts.  beasts, the 
x The air is called movable, because it is easily driven hither and thither.  movable air 
* [took or received] the birds to abide chiefly in it.  the birds. 
Beasts in the earth.  
Birds in the air.  
y Man is said to be a holy living creature, and partaker of a high mind, because he alone is partaker of reason: having some acknowledgement of the Lord by nature. For this high mind doth signify reason enlightened with the knowledge of God, and of the law of nature.  A living creature more holy than 
* These, viz. beasts, fishes and birds  these and more capable of 
* A high or deep mind, viz. of a profound memory and great wit.  a divine 
r Understanding or reason.  mind. 
And finally whereas there was as yet lacking a creature more holy, and of a more divine ●nderstanding,   

z Man through reason hath the use and benefit of all the creatures, making all so to serve him.  And which might 
r Have the government of the rest.  rule over 
* The rest of the creatures.  the rest 
* Was lacking as yet.  was as yet lacking. 
Which might rule over the rest,   
Man 
* Is.  was 
r Bred.  borne: 
Man was made: but whereof, by whom, or how, he showeth it to be uncertain amongst the Poets.  
a We are not to marvel if the Poet profess his ignorance in the creation of man.  whether 
* That [chief] workman or framer of things, viz. God  that maker of [all] things, the 
* Original or fountain, viz the cause or author.  beginning of 
r The world after the Chaos.  the better world made him of divine seed; 
Whether that God which had made all the o●her creatures framed him of divine seed;   
Or whether the earth 
* Fresh or new.  newly made, 
Or whether of the new earth, retaining still the seeds of heaven, whereunto it was so near of kin.  & lately 
* Drawn asunder, or divided.  separated from the high sky retained the seeds of the heaven, [being] 
r near unto it by kin, as coming out of the same masses or framed together.  kin unto [it.]  
Which [earth] being 
* mixed.  mingled with river 
* Waters.  water 
* He who was sown [or begotten, or descended] of japhet.  Prometheus the Son of 
b japeto] by japetus is thought to be meant japhet, the son of Noah, whom antiquity accounted a holy man, & of the number of the heavenly; like as they account his sons whom the Poets call Titans, to be more ancient than mankind. And amongst them, one of them was called Prometheus, à providentia, because he was prudent and provident above the rest.  japhet, 
Being mingled with water.  
Prometheus' the Son of japhet.   

c This Prometheus is celebrated to have been the framer of man, either because wisdom is only belonging to man, or because man was made by singular counsel above the other creatures; or else for that he was the first that instructed men in the knowledge of the creation, especially of man kind, how God made him to his image, and so as the knowledge of God & all divine understanding came from him.  
* Hath fashioned [or framed] unto the image [or likeness.  Form according to the image of the Gods 
* Governing all things.  ruling all things. 
Form him according to the image of the Gods who govern all things.   
And whereas 
* The other living creatures.  the rest of the living creatures 
* Do look upon or behold the earth.  do look to the earth 
* Prone or inclining downward, or groveling.  downward, 
And made him such a one, that whereas the rest of the creature's look downwards towards the earth,   

d This shape of man after this sort, showeth to what end he was created, to wit, to the acknowledgement of God and the contemplation of heavenly things; which appertaineth to no other of the creatures.  He gave to man 
* Mouth [viz. a countenance] looking upward or high.  a lofty countenance, & commanded him to 
* See or look to.  behold the heaven, 
He gave him a lofty countenance to look upward,  and to lift up his 
* Countenances erect to the signs or stars.  face upward to the skies. 
And commanded him to behold the heavens.   
So the earth which 
r Was.  had been 
* Even now.  but presently before 
* Rude.  unwrought and without 
* Image, frame or shape.  form, 
Thus finally for a conclusion hereof he showeth that the earth which had been so lately before framed out of the Chaos, was both brought into form & also men made out of it; out of whose divers conditions follow the four divers ages of the world.   
Being 
* Converted or turned.  chanchanged put upon it the unknown 
* Figures.  shapes of men.   

FABLE III.  

e This fable of the four ages seemeth to be an imitation of the History in the s●cond Chapter of Daniel, concerning the image which Nabuchadnezzar saw in his dream, which was of four sorts, expounded of the four Monarches, here applied to the four ages of the world.  Of the four ages of the world, v. z. the Golden, Silver, Brazen, & Iron ages: and first of the golden age. 
In this Fable Ovid declareth how mankind increasing the world degenerated, waxing wors● and worse by little and little until the flood, which God brought to purge it withal, which that the Poets might signify, they feigned this Metamorphosis of ages, before the flood.   

f The first age is said to have been golden, both in regard of the nature and goodness of men then, & also for the easiness of their living & quietness, in regard of the rest which followed.  THe golden 
r Time.  age is 
r Begun or made of the manners of men.  sown first: which 
* Loved or maintained.  observed 
* Faith and right, viz. faithful and just dealing, honesty.  fidelity and upright dealing, 
* With no revenger, or none being to revenge, viz. without any punishment or judge.  without any revenger, 
The first whereof in regard of the rest was a golden age, as he showeth how.  of the own accord with out 
r Laws.  law. 
This observed faithfulness and upright dealing without any compulsion.  
That there was neither punishment, nor fear, nor yet any law.   

* Punishment and fear were away.  There was no punishment nor fear: 
Al Nor bonds threatening the neck were bound in brass, viz. laws engraven in brass. . nor 
g Laws were engraven in brass, that they might endure long, and hanged up or fastened upon the walls, that they might be publicly read of all.  threatening words were bound in fixed brass: neither yet 
* The suppliant company did fear, viz. prisoners or offenders humbly prostrate on their knees.  did the suppliant company fear the 
* Mouths.  face of their judge: 
None feared the face of the judge, for that there was not any malefactor.  but they were 
r Secure and safe from all injury.  safe without judge. 
But all lived in security, without any execution of justice.   

Al The Pine not yet cut out etc.  The 
r The ship made of Pine tree. Met. M●t.  Pine cut out of her mountains, 
There was then no Navigation.  had not yet 
r Gone down.  descended into the 
r Moist waters.  liquid waves, that she might 
* visit.  go to see the 
h Peregrinus, ● p●ragrando.  
r Unknown, or far off.  strange 
* Orb, or compass of the world, viz. foreign Countries.  world; 
No ships nor sailing.   
And 
r Men.  mortal [men] 
* Had known.  known no 
* shores.  coasts 
* Besides their own.  but their own. 
Men knew no countries but their own.   

i Praeceps fossa, unde se quis praecipitem dare possit.  
* Steep. down ditches.  Deep trenches 
* Compassed not the towns as yet.  did not as yet compass about the 
k Oppidum, ab open dand● in bell● periculis.  towns. 
There were no wars. No fortifications of Towns by ditches, walls, or the like.   

* [There was] not a Trumpet etc.  There was no Trumpet of strait [brass] 
* [There were] not horns of bended or bowed brass, viz. horsemen Trumpets or Cornets.  no horns of bended brass. 
No instruments of war, as Trumpets, Cornets, or such like.   

* Not helmets.  No helmets, not a sword. 
No Helmets, nor Swords.  
* There was not any sword point.  
* The secure Nations.  The nations living 
r Without care or fear.  securely did 
* Finish.  follow continually their 
* Soft ease, viz. quiet and easy labours, or sweet pleasures.  pleasant ease, without 
r Help, or need of the soldier, viz. without war. Miles vel à mill, vel quòd minimè mollis, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  use of the soldier. 
All Countries lived at their ease in quiet security, without any need of soldier.   
Also the earth itself [as yet] 
r Without tillage.  free and untouched with the 
r Any instrument wherewith to cut the earth.  harrow, 
The earth brought forth all things of itself without any tillage or husbandry.  nor 
* Wounded or broken up.  cut with any 
r Plought.  Shares, 
* Gave  yielded all things 
* by itself, viz. without any husbandry.  of itself.  
And they being content with meats 
* Created, no man compelling.  prepared without any labour, 
The people were content with that which the earth brought forth without any labour.   
Gathered 
* The young, or fruit of the Arbute or Service tree.  Seruice-berries and 
* Mountain strawberries.  Strawberries 
Strawberries,  growing in the mountains, 
They lived on Seruice-berries,   
And 
* Hawe-berries or berries growing on the hawthorn.  Haws, 
Haws,  and also 
* Mulberries.  bramble-berries 
Bramble-berries.  sticking in the 
* Hard, viz. sharp.  rough 
r Thickets.  bushy places:  
And [likewise] 
r Mast of the Oak.  Acorns 
Acorns, and other kind of fruits.  which 
* Had fallen.  fell from the 
r Okes dedicated to jupiter.  broad spreading tree of jupiter. 
The Spring was continual, without any varying the times of the year, pleasant with warm West winds, which caused the flowers to spring up without seeds.   

* There was an eternal spring, viz. no varying of times.  The spring was continual, & the 
Al The West winds being pleasing, mild, quiet or calm, with warm blasts. . 
* The West winds being pleasing, mild, quiet or calm, with warm blasts.  pleasant West 
r Winds continually blowing, or airs.  winds 
r Brought forth.  cherished the flowers 
r Growing of themselves.  bred without seed, With [their] warm blasts.  

* Afterwards or by and by.  Forthwith also the 
r Vnhusbanded.  untilled earth 
* Bare.  brought forth 
r Corne.  fruits: 
The earth fruitful with all kinds of fruits of itself.   

* Neither the field renewed, husbanded, etc.  The field not renewed 
r Waxed white or h●arie.  was white with (r) full 
* Heavy.  ears of corn. 
That the fields were loaden with Corn, without any renewing or husbandry.   

r Now ran the rivers of milk, etc.  Now 
* Awnes or beards of corn put for the whole ear.  
* Floods, or rivers of milk [went.]  rivers of milk, now the rivers of 
* Drink of the Gods, or most pleasant wines.  Nectar 
* Did go, or went.  ran. 
The rivers ran with milk and Nectar,   
And yellow 
* Honeyes.  honey 
* Distilled.  dropped down 
r From every tree.  from the green holm. 

And honey dropped from the trees.  
And so he concludeth the fable of the Golden age.     

FAB. FOUR  
Of the other three ages, viz. the Silver, Brazen, & Iron ages: & first of the silver age, wherein jupiter contracted that perpetual spring, dividing the year into four parts.  

l For the occasion of this Fable of Saturn sent into hell, Sabine thinketh it to have been taken from the profundity of the air: because Saturn is the highest & farthest removed from the earth of all the Planets, and that the wonderful height of the air is called Tartarus.  
* [But] jupiter contracted the times of the ancient spring after that Saturn being sent into dark hell, the world was under jupiter, etc.  AFter that 
m Saturnus quasi satur annis ob aetatem immenjam.  
* Saturn being sent into the dark hell, viz. Saturn being dead, or after the death of Saturn, for they who die are said to be sent into hell.  Saturn was sent into the dark 
n Tartarus à 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quia ibi omnia contarbata & confusa.  dungeons of hell, 
In this Fable Ovid being to speak of the other three ages, showeth that after the golden age, wherein Saturn reigned, followed the silver age, in which jupiter his son reigned.   
The world was 
r Under the government of jupiter.  under 
o jupiter is said to have been the son of Saturn, & Ops, and borne at the same birth. That he expelled his Father out of the Kingdom of Crete. That he was valiant and wise, whereupon, after his death, he was honoured for a God, and called Father and King of Gods.  jupiter, and the silver 
* Issue [of spring or progeny] came in or entered in.  age 
* Came under or came in, or entered in.  succeeded, 
This silver age he describeth,   
Worse than gold, more 
r Better.  precious than the 
* Deep yellow, ere red shining brass.  yellow Brass. 
1. To have been worse than the former golden age, but more precious than the brazen age which followed.   
[This] jupiter 
r Shortened, or drew in and abridged.  contracted the times 
r Of that continual spring which was in the golden age.  of the ancient spring. 
2. That this jupiter now reigning contracted the ancient spring.   
And he 
* Exacted or finished, viz. divided or measured.  digested the year by 
r Four measures of times or parts, every one consisting of three months.  four spaces, by Winters & 
* Heats of the weather.  Summers, & 
p Autumns or Harvests, are called unequal, because they are more unconstant, sometimes hot, sometimes cold.  
* unequal.  inconstant autumn's, and 
q The spring is said to be short, in regard of the ancient spring in the golden age.  a short spring. 
Dividing the year into four parts, viz. Winter, Summer, Autumn, and Spring.   
Then first the air being 
r Scorched.  burnt with 
* Dry heat, viz. fervent or vehement heat, drying all things.  drying heat, 
3. That then first the air began to be scorched with the heat in Summer.   

* Glowed like a coal, or waxed hot.  Began to glow, and the 
* IIse bond with the winds hanged.  IIse hanged being 
r Frozen, viz. the north-wind, and other cold winds.  congealed w th' the (r) winds. 
And the waters to be frozen with the winds in Winter.   
Then [men] first 
* Went under, or went into.  got into houses 
* caves [or holes of the earth, dens] have been.  caves were [their] 
* House.  houses, 
4. That now men began first to seek them houses, to save themselves in from the violence of the weather.   
And thick 
r Fushes.  shrubs, and 
r Windings tied with barks of trees, viz. hurdles made of rods.  rods 
* joined with a bark, viz. tied or bound together.  tied with pillings of trees. 
That their houses were at the first but dens of the earth, thick shrubs and hurdles.   
Then first 
r Ceres, daughter to Saturn and Ops, is said to have first devised sowing of corn, which before grew wild, for which she was honoured as a Goddess.  
* Ceres' seeds, or seeds belonging to Ceres.  the seed corn 
* Are overwhelmed.  was covered 
r With long furrows.  in long furrows, and the 
r Oxen.  bullocks groaned being pressed with the yoke. 
Then first the sowing of Corn and husbandry was invented.   

r The brazen age being the third succeeded after that.  The third 
* Offspring.  age being made of brass succeeded after 
* Brazen.  that, 
After the silver age succeeded the brazen age, worse than it:   
More cruel in 
* That silver age.  disposition, 
Wherein men waxed more cruel in disposition, and more forward to war and bloodshed.  and more 
* Wits.  forward to 
s Horrid a arma q. horrorem incutientia.  
* Ready.  dreadful 
* Horrible or bloody.  wars; 
Yet this was not so wicked, as that which followed.   
Yet not 
* Arms or weapons.  mischievous. The last [age] 
* Wicked, ungracious.  
* Is [made of] etc.  is of hard iron. 
Then in the last place he declareth how the last age of all succeeded, which he calls the iron age, for that it seemed to be made of Iron. Wherein all kind of wickedness burst forth, modesty, truth and fidelity, viz. all virtue and honesty departed.   

r [And] forthwith an age of a worse metal burst forth into all villainy.  Forthwith all 
* Mischief or villainy not to be spoken of.  wickedness 
r Broke out.  burst into an 
r Time.  age of a worse 
* Vein or Mine.  metal.  

r Modesty.  Shamefastness and truth and 
r Faithfulness or faithful dealing.  fidelity fled away.  
Into the place 
* Of which, viz. shamefastness and truth etc.  whereof 
* Both frauds and guiles, and lying in wait privily, and violence and a wicked desire of having came under, or entered in.  there came both fraud and deceit, 
And in place thereof succeeded all kind of vice, as deceit, treachery, violence, and wicked covetousness.   
And also treachery, and 
* Force.  violence, and 
t Here is a brief description of covetousness, which is therefore called a wicked desire of getting or having riches, because it enforceth man to all kind of wickedness, and makes him wicked, whence it is called the mother of all evils.  a wicked 
* Love of having.  desire of getting.  
The Mariner 
* Gave.  hoist up the Sails to the winds, 
* Neither had he known them well as yet, viz. he knew not the violence or danger of the winds, or how to preserve himself.  although he yet knew them not well: and the 
u Keels or bottoms of the ships for the whole ships.  
r Ships.  Keels which had 
r Stood long, viz. whilst the trees growed there.  stood long in the high mountains 
* Leapt up and down, or danced,  bounsed 
r With or amongst the unknown waves.  in the unknown 
* Floods.  waves. 
And then the Mariner for greediness of gain durst venture himself to the raging seas, though he neither knew winds nor seas.   
Also the wary 
* Measurer of grounds.  Suruaier 
* Marked out.  bounded [his] ground with a long 
* Bound, frontier, or ditch.  limit, 
Then men began to measure and bound out their grounds,  being common before, as the 
* Lights.  light of the Sun, and of the air. 
Which before time had been as common as the sun or the air.   
Neither only the rich ground 
* Was required for, viz. corn was sought for of the ground.  was asked corn, 
Then also men began to seek for corn, and all manner of nourishment of the earth by husbandry.  and due 
* Nourishments.  nourishment, 
* But it is gone of men into the bowels of etc. viz. men digged deep for riches.  but men went into the bowels of the earth. 
And then they digged into the depth of the earth for gold and silver, and all kind of metal.   
And 
x Opens.] Riches are said to have the name of Ops, Saturn's daughter, by which the earth is signified, out of which all riches are gotten.  riches which 
* [The earth] or God or nature had laid low in the earth.  it had 
r Laid almost as low as hell.  hid deep, & 
r Stirrers up of many evils.  put unto the Stygian shades, are digged out, being the (r) provocations of evils. 
Whence riches the provocations of all mischiefs were got out of the earth.   
And now 
* Hurtful iron had come forth, etc.  hurtful 
r Weapons made of iron.  iron, & gold 
y Nocentius.] Gold is said to be more hurtful than iron, because most heinous and shameful wickednesses are committed to get gold.  more hurtful than iron came abroad, war comes forth, which 
z Pugnat utroque] These are as it were the sinews of war: these (chiefly gold) carry away the victory.  fighteth 
r With weapons and with gold.  with them both. 
Then also was iron found out, whereof swords and other weapons of war are made, and then came gold abroad, far more hurtful than iron. And finally war which is managed with them both.   
And 
* Smites together.  shakes his 
r Rustling, viz, ringing or making a noise.  rattling armour with a bloody hand. 
Which war is described by the rattling of armour, and shedding of blood.   

* It is lived of that which is snatched [or which is gotten by rapine.]  Men live of rapine, 
Al The host is not safe from [his] guest, viz. from all danger by his guest. . the guest [is] not safe from his host. 
Then men began to live by rapine, That the guest could not be safe from his Host.   
The father in law [is not safe] from [his] son in law, 
Nor the father in law from the son in law.  and the 
* Favour, viz. love, or true affection.  agreement of brethren is 
r Seldom seen.  rare. 
And that it was rare to see brethren to agree.   

* The man.  The husband 
* Hangeth or hovereth over.  watcheth for the 
* Destruction.  death of [his] wife, 
The husband seeking the death of the wife; the wife, of her husband.  
* She [hovereth] for the destruction.  she of [her] husband.  
The 
r Cruel towards their stepchilds.  terrible stepmothers do 
r Prepare.  mingle 
a Aconitum is a very venomous herb, first bred (as Poets feign) of the frothing of the dog of hell amongst the rocks or crags.  
* Pale or wan.  black 
r Poison, making black.  wolf-bane. 
The stepmothers cruelly practising the death of their stepchilds by poison, and all other wicked devices.   
The Son 
b Inquires of diviners, sorcerers, mathematicians, and the like.  
* Inquires.  
r Inquires how long his Father shall live.  pries into his Father's years before his day. 
The son enquiring and seeking by magical and wicked arts, how long his Father should live.   

* Godliness lieth overcome [of ungodliness] or trampled underfoot.  Piety lieth overcome, 
Then began all true goldlinesse to be trodden under foot.  and the virgin 
c Astraea) is said by some to have been the daughter of Astraeus, a most just Prince, for whose equity she was called justice, and is said to have been taken into heaven, and is placed in the Zodiac, & called Virgo.  
* Astraea.  justice, the last of the heavenly 
r Virtues or heaven dwellers.  inhabitants, left the earth 
* Wet with slaughter.  imbrued in blood. 
Then justice which before had been untouched betook herself into heaven, leaving the earth imbrued in blood.    

FABLE V.  

* Of the fight of the Giants.  Of the battle which the Giants prepared against the Gods. 
In this Fable the Poet showeth, that the earth thus defiled, and justice gone of it.   
ANd lest the high 
* Sky.  heaven should be more 
r Safe.  secure than the earth, 
Lest the heaven should be more secure than the earth,   

* Men] say.  They say that 
d Gigantes.] Giants were properly men of huge bodies, said to be the Sons of the the earth, without father, having serpents feet. But these indeed were wicked men, despising the Lord, and so said to go about to drive God out of heaven.  
* Giants to have affected, viz. vehemently desired, or set upon.  Giants did 
e Affectare.] Signifieth to desire something vehemently, which a man cannot attain unto.  affect 
* The heavenly kingdom.  the kingdom of heaven, 
Men say that Giants began to affect the very kingdom of heaven itself, to subdue it, and rule in it, having driven out the Gods.   
And 
* To have built up.  built up mountains 
* Carried together.  heaped up unto the high skies. 
And to this end and purpose to have heaped mountains one upon another, whereby they might climb up into heaven.   
Then 
r jupiter.  the Almighty Father 
* Broke in pieces Olympus with his thunderbolt, sent down.  sending down his thunderbolt, broke in pieces 
f Olympus is a most high hill of Macedonia.  Olympus, and 
r Cast down, or dashed in pieces, Pelion lying under Ossa.  smit out 
g Pelion and Ossa, are known mountains of Thessaly.  Pelion lying under Ossa. 
2. How jupiter the King of heaven, with his thunderbolts broke down and dashed those hills in pieces.   
When as their 
* Horrible, or direful, or terrible.  cruel bodies lay overwhelmed with their own 
r Greatness.  vast weight, 
And with them overwhelmed the direful bodies of those monsters.  
Which bodies of theirs thus crushed with the weight of the hills, and of their own vastness,   

* Men say the earth besprinkled [or imbrued] with much blood of her sons, to have waxed wet, and to have animated [or given life to] the warm blood.  They say that the earth waxed wet being dashed with much blood of [her] sons, 
Imbrued the earth with their blood.  and that it animated the warm blood. 
3. How the earth thus soaked with that warm blood gave life thereunto.   
And lest no monuments of their progeny should remain; 
And thereupon, lest no monument of those Giants should remain,   

h This blood turned into the shapes of men, and not of Apes (as some thought) for that they were such contemners of the Gods, so violent and greedy of blood, which Apes are not.  
* [It] to have turned into the face [or shape] of men.  That it turned [it] into the shape of men: 
That the earth so steeped and animated with their blood, turned into the shapes of men.  
* But also that.  and moreover that that same 
* Stock, race, or lineage. Propago is properly the flock of an old Vine, out of which many young shoots come.  offspring [was] a contemner of the Gods, 
Which offspring of theirs proved also contemners of the Gods, and most cruel and bloodily minded,  and most greedy of cruel slaughter.  
And was violent: 
That any might know them to have been bred of blood.  that 
r Any one might know.  you might know it to be bred of blood.   

FAB. VI  
Of Lycaon turned into a Walfe. 
This cruelty of theirs is showed by the example of Lycaon, whom jupiter turned into a Wolf for his bloody tyranny in this manner.   
WHICH things 
* After that.  when 
* Father Saturnius, viz. jupiter, Saturn's son.  jupiter saw 
r From the top of heaven.  from his high Tower. 
That when jupiter from his high throne beheld this their cruelty, he gave a deep groan.   

r He fetched a sigh or deep groan.  He sighs: and 
* Relating or showing, or oft thinking of.  revolving in his mind, 
And pondering or revolving with himself the cruelty practised by Lycaon at his table, in setting men's flesh before his guests, the fact being lately committed, and not yet divulged,  the 
* Filthy.  
r Shameful fact at Lycaona table.  odious banquets of 
i Lycaon king of Arcadia, and son to Pelasgus, is reported not only to have killed his guests, but also to have used to set them at his banquets before other strangers to be eaten: which when jupiter had found by experience, he both burnt his house, and turned him into a Wolf. Some think that this was feigned, for that Lycaon did sacrifice a child upon the Altar of jupiter. Lycaon of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 signifying a Wolf.  Lycaon's Table, not yet 
r Made known, or spread abroad.  divulged, 
r Because the fact was not yet made known.  the fact being 
* Fresh, viz. newly committed.  new;  
He conceiveth in his mind 
* Exceeding great angers.  very great indignation 
* Worthy of jupiter.  beseeming jupiter. 
He first conceived high indignation, beseeming his Majesty.   
And calleth a council [of the Gods:] 
And forthwith called a council of the Gods, who came immediately to consult hereof.  
r They came without delay.  no delay 
r Did hold.  withheld them being called.  

k The milky circle.  There is 
* A way aloft.  a lofty way 
* Manifest, viz.  
r Shining brightly.  
here first the Poet takes occasion to set out the way to jupiters' Court.  apparent 
Al The heaven being clear.  in a clear heaven. 
1. That it is aloft, & apparent to all in a clear heaven.   

* It hath the name Lactea, viz. the milky [way] or Lactea hath the name.  It is called Lactea [or milky] 
l Of all other circles in heaven, it alone may be seen with the eyes.  
r Notoriously known, or easy to be noted and known.  notable by the very whiteness. 
2. That it is called via lactea, notable for shining whiteness.   

* This [way] is the journey for the gods to the roofs of the great thunderer, viz. jupiter, or the journey for the Gods, etc.  This way the Gods go unto the Palace of great jupiter, 
3. That the Gods go that way to jupiters' house.   

4. That on both sides of this way are the houses of all the other greater Gods, as Mars, Mercury, etc. continually frequented, & their gates standing ever open.  And to [his royal] house. 
* The Courts before the houses.  The Courts of the 
m Nobilium.] These were called the greater Gods of the heathen, as Mars, Apollo, Neptune, Mercury, etc.  noble Gods are frequented 
r With open gates.  the gates standing ever open, on the right hand, and on the left.  

r The inferior sort.  The common sort [of the gods] 
r Have their dwelling.  inhabiteth 
* divers, or separate in places.  distant in places: 
5. That the multitude of their lesser or inferior Gods have their houses further distant from it. But the chief of the gods have their houses in the front of that way.  
* The mighty heaven dwellers.  the potent 
* And the famous, or noble.  & glorious heavenvly peers 
* Have set their houses from the front, or rather towards the forepart of the via lactea.  have placed their houses in the front.  

n Hic locus.] The Poet seemeth to allude to the Palace of Rome, wherein the Emperors and chief ●eeres had th●● houses thus placed. Palatium was one of the 〈◊〉 of Rome, where were most stately buildings of the Emperors, whence all such are called Palatia of mons palat●nus.  This is the place which 
* If boldness may be given [or granted] to my words.  if I may speak boldly, 
6. That such is the state of that way, that the Poet protesteth that he would not be afraid to call it the very palace of heaven.   

* I cannot, viz. I would not be afraid.  I need not fear 
* To have called.  to call the Palace of the great heaven.  

* Therefore where.  Then when the Gods sat 
* In their inner room paved with marble stone.  in a Marble inner room, 
After this description of the way whereby the Gods came to jupiters' house, and that they were now set in an inner room, paved with Marble,   
He being higher in place, 
That jupiter placed in his throne above them all, and leaning upon his ivory Sceptre, shaked first the terrible locks of his head, with which he made both Earth, Sea, and Heaven to tremble.  and leaning upon his ivory 
o Sceptro.] The Sceptre is a staff which Kings used to lean upon. It is chiefly attributed to jupiter, the King of Gods and men. Sceptrum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 hoc est, ab innitendo, because Kings standing used to lean upon their Sceptres.  Sceptre, 
* Moved [or shook] both thrice & four times.  shaked oft the terrible 
* Bush of hair or locks, viz. hair.  bush of his head, wherewith he 
r Makes to quake.  moved [both] the earth, Sea, and 
* The stars or signs of heaven, viz. the whole heaven.  Heaven.  

* And then he loosed [or opened] his disdaining mouths in such manner.  And after he spoke thus with great indignation. 
And after that spoke with great indignation.   

p jupiters' Oration to the Gods, wherein he showeth that all mankind was worthy to be destroyed, sith the very Gods themselves were not free from their treacheries and outrage; When as Lycaon was not afraid to lay hands upon jupiter himself, being the father both of Gods and men. He maketh them also attentive, setting forth both the heinousness of the thing, and his own care for their safety.  
* I have not been.  I was not more 
* Doubtful or troubled.  careful for the kingdom of the world at that time 
* In which.  wherein 
Where is set out jupiters' Oration to the Gods, in which he laboureth first to make them attentive, by his care of the world, and of preserving the Gods that yet remained in the earth. And this by comparison.  every one of 
q The ●●ants are 〈◊〉 to have 〈◊〉 fe●t for the●●●lish d●●●ces, & a hundredth hands for their violence.  the snake-footed [giants] 
* Prepared [himself] to cast on his hundredth arms to heaven, taken or surprised.  was ready to lay [their] hundredth 
* Arms.  hands upon 
r The Gods dwelling in heaven.  the heaven 
* Being captive, viz. taken, subdued, or conquered.  which they endeavoured to surprise. 
That he was not more careful for the kingdoms of the world at that time when the Giants sought to invade and conquer heaven.   
For although [that] enemy was cruel, 
Because although that was a cruel enemy, viz. the Giants, yet that war depended but only upon the Giants as upon one body, and so he had to do but only with them, to destroy them. But now, that he must be enforced to destroy all mankind in the whole world, all being becomne corrupt and rebellious against him, so far as sea and earth extended.  yet that war depended of 
* One body [of the Giants] that is, one kindred or stock.  one body & of one 
r Offspring of the Giants.  beginning.  

r The manner how Magistrates should proceed in punishing, even as the Chirurgeon with limbs past cure.  Now 
* [All] the mortal kind is to be destroyed of me.  I am to destroy [all] mankind 
* What way.  as far as the 
s Nereus' a God of the Sea, put for the Ocean Sea, compassing the world.  
* Nereus soundeth about, viz. maketh a noise about with his waves.  Ocean roareth about the whole world: 
This he bindeth by the solemn oath of the Gods, viz. swearing by the infernal rivers running from the Stygian grove, viz. by Styx.  
t He swears by Styx the river of hell, as the Gods used to do, for that they feared to deceive the God thereof.  I swear by the 
* Floods beneath.  infernal rivers, 
* Sliding.  running under the earth from 
r The wood hanging over the river Styx.  the Stygian grove,  

u This was the reason why the Consuls of Rome had a bunch of rods tied unto an Axe carried before them, to signify that less offences are to be corrected with rods, but that wickedness that cannot be helped is to be utterly cut off.  
* All things.  All means [are] 
* Before.  first to be 
* Tried.  assayed, 
That howsoever all means were to be tried first for preventing hereof, yet sith all mankind was becomn now as an uncurable and a desperate wound, they were all to be cut off, for fear of corrupting that one part, which yet remained sound.  but 
r The wound that cannot be cured.  the uncurable wound is to be cut off with the 
* Sword point.  sword, lest the 
* Sencere, viz. whole and uncorrupt.  sound part 
* Be drawn to [a like corruption]  be corrupted.  

x These were worthy Nobles which were accounted greater than men, yet less than Gods.  
* There are to me half Gods, there are rural divine powers.  I have half Gods, 
For that he had yet in the earth half Gods, and country Gods, as Fauns, Nymphs, Satyrs, gods of the woods and mountains.  I have country Gods, 
y These Fauns are supposed to have been some kind of Baboons, Monkeys, and the like, which the poor people seeing but seldom thought to be Gods. For they are reported to have been little dwarves, with crooked Noses, hairy bodies, Goats feet, and some of them having two horns. These used oft to dance, with other such like wanton gestures.  
r Fauns, Satyrs, & Sylvans were accounted country Gods.  Fauns, and 
r Nymphs, were supposed Goddesses, and they of sundry sorts, according to the places which they are said to inhabit.  Nymphs, & Satyrs, and also Syluans, which inhabit the mountains.  
Whom because we do not as yet 
* Count worthy.  vouchsafe the honour of heaven, 
Whom because he did not yet vouchsafe the honour of heaven to dwell there, yet he would have them to inhabit the earth which he had given them, quietly and safely.   
[Yet] 
r At least.  certainly let us suffer them to inhabit the 
* Earth's, lands, or Countries.  earth, 
Sabine maketh a doubt of it, whether they were men or devils.  which we have given them.  
O ye 
r God's inhabiting the heavens.  supernal Gods, 
Then turning his speech more specially unto the Gods there present, asketh of them whether they think that those other half Gods, & the rest, could possibly be safe in the earth, when as Lycaon durst plot mischief even against himself, the great God, having the thunderbolt in his hand, to be avenged of all his enemies, and who was chief of all the Gods, having all of them under him, even these themselves.  do ye believe that they can be safe enough.  
When 
z Lycaon a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉▪ 〈◊〉  Lyeaon 
a The occasion or the Fable of Lycaon's cruelty is thought by some to be this, that having ordained games for trial of masteres (in a hill called Lycaeus,) unto jupiter, whom he therefore called jupiter Lycaeus; he there first offered an infant unto jupiter upon his Altar which cruelty made him notorious and odious to all, as eating man's fiest▪ & so entertaining jupiter.. Others think it to be for murdering one of the hostages of the Molossians, and offering him in sacrifice to jupiter; and so deuo●●ing them as sheep, the Poets feign him to be turned into a Wolf, alluding to his name.  
* Known or noted for, or famous for it.  notorious for cruelty, hath 
* Built, [viz. contrived or practised] treacherre [or treason.]  plotted mischief 
* Tom.  [even] against 
b This is thought to be spoken in favour of Augustus Caesar, who escaped the treachery against him; Not of julius Caesar, who was so murdered.  me, 
c The name of the Romans was becomne famous, by the worthy acts of julius and Augustus Caesar, which was sought to be extinguished in Augustus Caesar, so conspired against to be murdered cruelly, as julius Caesar had been before.  who both 
* Have and rule.  possess and govern the 
r Thunderbolt.  lightning 
* Who do possess and rule you.  and [even] you [yourselves.]  
They all 
* Require earnestly with ardent [or fervent] studies [him] being bold to enterprise such things.  fretted together, 
Hereupon the Poet shows the effect of his speech, how they all stormed, ask earnestly for him who durst attempt this.  and 
r viz. they asked for him to be punished.  earnestly ask with vehement desire for him who durst do such things. 
Then sets out the manner of their murmuring by a fit similitude: That like as when certain wicked conspirators sought to extinguish the famous name of the Romans, by murdering Augustus Caesar, as they had done julius Caesar before, all mankind was astonished with the terror of the sudden fear, and the whole world did dread exceedingly, so did they disdain.  
* So.  Even so as when [that] wicked 
* Hand, viz. a company of wicked conspirators.  band 
* Doth cruelly rage.  raged furiously to extinguish 
* The Roman name in the Coesarian blood.  the name of the Romans in the blood of the Caesars.  
[All] mankind was 
r Amazed.  astonished with so great a terror of [such] a sudden 
* Ruin [or utter overthrow] [intended or ready to have been executed].  downfall, & the whole world 
r Was horribly afraid, or trembled with fear.  did dread exceedingly.  

d 
The religion & love of thy people of Rome, who avenged the conspiracy against thee, is no less acceptable to thee, than the indignation of the Gods was to jupiter, for the intendment against him.  
This showeth, the former to be meant of Augustus Caesar.   Neither (oh Augustus) [is] the piety of thy [
r Subjects of Rome.  Romans] less 
* Acceptable.  pleasing unto thee 
Afterwards, turning his speech to the Emperor Augustus, showeth jupiters' acceptation hereof, that this love and piety of the Romans, for being avenged on those conspirators, was no less pleasing to Augustus himself, then that was to jupiter.   
Then that 
* Hath been.  was to jupiter; who after that he had repressed the murmur of the Gods 
e The Poet expresseth the gesture of them who command or cause a silence.  
* With voice.  with [his] speech and hand; 
And then how jupiter stayed the murmur of the Gods, enjoining them silence both by his speech and hand: & how all of them kept silence.  
* They all held their peace.  all of them kept silence.  
After the 
* Clamour.  noise was 
r hushed.  stayed, 
And after that the noise was repressed by his gravity, that jupiter spoke to them all again, quieting them in this manner. That, that bloody Lycaon had pa●ed dearly for it, and therefore that they should not be any further careful, nor fre● themselves about it:  being repressed by the gravity of the 
r jupiter their governor.  Regent,  
jupiter again broke off the silence with this speech.  

r That bloody Lycaon.  He indeed hath 
* Paid the punishment, viz. he hath dearly bought it.  paid for it, 
* Dismiss ye [or let go] this care of requiring him to be punished.  let this care pass.  
Notwithstanding, 
And to give them full content, he relates unto them both the horrible fact which Lycaon had committed▪ and how he took vengeance of him.  
* I will teach what [was] admitted [or committed] [and] what the vengeance is.  I will show what a horrible fact he committed, and what 
r Punishment for revenge.  vengeance I took of him.  

f This seemeth to be a plain allusion unto that speech of GOD which he useth to Abraham, before the destruction of Sodom, Genesit 18. 20. 21. and so Genes. 11. 5 concerning the builders of Babel, and an imitation thereof.  The 
r Cry of the sins.  infamy of the 
r Age▪ viz of the people of this age or time.  time had 
* Touched.  comen to our ears: 
Herein he sets down first the occasion thereof, viz. how the general cry of the wickedness of that age had comen to his ears.   
Which I 
* Coveting or earnestly wishing.  desiring [to be] false, 
And secondly, how he (wishing the cry to be false) came down from heaven to try it.  
* Do slide down.  descend from the highest heaven.  
And [though I be the great] GOD [yet] ay 
r Compass about.  view the earth 
* Under a human shape, viz. in the likeness of a man.  under the shape of a man. 
That thus, though he was the great God, yet he did view the earth in the likeness of a man.   

* It is a long delay.  It is too long 
* To number or reckon up.  to tell, 
Here he aggravates the sin of all mankind, that it were too long to tell how much wickedness he found every where, that it was greater than the cry.  how much wickedness is found every where: the 
r Report or cry.  infamy itself 
* Hath been.  was less than 
r The wickedness itself.  the truth. 
And that to the end to search out that notorious and abominable cruelty reported of Lycaon, he passed through Arcadia, going over Menalus that famous hill of Arcadia, notable and horrible with wild beasts, and so over Lycaeus and Cyllenus.   
I had 
* Gone over.  passed 
g Menalus is a City, & famous mountain of Arcadia, named of Menalus the son of Arcas.  Menalus being 
* Horrible, or very fearful to cause horror.  dreadful 
* With.  for the 
r Cruel wild beasts.  dens of wild beasts.  
And the 
* Places full of Pine-trees.  Pinegroves of cold Lycaeus, 
r And the hill Cyllenus.  with 
h Cyllenus a mountain of Arcadia, dedicated to Mercury. As Lycaeus is a mountain there, dedicated to Pan.  Cyllenus.  

r And then, or from hence.  Afterwards I enter into the 
* Seats, or habitations.  seat and 
* Vnhospital roofs, viz. place unmeet for hospitality.  barbarous house of 
r The cruel King of Arcadia, viz. Lycaon,  the Arcadian 
i Cruel Kings in Ovid's time were called tyrants, which had formerly been called kings.  tyrant, 
And how afterwards he came to the seat and the very house of the tyrant Lycaon himself.   

* When the late twilight drew on the night.  When as now 
k Crepuseulum is taken for the twilight, either in the evening or morning, when it is doubtful whether it be day or night, of creperus, signifying doubtful.  it drew towards night. 
In the shutting in of the evening.   

* I gave signs [or tokens.]  I signified 
* A God to have comen.  that a 
l Deum may seem here to be taken for jupiter, the great God, viz. father of Gods and men.  God was comen, and the 
* Common people.  common sort 
* Had begun.  began 
r To adore and worship me.  to pray: 

And caused notice to be given, that the great God was comen.  
Whereupon the common sort having yet some fear, began to fall to prayer.   [but] Lycaon at 
* In the first [place.]  first 
r Scoffs, or laughs at.  derides [their] godly prayers. 
But that Lycaon first derides their prayers.   

* I will prove saith he, by and by, by an open difference, or a manifest peril or experiment.  By and by, 
Secondly, glories that he will make an experiment, to try whether he was a God or no, or but a mortal creature, and that he would make that past all doubt.  quoth he, I will try by a plain experience, 
m He would make it plain whether he was a God, or no, thus; because if he was a God he could not be killed.  whether he be a God or a mortal [man.] 
* Neither the truth shall be doubtful, or to be doubted of.  Neither shall the truth be any more to be doubted of.  
[So] he prepareth to 
r Kill or dispatch.  destroy me being heavy with sleep in the night, 
And thirdly, prepares for the murdering of him, viz. of jupiter himself, by an unexpected death, to catch him being heavy with sleep in the night, and so this only experiment of the truth would please him.  by 
* A death not thought of.  an unexpected death. This experience of the truth pleaseth him.  
Neither is he content therewith, 
Fourthly, that he not yet content herewith, presently cuts the throat of one of the Hostages sent to him from the Molossians.  [but] he cuts the throat of one of the 
r Pledges, viz. men sent to him for performance of promises.  Hostages sent 
* From the Nation of the Molossians.  from the 
n Molossi were a people of Epeirus, of whom Lycaon, having overcomne them in war, took Hostages, one whereof he killed that he might set him before jupiter to banquet with.  Molossians.  
And so 
* He partly mollified [or boiled soft] [his] limbs half dead, with hot water.  he did partly seeth his joints being but half dead, 
And of him causeth part to be sod, and part roasted, and so to be set before him.  [and] partly 
* Roasted [them] with fire put under [or put to them.]  roasted them.  
Which 
* Together.  so soon as he had set 
* To the tables.  upon the table; 
But assoon as ever these dainties were set before him upon the table, he forthwith turned upon that cruel tyrants held his house, meet for such a master, and consumed it to ashes with revenging fire.  
* I overturned the roofs, being meet houses with revenging flame upon the master.  I overturned upon the Master's head, 
Al The house or household God's worthy of revenging fire. . with a revenging flame his houses, being worthy [to be burnt.]  

r Lycaon.  He 
r Affrighted with the burning of his house.  being terrified flieth away: 
And then how the wretch being terrified fled away, and getting all alone into desert woods,  & getting the 
* Silence or quietness.  
r The woods.  solitariness of the country,  
He 
r Howleth wonderfully like a Wolf.  howleth out, 
Howleth out like a Wolf:  and 
r Assateth in vain to speak.  endeavoureth to speak, 
And endeavouring to speak, but not able, runs mad with fury.  but all in vain: 
o Lyeaon was driven into madness because he could not speak.  
* His mouth gathereth a furious woodness from that time.  from that [time] he runs mad: 
And instead of men falls upon beasts, devouring them as he was formerly wont to devour men.  and useth his greedy desire of [his] accustomed slaughter upon 
r Beasts instead of men.  beasts, and 
r Like as when he was a man.  now also doth he 
* Rejoice.  delight 
r In shedding blood.  in blood. 
And so still delights in blood.   

p 
Lycaon is feigned to be turned into a Wolf, because he was so given over to greedy covetousness, that he lived of spoil as a Wolf.  
Thus are all ravenous and cruel oppressors, Wolves in the shapes of men.   His 
r Clothes or apparel.  garments 
* Go away, or vanish.  are turned into 
r Rough or great hair.  hairs, 
His garments were turned into hair, [his] arms into legs.  [his] arms 
* [Grow forth, or are changed.]  into legs.  
He is made a Wolf, 
So that he becomes in all things a Wolf; yet keeping still the prints of his old shape.  and [yet] he keeps the prints of his old shape.  

* There is [to him] the same grainesse.  He hath the same 
* Hoarines or white grey colour.  grayness, 
Having the same hoary grainesse.  the same 
* Violence or fierceness.  grimness of [his] 
* Countenance.  looks. 
The same grimness of his looks.   

* The same eyes do shine [too him] there is the same image of cruelty, or fierceness.  The same glaring of his eyes; 
The same glaring of his eyes; and the very same picture of cruelty.  the same picture of cruelty.   

FAB. VII.  
Of the general deluge, and destruction of the world thereby, for the overflow of iniquity, 
After that the Poet had set out the wickedness of the time in this horrible fact of Lycaon, and the vengeance which jupiter took of him for the same, he proceedeth to declare that all the world, being likewise filled with cruelty, jupiter fully resolves to destroy all in like manner.  and the repairing the same again.  
ONe house 
* Hath fallen, or is fallen.  is overthrown; but not one house alone hath been worthy 
r To be overthrown.  to perish: 
q Erynuis is taken for a Fury of hell, delighting in discord and war, & a taker of vengeance on such especially as are impious against their parents.  
* Cruel fury reigns what [way] the earth lieth open, viz. every where.  cruelty reigns through all the world. 
That although this one house was overthrown, yet it was not one house alone that had deserved it, but even all mankind was worthy to perish.   

* You may think [them] to swear to horrible wickedness.  
r A man would think that all men had bound themselves by oath to commit all kind of mischief.  You would think that all men had sworn together to commit all horrible wickedness. 
Because cruelty so reigned every where, that a man would have thought that all sorts had conspired & bound themselves by oath, to commit all horrible wickedness.   

* All of them let them give the punishment etc.  
r Let them have all according to their deservings.  Let all of them 
* More quickly.  presently abide the punishment which they 
And therefore he decrees to deal with them all, in taking vengeance according to their desert.  have deserved 
* To suffer.  to endure, 
* So my sentence [or decree] stands.  [for] so I have 
r Determined.  decreed. 
And this is the determination of his sentence, which he will not revoke.   

r This seemeth to be an allusion to the manner of the Senators of Rome, in giving their sentences or voices.  Part [of them] approve the 
* Sayings.  speech of jupiter by voice, 

Hereupon all the rest of the Gods approve of jupiters' decree.  
Some by speech setting him on,   and 
* Put unto pricks or goads.  put spurs unto him [thus] 
* Chafing, discontented, or full of indignation.  moved: 
Others by their assents agreeing thereunto.  others fulfil [their] parts 
r By giving their assent, or assenting.  with [their] assents.  
Yet notwithstanding 
r They all take to heart the loss of mankind.  the 
r Destruction.  loss of mankind is a grief unto [them] all, 
Yet here the Gods make sundry doubts concerning this matter. And first they are all troubled for this utter destruction of mankind. And then demand what the form and condition of the world should be, being utterly dispeopled, and deprived of mortal men.  and 
r They demand of jupiter.  they ask, 
* What the fashion of the earth shall be, being deprived [or destitute.]  what 
r should be.  shall be the form of the earth being deprived of mortal [men.] 
Who should do them any worship or service?  
r Who should worship or do any honour unto them.  who should bring 
r Incense or sacrifice.  Frankincense unto their Altars: 
Whether he thus prepared a way to deliver the earth to the wild beasts, to be wasted by them?  whether he [thus] prepare 
* To give over the earth to be wasted with wild beasts.  to deliver to the wild beasts the earth to be 
* Dispeopled, or wasted.  destroyed?  

* The King of the Gods forbids them, ask such like things to fear.  jupiter bids them ask such like things, 
To all which jupiter giving answer, first for the general, bids them not to fear: for that he would have a care of all these things.  not to 
* Tremble.  fear, 
* For [he said] the rest [or other matters] to be afterwards a care to him.  for that he would have a care of all other matters, and promiseth [
* [To be.]  that there should be] an 
r Issue or generation.  offspring unlike unto the former people, 
And for mankind, that he would raise up another offspring far unlike this former, which he would destroy, and of a more admirable beginning, viz. by changing even very stones into men and women, as followeth after.  of a 
* marvelous original, stock or birth, viz. By changing stones into men and women, as followeth after.  wonderful beginning.  
And even now was he 
* About.  ready to 
* Scatter or spread, or throw abroad.  disperse his 
r Thunderbolts.  lightnings upon 
* The whole earths.  all the earth: 
And here he was ready to have scattered his lightnings, & thrown his thunderbolts throughout all the earth;   
But he feared, 
But that he feared lest hereby the very heavens should be set on fire, by so many fires every where under them.  lest bechance the holy 
* Sky.  heaven should 
* Conceive [or catch] the flames.  catch the flame 
* From so many, etc.  by so many fires 
r Upon the earth.  [under it] and the whole 
s The axle-tree about which the heaven is said to be turned, put for the whole heaven.  
* axle-tree.  heaven should 
* Begin to burn.  be set on fire.  
He also 
r Calls to mind.  remembreth that 
t Fatum, according to the Stoics, is the decreed order of things, whereby the world is governed necessarily.  
* To be in the destinies or fates.  it was decreed, 
And withal remembered that it was decreed, that such a destruction by fire should come in the end of the world.  
* A time to be present.  that the time should come,  

* In which [time] the sea, in which, the earth & palace [or court] of heaven being catched [by fires] must burn.  Wherein the sea, 
For that the time should come wherein earth, sea, and heavens being set on fire should burn, and the whole frame of the world should be dissolved.  earth, & Palace of heaven being set on fire, should burn, & the 
* Huge mass [or building] of the world so full of work, [or that cost so much labour] must labour [or faint.]  curious frame of the world should be dissolved.  
[His] 
* Darts.  thunderbolts 
* Framed, forged, or hammered.  made by the hands of the 
u The Cyclopians are said to have been jupiters' Smiths which make him thunderbolts. They were giants of Sicily, having but one eye, and that in the midst of their forehead.  Cyclopians are 
r Laid aside to be reserved against the last destruction by fire.  laid up. 
Hereupon he layeth up his thunderbolts forged by his Smiths the Cyclopians.   
A 
* divers.  
r It pleaseth him to have a punishment contrary to that by fire, viz. by water.  contrary punishment pleaseth [him] to destroy 
* The mortal kind.  all mankind 
r By water.  under the water; 
And resolveth of a contrary destruction, viz. To destroy all mankind with a flood of waters: and that chiefly by sending down a mighty rain from every part of heaven.  and to send down 
* Great showers or sudden storms of rain out of all the heaven.  mighty rain from every part of heaven.  
[And 
* To that end.  therefore] he forthwith shuts up the 
x Aquile, the north-wind is so called, because he cometh flying boisterously as an Eagle.  north-wind in the 
* Eolian caves.  caves of 
y Aeolus, is feigned to be the son of jupiter by Acesta● and he is said to be the GOD of the winds, because being Prince of Eolie, he found out much the reason of the winds, & by certain signs to foretell what winds would blow, and so was thought to have the winds at command.  Eolia. 
And to this purpose he presently shuts up the north-wind in the caves of the country of Eolia, where Aeolus rules them.   
And 
* Whatsoever other blasts.  all other winds which 
* Put to flight, or cause to fly away.  drive away the clouds 
r Spread over.  brought in; 
And likewise all other winds which drive away the clouds, and the rain.   
And he sends out the Southwinde. 
And instead of them sends abroad the southwind, the principal procurer of rain.   

z The Southwinde is thus described, because it is commonly wet.  The Southwinde flies abroad 
a The winds are said to have wings, for the swiftness of them.  with wet wings, 
Which is described thus, for the more easy understanding the rainy nature of it.   

* Having covered his terrible, etc. or being covered in respect of his countenance, or as concerning his countenance. Since.  Having his terrible countenance covered with 
* Pitchy darkness, viz. black clouds.  darkness as black as pitch. 
1. That he comes flying with wet wings.  
2. That he hath his countenance terrible & covered with darkness as black as pit●h.   
[His] beard [is] 
* Heavy or full.  loaden with 
* Huge showers or storms.  abundance of rain, 
3. That his beard is loaden with rain, and that rain floweth from his hoary locks, all bedeawed.  the 
* Wave.  water floweth from his 
r White with dew.  hoary 
* Hairs.  locks.  
Little clouds sit in [his] forehead, 
4. That in his forehead sit little clouds, his feathers, bosom, & all distill like dew.  both [his] feathers and bosom 
r Drop down as the dew or send down a dew.  distill like dew.  
And as he 
* Pressed the clouds hanging far and wide, with his hand.  wringed with his hand the clouds hanging all abroad; 
5. That he wrings the clouds in his hand.   

b Fragor is the noise of things broken, ●frango.  
r There followed a crash.  A crash is made, 
Whereupon followeth immediately a wonderful crash, and the rain poureth down abundantly from the sky.  & 
* Dense or thick storms.  huge showers are poured down from the 
r Heaven.  sky.  

c Iris, the rainbow is said to be the messenger of juno and sometimes of jupiter, because appearing after dry weather, she is said to foreshow showers, and after rain fair weather, ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, dico.  The rainbow 
* The messenger of juno having put on divers colours.  juno's messenger 
d She is said to be arrayed with divers colours for the sundry colours of it, made in the clouds by the reflection of the beams of the Sun or Moon.  being arrayed with divers colours, 
And lastly how the rainbow which is said to be the messenger of juno, arrayed in her sundry colours, gathereth water likewise, and ministereth rain unto the clouds.  
r receiveth or gathereth within itself.  conceiveth waters, and 
* Bringeth nourishment unto the clouds, viz. water to fill thin.  affordeth matter unto the clouds. 
Then is set down the effect of all these; that by the violence of the mighty rain,   
The standing corn 
* Are cast thrown down.  is beaten down, 
The standing corn is beaten down every where.  
* And the vows lie deplored [or bewailed, or desperate] to the husbandmen.  and the 
e Vota, may be taken for their corn, which they had begged with many vows and prayers.  hopes of the husbandmen lie altogether desperate: 
And all the hope and labour of the husbandman utterly perisheth.  and also the labour of the long year 
* Made vain, [or becomne vain and fruitless] perisheth.  being frustrate perisheth utterly. 
And besides all these, the Poet showeth, that for the increasing and furthering of this destruction by waters,   
Neither yet 
* The anger of jupiter is content.  is the anger of jupiter content 
r To power down waters only from heaven.  with his own heaven; 
jupiter in his wrath not content only to send down rain from heaven in this manner, Procures moreover his brother Neptune the God of the seas and waters to help him with his forces.  but 
* [His] azure [or sky-coloured] brother, viz. Neptune God of the sea.  [his] azure coloured brother Neptune, helpeth him 
r With the forces of his waves.  with [his] aiding waves.  

r Neptune.  He calleth together 
* The rivers.  the Gods of the 
f Amnis ab ambiendo. Varro.  rivers: 
How Neptune forthwith calls together all the Gods of the rivers.  who after that they 
* Have entered the roofs of their Tyrant.  entered the house of their 
g Tyrant is sometimes taken in the good part for a good King, ruling justly for the good of the subjects.  
* Tyrant, viz. Neptune.  King; we 
* Must not.  are not now, 
To whom so soon as ever they were entered his Palace, and comen into his presence, he speaketh to this purpose,  quoth he, 
That he was not now to use any long exhortation: but that they all presently send out their forces,  to use any long exhortation: power out your forces: 
That they open the fountains of their rivers,  open [your] 
* Houses, viz. the fountains which are said to be the houses of the rivers, or rather of the Gods thereof.  fountains, [for] so there is need; & 
* The great dam [or heap of earth keeping in the water] being removed out of the way.  having removed all hindrances, 

Remove all hindrances which might keep in their waters,  
And give a free liberty to all their streams.   
* Send ye in.  
r Give liberty to all your great rivers to overflow.  give the whole 
h Habenas.] A metaphor from horses which are stayed with bridles.  rains to [all] your streams.  

i Neptune had no sooner commanded but these return.  
r Neptune.  He had [thus] commanded. 
And then followeth their obedience, and readiness, that Neptune had no sooner given this command, but that they all strait return.   

r The Gods of the rivers return.  These return, and 
* Unloose the mouths to their fountains.  set open the mouths of their fountains. 
Set open the mouths of the fountains of their rivers.   
And [so] 
r The great rivers or streams.  they are 
* Rolled.  tumbled into the sea 
* With an unbride. led course, or outrageously.  with a most violent course. 
Whereby the waters flow out with all violence, and are rolled towards the sea in an outrageous manner.   

k As the thunderbolt is ascribed to jupiter, so a three-forked Mace to Neptune, wherewith he smiting the earth maketh it to tremble, and so the earthquake, which is said to be made by the bursting of vapours, or waters out of the earth.  
r Neptune.  He himself [also] smit the earth with his three-forked Mace; 
And moreover, how Neptune also himself smites the earth with his three-forked mace.  
* But it, viz. the earth.  so that it  

r Quaked exceedingly.  Trembled, 
Whereupon it trembleth exceedingly, and presently by the quaking thereof sets open all the passages of the waters, and springs within it.  and 
* Made to lie wide open the ways.  set open the passages of the water 
* With her motion or trembling.  in the moving [thereof.]  
The 
* Great rivers flowing wide and far.  floods running all abroad, 
And hereby the floods run all abroad, and rush through the champain fields.  do rush through the open fields.  
And 
* Snatch away, or whirl away.  
Carry away with all violence.  carry away with violence 
r All manner of trees.  
Groves of trees.  groves of trees, together with the 
* Sown fields.  
Sown Corne.  sown corn, and also cattle, 
cattle.  and men, and 
* Roofs of houses.  
Men.  houses; 
Houses.  and [all] 
* The inward places of their houses where they worshipped their Gods, and so their household Gods also. Here it is taken for all places of worship, as Churches, Chapels, etc.  the places of the worship of their Gods, 
Churches and Chapels.  together with their sacred things. 
Household Gods, with all their sacred things.   
If any house remained 
r Not cast down by the force of the waters.  
If any house remained standing by the strength of it,  uncast down, and could 
* Resist.  withstand so great an evil: yet the 
* Wave.  
Yet the water still increaseth till it cover the tops thereof.  water 
r Being above it.  being higher covereth the 
l The top of the house was called Culmen, à culmo, because they were wont to be thatched with straw.  top 
* Of this.  thereof; and the towers lie hid being 
* Pressed, or co●ered.  
So that the highest Towers are covered and overwhelmed under the vast waters.  overwhelmed under the 
m Gurges, signifieth properly any deep gulf or whirling place in a river.  
* Gulf, or deep waters.  vast waters.  

r There was no difference between sea and land, all was like a Sea.  
And that there was no difference between sea and land.  And now the sea and 
* Earth.  land had no difference;  

r The sea covered all  
But all things were main sea.  All things were 
n Po●tus the sea called Pontus Euxinus here put for the sea in general.  sea, 
* Also the shores were wanting, viz. no shores did appear.  even the very shores were wanting to the sea. 
No shores appearing any where.  
Then followeth that lamentable sight,   

* This [man]  
That one gets up into a hill to save himself.  One man 
* Occupieth, or possesseth, viz. taketh a hill.  gets up into a hill, another sits in a 
o The boat is called crooked, because both the forepart and hinderpart are so commonly, and other parts of it.  
Another sits in a boat to preserve life,  crooked boat:  
And 
* Draweth [or guideth] his rudders there, or thither.  
Rowing where he had ploughed but hard before.  roweth there, where he had ploughed of late.  

r Another [man.]  
And sailing over not only standing Corn, but also tops of Villages overflown,  He sails 
* Upon.  over the standing corn, or the 
* [Over] the tops.  top of 
r A Village drowned  a drowned farm: 
* He, viz. another man.  
That now they might catch fish sitting in the tops of trees.  another catcheth fish in the top of an Elm.  

r The iron which the Mariners cast down into the sea by a cab●e to stay their ships.  
The anchors of their ships are fastened in the green meadows instead of the bottom of the sea.  The Anchor is fastened in the green meadow, 
* So fortune carried it, or would have it, or so it happened.  as it fell out:  
Or the crooked 
p The Keels or bottoms of the ships put for the whole ships.  
r Ships.  
The keels of their ships float over the vineyards, lying drowned under them.  keels 
r Go over the vineyards.  do cover the 
r Places set with Vines.  vineyards lying under them.  
And where 
* Even now or a little before.  
And where of late Goats and other cattle did feed.  of late the 
r Nimble.  slender Goats 
* Have cropped grass.  did feed;  

* There now.  
There sea-calves and other like Monsters of the sea do wallow now.  There the 
r Filthy & great.  ill-favoured sea-calves do now 
r Wallow.  lay their bodies.  

q Nereids. sea Nymphs so called of Nereus their father.  
r The sea Nymphs.  
The very sea-nymphs do wonder to see the groves, Cities, and houses under the water.  The nymphs of the sea do wonder at the groves, and Cities, and houses under the water: also the Dolphins 
* Hold or possess the woods.  
The great Dolphins and other huge fishes of the sea dwell, as birds in the woods,  abide in the woods, and 
* Do oft run in, to the high branches.  
Swim up and down amongst the boughs of the trees,  do run up and down amongst the thick boughs, and beat upon 
r The Oaks tossed with the waters.  
And beat in their swimming against the Oaks tossed in the waters.  the tossed Oaks.  
The Wolf swimmeth amongst the sheep; 
The Wolves and Lions swim amongst the sheep.  the water carrieth the 
* Browne or weefill coloured.  tawny coloured Lions.  
The water 
* Carrieth.  
Neither doth their wonderful swiftness help the Tigers,  beareth away the 
r The force of the wild Boar, who is carried with so great violence against the hunter, that he may seem to have the very power of the thunderbolt, or lightning.  
r The Tiger is a be●●● of wonderfulness  
Nor fierceness the Boar, though his violent rage be like the thunderbolt.  Tigers, neither doth the 
s This may be understood also of the 〈◊〉 of the Boar, wherewith he smiteth and 〈◊〉 like a thunderbolt.  force of the thunderbolt [help] the Boar.  

* Neither.  
Nor yet the light legs ought avail the Stag.  Nor yet do the swift legs 
* Profit.  avail the 
r Hart.  Stag being 
* Taken away.  carried away [with the waters.]  

r All sorts of birds, or more specially the Swallow, which in flight most wanders up and down.  
The poor bird having long wandered up and down with weary wings, yet at length falleth into the sea, finding no place at all for rest or succour.  The bird likewise wandering with weary wings falleth down into the Sea, 
* The earth's being sought long where she may stand or stay.  having long sought the earth where she might rest.  

* The unmeasurable liberty.  
The outrageous waters covered all the lesser hills.  The outrageous swelling of the Sea had 
* Overwhelmed the lesser hills.  covered the 
t Tum●lus à tumours.  hills.  
And 
r The great and unusual waters.  
And new surges still arising, beat upon the tops of the highest mountains.  the (r) new waves 
* Beat against.  beat upon the tops of the mountains.  
The greatest part [of men] is 
* Snatched away.  
Finally, for mankind, the greatest part thereof is violently whirled & carried quite away by the waters.  whirled away violently by the water: 
r They who escaped drowning, perished with hunger.  whom the water spared,  
Those long 
* Long fastings do tame [or subdue] them with a helpless [or succourless] living.  
And if any bechance scape the violence of the waters, yet they languish away with long fasting, and utterly perish for want of food.  fasting doth overcome through lack of 
r Sustenance.  
Here the Poet having thus showed the general destruction of all things by this deluge, proceedeth now to show how only Deucalion and Pyrrha, were preserved, by whom mankind was repaired; and first setteth down the place where they were preserved viz. in the mountain Parnassus, in the country of Phocis: which Phocis is described that it did lie between the Aonians and Acteans, severing them. 2. That it was a fruitful land whilst it remained a land.  food.  

u Here followeth a description of the mountain Parnassus. in the top whereof Deucalion and Pyrrha were preserved, by whom after mankind was repaired.  
x Some make this an Hypallage. That the Aonians separate Phocis from the Acteans or Athenians, according to the tables of the Geographers.  
* Phocis' a fruitful land, whilst it was a land, etc. severeth.  Phocis 
* Separateth, or divideth.  severeth the 
r Boetians.  Aonians from the 
r Athenean fields, or fields of Act where Athens stood, or the country of Attica.  Actean fields.  

r Which was.  [It was] a fruitful 
r Country.  land whilst it 
* Hath been, or was.  remained a land, 
* But [it was] a part of the sea at that time, and etc.  but at that time,  
A part of the sea & a 
r Large or spacious.  
But that at this time it was all overflown and like unto the main sea.  broad field of sudden waters.  

Al Where the mountain Parnassus being high, with two tops. . 
3. That in this country stood the hill Parnassus, which is also described  Where the mount 
r Named Parnassus.  Parnassus by name, 
* A high hill.  
1. By the height, that it did seem to reach almost to the stars.  reacheth almost unto the 
* Seeketh or goeth up unto the stars, or ascendeth.  stars, 
2. By the tops. That it had two tops, the height whereof went above the clouds.  with two tops, and 
* Celestial signs or skies.  goeth above the clouds with his 
* Goeth beyond.  
And only this mountain remained uncovered of the waters, by reason of the height.  height.  

y This seemeth to be a plain allusion to the resting of the Ark of Noah, upon the mountain of Ararat.  
* Top.  Whenas Deucalion being carried in a little 
* Where, or here where Deucalion.  
How Deucalion and Pyrrha his wife, carried in a little ship, stayed here upon this mountain.  ship 
* Boat or Lighter.  
* With the consort or companion of his bed, or bed fellow.  
Ratis is most properly a Lighter, made of pieces of timber, pioned together, whereon hay or other like things are dragged or drawn with horses on Rivers.  together with his wife, 
* Sticked here.  stayed here, for the sea had covered the rest;  

Al They adore Nymphs of Coryceus. . 
And how first when they were comen to land; in token of their thankfulness, and to pacify and obtain the favour and help of the Gods, they adored the Nymphs and Gods of that mountain, to whom it was consecrat●ed.  He adoreth the 
z Coryceus is a cave in the hill Parnassus, dedicated to the Nymphs.  (r) Corycidane Nymphs, and the 
* Divine powers of the mountain, viz. Apollo, B●cchus, and the Muses to which Parnassus was consecrated.  Gods of the Mountain,  
And 
a Themis jupiters' sister' (of whom he begat Minerva) Goddess of justice, commanding men to ask nothing of the Gods, but that which was lawful and meet, whereof she had her name of 〈◊〉 sas or justum.  
r Themis the foreteller of the secrets of the destinies.  Themis the destinieteller, 
And especially Themis the Goddess of justice, who at that time was Lady and precedent of the Oracles, and gave answers unto them who sought for help, or to know secrets of the Gods, as Apollo did after.  who at that time 
b Themis is 〈◊〉 to be the chief gevetr our of the Oracles▪ viz of Religion, 〈…〉 reason which is in 〈◊〉 doth teach all sons that there is a God, and that this God is of due to be worshipped: and doth maintain this opinion, being engraven in the minds of men, by the general consent of all Nations; as Tully saith. vid. Sabin.  
* Held the Oracles, or gave answer concerning the destinies as Apollo did after.  gave answers from the Gods.  

* There was not any man better than he.  
Here the Poet setteth out first that holiness and integrity of these two parties who were thus preserved by whom mankind was so repaired, to whom also the Gods had such respect.  There was not a better man than he, 
* Nor more loving equity or justice.  or one that more loved equity; or any one 
* More reverencing the Gods [or a more devout worshipper of the Gods.]  
That there were not any better in the earth than they, nor any more just or more devout, and more true worshippers of God.  that more reverenced the Gods than she.  
After that jupiter seeth 
* The globe or compass of the earth.  
And secondly, that hereupon jupiter, seeing the world thus overflown as a pond.  the world 
r To stand all overflown as a fen.  to stand as a pond with 
r Waters standing all abroad as in a fen.  liquid fens,  
And one only man to remain 
Al Of so many thousands even now. . 
And only one man and one woman to be left alive of all the world, and all alone;  of so many 
r Thousand men.  thousands,  
And only one woman to be remaining of so many thousands,  
Both of them 
r Innocent.  
And these two both of them most harmless creatures, & most devout worshippers of God:  harmless, both 
* Worshippers of the divine power or God.  devout worshippers of God;  
He 
* Cast asunder, severed or scattered.  
He in compassion disperseth the clouds;  dispersed the clouds, and 
* Great showers [or tempestuous weather] being removed with the north-wind.  
And drives away the rain with the north-wind.  having removed the mighty rain with the 
c The north-wind scattereth the clouds, and bringeth fair weather.  north-wind,  
He showeth both the 
r Lands.  
And so begins to clear both the heaven and the earth by removing the clouds from the skies, and the waters from off the face of the earth, that both heaven and earth might be seen to one another.  earth 
* To heaven, and the sky to the lands, viz, the waters which had covered all being removed.  unto the heavens, and the heavens unto the earth.  
Neither doth the 
* Anger viz. viclent overflowing.  
He abateth also the rage of the seas.  rage of the sea 
* Remain or abide.  continue:  

* And also the triple pointed [or three-forked] dart being laid away, [or being put to it] the sea assuageth [or calmeth] the waters.  
His brother Neptune also, who had so helped in increasing the flood, he layeth aside his triple-forked Mace,  And also Neptune 
Al Using his three-forked Mace. . having laid aside 
d The three-forked Mace is ascribed to Neptune, as is thought of some, for the three parts of the world which the Ocean sea compasseth about, and for that in places near the sea are oft earthquakes, and inund●●ons with the earthquake: and thereupon is Neptune 〈◊〉 to smite the earth with his three-forked mace, as before.  his three— forked Mace, 
Assuageth the waters.  assuageth the waters: 
Calleth forth his Trumpetour Triton.  and calleth forth [that] 
* Sky coloured, or Sea coloured.  azure coloured Triton [his Trumpeter] appearing above 
* The deep [Sea.]  
Who strait appears upon the sea,  the deep, and 
* Covered upon his shoulders, or in respect of his shoulders. Synec.  
Having upon him a rob of a native purple colour.  having his shoulders covered with 
r A purple rob.  a native 
e Murex is a shellfish, of the blood whereof purple colour is made, here put for the colour itself, or a rob died with that colour.  purple colour; and commands him to 
f Triton is a sea-monster, like unto a man in the upper part, and in the neither part like unto a fish; he is of a sky colour, & hath a shell like unto the great Cockle. He is fined to be Neptune's Trumpeter, who by a sound can assuage the seas. And the reason thereof is, because he both soundeth loud in a shell, and when he is heard, or appeareth, he than foreshoweth a calm to follow.  
Him he commands to sound a retreat to the floods and streams, therewith to recall them all.  blow with [his] sounding shell, and now to recall the 
* Waves and floods.  floods and streams 
* A sign being given [that they may return,] or a retreat being sounded.  by [this] sign given unto them.  

g Triton's Trumpet described.  
r Triton.  
* A hollow Trumpet is taken to him, [or of him.]  
He forthwith takes his Trumpet.  He taketh unto himself [his] hollow Trumpet writhen 
* Into wideness or a broad compass.  wider and wider, 
* Which increaseth from the lowest top [or mouth, or point] like the sharp end of a top.]  which waxeth bigger like unto a top from the very smallest end.  

* [His] trumpet [I say is taken]  
Which so soon as he had set unto his bedeawed mouth, & that it felt his blast,  [His] trumpet [I say] which 
r So soon as it began to be blown [or to sound.]  so soon as it conceiveth the 
* Air or wind.  blast in the midst of the sea, Filleth with the 
* Voice.  
It filled with the sound of it all the shores lying under the whole heaven.  sound [all] the shores lying under 
* Both Phoebus, viz. the sun rising and setting, or both East and West, or all between the East and West, and so under the whole heaven.  compass of the Sun.  
Then also 
* After that.  so soon (r) as it touched the 
* Mouths of the God, viz. of Triton.  mouth of the God 
r Triton had set the trumpet unto his mouth, distilling with his wet beard.  distilling like the dew with his wet beard, and being 
r Blown in, sang.  blown, sounded the commanded retreits,  
It was heard 
* To all, viz. by and throughout all the waters.  
So that it was heard of all the waters, both in the land and sea.  of all the waves both of land and sea.  
And of what 
* Waves.  
And so soon as ever it was heard of them, it forthwith repressed them all;  waters soever it was heard, it [forthwith] repressed them all.  
And now hath the Sea [his] 
* Shore.  
That immediately the Sea cometh within the shores again.  shores [again;] the channel 
* Taketh or receiveth, or keepeth within the compass of it.  containeth the full 
r Streams.  
The rivers return & run within their channels.  rivers.  
The floods 
r Are diminished, and not so deep.  
All the floods do settle down; and as it were, little hills begin to appear.  settle down, [and] the little hills do seem to 
* Go forth, or they do appear.  come forth.  
The ground ariseth, 
The ground ariseth, waxing broader.  places 
r Wax greater and broader as the waters diminish.  do increase, the 
* Waves.  
The waters fall, waxing narrower.  waters decreasing.  

* Also the woods show their naked tops after a long season.  
So that after a long time, the woods begin to show their naked tops;  And after a long 
h 〈…〉 in foeminino usi 〈…〉 pro tempore.  time the woods show their 
r uncovered, and without leaves.  naked tops, and 
* Hold.  
Having still the mud hanging in their boughs.  keep the mud left In their 
* Bow, branch, or leaf.  boughs.  

* The globe or compass of the earth, or upper face,  
And finally the world is restored again, that the face of the earth doth all appear.  The world 
r is to be seen again.  was restored: which after that Deucalion saw 
* Open, viz. empty of man and beast.  
Which when Deucalion saw how it was empty, and desolate, and silent,  it made bare,  
And also the 
r Left alone, or desolate of man and beast.  desolate 
* Earth's.  earth 
* To do [or keep] deep silences.  to be altogether silent, he speaks thus unto Pyrtha, 
He speaks thus unto Pyrrha with the tears arising in his eyes.  the tears 
* Risen, or arising.  standing [in his eyes.]  

i A pathetical speech, and full of affection, whereby Deucalion endeavoureth to bind Pyrrha mere firmly unto him; and to move her to consult for the repair of mankind.  
k Deucalion and Pyrrha were brethren's children: for jatheth as they say had two sons, Prometheus, of whom came Deucalion, and Epimetheus, of whom was Pyrrha. And so he calleth her sister in most kind sort, for that near bond, and after the ancient manner.  
Oh my sister, my dearest wife, oh woman only left alive,  Oh sister, oh [my] wife, oh the only woman 
r Survivor of all womankind.  remaining alive,  
Whom the common stock and 
* Original of cosingermen, descended from two brethren, viz. Prometheus, and Epimetheus.  
Whom so near a descent, even from the same Grandfather, and afterwards the marriage bed, and now also these very present dangers have thus joined together:  descent from the same Grandfather, & afterwards the 
r Marriage.  bed hath joined unto me, 
* Now the very dangers do join.  and now also these very dangers do join together:  
We two are the whole company of [all] the lands, 
Thou seest that we two are all the company that are left alive in all the world.  which soever 
* The setting and rising [of the Sun] do see.  the West and East do see; the Sea 
* Hath possessed the rest.  
The sea having utterly swept away all other living creatures.  hath 
l Caetera animant●●a.  all other living creatures.  
Moreover, 
And moreover, that this stay of our life is very uncertain.  this 
r Trust or stay.  confidence of our life is not yet 
r Certain.  
And how every little cloud doth now terrify our hearts.  sure enough; now 
* Even the clouds.  even the very clouds do terrify [our] mind.  

* Oh [woman] to be pitied, what mind could be to thee now, if thou hadst been  
Oh poor soul, what a heart wouldst thou now have had, if thou hadst escaped alone without me?  Ah poor soul to be pitied, what a heart shouldest thou now have had, if thou hadst been 
* Delivered from the destinies without me?  preserved alone without me? 
* Snatched from the fates.  
How shouldest thou have been able to have endured this fear?  how couldst thou alone 
* By what means.  endure [this] fear? 
* Bear the fear.  
* By whom comforting [couldst thou endure these] griefs?  
Whom shouldest thou have had to have comforted thee in thy griefs?  by whose comfort [couldst thou abide these] griefs?  
For why? I myself, 
As for myself (my dearest wife) if the sea had taken thee away, I would certainly have followed thee, and it should have had me too.  (my [dear] wife believe me) if the Sea had thee 
* Also, viz. in like manner as the rest of the creatures.  likewise, would follow thee, and the sea should have me too.  

m Prometheus (●s is said before) form the earth unto the image of man, and put into it a heavenly soul.  
And for mankind, that is thus destroyed, oh would to God I were able to repair it, by my ancient Father Prometheus' skill, and to infu●e souls as he did into the form earth.  Oh that I were able to 
r Renew, or restore again.  repair the people by my Father's 
* Arts.  skill, & 
* To power in.  infuse souls into 
* The earth being form [or framed] viz. into the shapes of men.  the form earth.  
Now [all] 
* The mortal kind.  
For now all mankind remaineth in us two.  mankind remaineth in us twain.  
[For] so it hath 
* Seemed good to.  pleased the Gods, 
So it hath been the good pleasure of the Gods.  and we remain 
r Only patterns.  
And we remain the only patterns of the same.  samples of men.  

* He had spoken.  
And thus Deucalion ended his speech.  He had thus made an end of his speech, 
The Poet having thus lively set out the emphatical speech of Deucalion, concerning the restoring of mankind, proceedeth to show the effects which followed.  and they [both] wept.  

* It pleased [them].  Then they thought it good to pray unto the heavenly 
* Divine power.  
How they both wept.  God, and to seek his aid by the 
n Sacrae sorts] were taken for such answers and prophecies as were drawn out by lot, and were known by the lots.  
And thought this the only means for effecting hereof;  sacred 
* Lots.  
First, to pray to the heavenly God, and to seek his aid herein by the sacred Oracles.  Oracles.  

* There is no delay.  They made no longer delay: 
* They go unto.  
And secondly, how they made no longer stay, but went both together forthwith to the river Cephisus, a river hard by, flowing out of the bottom of the hill where they were.  
And there, though the water thereof was not yet clear, but only gotten in, and running within the channel,  they go together to 
* The Cephisidan waters.  the waters of 
o Cephisus is a river flowing out of the bottom of Parnass●s, sneer unto which the temple of Themis stood.  Cephisus.  

* And not as yet liquid, viz. clear or pure [but muddy]  Although not* clear as yet, but now [only] 
r Keeping within their channels or known banks.  cutting the known fords.  

* And then so soon as they have bedeawed [or sprinkled] the liquors tasted [or drawn up.]  
Yet they sprinkled of the same upon their clothes and heads.  From thence so soon as they had sprinkled the waters lightly touched  

* To their garments and head.  Upon their clothes & head, 
r They go.  
And thence turned presently unto the Temple of the sacred Goddess Themis, which stood near thereunto.  they turn their steps unto the 
p Delubrum, is conjectured to be of Deus (ut candelabrum, à candela) a place where any God was worshipped: or of diluendo, because the Heathens used to sprinkle them before they prayed or worshipped in them.  
* Place of worship, or chapel.  Temple of the sacred 
r Themis.  Goddess, the 
* Tops of which were foul [or filthy or overgrown.]  roof whereof of 
The roof whereof was all, as overgrown with moss, filthy and loathsome,  was loathsome with filthy moss, and 
r The altars of Themis.  [her] Altars stood without 
* Fires.  
And her Altars stood without fire.  fire.  

* As they have touched.  Assoon as they touched the 
* Steps, or greeces.  
And thirdly, how assoon as they touched the stairs of the temple, both of them fell down humbly upon their faces,  stairs of the Temple, both of them 
* Lieth down, or falls down.  fall down,  

* groveling, or flat on their faces.  Humbly upon the ground, and 
* Being in great fear.  
And trembling kiss the stones thereof.  trembling, 
* Gave kisses to the cold stone.  
And finally thus they make their prayer unto Themis:  kissed the cold 
r Stones of the stairs.  stone.  
And thus they spoke: If the 
r Gods,  
If the Gods can be overcomn by the prayers of the just, if they can be appeased and their anger assuaged,  divine powers being overcomne 
* With just prayers, viz. with prayers of just men.  with the prayers of the just, 
* Wax mild, or do relent.  begin to be appeased again: if the anger of the Gods be 
* Bowed, viz. can be moved, or pacified.  assuaged,  
Oh Themis tell [us] by what 
* Art, viz. skill o● r means.  
Oh Themis tell us by what means the loss of our kind may be repaired, and help (Ogracious Goddess) for the restoring of all things again.  device the loss of our 
r Stock or kindred, viz. mankind.  kind 
* Is repairable, or is to be repaired, or may be repaired, or restored.  may be repaired; and oh most 
r Gentle or gracious.  mild [Goddess] 
* Bring help to, or relieve, or renew,  bring [some] help to 
* The things drowned.  mankind being thus destroyed.  
The Goddess is moved [at their prayers] & 
* Gave a lot, viz. an answer from the Oracle.  
Hereupon the Goddess is moved with compassion at their prayers, and gives them this answer;  gives [them] [this] answer, 
Depart ye out of the Temple.  Depart ye out of the temple;  
And 
r Hide.  
Cover your heads, and let your garments lose.  cover your 
* Head.  heads, 
* And unloose your garments being girt, or slack them.  & withal unloose your garments,  
And [then] 
And then cast the bones of your great mother behind your backs.  cast the bones of [your] great 
* Parent or grandmother.  mother behind your back.  

* They were amazed long, viz. wondering what the answer should mean.  
At this strange answer they stood both amazed long;  They stood amazed long; but 
* Pyrrha the former broke the silences with her voice, viz. spoke first.  
But Pyrrha breaking off the silence first, refuseth to obey this commandment of the Goddess,  Pyrrha breaks off the silence first, and refuseth to obey the 
r Hest.  commandment of the Goddess.  
And 
* Prayeth with a fearful mouth.  
Beseeching her with a trembling voice, that she would pardon her therein, for not doing as she commanded, for that she feared exceedingly to hurt her mother's soul; by casting of her bones in such manner behind her back.  beseecheth [her] with a trembling voice, 
* That she may give pardon to her.  that [she] would pardon her, 
* And.  for that she feareth exceedingly  
To hurt [her] 
* Mother's shadows or ghosts.  mothers ghost, 
* Her bones being [so] cast or hurled.  by casting of her bones.  
In the mean time they 
r Repeat with themselves, viz. meditate.  
And yet in the mean time, they both of them oft repeat, and seriously can between themselves the words of the Oracle, which were so obscure with secret mysteries.  repeat and 
* Roll often, or toss in examining and pondering in their minds.  scan between themselves the words of the 
* Lot being given.  answer which was given being obscure with 
* Blind.  dark 
* Holes▪ or secret & hidden things.  mysteries.  

q Prometheus and Fo●metheus, are 〈◊〉 to have bee●e brothers, sons of ●aphet, as 〈◊〉 said. Prometheus signifieth one who is vi●, following reason, and so taketh advice before, or providing before, of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 consi●ium. Epimetheus, one following sense & reason foolish, taking counsel after the deed.  
And then begins Deucalion to comfort his dear wife with these sweet words;  And then 
* Prome●hides, Prometheus' son, viz. Deu●a●ion the son of Prometheus.  Deucalion comforts 
* Epimethides, viz. Pyrrha, Epimetheus daughter.  Pyrrha [his wife] with these 
* Pleasing or gentle words.  sweet words:  

* And either.  
Either (quoth he) my judgement deceiveth me much,  Either, quoth he, 
* Our cunning [or wit] is deceitful to us, or the depth is hid from us.  our judgement deceiveth us;  
Or the 
* Oracles are godly.  
Or the answer of the Goddess is holy, and persuadeth us to no such impiety at all, much less to such as the words may import.  answers are holy, & 
r Command.  
* Persuade no wickedness or unlawful thing.  persuade us to no impiety.  
The great mother is 
r The earth is rightly called the great mother, for that all things in it both li●ing, and without, life are bred of it, and for that it nourisheth all living things, and receiveth all things, dying, as into the bosom of it.  
I suppose that by the great mother is meant the earth, and by the bones the stones in the body thereof.  the earth: I suppose the stones in the body of the earth to be called bones; 
And that we are commanded to cast those stones behind our backs.  we are commanded to cast these behind our backs.  
Although 
s Titania a name of Pyrrha, niece or grandchild to japhet, the son of Titan, who was the Son of Coelum and Vesta.  
* Titania is.  
Now although Pyrrha was much moved at this conjecture of her husband; and both of them hoped well it might be so;  Pyrrha be moved by this 
* Divination or interpretation.  conjecture of her husband;  
Yet 
* [Their] hope is in doubt, viz. they hope doubtfully, or distrusting.  
Yet they were still doubtful, and both distrust in some sort the heavenly Oracle.  their hope is doubtful, and still both of them distrust the heavenly 
* Admonition or counsel.  
Notwithstanding thus they begin to reason with themselves;  Oracle: but what shall it hurt [them] 
* To try.  
What can it hurt us to make a trial hereof?  to make a trial?  
They depart & 
* Veile.  
Thereupon they depart, and as they were enjoined,  cover [their] 
* Head.  
They cover their heads,  heads, & 
* Let loose [their] coats.  
Lose their garments,  ungirde their garments,  
And 
* Send.  
Cast stones behind their backs.  cast the 
t This is thought to be feigned thereupon, that Deucalion a King of Thessaly, after a great ●oud, wherewith all Greece is said to have been overflown, is reported to have instructed the rude and savage people, and to have framed them by good laws to put away their fierce, hard & untractable natures: and so to have caused them to leave the stony rocks and caves wherein they then lived, casting them as it were behind their backs, and to have gathered into companies, and built them Cities.  stones commanded behind their 
* Footsteps.  backs.  
The stones (who can believe this but that anquitie 
r Hath witnessed it.  
And forthwith the stones (a matter incredible, but that antiquity doth give certain testimony unto it)  is witness?)  
Began to 
* Put away.  
Begin to lay away their natural hardness.  lay away [their] hardness, and their 
* Rigour, sturdiness or roughness.  
Or rather it is feigned of the Poets only to signify the depravation or perverseness of soul and body, or of man's nature.  stiffness,  
And to be 
* Made soft.  
To soften by little & little,  softened 
* By delay.  by little and little, and being softened 
* To lead.  
And to take a shape.  to take a shape.  

* straightway, whenas.  
Yea so, as some shape of man begins to appear;  By and by 
* They have increased or waxed bigger.  they increased 
* And a softer nature happened unto them.  and received a softer nature, 
* As.  that some shape of man 
* May.  might be seen, 
* So.  
Although not very manifest at the first,  though not 
* Manifest or apparent enough.  [very] manifest, but as [an image made] of Marble newly begun,  

* Not exact [or perfect] enough.  
Yet like images wrought in marble when they are newly begun, only rough hewn, and not finished:  Not yet finished, and most like 
* Rude or rough.  
And most like unto impolished pictures.  impolished 
* Signs, viz. images or statues roughly hewn.  pictures.  
Yet what part of them was moist with any 
r Moisture.  
And what part of the stones was moist and earthy,  juice,  
And also earthy, 
That is turned into flesh and blood.  is turned into 
r Flesh.  the use of the body:  

* What thing, or what part.  What is solid and cannot be bowed, 
The solid parts into bones.  is changed into bones.  

* What [part] hath been.  What was 
* Even now.  lately a vein, 
The veins of the stones into veins of the body.  remained under the same name.  

* And so the stones sent by the hands of the man, drew the face of men in a short time by the divine power of the Gods.  And [so] in a short space by the power of the Gods, 
And thus in a short space, through the mighty power of the Gods.  the stones  

* Sent,  Cast by the hands 
* Of Deucalion.  of the man, 
The stones cast by the hands of the man are made men.  
r Received the proportion and nature of men.  took the shape of men.  
And the woman 
* Is.  was repaired 
r By the stones which the woman cast behind her.  by the woman's casting [of stones behind her.] 
A●d those cast by the hands of the woman are made women.   
Thereupon we are a hard kind and 
* Having such experience [or pro●fe] of labours, or so able to endure toil and hardness.  so experienced in labours. 
Whereupon it is com●e to pass, that we are so hard a kind.   
And [thereby] do give 
* Documents or demonstration.  experiments 
u Hence it is said to be that the Grecians call the people 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a s●o●e.  
* Of what original we are bred, viz. whereof we are made.  from whence we have had our beginning. 
And do give continual experiments from whence we have had our beginning, even from stones.    

FAB. VIII.  
Of the restoring of the Creatures, by the sliminess of the earth and warmness of the Sun, and the kill of 
r The serpent or dragon.  the 
a By the Python or dragon bred after the flood, of the moist earth, is meant the ●otten, noisome and pestilent vapours, which were caused by the inundation and general deluge, until they were consumed by the beams of the Sun, signified by Apoll●es shafts.  Python bred amongst them, by Apollo's shafts, in the remembrance whereof the Pythian games were ordained.  

b That living creatures may 〈…〉 the moist 〈…〉 warm by the heat of the Sun, he showeth that Egypt is a witness; where, after the inundation of Nilus, the clo●● are changed into divers shapes of living creatures by the power of the s●nne.   
THe earth brought 
In this Fable the Poet proceedeth to show the repairing of the rest of the creat●res.  forth 
r Other living creatures.  the rest of the living creatures, 
These are here inserted by the Poet, not only to show the restoring of the rest of the creatures, but also for the more fit knitting hereto of the next fable of Daphne turned into a Laurel.  in diverse 
* Forms.  shapes of it own 
r Nature.  accord, 

1. How mankind being thus restored, the earth brought forth the rest of the living creatures, of all sorts, and that of it own accord.  
And secondly, the means and manner thereof.  
That so soon as the moist earth began to wax warm by the heat of the sun.  
And especially the mud in fenny places,   after that the old 
* Humour or moist earth.  moisture 
* Waxed thoroughly warm, or very hot.  began to be thoroughly warm 
* From.  by the 
* Fire.  fervent heat of the sun; and also the mud and the moist fens  

* Have swelled.  Began to swell with heat, 

Began to swell by the heat thereof,  
The seeds of all things being in the same earth,   & the fruitful seeds of [all] things  
Being nourished 
r In the earth ministering life.  in the 
* Quickening.  lively soil as in the 
* Belly.  womb of [their] mother, 
And nourished in that lively soil, as in the womb of their mother,   
Increased, 
Increased, and took sundry shapes by little and little.  and took some 
* Face or form.  shape 
* By delaying, staying or tarrying, or by little and little.  by continuance of time. 
This he declareth by a similitude, and an instance of the like in Egypt, by the means of the river Nilus.   
Even as when 
c Nilus is thought to be so named, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nowm lutum, new clay or mud, because it overflowing every year, carrieth with it new mud, whereby the fields are manured and made exceeding fruitful, and whereof these creatures are said to be bred.  Nilus, 
* Having seven streams or currents.  which floweth into the sea by 7 mouths, 
That even as when Nilus that great river of Egypt, running into the Sea by seven streams, hath overflown their fields, and is returned again within his banks,  hath 
* Forsaken.  left the 
* Wet fields.  fields all wet, 
* And hath restored his floods to the ancient channel.  and brought again [his] 
* Floods or current.  streams into his ancient 
d Alueo Synaeresis.  channel, 
* Channel or watercourse.   
And the 
r New mud or slime, or moist earth.  fresh mud hath waxen very hot by the 
e The sun is specially so called athere●●idus, because of the heat and influence of it above the rest of the stars.  
* Fiery sign or star.  heavenly Sun, 
And that the fresh mud left behind it, hath waxen warm by the beams and influence of the sun.   
The 
* tilers [of the ground or husbandmen]  plowmen 
* The clods being turned over.  turning over the clods do find very many living creatures; 
The husbandmen as they plough and turn over the clods, do find very many living creatures caused thereby.  and 
* They see in these.  amongst these they see some only begun, 
And amongst the same, some they see only begun to be form, according to the short time they have had to be bred in.  
* By the very space of breeding, viz. according to the time of their breeding.  according to the short space of [their] breeding, 
Some unperfect, and as it were cut off by the shoulders.  some unperfect, and 
* Cut short, viz. wanting shoulders or heads.  cut off by their shoulders: 
And ofttimes they behold one part of the same creature living, another part thereof still remaining a very lump of earth altogether without shape or form.  
* And one part oft times liveth in the same body.  and oft times in the same body one part liveth, another part 
* Is.  remaineth 
r unformed or vnsha●e●●a●th.  rude earth.  
Because 
* Where, or when as.  so soon as both the moisture and heat have 
* Taken.  received 
r A right mixed proportion.  a temper, 
Then he setteth down the reason hereof: for that so soon as moisture and heat have once received a right temper or mixture, they strait conceive, and so of these two are all things bred.  they conceive, and all things 
* Do arise.  are bred of these 
r Moisture and heat.  two.  

* And whereas fire is a fighter [or adversary] to the water, a moist vapour doth create all things.  And although the fire be contrary to water, 
And that although fire be contrary to water yet a moist vapour, wherein moisture and native heat are rightly mixed, doth breed all things, and s●ch a disagreeing concord is fit for increase of all young things.  
f Heat and moisture separate, do naturally disagree: but being mixed together rightly, they agree well, and are most apt for breeding all things.  yet 
r Viz. moisture & heat mixed.  a moist 
r Heat or warmness.  vapour doth breed all things, and a disagreeing concord is fit 
* Create, make, or fashion.  for increase.  
Therefore 
* For young ones, or things to be bred, or brought forth.  so soon as the earth being 
* Where, or when as.  slimy by the late flood, 
Afterwards he cometh to apply th●s, to prove the truth of the manner of the repairing of all things.  waxed warm by the heavenly 
* Muddy, dirty, fairy.  
* Suns, viz. the continual shining and beams thereof.  Sun, and by the 
* High heat, or piercing deep.  heat from above, 
That even in like sort so soon as the earth being all muddy and slimy by the late overflowing, began to wax thoroughly warm by the Sun beams & heavenly influence,   
It brought forth innumerable 
* Shapes.  kinds, 
It brought forth innumerable kinds of living creatures.  and partly 
r Represented.  restored again the ancient 
* Figures.  forms, 
Partly restoring again the ancient sorts which had been formerly;  partly 
r Bred or fashioned.  created new 
r Misshapen things.  monsters. 
And partly creating new monsters which had never been before.   
It indeed 
* Would not.  was unwilling [to breed 
* Them.  such,] 
And that, howsoever it was utterly unwilling to breed such misshaped and ugly creatures,  
* But oh thou greatest serpent, it begot thee then also.  but yet it bred 
g Apostrophe.  thee also at that time, 
Yet at the very same time it brought forth that huge deformed dragon, called the Python.  oh thou 
r By the Python is meant the abundance of pestilent vapours caused by the deluge (as is said before): it hath the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, putre●acio, because they were bred of the rottenness of the earth, consumed by the beams coming from the circle of the sun, as from a bow, Vid. Sup.  most huge 
h By the Python is meant the abundance of pestilent vapours caused by the deluge (as is said before): it hath the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, putre●acio, because they were bred of the rottenness of the earth, consumed by the beams coming from the circle of the sun, as from a bow, Vid. Sup.  Python; and [thou] 
* Oh unknown serpent.  serpent being unknown [formerly] waste a terror to the 
* New.  new-bred people: 
Which having been altogether unknown before, became a terror unto that new-bred people, for that his body covered such a space and compass of the mount where he lay.  thou 
* Heldest or occupiedst.  coveredst 
r So great a compass of the mount Parnassus, where thou wast form.  such a space of the mountain.  

i Apollo was painted with a bow and quiver. By him war meant the Sun which destroyeth all noisome vapours with his beams, as with arrows.  
* The God holding the bow.  Apollo killed this Serpent being 
* Heavy.  loaden with a thousand 
* Darts  shafts, 
* His quiver almost drawen●out [or spent] viz. emptied.  having almost spent his 
Now this great and mighty serpent Apollo slew, with a thousand shafts, until he had almost spent his whole quiver upon him, although he had never used those before, unless against Bucks and Does.  whole quiver, although [he had] never used such like 
r Darts.  weapons before, except 
* In [kill] deer.  amongst 
r Bucks and D●es.  Deer, and swift 
r Wild Goats.  Roes; 
* His poison being poured out through [or by] his black wounds.  so that his poison was shed out [by them] through 
k Here seemeth to be an Hypallage, the black wounds for the black poison running out of his wounds; or else it may be properly, because poison maketh the part which is poisoned to be black.  black wounds. 
Yet he so pierced him with these, that all his black and deadly poison powered out, & so was shed by the wounds made thereby.   
And lest that 
* Ancientness or time.  long continuance of time might blot out the 
* Fame.  famous memory 
r Of this staying of this dragon.  of [this] work; 
And lest that by tract of time, the memory of this famous victory & happy work should utterly perish;   

* He instituted games [to be] sacred in a famous contention, [or trial of masteries.]  He ordained sacred games with a renowned strife for masteries. 

Apollo ordained sacred games to be renowned for the strife & contention for masteries, which were to be ever used therein.  
And these games to be called the Pythian games, according to the name of this monstrous Python thus overcomne, for a perpetual remembrance thereof.  
And in these games moreover, that whosoever did the best and got the mastery, at what strife or contention soeever in wrestling, running, or any other way, should receive this honour to be crowned with a crown or garland made of the branches of the Escule●ree, in honour of Apollo.    

* Being called Pythia.  Which games were called the 
l Pythia were plays made in the honour of Apollo for slaying the Python.  Pythian games, by the name of the 
r Ouercomne, conquered or vanquished.  subdued serpent.  

r In these games.  here 
r What young man or youth soever  which-soever of the young men 
* Had overcomne [or got the mastery or victory.]  overcame by hand, or 
* By feet.  feet, or wheel, 
* took.  received 
r A crown or garland made of the branches of the Escule tree in honour of the victory.  the honour of an 
m Esculus is a t●ee bearing m●st almost as big as the mast of the Oak, and having leaves bigger. It was so named of Esca, & so honoured because in old time they did eat of the fruit thereof.  Escule branch.  

* The Laurel tree was not yet.  As yet there was no 
r Bay-tree.  Laurel, 

The reason also hereof, that these garlands were made of the Escule tree, was this,  
For that as yet there was no Laurel tree sprung up.  
And therefore Apollo compassed about the temples of his head comely with long locks, with writhe branches plucked from any kind of tree.   and [therefore] 
n This is here fi●ly brought in to make a way to the next Metamorphosis, how Daphne was turned into a Laurel, & so to tie this fable fitly to that which goeth before. Thus is Apollo painted.  
o Phoebus is an Epithet of Apollo, proper to the Sun, siguifying pure, for the brightness of the sun.  
* Phoebus' did compass about or gird.  Apollo did adorn 
r His comely head.  the temples of his head being decent with long hair, 
* [With a crown or garland made] of any kind of tree.  [w th' branches plucked] from any tree.   

FAB. IX.  

a This Fable showeth the power of love, that even Apollo, God of wisdom was overcomne thereby: And also the reward of chastity in chaste Daphne, turned into a Laurel, always green.  Of Daphne turned into a Laurel tree. 
The Poet intending here to set down the power of love, that it prevaileth with the most renowned, & withal the reward of chastity, descendeth unto this next Fable, how Apollo who had slain the dragon, was yet overcomn with the love of Daphne, and how she for her chastity was turned into a Laurel. And to this end showeth,   

* The first love of Phoebus [was] Daphne, etc.  
* Peneian Daphne.  
b Daphne signifieth a Laurel or Bay-tree, of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because when a leaf or branch of it is burned, it seemeth to send forth a voice by cracking.  DAphne 
c It is feigned to be the daughter of Peneus, because the banks thereof are full of Bay-trees.  the of the 
d Peneus a river in Thessaly, running between Ossa and Olympus.  Peneus, [was] the first love of 
* Phoebus.  Apollo: 
1. That Daphne, Peneus daughter, was the first love of Apollo.  
* Which [love.]  which not 
* Ignorant lot, or hap, or chance, or unskilful fortune which hath no choice of things.  Blind fortune gave [unto him] but 
r The great indignation of the God of love.  the cruel anger of 
e Cupid, God of love, son of jupiter and Venus, or as some say, of Mars and Venus, à cupidine, of the carnal desire which he is said to work.  Cupid. 
2. The means whereby he fell in love with her. That it was not by fortune, but through the anger of Cupid God of love, and that upon this occasion;   

f Delius.] Apollo is so called of the Island Delos, wherein he and Diana are said to have been borne.  Apollo being proud 
* The serpent lately overcomne, had seen this [Cupid] bending the horns, [or tips of his bow] the string being brought to it [or drawn up to it.]  of his late subduing of the serpent, 
That Apollo being proud of his late conquest in killing the Python,  saw this [Cupid] bending his 
g The bow and arrows, and also the firebrand are attributed to Cupid, to express the wonderful power of love, because love is more piercing than either iron or fire; yea, more burning, for that love burns a far off, whereas fire burns only things touching it, or near unto it.  bow: 
Seeing Cupid bend his bow, disdainfully scoffed at him,   

* And he had said, O wanton boy, what is to thee with these valiant weapons?  And what (quoth he) 
Calling him wanton boy,  thou wanton boy hast thou to do with these warlike weapons? 
And demanding of him what he did with those warlike weapons:  
* These things which thou carriest do become, viz this bow and arrows.  this furniture which thou bearest becomes our shoulders; 
Because that kind of furniture, would rather become his shoulders.   
Who are able 
* To give sure wounds to the wild beast, to give wounds to the enemy.  without missing to wound the wild beasts, 
For that he was able not only to smite wild beasts with them, but even to wound the enemy.  to wound also the enemy; 
Which he demonstrateth by a notable instance,  who lately 
* Made prostrate or flew.  beat down with innumerable shafts the 
* Swollon or proud.  swelling 
As that he had so lately beat down with his shafts, and killed that ugly serpent, which was so huge, that he covered many acres of ground, with his belly full of poison.  Python, 
* Pressing.  covering so many 
h An acre of ground was so much as a yoke of Oxen could well plow in a day.  acres of ground with [his] 
* Belly full of poison.  pestilent belly.  

* Be thou content.  Content thou thyself to 
* Provoke [or stir up] with thy firebrand.  
i Irrîto, to stir up: Irrito, to make vain.  kindle with thy 
k Fax, viz. a firebrand is ascribed to Cupid, whereby the minds of youth are inflamed with love.  brand, 
Thereupon Apollo adviseth him, to content himself,  I know not what 
* Loves, viz. wanton, sorry, or unbeseeming men.  
l Thus he speaketh to Cupid in contempt.  light loves, 
To kindle with his brand some silly loves, and not to meddle with his praises.  
* Neither arrogate, claim, or challenge to thyself our praises.  and meddle not with our praises.  

* The son of Venus.  Cupid answered 
* This [Apollo.]  him; 
But Cupid answereth him:  
r Oh Apollo.  Phoebus, 
That howsoever that bow of his whereof he so gloried, was able to smite all living creatures; yet his bow was able to wound even him being a God.  
* Let thy bow smite all things.  be it so that 
m Cupid's bow and shafts more piercing then Apollo's.  thy bow 
* Fastens or shoots through.  smites all living creatures (quoth he) [yet] 
r Thou canst not escape mine.  my bow shall smite thee: 
And therefore look how much all living creatures were inferior to God, so much should Apollo's glory be unto his.  and 
* By how much.  how much all living creatures 
* Do yield or give place.  are inferior to God, 
* Thy glory is less than ours [by so much.]  [so much] is 
r Thy glory in shooting.  thy glory less than ours.  
[Thus] he spoke, 
Having thus spoken, fluttering with his wings, he flew forthwith unto the shady top of Parnassus mount.  and 
* The air being dashed with his wings smitten together,  fluttering with his wings,  

* [He] not flow stood on the shady tower.  He stood forthwith upon the shady top of Parnassus.  
And 
n Cupid is said to be armed with different shafts, viz. sharp and blunt, golden and leady: The reason is, for that all are not affected after one manner in love: one loves more fervently than another; and sometimes one loves the other most vehemently, the other no whit affected, or disliking all love, or else those especially who are so enamoured with them; as here it fell out between Apollo & Daphne.  drew 
* Out of his quiver bearing shafts [or full of shafts.]  forth of his quiver two 
* Darts.  arrows 
And there standing, he drew two arrows out of his quiver;   
Of 
r Contrarre.  divers 
* Works or effects.  operations: 
Those also of divers qualities.  
* This driveth [or chaseth] away, the other maketh love.  the one driveth away [love] the other causeth it.  
That which 
r Maketh.  causeth [love] is 
r Golden.  of gold, 
The one of them causing love, having a sharp head, and all of gold.  & 
* Shineth.  glittereth with a sharp 
* Point.  head.  
That which 
* Driveth away love.  driveth it away, is 
r Without point.  blunt, 
The other abating and driving away love, being of Cane filled with lead, and having a blunt head.  and hath lead 
r Under the cane whereof that shaft is made.  under a reed.  

r Cupid.  The God fixed 
r This blunt shaft.  this in 
r Daphne, Peneus daughter.  the Nymph Peneis: 
This leadeu shaft he fixed in Daphne,  but 
* He hurt [or wounded] Apollo's marrow through his bones smitten thorough with the other.  he pierced the very marrow of Apollo through his bones, 
But the other he shot into Apollo, piercing his very marrow thorough his bones.  with the other.  

r Apollo.  The one [of them] 
* Loves.  falls in love forthwith: 
So that Apollo begins forthwith to be inflamed with love.  
r Daphne.  the other flieth 
* The name.  the very name of a lover; 
Daphne cannot endure to hear of love, or the name of a lover.   

* Rejoicing [or delighting herself.]  Solacing herself in the 
* Hiding places [dens or caves] of the woods.  thick woods, 
But contrarily solaceth herself to live in the woods; and with the skins of wild beasts which she killed.  and in the 
r Cases.  skins of the 
* Taken wild beasts.  wild beasts which she took, 
Becoming therein a follower of chaste Diana living unmarried.  and becomes an 
* Being an emulatour or follower.  imitator of 
r Unwedded [or rejoicing in perpetual virginity.]  unmarried 
* Phoebe.  Diana,  

* A hairelate [or headband] did keep in her hairs, being put without law, viz. without any curious setting or tricking.  
o Some expound it she had only a coif upon her head; which seems contrary to that after Et levis impulsos vetro dabat aurae capillos, Et Spectat inornatos collo pendere capillos. Here also is showed how Daphne became an imitator of Diana, that she neglected the tumming up of her head, and despised all men.  She had only her head fillited up with a ribbon. 
Only tied her hair together without any other curiosity.   
Many sought 
r Her love.  her: 
So as although many suitors sought her love, yet she despised them all.  [but] she 
* [Was] against [or turned away from] them, seeking [or her weers.]  despised all [her] suitors;  
[And] 
* Impatient.  being unpatient [to hear of marriage] without a husband, 
And being male content, living all alone without a husband, ranging the unwayed woods,  she 
* Vieweth.  rangeth the unwaied woods.  
Neither 
* Doth she care what Hymen, what love, what marriages are.  regards she 
p Hymen is taken both for the god of marriage, the marriage, and the bridal or wedding song, viz. used to be sung at marriages.  the bridal song, 
Neither regarded marriage nor love.  what love, or what marriage 
r Means.  is.  
Oft times [her] 
r Peneus.  father said: 
Although her father oft times challenged & urged her,  
* Daughter thou owest me a son in law.  thou owest me a son in law [my] daughter.  
[Her] father said oft times, 
That she ought him a son in law, and nephews;  [my] daughter thou owest me nephews.  
She hating the 
r Bridal solemnities or marriage songs, viz. marriage.  marriage 
q 
Teda is properly the middle or heart of the Pine tree, which being kindled through the fatness in it, burneth like a taper or torch.  
The tapers used at marriages are put here for marriage, because as Plutarch saith, they were wont to carry five burning tapers before the new married parties.   tapers as a 
r Fault or blot.  crime, 
Yet she still disliking and detesting marriage as a crime.   

* Pouring over her beautiful countenance overcast with a shamefast red, viz. having her comely countenance overcast with a modest blush. Synec.  Blushing modestly, 
At length blushing modestly,   

* And cleaving [or hanging] on the neck of her father with fawning arms.  And folding about [her] father's neck with [her] 
r Fawning arms are put for the arms of her, fawning. Hypallage.  fawning arms, 
And folding her arms about her father's neck, Maketh this humble request unto him:   
Said, 
That he would grant unto her to enjoy perpetual virginity,  
* Give.  grant me [my] dearest father 
r To live a perpetual virgin or maid.  to enjoy perpetual virginity: 
Like as Diana's father had granted unto her before.  
* [Her] father gave this before unto Diana, viz. jupiter, Diana's father.  Diana's father gave this to her before. 

Whereunto her father answereth, that he could consent;  
But that yet her beauty hindered that desire of hers.   
r Her father.  He indeed 
* Obeyeth or yieldeth.  consents, 
s Peneus her father answereth her thus tenderly.  but [yet] [quoth he] this comeliness [of thine] 
r Hinders [or denies] thee to live a virgin.  forbids thee to be [that] which thou 
* Wishest.  requirest, 
* And thy form doth repugn thy vow.  and thy beauty is repugnant to thy desire.  

* Phoebus loveth & desireth the marriages of Daphne, being seen.  
t This is the speech and relation of ovid.  Apollo falls presently in love with Daphne, 
But Apollo presently falls in love with her so soon as ever he seeth her, & desireth to marry her.  and as soon as he seeth her he desireth to marry her:  
And what he desireth, 
And as he is enamoured with her: so he hopeth and persuadeth himself to obtain her; although his Oracle deceives himself.  he hopeth for: 
* And.  but yet his own 
r Predictions, or foretelling to himself.  oracles do deceive him.  
And as the light 
r Hame, or straw.  stubble 
* Are burnt.  is 
u Adoleo is properly to burn sweet things.  wholly set on fire, 
And here the Poet sets out the vehemency of his love by a double similitude.  when 
* The awnes or beards of the corn are taken away [or reaped]  the 
x Arista is properly the own or beard of the ear, put for the whole ear of corn, and that for the corn in it. Metalepsis.  ears are taken away.  
As [dry] hedges burn with 
r Torches or firebrands.  brands which 
y travelers in the dark nights are wont to carry torches or firebrands of some fat wood with them, to light them, which at the appearing of the day they cast out of their hands carelessly near hedges, or wheresoever it happeneth.  the 
r Passenger or way fairing man.  traveler bechance 
That even as the stubble is burnt, when the corn is taken away, or as the hedges are set on fire by brands carelessly left by the traveler, towards the breaking of the day:   
Either 
* Moved, or carried, or laid.  held too near [them], or left, now 
* Under or about the light [coming.]  about the breaking of the day:  
So 
r Apollo.  the God 
* Went away into flames, viz. with the love of Daphne.  is all inflamed, 
So was the God wholly inflamed.  so 
* He is burnt in his whole breast.  is his whole heart set on fire, & [thus] he nourisheth his 
r Vain, whereof he could look for no fruit or pleasure.  barren love with hoping [still.] 
And nourished his barren love with increased hopes.   
He 
* Beholdeth.  seeth her 
* Not adorned, or curiously set.  untricked 
* Hairs.  hair to hang 
r About her neck, or upon her neck.  in her neck. 
Here also the Poet declares the means whereby his love was thus kindled more and more.   
And what if they 
* Be kemmed, or dressed up, or finely set out.  were trimmed? 
That her very hair, although untrimmed, did exceedingly please him; and therefore how much more would it, thought he, if it were set out.  quoth he: he seethe [her] eyes 
* Shining or glistering with fire.  glistering like the stars: 
So her eyes glistering like the stars,  he beholds [her] 
z Oscula ab os, seemeth here to be taken for her little mouth; which especially commends a virgin.  
* Her lips,  lips, which it was not sufficient for him to see: 
a He expresseth the conditions of elegant lovers, who thus commend all things in their loves.  
b Brachia seem to be taken here for the upper part of the arm from the elbow to the shoulder, as lacertus for the neither part; though they are more usually taken contrarily.  he praiseth her fingers and her hands. 
And fingers, Hands,   
And also arms, 
Arms and wrists bare above the midst.  and wrists being bare 
* More than a middle part, or the half.  above the midst.  

* If any things lie hid, he thinketh [them] better or more excellent.  What other parts are covered, 
And therefore he thought those parts which were covered to be far more comely.  he thinketh more beautiful; 
But she flees away swifter than the wind.  she fleeth swifter than the light wind; 
Neither would she stay, though he called her back by most kind and loving words, in this tender sort;  neither stayed she at these words 
* Of [Apollo] calling her back.  of [him] recalling her.  

r I pray thee nymph Peneis stay.  Oh nymph Peneis stay, 
Oh Nymph Peneis stay, I pray thee: I do not pursue thee as being thine enemy, like as thou dost flee from me.  I pray [thee] I do not pursue thee 
* Being an enemy.  [as] an enemy.  

* Oh nymph stay.  Stay, oh Nymph: [for] so 
* The Yew lamb.  the Lamb doth fly the Wolf, 
Stay on Nymph, thou fliest from me even as the lamb doth fly the Wolf; and as the Hind flees from the Lion.  so the Hind [flies from] the Lyon.  
So the Pigeons fly the Eagle with [their] 
* A trembling [or flittering] pen or feather.  trembling wings. 
Or the Pigeons fly the Eagle with their trembling wings.   

* All [living creatures] fleet.  Every [of them fly] their enemies; 
Every one of them flying from their enemy's rage:  [but] 
* Love is the cause to me of following [thee.]  love is the cause of my following of thee. 
But love is the cause why I thus follow thee.   

r Alas, how would it grieve my heart if thou shouldest fall, etc.  [Ah] me wretch, 
Then after in most lovely manner pitying her simplicity and danger, still proceedeth to stay her by advising her to take heed,  [beware] thou fall not 
* Prone or grovelling forward.  on the face, 
That she fell not on her face with haste,  or 
* That.  lest the 
r briars or pricks.  thorns 
* May note, or mark, or prick.  should scratch [thy] legs unworthy to be hurt, 
Nor scratched herself amongst the thorns; and so he should be the cause of her grief,  & I be the cause 
* Of grief [hurt, or smart] to thee.  of thy grief.  
The places 
r Where.  which [way] thou 
r Runnest.  hastest are 
* Sharp or pricky.  rough, 
For that the places whither she so hasted from him were rough,  run I pray [thee] more 
r Leisurely, or softly.  moderately, 
And so persuades her to run more moderately; and he would follow more leisurely after her.  and 
* Inhibit or abate.  stay thy flight; I myself will 
* Follow after thee, or pursue thee.  follow on thee more 
* Moderately.  leisurely. 
And also to bethink herself well, who it was that now did seek her love, and to whom she might give content.   
Yet 
* Inquire whom thou pleasest, or ginest content to.  take advice, whom thou mayst please: 
That he was not some uplandish clown;  
* I am not an inhabior of the mountain, [or a rude fellow dwelling among the hills or crags.]  I am no uplandish man.  
I am not a shepherd. 
Nor a fieldman tending herds or flocks.  
* I do not attend [or keep] here, being sloven like [or unhandsome] herds of great cattle or flocks of less [as sheep.]  I do not here clownishly tend 
c Armentum was taken for a company of a cattle, as was sit to help some way in war 〈◊〉 the work thereof: grex, for a company of less cattle, as of goats, swine, or sheep.  herds or flocks. 
That she indeed knew not from whom she fled, and therefore she fled from him.  
* Oh thou rash [maid] thou knowest not.  Thou knowest not, oh unadvised soul, thou knowest not  
Whom thou fliest, 
And then doth the Poet most artificially set out Apollo wooing of her, and alluring her by mentioning his power, descent, knowledge and inventions.  and 
* For that cause thou fliest.  therefore fliest thou [me.] 
d Delphi, a city and people of Boetia by Parnassus, where the Oracle of Apollo was.  
* The Delphian land [or the City Delphos] is mine, [or serveth me.]  Delphos is mine,  
And 
e Claros is said to be a City of Lycia, dedicated to Apollo, where also was an Oracle of Apollo.  Claros and 
f Tenedos a city of Lycia, or as some say of Pamphilia, under the protection of Apollo.  Tenedos, 
That for his greatness he was Lord of Delphos, Claros, Tenedos,  & 
* The palace [or kingly place] at Patera serveth me.  the court of 
g Patera was also a city of Lycia, so called of Patarus the son of Apollo and Lycia, where Apollo was specially worshipped, whence he is also called Pataraeus Apollo.  Patera honoureth me. 
And the palace of Patera: Being specially worshipped in all these places.   
jupiter is [my] 
* Progenitor or begetter.  father: 
And for his descent, that jupiter was his father.  
r By me it's known.  It's 
* lieth open [or is made manifest.]  known by me both what shall be, 
For his knowledge, that he was the God of wisdom, that by him alone, and by his Oracle were all things known, both past, present, and to come.  & hath been, and [now] is: 
h Apollo is feigned to be the inventor of music, to commend the dignity thereof, as being invented by God, not by man.  
* Verses agree to strings or instruments by me, viz. I am the God or inventor of music, harmony, or melody.  songs consort unto the instruments by me. 
For his inventions, that he was the God of music, and inventor thereof.   

i And so of shooting, for the sun beams so directly descending upon the earth, and destroying all noisome vapours.  Our shaft indeed is sure: 
So the God of artillery or shooting.  but yet [there is] 
r Viz. Cupid● dart of love, whereby he woundeth all.  one surer shaft than 
* Our [shaft,]  ours, 
Howsoever; Cupid had one surer shaft than his, with which be had so wounded his heart with love.  
r That wounded my heart thus with love, which before was free from all affection thereof.  which hath made [these] wounds in [my] empty breast.  

k Apollo is feigned also to be inventor of physic, because by the power of the sun all herbs do flourish, whereof is special use in physic for the health of man.  
r I am the God & inventor of physic and surgery.  Physic is my invention; 
And finally, that he was the God of physic; for that physic was his invention.  and I am called 
* The bringer of help and aid.  the helper thorough the world: 
And he was counted the chief helper of all through the world.  the power of herbs 
r Is from me, [or doth proceed from my gift.]  is also subject unto us. 
That all herbs had their virtue and power from him.   
Alas for me! 
And yet he complaineth of this love,  
l Daphne, viz. the Laurel, is feigned to be thus loved by Apollo, both for the special use thereof in physic, and also that the Bay-trees are so pleasant for students.  That love 
* Is curable, or able to be cured by no herbs.  cannot be cured by any 
r Means.  herbs. 
That it could not be cured by any herbs, nor by all his skill.   

* Neither the arts do profit the Master, which profit all.  Nor that the arts can do [their] 
r inventor or author.  Lord any good, 
That those arts which were able to cure all others, could do their Lord no good at all.  which help all [others.]  
But [the Nymph] Penels' fled from 
* [Apollo] being about to speak more things.  [him] as he would have 
But yet notwithstanding all this speech and labour of the God, the Poet showeth how the Nymph still fled more fearfully from him, & left him with his speech yet unperfect, and not fully uttered.  spoken more, 
* With a fearful course.  
m Timido cursu. Hypallage, pro cursu timide.  with a trembling pace, and left his words imperfect with himself.  

* And also.  And then also seemed she 
* Decent.  comely, 
And how in her flight she continually seemed more fair in his eyes.  the winds 
* Made naked or bare [her] body.  made her body bare,  
And 
* The winds meeting [her] shaked [or blew] her garment, being against them, or contrary to them.  the meeting blasts did toss her garments which were against them. 
For that the winds, waving her garments as she ran, uncovered some part of her body.   

* And the light wind [or air] gave her hairs driven behind her [or backwards.]  And likewise every light puff did blow her hair behind her. 
And every light puff of air did toss her hair behind her.   
[Her] beauty 
* Is.  was increased by [her] 
r Running, viz. her running made her seem more beautiful.  flight: 
So that her beauty still increased by her flight.  
* But for that.  but because the 
* Young.  youthful God 
r Abides not.  endures not any longer 
* To lose his flatteries [or fawning words.]  to spend his pleasing words: 
And how thereupon Apollo being youthful could endure no longer so to spend his pleasing words;  and 
r That.  as 
r Cupid himself.  love itself 
* Admonished.  inciteth 
But as his love incited him, so he made the faster after her.  [him,] 
This speed and strife of both these two Ovid setteth out by a most lively similitude, taken from the running of the grey hound and the Hare.  the followeth her steps 
* His pace being sent forth [or hastened] viz. swiftly.  with his pace more hastened.  
As when the grey hound 
* Hath seen.  seeth the Hare in the 
* Empty or open field.  champain field, 
That even as when the Greyhound pursueth the Hare in the champain field, he strains at him with all his footemanship, the Hare as fast to save his life.  and 
r The dog.  he 
* Seeks [or stretcheth] at the prey with his feet [or running.]  strains at [his] pray by [his] footmanship, 
* He safety.  the Hare 
r Runs for his life.  [seeks] safety.  

r The greyhound.  The one 
* Like [to one] as it were ready to clean to [the other] viz. close to the hare, ready to gather him up.  as cleaching the other, 
The Greyhound as at the back of the Hare  hopes ever and anon to hold [him] and strains his 
* Footsteps or prints of his feet.  steps 
* His nose being thrust forth to latch the hare between his teeth.  with his snout thrust out. 
Hope's ever and anon to bear him away,  
Straining his steps, and thrusting out his snout to catch him.   

r The hare.  The other is in 
* Ambiguity doubtfulness.  doubt, 
The poor Hare is always in doubt whether he be catched, or no; and yet still hardly escapes out of the Greyhounds mouth, and from between his teeth.  whether he be catched and 
* Is snatched from the very bitings.  is [still] delivered out of [his] very teeth, and 
* Leaves the touching mouths.  escapes the mouth which touched him.  

* So the God [is] and the virgin is.  So is Apollo and the Maid; 
So was Apollo and the Nymph.  
r He [is] swift in hope, viz. hoping to catch her, she for fear of being catched.  he swift in hope, 
He swift through hope,  she for fear. 
And she for fear.   
Yet he which 
r Pursueth.  followeth after being helped by the 
* Pens or feathers.  wings of 
r Cupid.  love, 
Yet that Apollo was more swift.  
For that he was helped forward by Cupid's wings.   

r Is the swifter.  Is more swift, 
And therefore denied her any rest;  & 
r Will not let her rest.  denieth [her any] rest, and 
* Hangeth over the back of her fleeing.  hangeth even over her back, 
Being ever hard at her back,  as she was thus fleeing away; 
And with his very breathing blows her hairs into her neck, so that she feels his breath.  
Al And blows upon her hair, being dispersed about her neck, or through her hairs into her neck. . and blows her scattered hair into her neck.  

* Her strength being spent, she waxed very pale.  [But] when her strength was spent, 
Whereupon the Poet shows that her strength was clean spent.  she waxed wondrous pale: 
And that so she waxed wondrous pale,  and being overcomne by the 
r Toil or wearisomeness.  labour of [her] 
r Quick or hasty course.  speedy flight, 
And how then being utterly overcomne with the violence of her running,  
* Beholding the Peneian waves, viz. the river Peneus, her father.  looking to the waters of Peneus. 
She looked unto her father Peneus streams,   
Oh father, 
Crying unto him to help her,  help, 
If that the rivers had any such divine power, as to be able to succour her.  quoth she, if [ye] 
r Streams.  rivers have [any] 
r Power of the gods to help.  divine power.  
O earth, 
And after prays unto the earth (sith that upon it she had too much pleased the fancies of others)  quoth she, wherein 
r I have overmuch delighted others with my beauty.  I have pleased over much, 
* Gape, viz. to swallow me up.  open [& receive me], 
That it would open it mouth and receive her quick, or at least destroy that shape of hers, which had been the cause of her misery, by changing it into some other form.  or destroy 
* This figure by changing [it] which maketh that I be hurt.  this shape, by changing of it, which causeth me to be hurt. 
That this prayer of hers was scarcely ended,   

* [Her] prayer scarcely ended, or she had scarce made an end of this prayer.  [This] prayer scarcely ended, 
But a senseless benumbedness fell upon her,  
* A heavy drowsiness [or senselessness] occupieth [or possesseth] her joints or limbs, or sinews.  her joints waxed stark. 
That her joints waxed stiff;   
The 
n Praecordia, signifieth properly the fleshy skin called Diaphragma, or the midriff separating the heart & lungs from the stomach, liver, and other bowels: quòd cordi praetendantur: but here it is taken for all the inward parts.  
* Soft.  tender 
r Entrails.  parts about her heart, 
Her heart, and all her tender inward parts were compassed about with a thin rind;  are 
r Compassed about or girt in.  girt about with a thin bark.  
Her hairs 
r Are changed.  [grow forth] into 
* A leaf.  leaves, 
Her hairs were turned into leaves;  her arms grow into 
r Branches.  boughs. 
Her arms grown forth into great boughs;   
[Her] foot 
* Even now so swift cleaves [or sticks] with slow roots, viz. her feet were changed into roots.  ere while so swift, 
Her feet which even now were so swift, into roots, sticking fast in the earth.  sticks [in the earth] with immovable roots:  

* Her faces [or countenance] have a top.  [Her] countenance becomes the top [of the Laurel] 
Her beautiful countenance is turned into the top of the Laurel.  
r There is in it only a fresh green colour.  one shining brightness remains 
* In her, or in it.  therein. 
And one only fresh green colour remaining on her continually.   

o The Laurel hereupon is said to have been dedicated to Apollo.  And [now] 
p Phoebus, an epithet of Apollo, or the Sun, and signifieth pure, because the Sun is pure from all grossness or corruption.  Phoebus loves this [tree:] 
And hereupon Apollo loves this tree, as he did Daphne before.  and laying his right hand upon the 
* Stock.  body of the tree, 
And putting his right hand upon the body of it:   

* He feels asyet her breast to tremble under the new bark: viz. her heart to part or beat.  He still perceives her heart to beat under the new rind: 
He still perceives her heart to beat under the new bark.   
And embracing the branches, 
And embracing the branches of it with his arms,  as [her] 
* Members or limbs.  body, with [his] arms,  

* He giveth kisses to the wood, yet the wood fled back from the kisses, [or writhed away from them.]  He proffereth kisses to the tree; 
He proffered to kiss the tree,  but it writhed back from them, 
But it writhed away from him.   
To whom the GOD [thus spoke]; 
And finally how the God honoured it with this graceful speech;  But [yet] sigh that thou canst not be my wife, 
That sith it could not now be his wife, which he had so much desired, it should surely be his tree. That he would wear it as an ornament both about his head, his harp, and quiver.  
* Certainly thou shalt be my tree.  thou shalt surely be my tree: 
q The Poet elegantly numbers up those things which are commonly adorned with a laurel bough: as, the bush of hair, instruments and quivers, which properly belong unto Apollo.  
* Oh▪ Laurel tree [our] lock [or bush of hair,] [our] haps, our, quivers, shall have thee always [as an ornament] or thou shalt ever serve to adorn these.  Oh Laurel tree, [our] bush of hair, [our] instruments, our quivers shall 
r Enjoy or wear thee.  have thee ever [for an ornament.] 
And so it should always serve to adorn all these.   

r The Emperors in their triumphs ware a crown of Laurel. The soldiers used to follow them, singing [triumph] to triumph.  
* Thou shalt be present to the joyful Captains.  Thou shalt be an ornament to the joyful 
r Emperors.  Captains, 
And that moreover the conquering Emperors should ever in their triumphs wear a crown of Laurel, when as they went unto the Capitol in Rome with solemn pomp, having all their soldiers following them, crying 〈◊〉 triumph, Triumph, Triumph.  when as the merry voice [of the soldiers] shall sing the triumph, and 
r The chief place in Rome, or the palace of the City of Rome.  the Capitol shall see the 
r Solemn sights or shows going in great length attending upon, or following them.  long pomps.  

s Before the posts which stand before the gates of the emperors palace in Rome, was set an Oak between two Laurels, to signify that the safety of the common wealth was to be preserved by the virtue and felicity of the Emperors. The Laurel was a sign of victory and triumph, the Oak of a Citizen preserved. Whereupon they whosoever had gotten any famous victory, where carried unto the Capitol, wearing a Laurel branch or crown; and he who had preserved a Citizen from the enemy, with a coronet made of Oak. Sab.  Thou shalt 
r Ward or watch.  stand even as a most faithful keeper at the 
* Royal posts, viz. before Augustus' palace door.  emperors posts before the doors, 
And also that the Laurel tree should stand as a faithful keeper, before the posts which are set before the gates of the emperors houses; to wit thus, an Oak directly before the gate with a Laurel on either side.  and shalt defend 
r The Oak set before the emperors posts between two Laurel trees.  the middle Oak.  
And as my head is [ever] youthful with 
r Uncut.  unpouled 
r Hairs.  hair, 
And finally, that as his head was always youthful, with his hair unpouled; so it should have this perpetual honour, to have the branches ever green, with flourishing leaves.   
Thou in like manner always bear 
r This honour, that thou shalt be ever green.  the perpetual honours of [thy] 
* leaf.  leaves.  
Apollo had [thus] ended [his speech] the Laurel 
* Nodded unto [or inclined, or bowed unto him.]  assented with [her] boughs so lately made, 
And thus Apollo having ended his speech,  & seemed to have 
* Tossed.  moved [her] top even as [her] head. 
The Laurel gave her assent, by moving and inclining her top, as it were, moving her head towards him.    
FINIS.