THE Method of Curing Wounds made by gunshot. Also by Arrows and Darts, with their Accidents.  
Written by AMBROSE PARIE of Laual, Counsellor and chief Chirurgean to the French King.  
Faithfully done into English out of the French Copy, by Walter Hamond Chirurgean.  
London printed by Isaac jaggard, and are to be sold in Barbican. 1617.   

TO THE RIGHT Honourable, General CECIL.  
MY LORD,  
THE Commonwealth hath been compared by many (and that very fitly) to a goodly and well-composed Idifice, which consisteth of many parts, different both in use and substance; whereof some serve to sustain the weight of the Building, as Pillars, and such are the Nobility: Others, to contain or keep the same in an uniformity, as Beams; and such may be compared to the Magistracy: Others to defend and cover the frame, from the violence of outward injuries, as Rafters and Posts, which may be referred to the Commonalty. Now, we do observe, that as in all private Buildings that consisteth only of these three parts, they cannot be said to be perfect without other things for their finishings; whereof some are Ornaments, and serve but to beautify; Others for use and necessity. Even so, in the Public Weal, besides the three aforesaid principal parts, there are required other several Adjuncts, which are to be esteemed and respected according to th●●r formal or necessary uses. Amongst the which (Right Honourable) this following Treatise may hold one chief rank (especially in these times) to continue it for occasion. It received birth from the lamentable experience of the French Civil Wars, by that famous and renowned Chirurgean AMBROSE PARIE, cherished by divers Kings of France: and having been gratefully accepted in most part of our Christian World, it doth now give itself under your lordships protection: put not into fine and Rhetorical phrases, but into our homespun English; such as best suiteth with this rough and boisterous subject. Concerning the worthiness of the Author, or worth of the work, my testimony would rather detract then add. Only thus much, that as amongst all human sciences Physic is the most excellent; and in Physic, chirurgery is the most Authentic and ancient; so this operation is of Chirurgery the most urgent and necessary, or rather an Abstract of the whole Art of chirurgery.  
Against Objection, I have your lordships patronage for my defence, and therein I shall think myself as safe as in an Armour of proof; knowing that it is a point of Greatness, as well to defend the weak, as to resist the strong.  
By your Lordships truly devoted, Walter Hamond, Chirurgeon.   

To his loving Brethren, the young Students and Apprentices in Chirurgery: More especially, those that do th●ir Country service o● the Seas. WALTER HAMOND One of their society, wisheth all increase of Knowledge.  
Loving Brethren, and my kind Companions and fellow-travellors, you have here presented unto your favourable acceptance, a Treatise of the cure of Wounds made by Gunne-shot: the worthiness whereof, I cannot better express, then to say Parie wrote it; a Man experienced with forty years practice, at that time when France did most groan under the burden of the uncivil Civil Factions, bred by her homebred Enemies; wherein there was not any notable assault, siege, nor battle fought, but Ambrose Parie was chiefly employed about the cure of wounded soldiers, as he himself testifieth in his own Book of voyages and travels. Accept it therefore thankfully, as a gift from the Author, as it was first intended. And although it may be objected, that in these peaceable times this Treatise is of little use, and therefore unprofitable: true it is, and with thankfulness to be acknowledged, we live in a calm and quiet age, but is therefore this so necessary and worthy a Document to be neglected? Because it happeneth but seldom, we are the more unacquainted with the cure: And as amongst all the Engines that the malice of Man could ever invent for the ruin of man, Artillery is the cruelest and most dangerous, because that neither strength or policy are able to prevent the fury thereof: therefore the Method that reacheth us to cure those wounds after so easy and excellent a way as is here described, must needs be accounted most needful and beneficial. But howsoever, I do not doubt, but that you my kind friends, who with Galen travel to benefit your Country, and enrich your experienccs, that you (I say) do know the use and necessity of this subject. And although there are divers extant at this time; yet nevertheless, this doth deserve the best place in your good opinions, because that the translation hereof, was first undertaken for your sakes only. Farewell.  
Walter Hamond Chirurgean.   

To his most Worthy, and ever to be respected Master, Arthur Doughton, Chirurgean. His servant, Walter Hamond, humbly commendeth and committeth this Treatise of gunshot, unto his most judicious censure.  
SONNET.  
NOt for you were my Master (though that Name  
Shall sway me more than any other can)  
Nor out of any private hope, or aim,  
More than my duty, I engaged am:  
But only for you are a Chirurgean;  
And one whose Practice and Experience  
(Two things that Crowns the Artists excellence)  
Time and the Wars, by Sea and Land began.  
Then since you are most worthy this respect,  
I should be too Ingrateful to neglect  
Your well-tried judgement (though the envious grudge)  
Yet if with mildest censure you survey  
This following Treatise, I dare boldly say,  
PARIE will have a favourable judge.  
Your Servant W. H.   

The Preface.  
BEfore I enter into the Description of Wounds made by gunshot, and the Curation of them, 
Intention of the Author.  it seemeth unto me to be very convenient, (to bring the Reader into an appetite, before I place him at this Table, served forth in so many several dishes, seasoned with saltpeter) to discourse here briefly of the first Inventors of this so pernicious & dangerous an Instrument of War: And into how many kinds it hath been diversified and varied, every kind thereof having a name imposed thereon, according to his use and hurtful quality towards Mankind. Polydorus Virgil in his second Book of the Inventors of things, Chap. 2. saith, that Artillery was first invented by an Alleman of base condition: and that by a sudden and unexpected Accident. This man borne for the ruin and destruction of Mankind, having kept in a Mortar for some certain intention of the aforesaid Powder (which since by reason of the principal use thereof hath been called Gunpowder) the which he covered with a stone: it happened, that in striking of fire with his Steel and Tinder, a small spark fell into this Mortar, and presently the Powder having taken fire, the force thereof did bear away the stone with violence; the which did both astonish and amaze him, and also taught the force of that comixture not known before: so that making a little hollow Instrument or Pipe of iron, and composing of the aforesaid Powder, he made trial of that Engine, and seeing the effect fall out according to his desire, 
The Venetians had the first use of Artillery.  he first taught unto the Venetians the use of this devilish invention, in the War which they had against the Genoese in the year of our redemption 1380. in a place heretofore called the Clodian Valley, but now Chioggia. 
divers opinions touching the time when Artillery began.  Nevertheless, according to the opinion of Petrus Massa, in the eight Chapter of the first part of his divers Lessons, this invention should be more ancient, because that in the Chronicle of Alphonsus the eleventh King of Castille, who Conquered the Argezirian Isles, It is recorded that in those wars, which was in the year 1343. the besieged Moors shot at their enemies out of certain Mortors of iron the several reports whereof, caused an exceeding horrible sound in the air, equal unto that of Thunder. The Lord Don Pedro, Bishop of Leon, in the Chronicle of King Alphonsus he that Conquered Toledo, writeth, that in a battle by sea, which was betwixt the king of Tunis, and the King of Seville, a Moor, (it being four hundred years ago and more) whose part the King Alphonsus favoured: those of Tunis had in their ships certain Engines of iron or Bombards, with the which they shot against their enemies. By this it appears that Artillery hath been heretofore in use, although it never came to perfection till this present. The inventor of this engine hath had but little recompense, for his name and profession are altogether unknown to the world, as being not unworthy of any memory for such a wicked and damnable invention. Howbeit Andrew The●et in his cosmography speaking of the Swevians, a people near about the Low-Countries, writeth out of the authority of an old written Book, that the aforesaid Germane had been in former time a Monk, 
The Author of Artillery and his name.  Philosopher or Alchemist by profession, of the Country of Fribourg: his name Constantine Anelzen. Yet howsoever this engine was first called Bombard, by reason of the sound that it causeth: which the Latins conformably do call Bombus. Since the time of the first invention thereof, being before rude and imperfect: The time; Art, 
What things hath s●nce been added to the Artillery.  but above all, the malice of men have added much unto it. For first of all, for the matter itself, it being first of iron, they have since been cast of Brass or Copper, Metals more forcible, and tractable: beside less subject unto rust. Secondly, at the first they were but simply form, and as it were but a rude mass of iron; but since they have been diversified into an hundred fashions, yea unto the mounting of them on wheels, to the end that they might be carried with the more swiftness; and as it were run to the ruin and destruction of men; The first Mortor pieces not being sufficient or cruel enough to vomit forth fire and shot.  
From thence have proceeded these horrible monsters, as Cannons, doubles Cannons, Bastards, Muskets, 
Diverse names of the Artillery: & whence they are taken  Fowlers, and Mortar Pieces, etc. These furious beasts of culverins, Serpentines, Basilisks, Sakers, Falcons, Falconnets, Chambers, Murderers, and infinite other kinds, all of divers names, not only drawn and taken from their figure and quality, but also from their effects and cruelty. Wherein truly they showed themselves wise and understood well the thing they undertook. I mean those that first imposed such names which are not only taken from the most ravenous animals, as from Sakers, & Falcons: but also from the most dangerous enemies of Mankind, as from Serpents, Snakes, and Basilisks, to show, that such Engines have no other use; and were not invented for any other end or intention, but only to destroy suddenly and cruelly the life of man: and that hearing them only named, we should have them in horror and detestation. I omit to speak of other Pieces less in body and substance, but in force and cruelty more dangerous. For so much as they can take away our lives near at hand, and may surprise us by treason, being without all means of prevention: such are the Pistols, Dags, and such like, which easily may be hidden in a man's pocket. Betwixt these two kinds before spoken of, the Harquebuz of Crock holds a mean, the which cannot be shot off unless it be first bound or fixed in some piece of wood: the Caliver which cannot be discharged at the cheek, by reason of their thick and short stocks, but are held against the breast. Also the common Muskets all: which have been invented for the commodity of footmen for shot and bullets. The general word imposed by the Latins is Sclopus, through the imitation of the sound, & by the Italians Sclopoterre, by the Frenchmen, arqebus, a word also taken from the Italians, by reason of the touchhole, by which the fire first entereth into the Piece: for the Italians call a hole Buzio▪ and it is called Arc from the word Arcus a bow, because they are used at this present instead of bows formerly used in the time of war. For in former time the Archers held the same Front in the battle, 
From whence the word Arquebuz is t●ken.  which the muskeeteers do at this present. From this miserable shop and Magazine of cruelty have sprung these Mines, Countermines, Fire balls, Fire pots, burning arrows, Lances, and Crossbows, murderers, wild Fires, and other hellish inventions, Bags, Trains, Torches, Circles, Oranges, Grenadoes, Crossbows, Chaineshot, Winged shot, and such like. A most miserable invention, by the which we sometimes see thousands of poor men in a Mine pressed to death, and buried quick in the bowels of the earth; 
divers Ar●if●cers of Fi●.  others in the heat of battle, being surprised with one of the aforesaid Engines, doth burn them so cruelly in their Armour, insomuch that the water itself cannot restrain and extinguish the fury of that fire. Thus are both the iron and fire armed against us, to take away our lives through the malice of men, for the conservation whereof they were at the first created.  
Truly when I hear the engines spoken of, used by our Ancients, either in their wars or assaults: 
A comparison of the Engines used by our Ancients, with those of ou●s.  as their Bows, Darts, Crossbows; or to force and beat down walls, as their Rams, Horses, and such like: methinks I do hear spoken of children play-games, in comparison of those now in use. The which, to speak properly and truly, do surpass in figure and cruelty the dreadfullest and cruelest thing that can be thought on. 
The Thunder is not so cruel as the Artillery.  What can be imagined in this world to be more dreadful and furious than the Thunder? And yet nevertheless, the ordinary and natural Thunder is nothing in a manner to these infernal engines: which may easily be comprehended by comparing the effects of the one with the other. Nature would herein-honour and privilege man in this above all other creatures; for man only dieth not always being struck with Thunder: but to the contrary, 
How man may be prese●●ed from Thunder.  other animals that are subject to the Thunder, being touched therewith, do die suddenly. For all Animals being struck with Thunder, do fall on the contrary side: Man only dieth not unless he fall on the side stricken, 
Plin. lib. ● cap. 5●.  or by not being presently turned by force from that side: but the Artillery spareth man no more than beasts, without discretion on what side soever it happened or struck, on what side soever it doth reverse them, it carrieth away life and all. There are many remedies to preserve a man from the violence of Thunder. 
Pliny lib. 2● cap. 55.  For besides those charms wherein the ancient Romans put much confidence, believing that thereby the force of Thunder might be conjured or diverted. The Thunderbolts are never seen to descend lower than five foot into the earth; from thence it cometh that those that are fearful of Thunder do make themselves Caves or hollow Vaults in the earth, therein to retire themselves as in a place of safety. It is said also that the bay tree is never struck with Thunder, 
What things are preserved from the force of Thunder.  and therefore in times past, and is at this day taken for a victory. Wherefore the Emperor Tiberius fearing Thunder exceedingly above all other things, caused himself to be crowned with a wreath of Bays, at the least sound he heard in the Air. 
Sueto. in Tib.  I have read also that others for the like occasion have made themselves Tents of the skins of sea-calves, because that this Animal hath this gift in particular, never to be touched by Thunder. The Eagle is said also to have this privilege above all other fowls, never to be touched by Thunder, and therefore he is called jupiters' bird, as saith Pliny lib. 2. cap. 54. & 55. But against the Artillery, Charms, and Incantations prevail nothing: neither the victorious Bays, nor the Sea Calf, nor any thing whatsoever: no not an opposed Wall itself, of ten foot in thickness. Briefly, this showeth the invincible fury of Artillery, in respect of Thunder in this. For the Thunder may be dissipated by the ringing of Bells, 
Artillery driveth away Thunder.  the sound of Basins, or by the discharging of Ordinance: For the concussion of the clouds meeting together violently, causeth the Thunder: and by the aforesaid agitation of the Air; they are discipated and dispersed. But the fury and pride of Artillery will not be appeased by any thing whatsoever. There are some Times and Regions which are exempt and freed from Thunder; 
The times which a●e without Thunder.  for Thunder was never seen in the heart of Winter, nor in the midst of Summer, the which happeneth by two contrary reasons. For in Winter the Air is very thick, as also the clouds; and therefore those exhalations of the earth are easily dispersed and distinguished, being of themselves but cold and glaciall. From thence it cometh to pass that the country of Scythia, and other cold countries thereabouts, as Tartary, Livonia, Muscovia, Russia, & other neighbour countries are exempt from Thunder, as to the contrary, Egypt is seldom endamaged by Thunder, by reason of the great heat in those part. For the exhalations and vapours of the earth, which are hot and dry: are converted through their vehement heat into small clouds, which have no force, as saith Pliny. But as the invention, 
Lib. 2. cap. 50.  so is the tempest and damage of Artillery, dispersed as a contagious pestilence over all the earth, and at all times the heavens are sensible of the complaining cries of those that feel the furious effects thereof. Thunder for the most part hath but one blow, but one bolt, and never killeth but one man at a time. But Artillery at one blow will massacre an hundred men. The Thunderbolt oftentimes, as being a natural thing, falleth as it happeneth, sometimes on a rock, sometimes on a mountain, sometimes on a Tower, seldom on a man. But the Artillery, 
Design and end of Artillery.  being guided by the wicked dexterity of man, coveteth nothing but man, hath quarrel to none but man, him alone he slayeth, him alone he chooseth among a thousand other things. The Thunderbolt doth a good space of time give us warning by the voice of Thunder, the forerunner thereof; to advertise us of the ensuing tempest: but the Artillery it striketh in Thunder, and Thundereth in striking; sending assoon his mortal bullet into the bowels, as he doth his sound into the ears. This is the reason why we do, & that justly detest the Author of such a hurtful and pernicious invention: as to the contrary, we ought to esteem those worthy of great praises, who either by words have studied to revoke all Kings and Princes from the practice of such a miserable invention, or by effects and writings have studied to ordain and prescribe remedies to those that have been wounded thereby: the consideration whereof hath been a principal motive to me to write of this matter and subject. But before my pen shall run in this career, I will for the easier understanding of the ensuing Treatise, which I intent to publish, 
The reason that moved the Author to write of gun-shot.  place two discourses in the beginning of the Book; to extirpate certain ancient opinions out of the fantasies of many, which seem unto me to be altogether false. Which errors unless they are first convicted; it is impossible to understand any thing of the essence of this evil, or to do any profitable action in the cure thereof. 
The sum contained in the 1. discourse.  The first discourse is addressed unto the Reader, condemning by manifest reasons, the errors of Vigo, who teacheth to cauterize and burn the wounds made by gun-shot, thinking that they did participate of a certain venenosity, to the contrary approving, that those that cure those wounds by suppuratives, is as salubrious and healthful at that of Vigo is cruel and dangerous. 
The sum contained in the 2 discourse.  The second discourse is addressed to King Charles the ninth; upon special command from his Majesty: showing that the same wounds do not participate of any venenosity, but that their malignant effects depend wholly on the corruption of the Air, and the cacochymy or evil quality of the wounded bodies.   

The first Discourse upon Wounds made by gunshot, and other fiery Engines.  
IN the year of our Lord, 1536. the victorious King Frances sent a great Army unto Piedmont to victual Thurin, and to recover those Towns and Castles which had been taken by the marquess Du Guast, Lieutenant General of the Emperor, where Mounsieur the Constable, then Great Master, was Lieutenant general of the Army, and Mounsieur de Montejan captain general of the Footmen (of whom I was then Chirurgeon.) A great part of the army arrived at the Pass of Suze, 
Pas of Suze.  where we found the enemy keeping the passage, and had made unto themselves certain Forts and Trenches; in such sort, that before they could be raised from thence, we entered into battle: in which conflict there was many hurt and slain, as well on the one side as on the other. But they were enforced to quit that passage, and to recover the Castle; which they held not long, but were compelled to give it up; marching away in their shirts only, having each of them a white wand in their hands: of whom, the most part went to the Castle de Villain, 
The Castle de Villain besieged & taken.  where there was about some two hundred Spaniards. To this castle my Lord the Constable drew his forces, because he would make his way clear before him. It is situate upon a little Mountain, which giveth great assurance to those within, that there can be no Ordinance planted against it to batter it down. They were summoned to restore it up, or else were threatened to have it battered in pieces; which they flatly refused: answering withal, that they were as good and faithful servants to the Emperor, as Mounsieur the Constable was to the King his Master. Their answer being understood, the same night there was mounted two great Cannons, by the force of arms with ropes and cords, by the Swissers, where (as misfortune would) those cannons being planted, a Gunner by indiscretion fired a barrel of Gunpowder, wherewith he himself was extremely burned, together with ten or twelve soldiers. Moreover, the flame of the powder was the cause of the discovery of the Ordinance, whereby those of the castle the night following discharged their Ordinance at that place where they discovered our cannons; in so much, that we had many of our men hurt and slain.  
The morrow after, very early we began the battery, and in few hours after the breach was made; which those of the castle perceiving, desired a parley, but it was too late; for in the mean time some of our footmen perceiving them to be astonished, mounted the Breach, and entered the castle, putting every man to the sword, except only a certain beautiful Piedmontese, which a great Lord entertained into his service. The Captain and Ancient were taken alive, but were presently after hanged on the gate of the Town, to terrify the rest of the Emperor's soldiers, not to be so foolhardy to hold such places against so great an Army. Now the soldiers of the castle seeing our men rushing in upon them in such great fury, made all the resistance they could to defend themselves, in killing and wounding a great number of our soldiers with their Pikes and Muskets; where the Chirurgeons had a great deal of work cut out to their hands.  
I was at that time but a young Chirurgeon, 
The Author entereth into the matter.  and but little experienced in the Art, because I never (as yet) had seen the curation of any Wounds made by Gunne-shot. True it is, that I had read john de Vigo his first book of wounds in general, chap. 8. where he saith, That those wounds made by fiery Engines, do participate of venenosity, because of the Powder; and for their curation, he commandeth to cauterize them with the Oil of Elders mixed with a little Treacle: yet nevertheless, because I would not be deceived, before I would use of the aforesaid boiling oil, knowing that it brought with it extreme pain to the Patient, I observed the method of the other Chirurgeons in the first dressing of such wounds; which was by the application and infusion of the aforesaid Oil as hot as possibly they could suffer it, with Tents and Seton's: wherefore, I became emboldened to do as they did. But in the end my oil failed me, 
A remedy found by accident.  so that I was constrained to use in steed thereof, a digestive made of the yolk of an Egg, Oil of Roses and Terebinth. The night following, I could hardly sleep at mine ease, fearing lest that for want of cauterizing, I should find my Patients on whom I had not used of the aforesaid Oil, dead and empoisoned; which made me to rise early in the morning to visit them: where beyond my expectation, I found those on whom I had used the digestive Medicine, to feel but little pain, and their wounds without inflammation or tumour, having rested well all that night. The rest, on whom the aforesaid Oil was applied, I found them inclining to Fevers, with great pain, tumour, and inflammation about their Wounds: then I resolved with myself, never to burn so cruelly the wounded Patients by gun-shot any more.  
When we entered Thurin, I was told of a Chirurgeon who was exceeding famous, especially for his curing wounds made by gunshot, with whom I found the means to acquaint myself: yet it was near two years and a half before he would acquaint me with his Medicine which he called his Balm. In the mean time, Mounsieur the Marshal of Montejan, who was Lieutenant General of the King in Piedmont died: then I told this Chirurgeon, that I had a desire to return to Paris, withal requesting him, that he would perform his promise; which was, to give me the receipt of his Balm, which he willingly did, seeing that I was to leave that country. He sent me to fetch him two young whelps, one pound of earth-worms, two pounds of the oil of Lilies, six ounces of the Terebinth of Venice, and one ounce of Aquavitae: and in my presence he boiled the whelps alive in the said Oil, until the flesh departed from the bones. Afterward, he took the worms (having before killed and purified them in white wine, to purge themselves of the earth which they have always in their bodies:) being so prepared, he boiled them also in the said Oil till they became dry, this he strained through a Napkin, without any great expression; that done, he added thereto the Terebinth, and lastly, the Aquavitae; and called God to witness, that this was his Balm which he used in all wound● made by gunshot, and in others which required suppuration; withal praying me not to divulge his secret.  
From thence I returned to Paris, where shortly after Mounsieur Silvius Lecturer of the King in Physic, a man greatly esteemed among learned men, requested me one day to dine with him, which I did willingly; where he asked me many Questions, and among the rest, of the essence of wounds made by gunshot, and of the combustions made by Gunpowder. Whereupon, I presently proved unto him, that the powder was not any thing venomous at all; 
Gunpowder not venomous.  because that no Simple that entereth therein is any way venomous, much less the composition. Also I have seen by experience, that some soldiers being hurt, will take of the said powder in Wine, saying; That powder so taken, doth preserve the body from the ensuing accidents, the which I approve not. Also others having ulcers on their bodies, do commonly use of the said powder dry, and heal them without any danger at all. And as for the Bullets they cannot contain any such heat that they should have the faculty of burning: for a bullet being shot against a stonewall, it may presently be held in the naked hand, although the collission made against the Stones, 
Wounds made by gunshot are without combustion  should in reason heat it the more: & as for combustions or burnings made by Gunpowder, I never found any particular accident in it, whereby the cure ought to be diversified from the cure of other combustions. Whereupon, I related this History. 
History.  A certain boy of the Kitchen, of Mounsieur the Marshal de Montejan, fell into a Cauldron full of Oil almost boiling hot; to dress whom being sent for, I went presently to an Apothecary, demanding of him such cooling Medicines which are commonly applied unto burnings: an ancient countrywoman being by, hearing me speak of this burning, counseled me to apply for the first dressing (to prevent the rising of Pustules or bladders) of raw Onions, bruised with a little salt. I demanded of this woman whether she had ever made experience of that Medicine before: she presently swore unto me in her language, 
Yea Sir, by the Faith of God.  Si messé, à lafe de dé; which did incite me to make experience hereof on this Scullion of the kitchen, where truly I found the morrow after, that in those parts where the Onions had touched, to be altogether free from vessickes or blisters, and the other parts where the Onions were not applied, to be much blistered.  
Not long after, a certain Dutchman, one of the Guard of the said Lord de Montejan, 
History.  having drunk hard, by indiscretion set his Flask afire, which caused a great disaster both to his hands and face; and being called to dress him, I applied of the said Onions on the one half of his face; and on the other side, of other common remedies. At the second dressing, I found that part where I had applied the Onions to be altogether without blisters or any excorlation, and the other altogether blistered: then I first purposed to write of the effect of the said Onions.  
Moreover, I told unto the said Silvius, 
How the patient aught to be situate in the extraction of Bullets.  that for the better extraction of bullets which are hidden in any part of the body, it is requisite the patient should be placed in the same situation that he was in at that time when he was wounded. Many other things I discovered unto him, which are contained in this Book following. My discourse ended, he prayed me very earnestly that I would publish it by writing; to the end, that that false opinion of Vigo might be altogether abolished the which I willingly consented unto, and caused many instruments to be cut, such as had not been divulged, for the extraction of bullets, & other unnatural things out of the body. And it was first imprinted in the year 1545. and well received, which caused me to renew it again, and publish it the second time, in the year 1552. and lastly, in the year 1564. where I have enriched it with many other things, because I have since followed the wars, have been in many battles, and besieged Towns, as in Metz and Hedin. Also I have been entertained into the service of five Kings, where I have always discoursed with the most excellent Physicians & Chirurgeons of those times, to learn and discover if there were any other Method or way to cure those wounds made by Gunne-shot; whereof the most part (especially those that have followed the wars, and are guided by reason and experience) are of my opinion, which is to use Suppuratives in the beginning, and not boiling oils. And I did protest moreover to the said Silvius, that I have found those wounds as easy to cure (being in fleshy parts) as all other great contused wounds are. But where the bullet meeteth with the bones and nervous parts, it teareth, dilacerateth, breaketh, 
The cause that maketh wounds by Gun shot hard to be cured.  breaketh, and shivereth in pieces, not only where it toucheth, but also the circumiacent parts, without any mercy; causing great accidents which happen specially in the iounctures or joints, and in bodies of evil constitution, and in times subject to corruption; that is to say, where the air is hot and moist, then is the cure most difficult, & oftentimes impossible; not only of wounds made by gunshot, but also of those which are made by other instruments, yea, though they were but in fleshy parts.  
Therefore, the aforesaid accidents do not proeeede from the venenosity which is in the powder, or by the combustion or burning of the Bullet. For proof whereof, 
History.  I will allege this observation which I have experimented not long since on the person of the Earl of Courdon, Lord of Achindon, a Scottishman, whom I cured by the commandment of the Queen-mother, who was hurt with the shot of a Pistol clean through both the Thighs, without fracture of the bones; he standing so near the mouth of the Pistol, that the fire took hold of his breeches; nevertheless, he was perfectly cured in two and thirty days, without a Fever or any other evil accident. I dressed him at Sir john de Latran, in the house of the archbishop of Glasco, than Ambassador for Scotland, who came every day to see him dressed. Moreover for testimony, I could produce Mounsieur Brigard, Doctor Regent in the Faculty of Physic, who was an assistant with me: together with james Guillemean Chirurgeon to the King, & sworn at Paris, who was with me until his perfect curation. The same likewise Mounsieur Hanti●, Doctor Regent in the faculty of Physic can testify, who sometimes came to see him. Also Giles Buzet, Scotchman and Chirurgeon, every of them marveling how he became so soon cured without the application of hot and sharp Medicines. Now the reasons wherefore I have made this little Discourse, is to demonstrate that it is above thirty years ago, since I first found out this manner of curing wounds made by Gunne-shot, without the use of boiling Oils, or any other sharp or burning Medicines, unless I was constrained to use them for such accidents which happened in Cacochymed bodies, or through the evil disposition and malignancy of the air, as I will show more amply in this Discourse following, which I made unto the deceased King, after the taking of Rouen.   

Another Discourse, being an Answer unto a certain Demand propounded by the victorious Prince Charles the ninth, as touching the quality and Essence of Wounds made by gunshot at his majesties return from the siege, and taking of the Town of Rouen.  
IT one day pleased your Majesty, 
Occasion of this discourse.  together with the Queen Mother, my Lord the Prince of La Roche-sur Yond, and many other Princes and great Lords, to demand of me how it came to pass that in these last Wars, the most part of such Gentlemen and Soldiers, who were wounded by gunshot, and other instruments of war died, or were very hardly recovered from their diseases, although the wounds which they received were but of small appearance, and the Chirurgeons which were employed for their cures, did perform their duties according to Art; I have been the bolder to publish this discourse, to satisfy in some measure the duty of my Ar●, and that my profession might not be spo●ted with the least dishonour, and that your Majesty might understand the reasons which might have been the cause of the death of so many valiant men; the most part of whom I have seen (to my great grief) to finish their days pitifully, without any possibility in me, or any other more experienced then myself to give them remedy.  

insinuation into the good acceptance of those who are of the contrary opinion.  I know that this following discourse will astonish some, who reposing themselves upon their own particular opinions, and not examining the matter deeply, will find the first front of my disputation very strange, because that the contrary hath been so long imprinted in their fantasies. For I do hold, that the cause of the malignancy of wounds by gunshot, not to proceed from any poison or venomous quality in the powder (as they imagine) or from the bullet itself, being rubbed or infused in any venomous mixture. Nevertheless, if their meekness and patience will extend so far, as first to weigh the motives which first moved me to undertake this subject, which was a zeal of the public good; towards the which the Law of Nature bindeth me to show the utmost of my power in such things which the singular providence of God hath revealed unto me. And secondly, that they will examine with judgement the reasons which I shall use in this present Treatise, than I shall be sure, they will both accept my labours thankfully, and free it from all future calumny; otherwise they will show themselves to be so ●uill affectioned towards me, as if I should present myself before them, enriched with all the treasures of the ancient Philosophers, and they should place me in the number of the poorest and ignorantest men in the world. To prevent therefore all the arguments of venom and poisoning, which the adversaries here above mentioned may allege, I will make it plain unto your Majesty, that such as are wounded by gun-shot, 
The Author proposeth two points, which h●e would refute. viz. the poison of the powder and the Fire of the Bullet.  I say the malignancy of such wounds not to proceed from the venom of the Powder, being of itself simply considered: and much less from the combustion or cauterization which the Bullet so heated by the fire of the powder can make in those parts, which it rendeth & dilacerateth through the violence thereof: although nevertheless some do strive to maintain; alleging for all reasons, that a certain Tower full of powder hath heretofore been seen ruinated in an instant, only by the means of a Cannon shot. Also of a Thatched house set on fire with a Musket shot. Moreover, because that such wounds which are made by gunshot, we commonly behold their Orifices and other circumiacent parts so black, as if an actual Cauter had passed thereon. As also the fall of a certain eschar, as they say. All which arguments are so ill framed, that they deserve no authority being built on so slender a foundation: much less that the resolution of your demand should be taken from them, as I trust to give you plainly to understand in the disputation following. The which (after I had seen a great number of those wounds, and diligently observed them, handling them according to the Method) I have collected from the ancient Philosophers, Physicians, 
The present disputation is taken from Philosophers, Physicians, and Chirurgeons  and Chirurgeons to present unto your Majesty, and to withdraw your mind from the admiration of the lamentable deaths of so many brave Gentlemen and Soldiers.  
Now to enter into the matter proposed, and to answer the arguments before alleged, we are first to examine whether there be any poison enclosed in the powder, or no: And if there be, whether it may infect by means of the pretended poison thereof. Which that it may appear plainly, we must search into the composition of the said powder; considering that it is not of substance simple, but compound: and so by examining the nature of such Simple which enter into the composition thereof; I mean their qualities, effects, and operations, we shall the sooner attain to the scope and intention pretended.  
As for the Simples, it is a most assured thing that there are but three in all which make the composition thereof, 
The composition of the powder.  that is to say, Coals of Willow or Birch, Sulphur, and saltpeter, & sometimes Aquavitae: the which ingredients severally considered, are altogether exempt & free from poison, or any venomous quality. And first for the coals, there is not any thing considerable in them, unless it be a drying quality, of subtle substance, by means whereof it is apt to take fire, even as a Linen cloth burnt into Tinder doth the sparks that fall from a Flint stone. Sulphur is hot and dry, nevertheless not excessive, and of a more oily and viscuous substance, yet not so easy to inflame as coals, although it doth retain the fire more forcibly when it is once inflamed, & is very hardly extinguished. As for the saltpeter, it is such, 
saltpeter is salt of stones.  that many make use thereof instead of salt. Now let us examine whether there be any venenosity in the nature of these Simples, namely, in that of Sulphur, which is the most suspected. Dioscorides in his fifth Book, chap. 37. prescribeth it to be taken in an Egg, in the astmaticke passion, coughs, and to such which spit matter, and those that have the jaundice. And Galen in the 9 Book of his Simples, Cap. 36. ordaineth it as a topical remedy, unto such who are bitten with venomous beasts; and in all malignant practices or itchings; as for the Aquavitae, it is a thing so subtle, that it will evaporate if it be set in the air, besides it is used by most Chirurgeons inwardly in drinks, and outwardly in embrocations as a most singular Medicines. These things considered, makes me to affirm, that the whole composition of powder is altogether free from venom or poison, seeing that the ingredients are altogether clear from the least touch in that kind. Moreover, I have observed it to be the practice of the Hollanders being wounded by gunshot, to dissolve two charges of powder in wine, and to drink it off, hoping by that means to be freed from all future accidents which might happen unto their wounds (although I do not approve thereof, because it is a most insufficient remedy.) Also, such Ulcers which are made through the combustion of powder, are of no other nature than those that are made by fire, or scalding water. But wherefore should I allege any foreign example? Do we not see among our own soldiers, I do not know on what occasion, but only to show themselves brave fellows, to empty their charges of powder into their cups, and drink it without any inconvenience at all; and others likewise being hurt on any part of their bodies, will apply of the same on their Ulcers to dry them, and find much profit by it. 
Refutation of those that affirm the Bullet to be empoisoned.  As for those which do affirm that it is not in the powder, but the Bullet, which being subtly pierced in many places, or filled up with venom, or steeped, rubbed, or mixed with any poison, causeth the aforesaid dangerous accidents? To such I answer without further trouble, that the fire set to the powder, is sufficient to purify the poison of the Bullet, if any there were▪ the which cannot be done by empoisoned swords, Pikes, Arrows, and such like, because they pass not through the action of the fire. Briefly to confirm my opinion to be true, there is not any one of those that were in your majesties Camp● at Rouen, that doth not assuredly know, that those Bullets which were shot against those of the town to be altogether free from poison. Nevertheless, the besieged Townsmen affirmed, that all those Bullets were poisoned. Also the Soldiers of your majesties Camp had the same opinion of such Bullets which were shot at them out of the Town, that they were all empoisoned by them; rather believing and judging of the quality of the wounds by their ill success; then by the Causes whereby they were made.  
True it is, that as in Physic according to the sentence of Hypocrates in the Epidemies; as Gale● noteth on the 20. sentence, and the 71. of the 3 Sect. of the 3. Book, all diseases are called Pestilential and venomous, being excited from common and general causes of what kind soever they be, and such kill many persons: so in the like manner, we may call such wounds which are made by gun-shot venomous, which are more difficult to heal then others; not because they do participate of any venonosity, but from some general cause depending either from the Cacochimie of the body, putrification of the air, or the corruption of the victuals, whereby those Ulcers are brought to be more malignant cacoethes, and rebellious to all Medicines.  
To affirm that it is only the combustion of the Bullet which causeth the aforesaid danger, 
Refutation of those that affirm that the Bullet causeth combustion.  I cannot conceive their reasons, seeing that the Bullet is for the most part made but of Lead, and therefore unable to endure any great heat, without being altogether dissolved, the which we nevertheless see to pass through a coat Armour, and to penetrate the body through and through, and yet to remain whole. Moreover, we do observe, that if a Bullet be shot against a stone, or against any solid matter, it may in the same instant be handled of us in our hands, without feeling any notable heat, although the violent striking and colli●sion made against the stone, should in reason increase the hea●e, if any there were. And which is more, if a Bullet be shot against a bag full of powder, the fire will not endanger it. This I dare be bold to say and affirm moreover, that if a quantity of powder should take fire being kept in a Tower, or any other place, by the means of a Bullet shot, it was not the heat of the Bullet, but rather the violent striking of the Bullet against the stones of the said Tower, which might cause sparks of fire to fall among the powder, even as the smiting of a steel against a flint stone. The like we may judge of such Thatched houses which have been set on fire by a Musket shot, to have rather proceeded from some wad either of Tow or Paper, rammed in with the powder, and so fired with it. But that which doth most confirm me in the assurance of my opinion, is, that if a bal of wax be shot out of a Muske●, 
An example of a ball of wax.  it feeleth no force of fire at all, for than it would melt; nevertheless it will pierce an inch board. An argument of sufficient weight to prove that the Bullet cannot be so extremely heated by the force of the Powder, that they should cauterize and burn, as many have esteemed. And as for that blackness, which is ordinarily found to be about the Orifices of such wounds, and other adjacent parts. I say that this accident doth not proceed from any quality of fire accompanying the Bullet, but because of the great contusion which it maketh. 
Whence it p●o●e●deth▪ that wou●d● m●de by gun-shot are ordinarily black.  For it cannot enter into the body otherwise then by an extreme and incredible force, because it is of a round figure. Upon this point, if the wounded persons themselves be demanded, I believe they will testify the truth of my saying; because they are no sooner struck with the bullet, but they feel in the same instant, as if a club or some heavy burden were fallen upon the offended part, in the which they feel a heavy pain, with a benumbed stupifaction of the part; which dissipateth and sometimes extinguisheth the natural heat, together with the spirits contained therein: from whence there followeth oftentimes a Gangrene and mortification of the part, yea sometimes of the whole body. And as for the Escarre which they affirm there to be, and fall away as they say, they do abuse themselves: for it is only some certain portion of the Membranes and contused flesh, dilacerated by the Bullet, which becometh corrupted, and so separateth itself from the sound parts which are greatly contused.  
Although that these Reasons do make it manifest enough, 
Reasons of those of contra●y opinion  that there is no venomous quality in the powder, nor action of fire carried with the Bullet, nevertheless many building their opinions upon natural Philosophy, do maintain the contrary, affirming that Cannon shot is like unto the claps of Thunder which burst forth of the clouds in the middle Region of the air▪ and so fall violently on the earth. From the which similitude they would infer and conclude, that there is both fire, and a venomous quality in the Bullet, as it proceedeth out of the mouth of the Cannon. I know (I thank God) that Thunder being engendered from a gross and viscuous exhalation, by means of vapour conjoined with it, doth never break forth of the clouds to penetrate here below, but it draweth and bringeth immediately with it a certain fire, sometimes more subtle, sometimes more gross, according to the diversity of the matter, whereof the exhalation is composed. For Seneca writeth in the second book of his natural questions, 
Seneca. 3. kinds of Thunders.  chapter 49. that there are three kinds of Thunders all differing the one from the other, according to the quantity and manner of their inflammation. The first, by reason of the matter thereof, it being most thin and subtle, it doth pierce and penetrate suddenly the Objects which it toucheth. The second kind, by reason of the violence thereof, breaketh and dissipateth the same things because that the matter thereof is more violent, and compact as a Tempest. The third sort being composed of a more earthy matter, burneth with manifest tokens of the heat thereof. I also know, that the Thunder is of nature Pestilential and faetide, because of the gross and slimy matter thereof; which being burned, leaveth behind it such a stinking savour, that all animals do so much avoid it, that if it do happen to fall into their dens, or other places of haunt, they will utterly abandon and forsake such places; so much do they hate the infectious stink of that poison. The same is noted by Olaus Mag●us, in his Septentrional History, that in certain places where Thunder hath fallen, presently after the fall thereof, the fields have been found afterwards to be covered and strewed over with sulphur, nevertheless unprofitable, and almost extinguished. For all these reasons, I must not confess that the blows of gunshot are accompanied with poison and fire, as the claps of Thunder a●e. 
Answer to the contrary Reasons.  For although they do agree the one with the other, in some similitude, it is not therefore in their substance and matter, but rather in the manner which they have to batter, te●re, and dissipate the objects which they mere with, that is to say, the claps of Thunder through the force of fire; & of the bolt or stone sometimes engendered therein: and the blows of gunshot by the means of the air forced away by impetuosity, and so conducting the Bullet causeth the like disaster. What if I should be convicted by stronger arguments, so that I were enforced to avouch that▪ Thunder and the Cannon to be of like substance; yet I should never be forced to say, that the shot of Cannons and Muskets do participate of a fiery quality. Pliny saith in the second Book of his History, and the 51. chapter, that among Thunder one kind is composed of a marvelous dry matter, dissipating all such things it meeteth withal, nevertheless without any sign of burning: others, of a more humid nature, which in like manner burneth not: but blacketh and discoloureth much more than the first. And others are composed of a very clear and subtle matter: the nature whereof is most marvelous, forsomuch that it is not to be doubted (as Seneca hath well said) that there is therein a certain divine virtue: 
A marvelous effect of Thunder.  and it is in melting Gold or Silver in a man's purse, the purse itself not being so much as touched therewith. Also in melting a sword, the scabbard thereof remaining whole. Also in dissolving into drops the Iron head of a Pike, without burning, or so much as heating the wood. In shedding the wine out of a vessel, without burning or breaking of the cask. According to the aforesaid testimony I can assure you, and that without any prejudice, that those Thunders which only break and dissipate without any burning; and such which leave effects full of great admiration, not to be much unlike in substance to the Cannon shot, and not those which carry immediately with them the action of fire. To prove my saying, this one example shall suffice. 
Example.  A certain soldier received a wound in his Thigh with a Musket shot, from when I extracted a bullet; the which being wrapped in the Taffeta of his breeches, made a very deep wound. Nevertheless I drew it forth of the wound with the same Taffeta, it being without any sign of burning.  
And which is more, I have seen many men, who not being shot, nor any thing touched therewith, unless it were in their apparel only, have received such an astonishment by a Cannon shot that only passed near them, that their members thereby have become black and livid; and shortly after have fallen into a Gangrene and mortification, whereof in the end they have died.  
These effects are like unto those of the thunder before spoken of. Nevertheless, there is not in them any fire or poison: which maketh me conclude, that there is no poison in the common and ordinary powder. Seeing therefore that this disaster was common to all those which were hurt in these last wars, and yet neither by fire or poison that so many valiant men died. To what cause may we impute this evil? I am so confident of the true cause my Liege, that I hope presently to make your Majesty understand the same, to the end that your demand may be fully satisfied.  
Those which have consumed their age and study in the secrets of natural Philosophy, have left us this among other things for authentic and approved of all times. Which is, that the Elements do symbolise in such sort the one with the other, th●t they do sometimes transform and change themselves the one into the other in such sort, that not only their first qualities, which are heat, coldness, dryness and moisture: but also their substances are changed by rarification or condensation of themselves; so the fire doth convert itself ordinarily into air, the air into water, the water into earth; and contrariwise the earth into water, the water into air, and the ai●e into fire. The which we may daily behold and prove it by those bellows of Copper which the Dutchman brings us, being composed in the form of a Boll, the which being filled with water, and having but one hole in the midst of the Spherical form thereof, receiveth the transmutation of the water within it into air through the action of the Fire, near unto the which the Boll must be placed; and so thrusteth the air forth of it with violence, making a continual noise or sound until all the air be gone forth of it. The like may be known by Eggs or Chestnuts: for either of them being put into the fire before they are cracked, or the Rinds broken, presently the watery humidity contained in them doth convert itself into air, through the action of the fire: and the air in making his passage bursteth the shell, because it occupieth more place being in the form of air, into the which it was changed by rarification caused by the fire, than it did under the form of water; and not finding passage is constrained to make one by violence, according to the proposition held for most certain among all Physicians; that is to say, of that one part of Earth is made ten of water: and of one part of water is made ten of air, as of one part of air ten of fire. I do say and affirm so much of the matters contained in the said Gunpowder, which by means of the fire is converted into a great quantity of air; the which because it cannot be contained in the place where the matter was before the transmutation thereof, is compelled to issue forth with an incredible violence: by means whereof, the Bullet breaketh, shivereth and rendeth all that ever it meeteth with, yet doth not the fire accompany it. Even as we see a Bow, or a Sling shoot forth an arrow or stone, without any air at all. But the bullet driveth before it such a subtle wind, and so swiftly agitated that sometimes the very wind itself without the action of the bullet causeth strange and wonderful effects. For sometimes I have known it make a fracture in the bones without any division of the flesh. 
The effect ●f Artillery like to the Thunder.  And herein it may be compared as we said before unto the effect of Thunder: even so we see, that if the said powder be enclosed in Mines and Vaults of the earth, and being converted into air through the action of the fire set unto it, how it doth ruinate and reverse huge masses of earth almost as big as Mountains. Also in this year, in your majesties Town of Paris, a certain quantity of powder, burr newly ma●e in the Arsenal, by taking fire caused such a great Tempest, that the whole Town shook at it: for with an horrible fury it leveled with the Earth all the houses near unto that place, and discovered and battered down the windows of all those houses that stood within the fury of it. And to be brief (even as a ●lap of Thunder) it did reverse here & there many men half slain; ta●ing ●way f●om some ●heir eyes▪ from o●hers thei● hearing, and left others no less torn and mangled in their members, then if four horses had drawn them in pieces: and all this by the only agitation of the air, into which substance the powder was converted. The which, according to the quantity and quality of the matter thereof, and according to his motion, either mo●e or less violent, hath caused so many wonderful accidents in our Provinces; altogether like unto those which are caused through the enclosing of winds in the bowels and cavities of the earth not bein● perspirable. The which statuing to have vent, bloweth with such a strong and violent agitation, that they make the earth to tremble and quake thereat: thereby debo●lishing Cities, and ruinating buildings, and transporting them from one place to another. As the Towns of Megara & Egina, anciently much celebrated in the Country of Greece, perishing by Earthquakes can witness unto us.  
I omit to discover (as but little serving to our purpose) how the wind enclosed in the Entrails of the Earth, maketh a noise of divers sounds, & very strange according to the divers forms of the conduits and passages through the which it issueth by, even af●er the manner of Musical Instruments; the which being large, do give a great and base sound, and being narrow do make high and sharp notes, and being crooked or replied mak● divers sounds; as we see by experience in the Huntsman's horn, and in Trumpets, the which also being moistened with water, do make a hollow gurguling sound.  
In like manner, these noises, murmurings, and clamours are sundry ways diversified, according to the places whence they proceed▪ in such sort, that sometimes hath been hard a clamorous cry, representing (as it seemed) the assault of a City, the cries and lowings of Bulls, or the neighing of Horses, roaring of Lions, sound of Trumpets reports of Artillery & many other dreadful things; yea sometimes human voices. As it is reported by one, who had heard a voice (as it were) of a woman a beating, 
divers sounds issuing out of the veins of the earth.  which made (as he imagined) such a woeful and grievous lamentation, whereby he became so greatly affrighted, that he had scarcely breath sufficient to make this report. But when he had well understood the cause of this plaintive voice, he was presently delivered from that fear●, which otherwise might have killed him.  
But some perhaps will say, that these things have always been, and no less ordinary in the times past, than they are at this present: and therefore it is a great folly in me to allege them, for efficient causes of the death of so many men. The which imputation I should freely confess, if I should present them for such: but seeing that by them I would o●ely parallel and compare the impetuosity of Artillery with that of Thunder, and the motions of the earth; which being so, it will appear that it maketh nothing against my first intention, as I hope to demonstrate clearly, that I am slandered without a cause, if you please to give care to the deduction following. In the which, I will plainly and briefly describe the true causes of the late mortality which happened among your highness Soldiers.  
Amongst the things necessary for our lives, there is nothing that can more alter our bodies then the Air; 
The true explicauo● of the question.  the which continually (willing or unwilling) we inspire by those Conduits which Nature hath appointed for that end; as the mouth, the nose, and generally through all the pores of the skin and Arteries therein infixed, whether we ea●e, drink, watch, or sleep, or do any other action, whether Natural, Vital, or Animal. From thence it cometh, that the air inspired into the Lungs, the heart, and the Brain, and universally in all the parts of the body to refresh and in some measure to nourish the same, is the cause that a man cannot live one minute without inspiration; according to the which wonderful benefit, the excellent Physician Hypocrates hath pronounced and that truly, 
hip in the Preface of ●is Prognest  that the Air hath a kind of Divinity in it; because that in breathing and blowing over all parts of the world universally, it doth circumvolve all things therein contained; nourishing them miraculously, strengthening them firmly, and maintaining them in an amiable Union, altogether symbolizing with the stars & Planets; into the which the divine providence is infused; which changeth the air at his pleasure, & giveth it power not only over the mutation of times & seasons, but also of the alteration of natural bodies. And therefore the Philosophers and Physicians have expressly commanded, that we should have a principal regard unto the situation and motions of the heavenly bodies, and constitutions of the air, when the preservation of health, or the curation of diseases are in question: but especially the course and mutation of the Air is of great power, as we may easily judge by the 4. seasons of the year. For the Air being hot and dry in Summer, 
Hyp. in the beginning of his book de Aere locis et aquis.  our bodies in like manner doth thereby become heated and dried: and in winter the humidity and coldness of the air doth likewise fill our bodies with the samequailities; in such order nevertheless, and in so good a disposition of nature, that although our temperatures seem to be changed according to the four seasons of the year, we nevertheless receive no harm thereby, if those times do keep their seasons and qualities f●ee from excess. But to the contrary, if the seasons be so perverted that the Summer is cold, and the Winter hot, and the other sea●ons in the like distemperature, this discord bringeth with it a great perturbation both in our bodies, and in our spirits, constrained nevertheless to receive the danger, by reason that the causes are extreme, and do on every side encompass us; so that we are constrained to lodge it in us by ●hose Organs and Conduits appointed by nature to that end; 
The alienation of 〈◊〉 cause of diseases.  as partly, to expel the superfluous excrements of our nourishment, and partly to receive the said external causes, which is the air or wi●●e, producing in us divers effects, according to those parts of the world from whence they do proceed. For it being so that the Southerly winds are ●ot and moist; that of the North cold & dry; the Easterly winds for the most part are clear and pure; and the Westerly cloudy, and subject unto rai●e; yet it is a most assured thing, that the Air which we do inspire continually, holdeth in all, and through all the quality that is most predominant. And therefore we should of necessity consider in all diseases, and the inconveniences which happen therein, the quality of the winds and the power which they have over our bodies; as Hypocrates hath learnedly left us by writing, in the 3. Book of his Aphorisms, Chap. 5. and 17. saying, That our bodies do receive a great alteration through the vissitude of the times and seasons of the year. As by the Southwind our bodies are subject to all diseases, because that moisture is their primitive cause▪ it also weakeneth our natural heat, the which in the opposite case is much fortified through a cold and dry wind, which also maketh our spirits more quick and subtle. The verity of which sentence, the inhabitants of the territory of Narbonne do too much experiment to their damage. For being themselves between the lustiest and healthfullest people of all France; yet nevertheless they themselves are very sickly for the most part, their bodies lean, their countenances sad and heavy; their faces tawny, or of an Olive colour, do manifestly show the same. Also among other diseases, they are almost all subject to the white Leprosy; and ●he least Ulcers which they have, which we make no account of at Poitiers or Paris, do ordinarily continue with them a whole year together. Not for any other cause, as they themselves confess, and as all strangers know that have lived in their Country▪ but only because they are for the most part, blasted and breathed upon with a Southerly Wind, which in their language they call A●tan, and maketh the air to be gross and cloudy; causing in their bodies all the effects which are attributed by Hypocrates to the Southerly winds, in his third Book and 5. Aphorism, that is to say, when it reigneth it dulleth the hearing, zimmeth the sight, swelleth and aggravateth the head, weakeneth and abateth all the forces of the body.  
Also, 
Lib. 3. Ap●or 15.  when Hypocrates compareth the temperatures of the one quality with the other, he resolveth upon this point; That the dry seasons are far more healthful than the humid ●hat have continued for a long succession of time, because excessive humidity is the true matter of putrefaction, as experience telleth us: For we see, that in those places where the Marine or Seawinds have blowed long, all kinds of flesh (though never so new & fresh) will corrupt in less than an hour. These ●hings being considered, that it is most necessary for the conservation of our bodies in health; that the seasons should follow their natural temperatures, without any excess or contrariety, there is no doubt to be made but that our bodies will fall into many unnatural diseases, when the natural qualities of the seasons are perverted through the evil disposition of the air, and wind that predominateth therein. It being so that for these 3. years space here in France, the seasons of every year have not kept their ordinary qualities. In the Summer we have had but little heat, in the Winter a little or no cold at all. Also the other seasons have been continually distempered with rain and moisture, together with much Southerly winds, whose nature we hau● declared before; and this throughout all France.  
I know no man so little seen in natural Philosophy, or in Astrology, which will not find the air to be the efficient cause of so many evils, which for these three years space have happened in the kingdom of France. For from whence should proceed those contagious Pestilences, which happened indifferently to old and young; to rich and poor, & in so many places, but from the corruption of the air? From whence should proceed so many kinds of Fevers, Pleurisies, Aposthumes, Catarrhs, defluctions of small Pox & Meazels? So many kinds of venomous Beasts, as Frogs, Toads, Grasshoppers, Caterpillars, Spiders, Flies, Wasps, Snails, Serpent's, Vipers, Snakes, Lizards, Scorpions, and aspics; but only from a purrifaction resulting from the humidity of the air, accompanied with a languishing heat. This is it (I say) that hath engendered in us, and in a●l the Country of France, so many strange and unknown accidents. Behold therefore how our natural heat hath been weakened, how our blood and humours have been corrupted through the malignity of the air, which these Southerly winds hath caused through the hot and moist quality thereof.  
Thus much I have observed, that where there hath been need of Phlebotomizing, there hath been but little blood drawn from any, whether they were young, or old, wounded, or not of so good or evil temperature; but it hath been corrupted, & appeared of white or greenish colours. This I have always observed in these last wars, and in other places where I have been called to cure the wounded: such as have been phlebotomized by the prescription of the Physician, either for the prevention of accidents, or the furtherance of the c●re. In all which, I say indifferently, I have found the blood putrefied and corrupted. This being so, it must needs follow that the fleshy parts of our bodies cannot be otherwise then evilly disposed: and all our body's Cacochymate, seeing that their nourishment which is the blood is putrefied, and the air altogether corrupted. From whence it followeth, that those bodies which were wounded in the fleshy parts were difficult to cure, considering that there was in them a perdition of substance; the which having need of the regeneration of the flesh, could not be accomplished nei●her by Medicines, nor a●y Art of the Chirurgeon, such and so great was the Cacochimy or evil constitution of their bodies. Even as in an Hydropticke person there can no flesh be regenerated, 
A similitude  because the blood is too cold and watery: and in the Elephanticke or leprous Disease, the flesh and other parts do abide in putrefaction, because of the corrupted blood whereby they are nourished. In like manner, in wounds of Cacochymed bodies, there can be no regeneration made of any good substance, because that to restore a laudable flesh in the wounded part, it is required that the blood should not offend neither in quantity nor quality, and that the offended part be in its natural temperature. All these things were wanting in the times of these last wars: and therefore it is not to be wondered at, if the wounds which were then received (although they were but small and of little consequence in the noble or ignoble parts) have brought with them so many tedious accidents, and in the end death; because that the air● which doth encompass us, maketh the wounds to be corrupt and putrified, by reason of the inspiration and transpiration thereof, especially when itself is corrupt and putrefied by altering and corrupting the humours.  
Of this point I have had the experience of many wounds which I have been called to dress that have rendered almost insupportable stinking favour, 
Intolerable stink proceedi●g from the wounded parts of men.  as a certain witness of corruption and infection, insomuch that the assistants could hardly endure to be present at their dress. It need not be here alleged, that this was for want of being cleanly kept, or often dressing, or for not administering unto them things necessary: for this corruption was as common to Princes and great Lords, as unto poor Soldiers; whose wounds (if by chance one day escaped wherein they were not dressed, so great was the number of the hurt soldiers) you should find in them the morrow after, a great quantity of Worms, 
Venomous. Wounds.  with a marvelous stinking savour. And moreover there happened unto them many Aposthumes in divers parts of their bodies opposite to their hurts. For, if they were shot in the right shoulder, they should have an Apostume on the left knee; and if the wound were in the right leg, the Apostume would arise in the left arm. As it happened to the late King of Navarre, to Mounsieur de Nevers, and to Mounsieur de Rend●n, and almost to all others. So it seemeth, that Nature being so much oppressed with corrupted Humours, could not be sufficiently purged and discharged of them by wounds only, but sent some part of the corruption to some other part either hidden or apparent. For if the Apostumes appeared not outwardly, they should be found in the inward parts, as in the Liver, Lungs, or Spleen. From those putrefactions were stirred up certain vapours, which through their commination with the Har● c●●s●●h continual ●eauers; with the Liver a let a●d hindrance of the generation of good blood; and with the Brain, swoonings, faintings, convulsions, and consequently death.  
Now because of those aforesaid accidents, it is unpossible for any Chirurgeon (were he never so expert) to correct the malignity of the aforesaid wounds: nevertheless ●hose that are employed therein ought not to be reprehended, because it is impossible for them to war against God, nor against the air, wherein oftentimes are hidden the rods of his Divine justice. If therefore according to the sentence of ancient Hypocrates, who saith; That all contused wounds ought to be b●ought to suppuration, thereby to be perfectly cured; which method we are sometimes constrained to change, because of the putrefactions Gangrenacs and Mortifications which do accompany such wounds, through the corruption of the air; and can any blame or accuse us, because we are constrained through necessity to change & alter that manner of curation, and instead of suppurative Medicines to use other remedies, to resist such accidents which not only happen in wounds made by gunshot, but also by swords or staves: which remedies shall be described in this present Discourse. Besides human causes, that man is ill instructed in the knowledge of Celestial things, which doth not believe for certain, that the wrath of GOD hangeth over us to punish the faults which ordinarily we commit against his Majesty; his scourges are prepared ready, his rods and weapons have their ministers always at hand to execute the commandment of his Divine justice, into whose secrets I dare enter no further; but will conclude with the opinion of the best advised Practioners, that the principal occasion of the aforesaid mortality, did proceed from the ●ure and determinate will of God, who by the temperature which he hath given to the air and winds (as the Heralds of his divine justice) hath made us apt to receive the aforesaid inconveniences, which we have incurred by our iniquities.   

THE Method of curing Wounds made by gunshot, and other fiery Engines. Also by Arrows, and Darts, and their accidents.  

CHAP. I. The division of wounds, according to the diversity both of the offended parts, & the Bullets whereby they were made.  
ALl Wounds made by gun-shot on the body of man, whether they be simple, or compounded with dilaceration, contusion, distemperature, and tumour, are made some in the noble parts, others in the ignoble parts; some in the fleshy parts, and others in the Nervous and bony parts; sometimes with ruption and dilaceration of the great vessels, as of the Veins and Arteries, and sometimes without ruption of them. Such kind of wounds are also sometimes superficial, but most commonly profound and deep, yea, 
Differences taken from the matter of Bullets.  even to the penetrating through the body & members of them that receive them.  
Another diversity is taken according to the differences of the Bullets: amongst the which, some are great, some in a mean substance, and some are small as Hail shot: whereof the matter (which is ordinarily but of Lead) is sometimes turned into Steel, Iron, or Tin, rarely into Silver, but never into Gold. According to the which differences, the Chirurgeon ought to take divers Indications to operate, and according to them to diversify the remedies. Now we ought not to judge those great accidents which happen in these wounds to proceed from the combustion of the Bullet, nor from the venonosity or other ill quality of the ponder, because of the aforesaid Reasons alleged in the precedent Discourses, but because of the contusion, dilaceration, and fraction which is made through the violence of the Bullet in the nervous and bony parts. For when it happeneth that the Bullet toucheth only but the fleshy parts, and in bodies of good temperature, 
F●omwhēce proceedeth the malignity of wounds made by gun-shot.  I have found those Wounds heretofore to be as little rebellious in their curations, and as easy to handle as those which are made by any Instrument of that kind; I mean such which make a round and contused wound, or of such a figure which the shot maketh: and therefore it is most necessary that there be a greater regard had to the symptoms or accidents of the contusion, dilaceration, fracture of the bones and evil quality of the encompassing air, then to the combustion which is thought to proceed from the Bullet, or venenosity of the powder, because of the reasons aforesaid. This I thought good to publish to the world to aid young and new Practitioners in Chirurgery, in the same manner & Method which I have myself experimented in following the wars, 
〈…〉  having therein continued for the space of forty years. Wherein I protest I have followed the counsel of Physicians and people of my profession, such as were most renowned and approved both by their doctrine and long experience: concerning whom I do assure myself, that they do know more than my writings can contain. And therefore I write not for them, but for the young Prentices in this Art, & for such as want better means to help them in urgent cases proceeding from these said wounds, whom nevertheless I advise to take the counsel of the Chirurgeon, if his own reason and experience do not guide him in his operations.   

CHAP. II. Of the signs of wounds made by gun-shot.  
IN the beginning of the Curation, you ought first to know whether the wounds was made by gunshot or no; which is easy to be seen if the figure of the wound be round and ●uid in colour, and the natural colour of the part is changed, that is to say, yellow, azure, livid, or black. Also at the same instant that the patient received the blow, if he say that he felt an aggravating pain, as if he had been struck with a great stone, or with a club, or as if a great burden had fallen upon the wounded part. In like manner, if the wound happened not upon any great vessel, if there have issued but little blood from the wounded parts, which happeneth because they are contused, and greatly crushed, and therefore they tumify presently after the blow received; insomuch, that sometimes the passage is so stopped, that there can hardly be conveyed in either tent or Se●on; and thereby it cometh to pass, that the flux of blood is suppressed, which otherwise would flow at their Orifices. Also the Patient therein feeleth a great heat, which happeneth because of the impetuosity proceeding both from the violent motion of the Bullet, and the vehement impulsion of the air, with the ruption of the flesh and nervous parts. Sometimes also because of the fractured Bones, which depress and prick the said parts; from whence ensueth fluxion and inflammation. Also because of the great contusion which the Bullet maketh; which by no means can enter into any part of our body but by great force, by reason of the round figure thereof, whereby the place becometh black, and the neighbouring parts livid: and from thence there followeth many great accidents; as Pain, Fluxion, Inflammation, Apostume, Sspasme, Faintings, Palsy, Gangrena, Mortification, and finally death. They oftentimes send forth a Sanies virulent, & very f●etide which proceedeth from the great abundance of humours which flow to the wounded part, because of the vehement crushing, contusion, and dilaceration of the parts, and for want of natural heat to comfort and govern them. Also by reason of the Cacochimy of the body, and the nervous parts, as the joints: also such wounds are found for the most part greater than such which are made by the punction of a Bucks horn, or the Wound made by a stone or any other such like Contusions, because that the thing itself was round, anb doth therefore require a greater and more violent impetuosity to make it penetrate into the inward parts of the body, wherein it seemeth to equalize the blows of thunder.   

CHAP. III. The manner how to handle the aforesaid wounds at the first dressing.  
FIrst, it is convenient that the Chirurgeon should amplify the wound (if the part offended do permit the same) for these causes: that is, both to give free ●ssue unto the Sanies, as also to give ample passage unto all such strange bodies which might have been conveyed in with the shot, and to draw them forth (if any there be) as any portion of the apparel, wad, paper, pieces of Harness, Mail, Bullets, Shot, Splinters of bones, dilacerated flesh, and other things that shall be found therein; and this to be done at the first dressing if it be possible. For the accidents of pain and sensibility are not so great in the beginning, as they are afterwards.  
Now for the better extraction of the aforesaid things, 
The situation of the Patient to extract unnatural things.  you ought to place the Patient in the same situation that he was at the time when he was first shot, because that the Muscles and other parts being otherways situate, may stop and hinder the way; and for the better finding of the said Bullets, and other things, it is fitting that search be made with the finger (if it be possible) rather then with any Instrument, because that the sense of feeling is more certain than any Probe, or other insensible thing. But if the bullet have pierced far into the body, there it may be reached with a Probe, round in the end thereof, for fear of causing pain: nevertheless it happeneth sometimes that the Bullet cannot be found by the Probe, as it happened in the camp of Parpignan, to my Lord the Marshal of Brissac, who was wounded with a Musket shot near to the right Omoplate or shoulderblade, where many Chirurgeons because they could not find the said Bullet, affirmed that it was entered into the capacity of the body, but I ●ot having that opinion, came to seek for the Bullet, where first without using any Probe, I caused him to be placed in the same gesture of body as he was at that time when he was Wounded: then I began wi●h my fingers gently to compress about the neighbouring parts of the wound; in doing whereof, I found a tumour and hardness in ●he flesh, with the sense of pain, and lividitie of colour in the place where the Bullet was, which was betwixt the lower part of the Omoplate, and the seventh and eight Vertebre or turning joint of the back. In which place, incision was made to draw forth the shot, whereby he was shortly after cured. Wherefore it is very convenient to search for the Bullet not only with the Probe, but (as I said before) with the fingers, by handling and feeling the part and places about the same where you may conjecture the Bullet to have penetrated   

Chap. 4. A Description of such Instruments which are proper to extract Bullets, and other strang● Bodies.  
AS for the strange bodies which may be infixed in the wound, they may be extracted by such Instruments hereafter described, which are different both in figure and greatness according as need shall require; whereof some are toothed, & others not. And it is fit the Chirurgeon should have of many and divers fashions: some greater, and some s●aller of every kind to accommodate them to the bodies and wounds, and not the bodies and wounds to his Instruments.  
The crows Bill toothed.  
A Crane's Bill brought into the form of an Elbow, cubit, or bowed arm.  
This following is called the Crane's bill, because of the similitude it hath thereunto; the which in like manner ought to be toothed; and it is proper to extract any thing from the bottom of the wound both shot, mail, splinters of fractured bones, & other things.  
The Crane's bill strait.  
This Instrument is called t●e Ducks Bill, having a Cavity in the extremity or end thereof large and round, & toothed, the better to hold the Bullet; and it is proper principally when the B●llet happeneth in the fles●ty parts.  
The Ducks Bill.  
Another Fashion of draw-Bullet.  
Another fashion of Draw Bullet, called the Lizards head to draw the Bullet, marked with the same Letters as the former.  


A. showeth the Pipe, or the hollow body of the instrument  
B. The Rod, which openeth & shutteth the head of the Instrument.  
C. The joint.    
Another Instrument called the Parrot's Bill, and it is proper to draw forth any pieces of Harness which may be inserted into the bottom of the Member, or also into the bones.  


A. showeth the stalk of the Vice.  
B. The Screw.  
C. The runner, which by the means of a Vice, is screwed higher or lower.  
DD The other part which is fixed with a cavity in the midst thereof, wherein the Runner is placed.    
Another Instrument which is called the Swans bi●l, which opneth wi●h a Vice, accompanied with a pair of Fo●ceps, which here before we have called the Crane's bill, and it serveth to draw forth any strange body, after that the wound is dilated with the said Swans Bill.  
If the strange bodies, especially the Bullet or shot, be not very deep, they may be drawn forth by Elevatories.  
An Instrument called the Tirefond.  
Another Instrument called the Tirefond, the which is turned by a Screw within a pipe or hollow Instrument; a●d it is very convenient to extract forth the aforesaid Bullets when they are penetrated or are infixed in the bones; for the point thereof is to be served into the Bullet, provided that it be of Lead or Tin (for it cannot enter in●o a harder body) and by that means it may be easily drawn forth.  
A Dilatory.  
This Instrument is named a Dilatory, which may be used to open and dilate the wounds, to the end that the strange bodies may the easier be found and extracted, for by compressing together the two ends thereof, the other two do open, it may also serve in many places, as the nostrils, fundament; and other parts.  
The Instruments which follow are Needles for the Seton, and are very convenient when as you would pass in a Seton to keep the wound & the way of the Bullet open, until you have drawn forth all the strange bodies which might yet remain therein; beside, they may serve to explorate or search into deep wounds to find the Bullet▪ not causing any pain, because they are round and polished towards their extremities.  
You must understand that those Probes which are used to search the bullet ought to be of a mean greatness, 
Of what bigness the Probes ought to be.  polished and round on their extremities, because that the edges of the wound, and the way whereby the Bullet hath passed, doth incontinently join together, and touch the one side against the other. In such manner that the said wound or way of the Bullet, will appear in sight to be much smaller than it is: and for that cause those Probes which are slender and sharp, are nothing so commodious; for they will stop and stay on every part of the rejoined wound, and cannot so easily be conducted to the place where the bullet is, as those which are somewhat greater. Also those which are small and slender▪ do prick and offend the flesh of the wound whereby the Patient is much mollested, and is oftentimes a cause that the Bullet cannot be found. Also you ought in like manner to have those which are greater & longer to pass through the thigh when necessity shall require. Which length of them ought to be changed and diversified according to the greatness of the wounded member. For I am of this opinion, that one should not strive too much to make them pass always through the wounded parts for fear of enduring pain and other accidents. For the Patient may be cured as well although the Seton be not passed through, as by experience it hath been seen, that a Bullet hath been shot through the body, and yet without the passing through of a Seton, they have nevertheless been cured.  
Probes which may serve for Seton's.   

CHAP. V. The manner how to handle those wounds at the first dressing, after that the strange bodies are extracted.  
AFter you have drawn forth the strange Bodies by the aforesaid means, the principal intention shall be to combat against the contusion and alteration of the air, 
●he principal intention of the Chirurgeon.  if it be hot & moist, and disposed to putrefaction; which shall be done both by remedies taken inwardly, as by others applied outwardly; and also put or infused within the wound. For those which are to be taken inwardly aught to be administered by the counsel & ordinance of the learned Physician, to whose doctrine I leave all that may appertain both to the manner of living, and the purgation of the Patient. But as for the topical medicines, the Chirurgeon (according to the things aforesaid) ought to consider of the constitution of the times, and of the air. For if there be no danger of the part to fall into a Gangrena, he shall use suppuratives, as in contused wounds, which are Oleum Catellorum or of a digestive, having a regard to the nature of the part, because that the nervous parts do require Medicines more drying, than the fleshy parts do. For in the joints and nervous parts, you may use of the Terebinth of Venice, or the Oil of wax, of Mastic, the yolks of Eggs, adding thereto a little Aquavitae rectified. Such like things have power to disiccate and consume the waterish humidity which issueth from the nervous parts, and also easeth the pain. jonbertus Physician in ordinary to the King, and Chancellor of the university of Montpellier, who hath most learnedly written of the Wounds made by gun-shot, because he hath seen many wounded when he followed the wars, in the Treatise which he hath made, he saith; that in the simple wounds made by shot, there ought not to be used any Medicine Escharoticke, or that causeth an escharre, either actual or potential, because they do endure pain, Inflammation, Gangrena, Fever, 
Why no escha●aticke Medicine ought to be used.  & other pernicious accidents. Also because that the Eschar or crust hindereth the suppuration which ought presently to be endured, to separate the contused flesh, together with the Sanies, lest that all should degenerate into putrefaction, as easily it may when the superfluous humour putrefieth long in one place, not having free passage; not so much as for the exhalation of the putrefied vapours, because that they are enclosed and covered in with the eschar: which being enclosed do multiply, insomuch that they do require a greater place than is permitted them; then they pass and enter from the small vessels into the greater; and from thence into the noble parts, from whence most commonly ensueth d●ath: nevertheless, if there be any suspicion of putrefaction, then in such a case you ought to pass from suppuratives, unto remedies that do resist putrefaction, leaving the proper care ●o come unto the accidents. Wherefore at the first dressing in the case aforesaid, in the wound may be used this following unguent.  
℞. puluer. alumin. rochae, vi●idis aeris, vitrioli romani, mellis rosat. an. ℥ ij. aceti boni quantum sufficit, 
D●scription of ou●●gvp ●●a●um proper f●● the aforesaid wounds  bulliant omnia simul secundum artem, & fiat medicamentum ad formam mellis. The Virtues of this unguent is, that because of the heat & tenuity thereof, it inciseth and attenu●teth the humours, revoketh the natural heat which was repelled by the vehement impulsion of the blow, & the violent agitation of the air conducted by the Bullet. Moreover it correcteth the putrefaction of the virulent humour, which presently cleaveth unto, and so disposeth the contused flesh in such manner, that it maketh an escharre. This unguent when and as often as it shall be needful may be applied with Tents or Seton's, being first dissolved with a little wine or Aquavitae: The which tents ought to be both great and long for the first dressing, thereby to enlarge and dilate the wound that the Medicines may thereby the better be conveyed in. But afterwards they ought not to be applied so long or great. Also that the Medicine may the better be conveyed into the bottom of the wounds, it may be incited in with a Syringe. Moreover the virtue and strength thereof shallbe diminished according to the temperature of the body, and sensibility of the hurt. As if the wound be in the nervous parts, it shall be mixed with the Oils of Terebinth, or of Hypericon, in such quantity as the expert Chirurgeon shall know to be needful. But the Egyptiacum is not to be used at all, unless it be in such times which are Pestilential and dangerous for those said wounds, & that they do decline to putrefaction. After the use of Egyptiacum you may separate & make the escharre fall, with remollitive and lenitive things, as the following Oil in using thereof a little hotter than lukewarm.  
℞ Olei violati lb iiij. in quibus coquantur catelli duo nuper nati, usque ad dissolutionem ossium, addendo vermium terrestrium praeparatorum lb i. coquantur simul lento igne, deinde fiat expressio ad usum, addendo Terebinthinae Venetae ℥ iij. aquae vitae ℥ i. The said Oil is of great & marvelous efficacy, both to appease the pain, as also to suppurate the wound, and to make the escharre fall. But for want thereof this which followeth may be applied which is easier to be had.  
℞ Olei semin. lini, & liliorum an. ℥ iij. unguent. basilic. ℥ i. liquefiant simul, & fiat medicamentum, de quo vulneri indatur quantum sufficit. I have known that the said Oils being applied in the beginning of the hurt reasonable warm to appease the pain, to lubrifie, relax, and moisten the edges of the wound, disposing it to suppuration, which is the true way to cure those wounds, as Galen himself reciteth from Hypocrates, saying; That if the flesh be contused, crushed, or battered with any Dart, or in any other manner, that it ought so to be handled that it be brought to suppuration as soon as may be: For by this means the wound shall be the less mollested with Phlegmon (or inflammation.) Also it is necessary that the contused flesh be putrefied, liquefied, and converted into pus, that new flesh may afterwards be regenerated.  
joubertus doth very much approve this remedy, which I never yet did experiment, and it this. Take of the powder of Mercury twice calcined ℥ j fresh Hog's grease, or sweet Butter, ℥ viii. Camphire dissolved in Aqua vitae, ʒ ij. mix them together, adding thereto a little of the oil of Lilies or Linseed. Experience doth show that this remedy is excellent, and reason doth also confirm it. For the powder of Mercury accompanied with unctuous and moistening things, causeth the contused flesh to suppurate easily, & in short time without enduring any great pain. As for the Camphire, whether it be hot or cold, it serveth greatly because of the excellent tenuity of the parts thereof. By reason whereof, every Medicine of what quality soever it be, doth penetrate, and disperse the Virtues thereof the better. Moreover, 
The virtue of Camphor  the said Camphire doth resist all putrefaction. Some do instill into the wound Aqua vitae, in the which they dissolve calcined Vitriol; which medicine is not suppurative, but i● resisteth putrefaction; of the which you may use in times & seasons that are hot and moist. Another ℞. Olei Terebinth. ℥ iij. Aqua vitae. ℥ ss miscae.  
Now, if the wound were given near at hand, then of a certain the wound may be with burning, by reason of the flaming powder, 
Combustion joined to wounds made by gun-shot.  and shall be applied medicines proper unto the combustion thereof, nevertheless not leaving the contusion: and as for the parts about the wound, there you shall not apply Medicines which are refrigerative and astringent, but remollitives and suppuratives, for they cannot be used at the first dressing, because they do cool and weaken the pa●t, and hinder suppuration. Also they do constipate the skin, which is a hindrance to the transpiration of the fuliginous vapours: from whence ensueth Gangrena and mortification, through the unfit application of such like medicines. Where the contusion shall be great, there you may make many scarifications, thereby to discharge the part of the bruised bones which is subject to putrefy: but in the neighbouring parts, and about the contusion far off from the wound, you ought to apply cooling & corroborating medicines to prohibit and hinder the defluxion of Humours as is this.  
℞. pulver. boli armenis sanguine. Dracon. puluer. myrrh. an ℥ i. succi solan. semperuivi, Portulac. an. ℥ i. ss album ovorum iiij. oxyrrh. quantum sufficit, fiat linimen. ut decet. Or other such like: whereof it is convenient you should use, until you are assured of the perfect prevention of the accidents. In like manner, great care ought to be taken in the apt cooling of the member, situating it in a figure proper, and without pain if it be possible at the beginning, 
Time to observe to dr●sse the patient.  until that the wound beginneth to suppurate, you need not dress the patient but from 24. hours to 24. hours: and when the suppuration beginneth, and by consequence the pain, fever, and disquietness shall augment, the Patient ought then to be dressed every twelve hours. But when there shall be great quantity of matter which doth molest the patient than it is needful that he be dressed every 8. hours: & when the pu● beginneth naturally to diminish, the once every twelve hours shall suffice. Finally, when the Ulcer beginneth to be filled with flesh and sendeth not forth much matter, then to be dressed once a day shall be sufficient, as in the beginning.   

CHAP. VI How the said wounds ought to be handled after the first dressing.  
AT the second dressing, and in the rest following, if there be no danger of putrefaction and Gangrena, you may use one of the aforesaid oils adding thereunto of the Eggs, with a little Saffron, which shall be continued until the excrement of the wound be digested and brought to suppuration. Herein it is to be noted, that in wounds made by Gunne-shot, 
Pu● is not so made by gun-shot, as in all other wounds.  it is longer before they be brought to suppuration then other wounds made by other instruments, because that the bullet and the air which it thrusteth before it, dissipateth (by reason of the great Contusion thereof) the natural heat, and the spirits from the part, which causeth that the concoction is neither so soon, nor so well made, for want of natural heat, from whence there followeth an exceeding foetide or stinking savour of the Sanies and other accidents very dangerous. Nevertheless it is for the most part made in three or four days, sometimes also sooner or later according to the temperature of the body, and of the part, & the quality of the air hot or cold. These things done, it shall be needful to begin to mundify by little and little the wound, by adding to the aforesaid Medicine, of Terebinth washed in Rose water or Barley water, or such like, thereby to take away the heat and mordacity thereof. If the disposition of the time be very cold, than you may add unto it of Aquavitae, according to the counsel of Galen, who teacheth that in winter ought to be applied hotter medicines then in summer. Afterwards you may use of this Mundificative,  
℞. Aquae decoct. hordei quantum sufficit, succi plantaginis, Appij, Agrimoniae, Centauri minoris, an. ℥ i. bulliant omnia simul, in fine decoctionis add Terebinth. venet. ℥ iij. mellis Rosati. ℥ ij. far. hord. ʒ iij. Croci ℈ i. miseantur omnia simul bene agitando fiat mundificatum mediocris co●sistentiae. Another.  
℞. Succi clymeni, plantag. absinth, appij, an ℥. ij. Terebinth. venet. ℥ iiij. syrup. absinth. & mellis Ros. an. ℥ ij. bulliant omnia secundum artem, postea colentur, in colatura add puluer. Aloes, Mostich, i●e●s, florent. far. hord. an ʒ j fiat mundificat. ad vs●m dictum. Or this;  
℞. Terebinth. venet. lotae in Aqua Ros. ℥ v. olei Ros. ℥ i. mellis ros. ℥ iij. myrrh, aloes, mastic, aristo●och. rotundae, an ʒ j ss far. hord. ʒ iij misce, fiat mundificatiwm. The which shall be applied in the wound with Tents and setons, neither too long, nor too great; because that then they may hinder the evacuation of the Sanies or matter, & of the vapours elevated from the wounds; which if they should be retained, it is most certain that they will heat the part, and acquire to themselves an acrimony, which afterwards will eat into the edges and other parts of the wound; from whence ensueth dolour, fluxion, inflammation, flux of blood, Apostume, and putrefaction, which are easily communicated to the noble parts, and cause afterwards many pernicious accidents. And therefore the Chirurgeon need not to fear any thing at all, 
Advertisement to the young Chirurgeon.  of the closing or conglutinating of the aforesaid wounds, because that the flesh being so greatly contused and dilacerated, cannot consolidate until the contusion be first suppurated and mundified. And therefore I advise him not to use any Tents or Seton's but those that are very small and slender, to the end that they may not hinder the issue of the matter contained, and that the patient may endure them easily, thereby to avoid the aforesaid accidents. The use of Tents and Seton's is to carry the medicine unto the bottom of the wounds, and to keep them open, especially in their Orifices, until that the strange and unnatural things be expelled: but if the wound be sinuous and deep in such manner that the medicines cannot be conveyed unto all the offended parts, than you may make injection with the decoction following.  
℞. Aquae hordei lb iiij. agrimon. centauris, minoris, Pimpinellae, Absinth. Plantag. an. m ss. Rad. Aristoloch. rotun. ʒ ss. fiat decoctio ad lb i. in colatura expressa dissolve aloes hepaticae ʒ iij. mellis rosat. ℥ ij. bulliant modicum. With this there shall be invection made three or four times together, every time that the patient is dressed. And if this remedy be not sufficient to cleanse the matter, and to consume the spongy and putrefied flesh, you may then mix with the said decoction of Egyptiacum, dissolved in such a quantity as necessity shall require; as for a pound of the said decoction, an ounce of the said unguent more or less, the which is of most great efficacy to correct the spongeous flesh from the bottom of the said wounds: the like also doth the said Egyptiacum, being applied above on the excresence of the spongeous flesh. I have in like manner experimented the powder of Mercury and Alom burned, mixed together in equal portions, 
A Catholic powder.  to have in that case the like virtue unto sublimate or Arsenic (but in working it is nothing so painful) and it maketh also a very great eschar, whereat sometimes I have much wondered. Some practitioners do use oftentimes to leave a great quantity of their injections in the bottom of such sinewous wounds, the which I approve not. For besides the putrefaction and corruption which thereby it get●eth, it holdeth the parts extended, and doth humid or moisten them: whereby it cometh to pass, that Nature cannot do her duty to regenerate the flesh, considering that for the curation of all Ulcers (that being an Ulcer, as saith Hypocrates) the scope or intention ought to be to dissicate them, and not moisten them.  
Many do err also in the too frequent use of Seton's, in this; That not applying themselves to reason, they do use to renew them always, whereby they rub and fret away the tender flesh on the edges of the wound; the which rubbing and chafing doth not only cause pai●e, but also bringeth with it many evil accidents. And therefore I do very much commend the use of the hollow tent, which are made either of Gold, Silver, or Led, such as are described in the wounds of Thorax: I mean to be used in such places which have lapasity sufficient, and where there shallbe great quantity of Sanies.  

Compresses or Bolsters.  Also it is most needful that there should be applied Compresses or Bolsters just upon the bottom of the sinus, thereby to comprimate those parts which are distant from the Orifice, & to expel the Sanies. To which end, it is fitting that the bolster be perforated just upon the orifice of the sinuous ulcer, and upon the hollow tents; & that therein there be placed a sponge to receive the Sanies: for by this means the expulsion, evacuation, and absumption thereof, shall be much better. In rolling, the Ligature ought to be first begun on the bottom of the sinus, with a mean combustion, to the end that the matter be not retained within the Cavity thereof. The Rollers and Bolsters proper to this operation, shall be first moistened in Oxycrat, or sour Wine, or in any other astringent liquor, to roborate and strengthen the part, and to hinder the defluxion. But great heed ought to be taken, that there be not too great an astriction made upon the part, because that through the astriction or strait binding, extreme pain may be produced by means of the exhalation of the fuliginous excrements which thereby are prohibited. Also it may cause the member to become Atrophied or withered through the too long continuation of the said Rollers.   

CHAP. VII. Of the means to draw forth such strange bodies, which shall yet remain to be extracted.  
AND where there shall remain any splinters of bones, which at the beginning were not extracted by the aforesaid Instruments: than you ought to apply this medicine, which is of great power to draw them forth, and all other strange bodies.  
℞. Radicis, ireos, florent. panac. & Cappar. an. ʒ iij. aristolochiae, rotundae, mannae, thuris, an. ʒ i. in pollinem redecta concorporentur mell. rosar. & terebinth. venetae. ana ℥ ij.  
Another remedy to take away the said Splinters, and corrupted bones.  
℞. Resina pini siccae, ℥ iij, Pumicis combusti & extincti in vin albo, radic. ireos, aristolochiae, ana ʒ ss thuris ʒ i. squamae aeris ss ij. in pollinem rediganter diligenter, incorporentur cum melle rosato, & fiat medicamentum.  
Besides these remedies which have in them, & from their nature, such power to attract forth strange bodies, there are of others which have the like effect and virtue by putrefaction, Vt omnia stercor● Animalium. Also Leaven and such like, as Galen writeth.   

CHAP. VIII. Of the Indications which ought to be observed in the said wounds.  
THE mundification and the extraction of the said strange bodies being done, it followeth then to aid Nature; both to regenerate flesh, & also to cicatrice it, as well by things taken inwardly, as by outward Medicines hereunto convenient, and to proceed therein by certain Indications, which are taken first from the essence of the disease, and from the cause thereof. If it be present although that from the primitive cau●e (according to Galen in the third of his Method) ●here ought no Indication to be taken, no more then from the time wherein he meaneth from the absent cause, and from the time past. In like manner Indication ought to be taken from the four universal times of the curable disease, that is to say, from the beginning, increasing, state, and declination: according to the which times, the remedies ought to be diversied. Another Indication is taken from the temperature of the Pa●ient, which also changeth the curation. 
Indication taken f●om the temperature of the body.  For every rational and Methodicke Chirurgeon knoweth well, that other remedies are required in a Choleric body, then in a Phlegmatic; and so of the other temperatures both simple and compound. Under the which Indication of the temperature, shall be comprehended that of the Age, which receiveth not all remedies alike, but demandeth some for the young persons, and others for the old.  
Moreover, Indication is to be taken from the custom or manner of living of the Patient; as whether he hath been accustomed to eat and drink much, and at all hours: for than you ought not to ordain him such an exquisite diet as unto him that is accustomed to eat and drink but little, and at certain hours: and therefore the diet of Panades are not so proper unto us as unto the Italians, because our bodies require more lenitive things: which effect it worketh with them, because of Custom, which is a second Nature. Under this accustomed manner of living, aught to be understood the condition of the life, and the exercise of the Patient, forasmuch as you ought to use stronger remedies unto the robusticke & men of labour, such as have their flesh hard, than you ought to use upon the delicate, and such which labour but little, and exercise less. Some there be that had rather comprehend this Indication under that of the temperature. For my part I will not dispute of it, but will leave the resolution thereof wholly to the Doctors.  

The Indication taken from the virtue of the patient.  The Indication taken from the virtue of the patient, is above all other things to be respected, because that it failing or being very weak, all other things ought necessarily to be best to come unto it. As when we are enforced through necessity to take off a member, or to make any great incisions, or such like things, if the patient have not virtue sufficient to endure the pain; it is necessary to defer such operations (if it possible) until that Nature be restored, and hath recovered her virtues both by good nourishment and rest.  
Another Indication may be taken from the Air which doth encompass us: under the which are comprehended the seasons of the year, the region, the place of our abiding, and the constitution of the time. For according to the heat, coldness, dryness, and moisture of the air, also according to the continuation of these qualities, the Medicines ought to be prepared. And therefore (as saith Guido) the wounds in the head are more difficult to heal at Paris then at avignon; 
Sentence of Guido.  and the wounds in the legs are more tedious at Avignon then in Paris; by reason that in Paris the air is more cold and moist then at avignon, which is a contrary thing, especially to all wounds in the head. Contrariwise, in Avignon, the heat of the encompassing air doth melt and subtillize the humours; whereby such humours more easily and in greater abundance do fall down into the legs: from whence it cometh that the wounds in the legs are more difficult to cure at Avignon then at Paris. But if any one do allege experience to the contrary, that the wounds in the head, do more often become lethal or mortal in hot Regions then in cold. To him I answer, that that proceedeth not by reason of the air, inasmuch as it is hot and dry, but because of some superfluous humidity or evil vapour communicated with the air; as in those parts of Provence and Italy, which are near to the Mediterranean sea.  
The Indication of curation may also be taken from the temperature of the wounded parts: 
Indication taken from the wounded part.  for the fleshy parts do require other remedies than the Bones or the Nervous parts, and so others. The like aught to be observed concerning the sensibility of the said parts, which in like manner altereth the manner of curation: for it is not sitting to apply such sharp and violent medicines to the Nerves and Tendons, as to the Ligaments and other insensible parts. The dignity and action of the wounded parts hath no less privilege in the act of curation than the former. For, if the wound be in the Brain, or in any other of the vital or natural parts, it behoveth that their Medicines diversified and applied according to their dignity and action, because that from the contemplation of these wounds, is oftentimes gathered a certain judgement of the ensuing accidents. For such wounds which do penetrate into the ventricle of the Brain, the Heart, or in the great vessels, 
Aph●ris. 18. Boo●● 1●.  in the Chest, in the Nervous part of Diaphragma, in the Liver, in the stomach, in the small guts, and in the bladder, if the wound be great, they are necessarily mortal. Also such which are in the joints, or near thereunto, and in bodies Cacochymed or of an ill habitude are oftentimes mortal, as hath been said here before. In like manner, the Indications which are taken from the position and colligance of the affected part ought not to be forgotten, neither the figure thereof, as Galan hath sufficiently explained in the 7. of his Method, and in the second to Glaucus.   

CHAP. IX. How Diseases become compounded.  
Moreover in taking the aforesaid Indication, you ought to consider whether there be a complication of the disease, or not: For, even as the simple disease proposeth a simple Indication, so the complications of the indispositions against Nature, do propose mixed or compounded Indications. Now the aforesaid complications are made after three manner of ways that is to say, disease with disease; as a Wound with an Apostume or fracture of the bones. Disease with cause, as an Ulcer with defluxion. Disease with symptom, as a wound with pain, or with a Flux of blood. Or all things against Nature together, as disease, cause, and symptom.  
Now that you might know how to handle artificially all these complications, you must follow the Doctrine of Galen, in the 7. of his Method, who exhorteth us to consider the complicated affections, as that which is the most urgent, 
The Urgent the cause, & the necessity  the cause; and that without the which the disease cannot be taken away. And these are things of great importance in the curation of all diseases; & herein the Empiric becometh wavering and uncertain, without counsel or resolution, not knowing with which of the affections he ought first to begin withal for the cure. Bu● the i●dicious Physician to the contrary is directed by those three golden word●: from the which depend both the order and method in all such complicated dispositions and affections. The symptoms inasmuch as they are symptoms, do not give any Indication at all, neither do they charge or alter the order of the curation. For in taking away the disease, which is the cause of the symptom, they are removed, because they depend thereon, as the shadow doth the body: although oftentimes we are constrained to leave the disease in an irregular care, to come unto the accidents of the Disease; the which if they are urgent, do hold the place of the cause, and not properly of the symptoms.  
To conclude, all the said Indications are but to attain to two ends, 
The vs● of Ind●●at●●n.  that is to say, to restore the part in its natural temperature, and that the blood offend not neither in quantity nor quality. That being done (as saith Galen) nothing will hinder neither the regeneration of the flesh, nor the union of the ulcer. Bu● sometimes it is not possible to put the aforesaid Indications in execution, either because of the greatness of the wound, or the excess and disobedience of the Patient; or because of some other indisposition which hath happened through the ignorance of the Chirurgeon, or from the ill or disordered application of the Medicines. And therefore by means of these things, there followeth great pains, Fevers, Apostumes, gangrena's (vulgarly and abusively called Estiomenes) Mortifications, and oftentimes death itself. Moreover those that receive wounds by gun-shot, do either die, or else remain maimed and defective all their life after.   

CHAP. X. How the Chirurgeon shall proceed in the handling of the said wounds.  
IN the beginning therefore, great regard ought to be taken to mitigate the pain as much as may be, by repercussing the defluxion, by ordaining a diet according to the six unnatural things, and they annexed, by annoying all hot and sharp things, and by diminishing or altogether prohibiting wine, lest it should heat, subtillize, & make the humours flow to the part. His manner of living, aught in the beginning to be very slender, thereby to make revulsion. For when the stomach is not filled sufficiently, it attracteth from all parts unto it: by means whereof, the extern parts having affinity therewith, do remain empty. And this is the reason wherefore the patient aught to keep a slender diet in the first days of his hurt. Venus is altogether contrary unto them, inasmuch as it inflameth the humours and spirits more than any other motion: and for this cause it maketh the wound to be much inflamed and subject to defluxion. And it will not be amiss in the beginning if there be a sluxe of blood, to let it moderately flow, thereby to discharge the body and the part: and where it hath not sufficiently flowed, you ought the day following to use revulsive Phlebotomy, 
Phlebotomy necessary i● wounds made by Gun●eiho●.  and to take away according to the fullness and virtue of the patient. You need not fear of making of aversion of the blood toward the Noble part●. For (as we have said) there is no venomous quality therein; nevertheless it is generally observed, that such wounds at that instant do send forth b●t little blood, 
Ca●ses why th●●● happeneth 〈◊〉 always an●le mo●th●g●.  because of the great con●usion made by the Bullet and t●e vehemence of the agitated air, which doth repulse and drive back the spirits into the inw●rd parts, and into the circumiacent parts of the wound, as we have said before.  
This is ordinarily known in those who have had a member carried away with a great shot: for at the instant of their hurts, there issue●h but little blood forth of their wounds, although that there be many great Veins and Arteries broken & dilacerated. But a certain time afterwards, as in the fourth, fifth, or sixth day, and sometimes later, the blood will issue forth in great abundance: by means of the returning of the spirits, and natural heat into the affected pa●ts. As for the purgative Medicines. I leave them to the Doctors. Nevertheless in their absence's, it is necessary to relax and move the belly of the patient at the least once a day, either by a●t or by Nature, which shall be done r●ther by Custers then Purgations, especially in the fi●st days, because that the agitation of the humours in that case is to be suspected, lest they should ma●e a greater defluxion to the wounded part. Nevertheless Galen in the fourth book of his Method. Cap 6. speaking of the Indications of bleeding and purging, where he saith; That bleeding and purging are necessary, according to the greatness of the disease, although that the pati●nt be without repletion or cacochymy, or evil constitution.  
Pain aught to be appeased, according to the intention and remission thereof, which to do if it happen that there is an inflammation, you may apply thereto as a local medicine unguentum nutritum, composed with the i●yce of Plantain, Houseleek, and Nightshade, and such like. Also the Emplaster Diachalciteos described by Galen in his first Book of the Composition of Medicines according to their kinds, chap. 6. dissolved with the oil of Poppy, of roses, and a little Vinegar, and it is of no little efficacy for that purpose. Also ung. de bolo, and many others of that faculty, if they be not properly anodins (for all Anodins are hot in the first degree, or at the least agreeing in heat with our bodies, as saith Galen in his first Book and 19 chap. of Simples) ●nd the aforesaid medicines are cold, yet not so much as that thereby they should become Naucotick, the which are cold in the fourth degree. But to be short, the abovementioned in the aforesaid case, do appease the pain very commodiously, 
Hot humours are apker to slow then cold.  because they are contrary unto hot distemperatures, and do prohibit the defluxions of humours, which oftentimes are sharp and choleric, which are more apt to flow then the cold, and do cause a greater pain. After the usage of repercussives, I do marvelously approve this Cataplasm.  
℞. Micae panis infusae in lact vaccino lb i. ss. bulliant parum addendo olei violacei & ros●. an. ℥ iij vitellos ovorum numer quatuor. pull. rosar. rubr. florum chamemel. & melior an. ℥ ij. far. fabar. & hord. ana ℥ i. misce, & fiat cataplasma secundum artem. Or for a Medicine sooner prepared, thou must take of the crumbs of bread, and so let it be a little boiled with Oxycrat, and the Oil of Roses.  
As concerning the curation of such Apostumes which happen in these Wounds, it is expedient that their Medicines should be diversied according to their times. For some medicines are proper in the beginning, others in the augmentation, and others in other times; as hath been sufficiently declared by Galen in his third Book and ninth chapter of the faculty of Medicines. And by Guido in the curation of Apostumes; and by those that have written thereof. And where Nature shall incline to suppuration, it is most needful to attend her, 
Apho●. 31. B●oke 2.  as saith Hypocrates: for the Physician and Chirurgean, are but the ministers and helpers of Nature, to aid her in those things whereunto commodiously she inclineth.   

CHAP. XI. Of such Bullets which have remained in certain parts a long time after the Curation of the wounds.  
SOmetimes the Bullets of Lead have remained a long time within the members, as for the space of seven or eight years and more, 
An advertisement.  there following nevertheless not any evil accident, nor hindrance of the consolidation of the wound: & they have continued there so long, till they have been thrust forth by the expulsive virtue, descending down by means of their gravity and heaviness into the inferior parts, in the which they will manifest themselves, and then ought to be drawn forth by the operation of the Chirurgean. Now this continuation of them so long in the body, without any corruption or evil accident (in my opinion) doth proceed from no other thing but from the matter of the Lead, whereof the said Bullets were composed. For so it is, that Lead hath a certain familiarity and agreement with nature, especially of the fleshy parts: even as we see by ordinary experience, which teacheth us, that Led being outwardly applied, hath the virtue to close and cicatrise old ulcers: but if the bullet were of stone, of Iron, or of any other metal, it is a most assured thing, that they cou●d not abide long in the body, because that the Iron Bullet would rust, and thereby corrode the part where it lieth; from whence would ensue many pernicious accidents. But if the bullet be in the nervous or noble parts, although it were but of Lead, it could not continue there long, without bringing with it many great inconveniences: therefore when it cometh to pass that it remaineth a lo●g ti●e in the body, it is in the fle●●y parts, and in bodies of good temperature and habitude, otherwise it cannot st●y there, without inducing pain and many other accidents, as hath b●ne said.   

CHAP. XII. Of the great Contusions and d●●acerations made by the Bullets of great shot.  
Moreover if the Bullet of a great piece of Ordinance do strike against any member▪ it (for the most part) doth ei●her carry it away, or else break and batter it in such a fashion, through the great vehemency thereof, that it shivereth and breaketh the bones, not only of those which it toucheth, but also of those that are farther off, because that the bonebeing hard doth in some sort make a little resistance, by which means the Bullet hath the greater force against it. That this is true, we see ordinarily that ●he said Ordinance hath much more action & effect against a strong wall, then against a rampire of earth, or a woolsack, and other soft things, as we have said here before. Therefore, it is no marvel if after such wounds made by gunshot, there follow dolour, inflammation, fever, spasm, Apostume, Gangrena, Mortification, and oftentimes death. 
Causes of petillous accidents in wounds mad● by gun-shot.  For those great contusions of the Nervous parts, the break or vehement concussions of the bones made by the said Bullets, do cause grievous accidents, and not the combustion and venenosity of the powder, as many do think, not considering the matter of the said ●owder: the which (as I have said) it is not venomous; for if the wound be made in a fle●●y part, without touching the Nervous parts, it only requirech such remedies for their curation, a● a●l other contused wounds do, without they degenerate (as I have said here before) into an evil quality, through the corruption of the ai●e; the which cause● (not many years since) the wounds that were then received to be much altered and corrupted, with a great putrefaction in the fleshy and bony parts. From the which (as I said before) were elevated many vapours into the Brain, the Heart, and the Liver: from whence proceeded many evil accidents, & death to the most part.   

CHAP. XIII. Of the means which ought to be observed to rectify the air, to roborate the noble parts, and to fortify the whole body.  
AND therefore the Chirurgeon ought to have a great care to administer all things which have power to rectify the air, and to roborate and strengthen the noble parts: also to fortify the whole body, which shall be done by the ensuing things; which are to be administered both inwardly and outwardly. For the Patient shall take inwardly in the morning, three hours before he ●ate any thing, of the Tabul. Diarrhodon abatis, or de aroi●. ros. de triasant. diamoschi, de Laetificans Gallant, and other of the like virtue. Outwardly shall be used Epithemes upon the Region of the heart and Liver, a little more than lukewarm, applied with a piece of Scarlet, or Sponge, Felt, or a fine linen cloth. This following may serve for a form unto every Chirurgeon.  
℞. Aquae rosarum ℥ iiij. Aquae buglo. aceti boni, an. ℥ ij. Coriand. praeparat. ʒ iiij. Garyophyllor, Corticum citri, an. ʒ i. santali rub. ʒ ss. coral, utriusque ʒ i. camph. ℈ i. croci ℈ ss pull. diarrho. abbatis ʒ ij. theria. & mithridat. an. ℥ ss. pulu. florum camomillae, melilio ana ℥ i. misce & fiat Epithema.  
Moreover, you ought to give the patient odorifferous and refrigerant things to smell to often, to roborate the animal faculty, as this which followeth. R Aqua rosaceae, aceti boni, ana ℥ iij. garyophyl. nucis mosca. cinamoni conquatassorum, therica Galeni ana ʒ i. And therein let a Handkerchief or sponge be dipped, which the Patient shall aiwayes hold to his nose. He may use also an aromatic Apple or Pomander for the same intention, as is this.  
℞. Rosar. rubrar. violar. ana ʒ iij. baccarum myrrhi & juniperi, santali rubr. ana ʒ ij ss. benjoin ʒ i. camph. ℈ ij. fiat pulvis. Postea ℞ Olei Ros. & nenuph. ana ℥ ss styracis calamitae, ʒ ij. aquae rosarum quantum satis est, liquefiant simul cum cera alba quantum suffic. fiat Ceratum ad comprehendendos supra dictos pulueres cum pistillo calido, & fiat pomum. Another.  
℞ Radic. ireos florent. maioranae, calami ariomatici, ladani, ben●oin, rad. cyp. garyoph. ana ℥ ij. mosci g. iiij. fiat pulvis, et cum gummi tragachan. quantum sufficit, fiat pomum.  
Another.  
℞ Ladani puri ℥ ij. benjoin ℥ ss. styrac. calam ʒ vi. ireos Florentiae ℥ ss garyophil. ʒ iij maiora, rosarum rubrarum calami aromat ana ʒ ss. puluerisentur omnia, et bulliant cum aqua rosarum quantum sufficit, et colentur, et colata liquefiant cum cer. alb. quantum sufficit, styracis liquidae, ℥ i. fiat ad modum Cerati, comprehendantur per pistillum, addendo moschi ʒ i. fiat pomum.  
In like manner you may apply of your Frontals to roborate the animal faculty, to provoke sleep, and to mitigate and ease the pain of the head, as this following. ℞ aqua rosaceae ℥ ij. Olei rosar. et papaveris, ana ℥ j ss. aceti boni, trochiscorum de Camphora ʒ ss. fiat Frontale. The way to apply it is thus. Take a linen cloth, and fold it up five or six times double; that done, dip it in the aforesaid commixtion, and so apply it on the Temples a little warm, which being dry aught to be renewed again. Herein note, that in this case the head ought not to be bound hard, lest that thereby the free pulsation of the arteries of the temples be hindered, whereby the pain of the head might be augmentrd. There are many other exterior remedies whereby the air might be corrected; as to make a good fire in the Chamber of the patient with the wood of juniper, 
Hyp. lib. de unla. Cap.  of Bays, vine branches Rosemary, of Flower de Luce roots: also by things sprinkled in the chamber, as water and vinegar; if the patient be rich, Damask water herein is very proper. Or this which followeth;  
℞ Maioravae, menthae, radicis cyperi, calami aromatici, saluiae, lavandule, foeniculi, thymi, stoechados, florum camo. melil. satureiae, baccarum lauri et juniperi an. m. iij. pulu. garyoph. et Nucis moscatae an. ℥ i. aquae ros. et vitae lb ij. vini albi boni et odoriferi lb x. bulliant omnia in balneo Mariae ad usum dictum. Moreover perfumes may be made to perfume the said Chamber, as these following. ℞ Carbonis salicis ℥ viii-labdani puri ℥ two. thuris masculi, lini et baccarum juniperi ana ℥ i. xylaloes, benjoin, styracis calamitae an. ℥ ss. Nucis moscatae, santali lutei ana ʒ iij. garyoph. styracis liquidae ana ʒ ij. zedoariae, calami aromatici ana ʒ i gummi tragach. aqua rosac. soluti, quod sit satis: fiant aviculae Cyprinae, seu suffitis, qua forma libebit. As for the putrefaction and corruption of the bones, we will speak thereof hereafter more amply.   

CHAP. XIIII. Memorable Histories.  
OFtentimes the aforesaid wounds are accompanied with many indispositions, as oedemateus tumours, fracture of the bones, and the like, 
History.  as (for the young Chirurgeons sake) I will relate this history for an example, of the hurt of the Earl of Mansfelt, Governor of the Duchy of Luxembourg, Knight of the order of the King of Spain, who was hurt at the battle of Moncontour, with a Pistol shot upon the joint of his right arm or elbow, which fractured the bones; whereof there were many that were fractured in such small pieces as if they had been broken with a Mallet, because he received the blow so near at hand, and through the violence and force of the blow, there happened unto him many accidents; as extreme dolours, inflammation, fever, an oedemateous Tumour; a flateous or windy tumour all the arm over, yea even to the ends of the fingers, together with a preparation unto a Gangrena. Which to prevent, and also the total mortification thereof, M. Nicholas Lambert, and M. Richard Hubert, Surgeons in ordinary to the King, had made many and deep scarifications. Now by the Commandment of the King, I was sent for to come unto the aforesaid patient to dress him: where being arrived, seeing the aforesaid accidents to be accompanied with a most faetide putrefaction, we were resolved to apply on the said scarified parts, of Aegyptiacum fortified and dissolved in vinegar and Aquavitae and such remedieswhich are proper for the cure of gangrena's. Over and beside these accidents, the said Lord had a flux of the belly, by the which he expelled of the fanie quitture which came from the Ulcers of his arm. This many will not believe, forasmuch (as they say) that if it should descend by the belly, it followeth of necessity that the said matter should be mixed with the blood. Also that in passing near unto the heart, and through the Liver, it would cause many accidents, yea death itself. Nevertheless I doubt not but that I have sufficiently answered all these Objections, how and in what manner it is done in my book Of the suppression of the urine; wherefore, if any desire to know the reason thereof, he may have recourse to the said Book.  
In like manner, the said Lord fell oftentimes into a Syncope, by reason of the putrefied vapours which ascended up from the ulcers, which vapours by the Nerves, Veins, and Arteries, were communicated to the stomach, 
Aquavitae with a little Trea●le recall 〈◊〉 presenthe the spirits, and comforteth the vital faculty.  and other noble parts. For which cause I gave him sometimes a spoonful of Aqua vitae to drink, wherein I dissolved a little Treacle. Mounsieur Bellanger, Physician in ordinary to the King, and Mounsieur le Bon Physician to my Lord the Cardinal of Guise, men of understanding, and expert in Physic and chirurgery, employed all their skill (as much as was possible) to resist his Fever, and other accidents which happened to him. As for the Oedemateous and flatulent tumour which wholly occupied all the arm, I applied thereon staples wet in Oxycrat, with salt, and a little Aquavitae, and other remedies, which shortly shall be showed. Then with double clothes I ●ewed them up as strong & handsomely as I could possible, that is to say, as much as the said Lord could endure it. This compression serveth both to contain the fractured Bones in their places, and also to expel the sanies from the ulcers, and to repel the humours towards the centre of the body. And when the binding and rolling of his arm was omitted, the tumour did increase in such manner, that I very much feared the natural heat of his arm would be suffocated and extinguished. Now for to make any other manner of Ligature it was altogether impossible, because of the extreme pain that he felt, if his arm had been removed never so little. There happened unto him also many Apostumes about the joint of his elbow, and in other parts of his arm: wherefore to give issue to the Sanies, I made him many incisions; all which the said Lord endured willingly, telling me that if two would not serve, make three, yea four; such was the desire that he had to be out of his pain, and to be cured. Then (smiling to myself) I told him that he deserved to be hurt, and not these tender and delicate persons, who will rather suffer themselves to rot, yea to endure the pains of death, then to endure any necessary incision to be made for the restoring of their healths.  
Now, to shorten his cure, he used of a Vulnarie potion, and sometimes there was inserted with a Syringe into his ulcers of Aegyptiacum dissolved in wine, or else in the said Potion, or rather Mel Rosarum instead of the Egyptiacum to mundify them, and to correct their putrefaction; and other remedies which would be too tedious here to recite: and among others, of the powder of Alum combusted, to dry up and consume the high and spongeous flesh. Also for the mundification of the said ulcers, I used a long time nothing but dry Lint, which was as much in quantity every dressing, as a Man's fist. And on a day, seeing that he was without pain, and that the flesh began to regenerate, I told him that now he began to be well: then he said to me laughing, I know it very well, for now I see you do not use the fourth part of the Lint you did before. In the time of his curation, I protest that I took from him more than threescore pieces of bones. Of the which, some were as great as my finger broken in a very strange figure, yet notwithstanding the said Lord (thanks be to God) was perfectly cured: only it remaineth that he cannot, nor never will, bow or stretch forth his arm.  

History.  monsieur de Bassompierre, Colonel of two hundred horse, the day of the aforesaid battle, was hurt with such another shot, and had a great part of the aforesaid accidents: whom also I dressed until his perfect curation, which (thanks be to God) he attained. True it is, that he continueth impotent as the other Lord is.  
After that I had cured the aforesaid Lords, the Earl of Mansfelt, and Bassompierre, 
Another history.  I was commanded by the King to employ all my diligence in the curation of Charles Phillippes de Croy, Lord of Hauret, Brother to my Lord the Duke of Ascot, near to Mons in Haynault, who had already kept his bed seven months and more, by reason of a wound that he received by a Musket-shot, three fingers above the knee, whom I found with these accidents following; namely, extreme pains, a continual Fever, cold sweatings, loss of sleep, that part situate upon Os Cauda, 
marvelous accidents.  ulcerate in compass as much as the palm of my hand (because he had lain so long time on his back) he took not any rest day nor night, with loss of appetite of meat, but drank enough. He was sometimes surprised in his bed with the fits of the Epilepsy, & had oftentimes a desire to vomit, with a continual shaking, insomuch that he could not bring his hand to his mouth without the help of another; he fell oftentimes into a Syncope or fainting of the heart, because of the putrefied vapours that were communicated to the stomach and the noble parts, by the Veins, Arteries, and Nerves: the which we elevated from his ulcers, and from the corruption of the bones. For the Thigh-bone was fractured and shivered both long wise and overthwart, with divers splinters; whereofsome were already separated, others not. He also had an hollow ulcer near unto the groin, which ended about the middle of the thigh. Moreover he had other sinuous and caniculous Ulcers about the Knee. All the Muscles both of the thigh and leg were extremely tumified and imbued with a phlegmatic, cold, moist, and flatulent humour, in such sort, that the natural heat was very near suffocated and extinguished. Seeing all these accidents, and the strength and virtue of the patient greatly decayed and abated, I was stroke with an exceeding sorrow, because that I was sent unto him, and seeing little hope of recovery, for I feared greatly that he would die under my hands. Nevertheless, 
God & Nature effect marvelous things.  considering his youth, I had some small hope, for God and Nature bringeth sometimes such things to pass, which seemeth unpossible to the Chirurgeon.  
I then demanded of the said Lord, if he had a good courage: and told him likewise, that if he would endure the making of certain incisions, the which for his curation were very necessary, by that means his pains and his other accidents would cease. He answered, that he would willingly endure whatsoever I thought convenient, yea, to the amputation of his leg, if I thought it necessary. Then I was very joyful, and presently after I made two Orifices to give issue to the Matter that lay about the bone, and in the substance of the Muscles, whereby there issued forth a great quantity. Afterwards, injection was made with wine, and a little Aquavitae, wherein there was dissolved a good quantity of Egyptiacum, to correct the putrefaction, and to dissicate the loose & spongeous flesh, and to resolve and consume the ordemateous and flatulent tumour, and to ease his pains, to refocillate and fortify the natural heat which was greatly prepared to be altogether suffocated, because the parts could not concoct nor assimilate the nourishment necessary for them, by reason of the great quantity of matter therein contained. His Chirurgeon, named M. Anthony Maucler, an honest man, of great experience in Chirurgery, dwelling at Mons in Haynault, and myself, we concluded to make him fomentations, with the decoctions of Sage, Rosemary, Time, Lavender, Camomile flowers, Melilot, and red Roses boiled in white wine: and so a lexive made with the ashes of oak, a little portion of vinegar, and an handful of salt. This decoction so made, hath virtue and power to subtilize, attenuate, incise, resolve and to dissicate the cold, gross, and phlegmatic humour, and to roborate the wounded parts. The said fomentations were used a long time together, to the end that the resolution may thereby be made the greater. For being applied long together, it resolved more, by liquifying of the humour which was in the profound parts: whereas otherwise it would have but rarifyed the skin, or the fleshy parts of the Muscles.  
And for this intention we made him many frications with hot Kerchiefs in all manners, 
Galen in the 6 of the Method.  that is, from the higher parts downwards, and from the left side to the right: also circular wise, and this a long space together. For the brief Frications, I mean those that are made in short time, maketh attraction, but resolveth nothing at all. In like manner every other day, there was applied all about his Thigh and legs, even to the sole of his foot, of Bricks heated and sprinkled with vinegar and white wine, with a little portion of aqua vitae; and through this evaporation, you should perceive many Aquosities to proceed forth of the pores of the skin by sweeting, whereby the tumour diminished, and the natural heat was revoked. Also there was applied compresses or Bolsters on the tumified parts, dipped and infused in a levine made of the ashes of oak; with the which, was boiled Sage, Rosemary, Lavender, Salt, Aqua vitae and Cloves; and Ligature was made with such dexterity as the patient could well endure it: and to so good purpose, that if it had been but one day omitted, we might easily perceive the tumour. Also there was applied good big Bolsters on the bottom of the sinus of the ulcers, to depress and expel away the Sanies. And sometimes for the better accomplishing thereof, the orifices of the ulcers were kept o●en with hollow Tents. Sometimes also to resolve the tumour, there was applied a Cataplasine thereon made thus:  
℞. Far. hord. fabar. orobi an. ℥ vi. Mellis come. Terebinth. an. ℥ ij. pull. flor. Camomel. Mellioliti, rosar. rubrar. an. ℥ ss. pull. radic. ireos, florent. Cyperi Mast. an. ʒ ij. oxymellis simplic, quantum sufficiat fiat cataplas. ad formam pultis satis liquidiae.  
In like manner, 
The Emplaster of Vigo is resolutive.  we made use of the Emplasters of Vigo sine mercurio, which helped greatly to ease his pains, and to resolve the said Tumour. Nevertheless it was not applied until the parts were first heated, by the means of fomentations, Frications, and evaporations, or otherwise that Emplaster could never have wrought that effect through the cold distemperature of the parts. Now for the Mundification of the ulcers there was applied remedies proper thereunto, changing and alteting them according as we found occasion. Also the Catagmaticke powders to separate the bones, and to correct their putrefaction were not spared him: he used also for the space of fifteen days of vulnary potion.  
I may not here omit to speak of the Frications which he suffered every Morning universally over the whole body, which was greatly extenuated and weakened both by reason of his dolours, & other accidents (as we have said) and also for the want of exercise. 
The benefit of universal Frications.  The said Frications did revoke and attract the spirits and the blood, and resolved such fuligenous humours which were detained between the skin and the flesh. And therefore the parts were afterwards better nourished and refreshed; so that so soon as his pains began to pass away, as also the Fever, he began to sleep well, and to have a good appetite, and therefore we caused him to use good Meats, and to drink good wine and good be●r●; & we broke our fasts together, he and myself every Morning, with good nourishing Broths: and by this means he became fat and lasly, and perfectly cured. Only it remaineth that he cannot well bend his knee.  
Now the reasons that moved me to recite these Histories, is only to instruct the young Chirurgeon to the practice thereof, and not that any glory of praise might be attributed to me: but to restore them to God, knowing that all goodness proceedeth from him as from an everlasting fountain, and nothing of ourselves. And therefore we ought to give thanks unto him for all our good works; humbly beseeching him to continue and augment them more and more in us, through his infinite goodness.   

CHAP. XV. An Apology touching wounds made by gunshot.  
THere happened into my hands not many days past, 
A just occasion of the Author for his Apology  a certain Book written by a Physician; wherein he very openly contradicteth that which I have written heretofore, as concerning wounds made by gun-shot and their curations. I protest that if there were no other cause, or that there were no other interest herein then the contemning of me and my Book, I would let these things alone, and pass them away under silence; knowing well, that all answers and replies whereby we strive to stop the Mouths of evil speakers, do oftentimes rather give them a further occasion of speaking then otherwise; and that there is no better way to stay such Controversies, then by not answering one word. Even as we see that the fire is extinguished when the combustible matter ceaseth, by taking away the wood. But when I did consider the evident danger that many would fall into, if they came to follow those rules and instructions that the said Physician setteth down for the cure of the said wounds, I therefore thought it my duty to prevent this evil, and to hinder it as much as lieth in me, in regard of my profession. The which beyond that common affection which all men owe to the public weal, doth bind me particularly to this, in such manner, that I could not with a good conscience become deaf and dumb, when both my particular and general duties, do bind and constraineime to speak. This therefore was the true cause that did solicit me to make this Apology, rather than any passionate or boiling desire in me, to have my revenge of him who hath truly assaulted me.  
Now in this book, he pretendeth to despise & contemn the application of suppurative Medicines, as Bassilicon, and others of that nature. 
Basilicon liquefied into an oil, is proper in all woundsthat ●equire suppuration.  Also of those that are sharp, as Egyptiacum, and such like. For (saith he) such remedies have been the cause of the deaths of an infinite number of men, whereunto they have been applied; yea, although that their wounds were but superficial, and in fleshy parts. And that herein the counsel of Hypocrates ought not to be followed, 
Hyp. in his ●●●ke of ulcers.  who saith, that all contused wounds ought to be brought to suppuration, because (saith he) this is a new disease, and unknown to the Ancients, and therefore it requireth new remedies. Also that thunder and the violent effect thereof, ought not to be compared to the reports of Artillery.  
Now seeing that he striveth to contradict all that I have written before in my book of wounds made by Gunne-shot, Arrows▪ and Darts, I am constrained for my defence, to repeat somewhat of that which I have heretofore divulged, to reprove all these points (as I hope) one after another.  
First of all, that suppurative Medicines are not proper in such wounds, it is against reason, authority, and experience: for every one knoweth that the Bullet being round and massive, cannot make any entrance into our bodies, without great contusion and bruising; the which cannot be cured without suppuration, according to the authority not only of Hypocrates, but also of Galen, and all other Authors both Ancient and Modern. And what doth it serve him to call such new wounds, to derogate from the saying of Hypocrates whom we hold to be the Father, Author, and Founder of the Laws of sacred Medicine, which are worthy of all esteem and praise above all others, because they are not subject to change, as all others that are established by Kings and Princes, neither are they tied to the prescription of times, nor the customs of Regions. Therefore if I have herein followed the Hippocratick Doctrine, which is always found true and st●ble, I persuade myself to have done well. And therein I have not been in that conceit alone; for Mounsieur Botall, Physician in ordinary to the King, and Mounsieur joubert Physician to the King also, and his Lecturer in ordinary in the university of Mont-pellier, men well experimented both in Physic and Chirurgery, have lately written of this matter. Commending, and commanding the application of Bassi●ic●n & other suppuratives in the beginning of such wounds.  
These men, because they have followed the wars, have seen more wounded by shot, than our Physician hath done all his life time. As for experience, there is an infinite number of other good Chirurgeons, and greatly experimented, who have and do use of these remedies in the beginning, to bring those wounds to suppuration, if there be no Indication that doth contradict it. I know moreover that an Empirical Chirurgean, a neighbour of his called Doublet, 
Doubles an Empirick.  hath many and sundry times done marvelous cures, by applying only in those wounds a suppurative Medicine, composed of melted Bacon, the yolk of an Egg, terebinthinae, with a little Saffron, and this he held for a great secret.  
There was also another at Thurin in the year 1538. (I being then in the service of the late Marshal of Monteian, Lieutenant General of the King at Piedmont) who had the report above all the Chirurgeans in those parts, for his excellent curing of those wounds with Oleum Catellorum; the description whereof, I procured of him through my earnest entreaty. This oil is of power to lenify and appease the pain, and to suppurate those wounds being applied a little more than lukewarm, and not boiling hot, as many will. This an infinite number of Chirurgeans have used, after that I had described it in my Book of wounds made by gunshot with good and happy success. As for that which he writeth against the Unguent Egyptiacum, certainly I believe that he abideth in that opinion and heresy alone, 
Answers t● th● 〈◊〉 of Igyptia●um.  because there hath not been yet discovered a more singular remedy to correct and prevent the putrefaction which happeneth most commonly in those wounds, the which do degenerate oftentimes into virulent, corrosive, ambulative, and malignant Ulcers, casting forth a stinking Sanies, whereby the part salleth into a Gangrena, unless it be prevented by Egyptiacum, and other sharp medicines. And for this cause they have been very much approved by the said Botal and joubert, and of all good Chirurgeans; yet nevertheless our Physician maintaineth that they are venomous, because (saith he) that being applied in wounds by Gun shot, they have been the cause of the death of many persons; which is a thing so absurd and against reason, that I will leave the resolution thereof to the Towne-Barbers, who I am sure are of skill sufficient to confute the grossness of that imputation; or if their want of judgement be such that they cannot, yet the consideration of every one of the ingredients of the said Aegyptiacum would suffice to show, that it is so free from any venomous quality, that it doth resist, & is directly contrary to all sorts of poisons and putrefactions which may happen in the fleshy parts, by reason of any wound or ulcer.  
He saith moreover, that the disposition of the air cannot be the cause to infect or restore wounds more dangerous at one time then at another. Herein also he is of this opinion alone. But if he had well read and understood Hypocrates, he had not so lightly contemned the constitution of the seasons, and the infection proceeding from the air not simple and Elementary (for being simple, it never acquireth any putrefaction) but by addition and commixtionwith other corrupted vapours, as I have written in my treatise of the Pestilence: For inasmuch as the air that doth encompass & enclose us, is perpetually necessary unto our lives; it followeth therefore, that according to the indisposition thereof, our bodies also altered in many and sundry manners, because we do draw it continually by means of the Lungs and other parts, serving unto respiration; and also by the pores & every little invisible hole throughout the body, and by the Arteries dispersed in the skin. And this is done both for the generation of the spirit of life, and also to refresh and foment our natural heat. For this cause, if it be immoderately hot, cold, moist, or dry, or otherwise distempered, it altereth and changeth the temperature of our bodies unto its own quality. This is clearly seen: for when it is infected by the putrefied and cadaverous vapours produced from a great multitude of dead bodies that have not been buried soon enough; as of men, of ho●ses, and other beasts. As it happeneth after any battle, or when many men have perished by shipwreck, and have been cast ashore through the violence of the waves. As for example, the memory is yet f●esh, of the corruption of the air which proceeded from dead bodies at the castle of Pene, situate upon the river of Lot, in which place, in the year 1562. in the month of September, whiles the first troubles happened about Religion, there was a great number of dead bodies fell into a pit of an hundred fathom deep, or thereabouts: from whence, two months after, there was elevated such a stinking and venomous vapour, which dispersed itself over all the countries of Agenois, and the neighbouring places within the compass of thirty miles round, that thereby many were infected with the pestilence, whereof we need not wonder; for the wind blowing▪ and driving the exhalations and corrupted vapours from one country to another, doth infect them with the said pestilence.  
In like manner, the evil constitution of the air, whether the cause be manifest or hidden, may make wounds to become putrefied, alter the spirits and the humours, and cause death. This therefore ought not to be attributed unto the wounds, because that they which are hurt, and those that are not, are both equally infected, and fall into the same inconveniences.  
Mounsi●●r d' Alechamps in his French Chirurgery spea●●ng o● these things which hinder the c●●●t●on of Ulcers, hath not omitted, that when either the pestilence, or any Epidemical Disease reigneth in any Province through the corruption of the Air, it ma●●th Ulcers become incurable, or of most difficult curation.  
The good old man Guido, in his Treatise of Ulcers hath also writ, ●hat the wounds of the head were more h●r●er to cure at Paris then at avignon, and that the Ulcers of the legs were more difficult at Avignon then at Paris, forsomuch as at Paris the air is cold and moist, which is a contrary thing, especially to wounds in the head. Likewise in Avignon, the hear of the air do liquefie and subtilize the humours: and therefore, more easily and in greater abundance do the humours fall into the Legs, whereby the curation of the Ulcers in those parts, is more difficult at Avignon then at Paris. But if any one alleging experience shall say the contrary, that the wounds in the head are for the most part mortal in hot countries: To him I answer, that that proceedeth not from the air, as it is more hot and dry, but rather because of some superfluous humidity and evil vapour communicated with the air, as in the places about Provence, and of Italy near unto the Mediterrenean sea. Now, there is not a Chirurgean of so little understanding, that knoweth not but if the air be hot and moist, the wounds do easily degenerate into a Gangrena and putrefaction. As for experience, I will give him a familiar example. We see that in hot and moist weather, and when the Southerly winds blow, that flesh doth putrefy in less than two hours, though it were never so lately killed, in such fort that Butchers in those times do kill no meat but even as they sell it. Also there is no doubt to be made but that human bodies do fall into affections against Nature, when the qualities of the seasons are perverted through the evil disposition of the air: as hath been seen, that in some years, wounded persons have been most hard to cure, and oftentimes died of very small wounds, what diligence soever the Physicians and Chirurgeons could use. The which I noted well at the siege which was planted before Rouen: for the corruption of the air did alter and corrupt the blood and humours in such sort, by the means of inspiration and transpiration, that the wounds became so putrid and faetide, that they sent forth a cadaverous smell: and if it happened that one day had been omitted wherein they had not been dressed, you shall find the next day a great company of worms in them, with a marvelous stench; from whence were elevated many putrefied vapours, which by their communication with the heart caused a continual Fever, with the Liver hindrance of the generation of good blood, and with the Brain they produce alienation of the spirits, fainting, convulsion, vomitings, and by consequence death: and when their bodies were opened, you should find Apostumes in many parts of their bodies full of a green stinking Sanies, in such sort that those that were within the Town seeing these things, that their wounded persons could not be cured, said that those without had poisoned their bullets: and they without said the like of those within: and then perceiving that those wounds did rather turn to putrefaction then unto any good suppuration, I was constrained, and with me the most part of all the Chirurgea●s to leave suppuratives, and instead of them to use the Unguent Aegyptiacum, and other such like remedies, to prevent the said putrefaction & Gangrena, and other of the aforesaid accidents.  
Moreover, if the divers courses of the heavens have power and force to imprint a pestilence in us through the influence thereof, why is it not possible that the like may be done in a wound, to infect it after many ways? Experience itself giveth us a good and sufficient testimony, not only in hot weather, but also in winter. For we see that every patient whether he be wounded, or otherwise disposed against Nature, are tormented more of their griefs when the weather is subject to rain, then when it is fair weather. And the reason is, because the vapour and moist air, and southern winds, do inwardly move and agitate the humours which afterwards do discharge themselves upon the afflicted parts, & thereby increase their pains.  
Our Physician hath also written, that in the battles of Dreux and of S. Denis, which were fought in the winter time, there died a great number of men, that I confess too; but I deny that it was by the application of suppurative medicines, or of Corrosives, but through the vehemency of their wounds, and the disorder that the Bullets made in their members, whereunto the nature of the wounded parts helped greatly, and the temperature of the patient, but above all the cold. For the cold causeth wounds to be of most difficult curation; yea, sometimes it causeth a Gangrena and total mortification, as witnesseth Hypocrates. And if he had been with me at the siege of Metz, he should have seen many soldiers having their legs eschiomened by reason of the cold, and an infinite company of others that died of the cold, although they were not wounded at all. If he will not believe this, I will but send him to the top of the Mount Senis in the winter time, where many have lost their lives, and were benumbed and frozen in a moment; witness the chapel of Transis, which from thence had that Name given it.  
He hath in like manner calumnied me, because I compared thunder with Artillery. Truly it may be said that they have like effects: for this Diabolical 
1 Similitude  gunpowder doth such marvelous things that it is easy to prove a great similitude the one with the other. And first of all, we may compare the fire that we behold to issue forth of the Cannon to the lightning in this, because it is seen before the Thunder is heard, so is it with the other: and this happeneth, because the ear is not so quick as the eye to receive their objects. We may also compare the dreadfulness of the reports of great Ordinance to that of Thunder. 
2 similitude  For when there is made any notable battery with great Ordinance, their reports are heard sometimes twenty leagues off, more or less, according as the winds carrieth the echo of their noise. The first reports are not heard so plain, as those that follow; and the cause is, for that the multiplication of the reports following and succeeding one another, that which is nearest doth drive or thrust forward that which is next him, and that in like manner thrusteth forwards the other, and that other the other, until it cometh to our ears. In like manner the Bullets are carried by the force of the powder, with such an inestimable swiftness, that they break and batter all that they meet with; 
3 similitude  yea, they have more force against hard and unresistible things then against soft things: therein also they do resemble Thunder, which shivereth the sword in the scabbard, and yet the scabbard remaining whole, melting Silver in a purse, the purse unburnt. In like manner (as I have said here before) hath been seen many whom the Bullet hath never touched, yet nevertheless through the impetuosity of the air caused by the violence of the powder issuing out of the mouth of the canon; hath broke and shivered the bones, without any manifest appearance of solution of continuity in the flesh; yea, to have battered and killed them out right, as if it had been with a thunderclap. Gunpowder also hath a stinking smell, 
4 similitude  scenting of Brimstone; imitating therein that odour that continueth in that place where a Thunderbolt hath lately fallen; which smell, is not only abhorred of men, but also all animals are therefore constrained to abandon and forsake their dens and caves when it hath fallen near thereunto: so great is that sulphurous stink that it leaveth behind it. But yet their similitudes is more manifested by the effects of the said powder; 
5 similitude  the which being enclosed in a Mine, and converted into wind or air by means of the fire that is put thereunto, it over-whelmeth pieces of earth as great as mountains▪ breaketh and demollisheth strong towers, reverseth mountains upside down. This I have already manifested by that history which I have elsewhere written, which was that at Paris; there was seen not long since a sudden disaster by reason of the powder in the Arsenal, which taking fire, it caused such a great tempest, that it made the whole Town to shake, over whelming those houses that were near thereunto, 
Horrible effects of gunpowder.  uncovering & unglasing those that were further from the fury thereof.  
To be brief, even as the thunder doth massacre and reverse men half dead here and there; taking from some their sight, from others their hearing, and leaveth others so torn in their members, as if four horses had drawn them to pieces: and all this through the agitation of the air into whose substance the said powder was converted. The like act happened in the Town of Maligns, in the year 1546. by the fall of a thunderbolt, within a great and strong Tower, wherein there was a great quantity of Gunpowder, the which did overthrow and reverse almost the one half of the Town, and killed a great number of persons, whereof I saw a while since many remarkable tokens.  
These examples in my opinion are sufficient to content our Physician, and to show him that there is a great similitude between the effects of Gunpowder and Thunder. Nevertheless, I will not for all that confess that gun-shot is accompanied with poison and fire as the claps of Thunder: for although they do agree the one with the other, as doth appear by the former similitudes, it is not in the substance and matter, but in their manner of breaking, battering, and dissipating of the objects which they meet, that is to say, the thunderclaps by the means of the fire, and the stone engendered therein, and Gunne-shot by the air impetuously agitated, which guiding the bullet, causeth the like tempestuous disaster, that the thunder doth. These things considered, may we not therefore confess, that those who have written that the Cannon shot and Thunder to have a great similitude together, have had reason so to do? Finally, this Physician hath not taken much pains to prove that Gunpowder was not venomous, and that the bullets are without any burning at all. Neither in like manner to invent and name the Instruments proper for the extraction of all strange bodies, because he hath found them already digested in my book, with many other things which he hath written, as every one may know by comparing his book with mine. He hath also enriched his Book with many sentences and reasons which he hath collected from an Italian Author, named Bartholomaeus Magius, Physician of Bolognia, who hath written sufficiently thereof in a Treatise called De Vulnerum sclopetorum curatione, although he doth not acknowledge him for his guide. But having traduced him almost word for word, hath made it nevertheless his own, and of a Translator, would be called Author.  
Now let us come to his goodly practice and new method to cure wounds made by gunshot. 
A new kind of suppurative.  First of all, he would have applied suppurative Medicines, the which nevertheless he doth not understand to be hot and moist, nor of an emplastic substance; but to the contrary, he ordaineth them to be hot and dry, because (saith he) that this is not of the nature of an Apostume, wherein there is required no other cure but only to suppurate them. But here where the wounds are with contusion, many and divers Indications arise from thence; for so much as the contusion would be concocted and digested, and the wound desiccated. To answer to this, I would send him to learn the nature and quality of suppuratives in Galen in the 5. of Simples, and to take all in his way, until he come to the tenth of his Method, which will teach him, that in complicated diseases he ought to consider the cause, the order, and the vigent.  
Moreover, I would willingly ask of him if he can heal that wound made by gun-shot, unless th● Contusion be first suppurate? I think not: and herein I refer myself to the judgement of all good practitioners; and therefore our Basilicon and Oleum Catellorum, and other such suppurative medicines, are proper to suppurate such wounds as are made by gunshot. Secondly, he would have Oxycratum put into the wound to staunch the flux of blood: and if by that means it cannot be stopped, to apply thereon a medicine made of the white of an Egg, Bowl armoniac, Rose-vinegar and Salt. I leave you to consider whither such like remedies have power to stay the flux of blood or no, they being put with in the wound. Truly they will rather make it flow more, because that the vinegar is of a gnawing and subtle quality, causing pain, defluxion, inflammation, & other evil accidents, as I have known by experience: and I know no Chirurgean that hath been exercised in his Art, will follow such a kind of practice, lest he find himself deceived in the end. To this purpose I do remember that I had a Moor in cure, who belonged to Mounsieur the Earl of Roissy, who was hurt before Bologne by an English man, who gave him a wound with a Lance thorough the back: whereupon, to stay the Flux of blood, I put into the wound a restrictive, wherein there was Vinegar instead of another, but presently after he came to me again, telling me that he thought he had had fire in his arm, which caused me to dress him anew, and to change the medicine of his wound, and to apply the said restrictive upon it. I believe that this Physician knew not so much, otherwise I esteem him so honest a man that I think he would not have put it in his Book for a good restrictive.  
Moreover, he commendeth above all other things his Balm made of the oil of wax & mirth beaten together with the yolk of an Egg, or rather the natural Balsam which is brought from Peru, and saith, that they do consume the superfluous humidity of those wounds, whereby they prevent the happening of any perilous accident. Nevertheless, he saith, that they do unite & consolidate those kind of wounds, as they do which are incised. Truly it seemeth very strange to me, to see that any would go about to dress and cure contused wounds, as simple wounds which demand nothing but union. Over and beside, these Balms cannot be proper in wounds made by gun-shot, because that by reason of their siccity they do hinder suppuration, without the which they cannot be cured. And if they be needful at all, it is only after that the contusion is suppurated, & the wound mundified: and then I know not where we should find so many extractors of quintessences to extract and prepare so many Balms as shall be needful to dress those soldiers which shallbe hurt in the assault of a Town, 
A pleasant answer, and to the purpose.  or a skirmish in battle? Neither where they shall get money sufficient to countervail the charge thereof.  
Let us come to the rest. He ordaineth that these Balms should be instilled into the wounds without Tents, yet afterwards remembering himself, he saith, that it would be very good to put within them a little short one, only to keep the Orifice of the wound open. How is it possible that these Balms and Unguents should be conveyed into the bottom of the wound without Tents or Seton's, whose use is principally to carry medicines unto the bottom of wounds, and to keep them open to give issue unto all strange bodies? All good practisers will never agree with him in this point, nor those which know what it is to handle such wounds.  
Now there is yet another thing worthy to be well noted, and that is this: After that he had reproved the Unguent of Egyptiacum, he nevertheless forgetting himself, commandeth it to be applied from the beginning until the wound be altogether suppurated, and to be thus used. Take (saith he) of Egyptiacum dissolved in a decoction on made of the tops of Wormwood, and of Hypericon, and of the lesser Centaury and Plantain, and this to be injected into the wound. H● describeth after that another, made of Plantain water, and honey of Roses boiled together unto the thickness of honey, and then scumming of it well, therewithal mix Egyptiacum in equal parts: & (saith he) this unguent doth suppurate those Wounds which are made by gunshot, I leave the experimented chirurgical Readers to judge whether such remedies be suppurative or not. As for me I do esteem them to be proper to mundify and cleanse, and not to suppurate. He finally writeth, that the wound ought not to be dressed but once in four days, and where there shall be fracture of the bones once in eight days. He saith moreover in another place, that it is convenient to instill every day ten or twelve drops of balm into the wound. Truly this doctrine serveth rather to confound the young Chirurgean, as not knowing what manner of practice he should follow: 
Evil p●actisers do open both the heaven and the earth.  for whosoever should follow his, I am well assured he will open often both the heavens and the earth; the heavens to receive their souls, and the earth their bodies.  
But we have spoken enough of this matter for this time, inasmuch as I am well assured, that these small cavillations shall nothing at all diminish the reputation of my Book, which is by strangers so much esteemed, that they have translated it into their own mother tongues, thereby to have communication therewith. Therefore now we will bid our Physician farewell, but first would pray him to review and correct his Book as soon as he could, to the end that the young Chirurgean be no longer retained in those errors which they may apprehend by reading therein: for the shortest follioes are the best.   

CHAP. XVI. Another Discourse about the question of the venenosity of wounds made by gun-shot.  
NOt many months since, I chanced to be in the company of many learned Physicians and expert Chirurgeans, who by way of discourse began to put the venenosity of wounds made by gunshot; they principally striving by five Reasons to prove that venenosity may be conjoined with those wounds, not because of the powder, which they confess with me to be free from venom or poison both in the composition and essence thereof, but by reason of the bullet, within the which poison may be infused, mixed, and incorporated.  
The first reason is, 
1 Reason.  because that Lead is very rare and spongeous, as the facility of the dissolving and softness thereof do show, and therefore by consequence very easy to receive the imbibition or infusion of any venomous liquor. I answer that that consequence seemeth to me to be but of small assurance: for in all artificial mixtions, 
Answer.  as is that whereof we speak, there are two things to be considered; the matter of the bodies which enter into the commixtion; and the form according to the matter. Such bodies ought either to be liquid, or soft, or brittle, and easy to be divided into small portions; to the end, that altogether and on every part, they may meet, ioy●e, and unite. According to the form they ought to be alliable and computible th'one with the other. This is evidently known by the water, which though it be easy to mix with an infinite number of other things, yet nevertheless they cannot be mixed together, by the reason of the antipathy of their forms. So Gold and Silver are so amorous of Lead, that when they are to be dissolved, they are mingled therewith; but Brass doth fly from Lead as much as gold and silver do fly from Tin. If therefore Led and Brass be melted together, they can by no means be mixed together, though both are contained under Metallicke kinds. How then can there be incorporated with Lead any venomous thing, being different both in form and kind?  
Let us come to the second reason. Iron (they say) which is more hard, 
2 Reason.  solid and compact, may nevertheless receive a certain venomous quality, as we see by empoisoned Arrows, whereof our Ancestors have heretofore used; and therefore Led (by more reason) may receive the like venomous quality. 
Answer.  To answer to that, I confess that the poison may well be received on the superficies of the Iron, but not in the inward substance thereof, by way of commixtion. Now here the question is of incorporation, and not of a simple infusion or Unction.  
Let us hear the third reason. 
3 Reason  Although that Led (say they) when it is melted, doth leave behind it a kind of gross excrement: nevertheless, it is not therefore made unapt to receive the infusion of any strange substance. For, even as steel a metal amongst all others the most solid, doth receive in the working thereof, a temper which doth harden it of a clean contrary substance. For answer (I say) that when the temper is given to steel, it is not received within the inw●rd substance thereof; for, 
Answer  if such a thing were necessary for the hardening thereof, it might be easier done at that time when it is first drawn and melted, then to give it the Temper, it would better incorporate therewith then afterwards when it is taken and consolidate into a bar. This answer shall likewise serve to confute the fourth reason, 
4 Reason  by the which (say they) that the juice of Napellus and Rhododendron of Apium risus, and such like, who of their whole substance, do hurt & corrupt ours being mingled with Lead, there may thereby be made such a venomous commixtion; that those wounds which it maketh, must of necessity become venomous. I say to the contrary, 
Answer  that the mixture is only of things which may not only be applied, but also fixed, incorporated, & united the one to the other. Now how can water or any other liquid juice only be made to adhere and cleave to Led which is hard & solid, I mean in that fashion that they may be united: the variety hereof may be judged better by experience, then by reason. Cause Led to be melted within the juices heretofore recited, or any other that you will choose (having first weighed them severally) and you shall find the just measure of the juices, and the true weight of the Lead, as they were before: a most evident sign, that no part of the Lead is incorporated with the juices, nor the juices to have lost any of their substance.  
The first reason is this; The Bullet shot out of a Musket against a stone or any body of the like hardness, 
5 Reason.  is not thereby so much heated, but that it may nevertheless be handled in the bare hand though it be taken presently after it was shot: and therefore it is false to affirm, that the poison infused in the Bullet, may be consumed by the fire of the flaming powder. I answer, you must note that when I said that although the Bullet may be handled, nevertheless, the fire would consume the force of the poison; my meaning was, not the fire of the flaming powder, 
Answer.  when the Musket is shot off, but that fire which is used to incorporate the molten Lead with the said poison, the which immediately working upon the poison, being not yet wholly enwrapped and covered in any strange body▪ and having time and leisure to work that effect, and not at an instant and altogether, it may if not consume, yet at the least greatly abate the forces of the said poison. Those that will not content themselves with these reasons, let them read Matthiolus upon the Preface of his sixth Book of Di●scorides. There are (saith he) of late men so ignorant and foolish, 
A great Anotation.  that they do cause to cast amongst their Gold and Silver when it is melted, wherewith they intent to make any drinking vessels of Treacle, Mithridate, and other Antidotes, to the end these metals having acquired even at the beginning the virtues of the aforesaid Antidotes may resist all poisons. But how ridiculous and foolish this opinion is, they themselves may judge, if they have but any mean knowledge of natural things, and principally of Metals. And therefore, there shall not need a more evident refutation. Behold the reasons, behold the authority, which have retained in my first opinion, that wounds made by Gunne-shot are not conjoined with any venenosity.  
here let not the Reader build too much on the opinion of Ambrose Parie; for I think there is not any Chirurgean that will deny but that a bullet may be poisoned, notwithstanding the former reasons, which I leave to be considered by the judicious and experimented Chirurgean.   

CHAP. XVII. The differences between such wounds which are made by arrows, and those made by gun-shot.  
THese wounds which are made by Arrows, Crossbow shot, or such like Instruments, do differ in two things from those which are made by gun-shot and other fiery Engines. For sometimes they are found without Contusion, which never happeneth to wounds made by Gunne-shot. Oftentimes also they are empoisoned, and according to these two differences, their curations ought to be diversified. Now let us consider the differences of Arrows and Darts, because that consideration serveth greatly unto the knowledge and curation of the said wounds.   

CHAP. XVIII. Of the differences of arrows and Darts.  
A Rrowes and Darts do differ in matter, in form or figure, in magnitude, in number, in manner, and faculty or virtue. Their differences in matter is, some of them are of Wood, others of Canes or Reeds: some of them have their extremities or heads garnished with Iron, Tin, Led, Brass, Horn, Glass, or of bone, and others not. Their differences in form are, some of them are round, others angular, others sharp, others barbed; some of them having their points turned backwards, and some have it divided into two parts: some are made broad in their heads and cutting like a knife, and in many other forms and fashions innumerable. As for their magnitude, some of their heads are of three fingers in length; others of a smaller size. Their number causeth a difference herein; because that some are simple, having but one point only; others are composed into two or many. Also in them their manner is to be considered; for some of them have the Iron or head inserted within the wood of the Arrow, and of others the Arrow is inserted into the head. Some heads are fised and nailed unto the shaft, and others not; but have so little hold, that in drawing them forth, their heads remain behind in the wounds, whereby they become more dangerous. Their faculty maketh them also to differ in this, because that some are (as hath been said) empoisoned and others not. Such are the special and proper differences of Arrows and Darts: according to the which, the dispositions which they leave behind them, doth diversify their curation. Thou mayst behold by this following figure the aforesaid differences.   

CHAP. XIX. Of the differences of the wounded parts.  
THese differences exposed. Now we must consequently speak of the diversity of the affected parts, which are either fleshy or bony; some of them are near the joints, others within them. Some with a great Flux of blood, and fracture of the bones, others not. Some of them in the princall members, or in parts serving them; some are deep, 
Necessary judgement to avoid scandal.  others but superficial. And if in any of these wounds there appear any manifest signs of death, you ou●ht to make a true & sure judgement thereof, before you meddle therewith, to the end that there be no occasion given unto the ignorant people to speak evil of our Art. Now, to leave the Arrow in the body, would cause unevitable death, and the Chirurgean would be esteemed unpittiful and inhuman, and by drawing it forth the Patient may peradventure escape. For, as we have said▪ it is better to attempt a doubtful remedy, then to let the Patient die, without any succour at all.  
  

CHAP. XX. Of the extraction of Arrows.  
AS touching the extraction of Arrows, you ought to avoid the incising, dilacerating, and breaking of the Veins, and Arteries, Nerves and Tendons, if it be possible. For it would be an ignominious thing and against Art, to offend Nature more than the Arrow.  
The manner to draw them forth is twofold; the one of them is by extraction, and the other by thrusting it through the member. Therefore, even at the beginning, and at the first dressing, it is fittest to take forth all strange bodies (if any there be) as the heads of the Arrows, the shaft or wood, and other such like things, as hath already been said of wounds made by Gun shot, and by the same means. And for their better extraction, it is convenient that the Patient be situate in the same figure and posture, as at that time when he was hurt, because of the Reason's aforesaid (if it be possible) and then to use instruments proper to that effect. as principally this following, which hath an hollow quill or pipe divided in the middle, the outward par● toothed; into the which is inserted a rod, like unto the Tirefond of gunshot, as hath been figured here before, excepting only that this is not made with a Screw in the extremity or end thereof. Also it is made greater, to dilate the hollow pipe, thereby to fill the cavity of the Iron head. This other Instrument also is very proper, which dilateth by compressing the two extremities together, being toothed also on the outward part; as you may see by these following Figures on the other side the leaf.  
The first Instrument is opened by means of a Vice, which is inserted within the hollow Pipe thereof.  
The second Instrument doth dilate, by compressing the two ends together.  
The signs whereby you may know where the Iron head is, that if you feel with your hand on that part where it is, you shall perceive an asperity and inequality. Also the flesh will appear contused, livid, and black, and the Patient will feel an heaviness and continual pain in the wounded part.  
The other two Instruments are called Tenacles, with a Vice, together with a crows bill: and is very commodious to draw forth the heads of Arrows, and to extract forth Mail and other smaller bodies.  
This Instrument underneath, is another small Hook to draw forth Mail, or any other strange body, that it cannot meet with: which also may serve thy turn for the same effect, in the wounds of Gun-shor.  
But if it come to pass that the head be barbed, whether it be of an Arrow, Pike, Dart, or Lance, and shall abide in any part of the body. As for example, in the Thigh or Leg, together with some portion of the wood broken therein, in that case the Chirurgean shall cut away the wood or shaft as close as he can, with incising or cutting Tenacles. Afterwards he may draw forth the head with Tenacles that are toothed, as you may see by the figure before going.  
Hypocrates in the fift of his Epidemies saith, That he hath drawn forth the head of an Arrow six years after it was shot, it being lodged near unto the Groin.   

CHAP. XXI. How you ought to proceed in drawing forth broken Arrows.  
BUT if it come to pass, that the head is broken, in such sort that it cannot by any means be apprehended by the aforesaid Tenacles, let it be extracted then (if it be possible) with the Crane's bill, or crows bill, or other Instruments, that have been described here before: but if the shaft be broken off so near the head, that there can be taken no hold, neither of the head thereof, nor of the shaft, with the Crane's bill, then let it be drawn forth with the Tirefond of gunshot, for if it will insert itself into Lead, by a greater reason it may easily enter into wood. In like manner, if the head be barbed, as most commonly your English men's Arrows are, then if it be possible, thrust it through the member, with an Instrument proper thereunto. For, by that means you shall avoid greater danger, because that in drawing it forth, the Barbils may rend both the Nerves, Veins, Arteries, and the other parts, the which you ought to avoid carefully. And therefore it is better to make a counter Orifice on the other part, just overagainst the wound, and so to thrust it clean through. For, it may be supposed, that there is but a little thickness to incise; so by this means, and with less danger the wound will have a double issue; the one on the former part, and the other on the hinder part; and will therefore heal sooner, because you may apply your medicines both on the one side, and on the other, and it will also mundify better. To the contrary, if the barbed head happen upon a bone, or be inserted therein, which oftentimes cometh to pass in the bottom of the Muscles of the Thigh, of the Arm, or Leg, or other parts of great distance, there it is not convenient to thrust them through, but rather to dilate the wound, avoiding the Nerves and great vessels, as the good and expert Anatomical Chirurgean ought to do, and then gently and orderly to apply therein a Dilatory hollow in the inward part thereof, and so to place it, that it may apprehend the two Barbils of the Iron head: then with the Cranes bill it may be held steady, and so draw them forth all three together, as this figure following showeth thee.  

A ●ilatory which hath a certain cavity in the inward pa●t thereof, with the Cranes ●ill holding a barbed head.    

CHAP. XXII. What ought to be done when the Arrow is inserted into the bone.  
NOw, if it happen that the Arrow is so inserted and fixed in the Bone, that it cannot be taken forth by thrusting it through the member, but by drawing it forth by the same way that it entered in, you ought then to move and stir it too & fro discreetly if it stick fast in the bone, wherein an especially care aught to be taken that you break not the Arrow, and so leave some part thereof sticking in the bone; from whence might ensue many dangerous accidents. This operation may be done by the Instrument named the Crowesbill, or by others here before figured presently af●er the extraction of the Arrow. Suffer the wound to bleed sufficiently, taking your Indication from the strength or virtue of the Patient, to the end that the part may thereby be discharged, and less mollested with inflammation, putrefaction, and other evil accidents. The extraction being done, at the first dressing, if the wound be simple, thou shalt handle it as a simple wound: but if it be with complication, thou shalt then cure them according as you shall find the dispo●tions complicated, to appease the pain, thou mayest to thy great profit apply Oleum Catellorum of our description here before declared, & to overcome other accidents which may happen in thy cure, thou shalt have recourse unto our former Books of wounds in general, and of those made by gunshot.   

CHAP. XXIII. Of venomous or empoisoned wounds.  
NOw there remaineth to understand and consider, that these wounds are sometimes empoisoned (as we have said) and that it proceedeth from the primitive cause of the Arrows so prepared by the enemy. This may easily be known both by the report of the hurt person, saying, that he feeleth a great and pricking pain as if he had been stung with Bees (especially if the poison were hot, which is most used in that case) and also by the flesh of the wounded part, which presently after becometh pale and livide, with a certain appearance of mortification: whereunto also there doth happen many other g●oefes, and greater accidents, which are not accustomed to happen in all other wounds, wherein there is not any venenosity. Wherefore at the beginning (after that you have extracted forth all the strange bodies, if any there be) you ought to make divers deep scarifications all about the wound, and to set ventoses thereon with a great flame, thereby to make attraction and evacuation of the virulent matter. In like manner, the said attraction may be done, by causing the wound to be sucked by another man, having in the mean time a little Oil in his mouth, wherein you must have a care that he have not any Ulcer therein, for fear left that the poison so sucked and attracted cleave not thereunto. Also attraction may be made by the application of Unguents, Cataplasms, emplasters, Vesiccatories, Cauteries, and other things, which shall be declared hereafter in our particular Book entreating of the bitings and stingings of venomous Beasts.   
FINIS.   

Faults escaped.  
Page 9 line 17. for Sir, read Saint. p. 15. l. 20. for practices r. prurities. p. ●2. l. 22. for enduring, read inducing. p. ● 5. l. 11. for Escharotick, r. Escharcotick. p. ibid. l. 16. for endured, r. induced. p. 59 l. 30. for cooling r. rolling. pag. 60. l. 21. r. the yolk of Eggs p. 75. l. 23. for naucotick r. narcotic. p. 85. l. 3. for staples r. Stuphes. p. 90. l. 15. for Lerine, r. lexive. p. 104▪ l. 19 for eschiomened r. estiomened.   

A Table of all the Chapters contained in this following Treatise.  
THe division of wounds according to the diversity of the parts offended, and the Bullets wherewith they were made. 
Chap. 1.  Of the signs of the wounds made by gun-shot. 
Chap. 2.  The manner of handling those wounds at the first dressing. 
Chap. 3.  A description of such Instruments which are proper to extract Bullets, and other unnatural things of the body. 
Chap. 4.  The manner to handle those wounds at the first dressing after the unnatural things are forth. 
Chap. 6.  The manner to extract such unnatural things which shall be left in the body after the first extraction. 
Ch. 7  Indications which ought to be observed in the said wounds. 
Chap. 8  How and in what manner diseases are complicated 
Chap. 9  How the Chirurgean ought to prosecute the handling of the aforesaid wounds. 
Chap. 10  Of Bullets which do remain in the certain parts of the body, a long time after the curation of the wounds. 
Chap. 11  Of the great Contusions and dilacerations made by the aforesaid Bullets of Artillery. 
Chap. 12  Of the means which should be observed ●n rectifying of the air, and corrobating the noble parts, and to fortify the whole body. 
Chap. 13  Memorable Histories. 
Chap. 14  An Apology touching the wounds made by gunshot. 
Chap. 15  Another Discourse upon that question of the venenosity of wounds made by gunshot. 
Chap. 16.  The differences between wounds made by arrows and those made by gun-shot. 
Chap. 17.  The difference between Arrows and Darts. 
18  Of the difference of the wounded parts. 
Chap. 19  Of the extraction of Arrows. 
Chap. 20  How you ought to proceed in drawing forth broken Arrows. 
Chap. 21  What ought to be done then when the Arrow is infixed in the bone. 
Chap. 22  Of venomous or empoisoned wounds. 
Chap. 23