A MORAL Method of civil Policy▪ CONTAINING A learned and fruitful discourse of the institution, state and government of a common Weal. Abridged out of the Commentaries of the Reverend and famous clerk, Franciscus Patricius, Bishop of Caieta in Italye.  
Done out of Latin into English, by Rycharde Robinson, Citizen of London.  
Seen and allowed. etc.  
Anno Domini. 157●. Imprinted at London in Fleetstreet near to S. Dunstan's Church by Thomas Marsh.  
Cum Privilegio.   

TO THE RIGHT Worshipful and his singular good master Sir William Allen Knight, Alderman of the City of London: Richard Robinson his humble servant & faithful Orator, wisheth long life, prosperous health, increase of worship, and perpetual felicity.  
SALOMON that peerless prince of prudence (right Worshyppfull) among his pithy Parables persuading to the searching forth of wisdom & her fruits, sayeth: The path of the Righteous shines as the light, that is ever brighter & brighter, unto the perfect day: But the way of the ungodly is as the darkness, they know not where they fall. Doubtless as every Age hath either had his integrity or imperfection, wherein aswell the felicity, as indempnitie of human estate hath appeared, more or less, to be praised for the worthiness, or pitied for the wretchedness: So is it a true testimony of the inestimable love of Godlent towards those which being duly directed in the path of perfection do nothing digress there from, but persist constant unto the end, rather encreasinge then impairing their felicity: And on the other part, where such as either reject their calling, or withstand the wisdom of God, do walk in bywayes, and wander in wilful darkness. Who hath not seen that the indignation of God hath been evidently poured upon them, scattringe them, & overthrowing them even in their own wickedness? the proof whereof approacheth even until these present days, in such sort among Christians, that if Heraclitus the heathen philosopher were now again living, and should but once step out at his doors, to view the state and condition of the time present (whereas in his days he wept but by fits, to see the infelicity of that age) I verily suppose he would now continually shed tears abundantly without stinting, to see the ruinous decay of Christianity in this later age: and I doubt also, if Democritus were again living, & did behold the doings of both sorts of people in the world, whether he would laugh for joy in contemplating of the prosperous estate of the best christians, or deride the froward fortune of the most wicked & ungodly at this day. Albeit throughout Christendom now, what kingdom, country or common weal appeareth altogether so peaceable and prosperous, which hath not been lately, or is not presently encumbered with obscurity and absurdity of life, & manners? as some walking in the righteous path, have their light emblemished by others of the house of Iniquity: some feign would walk the true path, and with civil dissension are separated from their godly purposes. But the greater part no doubt, refusing light for dirknesse, do so nuzzle themselves in wickedness, that they labour with malignity, to work a confused Chaos of christianity in general. In the midst of whom, behold (right Worshipful) greatly to thadmiration of the rest, about us▪ but more to our private consolation, and most of all to the glory of thimmortal God, the unspeakable love and eternal good grace of his blessing, appeareth in most bright beams of his blissful bounty, overshadowing this our native country of England, with far more superabundant felicities, than many other nations: namely by so long, peaceable & prosperous course of Christ's Gospel, that infallible lamp of light, directed and protected by so peerless & precious a princess, so godly & gracious a governess, our most christian & dearest sovereign Lady Queen Elizabeth, assisted with so many crystal stars of stately light under her, garnishing and savegarding the good government of this her majesties Realm & dominions of the same, with most wholesome, godly, & politic laws, and constitutions, for the continual conservation of the public weal thereof universally, free from all private prejudice and public perturbation. This then so surpassing felicity duly considered, what subject is not thoroughly enforced, freely to utter & express the received comfort which he feeleth inwardly & seethe so abundantly? Verily when I the meanest member of thousands, revolve this benefit in my mind, and see how far beyond the expectation and deserts of man, the providence of God dealeth with us, thus still preserving us, & sufferig others to quail in their froward fortunes & calamities: being inwardly lightened with a certain secret consolation in the one respect, & outwardly with painful pen pitying & deploring the state of the other: As duty chief bindeth me, I have at this present enforced my study (though as a Pigmeian in simple power) to practise somewhat with Hercules, or as otherwise desirous to travel with Ulysses, to win (albeit with weariness) somewhat if it were possible by any good means, to benefit this bulwark of beatitude (this my native country I mean) which with such multitude of worthy practisioners notwithstanding, is already made famous, yet ceased I not with Sisyphus to roll the stone, but in such penury of power as, Architas the Philosopher attributing to be the appropriate discommodity to dexterity of wit, which I deny to be remaining in me, I have hazarded my poor hap in such simple handiwork (as I could, though not so well as I would) in translating out of Latin into English, nine Books of the Godly, reverend and learned FRANCIS PATRICIUS Bishop of Caieta in Italy: whose works in the worthiness thereof reviving the author, dead three score years ago and upwards, were in the Latin tongue by him left & entitled by the name of Commentaries of the institution, state, and government of a common Weal. Which albeit it contain profane principles of old time, interlaced with the actions, opinions, examples, Counsels, Sentences, and sayings of Heathen Emperors, Kings, Princes, Captains, Orators, Philosophers, and such like, for the direction of Mundane matters, in civil government, with the Learned opinion of the Author discoursing● uppon-everye particularity: Yet therein is Copy of matter worthy Memory and Imitation for every estate and member of a good christian common weal at this day. And because it briefly so toucheth good order, in maintenance of a Monarchye, and the government thereof: I have entitled it, A Moral Method of civil Policy, prefixing the particular contents before every book, with annotations in the Margin●, reducinge the same into one Table Alphabetical, for the more direct assertion of the particularities in every several book. But this ●y my rash attempt at the first so boldly begun, in continuance so bluntly done and finished, neither beautified nor burnished with any buxomnes of apt & eloquent English phrase: fearing much mine own imperfection therein, I laboured not only, to have the same surueig head, but also supplied, with more learned skille and authority, before I would hazard the publishing thereof. Which when I had obtained, even then bethinking me on whom I might best bestow the benefit of this my simple travel: beyond the deserts of all others, considering with myself the manifest benefits which I have received from time to time these twelve years at your worships bountiful hands: I deemed myself a debtor even in duty to dedicated the same unto you, as a testimony of my thanckefull, seruisable, & well wishing heart towards you, as a pledge of the faithful zeal that I bear to this famous City of London, whereof you are an ancient Magistrate, and I your poor servant a simple member of the same: and consequently, as an earnest token of my unfeigned good will and true meaning towards this my native country. Beseeching your Worship, and all other well meaning Magistrates to pardon my bold rudeness herein, and to accept well in worth my poor good will, and well meaning mind, as wishing unto you especially that this my simple Mite, were in value more worth than Midas his golden Diadem, to be thrown into the treasury of your worthy deserts: and as if this my poor present, were more in price, than a purchased prize of precious Smaragdes from India (had they so luckily light in my lot) I could willingly at this present vouchsafe to thenriching of this my native country: yet nevertheless (such as it is) pretending simply & syncerelye, wishing herein to profit, & pleasure all men, & not to disprofit nor displease any, I yield the same to be shielded under God's good pleasure and your worthy patronage. Concluding with dutiful and hearty prayer unto the almighty, for the long and prosperous preservation of our most gracious sovereign Lady the Queen's majesty, and her honourable counsellors: for the florishinge estate of this our Public weal in every degree, where, including the welfare and felicity of this honourable City: by dutiful remembrance I pray especially amongst all others, that your Worship, my good Lady & Mistress, your loving wife, and all your Children, may enjoy long and happy days on earth, and in fine, the most assured habitacle of perdurable felicities. Amen.  
Your worships most humble servant and faithful Orator. Rycharde Robinson.   

Thomas Newtonus.  

Quantas Patritio debet Respublica grates,  
Cui suus hoc studio vindice constat honos,  
Aureus hic monstrat (vel me reticente) libellus,  
Ingenio, genio, divite et arte scatens.  
Hinc morum species, hinc dogmata pura petuntur,  
Hinc vitae elicitur civica norma piae.  
Historiae quicquid Latiae, memorántue Pelasgae  
utile, Patritius sedulus exposuit.  
Dia celebratur dignis Concordia phthongis,  
Dissidij hicque lues pingitur atra trucis.  
Hic bene perspicimus vestigia trita Sophorum,  
Quamque malèa priscis degeneramus avis.  
Qui praesunt summae rerum, et moderantur habenas,  
Ex isto exugent commoda magna libro.  
Primates Regni, Symmistae, bella gerentes,  
Artificesque etiam hic quo doceantur, habent.  
Denique Rex et Grex, populus, promiscua plebsque  
Permagnum hinc possunt conciliare decus.  
Ifoelix Liber, i, dextra contexte Minerva,  
dign teri à cunctis clima per omne viris.   
Thomas Newton, Cestreshyrius.   

❧ Certain notes selected out of the Preface of Franciscus Patritius Senensis, Bishop of Caieta, into his Book of the Institution, State and Government of a Commonweal.  
THe pleasantness of the Soil wherein the City Caieta standeth, the marvelous fruictfulnes of that country, and the wondered holsomnes of the air, fostereth and nourisheth men long and many years in health: Therefore the words of Scipio Affricanus are the less to be marveled at, in saying, that he become young & waxed (as it were) a child again, when he together with his friend Laelius gathered & picked up little round smooth stones at Caieta.  
Nothing better showeth what a man is, than his speech: for it openeth the sense or meaning of his mind, and expresseth the devices of the same, which both is divine, & is also confessed & known to be the best & chiefest part of man. Hereunto tendeth the wise saying of Socrates, when as he said these words unto a youngman that held his peace: speak (said he) that I may see what thou art. Meaning hereby that a man is not to be considered and deemed by the outward lineamentes and feacture of his body and face, but by the inward disposition and quality of his mind.  
As it is gladsome & acceptable for wayfaringe men to tread in their steps which have walked well afore them: so is it unto a good governor to direct his course that way, whereby many afore have easily arrived to the haven of their desires.  
We see all the best writers in every excellent Art have be●e as it were spited, i'll reported & torn in pieces by backebsters: And namely Homer who notwtstanding he was the father of all Poets & the grand capitain of all disciplines, yet had he many enemies, and spiteful carpers, especially one Zoilus of Macedonia, who presuming to prefer his own rusty wit before the golden vain of that divine Poet, saucelye inveighed by writing against the Iliads & Odisseas, of the same Homer: affecting thereby the syrname to be termed Homeromastix, Homer's whip.  
It is the custom of all writers almost, to interlace other man's doings into their own: both because they may write things more certain, and also because their writings should be the more acceptable and pleasant unto the Reader. And as Flavius Albinus saith, this is one kind of fruit got by reading, that a man may imitate that which he liketh and alloweth in others: and such special points and sayings, as he is especially delighted & in love withal, by apt and fit derivation may wrist to serve his own turn and purpose.  
Afranius also an excellent writer of Comedies, in the answer that he made to them which laid to his charge that he had taken many things out of Menander: I confess (saith he) I have not only received and taken out of him, but also out of every other, as they seemed to have any thing that made for my purpose: Yea out of Latin also have I excerpted & gathered whatsoever I thought myself could not do better. Quintilian giveth us in precept, (which Macrobius also advoucheth & laboureth to persuade), that we should imitate the little Bees, which do wander ●fly abroad to seek their honey out of many flowers, & then dispose they in order, whatsoever they bring home and couch the same in their Combs and hives, and convert the divers juice thereof, with the breath of their mouths, unto a most surpassinge sweet honey, the pleasant relishe whereof surmounteth all other. Neither may this seem new or strange, when we see that all Authors both Greek and Latin do usually enterlarde their own works, with other man's doings. For from Homer not only all poets, have recourse even as all Rivers from the Ocean sea, but also the writers of all other matters: for we see that Strabo of Crete is altogether Homerical: and Cicero also, who for a great part deriveth and fetcheth his matter from Plato and Demosthenes, & translated into the Latin phrase the virtues of all the Greeks that he liked. And so did Quintilian issue from Cicero, and all that have since his days studied eloquence and purity of the Latin tongue. Virgil also was not ashamed to translate into his works, thousands of Homer's verses, and lively to imitate his affections. So also borrowed he many things out of Hesiodus Apollonius & Theocritus. He took also much out of Latin writers, and when he misliked and disallowed of some, & was asked why he read them and noted any thing out of them, he answered, That he gathered Precious stones out of the mire.  
Notwithstanding I think it the part of a thanckfull mind, frankly to profess their names whom were do imitate, and of whom we have borrowed any thing: for as Plini saith, it is an honest thankfulness to confess by whom a man hath profited, and this recompense (as it were an hire) is payable unto the Author by good right: lest otherwise we should seem to be unjust or deceitful in our dealings. Which thing also Thales Milesius hath taught us, for when as he being very old, had devised a wonderful reason concerning the Sun, and had taught the same unto Mandritus a Philosopher of Cyrene, the said Mandritus being greatly delighted with the novelty and strangeness of thinvention (after great thanks first given to Thales therefore) willed him to choose what reward, he would have in recompense of that so worthy a lesson▪ I shall think myself well and sufficiently recompensed (saith he to Mandritus) if whensoever thou utterest this knowledge that thou hast learned at my hands, thou do not arrogate & challenge the invention thereof to thyself, but declare and report me to be the inventor and deviser thereof, rather than any other man.   
A MORAL METHOD of civil Policy.  

Whereof this first Book entreateth: Of the Royal and prayseworthie government of one sole Prince. Of original conservation of Human society. Of prescribing politic laws and ordinances. Of maintaining husbandry, trades of merchandise, and handycraftesmen.  
IT hath been a very old and published argument disputed upon amongst excellent writers in Philosophy: whether it were better to live well, and safely to be governed by a good Prince, and to obey him ruling in justice and equity, or else to live in a free city and Communaltye established by good laws & traditions. For unto some it seemeth moor meet to obey one man ruling justly, & lawfully, than many & almost infinite people, & (as for the most part it falls out) unskilful in handling affairs, and matters of government. For it chanceth I know not how, that those several people, whom as it were workmen or porters we have had in contempt, being linked or knit together in unity of mind, the same afterwards hardly can we in assemblies reverence. For they confirm this Sentence by the testimony of Homer, who (in his second Rhapsody) says.  

A matter cannot well handled be,  
Where as commanders are many.   
Moreover unto this happeneth the imitation of nature, 
Imitation of Nature unto Obedience of one Superiors  for as we see and behold one God the creator and fashioner of all things, by whose rule and commandment all things are governed: So seemeth it meet and convenient unto us all, to incline unto and regard the commandment of one most excellent Prince, and to obey the same. We see the Sun in his nature, is as it were the only Lord of the day, and the Moon to be the Lady of the night, whom we behold to rule and reign in the skies among the planets & stars, & the greater that their light is, the darcker do they make the lesser Stars.  
But that we may descend unto less matters, are there not some brute beasts which live subjects to the rule of some one king, they disdain not their obedience nor to do their duties and commandment enjoined them, and fight as it were under a General. Who doubt the that the Bees have their King which Governeth his people, and bringeth the other Bees to do their duty and to gather honey. For there can be nothing more sweeter or better to be wished unto mortal men, then to lead a private life under a good king or prince without injury or ambition of the people. But because nature hath so ordained, that Princes are not immortal or immutable people, but some being brought up very delicately, giving ear to flattering parasites do for the most part prove worse and worse in their governing: Therefore I judge, that the life of a Civil and well instituted common weal is to be thought far more safer, then of every Prince, for that is a continual and almost an immortal state of life. But this is finished in a small course by old age and death.  
Uerye seldom it hath happened that a Prince governed and ruled still his common weal, in that mind as he did when he began first to take the government in hand. For of so great and almost infinite multitude of Caesar's, 
He means of such as are careless for the common weal.  which were all made worse by their continual reigns, only Vespasianus of all the Princes that were there before his time, was changed better and better, as Cornelius Tacitus maketh mention. For their beginnings were easy and gentle until such time as they had got unto theymselues the love of their people, but when they had obtained their purpose, they made havoc of all things by their cruelty and lust. No fear of god, no religion could restrayn them, neither ceased they to rage until they were subdued and subverted, yea even by their own subjects.  
Thales Milesius who was called the chiefest of all the 
What thing most difficult in the life of man.  Sages, being asked of a certain familiar friend of his what thing he had seen to be most difficult or hard in his life time: Saith he, a Tyrant, an old man. And in good faith, not without a cause did he say so, for there is no rule or government exercised more hard then upon men, as Xenophon maketh mention.  
Undoubtedlye there is no brute beast so seditious or rebelling against his keeper or feeder, that he will not obey him, or refuse to yield his commodity unto him. But (alas) man is grudging always at them which seek to have domination over him, deviseth deceipts and inventeth new matters or causes of disobedience. One Prince which 
The praise of a Prince.  embraceth all virtues (or hath all good qualities in him) is not at all to be found living upon the earth. Some one is commended for his justice, some other for his fortitude, or magnanimity, some other for his liberality or gentleness of nature: but when there are many in a common weal, every one of them hath some part of virtue and wisdom. Wherefore the Citizens being gathered together into one society do make as it were one man, 
Society of citizens.  which with diversity of wit and memory doth excel, with many eyes seethe, with many hands wor●keth, and with almost infinite feet endeavoureth himself in his affairs. Xenophon when he would praise the civil society of the Persians', affirmed that even their children among them did so learn justice, that they both attained unto good letters & also unto the studies of good arts and sciences.  
It seemeth unto Plato a hard thing to be done, to persuade those Citizens to justice, which were not from their tender infancy, as it were trained up in the same. And undoubtedly if the just and perfect volumes of the lawyers were extant and abroad to be had, and that they were not so broken and mangled as they be, they would give us most clear and ample light not only how to keep and preserve this civil society, but also they would teach us moral wisdom, and how to attain unto the use of the greatest affairs in a common weal.  
Man is a Creature far more fellowlye and sociable, than Bees, Ants, or Cranes, and such kind of creatures which are fostered and nourished by flocks and do defend themselves by troops and companies. The first society is of the Male and Female for procreation sake: which cannot be, except they be both together: and scarce 
Society human profitable by procreation.  is the one withdrawn from the other except by the ordinance of nature: for the pledges of the younglings do so greatly 'cause mutual Love, that they are careful to live together, and are affectioned towards their fruit, as they be unto themselves. For it happeneth not unto man and woman as it doth almost unto all other living creatures, amongst whom the female sex do take on them the charge to feed and foster their young children, and for a small time it is that they stand in need of the mother's 
Example of society in birds.  help. For we see that birds do bring up their young one's so long as they be unfeathered, and not able to fly: But so sun as they perceive them able to use their wings, straightways they bring them forth of their nests and go before their young one's, which flicker round about them, until such time as with a stronger endeavour they be better able to shifted for themselves, which when the old one's do see, they give those their young one's liberty, at their adventure to haunt the free scope of the air, neither have they afterwards any further care over them, or at any time thence forth do acknowledge them as their own, but do take their flight to seek after the male bird, and give their endeavour unto a new increase or breed.  
But man when he seethe his children born and comen into this world, is affected towards them with such love that he studieth or careth for nothing more than to get living for them and such large patrimony & Inheritance, 
Human care for his posteriti  that for ever there be no lack of any thing to them and their posterities. Of this did proceed and rise the plentifulness & frutefulnes of Cities inhabited, because when man and wife had edified for themselves a dwelling house and replenished the same with increase of children and nephews, they were driven to make other houses, because one house could not hold one lineage or offspring: and so they began to erect villages in the country and to establish society by means of many houses.  
And when they did plainly see what commodity was in the society of man and woman: and how more easlye and better very many lived together, than a few: yea more safer from the invasion of wild beasts: they began to join Lordship to Lordship, and say Family to 
The first reason of Society instituted.  Family, and also to join in neighbourhood for their own common utility. The first reason of them which instituted civil society, or established cities, was that they might live safely, & that they might be defended from violence & assaults. For tranquillity or peaceablenes was a guide of their life, to find out innumerable commodities. And it is credible that man's speech or language, wherein surely he doth excel other living creatures, was not distinct & severed, before human society was first founded.  
certainly we have a common voice, aswell as other living creatures have, which doth either specially demonstrate and show forth joy or sadness, either else sometimes desire, and sometimes fear, which is in us. But for to know and discern things by their proper names by plain and perfect speech, to finish or conclude aswell our cogitations as our effects and meanings, that for certain could not be but invented by civil society 
Studies of virtues and disciplines.  of men. Mooreover the studies of virtues and disciplines, or rudiments of good Arts, and sciences, was not found out nor invented by men which lived in solitariness, and of them which after the manner of savage beasts led their lives in the woods: but by the civil man, which was conversant in company of men which heard many things, which discussed many things, and by whom they were invented and first had in use. For in such Cities as were well instructed and ordered: there were Rewards bestowed on them which excelled in any manner of virtue and such as were also thereby preferred to high promotion and adorned or made famous, with praise and commendation for their excellence. For honour as Cicero saith, doth foster and maintain Arts and sciences, and we all 
Honos alit arts.  are inflamed to endeavour ourselves for prefermente and prerogative by praise and commendation in our travails. Finally what excellent exploit so ever mortal men have by their study and diligence in this life put in ure, it either had first issue and original practise from the Cities, or else took the ufe and grace thereof, in the same cities.  
Man which is brought up or trained in common society, differeth very much from him that liveth in a rude cottage, either else in a hilly wilderness, or wood: for this 
Difference of Society human.  man seemeth to be born as it were unto cruelty, among wild and brute beasts, but the other seemeth to be born amongst men unto justice and humanity. For it is true that Aristotle says.  He is a beast and not a man which forsaketh civil society: and he that refuseth to be any part or member of a city, he must needs be a wicked and ungodly person. 
For he shunneth the company of men because he would not be compelled to obey the laws and judgement, and to obey him that is a rightful Ruler: then the which thing surely there can be nothing more pernicious or hurtful. For of all good civil order the chief thing is justice, which no doubt layeth the foundation and ground work of human society and without the which there can be no civil congregation. For as the said Philosopher saith, as man is the best living creature of all others which liveth perfectly. so is he worst and naughtiest of all living creatures, which is sequestered from the law and judgements.  
The Laws of the Persians', (as Xenophon writeth) do especially ordain thobedience due to justice, and in such 
Obedience un to justice.  manner even from their Childhood, (as we have said) the Citizens did learn to desire nothing that was filthy or unlawful for man to do, which persuasion surely me thinketh is the best of all others. And if it might by any means be brought to pass, that all men might live instructed in this doctrine, we should be exonerated and discharged of a great part of our labour otherwise. For if every man would prescribe what were needful to be done, and being so linked and joined together were not affected or moved with covetousness, nor other perturbations of the mind: they should do rightewell. Ambition should not catch hold upon any man, covetousness should not snare any man, dissension or mutiny should not entrap any man, neither should envy circumuente any man, to withdraw him from the reason of that wherein truth and equity consists: neither should he pursue and seek for his private proffyte or inordinate pleasure, rather than a public weal, or that reason order, truth, and equity requireth.  
Anacharsis when he had herded say that Solon had given himself to the study of publyshing Laws at Athens, exceedingly deryded and scorned his industry and diligence, affirming that those laws should in time to 
This is meant of laws made and not observed.  come be like unto Spider's webs, which did catch and keep fast the small flies, but were broken and burst in sunder of the great flies: which sentence also Solon himself would use and not without a cause: for oftentimes in great Cities (and wherein the studies of good arts and scienees do flourish) we see there are very many which live worse, then as if they had been brought up in the woods, and w●elde countries. Dion in his books which are entitled, Of the state of a Kingdom, did say that weighty matters were far better handled by the council of a few people then with multitude and power of most strong and lusty young men: which in deed is ratified by the sentence of Homer, where as he brought in Agamemnon as pertinent to his purpose, affirming that he could far more easlye destroy the Trojans common weal, if he had ten such as Nestor, or Ulysses were, then if he had so many such as Ajax, and Achilles were, fyghtinge stoutly and valiauntlye.  
That state of a Common weal wherein few do govern, differeth very little at all from the state of Tyranny, for by their wealth and their riches, the magistrates 
Oligarchia.  are choose, and only wealth beareth sway. Neither doth this prescribe liberty or end of virtue, but only how to get riches, which Cicero affirmeth: Are the subsedies of warfare and the ornaments of peace. But the matter goes ill with the rich men, when no place is reserved for virtue, and the common people be as it were altogether brought under foot & subjection. And it comes to pass now & then that in some cities, only handycraftesmen & husbandmen do bear a sway, which because they are moor in number, they do decay those that be more noble of birth and calling, yea and have such in derision and contempt which are zealous in any kind of virtue and learned in good arts or sciences. It may be brought to pass by fortune that such a City which is so governed, may stand in safety and quietness for a certain time, but fortune frowning on them, it is sun perceived, how hard a matter it will be to live well amongst such manner of men. For they that are brought up in fields, or in shops are void of experience in all things, and do bear authority with a servile mind, neither are they furthered or furnished with doctrine, nobleness of race or with thexperience of weighty affairs. And while they stand in fear of the nobler sort, they do all things either rashly without advisement, or cruelly without measure: for every commonalty either serves in obedience with humility, or ruleth with great cruelty.  
Furthermore it seemeth contrary to equity the whereas the city cannot consist of Nobles only, but far greater must be the rest of the multitude, or commonalty, that only the Noble men should bearerule, and all the 
Noble men ruling, the resis due duly obeying cause the city to flourish.  rest obey.  
For tillage of ground & husbandry bringeth unto us, natural nourishment, and merchandise doth bring unto us; all other things necessary for our use: Whereby it comes to pass that neither without husbandmen nor without merchants, can civil society be amongst men.  
They therefore are not to be exempted away from public offices, whose service is seen to be necessary in a Common weal, least they thinking theymselues to be had in contempt, shrink away and withdraw theymselues from the Rulers and Governors. For so often as the people of Rome did separate theymselues from the Senators, they were never without great peril and danger eftsoons renewed.  
Surely the mean sort of men, which are neither to much abject or base, neither yet boast theymselues in the wealth of their nobility, do far more modestly bear rule. But if it must needs ●ee that either the nobility, or communality only, should bear authority, I think it far more safely should the matter be handled, by government of the Nobles, then of the commons: for seldom against comeliness or honesty doth ●ee any thing, which seethe that by his doings he shall hazard the praise of his ancestors with himself, but he that being of himself base and obscure hath his ancestors far more obscure, seemeth to make unto himself a very small loss if sometimes he do any thing amiss: And if there want no examples of rustical people, and men unknown which have fought valiantly for their country.  
For we read, that some have been called from the plough, other some from the flock of sheep or other herds, which have obtained great victories unto that Romans. But I am one of that number which account that to be the best common weal which is intermixed with all kind of people.  
That is counted the best common weal wherein not 
The best common weal.  every man that listeth or the more part do bear authority, at the beck and Check of will, but that Common weal wherein the Law only shall bear a sway: for equality of justice amongst citizens maketh a stable & firm society, which even then greatly flourisheth when as all things are judged and ordered with equal right and justice. For it chanceth for the most part, that affections do trouble the judgements of men: some one, fear appalleth: some others, hatred: some hope: some other, awe and dread: and some other, ambition or covetousness compelleth to judge those things which are not only contrary to equity: but also contrary to that mind of him which judgeth. For we see oftentimes, the judge moved with a certain affection, doth determine those things which within a short space after he would willingly altar and change.  
Equality among Cytyzens causeth concord, without the which, civil society is seen to be neither firm nor 
Aequalitie in a Cytty causeth concord.  stable at al. For no force or strength can sufficienily prevail, no safeguard, no riches, no reuen●es can suffice those cities which are disquieted or troubled with intestine wars. And again also, neither shall that city be slender in power nor of small continuance which is environed & fortified with concord of the Citizens. Therefore there must be great forecast had, that the Citizens may live with equal justice & that some do not always bear rule, & that other some do not remain always as inferiors, for all society is unstable there, where all men do not live in indifferency of justice.  
Man (forasmuch as he loveth and favoureth his own kin, and is congregable or geeven to company, & sociable or given to fellowship more than other living creatures: and sing no society can be firm or stable without justice) appeareth to be thereunto especially born, which he favoureth and is affected most unto.  
And the first duty of justice is Piety or godly zeal towards God: partaker of which virtue doubtless there is no living creature else seen to be, but only man. For man only doth acknowledge God, and him as the author & 
The first duty of justice  creator of the world, & worckmaister of all things doth reverence & worship, by whom surely he acknowledgeth himself to be made partaker of reason, in whom he seeing that justice is all in all, it behoveth that he show himself a follower of justice, if he would have himself to be counted like unto himself.  
It breedeth great dissension, where, amongst them which are found guilty in crime alike, some are grievously punished, & other some escape untouched altogether: it should be otherwise if thoffences were not a like. For far more grievously is that governor or shypmaister to be punished, which overwhelmeth the same being laden with gold and silver, them he which hath lost or perished a Ship laden with Sande●or Potcers clay, and yet either of these hath neglected his duty. For things of more value seems justly to require more diligence. For there can be no better persuasion in civil society, then that which toucheth the freedom of the city, whereunto the mind of every Cytizen is to be directed, which surely shallbe an easy matter to be done if in manner all men will hope and trust well that sometime they may supply the function of a magistrate: for every man laboureth for renown, which when he shall see himself prevented of, and that he is frustrate of hope, he is never at quiet in his mind, and either shall he be the more negligent in a common weal, or appear altogether evil affected towards the same. Hereupon do seditions grow amongst Cittyzens, from hence do also rise factions and enmities, which things surely do weaken the state of a public weal: therefore a magistrate aught to have a determinate & prefixed time appointed for the government & exercise of his office. For, to bear authority continually in a free city is hateful: it must also be wisely foreseen that the Cytyzens be found just among themselves, directing all their doings unto virtue, and the being content with their own goods that they do not desire other men's.  
Let there be no place for idle personsin a common weal, 
No place for loiterers in a common weal.  for, surely by means of slowth and sluggishness, they do commit all wickedness: whereupon true is that Oracle of Marcus Cato,  

By sloth and doing nothing at all,  
Men learn to do evil: great and small.   
They do always envy at the painful travel of the good citizens, unto whom when they can not be like, they labour with hartburning and hatred how to weaken and disturb their estate. Such therefore as live ydlye must be excluded from public offices, because neither can they rule worthily, & also do withdraw their duty from obedience. In which matters all ciull society is contained.  
Their opinion is not to be commended which say that by the fault or offence of the parents, their posterity should be for ever excluded out of the public weal, for in so doing they shall despair altogether of felicity when they see that all hope of pardon is debarred: and that they cannot redeem themselelues by any virtue, or worthiness. For it oftentimes chanceth that their minds are most ready and prove, to innovation, and desperation sometime is turned into mighty courage: for they which are in any extremity, do easily take hold upon the sentence of the most learned Poet Maro,  
Una salus victis, nullam sperare salutem.  
It is only counted a safety unto those which be vanquished or convinced, not to hope for any safety at all.  
Of all things, (as Cicero writeth) whereof there is any 
Husbandry profitable-  commodity to be got, nothing can be better or more commodious than husbandry or tillage of ground. Then this, nothing is more plentiful, nothing sweeter, neither yet more worthy for the state of a fr●man in a common weal: for only husbandry is such as unto whom gentlemen & others aught to set to their hands, both for the necessity of sustentation unto our life, (forasmuch as with out the same we cannot live) and again because it yields us a most honest gain without deceit or syinge.  
Surely young men are made strong with the exercise of tillage of the ground, and be far more healthy than such as are trained up in cities, where as they using sleep and lusts of the body, are enfeebled and unhealthie.  
It is not therefore to be marveled, if the Romans brought forth youngmen hardened in the fields, when they conquered the whoole world, not by Idleness and sloth, but with strength and fortitude.  
But we in thesedayes do shun the trade of husbandry as a filthy lucre, yea and have the husbandmen in derision, and do despise them as slaves or bondmen, and such as are born to perpetual drudging, and do esteem Brokers, peddlers, Cooks, and Cobblers, more than we do of a good husbandman, whose industry we then do say exceedeth the industry of all other workmen, when the common people ready to starve for hunger earnestly craveth their help and nourishment, and when they being hungersterued and pinched with Famine becometh unruly and passed all fear: For husbandry only yields unto us nourishment, it helpeth and furthereth building, and almost finds sufficiency also of apparel: only the Husbandman is a breeder of Cattles: which thing was of such estimation among the ancient people that Cato being demanded, in what thing doing a man might be quickly made rich: if (saith he) a man feed well. And being again demanded what thing else? (saith he) if he feed well. By the which answer he showeth us, that even a mean diligence of the master in feeding his cattle exceed the other profits. For in deed there is no Art or science nor any industry of men sooner maketh a man rich, then husbandry.  
Hesiodus and Homer, did more allow of the instruments, and necessaries pertayninge to husbandry and of husbandmen, then of warryors or warlike affairs: for the one promiseth unto men life and felycicye, the other death and misery.  
Good householders ought to take account of their Sernauntes and Families Idleness, rather than of their business: and the most learned of the ancient fathers 
Good householders what they aught to do.  judged that there was nothing more odious and hateful than sloth and drowsives of the mind: wherefore before they should eat their meat, they called the young men and seruaunes to the table, and took account of them what duty or what business they had done that day: and before them only they set meat: whose diligence they liked & allowed, & those they thrust out of the place accustomed to sup in, which by their sloth and sluggishness had done nothing: & commanded that they should labour hard in some dutiful business to earn their own food. Let those take upon them this charge which (especially, in a common weal do bear rule: to see that young 
Good arts or sciences to be cared for.  men do apply their minds unto the study of good arts or sciences. For in every free city there aught to be a special care for the maintenance of good arts & sciences. For Plato said: Blessed are those common weals which of wise and learned men are governed.  
Or at the lest (sithence we all cannot prove learned) wherein Marchaundiʒe, seafaring trade, and other Scientes profitable unto civil society were frequented and used.  
Every man aught to labour as much as he may, to profit himself, his famylye, and other Cytyʒens. For amongst those most straight Laws which DRACO made, there was especially one, that, they which were condemned for Idleness, should be punished with death.  
DIOD ORUS wrytethe that there was a Law among 
A la among the Egyptians for due knowledge in order of living.  the Egiptiaus, whereby all men were compelled to declare their names unto their rulers, and to show by what art, or by what manner of gain they lived. And if any man lied or lived by unjust Lucre or gain, the same was adjudged to dye: and truly not without a cause: for those that be idle and slothful youngmen, are the poison of the cyttye: they are apt and prove to lust and pleasure, they do envy those that be good, they cavet and desire other men's goods, and finally they prove seditious and troubles me, insomuch as the greatest troubles rise upon them.  
Marcus Cato written very well in his books of Manners, that man's life was as Iron, which if a man 
Exercise of man's life what it is  do exercise and put in use, is in wearing made bright, but being unexercised and not put in use, is with Rust consumed and cankered. So men with honest exercise are in like case tried and worn and if they be not exercised, sloth and drowsiness doth bring to them more detriment and damage, than diligence or pains taking, doth good.  
For very well doth Cato touch the same in his Oration made at Numantia to the Horsemen. saying: You Soldiers, consider in your minds if you shall do any thing well by Labour or Travail, the labour and travail doth quickly depart but the good that you do in the same labour and traveil, still doth remain for ever: but if you take any pleasure in doing evil, the pleasure quickly departeth, but the evil that you do, remainethe for ever: which sentences declare that there is nothing worse than idleness, neither any thing more praiseworthy than industry and traveil. Merchants and handicraftsmen are to be favoured, which with their labour 
merchants & workmen in a city.  and industry get their living, and do make the cities far more abundant in things which may profit all men: for, merchants are necessary which do carry away from us such things as we have superfluous or to much store of, & by exchange, and sales of their commodities do bring us those things which shallbe necessary for us.  
The custom of the Belgians and low countryemen, doth seem▪ to me very allowable, because they will▪ not suffer merchants to come and traffyque with them 
Vain traffics.  which shall bring unto them those things that may 'cause them to be effeminately minded. For it chanceth in our times that the provocations of venery and lusts, as entysementes to vain pleasures, on every side are brought us from the furthest part of the Ocean sea. Certainly such manner of navigation or trafyque cannot be necessary, and as I judge must needs be less commendable, but only that which maketh exchange with superfluous things for such kind of commodity, as may be most for our proffyte.  
A certain Laconian did say (as it is reported) that there is an 
A measure & mean in merchant's gain.  end or measure to be prescribed unto lucre or gain, for & in consideration of the divers chances of fortune: lest that in a small moment of time the merchaunte do lose and let slip that which in all his life time he hath gained and be compelled of necessity to consume and waste, the same in expenses, which thing undoubtedly, cannot come to pass without reproach and dishonestye, although the party be nothing faulty. Therefore to the end that merchants may live without such reproach, let them prescribe unto themselves a measure and end in their covetous attempts, least they be compelled to suffer poverty in their old age, with derision also.  
And yet notwithstanding, Socrates judgeth them that buy of those great merchants to thintent to cell the same again, to be worthy of dispraise, except by weakness of age or by reason of their unhealthfulnes of body they cannot put in practise any other kind of trade to live upon.  
The law of Solon is praised especially wherein he ordained, that, that child was not bound unto his father, in any necessary duty of life, of whom he had received no Art, Science or Trade, to get his living withal.  
Handy crafts men or workmen which provide those things that are profitable unto us, and without whom 
Certayne han dicraftesmen necessary in a commonweal  we may less commodiously live, are not only to be born withal: but also are to be taken and reputed amongst the most honest Citizens. Smiths, Founders, Carvers, Engravers, Printers, Potters, glaziers, Shoemakers, Curriours, Tailors, Weavers, joiners, Masons, Clothiers, Pargeters, roughmasons, iron-mongers, & very many other such like faculties are to be admitted, partly because they provid such things as be necessary. Partly because they make their city more noble with divers ornaments.  
The Lacedæmonians, to the end they might withdraw their Cittezens from all filthy gain, and provoke them unto husbandry, Hunting and warfare. did cast out of their City as well their Gold as their Silver: coumptinge it a pestilence or plague unto the Cittezens. And ordained to be made a certain coin of Iron which was more weighty, to the end they might be extruded & sequestered from all company of their neighbours, and live witheout the trading, to or with any foreign Countries. They which trade in Merchaundice with modesty and do take no usury (which thing Marcus Cato declared was the next point to a murderer? for to one that demanded of him, what it seemed unto him, to be an usurer, he 
Usury forbidden.  answered, what is it to kill a man▪ And they which do not lie, neither deceive others, with perjury, orlyinge I deem them worthy to be enriched with the benefits of of a commonwealth.  
Workmen given to filthy gain and which are the ministers of pleasures, and do provide for the provocations of gluttony, & lechery, are not only not to be admitted, into a common weal, but also to be thrust out of a City: for with their typling houses and places of riot, they do hurt unto many, and profit to no man.  
And those that exercise or use light arts and faculties, whereby rises no profit, are to be neglected and had in contempt and rather to be derided then esteemed or rewarded.  
The first respect or regard of giving our voices is to be had of honesty, and virtue. And the second of liberal sciences which in a City bring with them most plentiful profit. The third consideration is to be had of nobility, for they whose ancestors have flourished famous 
Reasons of regard in a common weal.  with some kind of praise, their children and posterity are not to be neglected, except by their reproach or ignominy, they do darken & emblemish the praise and commendation of their ancestors. And the fourth consideration, aught to be had of them, which profit the Citizens by trade of Merchaundice, worckmanship and industry, making the City thereby more wealthy and renowned.  
Uulcane who was most skilful in the art of Astronomy, & which was also the successor of Mercury in the kingdom did invent the mines of silver, gold, and iron. The Grecians hold opinion that he first made and devised the fire tongues of brass or copper, & other necessaries touching husbandry.  
And they say that in the Art of war he could do very much: and that he was, made lame, by reason of a wound which he received in his foot: he also held opinion, that the Planets and stars were fiery, and that all things were made and created of fire.  
It shall therefore behove them (which bear rule in a common weal, to be careful that there want no devisers or chief 
Workmaystero and devisers of Works.  worckmaisters in a city: for when the sacred or public buildings, are by evil measure & proportion framed, it ministereth occasion to strangers to think, that the chief princes and rulers of that common weal are clean void of elegancy: but private man's houses being evil tymbred, unhandsomely severed with windows and lights, and beautified uncomely, are for habitation nothing handsome and expedient. Let the chief master of the work therefore respect and look well to the form and fashion of houses in the city, & to the commodity of the buildings & houses, in time of peace and quietness: but in time of wars an Architecte or chief deviser of works shall stand in so good steed for engines, gonnes and other munitions, that he cannot but he worthy of great preferment, honour, & public offices: for we read of some cities that have been delivered from the siege of their enemies, only by the skilful diligence of the chief deviser or workemaister.  
Among other spectacles which throughout all the world 
Thebes aspectacle  are praised: the city of Thebes in Egypt was counted for the greatness thereof, for the walls and for building, most worthiest of admiration: for it had. C. gates by situation distinct & severed one from another, with notable and artificial workmanship, whereupon it had so glorious a name, & was of such excellency, that all the whole province there was called by the name of the Citizens of Thebes: and yet the same was subverted before the Empire of Rome.  
The brick walls of Babylon which Semiramis builded, 
Babylon.  contained in compass. 385. f●● longs in height: between the towers fifty cubits, and in breadth thirty foot.  
The Art of painting showeth in itself great erudition & learning & much resembleth poetry: For Sextus Empiricus (after the opinion of Simonides the poet) said that a picture is a still or silent Poesy, & the poesy to be a talking picture: And certainly it is an art of great wisdom and 
The art of painting.  doth touch near unto divine knowledge so to conceive in mind the divers forms oflyving creatures and other things, so to express them with pencil, and divers colours that there seems nothing wanting unto them, but life and breath.  
For we read that an Ox did low at the beholding of a certain pyctured Ox: and that not a few have been deceived with the sight of grapes pictured. And that birds have also been stirred up to rejoice at the painted proportion or similitude of their kind.  
For a picture hath not only a grace with it, and giveth wonderful delectation: but also reserveth the memory of things that are done and passed, and showeth perpetually before our eyes, the bystorye of things that are done. And moreover in reading of painted stories wherein notable exploits are expressed, we are excited unto the studies of praise, and to the endeavour of accomplishing weighty and great matters. Wherefore it shall not be feared lest that the hands of young men be stained, or spotted with colours, sithence payntinge cometh nearest unto learning itself.  
julius Caesar being sent as Ouestor or Threasurer into Spain, when he came to Gades, marking well and beholding 
The noble mind of juli us Caesar.  the Image of Alexander the great in the Temple of Hercules, sighed, & as it were bewailed his own sloth & negligence, that as yet in those years of his, he had not done any thing worthy praise: whereas Alexander before he attained to that age, had conquered the greatest part of the world.  
He required of the Senate that he might have free lyhertye to ease himself of those their affairs: and being pricked forward with memorial of such like praise, within a small time he excelled and surmounted, the deeds & prows of Alexander of Macedon,  
Cato Censorius seemed scarce quiet in mind because there was no Image erected for him: and unto one that demanded him why he had not his picture or image aswell as a great sort of others: he answered, I had rather that good men should muse and doubt, why I have it not, then (which is worse) to murmur in their minds, why I should have it.  
FINIS.   

THE SECOND BOOK entreatinge of careful regard for the supportation of learning, the necessary ufilitie of liberal Arts and sciences, and ex amples persuading to the use of other exercises corporal profitable to a weal public.  
THE kings of Egipte, 
Kings of Egypt only bend to learning & knowledge.  far more esteemed the praise of good disciplines, & Sciences, then of Warfare. And therefore they all with a wonderful diligence bend theymselues to the studies of wisdom, neither did any of them think himself able or sufficient enough to bear rule, unless he surmounted and excelled the residue in some kind of doctrine or learning, and employed his whole endeavour to the furtherance and profiting of many others.  
With this industry Ptolomeus being incited, furnished 
The Lybrarye of Ptolomeus.  and made that famous Library at Alexandria, to the end he might thereby sow the seed of wisdom unto his Posterity, and profit both the Cyttizens, and also strangers.  
He also instituted plays unto the Muses and unto Apollo: and ordained unto poets and Dratours at their disputations, as unto Champions in their Combattes, great rewards and high dignities, that they might the more diligently take pains in the studies and exercises of learning.  
Learning (doubtless) was most ancient among the Egyptians, whose priests which were conversant about their Kings and rulers, were accounted the first of all others that were notable in the Mathematical sciences, and unto them also did resort thick and threfolde, 
Egyptian lore.  scholars out of all nations of the world to learn: neither was any man thought sufficiently learned, which was not skilful in the Egyptian lore or discipline, to the attaining whereof (as Diodorus Siculus maketh mention) Orpheus Musaeus, Melampus, Daedalus, Homerus, Lycurgus, Solon, Pythagoras, Plato, Eudoxus, Democritus, Euripides, and many others went thither, who have made famous all disciplines of all other nations.  
I deem it best first & especially: that all men (if it were possible) should be learned, neither am I of their opinion which say that learning is the plague and destruction of wit & memory, among whom was Plato, who affirmed that the use of letters was a hindrance unto memory, because those things (which we have laid up in writing) we (as it were) cease to keep in memory: even as those things which we have laid up in strong chests, under lock and key we think to be sure enough, & take no more care therefore: notwithstanding among all the devices of men, I doubt whether ever any thing were devised or uttered more excellent: for it seemeth a thing strange and miraculous how in a few notes or Letters, so infinite speeches of men, & innumerable words, & sentences should be comprised & comprehended: for all kind of doctrine & learning should be mortal & subject unto decay, yea the acts & gests of men should be sun buried in oblivion, if they were not registered and reserved in monuments of learning: which have been so highly accounted of, that many both people, and most excellent personages do challenge to themselves, the invention thereof.  
Those letters, therefore do I deem not only to be 
No witty Citizen without learning.  thoroughly learned: but also scarcely can I think any man in a free cytty can or may deserve the name of a witty Citizen without the knowledge of learning: for how without learning can we attain not only unto the high knowledge of liberal sciences, but also thereby learn many small arts or faculties neither can merchandise itself or husbandry, be in sufficient safety without them: for these do keep the memory of things past, they instruct posterytye: they annex and compare things done and passed, unto things yet to come, and do keep a perpetual reckoning of all our whole life.  
The best way here in to be done therefore, is to train young children hereunto before they apply any other matters: if in time to come we desire to have them prove men, or to be reputed and taken in the number of Cytyzens: for surely the Greek proverb is:  

A man void of skill and wanting learned lore,  
To a tree unprofitable, compared is evermore.   
governors therefore of common weals ought to be 
Care for schoolmasters  careful & diligently to foresee that for every liberal Art or good learning, there may be assigned the best schoolmasters to be maintained with a public stipend, which may teach openly: for every private person cannot maintain living for their Children, and recompense their Schoolmasters with convenient stypende▪ and ordinary salary. And especially let the Schoolmasters teaching Grammar be excellent and notable, yea not only in learning but in manners also most approved: for it is most dangerous as it is spoken in the Proverb: To betake a sheep into the custody of a wolf. And to find him whom thou puttest in trust as schoolmaster to thy cihldrens, a corrupter and marrer of them, For the vices wherewith Children at that age are polluted, do either remain perpetually, or else with great diffycultie are they withdrawn from them.  
The Romans so greatly esteemed Grammar, that by decree, they ordained the same to be taught with a common 
Grammar.  salary, in the open streets or high ways, by means whereof it was called long time the common Science: many affirm that this Art was first devised, and invented at Memphis, a cyttye in Egypt.  
Pythagoras, the Prince of Italian Philosophy (whom Plato doth in all points for most part imitate) thinketh the sciences Mathematical to be most necessary for the civil man: In vain (as he judgeth) shall a man study Philosophy, which hath not tasted of the same▪ not as they say superficially, but even thoroughly and effectually.  
Lucius Columella would have every day to be observed by the rules of Astronomy, both for profit in husbandry, and again, for the avoiding of manifold dangers whereof we may be warned to take heed by them that be skilful.  
Anaximander Milesius forewarned the Lacedæmonians that they should look well to their Cyttye and houses: for he foresaw by this Science, that there was an earthquake at hand, which thing doubtless came so to pass: and a great part of that Cytty and of the hill Taygetus fallen flat to the ground.  
So Hippocrates did foreshow a plague or pestilence which should come from the Illyrians, and dispersed his Scholars round about the Cities of Greece, to secure 
Astronomy.  and relieve them that should be diseased.  
Pericles general of the Athenians, when as his host was astonished at the Eclipse of the Sun, and ready to yield the victory to their enemies, whom they thought the gods more favoured, deliured than: from their perplexity, disclosing the cause namely that it was the natural order of the Sun, and that it came not to pass by any displeasure of god or any unnatural event.  
In the discipline or doctrine of Astronomy, & in other sciences Mathematical, Publius Nigidius did very greatly excel among the Romans: to whom was attributed for a Surname, Potter, by reason of his excellent devise and invention of that knowledge: for when it was proposed & argued, why two Twins both born at one birth should have diversity of destiny, seeing they were both begotten and born under one Planet, and be defending his Art, denied, y● that could not be, by reason of the swift moving of Celestial Orbs, shewing the same by this means, he stirred about the wheel, that bore about the Potter's Clay, with great force, and upon the same did cast two drops of Ink, and after a pause made 
Example of destiny in two Twins.  from turning the wheel, the drops were found a good way a sunder, in the uttermost parts of the Wheel: how now (saith he) can they think that Twins be a like destinied, and born under one planet, when as the heavens are moved and whirled with so swift moving & turning: sing the wheel of a Potter being turned about with a small course, doth manifest before your Eyes, the two drops of ink at one time to be shaken and sprinkled into two several places: surely this devise was so well liked of the Audience, that it yielded unto the Aucthoure the palm and victory of the disputation, and a perpetual Syrname.  
Lycurgus did so allow, and esteem the science of Music: that he affirmed the same to be geeven unto 
Music.  men by nature, to the more easy bearing and toleration of their labours and travails: and be ordained the use of playing on the shawms in warfare, whereupon they should play both at their marching forwards, and at their retire also: and so stir up and encourage the minds of the Soldiers that even the most cowardly person being pricked forth with the sound thereof, did sometimes prove the most valiant, and achieved the victory for their country. The people of Creta also, when they were about to assault their enemies, were excyted and encouraged to fight, by the noise of the Harp. The Argives with Shaulmes as the Latins with Trumpets, and the Frenchemen with Cornets, were encouraged and anymated.  
Tymotheus the most excellent Musician when he was disposed to advance himself any time before Alexander the King, tuned his instruments so cunningly and musically, that the King having mind of none other thing but that only, and being therewith pierced and penetrated to the heart, as it were by some divine admiration would straight lay hand on his weapon and take thereby occasion to overcome his enemies.  
Music in a free Cytty is to be allowed, yea although it brought no other thing else then pleasure and delight: for we cannot always be busied in affairs: and this kind of oblectation even in our business and dealings is most honest: for as CICERO saith very well: It is the part of a free man sometimes to do nothing, and to withdraw his wearied mind from long care otherwise. Which thing especially music bringeth to pass, making us thereby to forget our Labours, travails, and miseries.  
Plato devised three sorts of Music, the one he said was manifest, consisting only in voice: as we see is used when men sing: the second aswell with the voice, as with the hand: as when with the strykinge upon the strings, we use to sing to the Instruments: and the third (saith he) is only finished with the hands & fingers: as when the voice being silent and still, we strike and play upon an Instrument.  
PYTHAGORAS thinketh that Music was not the invention of men but of the first worckemaister of the 
The invention of music after the opinion of Pythagoras.  universal world, which made the Celestial Orbs, to yield and make a certain harmony in their distinct motions, whereout proceedeth the first invention of human music: which music doubtless is profitable unto a civil person, and doth not only delight the mind, but also nourish the wit, making men more prompt and courageous, not only in warlike affairs, but also to achieve every waightye matter.  
And moreover we read of PAEON and divers other Physytians, whose Pacientes almost despairing of recovery, have been healed and recovered by the delights and pleasures taken in Musycke and that certain mad men have been brought to their right wits again, by the same mean.  
If we will have any regard of the health of our bodies and tranquillity of life (which without prosperous 
Physic.  health can scarcely be had, we shall confess the Physycke is the most excellent and necessary Art pertayninge unto mortal men: For as Cornelius Celsus maketh mention, who hath written most excellent books of this discipline: husbandry afoordeth nourishment to our bodies when they be healthful, and Physic promises health unto people diseased: and therefore we aught to tender thanks to the living god, who hath granted us life: next of all unto the Physician who doth conserve the same unto us, and maketh it healthfaller & of longer continuance. For to prove that this Art of all other Sciences is most ancient, the best learned Greek Authors do testify: for the inventor bereof was Apis the son of Phoroneus, and Pytho king of Egypt.  
The ancient writers divided Physic into three parts, 
Diet, medicine, and manula cure.  the one to consist in diet, another in remedies or medicines, and the third in artificial cure of the hand: and unto this part, did the inventions of Alcmaeon Crotoniata scholar to Pythagoras the Physician much help, who searching every member of man's body, and cutting up all and every joint and inward article, of all the vital parts, was the first that devised and invented the dissection or Anatomy of man's body.  
If medicine for the body be necessary in a good common weal, for the sundry kinds of diseases, which chance daily unto mortal men, to th'end with strong & sound bodies we may live well: how much more necessary shall the physic of the soul and mind be, without the which the bodies themselves cannot be in good health or liking? For man is subject unto many diseases, by reason of the divers kinds of meats whereof ●e feedeth, as Homer saith: yet notwithstanding the diseases of the mind are not fewer, than the diseases of the body, and wherewith we be far more vexed and endangered: what disease seemeth anger to be, wherewith when we be throughly chafed, little or nothing do we differ from mad and furious frantic people? What disease seemeth covetousness to be? wherewith when we be thoroughly inflamed, we cannot be grateful unto our own Country, not to our Parents nor children, neither yet unto ourselves: What doth fear? what doth trembling? what doth sloth and sluggishenes work, and bring to pass in us? and other perturbations of the mind innumerable, which when they seyse upon us, we are not only in mynde-but also in body disquieted: but the Medicine or Physic for the mind is specially Eloquence, which by the reasons and arguments of Philosophy represseth or keepeth under, such people as would be to much puffed up with vices, lifting 
Eloquence.  up those that are cast down, and making very dasterdes to become valiant people: for what other force or power can there be better, then by the force of eloquence, to bridle the raging and furious common people, when their courage faileth them for fear, & to stir them afresh to valiauntnes.  
Ancient writers say that Eloquence was the lady and Mistress of matters, neither is it only accounted profitable in peace and quietness, but also in wars and tumults excellethe all other strength and force: which thing to be true Pyrrhus' king of the Epyrot●s affirmed. For when he did make wars in Italye, he retained as his compaygnion of his exploits Cyneas the Thessalian an Orator and disciple of Demosthenes, using his help and service, at each pyyche most earnestly: for unto the cities which he could not subdue by force and armour, he sent Cyneas his Orator: which Cities for the most part he persuaded to surrender, even as he desired: insomuch that Pyrrhus used often times to say that m● cities were won and brought under his power and subjection by the Eloquence of Cyneas, then were by himself vanquished by force of arms.  
The Art of Oratorye consistethe in three Sorts of causes: Whereof the first containeth Persuasion, and Dysswasion: for what things soever are in a common weal advised or deliberated upon, they have need of persuasion and dissuasion, to the intent the truth may be bolted out: Wherefore an Oratoure, that is to say a good man, skilful and flowing in utterance, shall persuade such things as shallbe thought profitable, least the People slide or fall away by a sinyster and false opinion, and allow well of that which within a little space after, they shall either be compelled to altar and change or with repentant minds, bear and suffer the same vnpaciently●. The second is called the kind Demonstrative, consisting either in praise or dispraise: And the third kind is that which in judgements is exercised, and this fallethe out into Accusation and defence.  
But many cities now a days are nuzzled in an ill error, because either Lawyers are altogether ignorant of pleading causes, or rather because light disposed brab●ers, as the ancient writers did call them, do plead and handle matters only for lucre sake bablingly, and thereupon delaying Suits, make the same to hang in strife and variance very long, which thing in Cities is very dangerous: for pryvye grudges and hatred breedeth discord among citizens.  
Among the Venetians, whose common wealth is for 
The noble persons among the Venetians do plead causes.  justice, Government, Wealth, and nobility of the Cyttizens, accounted not only throughout all Italye, but also through out all the world most famous and excellent: the most learned people of all others, in the art of oratory, & such as by come of a noble race, do plead, & handle they're causes: by which means through continual exercise, they do attain to that perfection that very many of them prove cunning and eloquent men in their common weal.  
poets are to be maintained in a Cyttye, and to be made famous aswell with honour, as with praise: which People surely ought to be most cheryshed and 
poets necessary in a common Weal.  welcomed unto all men, aswell for the rarytye of them, (for nothing in all ages of man can be sound more rare, than a good Poet) as also for the abundance of their wit, and their divine Nature, neither shall poets be exiled from a good Cyttye, whatsoever Plato shall say, sithence they are well known to be very profitable unto their Country: For, what learning hath Grammar in it contained, without the pertractation of poets? The Elegancye or Fynenesse of words, the propriety of the Tongue, the sweet translations or Metaphors, the liberty of Speech and Sentences, which do beautyfye the Orations, as it were with certain Stars werr they not invented only by poets, and aptly placed and dystynguyshed by them, in their right places.  
Socrates the Philosopher was wont to say, it smallie fancied or liked him, to behold the secrets of Nature, and to neglect the reason and order of man's life: for what profiteth it us to search out certain hidden Secrets of Nature, to measure the stars and skies in our minds, if we know not ourselves, and neglect the reason or order which ought to govern our appetite, and whereby we differ from bruit Beasts.  
What may be more vile or filthy then to see a man that is well learned, to be with Lust inflamed, furious, or Angry, Covetous, or unsatiable without Measure insomuch the more he hath, the more he seems to lack, surely unto such a man that happeneth, which unto Thales the philosppher, one of the seven sages, happened: for he on a time in the night season walking abroad did behold the heavens very earnestly, by means whereof he fallen into a dytche, or pit that was in his way where he went, whereat he cried out: a certain old wife looking out at her window, and hearing him cry, asked him what he went about to do, that he so fallen into the pit, where upon he answered, that his meaning was to behold the heavenly planets: but the old woman smile said, thou seest not those things which are before thine eyes, and yet will't thou seek to know heavenly matters?  
The Oracle at Delphos (which they say was fixed before the doors of the Temple) aught to be prefixed before all men's eyes, which desire to be right wise: which is Know thyself: for he knoweth not himself which doth not know how to use the virtue of his mind, which is broken or shaken with fear, which doth advance himself beyond measure in rejoicing, who is inflamed with covetousness, tormented with lusts: against which evils Philosophy armeth us, and doth not only pluck up the roots, but also every little string or fiber of perturbations. To this philosophy will every good Cytizen endeavour himself, that desireth to profit not only himself and his, but his native country also.  
Philosophy teacheth us throughly that justice is it, 
philosophy.  which containeth and keepeth together human society: without the which there can neither cytty, neither yet any house be rightly governed: For she persuadeth us to use and enjoy our own right, and not to injury any man, to live content with our own goods, and to abstayn, not only our hands, but also our eyes from other men's goods.  
The knowledge of philosophy is not only pleasant unto Citizens, but also to Kings, Princes, and governors, and doth much avail in thenterprise of great or weighty matters: for Philip of Macedon when news was brought him, that his son Alexander was born, he directed his letters unto Aristotle saying: that he gave hearty thanks to the Gods, not only for that he had a Son born, but because it was his fortune to be born in the time of Aristotle, of whom undoubtedly he hoped he should be instructed, & that he should prove a Son both worthy for him, and the succession of his Crown: and therefore so sun as this his Son could speak, he gave charge that he should be brought up at the beck or commandment of Aristotle, committing him in his lusty green age unto his charge to be further trained in disciplines, & learning: and when his master Aristotle by reason of sickness, could not well attend & follow him in his wars, he resigned his room unto Calysthenes his scholar, that he might ever be at hand & ready with the King, and further him in the studies of philosophy.  
Pericles who had done so many famous Exploits among the Athenians, had for his Schoolmaster Anaxagoras, whose precepts he is reported very often to have put in use, not only in civil and domestical, but also in foreign and warlike affairs, wherein he being studiously bend to take pains, and hearing that Anaxagoras being weary of his long life went about to famysh himself to death, with all expedition came to him and as a petitioner with prayer and tears desired him, that if he had no mind or joy to live unto himself: that yet at lest he would live for Pericles' sake, whose conference and Counsel in matters tending to the Common weal, he greatly wished to have.  
julius Caesar was a man most exquisite in all kind of 
Praise of julius Caesar his bounty to wards learning and learned men.  learning, and enriched all the best learned men in his time with rewards, and promotions: By whose example also, Octavius Augustus retained Athenodorus as▪ his Schoolmaster in Philosophy, a man as learned as any in his time.  
The Frenchemen which are called Celtae affirm that they whom they called in their mother tongue druids, 
The first invention of philosophy among the Frenchmen.  were the first inventors of philosophy: for these people, inhabiting the woods: not only in contemplation, but also in life showed themselves precise philosophers, & disputed many things of virtue, and of the immortal God, very godly: and belde opinion, that death was no other thing, than a certain flitting unto a better & more lasting life: who being induced with that persuasion, fought valiantly and without fear against their enemies, thinckinge that man altogether a dasterde and fool, which feared death: sithence even forthwith they should by death pass into a far better life.  
We have already told that first especially the civil man must labour to furnish his mind with disciplines, and studies of good Arts: for the excellency of the mind, doth not only help the body, but also maketh it most ready to the achieving of all and every great labour: for there can no body be strong and healthy enough, when the mind languysheth: for in the wars we do often see that some little men and small of stature do fight with a good courage, and those which are bigger, to be very cowards: and therefore it is better to help and fortify the mind with virtue, and wisdom, if we desire to have the right strength of the body.  
The exercise of men's body is altogether counted 
Corporal exercise.  necessary: for sloth doth dull the body and maketh men geeven to too much tenderness, but industry or labour doth strengthen the body, and maketh men more lusty and strong.  
For the Lacedæmonians nourished their children in the country, & used to wrestle naked, to th'end they might accustom themselves, the better to endure travel & labours: 
Hard bringing up of youth profitable.  They lodged abroad under the open air, aswell in time of cold, as in time of heat, and hardened themselves in the dust, in running, shooting, wrestling, casting, and leaping. To set before valiant people & stout warriors, the sweet delights of boys and girls, seems to me no other thing than to weaken strength & to have all virtue in contempt & derision. Let children therefore be so exercised, that they may accustom themselves to take pains & labour, but yet not in outrageous savagenes: for as industry and honest exercise doth strengthen the body, and make it more apt unto labour and travail: so too much exercise, & continual 
Continual toy linge.  travel, doth break, cut of, and shorten a man's days, with untimely old age. Aristotle witnessethe that with such kind of toil, the growth of the body is hindered, and the members wrenched and disfashioned. Celsus saith that we see many times men of great toil and labour, to become in the end, most crooked and benommed in their members.  
julius Caesar commanded that young warriors should not be trained or taught neither in the school, nor by masters 
The commandment of julius Caesar for training of young soldiers.  of defence, but at home, in their dwelling houses, by the horsemen and Senators, skilful in feats of arms, in wrastlinge, running, casting of the ball: in which practices, he liked well to have them exercised, yea, he thought it would do them much good to be enured in swimming, leaping, skirmishing and making a show of a right battle in deed: for they chat accustom themselves to such exercises, come more cheerfully, and with better courage to the wars, & are both in body and mind stronger. 
Epaminondas, exercised wrestling.   
Epaminondas the most worthy captain of the Thebans, enured himself much with wrestling, not so much to get a corporal strength, as for the agility & nimbleness of his body: also Plato that greatest of all philosophers exercised wrestling with Aristo Argiws, by reason whereof it is said that for the notable habit of his body, he was called Plato: for afore he was called Aristocles, after that name of his grandsire.  
The Lacedæmonians commanded their women to wrestle among them, & affied in marriage, the man conqueror with the woman conqueress together: that the issue afterward coming of strong and lusty parents, should be likewise stronger than others: but this custom is altogether to be refused & refected: Let women therefore keep themselves at home and apply 
Women by nature more timorous and fearful than men.  their huswifelye affairs, whom nature hath made and ordained weak and fearful people, that by means of fear and awe they might be the fit and apt to keep home.  
Let first the wit of a child be nourishte and trained unto wisdom▪ if it may be: which of all other things is the best and chiefest: let him be exercised in body but yet so as he hinder not thereby the gifts and dexterity of his wit: for it is hard for a child to be exercised in body and mind together at one time, whereof there would be diligent consideration and reason had: for they need bodily exercise but a small while, lest they should be therewythe to much delighted: for they are made thereby more dull of capacity,, and scarcely know how to provide for themselves: as we read of Milo 
Example of the great strength of Mylo.  Crotoniates of whom it is reported that he did all things beyond the strength and ability of man, & often winning the best game and victory, was crowned: and killing an ox with one blow of his Fist, sacryfysed him, but at length trusting to much to his strength, he came to a most miserable death and doleful end: for espying a tree where into wedges were driven, but not yet cloven asunder, and laughing at the sloth of them that had left the same tree, in that case so remaining, he went about to 
Miserable end of Mylo  tear it asunder with his hands, but when the wedges were loosed and fallen out, and that the tree came together again to his proper nature, he was taken fast by the arms in that desert & unable to help out himself, was devoured of wild beasts, and fowls of the air.  
Polydamas an other famous Champion enteringe on a time into a certain Cave, and willing to sit down, his 
Example of polydamas,  froward fortune was such, that the upper part of the Cave over them opened wide, and fallen down upon them. Polidamas therefore going about with his arms and shoulders, to bear up the weight, all his companions, leaving him distressed fled away, and he thereby fondly enforced to make for himself his grave there not without the great derision of all the company.  
Secundi libri.  
FINIS.   

THE third BOOK entreateth of the election, & choice of Magistrates, in a common weal: of moral examples in furderinge their offices and duties in several: Of discussing and redressing causes in variance: of reforming enormities and controversies: of needful ordinances: of accustomed watches for defence & save guard, of the city or country: of careful provision for corn and victuals, needful aswell in peace as in wars for the publiquesustentation.  
ALL governance of a common weal, consists in the description and choice of Magistrates, without whose authority, wisdom, and diligence, a cyttye cannot flouriste nor be: For▪ amongst People that live in Freedom, there is nothing well done without magistrates: for even as a ship without a Pilot can never be brought into the haven of tranquillity: and as an Host of men, without a captain, is always in great danger, & scarcely ever winneth the victory: in like manner eivil society seemeth, to be objected and ●ayd open unto Fortune: neither can be in any part quiet or fortunate, except (by the authority, and council of the Magistrates) it be governed. And yet notwithstanding multitude of Magistrates troubleth and perturbeth 
How a common weal prospereth without Magistrates.  the order of a Cyttye. For as in seafaring and warlike business, regard must be had that there be but sew commanders, & many obayers: so also judge I it meet and requisite to be observed in the state of a commonweal:  
Ancient writers commend the Massilians whose common weal for order sake and equity, they prefer before all others: for they had Senators, in number (as Strabo maketh mention) 600. of whom fifteen every year by turns bore greatest authority: and of those fifteen, also three were appointed to decide laws, & matters in controversy, & these few only, governed the civil society very well but in time of wars & uproars, these Massilians did choose such generals and Princes as were sufficient and well able to take some wayghtye charge of wars in hand: for very many Physicians being brought unto one sick person, do rather strive among themselves by way of vain ostentation: then minister those things which may heal, or remedy the patient: And divers counsels or opinions in greatest dangers do rather hazard and endamage a matter then help it: these and many others, are to be considered in the ordayninge of Magistrates.  
But this again and again, I deem worthy to be 
Who be meet people for to be made magistrates in a common weal.  spoken, that very well it is, and most meet, that the administration of the Common weal should be committed unto old men, which both by reason of their age, & experience in matters have most skill: for true is that sentence of Plato, and which of Cicero is held as it were for an oracle,  Blessed may that man be counted, to whom even in his old age, it hath chanced, to obtain both wisdom and true opinions. 
Crantor, an ordinary scholar of Xenocrates, and most excellent Philosopher, reckoning the state of man's life, and descypheringe by most wise division our actions, & 
four special regards to be taken in man's life.  cogitations: affirmed that the first part of our life is to be employed unto virtue: the second to good health: the third to honest pleasure: and the fourth as he thought unto riches. For doubtless, nothing that good or pleasant is, can happen unto us without virtue: next unto this (as the best companion of virtue) he deemed to be good health: For scarcely can it be well with us in our mind, when it is evil with our body: and scarcely can the grief of the body be without the grief of the mind: Moreover he that is in good health, enjoyeth fréeer mind, and is not frustrate of the quietness of his wit, and senses: next unto these twain, let honest pleasure come as a third companion, which then doubtless is chief and best, when the mind enjoyeth itself: it measureth all things unto the tranquillity and pleasures of the mind▪ it is not delighted with the tickling of the senses, or allurements of the body, but in contemplation of great and waightye matters, which surely be the food of an honest mind, well furnished with liberal studies: That fourth part with hath society with the former three, although it be the lest of all, yet when we respect humane necessity, and when we consider, that man hath need of meat, drink, apparel, & dwelling house, it cannot be accounted otherwise then necessary: For as Callymachus says, without riches virtue advanceth no man: and that virtue without riches, doth little or nothing adorn any man. Theognis the true Poet, testifieth, that for fear of poverty we go headlong even into the Seas: for penury now & then urgeth excellent people, and compelleth them to attempt very hard enterprises. Plantus the most pleasant among comical poets, for want and scarcity of victuals, placed himself for hire to grynd in a Mill, and there so often as he had any vacant time from his work, he accustomed himself to writ Comedies and to cell them.  
Cassius Severus also an excellent Orator, having continued for the space of. twenty-five. years a vanished man, died in great penury, scarcely having rags wherewith to cover his privities. And Valerius the compaignion in office of Brutus died so poor, that he was buried at the common 
Pinching poverty putteth men to their shifts  costs of the Cyttye: And the legitimate son of king Perseus (as Marcellinus writeth) after his miserable calamity and frowning fortune, was glad to practise the Smiths' occupation to get his living withal: these cogitations aught oftentimes to be revolved in mind of all them that will rightly constitute human society.  
They that take upon them the office of a Magistrate: 
A Magistrate  let them know that they bear a majesty of the common weal, and let them forget themselves so long to be private people, as they execute or use the administration of a public office: let the magistrates evermore have before their eyes, the laws of the common weal, whereunto in all points, let them know that obedience is to be given. For as the laws do govern the magistrates: so the magistrates ought to govern the people. For true is that Prover be pronounced by Tully:  

The Magistrate is law, that doth speak and dispute:  
But the Law is a Magistrate silent and mute.   
For this happeneth in a good common weal, that he which modestly obeyeth, may seem worthy, and meet sometime to bear authority: and it is expedient, that he 
He that obeyeth well ruleth well  which obayeth the Laws, should hope to bear rule in time to come: and he that is in office, and hath jurisdiction or governance, let him think that not long after, it may come to pass that he must obey others: let the first retain virtues, as their guides, to direct and rule them: 
virtues are the guides of civil magistrates.  without the which nothing is well done, whereof the first and principal is justice, which layeth the foundation of human society & containeth in it godliness: which S●xtus Empiricus teacheth to be the knowledge of 
justice.  worshipping God aright: For this virtue especially respecteth the divine reverence, mysteries and ceremonies: without the which nothing orderly, neither any thing ●olilye or godly can be done in a common weal.  
It is the nature of justice to hurt no man, nor to injury any: to give to every man that which is his right: to reward those that deserve well, with favour, praise, and gifts, and those that deserve evil, with losses, reproach 
Duties of justice.  shame, punishments, and death: but moreover a right excellent duty of justice is in word and deed to keep faith & promise: for nothing can be more filthy, in those which bear sway in the public weal: then to break promise which reproach doubtless is never blotted out with oblivion, as we read of the Carthaginians, whom 
To keep touch and perform promise is commendable.  Ennius the Poet called faithless, or leaguebreakers, because they started from their leagues and promises: which (certes) was the only and chiefest cause, why that city which (for the Empire of the whole world) contended so many years with the People of Rome, (the chief 
Prudence  vanquishers of all other Nations) was destroyed.  
Prudence the second virtue consists in choice, or discerning of good and bad and is the ryngleader or chief of other virtues: insomuch that Apollophanes a worthy Philosopher said: that this only was the virtue upon 
Temperance  whom all the rest were attendant. Temperance (notwythstandinge) helpeth very much, and so shinech in all our doings: that she is thought to be the moderatrix or directress thereof, this is she which with so long continued praise, hath extolled that worthy sentence of Solon, warning us to do: Nothing to much.  
The Children of the Persians' were carefully taught, & trained to learn temperance, which to th'end they should 
An example of Temperance.  the more diligently observe, their rulers appointed & commanded certain of the discretest old men in their cities, to be present at their daily exercises: to t●● end they fearing the looks and grave countenances of their ancient overséeers, might in all their doings be governed and directed by modesty & temperance to frame them 
Constancy.  selves thereafter in allthings, from time to time, accordingly. Constancy must also be therewith lyncked and annexed, namely that which is of words and deeds counted the most faithful observer or keeper: She causeth that the secrets of the public weal be kept close and in silence, than the which there can be no better thing: for which virtue the Persians' especially are praised, which 
Persians trusty in keeping council.  do use to keep all their secrets most faithfully: neither fear, neither hope, nor any other fair promise, can aliure them to utter any secret matter, that is to be concealed: for they have an old lesson or rule among them, whereby they are advertised: that silence is kept with danger of life. Neither are they thought able to achieve, any great exploit, which are not able to bridle their tongues, which member nature hath ordained, as the easiest of all others: thereby to show that silence is no hard virtue to be kept & observed:  
Aristotle saith that there be three things necessary in a Magistrate: 
Three things necessary in a magistrate.  first that he embrace justice & the other virtues, thereby to direct all those things which are profitable for 
1.  the common weal: next, that he do love the present state of his city, and being therewith content enterprise to do nothing either newe fangled or strange, but to go that way which their ancestors have instituted: and 
2.  which by the treading Steps ' of others, was worn plain: for desire of new alterations and things, is rather wont to weary and weaken the common weal: then to make the same better by any means.  
Thirdly that magistrates should have power of that people, sufficient to execute those things, which appertain 
3.  to their function, or office: which thing doubtless causeth that they themselves, with greater courage bear out their office: and those again, shall more diligently obey them, unto whom obeisance is to be geeuen.  
All Magistrates which have the decidinge of laws, & which do exercise any kind of revenge or punishment against offenders, aught as some bold opinion to be strangers: for as they themselves say: private grudges, enmities, & hatred do arise amongst citizens, when as one citizen punisheth another: but on the other part, fellow citizens, are more tractable & prove to show favour one towards other then as if the matter were in the dealing of a stranger: by the reason whereof many people of the Italians, have accustomed to send for such Magistrates from other places: but to be short, I am of opinion, that in a well governed common weal, wherein all men be obedient to the laws and customs of their country: citizen Magistrates are far better, and govern much more honourably than strangers: which thing doubtless, not only by the Romans, Carthaginians, Athenians, and Lacedæmonians: but by divers others, which commit all offices unto their Citizens, may be perceived: but especially it is evident by the noble common weal of the Uenetians, wherein there is no place given to Strangers: and yet 
Venetians admit no not stranger to bear rule among them  notwithstanding, there is neither severity wanting, nor by such manner of judgements, any discords do arise, neither any seditions, or enmities grow.  
And one thing concerning that common weal of the Uenetians, we may well say, which I cannot remember that ever I read or saw elsewhere: for the order of that city never swerved & altered from the order & state wherein by the first founders thereof it was constituted and ordained: but hath always remained in one state of government 
Venetians alte nothing afore time ordained by their predecessors and elders.  immutable: for they that builded that city devised amongst themselves, and their Magistrates, a reward (as it were) for their travails: and this inheritance left they unto their posterity, that no Alien or denizen, born in any other country should be admitted, to bear any office or authority amongst them: and so sithence that time, perpetually hath this order been observed, almost a thousand years, until this day: wherefore the posterity of them that first bulded the city, have always been rulers 
Seigniorye of Venice.  in the same city, & were called Senators, Signors, fathers and nobles: and all the rest Commoners.  
The chief and principal care for the common weal consists in Senators, which aught to have authority, aswell in time of wars, as in time of peace: unto whom also from the other magistrates men may appeal: these Senators also (according to the institution of Lycurgus) are the keepers and reformers of the laws, and as often as need shall require do constitute new, by certain learned lawyers of their Seigniorye: for it is a very hard thing to compass and comprehend all things in written laws: for new affairs oftentimes happen and occur through the disorder of men, for redress whereof new laws are expedient, and all things daily prove, worse and worse, which by the laws are to be punished.  
Solon the Philosopher decreed no law against Parricides 
Manquellinge now a common practice in Solon his days not thought that such could be.  and murderers: being demanded, why he had omitted the same: he answered, that he never thought, that any such mischievous and wicked act, could be committed or done by any man.  
All order of the Public weal, and all Counsel, ought in doubtful cases and adverse affairs, to come from the Senators, & counsellors, who be called fathers of their country, because even as parents provide of duty for their children, so aught the Senators for their citizens and countrymen: let these grave Councillors (as it 
A good councillor the father of his country  were grow together into one body, which seethe with many eyes, worketh with many hands, and standeth upon many feet, which thing, surely bringeth to pass that the common weal is far better governed, than the state of one Prince, for he alone, forecasteth and foreseeth what he can: yet cannot he measure, and compass all things by counsel and reason: for no one mortal man hath the knowledge of all things: And he is counted and reputed for the wyseste, who is ignorant in fewest matters: for many learned, wise, and grave wen, laying their heads and devices together, do foresee all things, nothing is to them obscure, nothing happeneth sudden & unlooked for, nothing new, nothing strange, nothing great, or wondered.  
There if the Senators theymselues do trespass, they seem to offend more by their example, then by the crime itself: for all the inferiors, do follow their steps, and 
Example of Superiors is a precedent for inferiors to follow  think themselves scarcely to transgress, when as they see any Senator guilty of the same crime: let them therefore be firm and constant, not vain and lying, neither given to filthy lucre: let them not only banish away all filthy usury, but also all gain, wherein may be any suspicion 
Usury.  of filthiness.  
Publius Scipio Nasica unto whom the surname of a good man, was by the senate bestowed: who did so many notable 
Vndecente gesture in a Senator put to reproach.  exploits for his country, on a certain time standing in the election for the office of AEdileshippe, took a certain country fellow by his hard & rough hand, & feeling the same so hard, demanded of him in sport, whether he used to walk upon his feet, or upon his hands: which thing was so grievously taken of the country fellow, & other standers by, that it came to the knowledge of the common people, & was the cause that this excellent Senator Scipio had a repulse in his suit: forasmuch as all the country people, thought themselves hereby to be had in derision & made flouting stocks.  
Very little or nothing do laws and institutions profit 
God is the principal author and fautour of all good laws and procedings.  except they be grounded upon that sacred scriptures, the author whereof is almighty god himself: for if those ancient people which known not god, but were led with certain superstitions, and false religion did nothing apertayning to the common weal, without authority of their high bishops: what behoveth us christians to do, which only embrace the true religion & which have Christ that son of God for the founder & author of our religion: surely we aught to endeavour with all care & diligence, that nothing be done, nothing thought 
That thing which to the honour and praise of god is begun continueth in force and felicity.  upon, or devised, except god his assistance. aid & good will be thereto favourable, & that all our purposes, mysteries or devices, tend to his honour & glory, by whom we attain life everlasting: therefore gods divine operations aught to go before the ordinances of man: according to this saying: Imprimis venerare Deos, first above all things worship God. The senators charge and duties therefore shallbe diligently to watch & care, that no laws be established and enacted, but such as he consonant and agreeable to God's good pleasure, for if he be aiding and well pleased with our christian rites, & ordinances▪ there can nothing go amiss in the common wealth, neither can there any sinister thing or mishap chance herein.  
At the beginning, the governance of human affairs was in the authority of the bishops: & kings being initiate in sacred lore, took charge, both of divine & human things, neither thought they that any man could possibly rule well, which was ignorant in sacred matters & estranged from god: therefore in those days either the prieests themselves did govern, or else, the princes did attempt nothing without their advise & authority: for Romulus at that first foundation & beginning of Rome, called the bishop which had charge in the temples, & 
bishops named kings by Romulus.  holy ceremonies by the names of kings, & reigning as it were with a mutual or associate authority, would have him to be the keeper of the laws & traditions of their country: & not without cause, for the Prelates being inspired with the holy ghost, do teach & instruct us thoroughly in the precepts of holiness and immortality.  
There are two times to be considered upon: the one of peace, the other of wars: & as in time of wars circumspect care for peace may not be omitted: so in time of peace such 
Times to be considered in peace and War.  things aught to be foreseen which in time of wars may serve & be most necessary: for surely it is a point of great wisdom, to hasten & have in readiness, in the time of peace, such things: which fear of wars should compel us speedily to have 
Time of peace  in use & to ocupie: both these considerations therefore must be carefully looked to, by them that bear chief rule & authority, that with warlike munitions they may defend, & maintain the sweet joys of peace: & that the munitions of wars be not 
Time of War.  prejudicial or hindering to the maintenance of peace: for the Romans, the most excellent of all others, unto the chiefest office appointed two Consuls: y● one to deal in th'affairs for the city's behoof, & the other in warlike matters: for smally should it prevail them to live at rest & quietness within the walls of the city, if in the fields all were in hurlyburly & uproar, or if their enemies were not kept back from invading their terretories: & on the other part to hold wars abroad, and at home to want advise or council, were very dangerous. 
Time doth altar both the person and his ꝓꝑtye.   
That promotions, or offices should be perpetual in the common weal, I think it to be perilous: for the long continuance thereof, doth often altar men's manners: & now and then giveth them occasion of tyrannous practises, as we may well see of julius Caesar, who being continual Dictator, invaded the Public weal: For it is much more harder in prosperity to observe modesty, them in adversity▪ and therefore, that custom is to be commended and allowed, whereby two consuls be appointed for no longer space than one year. The Cousull aught diligently to be careful in mustering for the wars, that in every precinct, the wealth, number, and age be regarded: for those soldiers obey unwillingly, & are negligent in their duty, which are forced beyond their abilitye, & power: and very ill fareth it with that army which thinks themselves without just occasion forced to warfare & when this Consul hath mustered soldiers, let him not suffer them to harbour or lodge in their wyntringe places, under Covert, but let them lodge abroad in the open field, yea if it were in a peaceable time: and let him teach them, the soldiers are of no more force than their captains and Generalle: for all men affirm that this sentence of Homer is true:  Moore safer is an host of Hearts, a Lion being guide: Then is an Host of Lions which an heart have on their side. 
Special consideration and care must be had for the due 
Overseers of the laws.  administering and execution of Laws in a good Common weal, which surely causeth, that men do live without violence or Injury: for it is impossible for a multitude to live without strife, specially in that City where all things be common: albeit we say it is much better for every man to have his own: for we see that fields which are in common amongst many, lie untylled, and grow full of▪ brambles & briars: but private fields, far more neat and trimly husbanded: but private patrimonies be they which make men diligent & attendant, & measure herein is to be prescribed unto them, least richemen enjoy all, and the poorer and weaker sort clean thrust out and defrauded.  
Varro saith, that variance at the beginning took his first name of contention for limits or bounds: which thing in deed Virgil seemeth to affirm where he saith:  
Limbs agro positus, litem ut discerneret aruis.  

There was set and ordained a lymyt or bond,  
To avoid contention in fallowed ground.   
For now and then contention ariseth for debarring or stopping the course of rain water or of other matters which 
Occasions of contentions for small matters amongs Citizens to be reform.  daily happen in Fields, or else in the Cyttyes, when men do argue and stand in contention, for the walls of their houses: for droppinges of their h●use eves and of Rafters not fastened: and oftentimes it comes to pass that amongst merchants, contentions may arise and specially when many are found vain, & double dealers, with whom a man must not deal in secret means, but before some arbitrators, or convenient witnesses, and judges: Such manner of strifes whereby enimitye and hart●urninges may grow, aught straightways by composition to be determined and ended, that the citizens may be brought into concord, which then is brought to pass when every man enjoys his own, obtaineth his due right, all variance or dissension set apart.  
Upon holidays and such days as are appointed either for Fairs or feasts, it shallbe good to stay prosecution of causes and matters judicial, which thing also is customablye frequented in any public joy or mourning.  
A Praetor amongst the Romans was so called, because he bore rule: and he was called Urbanus amongst the citizens administered the laws: It was in the power of the Praetor to minister both public & private authority, therefore it is needful that the Praetors be men of upright dealing, & 
A Praetor.  well deserving of the public weal: who ought in no part to be ignorant of the laws and customs of the common state, but plainly and absolutely to be so skilful in laws both public and private, that nothing appear unto them either obscure or doubtful: Let good and conscionable lawyers plead causes, and handle nothing with 
Lawyers.  craft and maleengine: but let them speak all things truly, and let them not leave a lie unpunished: for there aught to be nothing in a common weal so uncorrupt & sincere, as judgement: which surely is more often corrupted with speech then with money: whereupon very well said Cicero, that he understood not why he that corupteth judgement with money, should be worthy of punishment: & he that corrupts it with eloquence, should have praise: to me (saith he) it rather appeareth that he offendeth more in this point, which rather with speech then with money, corrupteth the judge: because no man with money can corrupt a wise judge, but with smooth and 
Corruption of judgement.  dissembling speech any man may: for how are that corrupters of causes worthy to be hated, and how grievously are they to be punished? for they do cell the patronage of justice & forsake the best office in the world, which is, defending right: sometime they pynch & get money from the defendant, sometime again poule the plaintiff, and in the end delude them both: and many do very il, which take on them the patronage or office of defending the client, & do handle the same so coldly, that they differ smally from forgers of causes: for true is the sentence of Cicero which saith: perhaps men can not be defended without dispraise, & that negligently to be defended, could not be without great wickedness.  
Let lawyers therefore & patrons of causes plead their client's causes, and that for duty sake, that they may deserve 
Vnsaiiable Lawyers.  well of the citizens, & let their reward be, to have a good report in all man's mouths, & let it not be lawful for them if by any means it may, that they take any bribe or gift, for handling the cause, as it was established by the law called Cincia: for a filthy thing it is and not worthy any man, to 
Bribcry is a filthy thing.  set out the tongue, for gain or lucre in pleading causes. Surely Antipho Rhamnusius (as antiquity reporteth) was the first that ever for defence of any cause took reward, whose example long times after, the Grecians, & Latins, followed: saying that the merchandise of the tongue, was of far other sort, than any other merchandise whatsoever: but the Romans from whom all good examples, aswell of honesty, as of virtue, are to be taken, by the law Cincia prescribed 
Good examples, given by the Romans.  an order unto the covetousness of orators, and pleaders of causes, & because young men puffed up with hope of gain, should not be permitted negligently to handle matters, at the request of Appius Claudius, they suffered the law Cincia to be moderated.  
Unto those Magistrates which we authorize to have 
Considerations updon the travels of the magistrates.  thadministering of justice, we rather aught to impart some standing fee or public stipend, then private gain: lest thereby the judgements of the law be set to port sale, which thing no doubt is prejudicial unto all people: and for the most part the common decay of the public weal: whether the judgement be corrupted or whether else any thing be done by deceit or violence, by them which be judges, and have jurisdiction in executing justice.  
overseers of shamefastness & modesty, are so necessary in a common weal, that without them, little or nothing do other magistrates prenaile: for there cannot be a more commodious 
Tribes or War dosin a city.  thing than to have people well mannered, with civility: wherefore the most gravest people & most approved in virtue (some out of every several tribe or ward) are her unto to be admitted: which may reform & redress the manners of the city, jest thereby there creep in pievesh customs, pernicious both to the people & to that whole city: therefore great diligence is to be required, that the manners of the people be most sincere & perfect: & then again, that no pernicious custom do invade the citizens, than the which there can nothing in cities happen worse: & lastly that the religion & ceremonial orders, which have been by our elders well established be also well observed.  
The Romans called the Censure of shamefastness & modesty, the Lady and Mistress of discipline,: and them which bore offices, in the common weal, they called Censors, 
Censor was he which could by his wisdom and knowledge execute his office viz. to constitute, command & comptrolle.  which took their name of judging, comptrolling, constituting, or commanding: of what effect it is, very well to discharge and execute this office, even hereby-may we perceive, in that this office or dignytye of Censor, did give the surname unto Cato Censorius, who very well executed this same function: The Infamy which we call the Censors check, was far more grievously taken of that Romans, than any other punishment, and sometimes that rigour thereof stretched against the magistrates: for the Senators were cast out of the Senate house, by the Censors check, as we read of Lucius Antonius, because he put away from him a young Uirgine whom he had married: none of his friends being called to council: so read we also of Lucius Flaminius, who caused certain to be put to death, for looking lasciviously at certain women, whom 
Infamy of Censors.  they loved: also Caius Fabricius the Censor, removed out of the Senate house Publius Cornelius a noble parsonage, because he brought ten pounds worth of plate to a certain 
Senators discharged for excess riot.  banquet. Fat and corpulente Soldiers, perfumed with ointment, were noted with this check, their horses taken from them, and they dismissed and discharged out of the host.  
In judgements of life and death, great care & heed aught to be had: for cyvil hatreds and privy conspiracies then burst forth unto revenge, when as the magistrates have power of life and death: and therefore the Romans, when they had appointed their Consuls unto whom they committed, the special charge, of the common weal: yet was it not lawful for them to execute or put to death any citizen of Rome, and truly not without good cause: for nothing more procurethe the destruction of the weal public, than the punishment by death, of those which specially have but smally dealt with others, or whose crimes or offences have not so far came to light as by no means they can or may be denayed, or else that they be 
Innocentes wrongfully condemned make people repine at magistrates.  apparently known unto all men: for that worketh a perpetual injury, when suspicion of innocency remaynethe in the people's heads, of them which through false or rash judgement are said to be unjustly condemned, for innocency carrieth with it great favour, and the rumour or muttering of the people striketh fear into them which have condemned innocentes: And moreover the forre of conscience brings to pass, that such people, as have so overreached themselves, are thought never to live in security, but appoint unto themselves, present punishment before their eyes: How notable is that sentence of julius Caesar, which with often repetitions he would use?  

A wretched companion of old age truly,  
Is the memory of ancient cruelty.   
And therefore, they that must give sentence and judgement, of the life and spirit of man, which is part of the world, and hath a mind by the special gift of God, partaking of reason, and filleth up the number of the living, aught carefully to advise and consult with deliberation and not to do any thing with rash judgement, because such a Deed once done, cannot be called back again.  
Alexander king of Macedon unto his mother Olympias, urginge him greatly, to kill a certain guyltlesse person, requesting the kings consent thereto, in consideration 
Pity in the heart of Alexander towards one that was like to have been put to death.  of that nine months space which she bore him in her womb: most gently thus answered. O good mother, rather request or demand any other reward at my hands: for man's life cannot be acquitted or recompensed with any good turn, or benefit.  
Sabacus, moreover king of the Egyptians (a man for godliness and religion famous) as Diodorus Siculus maketh mention did so much abhor shedding of blood, that he commanded the convict and condemned people, being bond with chains, to become slaves for the city, rather than that they should be put to death: doubtless true 
death redeemed by thraldom.  is that tragical sentence, and in heart and mind, evermore to be recited, and recorded of them, which do bear rule. viz.  

What ever thou be that dost rule or reign:  
From shedding blood, leave and abstain.   
There was wont to be amongst the Romans 
Eight special kinds of punishments used by the Romans.  eight kinds of punishments, that is to say: amerciaments, banishment, imprisonment, whipping, recompense of as much for trespass made, reproach, bondage, & death: yet seldom with death did the Romans accustom to pursue, except against Parrycides, murderers, rebels, and such like wicked people, whose lives was not to be spared. But now an ill custom hath taken place, that thieves even for small matters are executed by death, & so they take away that which can never be restored unto mortal men. The great consideration for the common treasure in a common weal aught to be had: for treasures, & money are counted the sinews or strengths of the city, without the which it can scarcely be preserved: for these things do beautify a city, in prosperity, & bring ready succour in adversity: wherefore there are to be ordained treasurers, which may have the authority of receiving, keeping, & laying out of the common treasure: these men aught to be grave and upright, and aught to abstayn their hands from public & private corruption: not unhonest troublesome people, but which can diligently measure the rate of fortune, & of such people, as they shall have to deal withal, and besides this let them take heed that publicans and tollers, extort nothing by violence or crafty collusion from them over whom they have rule: for that kind of people is odious, and now and then, by reason of their unhonest dealing, & lewd demeanour, provoketh rnd stirreth the common people to desire of new fanglenes.  
In levyinge of Tributes and Taxations, treasurers 
Leuving of tributei.  ought to be gentle and seldom times to do it: for it grieveth the citizens, to have their proper private stock and substance employed on public affairs: except in great distress, or time of danger, for then all good citizens do of their own good accord fall in consideration hereof, & willing be contributory to payment: but if they may spare their private substance, they live better contented: & if there be no other remedy, but to do otherwise, then aught they to entreat all men gentlely, thereby the more easily to raise their tributes, and win the people's hearts withal: for far more is the good will of citizens to be esteemed then any mass of substance of treasures. Noble was the saying of Alexander the great, when on 
Alexander's friends were his treasures.  a time being demanded, where he had his treasures laid up, answered: he had laid them up with his friends, & well-willers, and that they were well & warily kept to his use there: for good will & good love is the lady, both of a man's own substance, and of another man's also: Tiberius Caesar also unto his Lieutenauntes, receivers, or treasurers, which counseled him to exact tribute of his provinces and countries, answered, that it was the part of a good shepherd, to shear his sheep: & not to slay them.  
The tyhat be authorized to coin money, aught to obey the commandment of the treasurer, lest they forge or embase the coin: or mingle it with any other base metal, for it is most dangerous to make counterfeicte Money, of less value than it should be: the consideration 
Moneta à monenda.  whereof is most diligently to be overseen of the treasurers: some do suppose that the word Moneta is called so properly, 
Pecunia à Pecore.  because it giveth warning, that no deceit in money, stamp or weight be made or used, but that name of Pecunia, as Varro saith took his beguning of Pecus: for the riches & substance of men in times past consisted in Pecoribus: that is to say, in cattle. And this thing doth Lucius Columella testify to be true, and ovid. libro 5. Fastorun, maketh mention where he says:  All other Instruments as yet, were not for use out found, 
The first earthly treasures of men.  The wealth, Cattles did possess, or else great store of ground. And hereupon were richmen called, hereof hath money name: But now unlawfully each man, to seek for wealth doth frame. 
Cambyses the father of Cyrus, king of Persia, being asked by what means cities might be kept in best savegar, answered: if they which keep the same cities do think they can never be wary enough of their enemy. The saying of this most wise king, is always to be revolved of them, which bear authority in a common weal: for what availeth armour? what munitions? what are the walls and towers profiting unto them which negligently 
safeguard of a city.  keep and look to their watches and wards? for we see very many cities by negligence of their watches, and scouts, (with the sudden coming of their enemies) put to the spoil and sacked: and moreover as touching night watches, to whom citizens trusting, and sleeping sound, have not known any thing of the coming of 
Night Watthe  their enemy, until the scaling ladders have been set up to their walls, and they thrown down headlong, from the tops of their turrets.  
Spargapyses the son of Tomyris queen of Scythia, being together with all his host of men drunk with wine, and slumbering or slepy, were in that estate altogether destroyed: and doubtless, no Scouts, nor watches, can 
Scouts, Watchers and Warders.  more safely or diligently be exercised, then of them which bear the chiefest authority, whether the same be in the Tents, or within the walls, certes it is scarce safe enough for the Citizens to sleep soundly when they shall perceive the chief overseers of the watchmen to be wanting: and a Captain seemeth to commit his host to the hazard of fortune, so long as he sleepeth. Alexander of Macedon hath left us a good lesson for this matter, who, because he would not be deceived by means of sleep, used as he lay in his bed to stretch out his arm, (having under the same a brazen bowl or basin standing) & to hold in his hand a ball of silver, to thintent that when 
A Wise example of Alexander in watching.  sleep had wearied and taken away the force of his fingers: hearing the fall of the silver ball into the bowl or basin he should straight way by the noise & sound thereof, awake again out of sleep: surely this lesson I think that most excellent king learned of the Cranes which do use a nightly watch among themselves always, and because they would not be deceived or betrayed by any mishap in their sleep: they stand upon one leg holding a little stone in the other, which when it falls from them by hitting the other standing leg, or making a noise with lighting on the ground, they are thereby awaked out of their sleep.  
Even so with no less care aught they to watch, which bear authority in a common weal, that in such manner they may set in order their watches and keep the holds of their city, that the common weal sustain no discom modity nor dishonour thereby neither in time of wars, neither yet in time of peace: doubtless Socrates in Plato used great diligence & care, in the choice of such as should 
Who are meetest for watchchers & Warders.  keep watch and ward: and surely the better & more well their citizens be, the more fit people are they to keep watch and ward: which otherwise we see falls out in rude or barbarous cities, wherein labourers, workmen, porters, and poor men are put to scouts, and watch: but the richer men cocker themselves and live at ease within their own houses: Sometimes watches are committed in charge unto the Soldiers only, which now and then being wearied with their daily travail, either watch rechleslye, or else sleep so soundly, that they are not to be awaked with any noise at all: as it chanced unto those Romans which kept their Capitol, when it was besieged by the Frenchemen: which Romans' had not they been awaked out of their sleep by the gaggling of a goose, had been utterly undone, and the common wealth of the 
Gaglinge of a goose saved Rome from being taken.  Latins, for ever extinguished.  
Let there be placed orderly upon the Walls in places fit for that purpose, two warders which must have geeven them a Watch word, least they be deceived: and let them be called upon and punished which sleep in their watch time: Let the Scouts in the day time watch before the Gates, on the towers, at loupe holes, or at other choose places, least that a multitude of guests unlooked for, come as it were between them and home, and take away booties, carry away captives and invade the City: with no less care also let the night watches be placed in the cyttye, then upon the walls: for most myschievous deeds are rather put in practise by Night then by day. thieves, harlots, Cutthroates, and robbers are no less to be restrained, then Public Enemies, against whom doubtless 
Night watchers charged.  needful it is that the overseers of the Watch, should extend Punishment with great severity, if they will rightly provide for the good estate of their Cyttye: For worst of all fareth it with that city wherein Harlots and night thieves, raunginge in the same be not sufficiently met withal.  
It was lawful among the Romans by the Law of Twelve Tables to kill a night thief: So hath it also been lawful to do, to an Adulterer taken with the manner, and also to a woman committing Fornication: These notwythstandinge I judge are not to be permitted, but in such manner to be handled, that for fear of punishment, all men keep theymselues at home from doing evil abroad: For he lovethe to do nothing that is good or right which shonneth day light, and he that stealeth in lurking manner, is afraid least some should see him and bewray him, and so thyncketh the night more safer for him then the day tyme.  
It was not wont only to be the charge of them that 
Night watchers prevent and withstand many dangerous chances in a Cyttye.  had the oversighte of the Watches amongst the Romans to exercise watches & wards upon the walls, ●ut also it was enjoined that they should be vigilant against all night Traveylers: whereby the Public quietness of the cyttye might be preserved & maintained: moreover these and such like watches do help in many other matters, and especially in avoiding casualties of Fire, which surely are seen to be most dangerous in cities: for both do they quench casual chances of fire within the Cyttye happening, and also often times do catch in a trip subtle Fyrers of houses, whose offence therein is to be accounted capital and worthy of death: and them also which negligently rake up their fierce, they aught to punish by whipping and cudgellinge.  
Dinocrates' an excellent Architecte of Macedon having promised unto Alexander the great, to raise up the Hill called ATHON in THRACIA, of a monstrous height, unto the similitude and resemblance of a man, whose left hand should support the walls of a most large Cyttye, and the right hand should hold a bowlle, which should receive the flouddes descending from the Hill, and pour them into the Sea: Alexander (being delighted with the devise of this figure) asked him whether there were any fields near unto it to nourish and maintain the Cyttye with Corn and victual, yea, or no? DINOCRATES' answered: that it must have Succour and relief from beyond the Seas: The king said that such a devise was not to be allowed at all▪ for (saith he) as the infant lately born into the world can neither live nor prospero without the milk of the Nurse: So neither can a City be sustrayned or cherished without the fruits of the fields.  
The example of this noble king ALEXANDER aught to exhort all builders of cities, to appoint the situation 
All princes or magistrates may here ymytate the care of Alexander for his subjects in providinge corn and victuels.  thereof in plentiful & fruitful places, and that they which have charge over the people do especially provide corn, and victuals for their sustentation: for smally should the defence and safeguard of the city prevail, to small purpose should the laws, rites, and order of a city serve, if the people should starve for hunger: for what can be more dangerous among that people, whom neither armour, magistrates, neither Gods justice, nor man's Laws, neither any shame can keep in straight order, than dearth and famine: for very aptly hereunto saith Lucanus the Poet.  
Nescit plebs jeiuna timere.  
Let therefore first and principal care be for competent provision of victual, namely bread corn, the use whereof is seen to be far more necessary, than any other thing and let there be made three Purueyghours, or principal victuallers, to have the oversighte, and surueighe of all victual, and make provision of the same accordingly: let the corn be kept for common use, either in deep trenches, clean famned from the chaff, and covered over, whereby for seven years store, it may be well reserved, 
Good order for corn to be kept.  or in broad graners, with little windows, on the north end thereof, wherein for three years space it may be preserved from the mothe, weevil and all noisome vermin: and let them have a special care that there be no corn or grain carried forth of the city, but in great store and plenty thereof, lest it become musty: but let it rather be brought in by exchange, and rechaunge made from the country's near adjoining, for it were far better to have store enough at home sufficiently not only to serve them and their country: but also if need were to help our distressed neighbours: And let them set a rate or price of things, lest they being bestowed at the will of them that shall cell them, they be rated and esteemed, as it shall seem good unto them at all times.  
Regard also must be had that not with a little care & 
Good order for the church  diligence the temples and churches of the immortal god (which with such great costs and charges are edefied, & which make the cities, specially thereby far more gorgeous) have such officers and overseers for the government thereof, least otherwise by negligence and sloth they fall to ruin or decay: wherefore AEdiles are to be appointed, which thereupon were called by the Romans, by that name AEdiles, because (as Varro saith) they had the oversighte of sacred and private houses: It was also the charge of the same Officers, amongst the Romans, 
Good order for stretee and highways.  to see that the common streets, and highways, should be well leveled and made even, and that the same, should be kept in decent order, and that thereupon no building should be erected and set, which either might hinder the commodity or comeliness of the same: also they had a charge enjoined them, to see that the water conduits, common sewers, and sinks, should be cleansed and scoured, and that the bridges should be repaired and amended: 
Good order for conduits and common Sewers.  moreover, there is nothing in a free cyttye which doth more breed envy or hatred, then to see certain fellow citizens in a short time enriched with the common money, or treasure whereas the same could not suffice them all.   

THE FOURTH BOOK entreatinge of mutual Society in Marriage: maintenance of housekeeping: ordering of a household, with moral examples of necessary duties in each degree.  
ADRIANUS Caesar was a Prince of excellence wit, and exquisite learning: for often times he 
Praise of Adrianus Caesar.  both written, spoke, herded others speak, and talked with his friends at once, & would do all this at one time: he was also greatly geeven to Poetrye, and a favourer of all good Sciences: in Arithmetic, Geometrye, Music, and Painting, most skilful: he often was wont to say that the Common weal is so to be regarded of them which bear rule in the same, that every one should know how that he had to do for the common weal and not for his own proper and private estate.  
Photion the Athenian (when as abundance of treasures was sent unto him of gift, from Philip king of Macedon) 
Photions' modest answer in refusing gifts and tressures sen● him.  would not take any of it at all: and to the kings ambassadors exhorting him that if he himself could easily lack the same treasures, yet at the lest, to take it for his children's use: for whom (said they) it was very hard being in such penury and distress as they were, to maintain their father's dignity: he answered, if my children do resemble and be like to me their father in condition, this little plot of ground which hath brought & maintained me to this dignity, shall also suffice to bring up and maintain them: but if they do not resemble me, sure I will not maintain their ryotte with these Treasures and riches.  
In no place at these days is found that land which of it own frutefulnesse nourisheth the Cyclopes without tillage and sowing: neither is that Erithrea of Lusitania which men say Geryon sometimes possessed, being of so rank, and fruitful soil, that when once the corn is cast upon the ground, the new sprouting seed eftsoons bringethe forth new blades, and beareth Seven or rather more haruestes one after another: neither floweth in our 
Lotos, some do suppose to be a tree.  coasts that flood Nilus, which of itself bringeth forth an Herb called Lotos, whereof men in those parts do make bread to eat, and whereof with such gredynes (as Homer saith) they do eat, that they altogether forget the ordering of their household affairs: wherefore men must provide to have possession of Lands, that provision of victuals may be reserved from time to tyme.  
Marcus Curius hath by his wisdom taught us to have great store of public lands: and that private men 
Possession of lands in common weal.  should have so much thereof, as to the meynteyninge of their life and living, should be necessary: for when as he out of his triumphs had adjudged innumerable acres of Land to the common weal, to every man in several he only allotted Fowertye, neither▪ reserved he any greater portion thereof unto himself then the rest had: He was blamed of certain people because he had geeven himself the least part, and had entytled the common weal to the most part: he said unto them, that no man aught to think that ground to be a little or unsufficient which should suffice his own use and his families.  
As it behoveth civil Society to have few to bear 
An overseer to order household affairs.  authority, and many to obey, so in household affairs there aught to be one which should have chief rule, & he to be ancient in years, and all the residue to obey. And as in a city by due obedience to laws, the magistrate is said to govern others iustelye, so in Commanding and obayinge, we have accustomed to govern domestical dealings, let them which bear authority or office in a common weal, know that the laws do govern and are above them, and let them that are the chief of an household follow the rule of a good husband or householder: There is therefore a good order in some cities, that none may be choose into the Senate which hath not the charge of house and family.  
He that is the Governor of an household, aught always to remember that he hath sometimes been a servant, that he do rather correct offences with words, 
Householders.  then with stripes, and had rather that his family should fear his severity and justice, then tremble at his cruelty: for it goeth worst of all with that family which rather with fear then with zeal, goeth about their business. And furthermore in great travails, and in executinge weighty offices or duties, it behoveth the householder to show himself, the first man, officious, and diligent: for the Inferiors will be ashamed of sloth & sluggishenes, 
Such masters such family & servants.  when they shall see the elder, to be diligent and painful: so on the other part, he shall beware and take heed, that he do nothing filthyly, which his household may have in suspicion: for they do far more offend by example, whithe bear authority, then in committing the offence.  
Amongst the ancient in times past, there was such multitude of Slaves, that they by violence thrust the freemen, out of certain cities, and now & then rebelliously received & withstood their masters coming homewards by force of arms: for we read that the people of the country of Scythia were a nation almost invincible, for they did not only withstand Darius' king of Persia from enterprising upon their coasts & borders: but also put him to a vile and shameful flight: moreover they overthrew the hosts of Alexander, they established the Empire of the Parthians, and people of Bactrians, they had Asia tributary unto them. 1500. years, from which country, when as these Scythians returned with conquest in their third expedition (for they had been eight years absence from their wives) they were at the first driven back, and forcyblie repulsed from coming home, by their own servants and bondmen. For their wives wearied with long looking for their husbands, new married themselves to their bondslaves which were left at home to keep their Cattles: which slaves not without slaughter and bloodshed, withstood and would not suffer their masters at their return to come home into their own countries & houses: And although in the end the victory fallen to their masters, yet notwythstandinge they bickered and skyrmished together so doubtfully, that hard it was to discern who in the end would get the upper hand: but at the last the bondmen being utterly vanquished, were hanged upon gibbets, and the women stricken with remorse of their guilty and filthy consciences, dispatched and murdered themselves, partly by the halter and partly with the sword: Among the notorious wars of the Romans, is not also the servile wars recoumpted and reckoned, which took the name of Bondmen vanquished?  
But sometimes slaves have showed forth Examples of most tried faith and trustiness, as Caius Plotius Plancus witnesseth, for he being by the Triumuiri proscript, & appointed, to have been executed, for fear hid himself privily, in a Farm near Salerne, when the Soldiers that were sent to search him out, having by the savour, of his Perfumes smelled him out, caught his servants, who 
Remorse of the master towards his servants fidelity.  being much and long time evil entreated, and tormented, would not disclese their master. Plancus pytyinge and having compassion on the fidelity of his own servants, came for thee, amongst the midst of them, & offered his throat into the hands of the soldiers, thereby to deliver his servants from present torments.  
Marcus Antonius also an excellent orator, being accused of incest, had experience in the fidelity of his servant who being brought unto judgement, even he which bore the Lantern, to that ungracious act, being also tormented, scourged, rackte, with burning plates scorched and half burned to death, would never declare his masters incest, whereunto he was privy, and of council: So have there been also others in like manner approved: but the trustiness of servants to their masters is not always to be assayed.  
The freeman which hath under him the government of servants, aught specially to think that they are men, & not brute beasts, and that he should not rage's with cruelty against them, in scourging, evil entreating, or chayning of them (for by scourging their hearts are made obdurate & hardened) neither do they any thing but with evil 
How the may stir aught to entreat his servants.  will: but the master aught to deal more gently with than, exacting their daily tasks, & that not without mercy: their diligence & good endeavour is to be commended, whereby they may apply themselves with cheerfulness in their labours and business: They aught also to have such food and sustenance geeven them which may strengthen their bodies without curyositye and costlynes: Let their Apparel be such as may cover their bodies decently in Summer, and defend them from cold and rain in winter: for Servants pinched with cold, over awed with fear, & hongersterued, cannot perform any manner of office or duty ofseruice.  
We must also take heed, lest through straight looking to our servants they become desperate: for now & then they are geeven to be cruel, against those that be weaker than theymselues: and the blows or stripes of the master are sometimes revenged upon their children and wives.  
We have yet fresh in our memory a Servant of a wicked wit and cruel meaning: this fellow had a very 
A wicked example of a wicked servant.  rigorous master, that often cudgeled and bet him cruelly, where at this his servant being angry, and not knowing how to be revenged upon his master, on a time caught two infants (which were his said masters children) the one of a years age, the other of two years, and with them ascending up into a certain high Turret, called his master, and willed him to take his young babes up into his lap: whom so sun as he had squatted to the ground he cast himself headlong after them, because he would not come alive into the danger of his master again.  
Bondmen enthralled and endangered unto us by the law, by reason they are to us indebted, are more gently 
Welusinge of hired servants.  to be entreated, till they have paid their duty: for we aught to remember that so sun as they have recompensed their debt with their bodily travail, that they are free born, and not of servile condition, as are those franchised bondmen (who although freed) yet after freedom, do own some service unto us: wherefore we must account them as journymen or labourers hired, and we must in all things use them as freemen with courtesy, we must require their work and allow also reasonable wages, and truly pay the same to them: for to have their good report it shall much profit whensoever we shall be driven to hire other labourers.  
Of all societies or fellowships, there is none more agreeable unto nature, than the society of man & woman: for there is engrafted by nature in every living creature a love & zeal to their like of kind, and a reason of conservation by conjunction of male and female: for there can be no wild beast so cruel, so solitary, & alone wandering, which in their time do not seek, a mate of their own kind & condition for procreation sake: sing them there is no such society or fellowship more according to nature, then that of the male and female: it be hoves us to write of matrimonial conjunction especially when as citizens do match theymselues with Citizens in marriage by a long continued good will, & so reconcile & make atonement between grudging enemies.  
As we read of JULIUSC AES ARE and Pompeius, whose affinity so long as it flourished, did subdue and repress civil discord, and reduced all the civil wars, unto unity and concord.  
For had not the ravished virgins of Sabina appeased the minds of their Parents and husbands by the Law of 
Example of matrimony.  matrimony, the common weal of the Romans, had been utterly destroyed: very necessary therefore is it to in treat of marriage and natural amity: for man doth not only marye and take a wife for procreation sake, but also, to have a companion of life, with whom he may live together, and participate either fortune, both prosperity & adversity: for he that is led by reason, doth seek for the commodities of his life, neither seethe he that he can sufficiently provide for his own estate, except he take a wife: therefore man when he hath provided him of a dwelling house taketh a wife, that he may procreate children, to the end to live more commodiouslye, and the better bear the chances of either fortune.  
It is especially necessary for a man to seek a trade 
Trade of living.  whereby to live, that he may be the better provided for in his old age and sickness: wherefore it is either requisite for him to exercise husbandry, or seafaring, or some other kind of honest trades, thereby to get convenient stay whereof to live.  
Therefore our careful mother, dame nature, parent of human kind, hath ordained wedlock, to the end that not only the most pleasant, but also the most profitable society of life, might thereby be put in ure: therefore as Xenophon hath left in writing in his book of household affairs, the divine providence of God made women to be more fearful creatures than men, because the same fear and awe, in the woman should frame her the better to keep home and to be diligente: for awe & fear help much to the diligence of keeping, and natural effeminacy or tenderness hath delivered unto them trades, & faculties wherein they may be exercised, and find theimselues occupied even within their own houses: furthermore foras much as meat drink and cloth, must needs be had, & cared for, not in every place openly, or in wild woods but at home under the roof of the house, and in the inner 
The man to bring in the maintenance of houskeping by travail abroad.  parts of the same, it hath been necessary for men to be occupied abroad in company and assemblies of men, where they meeting together may devise means, by labour & industry to get such things as being brought home, should be laid up in store, in some convenient place of the house: the charge of dispensation or bestowing whereof, is more convenient for the woman then for the man.  
Aristotle did very well assign the cares of all such matters as are to be done abroad unto men, and of things to be done at home unto women: and he thinketh it very 
The woman to save & keep that is brought and to oversee it at home.  uncomelye & not fitting, that women should deal in matters which are to be done abroad, as also for men to have the ordering and disposinge of things within doors, for all helps and defences of man's life are more easily procured and got, by marriage, then by singlehood.  
We aught to restore that unto nature which we have borrowed, as to give unto others life, which our parents have geeven unto us, by reason whereof we obtain, that our children should restore that unto us in our extreme age and weakness, which they have received of us, 
Nature in the child ought to be careful for confortinge the parents in old age.  when they were not able to help theymselues: let them I say nourish and maintain us, in our decrepicie, when we lean upon our staff and be weak and feeble: even as we brought up them in their tender age, when we sustained and embraced them in our arms, when they first learned to creep: and by these means, the interchaunge of nature is perpetually fulfilled, and that which it cannot do in the simple generality is conserved and kept in spece and kind.  
Furthermore, the discommodities hapninge in our old age (which surely are innumerable) and the manifold kinds of diseases which do vex and torment barren old age and as it were by conspiracies fall upon old men at once: by what other reason may they be suffered, or by what comfort else may they be mitigated or assuaged, but by the hope & help which we have or aught to have inour 
Comfortable to have chyldien.  children: for far less grievous do those evils seem, which happen unto the father stricken into extreme age, when he himself deelining toward decay, seethe his sons grow lusty of body, & every day more strong: then those things which unto a man without children do happen, which feeleth and perceiveth the powers both of his body & mind to decay, and therewithal at once all hope of help, & posterity to come to an end: but death itself (which unto all men is most grievous) doth bring somewhat the less 
Death. to them that leave children behind them is less grievous  grief unto them: who knowing themselves to be mortal people, & that they can live no longer than human condition or state will suffer them, do behold their children by them begotten, resembling them, to be called by their proper names, whereby they are as it were reserved still alive in the fame and report of men, even after their disceasse: For they that depart this world, leaving bebind them 
Death of the that want Issue brought in oblivion.  no children, do carry with them the ruin of their race & offpringe, and deserve evil of the common weal, yea of mankind also are they wrapped in perpetual oblivion, neither leave they any step or imitation of their life afterwards amongst men at any tyme.  
Therefore I think best for a civyl man to take unto him a wife, not only for necessities sake: but also to th'end 
Causes necessary why the civil man should marry a Wy●e.  they may live with more Pleasure and profit, with whom a thanckefull, pleasant, and atceptable society of life, must be framed, not to fulfil the lust of the flesh, but to procreate and increase Issue, thereby to replenish the civil common weal, which in deed is the proper respect and duty of marriage.  
AElius Commodus Uerus Emperor of Rome, is said to have answered his wife very notably, when as she seemed to be offended at the filthiness of his Life, and complained of his foreign pleasures: Suffer me, wife (saith he) by other women to exercise my Lust and sensuality, for a wife is the name of Dygnytye, and not of pleasure.  
Socrates the Philosopher when he had long time and much suffered his first wife XANTIPPA to be 
Socrates and his cursed Wife  both angry and churlish against him (to Alcibiades meruaylinge that he could bear with such a shrewd, and bitter woman, and not banish her out of his house) made this answer: that in suffering such a Uixen in her behaviour at home: he enured himself the better to put up those Injuries and reproaches which were done to him abroad by others: For Socrates had two wives at one time the better thereby to perform throughly the effect of patience.  
METELLUS NUMIDICUS the great and 
Metellus his oration concerning marriage.  eloquent Orator: while he was Censor discoursinge of the Marriage of wives in his Oration, spoke these words: My Lords if we could be without wives we should all easily lack and be without that molestation? but because Nature hath so ordained, that neither with them can we live commodiouslye, and without them we cannot live at all: I think it better rather to provide for a perpetual savetye, then for a short or momentany pleasure.  
Which manifest confession of the care and molestation of wiving, was mysliked of many of the Citizens of Rome, for they said that METELLUS the Censor whose purpose should have been to exhort the common people unto matrimony) could not confess or utter any thing touching the griefs and discommodities thereof least in so doing he should rather seem to dissuade the People from matrimony, then exhort them thereunto: For so much as almost there is nothing throughout the whole life of man, can be found, which in every part of itself is absolute and perfect, that no stable amity could be found, nor more abundant in all duty, & godliness, then in matrimony.  
Tiberius Gracchus willingly & of his own accord saved and redeemed his wives life with his own death, for he finding at home, two snakes, in this sort destined, that 
Example of husband his faithful love towards his Wife.  unless he killed one of them, he and all his household should perish & dye, if he let the male escape, it should then be his chance to escape alive: but if the female, them should his wife Cornelia escape alive: he so entirely loved his wife, and so much esteemed matrimony, that he rather chose to dye himself, then to survive his wife,  
The wives of the Mynians have left us an example of admiration: for their husbands heinge imprisonned by the Lacedæmonians, and judged to dye for conspiring against the state, looked for present execution, according to the custom, in the night season: but their wives making a pretence or excuse, to go to speak unto their husbands, 
Example of the wives faithful love towards their husbands.  & take their last leave, obtained licence of the keepers to go unto them, where changing their apparel and dissembling their sorrows, with their heads covered, suffered their husbands to depart, and gave themselves to the death, to the end that they might deliver and set at liberty their husbands.  
Moreover the too much cherishing that Augustus used towards his daughters, made them more wanton and lascivious, whereupon julia, when a certain severe and grave friend of hers, went about to persuade her to follow the example of her father's frugality, she scornfully 
Example of tòo much cherishing & cockling of children  answered: my father forgets that he is Caesar, but I remember that I am Caesar's daughter: she outraged so far in dissolute living, that she prostituted her body to all men: and when as men that known well her filthy life, marveled how she brought forth children so like to Agrippa her husband, sing she had to do with so many men: she answered that she could lawfully entertain and admit adulterers after that she was great with 
A shameless▪ answer of a shameless strumpet.  child by her husband: for seldom doth the woman keep shamefastness that hath once lost her chastity.  
There are some women which take pleasure to talk of their filthy demeanour, and declare the blemish or disease of their mind and body with filthy speech, thereby 
Some Women delightinge in filthy talk declare the filthiness of their polluted mind.  to appear more pleasantly conceited unto the world: as Popilia the daughter of Marcus, to a certain man which marveled what should be the cause: that all beasts do never admit the male to cover them, but at due seasons when they would be made great with young, and women at all times desire the society of man: she answered: because, they are beasts.  
But let the husband look to it, that he give no occasion of filthiness or offence, unto his wife: and let her take 
The husband's words lewdlye uttered corrupt the lewd disposition of the Wife.  heed that she do not speak any filthy thing, at any time in the presence of her husband, wherein some men do much offend, which allure their wives with uncleanlynes of words and filthiness of speech unto lust and concupiscence, and do instruct them in Fables, whereby they are made more ready to venerous dalliance, and inflamed with strange lou●s: and the men now & then speak those things which are able enough to inflame even those women that be otherwise very cold affected.  
Furthermore let the husband, far more diligently abstayn from having to do with any other strange person, if he desire to have a chaste wife: for no injury doth more diminish or sooner break the holy society of marriage, then for the one party, I will not say to be only taken in adultery, but also in any slender suspicion thereof.  
The Persians' therefore very well did grievously punish 
Adultery sharply punished by the Persians  adultery, to then tent that the society of matrimony might be made the more firm and stable.  
The continency of the husband for the most part keepeth his wife in chastity, and maketh the man himself to be far more commendable: Laelius the friend of Scipio, is counted the happier in this one respect, that in all his life time he had but the company of one only woman that is to say, his own wife, whom he had and no more: for there are very few wives so modest, and so loving to their husbands, that they can willingly and patiently suffer & bear with their husbands harlots.  
I remember that I have read (not without meruaylinge) 
Women stomach much to have their husbands keep an harlot.  of one woman even Tertia, wife of the former AEmilius mother to Cornelia, who was of such gentleness, and patience, that when she knew her husband (being the conqueror of Africa) to be hotelye enamoured of her handmaid a beautiful piece, & known well that he used her too familiarly: she always dissembled the matter, lest otherwise she should accuse her husband (that most excellent Gentleman) of Intemperancye, and that which is more: she was so far from revenge, that when AEmilius was dead, she set her handmaid at liberty, and freely placed her in marriage (to one that served her husband) with no small dowrye.  
Surely a man shall find very few women in all the memory of man, of this nature, that can sufferor bear with their husbands Strumpettes: therefore that good reason or argument used by the lawyers, is to be openly fixed in the houses of men: wherein is geeven us for precept:  

What ever Law a man would have  
an other to observe:  
From that let not himself digress,  
nor once aside to swerver.   
For what is more reproachful then for a man to be condemned by that law which he himself hath made, 
Solon his la for punishing adultery.  and to reprehend that in others, wherein himself likewise trespasseth: to me therefore that ancient Law of Solon, seems altogether unjust: wherein is said that if the man take his wife in adultery, let him kill heri but if she take the Husband in adultery, let her not once touch him, with her finger: for once that Law being recited amongst a company of matrons one of them (courteously smylinge upon the rest) said: I see plainly that Women were excluded out of the council of men when those laws were ordained: for if there had been any woman there, they would never have suffered this Law to have passed being so injurious to our sex.  
Also that Law was unjust which was had in use among the Egyptians, as DIODORUS maketh mention: For it appointed the man taken in adultery, to be fcourged or whipped: but the woman to have her Nose slyt and disfigured, to the intent she might in that part be 
An hard thing to choose a wife well.  punished wherewith the face is most comely garnished to the sight of the world: notwithstanding in matters touching Wyving: there is nothing more harder than to make a good choice, for maidens are brought up at home within doors, and do very seldom go abroad to be seen: For the which cause it is almost impossible for a man to search out their Beauty, Manners, and Conversation, which matter surely maketh men doubtful what to do: for it is a thing of no small effect, to marye a wife, and with her to frequent perpetual Society of Life, which in all points is unknown unto him at the first.  
The manners and conversations of Maidens cannot be better guessed at, and perceived by any other reason, then by the similitude or likeness of their parents: for 
Good parents bring up good children.  it is very like that of good Parents, there can no evil children be got: A chaste mother bringeth up chaste daughters, and she that in heart never committed shame, will not wink nor bear with any fault of her daughter. All young men for the most part do desire to marry a fair wife: but yet it is (by the opinion of Theophrastus) less grief for a man to have a foul, them to keep a fair wife: For he thinks that no thing is there safe, which all men do desire, because some one man doth entice her by beauty, some by wisdom, and some through eloquence, and some by bounty and gifts, and that which is assaulted in every part, is vanquished on some part: This much doth Saint jerome discourse upon, after the mind & opinion of the Philosopher Theophrastus.  
Ennius' the Poet said that we must marry wives, that are of a sound chastity, and which are seen to be of a portly favour: Aulus Gellius expoundeth this sentence, & showeth that those women be of portly favour, which are 
Choice of a Wife.  neither of the fairest, not yet of the fowleste feature, but mean between both: which mediocrity surely is in all things best and chiefest: for this reason is sufficient to the procreation of issue: for pleasant beauty in the woman helpeth much, as in the men worthiness or dignity is most acceptable: these and many other things are to be thought upon, in the choice of a wife, and namely this, that a man choose one that in goods and feature is like to himself: for inequality breeds contempt, and perpetual brawling, but equality knytteth together the minds with most firm love and affection: It is also good for a man to take such a wife as hath not been touched 
Equality in choice.  nor married to another man before: for there is a double labour and trouble to him that marrieth a widow, first to unteach her the manners of her former husband, and secondly to enure, and acquaint her, with his own fashions.  
Aristotle thinketh the best time for maids to be married, at the age of eighteen years, and for a man at thirty and six years of age: for those ages are ripe and perfect 
The age for man and woman to marye  for procreation of issue: but as touching the training of them up in fashions, if they were a few less years younger, I would think it more commodious, specially in this our time, wherein vices (as the Satirist says) do swarm: Lycurgus also affirmed that it was a shameful thing for man & woman to pass beyond those years unmarried: For he ordained that those people should be noted with infamy, and expelled the Theatres, who at the age of xxxvii. years were found to have lived without a wife: The Romayns also debarred all them from bearing any public office, and esteemed them as unworthy to be honoured any way by the common weal, which would not help and further the same with augmentation of Issue.  
Let the husband instruct his wife with the best manners, neither with threatenings, reproach, nor stripes: for it is a servile thing & not meet at any hand, for familiar Society: and in deed wives become obdurate with 
Orderly instruction to be given by the man to the wife.  beatinge even as naughty servants, and bondmen become worse and worse, and with stripes are daily more & more given to follow their own wilful ways▪ So women are less obedient to their husbands, and do all things pevishlye against the grain, when they are ungentlely entreated of their husbands, and getting at any time occasion for their purpose, run●e head long into all filthiness without either awe or reverence of matrimony, thinking that they make none offence at all, when they may lay for their excuse that they do it in revengement of their stripes before received: therefore with reason must we deal with them, that they may understand all things to be done, for the common profit of their whole household, for the honesty of theimselues, and of wedlock: the secrets also that are and aught to be between man and wife, let them be included within the walls of their chamber and no further: for that man taketh an ill way both for himself and his wine's honesty which blabbeth out those things that are to be kept in silence: for we must so cast in our minds des to live in Wedlock, that we be not as laughing 
Secrets of Wedlock between man and Wife aught not to be revealed.  stocks to any abroad, for any matters done within our own houses: therefore in matrimony all things aught to be kept secret: for what can be more lewd and shameful, then either the husband amongst his friends, or the wife amongst her neighbours, to chat and babule out such matters, as aught in all points to be concealed.  
Candaules King of Lydia, had a wife, upon whose beauty he greatly doted: neither thought he it sufficient 
The doting sondnes of Cancrone daules, over ●is fair wife how he was for th● same slain.  to blaʒe abroad her Feacture and Beauty unto all men, and to manifest unto the world, such matrimonial secrets as were to be kept close: but also would have one to be a witness of his Pleasures, and therefore brought her forth naked, and showed her to his companion Gyges (as Herodotus says) whom assoon as Gyges had seen, he was so inflamed with love towards her, that he thought upon, ne cared for any other thing more than how to obtain her to his own will: and she throughly knowing the matter, and supposing herself to have been of her husband thus betrayed, as one that alienated his dealings and love to another, devised with the adulterer Gyges to murder her husband, and thereupon bestowed both her kingdom and herself upon the same Gyges': by this means did Candaules loose both his life, & his kingdom, when he thought his pleasures to be less, so long as they were kept in silence and unknown.  
Cleobulus Lyndius (accounted one of the seven sages of Greece) giveth us two good lessons touching wyvinge: 
Two precepts to be observed by the husband towards his wife.  the one is that we should deal with them by flattering. The other that in presence of strangers, we should never chide them: for the one he said, was a point of foolishenes, the other of madness.  
Furthermore let the husband commit in charge unto his wife, all things domestical and within doors, and let him suffer her to have the dispensation of the same:  
Let her perform her diligence at home, and let the husband employ his industry abroad: let her nourish and foster their children, and let him instruct and teach 
The husband's charge abroad  them: let the goodman of the house▪ as need requireth know to seek after such things as appertain to the use of the family, and this not by usury, or any filthy lucre, but either with tyllinge the ground and fruits of the earth, which is never covetous, neither dissembleth with her tyllers: but evermore restoreth the Seeds to her committed, with most plentiful fruit and gain: for it is meet and convenient, that the common mother of all men, should nourish and bring up her children as it were with her dugs and increase, either with liberal Sciences, or Merchaundyʒe, or navigation, in traffic, in Selling and buying, without lying or vanity, or in other honest trades, tending to the profit, and ornament of the cyttye.  
Furthermore it behooves him to spare and save that he getteth: for in vain do they take labour to get riches, where is no regard of sparing: and where the expenses do still run out, without any coming in: neither is this proverb of drawing up water in a pitcher that is full of holes any other thing than first to get, and then prodigally & riotously to lavish out: Yet would I not that the householder should be a miser and stained with pinching covetousness, than the which plague, there can be 
The covetous man good to none, but hur● full to all.  none more pernicious: neither yet more discrepante, or further of from all humanity: for the covetous man hurtenth all men, is odious to all men, neither doing good to himself or to any of his friends: He never rejoiceth at hearts ease, he is always sad, churlish, pensive, and crabbed, he only cannot find in his heart to love, and cherish his wife, and children, nor depart with any thing unto them, to live merrily withal, but always is found a steruer of himself, an oppressor of his own nature, is always hungry, always thirsty, and continually vexed with an insatiable greedy desire, neither can any thing suffice him: Very aptly did the rich Attalus compare a covetous man to an hungry dog that snatcheth up fragments 
A covetous man compared to an hungry dog.  of bread and meat at his masters table, which slappeth up streightwaies whole & unchawed gubs without any taste, and streightways with open mouth, looks still for more, standing at receipt of further hope for more to come.  
Let a man thanckefullye enjoy his goods, and estate present, and with well doing, let him hope still for better: for it is the part of a faint hearted person, too much to fear penury, & for that cause not to dare to use those things which are present: because (forsooth) he fears that he shall hereafter lack.  
The charge of all dealings within the house belongeth unto the wives: and it were very hard dealing that the goodman, who travaileth and taketh pains abroad to seek thrift, when he cometh home into his own house as it were into the port or haven of tranquillity, after a most dangerous and hard voyage, should also be busied and troubled with ordering household affairs at home, when he surceassinge all care, and desiring to be at quietness and rest, repaireth home, for ease and secure: therefore let the wife perform her diligence, and let her take upon her the charge of all things which are at home to be ordered, according to the prescribed ordinances of the husband, unto whom in all points, she ought to be obedient, for it goeth very ill in that household where the wife beareth all rule, and the husband obeyeth, and is made as one of the meigniall folk.  
Let the wife especially set in order her household stuff and those necessaries that are neat, and of value, & which 
Ordering of household necessaries.  are to be reserved to the use of a better life, whether the same belong to womanly furniture, or to man's apparel: let her dispose and order them within secret rooms, in the house, that when soever occasion happeneth to occupy them, they may be in a readiness, and not to seek: for it is a 
Safe laid up sun found.  most certain poverty, when a man lacketh that thing which he hath, and standeth in need of the same, knowing not in what place it is laid up.  
Moreover such things as duly concern meat & drink, and which are prepared for dinner & supper, let her so day lie dispend & besow, that they be neither wastefully gourmaundised, and swilled up in glottonye and drunkenness, by the folks of the house: neither by reason of too much nyggardy and pinching, let them not be hungerbytten and starved: Therefore let her keep a mean, and so shall she at one and the self same time, both rightly provide 
A moderate diet and measurable apparel.  for their health, and also for the private affairs of their family, aswell at one time as at another: and let her with great moderation qualesy herself in those things which appertain to her own self, especially for apparel & ornaments for her own body, which greatly consume her husband's substance: For they cost dear at the first and in small space are either by use clean worn, or else sold for a great deal less than they were bought. 
wise Women fear evil reports.   
An honest mannered woman ought to fear nothing more, than evil report: for she that once hath an evil name, whether it be rightly by her deserved, or that she be wrongfully slandered, hardly can recover her good name and fame again: for a woman suspected of unchaft living leadeth a miserable and wretched life.  
The true ornaments of women are Modesty, chastetye, 
The true ornaments of a Woman.  shamefastness and praise, which cannot be purchased, with any gold, pearls, or precious stones: but sing it is so, that all these cannot be seen in any one good woman, although very honest: Chastity yet is that only ornament, which may supply whatsoever lacketh in the 
Chastity the special ornament in a Woman.  others: for this enlargeth the dowrye, when it is not of itself sufficient, it not only adorneth and maketh come lie that which is deformed, but also reduceth a woman to the similitude of beauty itself, it enobleth ignobilitye, & finally fulfilleth all things, which in any part may otherwise be wanting.  
The fifty Uirgines of Sparta have eternised their names unto all Posterity: for they being by their Parents sent to do sacrifice among the Messenians, thinking 
Example of chastity.  to be entertained after the manner of friendly hospitality: the Messenians with such impatiency and concupiscence, lusted after them, that dispisinge the law of hospitality, they sought means by soliciting their consents to carnail knowledge, & so to deflower their virginity: which filthy motion the virgins denying, & they importunately urginge to dishonest their bodies, yet was there not one found of all those virgins, that would consent unto their wills: but chose rather to dye then so to lose their maidenhood, whose blood that Lacedæmonians, through the great help of God, revenged afterward by a notable victory.  
The second ornament of a woman is to have pretty children, 
A second ornament of women is to have pretty and towardly children.  and of an excellent towardness: which ornament how much it is to be esteemed of, Cornelia the wife of Paulus AEmilius hath taught us: for when a certain woman of Campania coming unto her, & showing outin a braverye her pearls, gold, and precious apparel, requested the same Cornelia in like manner to bring forth and show her ornaments, and jewels, she fooded her out with words, until such time as her children returned home from the school, whom she shewing unto the other woman, said: Behold my delicate store and treasures, all 
Virtuous children the right jewels of dearest estimation unto parents.  mine ornaments, all my jewels and all my delights: which persuasion is the best that can be unto all matrons, that in respect of their children they should despise all other jewels, and ornaments, and repute their chief attire in the hope and towardness of their Children.  
Besides this let the Wife take heed, that she use no dissymulation, nor cloaked juggelinge with her husband in any matter: for what thing can be more dishonest in a woman, then to show herself not to be the same which she was.  
Pompeia the wife of Nero the Emperor, was not only made a jesting stock to the world, so long as she lived, because she prancked herself too much in curious trymminge up herself to the best show of all beauty, but also purchased unto her name perpetual ignominy. For not Poets only, but Historiographers also, not 
Curiosity of a simpering paik medayntye.  a few do write, that she not in covert manner, and claselye, but apertly and manefestlye fancied this curiosity, & they affirm, that she had always in a readiness, where. soever she went, whole herds of Asses, that she might continually cherish her delicate face, & rynse her mouth with the milk of them daily, thereby to appear the fairer and beautifuller: for there is no good hope to be had in that woman which seeketh to be praised abroad for her beauty: It was lawful for the Spartan virgins to go with their face bore, till they were married, that 
Woman sha● fast.  they might thereby the better get them husbands: but after they were married they courred doth their head and their face, as those than that sought after no Husbands, but only cared to retain such as they enjoyed: But Gorgias Leontinus opinion is, that men's wives should be kept at home from going abroad: which thing surely liketh not me: but for them to go abroad 
Women aught to be restrained from much fi● king and gadding abroad.  very seldom, that truly do I greatly commend: For a woman that is a walker, and a traveller from her own house abroad, can seldom be chaste: let the wife show herself of one mind and concord, with her husband in all things, for there can be nothing more pleasant among mortal men, then when the man, and wife do govern their Household with concord, and mutual good will together: and on the other part nothing 
Domestical discord.  worse, then mutual discord, & domestical brabbling.  
The Athenians have taught us that silence in matters between man and wife, aught to be used: for when as Philippe king of Maoedonie warred against the Athenians, and that their scouts had intercepted letters of Olympias sent from her unto king Philippe her husband, they commanded those letters to be redelivered whole unopened, and untouched, because they thought it was not lawful (not not for the enemy) to know and understand the secrets passing from the wife to her husband.  
In wedlock also let all anger and stomackinge be far absent, which makes love many times more slack and slow, and altogether diminisheth the same, disordering all domestical affairs, and causing the state of wedlock to be more unpleasant.  
The most ancient Romans, did adorn that woman with a crown of chastity, which was only contented with one husband, and with continual wydowhood, to 
The wife no stomacker or resister.  profess and show forth the sincerity of her incorrupt mind: for she seemeth to be of an unbridled lust, which marrieth again, especially if she have children, which are the pledges of matrimony, and express the lively image of her late deceased husband, both in countenance and name: moreover she that marrieth again, is seen to be cursed, and wicked towards her children, because 
Wydowes'ma ●yinhe again make men judge them to do it for lust and lechery.  they are deprived of their father, and forsaken of all men: neglecting them as it were in the entrance of their life, even at that age and time when they have most need of their parent's help: which reason (undoubtedly) aught to persuade all widows to keep their chastity, together with their children, that they make no further trial of fortune, of whom they being once deceived may scarcely hope for better lot or fortune afterward.  
Annia, a woman of noble race among the Romans, when her neighbours and friends persuaded her in her wydowhood to marry with another husband, seeing she was yet of alustye age, and excellent beauty: made answer that she would not any wise so do: for saith she if I find a good husband as I had before, I will not be 
Annia a worthy widow her answer touching marriage the second tyme.  always in fear lest I should forego him: but if I should match myself with an evil husband, what need have I to try an evil man, when I have once already had experience of a very good man: for she that is disappointed by the destiny of her first husband, seems to be wise if she no more commit herself unto the Fortune of Marriage.  
The daughter of Demotion the Athenian, although she was a virgin, yet hearing of the death of Leosthenes her espoused husband, who was slain at the battle of Lennos, 
First love is most steadfast.  killed herself: affirming that although she never had any carnal or matrimonial copulation with her husband, yet if she should be compelled to take another man, she should deceive the second, seeing that in heart she was married to the first: notwithstanding those women deal a great deal better: who in the first flower of their years do hap to marye the second time, namely if they be then without children: for all living creatures desire to have and beget Issue: and for procreation sake, rather than for lust to join together, seemeth a thing much more fit & reasonable.  
Hiero of Syracuse, being on a time chidden by a certain familiar friend of his because his breath did slincke, & he for helping thereof had used no remedies: said, that he never knew so much in himself before that time, & blamed his wife, in that she had never admonished him thereof: to whom his wife modestly excusinge herself: said, husband be not angry with me, for I thought that all men's mouths had smelled so, and therefore I kept 
A modest answer of a chaste Lady.  silence. Armenia also coming home from a royal feast made by king Cyrus, when all men for the comeliness of his person highly praised Cyrus, she being demanded, by her husband, what she thought of the dignity and feature of that king: husband (quoth she) I never turned mine eyes from you, and therefore what an other man's feature is, I am utterly ignorant.  
In the education or bringing up of children there are two things especially to be considered, whereof the one 
Considerations in the education of children  chief appertaineth to the mother, the other unto the father himself, the first reason concerneth the means to live, the second to live well: the first because it is and falls for Home, belongeth to the duty of the mother which aught to be the governess of the household matters according to the prescribed ordinances enjoined her by her husband: The matron therefore that is with child, aught to forecast and consider that she must bring 
Matrons with child.  forth a child, and great diligence must she take that in no respect she hurt the child within her body, before it be brought into the world, and especially she must cherish her own body, and take her meat with modesty, feeding upon such kind of food, as may nourish and strengthen her young one, and not that which may weaken it, and she shall shun to much sloth: a moderate Walking for her is profitable and healthful, and causeth far more easy deliverance in childebyrthe: She shall also beware of all vehement 
A wicked demand of a Woman in an ungodly practice.  labours, especially daunsinge, which thing by example HIPPOCRATES confirmed: For when a certain woman could not avoid the received Seed of man, she desired his devise to help her that the Seed should not prospero, whom he counseled every day, by iumpinge, and daunsinge, to stir the Seed, and so the seventh day by means of her leaping and dancing she brought forth an unperfect conception, covered over 
Daunsinge dangerous for Women that ●●e with child  with a little thin rymme or skin, such as we see is in an egg between the shell and the yolk: Some women keep such Revel rexe and coil in daunsinge and leaping, at banquettes and feasts, that for very pain they either procure abortion before the time, or else bring the same forth very weak and feeble: other to th'end to seem pretty and slenderer unto their lovers, do gird themselves so strait, that they hurt themselves, & their bellies also thereby very much: some cram & fill 
Straight gyrding Tospotwome  their bellies with dainty fare and wine, even till they surphet again: and very many women use to cloy their stomachs with sour fruit, and unrype apples. I let 
Fruit eaters.  pass to speak of their lusts, and certain beastly pranks, not by speech to be uttered, whereby they do not only travail before their time, but also do bring forth into the world loathsome monsters.  
After that the little infant shallbe born, which not long agone the mother knew not, because it was closed in her womb: let her with her Dugs, and with that Fountain, nourish and foster it, which provident Nature hath with such plentifulness prepared in her breast: Worst of all (in mine opinion) do such women deserve of their children, which put their babes out to nursing, 
Natural mothers are natural nurses.  and at that time when they have most need of their mother's help, committing them unto young huswyves' and country nurses, such unto whom in deed, some would not commit a young kytlinge, if they had any pleasure in it: furthermore they are not whole mothers, but rather appear to be half mothers, which strait way put out to nursinge, their own natural child, & deny to give it suck, whom even now in their own womb, with their own blood they nourished: do they persuade theimselues that their neepples and dugs are by nature geeven them for an ornament, or beautifiing of their breast, and not to the nourishment of their children▪ But we do know some women which with slybbersauces and medicines do dry up and stop that most sacred Fountain, the nourisher of Mankind, yea not without great danger of they're own healths, to the end (forsooth) they may appear the more beautiful and in the eyes of their Lovers more pleasant and acceptable. Let no good mother suffer her child to be infected with the contagion of mylcke drawn from another woman's breasts, and let her in so doing perform the point of a whole and entire parent, deserving well of her child: 
Good mother good nurse.  whom she shall thereby make more ready to requited & recompense her when it shall grow to further years of discretion, if it shall perceive that it hath not at any time been defrauded of the mother's fostering, and nourishement, in the first beginning of life: for the benefit of the mother's breast, was among the ancients had in such reverence and regard, that what soever hard or difficult, request the mothers were to crave at the hands of their children, their fashion was to request the same, for & by the mylcke which they gave unto them in their Infancy, and babeshippe. For what pleasaunter delights or pleasures can there be, than a young suckling child whose lisping speech, & pretty endevouringe to bring out his words, his sweet laughter, and the pleasant mother's speech again used to her said child, seems to me far to surpass all other counterfeict scoffers or jesters.  
Neither need Apes, or little dogs, to be sought for there, to sport themselves withal, where little babes do creep about the house.  
The members and tender parts of young children are to be fashioned by the Nurses hands, and the little 
ordering and tendering the members of children,  Infant's body to be wrapped and bound with a swathinge band, from the shoulders, even down to the ankle, but yet somewhat loser about the breast and bulk: for the breadth or largeness of those parts, do make very much to the dignity and strengthninge of a man, and somewhat straighter about the stomach, and about the neither parts of the belly, the better to confirm and strengthen the same: and that the Belly bear not out above comlye proportion: Aristotle also affirmeth that crying is profitably geeven by nature unto children, for he thinketh that it is an endeavour or striving used by the child, to his encreasinge, and that it helpeth much to stretch out the breast, and heart strings: wherefore he prescribeth the Nurse not to force the child from crying. Women conceived with child aught to have great care of themselves lest that they be delivered before their time, or miscarry in child bearing, which thing that we may have foreknowledge of, Hippocrates teacheth: for either he saith the infant moveth 
For Women to know the full time of going with child, and when to be delivered.  & stirreth in the mother's womb, upon the 70. or else 90. day, & it expresseth that it is either the seventh or ninth month, wherein she shall be delivered of her child, so shall a careful mother be skilful of her time of deliverance, before it happen.  
We must take heed (as Celsus saith) lest in time of prosperous health we do consume and waste away such things as should be savegardes and preseruations unto us in sickness: wherefore a lusty healthefull man, who is at his own disposition, will refuse no kind of meat that the common people useth, and twice a day rather than once desireth to eat meat: neither taketh he any less than will satisfy his stomach: he useth also divers kinds of life, as sometimes to be in the country, sometimes in the city, but more often in the fields. To sail upon the Seas, to 
How a lusty, and healthful man disposeth his tyme.  hawk,, and to hunt, and sometimes to take his rest, but yet most often to exercise himself: for certainly Idleness enfeebleth the body, but labour strengtheneth it, the one hasteneth untimely old age, the other maketh a man to have a long and lusty young age.  
We must deal with children by a little and little to teach them, even as when we would fill a vessel which hath a narrow mouth: for if we pour water fast, it filleth and runneth over: but if we drop it in by a slender funnel, we shall fill it top full. To praise the industry and diligence of children in their exercises, doth unto 
How to deal with children in teachig them.  them much good, and to chide them for their sloth, is unto them profitable also: for, to be preferred before their equals, and to be praised for well doing by their masters, doth much sharpen children's wits, and quickeneth their courage in all their studies and exercises.  
The mother's discipline and correction, for children in their first tender years of Infancy is very profitable, & maketh them more prove, docible and apt to learn & compass greater studies: Now when they shall come to seven years of age, let the father take care of them, and instruct them with a certain greater diligence, whose charge is to train up his children to live well and virtuously, 
Infancy of the children is the mother's charge to look unto  than which discipline, none surely can be more profitable, or of greater effect geeven from mortal men. For Alexander who for his wisdom was surnamed the great, was wont to say, that he was no less bound unto Aristotle his Schoolmaster, then unto king Philip his father: for albeit his father had begottt him into this world a living creature: yet Aristotle was he that taught him the way to live well, which knowledge he in deed thought, was to be preferred before bore life.  
The chief and special token of wit in children saith Fabius Quintilianus is memory, when as the child learneth 
Memory in children is the best token of Wytte.  easlye, and remembreth surely: It shall therefore be best in the first years of their youth, to exercise memory for the more perfecting and thoroughly furthering the vigour and force of their wytt, & either by ambition or rewards and gifts to allure them, to the end they may keep many things in memory, and not be ashamed or abashed, to utter and recite the same in any great assembly of people. For the propounding of reward, & allurement, sharpeneth 
Cherishing of children.  the wit, stirreth up the memory, and maketh that minds of Children more cheerful, and prompt to any matter. There are some writers which suppose that blushing in a child is a very good sign of shamefastness, & better than paleness: for paleness argueth to much fearfulness, theother pretendeth and showeth a very good towardenes, 
Blushing in children a sign of good nature  as Diogenes witnesseth: for on a time he sing a child to blush: be of good cheer my son (quoth he) for such a kind of colour, is the colour of virtue. If the father understand, or perceive his son to be docible, and of excellent wytt, no covetousness aught to let or stay him whereby he should frustrate his son of so great a commendation: let him therefore so sun as he can, betake his child unto good Schoolmasters, that he may 
The father's care to provide a good School master for his children.  in those liberal Arts, be taught and instructed, whereunto nature herself hath most adapted him: for nothing ought more to be wished for unto the Parents, then to have their children learned, of whom surely, to be vanquished and overcome, in all kind of praise, they aught not only to suffer, and take in good part, but also to esteem the praise and reward of victory got by their Children, to appertain unto theymselues.  
There is nothing that causeth Children to prove more obediente to their parents, then when as they understand that they have profited in studies of good Arts by the furtherance, and diligence of their Parents bestowed upon them: Neither aught the Child so much to consider of his Parents substance, which truly are but things transitory, frail, and in the hands of Fortune, and which do only garnish and set out the 
A rich man unlearned.  body, but do not increase the mind or furnish it with perpetual goods: wherefore very well said Diogenes that a rich man being unlearned, is as a sheep with a golden fleece.  
Parents aught also to commit the custody of their children unto their friends to bring up, aswell for that they do less cocker them being absent, and again because they will be the less wanton in other men's houses, being nourished at an other man's table, and cherished by another man's fire, & they greatly fear left they should be very ill thought of, & thrust out of doors by them, unto whom their Parents had betaken & committed them in governance, upon great trust and diligence. For it hath been seen, that even great Princes, under Tutors, and overseers, have many times proved more excellent then under their own Parents. I think it profitable for the child to be taught and instructed in two kinds of discipline at once, neither is it to be feared, that the wit of the child should be overcharged by two schoolmasters 
Two kinds of learning not preindicial for the child to practise at one instant.  of several arts or Sciences: for he is put to no more pains, but his diligence is divided, and tediousness removed: for when the child is weary of one kind of teaching, he goeth straight to an other, even as it were unto an Haven or resting port of his travails, and the inconstancy of those young years which hardly persevereth long in one and the self same thing is not altogether unprofitable: Nothing more famous can be geeven from parents to their children, than the studies of good disciplines and sciences which are therefore called Liberal Sciences, because they make men free from all vile & loathsome lucre, & from all voluptuousness, and lose dishonestye: for they reduce and bring us to wisdom: then the which there can be nothing more excellent unto mortal men, by reason 
Commodities proceeding of Learning.  whereof we seem to approach, and to be conjoined with the living God: the reward of which sciences, if there were none other to be had among mortal men, verily virtue only of itself is sufficient: which yet always is accompanied with Renown, and Honour, even as the body is with the shadow: If it be so that Children be somewhat of a dull capacity or otherwise less fit or apt to receive learning, let them be put to learn the practise of some other trades, and occupations, especially such as 
Children of dull and mean wytes how to be employed  come vearest in goodness unto learning, lest that they remain unprofitable by means of Idleness and sloth: for true is that sentence of Marcus Cato:  

By sloth, and doing nothing at all:  
Men learn to do evil, great and small.   
Therefore diligent and painful citizens, aught to drive sluggish and slothful people out of their cities, even as the diligent Bees do the Drones or Dorres, which will 
Solonsla we, for the child that is not nur tered and w●l instructed by his father.  not take pains, for the common Honey: and we must esteem as most holy, that ordinance which Solon enacted, affirming that:  

That child to his father is nothing bound,  
In any respect of duty natural:  
If that for him he hath not found,  
Some kind of trade to live withal.   
But if all other disciplines and Arts should be lacking, yet ought they to foresee and regard, that their children be not brought up without the rule of good manners: for it is far better for men to be without children, and to 
Better to be unborn then untaught.  be for ever barren and bereft of all progeny or Issue, then when men have children, to bring them up evil nurtured, or of sewde behaviour. Epaminondas the Theban a worthy man, and of great wisdom, never married any wife: which thing his friend Pelopidas reprehending 
Epaminondas.  because he left not the Seed or succession of his valiantness, unto his children, and therefore that in so doing he did ill provide for the commodity, or profit of his country: Epaminondas thereupon (smile) answered: take you heed friend Pelopidas, lest you do worse provide for the public utility of your country, which may happen to leave such a son begotten by you, whose life perhaps hereafter may be wished of some to be better: by which saying, this most wise Gentleman showeth, that Parents aught to fear nothing more, then lest they have such children, as may degenerate from their steps & qualities.  
Neocles the Athenian, a man noble, and excellent, had a son called Themistocles, whom in his youth he disherited, because he was misliked and thought to live very lewdly, wasting his substance, and in every point disobayinge his father's commandment: this severe and hard dealing did not discourage the son, but did rather far more encourage him to remember himself: for he thinking that such a manifest blemish of misdemeanour could not be extinguished without some singular industry and praise, from thence forth wholly vent himself to thexercise of virtue, and by all care and study, that in him was possible, endeavoured to travail for the commodity of his common weal: & with all diligence that he could, protected and maintained the causes of his friends, and private judgements: and within short space so amended his faults, and reform the vices of his youth, that there was no one man in his time preferred before him, and very few were thought to be found equal unto him: therefore the severity of a father towards such a Son, was not to be found fault withal, who in deed of a most naughty & lewd person, reclaimed him to be a man in all kind of praise most commendable.  
Polemon, the Athenian living unchaste in his youthful years, was wanton and geeven to filthy behaviour, sometimes also overseen with drink, & having a Garland 
Example of a ryottous person reclaimed.  (as the custom was for the stoutest drincker to have (rushed with his companions into Xenocrates school, only to flout and mock, and to play some pageant of knavery: at that time as it chanced Xenocrates was discoursinge amongst his scholars touching modesty, temperance, and chastity: which purpose for all this, he changed not, but plainly converted his meaning, even upon Polemon there present: by which oration made, he so reform himself, that without any more ado, forsaking there his companions, and changing his former old life, he yielded himself scholar unto Xenocrates, and within a short space excelled all his scholefellowes: and besides this, so nerelye expressed his schoolmaster in all matters that after his decease this Polemon, being then left his successor, so learnedly behaved himself after the  imitation of that other, that the Schoolmaster was thought one still, and not scant perceived to be changed. Young men also are to be enured with bodily exercises, both for their 
Young men must be exercised.  better health, for (as Celsus satih) sloth enfebleth the body, labour strengtheneth it, the one causing untimely old age, the other long and lusty youth, and also for that they might be made more proiftable members for the common weal in time of wars, wherein they are more prompt and active, if they come thereunto with a body exercised rather then by sloth effeminated: in which thing the Lacedæmonians did very much excel: whose children, in running, leaping, and casting the dart, were daily exercised and practised: from whom Diogenes on a time returning and going to Athens, was asked whither he went, and from whence he came: I come (says he) from men, and am now going to women.   

THE FIFTH BOOK Effectually discoursinge upon the ENDEAVOURS, TRADES, OFFICES, DVEties, and several vocations: aswell of the civil citizen as of the uplandish countryman: also the discoverye of vices, with the dangers that in every realm and country thereby ensueth.  
RApine promises Idleness and rest: but virtue showeth before her, labour and sweated. Evil mannered people, and such as in their speech and gesture be gross and unnurtured, be termed uncivil: because they rather seem to have been brought up in the country then in the Cities. From hence is derived the word, & 
Civilitye.  phrase of speech called Civilitye, or Urbanitye: because it doth appertayn both to speech and manners, and is so called by the name of the latin word Vrbs, a cyttye: because through civil companying or meeting together of wise & learned men, a certain knowledge and learning is got, which directeth and trayneth up men in gallant courtesy, pleasant order, and comely grace, the contrary whereof, is called Rusticity.  
If a man would in few words determine and define what a Civil man is, he shall say that he is a good man, and one that is profitable to his common weal: for first, 
What a civil man is.  and specially he ought to have before his eyes that sentence of Plato where he saith:  

Men are of God created, not only  
To profit themselves in this life present:  
But that they should their native country  
Study to profit with honest intent:  
Partly again that they be styllbent,  
To profit friend, children, and kinsfolk natural:  
To this end to live well aught all men mortal.   
And by good right, human society is instituted and 
Society human wherun to it tendeth.  appointed to live together, for one to profit another: These things when we shall consider upon, we shall well perceive that we aught to help and provide for our native country.  
The little Bees, and Ants, being creatures not only the lest of all others, but also dumb and deaf, ought to be examples unto us, which undoubtedly do labour one for another: they swarm together, they keep them 
Examples of Bees.  selves together, they are preserved altogether, with like defences and succours, they drive away their enemy with common danger, and maintain their store, their young one's & all their company: for who can be counted a good Citizen which is good for none but himself only, gathereth riches to serve his own turn without imparting any thing to others, and scarcely for covetousness suffering his children and wife to have somuch as may conveniently serve them meat and drink. For we aught to esteem the state of a common weal, as a ship which hath need of the helping hands and diligence, of all them which are within it: every maryner aught to endeavour 
Comparison of the state of a common weal unto a Ship.  himself to the uttermost of his power, not only to save it, from being over whelmed & drowned: but also that she may arrive at some safe port, or haven. And as in it, some holds the rother or helm, another directeth the Sayle-yardes, another looketh to the Cables, and others about other matters as the case requireth, and they have alone mutual or common care for the preservation of the ship: So aught all citizens to work and travail, & some with council, some with diligence, some with riches, & some with paynfulnes and industry, to help the common weal, that not only it be kept in good estate, but that it may every day increase better and better: for those Citizens that be thus minded, are counted best, and by these means, do they make the public weal most wealthy, For surely no riches, no revenues do more enlarge the state of a City, and make it safer, than when as the Citizens 
Concord in a r●a●me.  among themselves, be at unity and concord, and join together for the honour of their country: And on the other part no power nor riches are strong enough where as the minds of the citizens are factious and jarring. Which thing Scilurus by a marvelous example taught: for he being by reason of sickness and age now come to decrepicie, caused his sons being fourscore and ten in number, to be called before him, and holding in his hands a bundle of Spear staves, which he had bond up together, in number so many as he had sons, reached forth the same to every one of his sons severally, commanding them to burst them asunder, which 
Commodity by concorpe.  thing they affirming to be unpossible▪ the old father drew them out one by one, and burst them asunder all, and thereby took occasion to admonish them that while they agreed and were at unity among themselves they should not be overcome by any force or power, but that the longer they lived, the stronger they should be: contrarily he told them that they should be weak, & of no force, if they disagreed & were at discord among themselves, & that every little enemy should then easily enough overcome them: for true is that ancient sentence wherein is said, that  

The common weal is a continual living creature,  
Which is never killed, nor dieth at any time,  
Except to itself it injury procure:  
And be the sole causer of proper ruin.   
The Romans possessed the Empire of the whole world, so long as they abstained themselves from civil bloudshedde and intestine wars, but when the ambition of Cinna, the infamous table of Sylla, the bloody slaughter of Marius, and the wars of the Son in law, against 
Example of civil discord.  the father in law, enkindled & invaded the weal public, them the Romans (before) the chief rulers of the whole world become laughing stocks unto their Rascal people, and unto their barbarous enemies: wherefore in a free city there can be no better persuasion, then that which trayneth every one unto concord and unity, wherewith even the lest cities are increased, and enjoy the benefit of perpetual liberty: for this is a sure and safe wall of defence: these are the Adamant towers, which with no force, no warlike engine, neither with any thonderclappes of jupiter, can be destroyed & thrown down: By this means shall this our cittyzen, whom we would have accounted very good be minded to unity, if he following the opinion of Pythagoras and Plato, consider that our mind doth consist in three parts, whose principality, and reason they do show to rest in the head as in the tower or castle of the body, that this our mind being immortal, should always be nourished with the Food of contemplation of greatest and wayghtiest matters.  
Let our citizen frame his mind, to execute the Talente or gift wherewith he is endued: for the office of the mind is to use reason, which aught alway to bear 
Reason aught to rule our affections.  rule, and to have our appetite or desire so inclinable and obedient thereunto, that we covet not any thing filthy or undecent: and even as an horse unruly and trampling, is governed by the Bridle and bit, of a good rider: so let the Appetite or affection of the mind, be lead by reason, to whom let him always obays, and never obstinately resist, if he desire to be accounted a good & a wise man: for true is that sentence of Marcus Fabius Quintilianus:  

As the bird to fly the horse to run,  
And wild beasts by nature to cruelty  
Are given, to live under the Son:  
Even so, man hath activitye  
Of mind and wit to live withal,  
As creature with reason imbute:  
That 'tis believed, the original  
Of his soul is celestial institute.   
Fortitude, Temperance, Prudence, and justice, are four Sisters linked together in mutual bands, they are never separate, for surely one of them alone without the others cannot be perfect, but seemeth altogether maimed and unperfect: Fortitude without wisdom is counted rashness. Prudence without justice is deemed craftiness, 
four enardinal virtues.  and an evil kind of malice: Temperance without Fortitude is reckoned cowardice, & justice without Temperance, is thought to be cruelty. Whereupon Ennius the Poet saith: Summum Ius, summa In●uria▪ Extreme rigour 
Concord in music.  is extreme wrong.  
Let therefore these four virtues agreed among themselves in a concord, even as it comes to pass in music, and instruments, that they may make a perfect concord, 
Good report and fame for well doing.  consonancy, and harmony.  
It is the common profit which maketh men to gain good report for their well doing, and well deserving of all men, which the ancients in time passed so highly esteemed, that they vouchsafed those people of divine honours of whom they had received commodities and profit. 
Worthy acts of Hercules.  For Hercules (although a mortal man) yet was thought to be in the number of the Gods, for no other reason, but because he bestowed many great commodities upon many nations: for either he busled or contended with wild beasts destroying countries, or with his arrows, killed the lothlome filthy fowls, or slew the perilous pirates and common robbers which kept the Seas, and befet the ways with such dangerous stales, that no travailers might pass▪ or else did some other such kind of worthy exploits: doing therein much ease andprofite to mortal men, and making their life more safe and happy.  
Dyonisius also called Bacchus, was counted a God, because 
How & why Bacchus was deified and made a God.  amongst the Thebans, he taught the use how to make wine, and was reputed not only Noble and famous in warlike affairs, ●ut a very good searcher out of hidden secrets, for he first played the Philosopher in 
Triptolemus.  Europa, and then in Asia: So was Triptolemus honoured for a God, because he taught the use of corn amongst the 
Isis.  Athenians: and Isis a goddess because she taught the order how to sow corn and flax: Therefore doubtless they are worthy of rewards and dignities, which do profit, men with their inventions.  
It was the point of a noble mind, not to permit in 
A wise man will neither do ill, nor suffer any to be done by his will.  any wise, that a man should deceive himself, which thing by a pretty example Carneades doth admonish us in this wise.  

If thou knewest a serpent lurking privily  
Under a place, and wouldst have any man:  
Unwares to sit downe even there presently,  
Whose death might redound to thy profit than.  
Thou shouldst do very ill, except with warning  
Thou didst dehort him thence from harming.   
A Good man is always one & the same, he never swerveth from himself, and had rather be honest in deed than so to be accounted, he is not covered with any cloak of dissimulation, keeping inwardly privy hatred, & hartburning, & yet outwardly pretending a fair face: but hath always one countenance, his eyes always after one manner, his look always one, & his speech in like manner always true.  
A citizen must always beware that no notable vice reign in him: he shall exercise those arts and sciences wherewith he may be able to live honestly, with out injury and to bring up his family: For he aught to have regard of his domestical matters, to the end he may help his children, kinsfolks, and friends: but especially 
The citizen careful for himself and his family  the common weal of his country, when time shall require: for as Cicero saith, the private possessions & riches of every man, are the riches and wealth of the city. Let them gain, but without iniuryinge or hurting of others: for as the Poet saith.  

Goods that are got by sinister mean▪  
Are in like sort consumed again.   
Architas of Tarent a noble Philosopher of Pythagoras' sect, when sent letters unto Plato, that he should beware and take heed of Dionysius the Tyrant of Syracuse, if he loved the savetye of his own life: was had in admiration amongst all men, because he was skilful almost in all arts: this man was of such dexterity of wit, that he made & framed by a certain wonderful reason, & artificial worckemanshippe the proportion and Image of a Dove, which Dove as Favorinus the philosopher reporteth did fly: it was contrived with such equal peyze or weight, and in the same was a wind enclosed, which with a temperate spirit, caused it to fly.  
Amongst the most noble praises of Affricanus, whereof 
Praise of Africanus for his bounty.  both Polybius and other writers made mention: This one was accounted great, that he daily went down into the judgement hall, & from thence did not return homewards again, until he had gratified and done good, to some one or other: And Titus the son of Uespesian 
Praise of Titus Vespasianus.  (who after his father was Emperor of Rome three years) was of such gentle, & courteous nature, that at supper time remembering that he had pleasured and done good to none that day, said these words: Friends this day have I lost.  
It shallbe the duty of a civil man to use liberality, & franckenes, in gratifiyng with requital and thanks unto 
Liberality and thankfulness.  others, and never to forget a good turn received: which respect of courtesy was so highly in the old time regarded, that not only people living, but even the very people already dead could not neglect it: For Simonides the Poet, seeing as he journeyed, a certain man (unknown to him) lying dead & razed out unto the birds, and beasts of the field, did straight way bury him, but when he came to the place where he thought in his mind to have taken shippinge, he then again saw in his dream, the same party whom he had buried, warning him not to enterprise his voyage as he had determined: for if he did, he told him that night he should suffer shipwreck: 
Gratitude.  when Simonides had told his dream unto his companions, they laughed him to scorn, and he alone remained on the shore, the rest of his other companions not crediting his words: but assoon as the Ship was go a little from the land, there arose a tempest incontinente, that broke all their tackling, and all to squatted their ship, that they were drowned every mother's Son: And so Simonides, for the good turn that he did in burying the dead man, received thereby the benefit and safeguard of his life.  
Let every good Citizen take heed, that he be not found a blab, or liar in his talk: for to lie is the property rather of a servile, then of a free mind: for Aristotle 
Perjury.  very pretelye to a certain person, demaundinge him, what Liars gained by their lying? answered: that they cannot be believed an other time when they tell truth: but yet it is a far worse thing for any man to forswear himself: which fault was so odible among the Egyptians, that all perjured people suffered punishment of death as they which neither regarded religion towards god nor faith towards man: let the honest citizen moreover bridle in himself a certain brainsick sauciness, and brablinge in speech: for as it is a praise to speak lively and boldly if at any time a man have need to speak: so is it worthy of dispraise not to have a stay of the tongue if silence be necessary: for Cato in his adolescency studying eloquence 
Rash speech  and Philosophy, used a certain wonderful silence of speech, and when on a time a certain familiar friend of his said unto him: Cato, many men do find fault with thy silence, be aunsweered saying, I will then speak when I have thoroughly learned to speak such things as are not worthy of silence.  
Pythagoras also the most wise prince of Italique Philosophy, taught his scholars to be silent before he taught them to speak, thereby shewing, that a man's words 
Cato used restraint of speech.  are first to be premeditate or thought upon, ere they be uttered. For to bridle, and restrayn the tongue, which nature (meaning Silence) hath walled about with a trench of teeth, is a point of no small wisdom: therefore 
Silence.  the said Philosopher restrained tal●katiue young men, enjoining unto each of them five years silence.  
Aristotle when he sent his scholar and kinsman Calisthenes 
●  unto king Alexander among many other precepts gave him this one, that he should use to speak very seldom, but yet very pleasauntlye before him, that 
Aristotle's advise to Calisthene▪ touching silence.  had both the power of life and death, in the sharpness of his tongue: such people also as have diligently searched the natures of living creatures, do write that certain living creatures lacking reason, do maintain their savetye with much silence: As geese which by reason of too much heat forsaking the east▪ and flying westward, in their flight over the hill Taurus, where many Eagles breed (which ravenous fowls they greatly dread) do use to fill their beaks with little stones, least that the force of custom, or necessity should move them to gaggle, and there bewray themselves unto the Eagles, to the great hazarding of their lives: but after they have silently passed the top of that mountain and hills thereabouts: they let fall the little stones out of their bills, & with a more careless flight, hold on their course along the air with loud noise, and far clearer voices: Let therefore the Citizen learn to keep silence and to consider with whom he doth talk, and let him observe opportunity in speech: for sure according to the old proverb: A word once past, cannot be called back. And therefore let them rather use the example of the Geese, then of Calisthenes: for they by a little silence saved their lives, but this man even with a small liberty of speech lost the same, when as he would not give ear unto the saying of his good master: for greater is the praise of a seasonable silence, then of talk out of due time used.  
And furthermore let the good citizen be ignorant in glozing and flattering: for neither can the glosers or flatterers in any respect profit either kings or princes. And 
Flattery must be eschewed.  true is that sentence of Quintus Curtius mentioned in his most excellent books of the Acts of Alexander, where he saith.  

Moore often is a kingdom spoiled through clawback's flattery:  
Then by main force of foreign foe, or homish enemy.   
Aristippus the Philosopher did earnestly sue to Dyonisius the Tyrant for a certain thing in the behalf of his friend▪ which when he see he could not obtain, straight way he humbly embraced the tyrants knees, and by and by obtained his desire: and when this thing was laid in his dish for a reproach (by such people as were present) he pleasantly said these words: I was not the author of this kind of flattery, but Dyonisius himself, 
Diogenes.  who hath his ears in his knees: and Diogenes being demanded what Beast did bite cruelest, merely answered,  

Of wild beasts a backebyter,  
Of tame beasts a flatterer.   
For in deed flatterers do very much hurt not only amongst princes whom they do provoke to tyranny and cruelty, but also in a free city oftentimes (to creep into 
Hurt of slatterers.  the favour of the common people) do give advise upon things which are against a common weal, & now and than, make the foolish multitude of people stark mad.  
Moreover let not a good citizen be hasty, or rash to anger: let him at no time speak anyethinge in chydinge mood or rage: for anger proceedeth of the weakness of man's mind, and that by a probable argument or reason 
Rasnnes of anger.  is showed: because angry people are, to them that be in good case, fayntye and cold, unto men they are women, to youngmen old men, and to people in prosperity, miserable: yet notwithstanding many things are now and than done by anger, which in the end (after the parties have paused, and come to theimselues) do make 
Inconvenience of anger.  them sorrowful and repentant of that which they have said and done: Alexander oftentimes showed examples of an invineible mind, but because he was rash and hasty to anger, he emblemished and made his other 
Example of furious anger in Alexander.  virtues in some part more obscure: for he killed Clitus his friend being an aged man, and guiltless: and a little while after, when he was come to himself again, he would have thrust the weapon which he took out of Clitus his wound into his own body, had it not been for his friends, that were then about him.  
Dyonisius also the Tyrant (being on a time disposed to play at the tennis) laid down his coat and sword wta 
Dyonisius.  young man to keep, in whom he took great delight: here at when as a certain familiar of his (iestinglye & thinking no harm) said: Dyonisius, thou puttest thy life into this man's hands, and the young man laughing at the same words, the Tyrant commanded both of them out of hand to be slain: the one because he had showed a way to kyl him, and the other because he allowed and took pleasure with laughter at the saying: for the which act certainly he was afterwards so sorry, that he never took any thing more grievously in all the days of his life: For in such kind 
Not good to do any thing while anger losteth.  of anger when the mind is kindled and enraged, we must surcease from all manner of dealings, till the heat of choler be assuaged, following herein the example of Architas, who being on a time some what moved with anger towards his Servant, said these words: with what 
How Architas qualified his anger.  mind should I entreat thee, or how would I deal with thee now if I were not angry?  
Demosthenes that most excellent Orator sing the nature & disposition of Photion, which was of contrary opinion to all other citizens of Athens, said on a time to him: Photion the Athenians will kill thee, if a madness once take them in the heads, to whom Photion answered: nay they will kill thee Demosthenes if they ever chance to be wise. Furthermore a civil man aught so to dispose & frame all the ages of his time that in everyone of them he may exercise himself in the which shall then best become him, neither let him do any such things in his childhood or youth, whereof he may afterwards repent when he is grown to further years: on that other part to omit nothing which he aught to bring to pass at those years: For in Childhood is praised that towardness of Wit, which fore showeth hope of honest life in time to come: In Adolescency Disciplines of good Arts: wherein, who so excel, do seem presently right excellence men: then in the rest of the Ages of man, the fruits of works are looked for: that is to say, some conformity of sayings and doings: again on the other part, a child is commended for simplicity, a young man for gentleness, and an oldman for gravity: in which point there is much amiss even at those first years which are more apt for learning, which surely many in playing and lewdness, do loose: for growing to bigger stature for shame fastness they are ashamed to learn, whereas rather they aught to be ashamed to be ignorant: Undoubtedlye that is true which was held as a Proverb amongst the ancient learned men.  

So long ourselves to learn we must employ.  
As in this world we any life enjoy.   
Yet notwithstanding there are some which will not stick to mock and flout men that are given to study, & learning in that age.  
Themistocles the Athenian, a most excellent gentleman, being an hundredth and seven years old, and perceiving that he must then needs depart out of this world, is reported to have said that he was very sorry that he must then dye when he first began to taste of learning and wisdom: what then shall others do, whose life is far shorter & less exercised in studies of good discipline? seeing that he which had run beyond the bounds of nature, did think himself not to have lived any long time, to thattaining of perfect wisdom.  
The longest space of man's life which by his birth and death is defined, some have run in long race, and 
Manns age by the opinion of Philosophers.  some in a short. Plato affirmeth that Lxxxi. years is the lawful bound, and end of man's life: Solon affirmeth lxxx. years jump, many threescore & fifteen: & some the threescore & tenth year: for they do divide our age, or time of life by the number of seven, whereunto the Pythagorians attribute a certain perfection, and do show, that in every seven years, some change and alteration happeneth in the bodies of men: wherefore they affirm that every seventh year of our life is dangerous, 
Manns age divided by seven years.  which the Grecians call 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, The Latins judicialem seu decretorium, judicial or decreiorye: and this do they show by this means. First because in the first seven years children's teeth fall out or do louse, giving place to other teeth coming up more fit, and ready to chaw the meat: and at that time the perfect pronunciation of their mother tongue is perfect and plain: In that second seventh year the soft hairs or mosinesse in young Springaldes appearethe, in the third the Beard beginneth to burgein and grow, and is the full accomplishment of height in man's stature: in the fourth he beginneth to spread and enlarge in breadth and thickenes of stature: In the fifth the strength of man is fully perfected and made ripe & able for the procreation of Issue: In the sixte man stayeth his pleasure and voluptuousness: and in the seventh rests wisdom and eloquence, yet now his strength doth by little and little secretly decay. And in the eight there is a certain concinnity or aptness of the virtues of the mind, which remaineth in the ninth septenarie or seven years: finally in the tenth by little & little he groweth towards his end.  
Pythagoras said that fourscore years was the prefixed time for the length of life, and divideth it in ages 
Man's life divided into four equal numbers compared to the four seasons of the year.  by twenty, allotting unto childhood twenty years, to adolescency as many: as many to youth, to manhhode other twenty, and to old age as many, comparing man's life unto the four seasons or quarters of the year: As to the springe, chyldehoode: to summer youth. To Autumn manhood, and unto winter old age: But Uarro a most excellent Philosopher among the Latins, thinketh 
Children.  that children's age continueth till they be fifteen years old, because so long they are Impuberes: that is 
Youngmen.  to say unhearye and not apt to generation, from thence till thirty they are counted young men or lusty youths, because the body doth grow lusty large and strong till 
Manhood.  the age: until the age of xlv. they are called men, because at that age they are best able to defend and help their common meal with armour and weapons: Till threescore 
Oldemen.  years they are called grave and ancient, because then especially man's body beginneth to draw towards old age: and from thence, until th'end of each man's 
Extreme old age.  life, he affirmeth the fifth degree to reach: unto the which age who so doth attain, he calleth them very old men, because then the Body becometh unwieldye, by reason of age: but Staseas the Neapolitan, an excellent Philosopher in his time and a rare Phisltion determineth and concludeth man's life at lxxxiiii. years.  
We aught not to desire to live long, not not although the destinies do seem to smile upon us, or to favour our petitions. by reason of the sundry chances of fortune, & 
Man may not wish for long ●yfe.  doubtful health of our body: for a certain wiseman, being demanded how long a man should wish to live, made this answer: so long as the commodities of this life be more than the discommodities thereof.  
Theophrastus (as Cicero saith) was w●nt to accuse nature, for that sheee had geeven unto Crows and Hearts, long life, whose life was altogether unprofitable, and unto men very short and swift, who both might benefit theymselnes and others, if they might have time of life fully to drink of wysoomes Well.  
Possidonius a notable Philosopher said, that one day of a learned man's time, was more worth than never so long an age of the ignorant: let therefore our civil man live 
Moderation in diet.  very moderately, & let his diet & table far be according to frugality, and temperance: for intemperancy & gurmaundise enfebleth the body and dulleth the mind: for as temperancy maketh a man long young, & preserveth the body in health and good liking, so the other doth hasten old age before the time, & maketh the body weak, taketh away colour, and cheerfulness of countenance: for it is true which was wont to be in this respect, even by the Physicians themselves, that:  

Many more people by gluttony are slain,  
Then are by war, famine, or any other pain.   
For men not able fully to digest that which they receive 
gormandize surphet and belly cheer.  into their stomachs, are given to be of unlusty health, they are evermore sick, seldom whole, & sun come to their end: and furthermore there is no gulf or whirlpole which doth more swallow up & waste a man's substance, than gluttonye, which the more it is filled and fed, the more is it still an hungered, and the better it hath dined, the more it studieth and takes care how to sup: There are surely no riches so large and copious, no household treasure so notable, nor wealth so great, which in a small time are not swallowed up into the belly.  
Diogenes on a time reading in a paper set on the door 
Riotous people.  of a certain riotous person, that was driven to cell his house, merilye and pleasantly said these words.  

I well perceived this building sumptuous,  
Beset with wine, and cates so curious,  
Would vomit out his master shortly  
That kept such revellrexe through folly.   
gluttony doth not only waste & consume the substance, but bringeth very many Gentlemen into servitude: do we not see the smelfeastes, and jesters, become perpetual bond 
Smelfeases.  slaves for their bellies sake? are there not many which as it were buy their dinner and supper not only with flattringe services, but also with most vile and absurd offices? for whom it were a great deal better to feed up on the very mast & Acorns shaken from the tree, & to live with wild berries & apples, then at another man's table to be fed with peacock & the dainty Acipencer. Surely greatly are they to be blamed, which sekee themselves masters for good cheer sake, forgetting the state of Liberty.  
Albidius a certain citizen of Rome devoured & consumed all his goods or substance in eating and drinking, & 
Prodigality & riot of Albidi us.  finally even the very house itself, wherein he dwelled, which was then even all the substance he had left) was by casualty of fire consumed & brent: this thing when Cato herded of, he sportingly said: that Albidius had sacrificed his rennaunts and fragments: by the which saying Cato, quipped the gluttony of the said Albidius, and showed that thereby he was become an open pray, and laughing stock unto fortune: for that thing which he could not eat, he burned. And that which he could not revel, devour, and swyll, that had he committed into the hands of Fortune to sport withal.  
Exercise is called the best sauce for meat, and hunger is counted a delicate or dainty dish finely sauced, for the provocations of glottonye and curious cates and iunkettes, sought for both out of the air, the heavens, earth 
Exercise and la ●●ur a good s●●● for meat.  and the Sea, do not sauou●e or relish, better with an idle slothful person, than bread doth with him that laboureth and is an hungered: Ptolomeus the king wandering through Egypt, and his soldiers having not overtaken him with victuels, being very hungry, did eat course bread (which he got out of a shepherds cottage) greedily, & with great appetite: swearing, that in all his life time he did never eat any thing more sweet and delicate than that bread was: Also Darius flying from Alexander (being sore athirst) did with great 
Darius.  lust and greediness drink muddy and troubled water, taken out of the next river, which was soylled and stenched with dead carcases thrown into it, saying that he never tasted any thing sweeter in all his life.  
A certain swyllinge dronckarde given to gulling, & quaffinge, was wont to say in sport, that he never thursted because he did with oftentimes drin●kinge prevent 
Good way to procure a stomach.  his thirst: But the civil man must expect and look, that nature will require meat, which (by walking, labouring, & exercisinge himself) is to be provoked: by the example of Socrates the Philosopher, whom on a time walking, a certain man asked why he so did, he answered:  

With walking, hunger buy would I fayne  
Good appetite, for my supper to gain.   
The ancient Romans for no other cause used to sup in their open courts, & under the open air: but to the intent to show their continency, and frugality, unto the people whose care and study, was not so great to pester their table with many dishes, as it was afterwards to their posterity: for the Epicure who was the avoucher, and meinteyner of pleasures, despised fine and dainty dilicates, and filled the barks of trees, which he used for dishes, with Herbs and Apples, and would say that a man should feed upon homely meat, because they are the more easily to be had: for delicate dishes and exquisite broths are prepared and dressed with great care, and excessive cost, and do make a greater grief & trouble before a man can find them forth, than they bring pleasure in eating. Hypocrates also writeth, that such people as are careful for Gluttonye and Bellycheare, 
Epicure. Belly gods.  are never in sound health, neither can be long lived, and that their spirits are so encumbered with to much blood, and too much ●ramminge, as if they were wallowed and soused in the mire: and therefore they have no mind upon any sober or heavenly thing, but always frame theymselues to think upon their dishes, and how they may fill their bellies: It is a thing profitable so to dispose that mind with something, that thereby at all times & seasons, fruits may be had and reaped: for few things can be wanting 
husbandry purueyghour of many neces saries.  for daily expenses unto a civil man, if he will have diligente care, to look to his husbandry, and the feeding of his cattles: a very mean diligence wherein, Cato said did increase, a man's substance: neither aught any man to be ashamed to feed flocks of beasts or herds of cattles, for even most noble people of all the ancient people afore time, did use to feed and keep Cattles.  
Let banquettinge be seldom haunted of a good citizen: for it is uncertain whether the same banquets purchase a man favour or displeasure: for although those that 
Banqueting  are bidden guests, be bond to requited the same with like again, yet there are many which being neglected and unbidden do take disdain thereat, and practise against the same either reproach or Injury: for, to keep Banquets or feasts is thought to belong unto kings, princes, and most wealthiest personages.  
Riot and covetousness, are two plagues which (as Titus Livius saith) have oftentimes subverted, and utterly 
Riot and covetousness: woe plagues.  destroyed, whole cities and empires.  
Let the good Citizen keep a mean in his apparel, & observe a measure in his degree & ability: for in deed, as it is a fowl thing to wear ill favoured and undecent garments, so is it subject to envy, to wear that which is to gorgeous and fine, and especially, when as a man's substance will not stretch to maintain the same, or whereas he being indebted to others, braves it out upon other menns purses: for in apparel this is to be considered that a man wear nothing but such as he may lawfully, 
Manner of apparel.  and that it do not differ from the customable order, and usage of his country: let it be such as may become both the person that weareth it, his stock, & kindred, his yearees and manners: for as fine brave apparel (so far forth as it becometh) doth add dignity & authority unto men: so nice, womanish, & riotous apparel, doth not commend & set out the body, but discovereth the vanity of the mind. Adrianus Caesar herein purchased to himself praise because he ordained the the Senators, & the worshipful people of Rome, should not go abroad, but in their gowns, except when they returned home from suppers.  
All necessary expenses, are to be restrained, as the charges of funerals, which bring no commodity to those that are dead, & are chargeable to them that are alive: and yet their fame and good report which lived with praise, & honesty is not darkened with modest funeral ceremonies: but on the 
Vnnecessarye expenses must be forborn. Funerals.  other part their funeral pomp, shall not make the memory of them to be famous among posterity, whose life having been loose, and inglorious, hath left nothing behind them worthy of memory.  
Cyrus' king of Persia commanded by his last will and testament, that there should beno other Sepulchre or tomb erected for him, than the earth only which brought forth grass, & flowers, than which there can nothing be found more noble, neither any thing that may more beautify the grave: surely me thinks the reason of the ancient Egyptians is to be deryded, whereof Dyodorus maketh mention, because they dispisinge the time of this present life, did 
Costly funerals of the Egyptians reproved.  call their dwelling houses, by the names of Inns as the which they counted their harbours and lodgings. for a small time, but most vaynlye and fondly they lashed out lustily, and spared no cost, in erecting of sumptuous Tombs, & burials: for they thought that the graves were the perpetual & everlasting dwelling places of them that died, and were therein buried.  
The Scythians (as Plutarch mentioned) did bury with 
Scythians absurd manner of burying their kings.  their dead kings, their butler's, cooks, yea and harlotts: to that end as I think, that their kings should want no necessary service after they were dead: and certain countries of India with their dead husbands, either burn or bury their beloved wives, or others whomsoever they best loved in their life time: O a matter not only horrible in 
Indians savage manner in burials.  sight, but also to be spoken of, to kill a living man, because the dead man should not lack a friend or servant, when as in deed he can never want or stand in need of any such, who hath no feeling at all.  
Little differeth from this madness of the Indians, the people called Massagetae, and those called Derbites, which do kill their kinsfolks & friends, when they wax old, or by any casualty draw nea●e unto death, making thereat great solemnity & feasting, and there eat them together with other meat: and this they say they do, because they suppose it to be the worst fortune that may happen unto men, to be devoured with worms.  
Essedones philosophers of Europe, which dwelling near to the river Danow, used to celebrated the funerals of their Parents, and neighbours, with merry cheer, and ●ocund rejoicing of their friends and familiars together: the dead corpses being mangled & mixed with the entrails of their slain beasts, they do feed upon, & eat up in banqueting: but the Heads, or Skulls, of their dead Bodies, they keep to serve them in steed of Drinckinge Cups, 
Semiramis.  garnishing them with gold and silver.  
Semiramis a Queen of a most haughty, and excellent mind, causing a sumptuous Sepulchre or Tomb, for 
Covetousness.  her to be made, wherein she would lie after her death, commanded these words to be engraven thereupon:  

What king so ever shall have need  
of money, wealth, or treasure,  
Let him pull ope this tomb with speed,  
and take thereof at pleasure.   
These words Darius the king reading, and thinking there had been treasures hide there in deed, commanded the stone of the Tomb to be taken away, which being rowlled aside, be see other words engraved unto this effect and purpose:  

Except thou hadst been a king covetous 
Covetusnes of king Darius reproved.   
Of money: insatiable, and desirous,  
Thou wouldest never have broken up, and violate  
The graves of them, that are extinct by fate.   
This most excellent Lady by a civil derision, did thus taunt the vice of covetousness.  
Sertorius having wone Thing, a town in Maurisia where (as thinhabitants said) the noble Sepulchre of Antheus was being of wondered yea incredible greatness, gave commandment that it should be razed and thrown to the 
Monument reverently pray screwed.  ground, and therein found a body of lxx. cubits long (as Plutarch maketh mention) which he beholding, marveled greatly thereat, and commaduned that the same Tomb should be straightway re-edified and restored, & greatly enriched the fame thereof, lest otherwise he should have emblemished his honour, by defacinge and violating, so notable a monument.   

THE SIX T BOOK ENtreatinge of Nobility defined by the opinion of Philosophers, the commendation of their bountifulness, liberality, and francknesse towards all men: how some are thought meet to supply functions, by reason of their Ancestors before time authorized to bear like offices: of good provision for the sustentation of the commons: Of such as having houses in the city, and also in the country, cannot be so careful, for the common utilitye of both places. The description of the venomous vice Envy: of severe justice upon male factors, injurious to the state of the common weal.  
HIPPODAM US Mylesius a man desirous of glory, a worthy warrior, & excellently well learned in the studies of good arts, purposing to writ of the good estate of a common weal, first & especially, thought it convenient and necessary to divide and distinguish the city and country in several: for it seemed unto him a thing very hard to compass, to make a common rabble and multitude of men gathered together within the walls of one city, to live quietly together, except there were aseperation made between them: therefore he distributed and divided the people into three sorts, one to be Artificers, another husbandemen, and the third warriors: and he thought it good reason that the magistrates should be appointed and choose by all these people indifferently.  
Cicero unto Sallust who taunted him as a new made Cittyzen, and one come of base Degree, boasting himself 
Cicero and Savil lust at dissension.  to be of most noble dissent answered on this manner: I have by my virtue, worthiness, and service to my country shined before, and geeven light to all mine ancestors, that if they were not known before, they might yet of me receive a beginning of their memory: thou by means of thy lewd life which thou hast lead filthelye, hast unto thy ancestors, brought great clouds of darkness, so that although they of themselves, were famous & notable citizens, yet by means of thee, they shallbe brought into oblivion: wherefore do not thou object unto me men of ancient race: for it is better, that I do flourish in mine own acts that I have done, them to lean upon the reputation 
Cicero his answer unto Sallust.  of ancestry, & so to live that I may be an original or beginning of nobility, and an example of virtue unto all my posterity: for Cicero might well bring proof of the progeny or offspring of his nobility, because he was lyneally descended of the Uolscian kings.  
Plato wisest of all Plilosophers, and his followers (from whom Aristotle doth smally differ, maketh four kinds of nobility: the 1 was of them which proceeded from noble stock 
Nobility.  and ancient race of honourable elders: the second was of them, whose parents were men of authority, princs, or chief rulers: the three was of them whose rulers excelled others in any kind of notable praise or commendation, either at home or abroad in the wars: the iiii. kind of nobility▪ he maketh that, which he showeth to be most excellent of all the rest, when as any man excels others, either in worthiness, wysoome, or magnanimity of the mind, & leaneth only to the virtue of his own commendation: And this man he judgeth worthy to be counted noble, whom not other Men'S worthiness ennobleth, but whom his proper virtue and valiauntnes, doth advance to honour and renown: but unto these four kinds of nobility, Aristotle also added the u that is of them which famously excelled in any notable discipline: & this did he by good right: for they there by do not only ennoble themselves, and their lineage, but likewise ennoble the Cities, and countries wherein they were born.  
juba the son of juba king of Numidia, being but a child, & taken prisoner by julius Caesar, did follow his triumph into Africa: and although he had lost both kingdom 
Example of juba.  & liberty, & also despoiled of his honour & dignity, yet he betook himself unto learning, & within a small time, proved so well, that he was counted amongst the best learned writers in Greece: and whatsoever nobility Fortune had taken from him, the same did the discipline of good sciences, more abundantly restore in him: whereunto also Hannibal gave himself, even in the desperate and troublesome broils of the Carthaginenses, & being somewhat aged in years, did learn the greek tongue and therein become so eloquent, that he wrote the acts of certain Emperors, and certain excellent books of the ordering of warfare & martial affairs.  
It seemeth meet that they, whose parents, grandsires, and ancestors have afore time been honoured, and endowed with public offices, should also have charge of the common weal, as it were by a certain rightful inheritance: & thereupon let them employ all their diligence, & care: for as a field is very well committed into the hands of country born people, which know, and can skill of the 
Succession of offices.  air and soil: even so they that are come of the race of Senators, have learned to execute those public offices, as it were by natural discipline, devised to them by their auncestrye: for all the common people will bear and obey more willingly & patiently, their rule or authority, neither think they it amiss, for the son to bear office, when they call to mind that all his ancestors have executed the same office aforetime. They which bear rule in a common weal aught to have a diligent care, that the people be not oppressed, pinched, & famished with want of corn or grain, & that they may (as far as is possiible) enjoy a perfect peace & tranquillity: for surely all common people (although they be ready, & prompt to revengement of wrongs, for the which it is seen now & then, that they do enter into arms & wars: yet notwithstanding, they expect some event & end, & if fortune favour them not, they fall to brablinge with their Rulers, by swearing, wresting, and turning all the fault in their necks: and more over we must not rashly credit the opinion & rumour of the common people, for as Maro says:  
Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus.  
The commonalty unstable, is dispersed in opinions variable.  
The opinions of which common people, are slippery, wavering & mutable, & not only for a day but notso much as for one hour, steadfast & firm: wherefore it may be spoken of the common people which we do use in the proverb.  

Of Sand an infinite quantity take,  
And yet unpossible it is a coarde to make.   
Religion, ceremonies, mysteries, and all divine honour whereby we make the living God merciful, and at one with us, requireth men holy and innocent: who being endowed 
The spiritualty aught to be maintained by the livings of the Church.  with the zealous study of sacred and divine scriptures, do wipe away the clouds of blindness and error, from the eyes of men: for these men (to the end, they may live modestly and keep in good order, the temples & sacred houses, with great costs & charges, edified) have need of wealth, riches, and fruits of the earth, which in deed do never or seldom fail, neither have they need to make any merchandise, by buying and selling.  
Without savegardes, and defenders of the same, a common weal cannot be. For what should the Citizens do within the walls, if they had no other defence, but within 
poverty not relieved.  the walls of their Cyttye? In what wealth doth that City stand, or how are the poor relieved there, whereunto the husbandmen of the country do run for succour, when as in the fields adiacente, there is fear on every side? In what hope, or in what diligence, do the husbandmen toil or moil, if they see their Summer, or harvest corn, and fruits to become an open prey or spoil, for 
Husbandmen.  the enemy: and without keepers give over all things in their fields unto Fortune in every place.  
The corn which is reaped, in the common fields, may be kept and reserved, until such time as there happen a dearth or scarcity, or that the difficulty of War do urge, in hollow trenches covered in chaff, and very well fenced and made safe from all and every kind of vermin for seven years store, as Lucius Columella maketh mention: which thing surely if it were diligently looked unto, and that in his due season the old fruit were spent, and the new fruit laid up in store, it should preserve the people from all siege and famine of the enemy. and with most safe and sure defence protect them from the annoyance of their enemies: for little prevaileth armour or weapons of defence in fight, where the people do famish, for want of sustentation: and a famished commonalty is evermore studious, and bend to newfanglenesse and tumult.  
He that will have a well tilled ground, let him cell his houses in the city: for he that taketh more pleasure 
A good citizen a good husband.  or felicity to dwell in his house within the City, then in his house in the country, hath no need at all of any ground: for he cannot well handle civil affairs, which taketh especial pleasure in husbandry, and country dealings: for truly it cannot be but he must needs neglect the one of these twain, which coveteth to satisfy his mind with both these benefits.  
Gardens planted with herbs & trees, be made for pleasure and recreation: for in them are borders of Roses, beds of violets, Fishepondes, and such other like commodities of pleasure: for Graners, Barns, and storehouses, 
Gardens and Orchards.  wherein Corn is laid, which do increase both profit and living unto man, do rather serve for the masters wealth, then for his diligence: yet notwithstanding it shall not be impertinent for a Citizen, or civil person to have pleasure, and practise in husbandry.  
And as he growethe in more wealth, to have many servants for the ordering of his husbandry, and such as be mere strangers, born out of that country (unto whom he may prescribe thoffices of that which pertaineth neth unto husbandry.  
Strangers and foreyners being merchants, are friendly to be entertained when they come into the city for good and honest purposes: for the Societies, and intercourses 
Merchant strangers how they are to be entertained in a city  of traffic with strangers, help the trade of merchandise among citizens, & do make them wealthier and furnish the city with store of that, which it wanteth, & carrieth away from hence those things, whereof we have superfluous store and abundance: yet is it expedient, that there should be but few of them denized with the freedom of the city: for certainly the multitude of Inhabitants out of sundry places is dangerous, in every nation: for the common people, gathered together out of sundry countries, seldom agreed well, and there can scarce be unity or concord, among men of sundry nations: and we may well so think that strangers, will but a while continued in that zeal & good will, or natural affection, which free born people do, that have received from their Ancestors as it were the seed of love towards their country, & have even with their mother's milk, a tender good will & affection towards their citizens. Of the true citizens that may be spoken, which in lovely speech, wives are wont 
True Citizens  to complain saying:  

A Lover that already hath fixed his good will  
Towards one, cannot be lured by good or by ill:  
Enticed by flattering speech, nor urgde to that end,  
To change for a new, and forget his first friend.   
So greatly is the love of our natural country engrafted in us, even by nature, that we cannot want or be with out the same, for any continuance of time or distance of places, for no reproaches, neither yet for any injuries. 
Strangers.  Therefore we must warily deal with strangers: For Aristotle affirmeth that all Nations which retained many strangers, and Inhabitants of foreign countries to be resident among them, were disquieted with discords.  
We must especially take heed that nothing be done, in the common weal by violence or fraud: for what things so ever are done by violence, are weak & unstable, & not only provoketh the multitude unto envy, but also unto revenge. Appius Claudius the Decemuir, by violence challenged Virginia to be his bondwoman, which thing her father 
Appius Claudius.  not suffering, thrust his daughter through the body with his sword, & with imbrued hands returned to his host, exciting up the common people against the Senators, which thing brought no small plague unto the common weal.  
There be some that are sorry to see others surmount, 
Repyners at others well doing.  and excel in virtue: there was sometimes amongst the Ephesians a certain excellent man called Hermodorus, who excelling others both in learning & honesty was nevertheless banished out of his country: and unto certain men that marveled thereat, & asked those people why they had banished so worthy a man, they answered: there was no other cause, but that in virtue, and integrity of life, he did to far excel the rest of his fellow citizens: for unto all good men doth ever chance common backbyters, & evil willers: wherefore now and then we must dissemble if we desire to fly envy: assuredly wisdom must sometime give place unto rashness, for envy doth not only cast under foot very many notable personages, but also doth subvert the state of cities, yea & utterly destroy the cities themselves.  
The Poet's fables of Envy are notable affirming, that 
Envy described.  it is a plague feeding upon Serpents: meaning thereby to show that envious people do swallow poison, and vomit up venom again: for an other man's felicity is poison unto the envious person: neither can he take any joy of himself, except he infect others with his poison: & certes, there can be nothing more filthy, or more unfitting a man then to rejoice at an other man's evil & to be vexed or ill apaid for other man's good fortune, both which things the envious man useth to do.  
Timon the Athenian did once make an oration at Athens in a great assembly of people, in the which he said that he had one only little Orchard wherein was a great figtree, upon 
Example of envy.  which many citizens had hanged themselves, and because in that place he purposed to build a wall, he said he must needs cut down the same fig tree: and that therefore he was come to tell them, that if any would hung themselves, they should make haste and come quickly, while the fig-tree were yet standing.  
Every man maintaineth his private Substance although it be small: Neither doth the poor man less esteem of his small pittaunce, than the rich of his great Wealth: and if any Contention happen to arise, between a poor man and a rycheman, although the rich man (in deed) be wronged, yet because he is mightier, & wealthier, it will be thought that he doth the wrong & injury, and thereby purchaseth the envy of many others: but yet if any man do say that the poor man's patrimony is taken from him, by extortion and violence, or strong hand, every man begins to fear his own case, deayseth new fangled alterations, raileth at his betters, favoureth the oppressed, bendeth himself unto Seditions, and can never be quiet in his mind, till he see that he hath safely, and warelye enough provided for his own safety.  
Periander practised Tyranny in Ambracia, and customablye committed buggery with a certain boy, whom 
Periander a buggerer.  on a time as he was Drinckinge in presence of many others, he merely asked whether he was at any time great with child by him or no: the boy was throughly enraged with anger, and could not abide that those filthy things, which he had suffered before, should have been once named and spoken of: and thereupon found he means, to kill and destroy this Tyrant. Pausanias' also 
Pausanias.  of Macedon a youngeman in beauty and nature most excellent, was likewise violently and forcyblye abused in his body by Attalus, and by him was made drunk with wine, and brought in at a banquet, and offered as a common strumpet unto the lust of the guests there: Pausanias stomacking this shameful villainy, told the whole matter to king Philip, but the king with sundry delatory words, seemed to have thereof no care, but rather made thereat a laughing game, preferring. Attalus unto better place and room in warfare than he: which injury so thoroughly touched Pausanias. that he converted his displeasure towards the king, and the revenge which he could not take of his adversary, he extended upon the unrighteous judge: for as he sat at the marriage of Cleopatra the daughter of Attalus between both the Alexanders, the son and the son in law, Pausanias slew 
Complaints, of poor oppressed suitors must not be rejected  him, fearing no such matter & by kill the king turned into sorrow and heaviness that day which should have been a day of joy or gladness, plainly hereby shewing, that the complaints of subjects are not to be disdained, nor contemptuously be rejected.  
It goeth not well in that common weal, where a man must live by prayer or intreatye, where Citizens must live in that case, that they dare not speak frankly or boldly those things which they think to be for their profit: Philip king of Macedon, under a certain pretence of liberty invadinge a great part of Greece, besieged Athens, excusing himself by letters, and Ambassadors, sent unto the Senate and people of Athens, that he did not those things, to the end he would take away from them their liberties or Franchises, or to bring the City into bondage, but because he had a grudge against ten of their Citizens, which in the Senate house had always bareked 
Fair & smooth Words.  against him, and did not cease to rail upon him with reproachful words: and therefore if those few might be yielded unto him, he said he would raise his siege and depart, and deliver the people from war, and famine. Namely and especially be required to have that most excellence orator Demosthenes delivered unto him, upon whom all the countenances, and favours of the Grecians were at that time bend and cast, & besides him nine others of the eloquentest, & notablest people, both for talk & authority: hereupon the Senate was in great perplexity, and many of them agreeing upon this point, cried 
The Senate in doubt.  out, that it were much better, to save a multitude, than a few people: these few were shrewdly afraid, whom the king had requested thus to be yielded into his hands to death, & scarcely dared they speak their minds, seeing that by their deaths all the residue, hoped for peace & liberty, & it had come to pass in deed, that these few had then been yielded, had not Demosthenes displayde the craft and dereiptful fetch of the king by this wittily devised fable uttered unto them.  
The wolf on a time (saith he) persuaded certain shepherds (whose diligence he had a desire to deceive) to enter friendship and amity with him, condicionally that the shepherds should deliver unto him (as hostages or pledges) their Dogs which were his hateful enemies, & gave all the cause of all the strife & debate: the shepherds gave ear unto this tale, assented to his request, & for better assurance of their faithful meaning, delivered their dogs, which were the most diligent garders of the sheep: them the Wolf when all fear was taken away, not only at his fill, but also at his pleasure devoured and tear in pieces the sheep, & killed the shepherds themselves. Even so (O you Athenians) doth Philip that king at his present mean & go about: who desireth to have all their heads under his girdle which have impugned his doings & which do manifest and bring to light his secret treacheries, and colourable dealings: because he may the more easlye invade, & sack the city, when it is bereft & spoils of the savegarders thereof: for doubtless that city must needs perish, whereas men may not speak their minds freely in such matters as concern 
Abstlnence from civyl bloodshed  the utility of the weal public.  
Let the good citizen greatly abstain from civil blood, being ever mindful of this tragical sentence,  

Who so ever he be that doth rule or reign  
From shedding of blood let him abstain.   
But if necessity constrain, & that the city cannot otherwise be set in good state, except by sheadinge of the blood of some naughty lewd person: let them deal as good Phisians use to do, who after that they do plainly see (that the troubled & infected members of their Patientes, cannot by any manner of remedies be restored to perfection or recovery) although it be against their wills, & to the great grief of all the whole body: yet do they not let to cut of the same 
Naughty members in a common wealth must be cut of  corrupt members, lest they should infect all the rest of the body: for we must not favour or spare any person, there by to bring ruin or decay to the whole Common weal: but we must use revenge, that the same may be preserved insafetye.  

Amischiefe new hatching and but now in the prime,  
Is sone to confusion suddenly brought:  
But that which is old, and lasted long time  
Is often incurable, though all meaves be wrought.   
To give as spoils unto the common people the goods of such as be proscript & out of the Prince's protection, is against 
Comunalty of Rome refrained from spoylinge one an other.  all equity, and therefore the Comunaltie of Rome deserved great praise, & favour, when Marius & Cinna, proponed the richemens' houses to be spoiled by the Cyttizens: for there was no man found so needy and so bore which at that time spared not from despoylinge & purloining of that which an other man had sore sweat and laboured for. Neither was there any man amongst them which could find in his heart, to reap any commodity unto himself, in the time of that civil sorow●,  
As severity in a city is sometime wholesome, so cruelty is always pestiferous: For the Severity of Lucius Sylla was a beginning of all evils amongst the Romans: for that same most infamous table wherein were fourscore 
Severity of justice.  thousand People proscribed, and of them four that had born the honourable office of Consul, to wit, Carbo, Marius, Norbanus, and Scipio, and amongst them also at that time Sertorius (a man in those days greatly feared) wrought much mischief unto the common weal: for other men taking hereat example, in a small time, subverted the whole Empire.  
But yet the multitude of people, yea though they do some what trespass, must be mercifully spared: julius Caesar after that he had vanquished the host of Pompeius the great, spared the Citizens: and them whom he had by force of arms subdued, he rewarded with benefits bountifully: and glorying in himself, wrote letters unto his friends at Rome, therein mentioning that he took great and most sweet pleasure because he had preserved in safety those Citizens, whom he always reputed for his adversaries and enemies, and had made them to become as it were bond in tender affection, and good will towards him.  
The nature of cruelty doth make the praise of victory far less: for greater had the praise of Octavius been towards Antonius, if he had not commanded A●ilius, being then but a Child most Innocent, & the son of Antonius, 
Favour and mercy of the conquerors and victors towordes them that be overcome.  and of Fulvia, to be beheaded: and yet not with standing Octavius straightway showed the evident tokens of repentance, for that which he had done: for he straight ways revenged the death of Attilius: for Theodorus the schoolmaster of the child who betrayed him unto Octavius, privily took from the child when he went unto his death, a precious stone which he ware about his Neck, whereof Caesar having intelligence, commanded the same Theodorus to be condemned and hanged upon a gibbet, and so revenged the vilanye of that traitorous ver let, showing there in plain profess of his channged mind, relenting in that which he had afore done.  
No man can patiently brook to be flouted, contemned and to be had in derision: for we read of Manlius Torquatus, the Son of the most valiant, and noble Lucius Manlius, was even from his childhood of a dull and blunt w●tte▪ in somuch that he was se●● away by his father into the country▪ as one that seemed neither fit nor profitable either 〈…〉 ●● for private offices: but he within a small time after, as one weary of his slothful life, delivered and preserved his father being accused from a great and weighty matter of a judicial controversy: and in the Battle fought by the Latins brought away the triumph and victory, to the great rejoicing of the people of Rome. Neither may Themistocles be pretermitted with silence, whose lewdenes of life his mother despairing (for thamendment or reforming) hanged herself: but when he came to be of more discretion, he proved to be of such excellency, in all his doings, that Cicero the most excellent orator, called him the prince of Greece.  
The age of twenty and four years is lawful & allowable for any man to a●●●e and attain unto an office: and let no man therefore 〈…〉 if ●ee ●● not a magistrate 
At what years an officer may be choose  before those years: moreover let no man disdain that any more ancient person than himself is preferred in office before him, both because the envy is greater among those that be of equal vocatien, and also because, every man doth hope when he cometh to that age, that then he shall attain unto the like preferment.  
It standeth with the honour of the cytty when the Citizens are called by honourable and goodly names: for an uncomely manner of nomination or terming of them seemeth 
Apt names for Citizens.  so to take away somewhat of the dignity of the person, as an honest or decent calling of a man, seemethe to add worship, honour, or dignity: In which thing, the diligence of the parents in naming their children, is to be praised, and especially seeing that in that point they bestow no cost, and yet do not a little adorn their children therewith: Wherefore some are worthy of dispraise: who having Parents and Ancestors ill named would never leave or dygresse from the same names, even as if they were loathe to defraud their posterity of the reproach or ignominy of their Ancestors.   

THE VII. BOOK DEscribinge the Natures, Uses, Profits, & choyses, of all sorts of grounds▪ The sundry dispositions and inclinations of People, according to the quality of the soil where they be bred. The commodity of woods, and the ordering thereof. The great necessity and benefit of Waters, Fountains, and Springs, with the strange virtues of sundry Wells in foreign Countries.  
MArcus Cato said that in buying of Lands, two things especially are to be considered, holesomenes of air, and plentifulness of the soil: whereof if the one were 
Choice in buying of Lands.  lacking, he judged that that ground was not to be areoumpted of & to be tilled. And not without a cause, for he that buyeth barren ground, and fruitless soil, buyeth to himself and all his posterity after him, poverty and perpetual labour. And he that buyeth ground situate in a pestilent air, buyeth unto himself and to his succession continual sickness, untimely oldeage, and hasty death. For fruitfulness of the ground, doth not a little further and help toward living well and pleasantly. Whereupon the Arabians are called happy, because they a●ound and are enriched with corn, fruits of the earth, wines, & sweet odours.  
Good choice must be had for the building of any City, that it be set and builded in a very wholesome pla●●e, & that is, if it stand upon some what high ground●▪ For champaign and p●a●● ground, is seldom in every ●●y●● found 
Choice of ground in building of a City.  safe, and ●al●eyes are subject ●●●● fulsome fogs, & dangerous mists, but this high place, shall neither ●●specte the h●ate regions of the air, nor those that be to much told and fros●ye, but those that ●ee temperate, prosper●●ge towards the east, or towards the Sowthe. Except it be such a country as is near the Sea, for that hath commonly the Southern, and Western winds hurtful, especially if there be penny ground near there unto, which have not their course and issue into the Seas or Rivers: for out of the standing water, so sun as the morning gleams of the son appeareth upon the same, there ariseth cold winds or dampish clouds, infecting 
Discommodity of standing, waters.  the spirits of the Cattles feeding in those fenny places: with the contagion of that foggy mystinesse, they do also infect the place, and make it pestilent, especially in Summer and Autumn, what time the Southern parts of the world be far hotter than at other seasons. A●●● it all fenny & marshy soil is to be eschewed, & shonned, because, it always venteth out a most poysonned air, being in summer darkened and dymmed with vaporous fogs, and in winter with cold exhalations & mists: moreover by reason of fervent heat it engendereth▪ gnats and other stinging● and odious vermin, which do at such times flock together in swarms, and infect the city, and be very ●o●s●m both unto man and beast.  
Many writers do agreed in opinion, that Italye, of all other countries is most temperate: and even as the Planet 
Italye a temperate nation.  jupiter, having his course, in the midst▪ between the most hot and fervent planet of Mats, and the most cold planet Saturn, by reason of diversity in qualities, receiveth temperatenes: so it, stretching and lying bet●●n the north and South receiveth a temperate ●irture▪ therefore innumerable praises doth this country deserve, as Marcus vitrvuius saith: for it bringeth forth men of body and mē●ers in proportion most excellent & which in fortitude of courage, wisdom & discipline, are able to surpass all other nations. Let the ancient Romans ●●● witnesses herein, which with their warlike forecast, and prowess, ●amed and daunted the outrageous fierceness; of all the Barbarians, and which (as Cicero saith) by their own industry either invented all things better than all other Nations, orells whatsoever they received of other countries, the same they made much better and perfecter. And in small time subdued they all Nations, and obtained the jurisdiction and Empire, of the whole world.  
Natural Philosophers, affirm that some Bodies, brought out of cold countries into hot regions, can not endure and continued, but are sun dissolved: Contrarily, people brought out of hot regions into cold & northernly countries, are not only not hurt, endamaged or diseased, by the change of the air, but are made more lusty, healthful, and longer lived. Aristotle witnesseth that those people which inhabit cold Countries, do rather abound in courage, stomach and strength of body, then in wisdom or knowledge, and that their Bodies are far taller and fairer: the same country people are also of a white complexion, of a straight flaxen hair, graye●ed, and full of blood, gross witted, but very mighty and strong, venturous and without fear, but in time of sickness they are fearful and fayntharted: as the Frēthem●● 
People bread up in cold countries.  which because they excelled in largeness of body, deryded and scorned the hosts of the Romayns, saying: Lo, what little fellows be yonder, of so small stature, of whom Cesar maketh mention, in his most excellent Commentaries, where he saith: the short and low stature of our countrymen was had in contempt among that Frenchmen in comparison of the largeness of their own bodies: and a little after as touching their wit he addeth thus: as the Frenchmen are ready, and courageously minded to take wars in hand at the first: so is their mind very 
People of the Southpartes.  tender, and nothing able to resist adversities: But cōtrary●wyse men born in the south parts, and being moresubi●●● unto the heat of the Son, are less of perswage, and slendere● of stature, of brown or swart colour, ●urle haired, black eyed, their legs crooked, and bending, weak and nothing strong: for these men, by reason of their small store of blood, and subtility of the air, do excel in wit, and are notably ingenious, wherefore they do quickly conceive and attain the knowledge of things, and are more prompt for devices and cogitations: in sickness they do show themselves to be of a right stout stomach, but in battle very dasterds, & cowards.  
Cato distinguisheth a good ground by nine several differences, The first part he saith is, where Uyneyardes may bring forth abundant store of good wines: the second 
Cato his distictions of good ground.  he appointeth for an orchard, that may caslye be watered: the third for Osyers': the fourth for Olive trees: the fift for meadow: the sixte is arable ground, apt to bear Corn: The seventh for Woods, that may be felled and lopped at their increase: The eight for shrubs and Bushes: The ninth for woods that beareth mast: For it must needs be a good ground which hath the more part of all these commodities.  
The juniper Trees do with their Berries nourish the winter Fowls; where with also Capons being fed 
jumper.  and crammed, do now a days furnish out the Tables and make the same more elegante: and the W●o●thereof being burned, sendeth forth a sweet smelling Smoke, and odour most wholesome in Summer to expel, & drive away all evil and noisome airs.  
No man can deny, but that the mast of Chestnuttes is profitable: For it is not only good for beasts to fe●de upon, but also for a man's whole household. This 
Chestnutte.  Nut is so covered and harnessed as it were with a pricking shell, that it can scarce be taken out of the same without hurting of a man's hands: and therefore the country people, were wont to bury the same certain days in pits or holes, within the earth, till suchtime as the utter most pylle of the Nuts opened of itself, and so out of every Shell, there cometh swoor three Kernels. This Tree groweth very big, and is profitable almost in every respect for building: and of it are made very good tub, and Wine or Oil Uesselles, which the Carpenters of our time do call the Queen of all Trees, because it is counted good almost for all purposes and uses: wherefore not only for fruit and wood, but also for timber, it is to be accounted a chief and special wood.  
How necessary Fire is, not only to the nourishment of man's life, but almost unto all uses, every man may easily judge: Therefore very ill should any choice of habitation be, if it either stand far distant from Woods, 
Woods and wood ground necessary.  or altogether lack the commodity thereof. For we have read and seen in our time, that cities by the enemy besieged, have been forced of necessity to yield, for default and want of wood.  
Therefore that Country soil is to be choose for habitation, which aboundeth with fire wood, which is so to be used and appointed, that every seventh year, part of the same Trees may be cut down and lopt, and that there may be enough to suffice the use of all the whole people: for that which is cut down, had need 
Fyrewvod.  to have Seven years growth, before it be cut again, that the young Setttes, and shrubs thereof may grow fresh again, to their full Size and Skantlinge.  
The Wood which serveth for Timber to Build Houses, and Ships withal, must more diligently be looked unto, preserved and kept, and to be cleansed every year from Thorns, Briars, & Brambles, that they hinder not the new Gryffes', and springing plants from growing to their full height, size, and dignesse.  
At the Spring of the year Trees do burgein, and be stow all their sap and strength, upon bows and buds: and therefore become they weak and exhausted, as 
Mayne timber trees for buildings & ships  the bodies of women that are great with Child, are feebler, weaker, and slenderer of strength than others, & when their time of labour, or chyldebirth cometh, they become for a time unwieldy and weak, till they have with good Caudles, & nourishments, recovered their former strength again. Even so trees while they burgeyn and bear leaves, and afterwards while they nourish their fruits yet unrype, are of less strength and force: but when in Autumn their fruits or berries are shaken of, and that their leaves do fall, the roots do take again unto them all their whole sap, and strength, and so are restored unto their former perfect solidity.  
Thales Milesius preferred water as the principal and chiefest of all other elements: for man's nature can eas●yer bear with the want of any thing, them of water: for admit the 
Water.  corn fail & be not to be had, yet the profitable increase▪ coming of young sets, and trees, may supply & administer sufficient provision wherewith to sustain life. We may defend life with flesh, by hawking, by fishing, with herbs and roots: but where water is wanting, there can no food neither be had nor preserved, fit for man's sustentation: and therefore we account that country altogether unhappy, which either lacketh water, or hath water unwholesome and corrupt.  
Moreover it was a manner among the Egyptians, and of them very streitely for a long time observed, that before 
Ceremonial custom of the Egyptians touching water.  all the houses and temples of their gods, there should be set a pot with water, to th'end that they that went into the Temples might therewith be sprinkled, and falling down to the ground with their hands (lift up to heaven) might give thanks unto the majesty of God, who had bountifully blessed & relieved them with most wholesome water. And furthermore we read of certain countries by means of waters only ennobled and made famous, as the mountain Thiliadus among the Molossians, which Theopompus extolleth, and saith, had an hundred bridges. 
Country's famous through waters.  Magnesia is counted far more famous, by reason of the excellency of a Well, which the Poets do there testify to be dedicated unto the Muses, because whosoever drank out of the same, become thereby sweet breasted & clearer to sing. Neither is it to be mernayled at forasmuch there be found innumerable virtues of waters, partly by apparent, & partly by secret & obscure reason: Of the Sringe in Arcady, which the Inhabitants called Clitorius, which maketh such as taste of the Liquor thereof, straightways to abhor all drinking of wine, forever.  
Uitrwius saith that there is a Well in Paphlagonia, which seemeth as though it were mixed with wine, insomuch that they which drink thereof are made drunk: The like 
Springs of wonderful qualities.  Nature and quality the river Licesius in Thracia, is reported to have, on the banks whereof many times the traveylers and wayfaring people are found drunken, & sleeping. The city of Ephesus also hath Springs, not far from it, the waters whereof seem mingled with vynegar, and therefore are most acceptable unto sick people. And Strabo the Geographer, writeth that there is a water at Hieropolis, so apt for dying of Wolle, that if the roots of herbs be stieped & mixed therein, it maketh as Orient & gorious a colour, as if it were Scarlet, or purple.  
There be also which write that at Tharsis, a Cyttye in Cicilia, is a river called Cydnus, where people 
Baths.  that are bathed, and a certain time washed, are eased of the gout. Moreover Pomponius in his Cosmographye writeth, that one of the two Islands called Fortunate, is notable and famous through the singular virtue of two several springs, of whom who so tasteth of the one, cannot but laugh continually, and the only remedy for them that be in that case, is to drink of the other. There is also another Spring at Susis, in the country of Persia, which loseth, and shaketh out the teeth of those that drink thereof: but to such people as do wash themselves therewith it is most wholesome: And so they say there is a Lake in Assyria, near unto the which groweth a slimy, glewishe, and bytuminous pitch earth, of the same quality: whereupon if a bird light, she is streightwaye limed and tied fast, from flying any further. This kind of liquor if it once be set on fire, can never be extinguished, nor quenched but only by throwing dust thereupon.  
A●l hot waters have a medicinable force and virtue above other waters, although they be of their proper nature cold: but because they do flow or have course through 
Hot water.  the hot and ardent veins of the Earth, therefore they come for the warm, which notwithstanding, cannot long remain so, but be in short space cooled: for if by Nature they had heat in them, they would not so sun become cold.  
And surely unto me it seemeth a thing wonderful, that there are waters ordained by the providence of god, medicinable, and able to cure all diseases incident unto mortal men, which do not in their curing, vex the diseased people with sly●er sauces, Receipts, drugs, and bitter dilutions, neither torment them, with fire or tool: but with a most sweet bathe & washing, do restore them into their pristinate health. Neither have the Springs, which rise from sulphereous or brimstony soil, these virtues only: but those Springs also, with pass & have their course through allomye soil, which doth cure the lask, & resolution of the sinews: they are very good als for them that have ill digestion, and ill stomachs: Finally they do perform that thing which Asclepiades said, was the office of a right good physician: that is to say, to cure safely, speedily & pleasantly: & bituminous waters also have their virtues: which rather by drinking, than by bathing, do help the diseased people, for they do make the belly soluble, without any pain or grief, & do cure almost all the inward diseases of the body by purgation: & sometime the painful wringing of the entrails and guts, when they be exulcerated, & when that excoriation or bloudynes floweth from them, are hereby restored unto their former health. There is also a Nitrous kind of cold water, the drinking whereof doth purge, & diminisheal unnatural accesses of the body & specially the humours or swelling of the throat, or the kings evil: such allomy, & saltish nitrous Springs yield forth for the most part an evil smell & relish: for their ori ginall, being from the very lowest parts of the earth, do pass through, the boat ardent haynes of the same.  
Those that have written of husbandry, do say that every kind of pulse, being cast into water, and set upon the fire, doth try the same water very well, they be quickly & speedily boiled. Certain of the ancient Physicians affirmed that kind of water to be best, which is lightest, or else the which being set on the fire, will soon be boat, so that it be clean and pure, & unmossye. All water that is fetchte from the moorish or fenny grounds, is unwholesome, & so is all that doth not run, but standeth still, or else the which runneth through shaddowye places, and dark canes, where the Son giveth no shine: but worst of all is snow dryce water, as certain ancient wrytens, have held opinion. Cornelius Colsus doth thus write of waters: Rain water is the lightest water that is: next is Spring or well water, 
What kinds of waters be best.  than river water, and last of all is pit water, then describeth he snow or ice water, and that standing water is heavy, but the heaviest of all others (saith he) is that which is taken out of a moorish or fenny ground. He that throughly considereth the nature of these things, will willingly provide wholesome liquor for the use of himself, and his fellow Citizens.  
The best situation for a City is the which is not far distant from the sea, or from some great & navigable river, through which may be transported & carried out those things, whereof we have to great store, and such things may be brought unto us, whereof we stand in need. Surely the mouths or entries of rivers, have great opportunity 〈…〉 their flowings & pleasant tides, do not only enere●●● pleasure, & become most wholesome for all cattles, sithence they may go easily, without any coursing, & vebement resistance▪ 〈…〉 water, but also do make the fields & pastures thereunto adjoining more rank and fruitful. There is great diversity in rivers, & every of them hath not commodity alike: for the river Nilus is counted the most fertile & fruitfullest river of all others, it floweth through Egypt, with great fertility: for when it ●o hath over flowe● the whole Land all the Summer time, it goeth back again into his Channel, and leaveth the fields fatted wit●m●dd●▪ and very fruitful for any tillage, insoma●h that the inhabitants there have scarcely any need of the labour of Oxen, or of the help of any husbandmen, to manure the same any further, then only to cast th●ir see●e thereupon. And this do I judge, is to be attributed unto Nature herself, the best Parent of all things: For sithence Egypt was destitute of ●eawe, and rain, Nature in supply thereof gave thereunto this river, which should be able to give nourishmeutes unto Corn and plants. For the divine providence of God, hath appointed innumerable courses of rivers, for the utilitye of the Land, and Soil, through which their course lieth: because no country should be altogether without the help and furtherance of nature. For the increase of the river Nilus, doth greatly benefit and help that country, because through the great overflowing thereof, many hurtful beasts breeding there, are thereby dispatched & drowned, except they speedily fly for refuge unto the higher places: unto which Country alone, these profits and commodities are incident, that it neither hath any clouds, nor cold winds, or any thick exhalations: the water thereof is very sweet, insomuch that the Inhabitants there, can easily live without wine, and can drink the same water with great pleasure.  
I suppose the vicinity or nearenes of the Sea maketh much better for the preservation and safe keeping of a city, 
Nearenes of the Sea unto a City commodious.  both for the use of civil life, and also for the gathering together of riches, wherewith cities are merueylous●ye increased: but those Cities are far more harder to be besieged, which the Sea washeth upon, seeing that to the siege and expugnation thereof, is required not only a great power by Sea, but also a great Army by land. Whereof i● the one be wanting, the Citizens may easily overcome the other host, when as it shallbe hard for the army by land to send any succour, unto the navy by Sea: on the other part, the multitude or company of sea Soldiers may easily be profligated, and vanquished by horsemen. Therefore convenient and opportune havens, must be carefully, and wisely choose out, by all them that would found and stablish a City.  
Small fields and little Arable grounds, easily bringeth dearth of Corn, which surely is the cause that thither is small recourse of people: for people pinched with penury, and famine, be afraid to marry, neither desireth 
penury.  to have any children, wherefore in such a country they do nothing increase: yea rather the poorer sort, having respect to their needines & famine, do forsake their country, and seek to plant themselves in some pleasant and fruitfuller soil elsewhere, especially if their own country, be so straight & narrow, that it be not able to feed cattles: for next unto corn, cattles which greatly increaseth flesh, Milk, and Cheese, do best nourish. As for fishing me thinks is not greatly to be wished for, partly because that fish do give ill nourishment to the body, and 
Fyshinge.  again do make men's bodies weak and sickelye, which thing I may prove by Homer's testimony, who never made his warriors, and Soldiers, which encamped by the Sea shore, to taste or feed upon fish at any time: and again because, I do always see the Fysherman to be chilling cold, bore and needy.   

THE VIII. BOOK, DIScoursinge of Buildings, Walls, Gates, Castles, Fortresses, Garrisons, Lybraries, Churches, & other Monuments of a City.  
angels which from the very nativity and birth are appointed unto all men, are called the messengers of truth, which do sometime forshew & tell unto holy & innocent men, either sleeping or waking, such predictions & haps of things to come, as by event after wards are found true.  
A place that standeth high, or which hath ready wyndinge & turninge, or which standeth either upon the Sea, or some great river, needeth far less labour and cost: for where as the place is well defended by the natural situation of itself, it needeth the less walls: but plain countries or places not high, must be succoured, & helped with labour, and charges otherwise for defence. Regard also must be had of the height, and thickness of the walls: for when the walls be very high, they are easily 
Fortifications.  shaken, & battered down with engines and Gonnes: again where they are too low, they are easily conquered, & scaled by the enemy with ropes, & scaling ladders. Forty or fifty cubits high is of many cunning Architects, & skilful fortifiers allowed: in the top whereof, that thickness is said to be sufficient, which may serve for two armed soldiers to go side by side, without hindering, one tother in meeting,  
Moreover also there must be had very diligent consideration of the Gates of a city, for by means thereof it chanceth sometimes, that by sudden uproars the towns be taken, & sacked, or when the townsmen, & citizens return or fly, the enemies being mingled among them may surprise the Gates.  
As Romulus at one incursion invaded and took the City of the Fidenatians, for he was purposed after that he had spoiled their fields, to harrye the country, drive away his prey, & so to have discamped with his host: but when the Fidenatians issued out of their city, there was between them a skirmish, wherein they being weaker were discomfited & put to flight. And thereupon Romulus pursuing and chase them, rushed into the city together with them that fled, as if they had been all of one company: & so won the city which he planted with Romans, & brought under his own subjection: Regard therefore must be had, that the ways of the Gates be not direct or straight & forthright, but turning & wynding many ways to deceive the enemies.  
There hath been no small disputation amongst them which have written of civil society, whether any tower or 
Castles in cities.  Castle, be fitly to be placed in a free city, in which thing this is to be considered, whether it do more good or evil, among free citizens, to have a strong Fort committed to the credit, and keeping of a few: And if we will truly judge of and thoroughly revolve the monuments of old histories, we shall find, that mocommon weals, & estates have been subverted, & overthrown, by negligence & treachery of them that have been the rulers, & captains thereof, them have been preserved: & yet notwithstanding, Rome was taken, & fired by the Frenchmen, but by the defence of the Capitol was in part saved, and at length with gold bought peace. But Aristotle affirmeth, that a castle is unto a good common wealth, unprofitable & dangerous: & that it giveth opportunity unto Tyranny, who doubteth▪ Tymotheus that notable Orator of Corinth plainly affirmed that, the city which is kept by the garrison of a castle, cannot lightly be without tyranny.  
Pyrrhus' king of Epyrotes on a time came to Athens, & was with courteous hospitality of the citizens received: he after view taken of that city, abounding with exceeding great riches, and which was the mother of all laudable Arts and Disciplines, was brought into the castle of Pallas, & there did his solempnities with devout reverence, beholding with great admiration the Castle how strong & impregnable it was both by natural situation, & also by artificial fortification: at length when he was ready to departed, and was now come into the market place, he rendered great thanks unto the Rulers of the City, which accompanied him, for the confidence & fidelity, which they reposed in him: & finally warned them that they should never thence forth, give liberty and leave to any king to enter into their castle, lest after such entrance and view, some peradventure using that good opportunity and hold, should take the vantage, and there upon invade their city: This counsel was very well liked of the Athenians, as they which well knew, how dangerous a thing it was for Citizens to suffer, stout and valiant men to enter into their chief fortress: and so from thence forwards, they kept the Gates thereof more diligently.  
Private houses are to be built, if it may be along the high streets, on a row, and of like proportion and making: 
Order of building private houses  for so they beautify and adorn the city. Neither let them build any thing too much outward, thereby to hinder any high ways: for we must so live, that a private house must be described to serve the use and commeditye of the whole family. Neither let any vacant or unprofitable place be therein, and so the very view & sight thereof, shall bring the more ornament thereunto: for as Cicero saith: The gorgeousness of a man's house augmenteth the dignity of the person dwelling in the same.  
And I judge the covetousness of them to be worthy of great reprehension, who flowing and abounding in 
Comely building in a city  great wealth and riches, never bestow any cost in building, because they would spare their money, and fill their Chests for their posterity: whereas if our Ancestors had followed any such order, we should until this day in our Cities have had sheperdlye cabins, & rustical Cottages.  
A Lybrary aught to be erected in some wholesome & quiet place, neither aught we to suffer our Citizens to be 
Libraries.  defrauded and disappointed of such benefit: for if places of exercise which make for the health of man's bodies, be in many cities with such carefulness and cost erected & appointed, how much more aught a Lybrarye to be furnished and set forth, which is the food of a well nurtured mind, and the exercise of a freee or well inclined nature. And if they that got the maysteries or prizes in games, deserved great honours (insomuch that standing in the company, they were crowned with the garland & crown of Uictorye, and at their return into their own country, were like triumphant victers, carried in chairs or Wagons, & were also deemed worthy to be maintained with meat, drink, & apparel, at the public charges of the cities perpetually) how much more are excellent learned men to be had in estimation, which do further and help the common weal aswell in discipline and manners, as also in their writings, by committing all things unto memory, which in time to come, may profit their posterity▪  
Let such a place be choose for a Lybrarye, whose prospect may be Eastward, for the eyesight requireth morning light: for if it should either have prospect southward or westward, the winds blowing from thence, would with their moist heat, and warmness, corrupt volumes, and engender Moothes, which consume, and eat Books. Let the walls within the same be handsomely polished and trimmed, & let them be set out and beautified with green colour, for all green things are good for the eyes, and make the sight thereof sharp, and quick.  
Ptolomeus king of Egypt is highly commended, who finished 
The Lybrarye of Ptolomeus had 40000 volumes.  and furnished a Lybrary at Alexandria, to his inestimable charges and industry, in which library, there were forty thousand volumes: all which books, were destroyed by casualty of fire in the battle that Caesar had against Achilles lieutenant of the kings wars: for when as the kings Navy being by chance withdrawn, was commanded to be fired and burned: the flame thereof catched into a part of the city, and ragingly burned all the houses wherein the books were laid. In which fire good learning and disciplines doubtless had a miserable & lamentable wrack. For the writers of all Nations and countries did earnestly endeavour and strive to conveygh their books thither, as it had been into a Theatre & Mansion of wisdom and learning: of which library, if so much as the steps were extant, they should surely ease us of great labours and traveyles, and with the light of Antiquity, would clarify and lighten the obscure darkness of lettres and disciplines.  
We must also with great regard foresee, that sacred houses or churches be edified and builded, in ●itte, & opportune 
Churches.  places of the city, wherein we must first and chiefly consider this, that of churches and temples, some be made for the most commodity of the citizens, some for the use of them that forsaking the world, give themselves only to contemplation, which houses would be in some out Corner or solitary place, where they may not be interrupted and troubled with the busy tatlinge and civil tumult, of the multitude, & therefore must be set out of the company & resort of men, and out of the sight of private houses: and either be built in the territories, or else without the walls of the city. But those that are ordained for the public utility of the Citizens, ought to be situated in a fair room & place, either in the heart of the City, or in the places that be best inhabited and peopled, to thintent the citizens may conveniently thither repair daily with their wives and children: but those churches which they 
Cathedral churches.  call Cathedral churches, whereof the bishop of the Sea hath the rule and authority, all Architectes think most expedient to be builded upon an high ground in the midst of the city, that out of it the greatest part of the walls of the city may be viewed every where round about: for within the guard and protection thereof, the whole city, seemeth to consist, and thither upon holy days all men flock together as it were unto a spectacle of divine and special matters. As for places in the churches and houses of prayer or preaching, where divine mysteries are to be celebrated, let them be ordained, so far as may be, best for the ministers and congregation: and if it may conveniently, Eastward: but if the nature of the place will not so suffer it, let it be so and in such sort, that it may stand in the full fight of the greater part of the church, wherein if they take advise of the skilful Architectes to oversee the workmanship, they shall build all things commodiouslye, and orderly: neither shall they greatly stand in need of any my writing or precepts thereto, sithence the devise and reason of building requireth rather a lively instructor, than a dead director: moreover that is true, which as a common proverb is wont to be spoken, that an unskilful master or owner, can a great deal better build in his own court, or upon his own ground, than a most learned & skilful worckmaister in another. For man's diligence & long consideration of the owner or master, surpasseth the devise and skill of the Artificer.   

THE ninth BOOK entreating of wars, and Martial discipline, Of Munitions, ordinance, Artillery, Victuals, Musters, Lieutenants, generals, Captains and Soldiers: Of peace and War with the circumstances thereof.  
THere is nothing unto man's nature better than to be willing, neither any thing greater, than to be able to benefit and help many▪ But forasmuch as the several wealth of many people particularly is but slender and small, that although they would never so gladly, yet can they not extend liberality and requital towards them that well deserve: Only kings and princes may be liberal, bountiful & nobly minded.  
Chilo the Lacedaemonian, who was one of the seven wise Sages of Greece was abundantly enriched, in a manner with all kinds of virtues, yet in nothing more, then in beneficence and liberality: & therefore when as he was come to extreme old age, oftentimes (as it were reioycingly) 
Liberality in Captains and generals most commendable & expedient.  he was wont to say, that in all his life time, he did never any thing ingratefully: Not virtue doth more commend and adorn Captains, generals, and Governors of Armies, than Liberality, whereby they keep their Soldiers constant and obedient in perfourminge their duties, and also thereby allure and win their very enemies unto them, through hope of Benignitye, and francknesse.  
The first onset and clasping together of the Armies in fight, is always counted dangerous, and difficult: for true is that sentence of Scipio: That there appeareth greater courage and haughtiness in him that infereth peril and adventureth to give the onset, then is in him that redefendeth: But after that open war be denounced, and that every man prepareth home ward out of his fields, to stick to his safety, and to stand circumspectly upon his 
The first onset in battle most dangerous.  guard: then they come together in their warlike order, & then they appoint their scouts, and marshal their soldiers, every man taketh stomach and courage unto him: he beholdeth and seethe his enemy, neither thinketh he it good and convenient to bicker disorderly, and Skirmishinglye, but orderly and in good array: and then those matters which fear imagined to be dangerous, reason doth teach to be far less, and not so much to be doubted: then every man determineth with himself what is needful to be done, neither be they taken unprovided, nor rceive the foil at their enemy's hands, but are every day more and more emboldened and encouraged, and by these means they commonly carry away the victory, which were provoked with injury afore: & thus do they many times revenge themselves upon their enemies, and deliver their country from all thraldom and Bondage.  
But the order of waging battle is far more straight, and needeth deeper council: Neither is it enough for us 
Waginge battle.  to consider that we go to fight in a righteous quarrel, & for justly demanding our own right: & that for good causes war may well be waged and proclaimed: But we must also consider what our power is, & of what power & strength, our adversaries and enemies are, what manner of Soldiers we have, what partakers & confederates, what tributaries we have, and how they be affected towards us: to what sum our common stock or treasury amounteth to: for it is a thing odious and hateful, to levy tribute upon private people, and is a thing that very soon breeds and getteth the envy of the citizens. We must also consider how strong, how well fortified, & how well victualled the ritty is, with what garrisons the towns and Castles within our jurisdiction, be maintained and kept, and what store of munition and ordinance we have in our armary: these & many such like, are before hand to be prepended & weighed, & which are then chief acknowledged and best known, when the gates of the city being shut, the enemy is kept out, and driven back from the walls with slynges, arrows, and gonshot.  
Advise, valiauntnes, and knowledge in matiall matters, be of great force and do much good in wars: but 
Assured peace better than conquest hoped for.  fortune, chief excels all the rest, wherefore that sentence of Hannibal unto Scipio is true, where he saith: that the events of things never less agreed and fall out, according to our purposes then in war: and therefore an assured peace is better and safer, than a victory, which we do but hope for: also we must yield somewhat unto the multitude and vulgar sort, whose credence always hangs upon fortune, and many times follow the minds of men mingled and gathered together, out of sundry countries, whom no zealous piety or affection towards their country, no fear of god nor religion keepeth in awe, but are only there to alured with hire, & stipendiary wages.  
All consultation of wars to be made upon others, although it be good for many purposes, yet in a free City it is dangerous: for when the matter is referred to the Senate, they do not all agreed in one opinion, some follow the truth, & some frame themselves according to thopinion of the common people, & be people pleasers, advauncinge & setting forward the side, which the vulgar sort best alloweth, & therefore the most part are deceived: for there is nothing among mortal men so unstable & wavering, as the minds, wills, & opinions of the citizens, which not only being disallowed of (as Cicero saith) are angry or grieved, but also oftentimes do repined & grudge at things, that be well done & by right & equity: therefore a wise man will advisedly deliberate, & consider each circumstance, before he absolutely give his consent, to thenterpriseing of making wars, lest that he lay such a burden upon his shoulders under which he may fall down.  
Labienus a man fortunate, and rich, who of his own proper costs and charges builded out of the ground, the town called Cingulum in Pice●●, took part too earnestly with Pompeius, wherefore he could not hope for any favour or pardon at the victors hands, although (in deed) most merciful. For whenther was an emparle & treaty of peace between the Soldiers of Caesar, & the soldiers of Pompey, this Labienus with a loud voice, exclaimed & cried out saying: Sirs, leave of to make any further taulke of entreaty for peace: for except you first have Caesar's head from his shoulders, there can be no peace at all amongst you.  
Nothing can be more dangerous in a free city, then for a man to promise' that he will be the author & ryngleader of wars, which thing surely even they in mine opinion seem to do, which openly in the counsel chamber aver that wars are expedient to be taken in hand. Solon 
Authors of Wars.  was accounted a very wiseman, yet be (because he would not freely give sentence, that it was requisite to make wars against the Megarians, for the recovery of Salamine, suddenly feigned himself mad, and being disguised in apparel like a fool, provoked the Athenians to fight. When the matter fallen out well, and that they had won Salamyne, they all commended & well allowed of his counsel, & devise in that behalf: Now Solon all this while, under the shield of feigned madness shrouded himself, that if the matter should not have come to pass as he before had told them, and as he would have it, yet thereby he might purchase pardon for his words and deeds.  
It is oftentimes called in question, whether it be good 
Warring for enlarging empires.  to make wars, for the increase & propagation of dominion & Lordship, when any occasion of conquest is offered: or else whether, it be better to be quiet, and to live in peace: many arguments may be brought and alleged on both parts. But we rather incline unto peace.  
Glorious truly is Martial dealings, and I cannot tell whether there be any thing more noble: and no man can deny but all great dominions and noble Empires 
Praise of War fare.  have been purchased and gotten by the attempt of wars. Without all doubt the renown and names of all most noble and flourishing cities, should for the most part be buried in darkness, were they not made famous by martial 
Rome and Athens.  feats: Neither hath the City of Athens attained so great fame or renown, which hath merited to have the name of the mother of all Arts & disciplines, as Rome hath done: which was in times passed, the Imperial seat of the whole universal world, although neither of the twain would seem to lack the others praise and commendation. For Rome itself excelled in the studies of all good Arts and Sciences, and Athens lacked the glory of warfare: for either of these Cities bore great Reverence unto the studies both of war, and peace, and honoured Minerva both armed and unarmed: but we (as I said before) do rather commend peace, & do especially desire to 
Peace better than War.  instruct our citizens in the same, because it leadeth more safely and surely unto the tranquillity of mind: And therefore living content with the territories and countries which we already enjoy, let us not enter into any wars but only such as is necessary, or if at any time we do enter into the same, let us as speedily as we can, seek some way to bridle and qualefye our desires: which thing even armed Hannibal seemeth to ratify, when as he said unto Scipio in this manner: It had been very good if the Gods had geeven that mind unto our predecessors, that you might be contented with thempires of Italy, and we of afric.  
Uayne glory and vain desire of soveraignitie, many times so inflameth men, that they be contented with no 
Vain glory, and ambition.  territories or bounds, neither take they any felicity in peace.  
Curtius writeth that them bassadours of Scythia spoke these words unto king Alexander: If the Gods had 
Vain glory and ambition noted in Alexander.  geeven unto the a body, agreeable to the great greediness and ambition of thy myude, the whole world itself would not suffice to contain thee, thou wouldst with the one hand touch the East, and with the other, the West: and having obtained all this, thou wouldst yet moreover know where and in what place, the renown of such a stately majesty should be enthronized, & thus desirest thou the thing, which thou canst not comprehend: From Europa thou traveylest into Asia, and out of Asia again into Europa, finally if thou get the upper hand, and overcome all human creatures, and men living, then will't thou make wars with woods, clouds, rivers, wild beasts, and dumb creatures: what thinkest thou? dost thou not know that great trees do grow long time, and yet in one hour space they are plucked up by the roots? He is a fool that looketh after the fruits of them, and measureth not the height of the tree, whereof they grow: take heed lest whilst thou strivest to come to the top of the Tree, thou fall to the ground with the same boughs, which thou layest hold upon.  
O miserable state and condition of man. O deceivable expectation, which mortal natures have in this world Why are we seduced and carried away with such greedy ambition, sithence we evidently see that all our goods, & whatsoever worldly benefits else which we possess & enjoy, are mutable, transitory & frail, and that nothing is to be desired saving only virtue.  
What do the subversions of Cities gotten by conquest, or otherwise avail? what do whole empires themselves profit us? but that only when we enjoy them, we do always live carcking and careful? For true is that sentence of julianus Caesar, who at the beginning of his reign being troubled with tumultuous ruffling in France, said: That he had got nothing by being Emperor, but only that he lived thereby, ever busy and occupied.  
If we take in hand any wars, we must first forethincke whom we may auctoryze, & make the chief Generalle 
Governors, & generals in● Wars.  and Capitayne: for if we will judge aright in this behalf, truly there can be nothing found more rare or difficult, than a good General & Capitayne.  
Philip king of Macedony said that he marveled why the Athenians did every year chose new generals, and Captains of their wars, sithence he in all his life time had found but one good Capitayne, namely Parmenio.  
Cicero supposeth that four things ought to be in a 
four special things requisite in a chieftayne.  chieftayn or governor of wars: that is to say, knowledge or skill in Martial matters: Ualiaunce: Authority: & felicity: and unto these he addeth further: virtues (says he) appertaining unto a General or chief Capitayne, are Travel & Labour, Fortitude, and Courage in dangers, industry in his dealings, quick dispatch in bringing things to pass, and advisement in forecasting with providence, which way to work his matters.  
All men know that Fortune lieth not in our power but is to be craved by prayer, at the hands of God: but virtue and wisdom, aught we to have at ourselves.  
Cambyses (as Xenophon reporteth) advertised his son Cyrus, that Captains of wars over and above alother soldiers, should enure themselves to abide heat & droughte, and in winter the storms and cold: & to be always at one end in all labours and dangerous adventures: for asmuch as the traveles are not so grievous unto the Captain, as to the common soldier: for he that is a Chiefetain or General, aught to measure and by due consideration to weigh in his mind, that fame and commendation in doing of exploits, doth very much appertain unto him.  
And it is expedienc for him that hath the Government of an armed host, to enure young men to exercise, some times to go about the watches: to see his soldiers victualled: to see the Corn tried: to punish fraud & deceit in the measure thereof, ●o punish faults, to be always present at the beginning: to hear the complaints of his soldiers: and to see the sick and diseased to be looked & previded for. There are also other virtues almost innumerable, appertaining to a General, mentioned by such people as have written of war like affairs.  
Soldiers that transgress or make offences, are to be punished, and with fear of the laws to be restrained: as those which scatter and wander abroad at random from the Camp, and so come again to their tents, and such 
Soldiers offendinge how to be punished.  as give the slip and go their ways, ranging abroad a long while, and afterward are brought again: For as the soldier which first fleeth is to be executed & put to death for example of the rest: so likewise is he to be punished which shall do a thing in wars, that his Captain shall prohibit, or which observeth not the charge enjoined him, yea although he otherwise worthily behave and acquire himself: in which respect Manlius Torquatus in all ages is commended, who commanded his own son to be beheaded, because he presumed to fight against his commandment, and yet he fought stoutly and valiantly in defence of the common weal.  
generals and Captains, shall do much more good, with good example of their life and conversation, than with the Censure of manners, or with any kind of cruelty. For Xenophon bringethe in Cyrus discoursinge by way of oration, in manner to this effect; The chief work or par● of a prince or governor is to show himself a man of honest conversation, and moreover to look that ●u●h as ●● under his charge, & at his commandment▪ may prove virtuous & good men: & it is the duty of a Soldier to obey his captain▪ willingly to take in hand all labours all adventures, & dangers, not to fight but in array, and according to prescription, to love his weapon, to have ●●yll in warfare▪ and to set more by his honour, dignity, & good fame, then by any thing under the Son.  
The laws of the Lacedæmonians were very severe & sharp in martial matters, wherein (as Marcellinus declareth) those Soldiers were sharply punished, which when the army was ranked, & set in array, dared be seen to shroud themselves elsewhere, under any roof or shed.  
Writers report that Scipio walking about with his friends, used to eat only cheat bread without any thing 
Hardness of fare.  else: and so do Historiographers write the M●sinissa king of Numidia used to dine, who being lxxxx. years of age, used to dine standing or walking before his tent or pavilion. Such crimes specially have their original from the chief Governors, and them that be in authority: for the soldiers do imitate the fashions and natures of those that have chief rule and governance over them: for if the captains be good, they train their soldiers to goodness, but if they be ill, they then make their soldiers apt and prove to ill: for the multitude of the common soldiers, are sun infected.  
Soldiers are to be taught (by the example of Marcus Cato) to be fierce and courageous against their enemies, & to show themselves gentle towards their friends and Confederates, fearful to do injuries, but ready and prompt to revenge wrongs to them offered, and to desire nothing more than praise and glory, which in deed is a very goodly persuasion: for those that be desirous of praise, do not shun nor refuse any traveles, neither shrink they or withdraw themselves from any perils or dangers, but being inflamed with desire of glory, do nothing doubt to hazard themselves in all great adventures & dangers. soldiers also must be punished that have done amiss: for too much lenity and favour 
Offences to be pardoned, and how to be punished.  doth make them more proclive and prove to offend: and if it fall out that very many have offended, yet must we not for fear, pardon or dispense with all, but must punish those that are in the greatest fault: for if many be punished, they are to be sent and distributed to receive their execution in divers places.  
Marcellus upon a time openly perceived and saw Lucius Bantius Nolanus, a man very bold and factious, soliciting and stirring the townsmen there, to revolt and turn unto Hannibal, & yet dared he not put him to death, for fear of the Nolanes: wherefore he called him unto him with fair words, praising him openly as a worthy soldier, and exhorting him, to hold on and continued his good service and faithful loyalty, & to be willing still to bear out that warfare with him. And that the citizens should the better credit that he was in such favour with his capitayne, Marcellus gave him a goodly fair Courser, by means of which courtesy and gentleness, he changed and altered the evil mind and treacherous disposition of Lucius, and thence forward found both him and all his retinewe and crew, trusty and faithful.  
Many hold opinion that a General of an Army ought not to combat and fight hand to hand with his enemy, 
Combat how it is allowable in a captain.  except in time of great necessity, and that it is sufficient for him to perform thoffice of a capitain and leader, & not of a common soldier. For they say the cities have been utterly sacked, and whole hosts slain down right, or at lest discomfited & put to flight, by the rashness of their Captains and generals: for while they pursue after every particular enemy, they forsake and leave the main host at all adventures, and while they study to take heed of one man's blow, they pull upon their own heads, the whole main force of their enemies, not considering how that their own dangers brings with it the general calamity and spoil of the whole host.  
Scipio Africanus to certain men which said that he 
One politic & skilful captain more worth than a great sort of common soldiers.  was no great fighter, wisely answered saying: My mother brought me forth into this world a Capitayne and a General, not a fighter or common Soldier: thereby meaning that victory and conquest, consists rather in thexperience and wisdom of one, then in the weapons, and strength of many: Cyrus (as Xenophon mentioneth) asked Cambyses how a victory might best be got, to whom he thus answered: he that would win & have the upper hand and victory, must entrap and take his 
How to overcome the enemy.  enemies by all manner of policy whatsoever, either by secret ambushes, or deceit and fraud, yea by rapine, theft, and pylfery they must be spoiled, rob & impoverished: for nothing is to be pretermitted, which may in any respecttend to the subduing, & vanquishing of a man's enemies: a very lie in convenient time by the chief captain made, hath suddenly obtained the victory: as that of Ualerius Levinus, who with a loud voice cried out 
A very. Lie sôtime available  that he had slain Pyrrhus, and therewithal to make the matter more credible, held up his sword all bloody, with the blood of a certain Soldier whom a little before he had killed, with which surmised lie, the Epyrotes being suddenly astonished, ran away as fast as they could, weeping & trembling into their tents.  
Demosthenes the greatest orator among the Grecians, 
Demosthenes' wise excuse for his running away.  achieved many wars, and was in a great battle at Cheronea, wherein Philip of Macedon overcame the Athenians, out of which conflict Demosthenes by flight and running away saved himself: this thing being by way of reproach afterward laid in his dish, after the death of Philip, he excused himself, by reciting this notable verse.  

The party vanquished weeps and wails,  
But the party vanquishing by death quails.   
julius Caefar as he in worthy exploits surpassed all 
julius Caefar valiant and learned.  men, so also did he excel almost all the Romans in Latin eloquence. The knowledge also of histories is commodious and profitable for them which have the conduction and governance of armies, both because in taking counsels and advises, by the event and Fortune of other man's former haps, most firm examples are learn, and again because the virtue that is praised in others, doth allure and move us to obtain the like: and fearful Cowardice being reproved doth make men become more valiant: and I cannot tell whether the knowledge of warfare may by any other discipline be better helped, then by perusing historical Monuments, by which we are taught and instructed to do all things well and orderly, which may either be spoken or thought by man. Nothing new and strange, nothing wonderful, nothing unheard or uncouth, can happen unto the Chieftayne, which hath very good knowledge and experience in Histories.  
Warlike order and array, Discipline of Soldiers, good respect and study in invadinge, and bewaringe the 
Sundry good points incident and meet to be known of a good Captain.  enemy, skill in Marshallinge the army in right order of array, knowledge when to begin the Skirmish, when to leave, how to plant Ambushes and stales, & how to take heed of the like, which place is fit to be choose, which plat is most commodious to be first prevented and gaygned, which again is to be left unto the enemy, how and which way to give the onset and charge, and how to resist and stand at defence, with innumerable other points, which scarce be comprehended in long discourse, by what other means can they more easily be learned, then by perusing over Monuments and records of Histories.  
Among all sorts of men, there can be nothing found 
Nothing more rare than a perfect General.  more rare than a perfect Captain and General, which if he be not to be found in the City, he must be sent for from other places: for it is better to fight well and fafelye protected under a stranger Captain, then in danger and hazard of life under the government of our native Citizen.  
He that hath the charge and authority over a city, & in the time of war is also to look to urbane affairs & aught to employ employ very great diligence, and to look narrowly unto his charge, that the City do not sustain any detriment or damage: and as (like a capitain in the camp) he aught to perform his office, so like a wise governor ought he to exercise and train his soldiers within the walls of the city, that with idleness, niceness, sitting in the shade, and other delicate and tender cockring of the city they be not effeminated. And sometimes it shall behove himself in person to visit the wards, and go through the watches, and not to commit all things to the disposition of them whom he maketh masters of the watches under him, who in deed shall keep their watch much more diligently and carefully, if they stand in fear and awe of him that is chieferuler over them all, and see him to be watchful and vigilant. For there be which suppose, that those people are most sharply to be punished, which negligently look to their watch and ward, least by sleep, sloth and negligence of one man, the whole city should perish, 
Punishment for the watch  which committeth all things to the diligence of those few people: wherefore histories do highly commend Epaminondas the Theban, who in time of great distress & danger, viewing & surveying in proper person the watches, thrust his sword through one of the watchmen whom he found sleeping, saying these words: A deadman I found him, a deadman I leave him.  
Neither is it to be marveled at, that Epaminondas being otherwise a capitayne gentle and merciful, did use and praccise such severity upon a man sleeping, seeing that we do see how through such negligence, whole cities have been sacked, spoiled, & burned. whereupon Virgil saith:  
Inuadunt urbe somno vinoque sepultam.  

With wine and sleep, the City careless made,  
The enemies do with force of arms invade.   
By reason of this policy & diligence Alcibiades above others is praised: For when the Athenians were by the Lacedæmonians besieged, he gave warning unto the watchmen that they should well mark the light which he in the night season out of the tower or Castle, would show them, and that at the sight & beholding thereof, they should also hold up an other light: and if any were found remiss or negligent in doing accordingly, he should assuredly suffer punishment therefore, by means whereof he made the watchmen to become most diligent and wary.  
Also there aught always to be scouts & espials to give 
Scours of a City.  warning in the night season by some becon or flame of fire when the enemies approached, & in the day time by smoke. Neither aught men to be suffered to go out at the gates, into their fields, till that scouts have throughly searched & tried, that they may safely go about their husbandry. Neither let the same Scouts continue in their turns, any long time, but daily let fresh men succeed in their rooms, lest with too much travail and tediousness, they happen to handle their charge more negligently.  
It is also very commodious and profitable that chief rulers, and such as be in authority, either at home or in wars abroad, where some dangerous matters do chance, should go forth abroad in their own people to see the state of things: by the example of Marcellus, who to his College or fellow in office said these words: Let us ourselves go with a few horsemen to make search how the case standeth, for the thing manifested unto our eyes, shall more certainly direct our advise and counsel what is best to be done: For Plato willeth Princess▪ of common weals to go forth and see how things frame abroad, and with them to lead their children on horseback, thereby to enure them with less fear to abide the view and sight of their enemies.  
The ancient custom that the Frenchmen used is very profitable, to learn & understand of all things which the enemy doth and pretendeth: which custom many nations & princes in our time also do use to put in practice, which is that some witty people may be appointed to learn 
Espials abroad very necessary.  what fame and common report goeth abroad, and to make wayfaring people (will they or nil they) to stay, and of them to learn and sift out what news every one of them hath herded or known: let them inquire of them, out of what coasts or countries they came, and whither they mean to go, & let them compel them to declare asmuch as they know● of their pretence to come. But yet such news, flying▪ tales and reports, they may not always credit: for many do tell lies, and do faigninglye answer according to the will and humour of him that asketh the question, and so leave the demaunders as wise (for any certainty) as they were before: but if the demaunders, and sifters out of these matters be circumspect and wise, they shall easily be able to bolt and try out the truth, and thereby their councils and advises, which are to be daily taken in hand, shall by such examination be much the better furthered.  
Let also the Lieutenant or Governor of a City and Citizens, be very diligent and circumspect in the safe keeping and gardinge of the Gates, the Reyes whereof let him keep himself, and let him set in good order the watches 
Gates must diligently be looked unto.  and wards duly: let him also take heed, that he be not deceived and dissembled withal, under the colour of his own soldiers, or beguiled by the counterfeicting of an other known speech. For Hamnibal surprised many cities in Italy by appareling and arming his soldiers like Romans, sending before him such of his Soldiers as by long continuance in the wars could speak the Latin tongue. Many subtle shifts and deceits are devised in the entrance of the Gates of a City, which are to be taken heed of. For sometime the Enemies for the nonce and of set purpose, do make their Beasts and Carriages to fall down, or else their Wanes that carry great huge Stones, to break and fall in pieces, and thereupon the Enemies being sydaynlye at hand (while the Gates cannot well be shut) the towns are easily taken. The Massilians fearing this thing, by the good institutions and ordinances of their Common wealth, did so keep and ward their Cities in time of Peace, as if they had then been continually vexed and troubled with wars: Wherefore upon the holy days they were wont to shut the Gates of their Cities, to keep their Watches, to see their Soldiers in good array standing upon the Walls, to muster and take a note of their Strangers, and other war like affairs beside.  
Revoltes and Runagates, are not to be received or entertained into the City: for Sinon the Graecian, being gentlely interteyned, was destruction of the Trojans. And Zopirus the friend of Darius' king of Persia, perceyvinge 
Fugitives and runneawayes.  the King to wax weary with his long besieging of Babylon, and being without all hope of wynninge it, cut of his own nose and his own ears, and fled away thence unto the Babylonians, where he uttering many slanderous and reproachful words, against his king, promised them that he would deliver into their hands the victory, and be avenged on him. They believing his 
Cloaked treason under flattering woides.  smooth words, made this Zopirus their General Capitayne, & delivered unto him their power, which when he had received, incontinently he betrayed & delivered both the City and the whole host unto Darius. So also Sextus Tarqvinius feigning himself to have fled away from his father's Host, because he was (as he fayde) beaten with rods, and coming to the City of Gabijs, (then besieged) persuaded them to join in like hatred with him against the king his father, and being by them appointed chief Capitayne, he strait ways betrayed the City, into the hands of his said father.  
It is also dangerous to retain many strangers & Aliens into the city: both because every multitude of people, that is gathered and peeced together out of sundry nations, is unquiet and oftentimes, of a small matter or quarrel stirreth up tumults & hurlyburlies: but also because it is the part of a mad man, to divide there 
Dangerous to have many strangers in a city.  those things among many, which he knoweth not whether they will suffice to the maintenance of a few.  
Unto this Sentence may be aptly applied that same precept of Cambyses king of Persians', which he gave unto Cyrus his son, where he saith.  

No man aught to stay till poverty oppress,  
But rather to provide in time of wealthynesse.   
Alexander of Macedon besieging Leucadia, suffered all the borderers and neighbours thereabout to fly thither for refuge and succour, that they being many, might the sooner consume the victuals, which being spent, he ease lie obtained the victory. Antigonus seemeth to have used the like devise against the Athenians, who having destroyed their Corn fields, departed thence, and went away in the time of seed sowing, that if they had any remainder of Corn yet left, they might bestow the same upon sowing: & so making his return thither again the next spring, over came and spoiled all the Corn being now sprouted and shot up: and so by famine brought them to agreed to any thing, even at his own pleasure. 
Foreign soldiers untrusty.   
The multitude also of soldiers is greatly to be feared, this have the Carthaginians apparently taught: for when they had made peace with the Romans, the mercenary soldiers, which were in number about 20000. which fought against the Romayns, conspired together, and revolted & fled from the Carthaginians, and beside this, e●ueygled and seduced all Africa: and there upon besieged Carthage, and could not be kept from scaling the walls, had not the great labour and industry of Hamilcar then chief Captain of Carthage been the greater.  
Let a Chiefetayne make dispatch and haste in those matters that he is bend and fully persuaded to do: For speedy expedition is the best compaignion in warfare: in which thing Alexander of Macedon is especially commended, because in expedition and spedinesse, be surpassed 
Speed and expedition a nottable furtherance to wa● like affairs.  the celerity & haste of all other Capitayns: and he had so framed his footmen, that they were as swift and nimble on foot as horses: wherefore Darius the king being by him pursued, chased and persecuted, grievously complained that he had no time of respite geeven him to pause & consider how to withstand the alacrity of Alexander, who oftentimes courageously travailed, with great journeys night and day to entrap his enemies at unwares, and to set upon them suddenly and unlooked for.  
Let also the chief capitain of the wars do his matters closely and secretly, and let him not open and disclose his secrets unto any man, by thexample of Metellus, who 
Secret hand linge of affairs.  (as Plutarch mentioneth, thus answered a certain friend of his, which demanded of him what he would do the next day following: If this my coat which I wear (saith he) could utter forth and openly declare my secrets and determinations, I would straight ways put it of, and burn it to ashes. And julius Caesar purposing to transport and sand his army another way, took his journey secretly, and delivered to some one man his tables, signed with his hand, dyrectinge them at a certain time and place to be ready, and in good array of battle to do what he should command them: and now and then commanded he notes to be written upon stones lying in the high ways, where his soldiers must pass, where by he gave them by certain watchwords, directly to understand what way was needful and best to be taken.  
As it is the part of a good physician to leave no hurtful thing in the body of his Patient: so is it the part of a good General to remove and take away whatsoever shall hinder the prosperous estate & preservation of this his authority: for oftentimes it falls out that a small sparcke of fire being neglected and not looked unto, causeth a great flame, as the proverb saith. And that sentence of Marcus Cato is to be held for an Dracle, writing thus in his Book of Warfare: In other matters 
Two specialle precepts in dy●ecting wa●e fare.  (saith he) whatsoever is misdone, may be redressed or afterwards at more leisure, amended: but in war, we must not admit the promise of any amendment, for faults committed: because present punishment aught out of hand to follow the offence. For the revenger of sloth and Ignorance is evermore at hand ready and priest, which is never favouringe or pitiful towards the enemy that offendeth.  
There are two precepts which seem to contain in them the whole discipline or Art of Warfare, the one is that there be but few Governors and Commanders & the same able well to govern, and then also such as have passed through all that degrees of warfare, whereby by obeiinge aforetime theymselues, they have the better skill to command others. They which have these things, it cannot be choose, but that they shall either obtain the victory, or else an honest and honourable peace: but to them which fail in these things, no power or Force can suffice for their defence, but they shallbe carried headlong with a blind rage to their utter ruin & destruction, even like brute beasts.  
Clemency and mercifulness towards their Subjects and underlinges, both greatly set forth the commendation of generals and Captains, and maketh their 
clemency in generals most commendable.  noble acts more famous: Cicero affirmeth that, they are to be received into favour and protection which with submission cast down their weapons and betake themselves to the mercy of the General, yea although the ordinance and Engine have shaken or battered down the wall. And Caesar was wont to say, that nothing pleased him better than to spare the simple sort of people, neither is this virtue to be omitted towards those which are overcome and vanquished: For slaughter, Lust, Cruelty, and every example of outrageous Pride towards those that be in distress and misery, hath been always accounted detestable and horrible: great commendation did Marcus Marcellus win, who before he would gra●● the Spoil of the wealth Cyttye Syracuse, unto his Soldiers, wept, and by an Edict commanded that no man should hurt or Injury any Freeman of the City. Livius maketh mention that the Spoil of that City was so exceeding great, that there would have been scarcely the like in CARTHAGE, which was of Power and equal strength always to encountre with them.  
In mine Opinion this note or precept is expediente to be geeven, that we should far more esteem of a 
Few well trained better than a great number of unskilful peasauntes  small Number of Soldiers, being trained up and exercised in the Feats of War, and sooner should they gain the Uictorye, then of a great multitude which are both unskilful and Ignorant, who do open and as it were make a ready way to their own destruction, who are afraid of every Trifle, and rather take care for flight, then for glory or renown: therefore the old precept willeth a man that lacketh an old beaten soldier, to take a Novise, as yet untrained.  
For ALEXANDFR after the death of his father PHILIPPE, with forty Thousand tall armed Soldiers, that had been by his father notably and skilfully trained in Feats of Wars, overcame sundry and innumerable Hosts of his enemies, that wythstode him, and subdued very many Regions and countries of the world under his Subjection, and compelled them to become vassals unto him.  
What shall we say of the Romayves, who being descended from mean beginnings yet by virtue and prows only and by Martial skill, did conquer all the whole world? Is it not a thing to be marveled at, that a number of herdmen and shepherds should invade Italy, a country most mighty above all other Regions, and daunt and subdue the Germaynes, and all France: despising the largeness of their Bodies, and the number of their hosts, and besides this shculde also ●ame & bring in subjection the Spaniards, which were right fierce & cruel warrioures, and should conquer and vanquyshe that Africanes, which were the wyliest & wealthiest people under the son: and moreover should overreache the wisdom and cunning of the Greeks, and finally become Lords of the whole world?  
In the choice and mustering of people apt for the wars, we must first and foremost have a respect unto that age of the person, which aught to be young and tender: For boys and stripelinges, do far more easily learn those 
Youngmen most aptest to be taught and trained inwarfare  things which are expedient: and do better frame themselves to things wherein is no difficulty, while their members are not yet stiff and hardened, neither grown to their full strength and perfection: for they ●itte a horse better, & they handle that reins nymbler than aged people with stowpinge bodies, whose limbs be stiff and hardened. And furthermore lightsomeness in leaping up & down, swyftenesse in running, and quickness in casting, is more easy for the body, which yet is tender and gren●, then for a body that is grown unto full strength.  
Surely Plato prince of all Philosophers held opinion that young men were to be choose for the wars, at the 
Age of Soldiers.  age of twenty years, and Servius Tullius King of the Romans, was of opinion to choose them at seaventene years old, at which age he called them iwenes, because they were person●sable to help, and aid their Country and common wealth. Some others do write that the firsteyeares of Pubertie, that is when the hairs do beginneth first to grow▪ is the best time to choose one that we would have to prove a worthy servitor▪ But the soldiers which are taken up being above the age of 〈◊〉 years, are seldom commodious. And when they handle 
unfitness of Soldiers.  their weapons, (because they do it unhandsomelye) they are but made laughing stocks unto others, & oftentimes because of their unweildynesse, they are by the old 〈◊〉 quipped, which saith: that they be as fit for warfare as an Ox to bear a Packesadle: therefore it were 〈◊〉 to exempt such, and remit them to such Arts as they have been brought up in, then to press them to the wars, where they will serve to small purpose, except it be in great necessity: for than we read that prisoners and malefactors have been loured out of prison and set at liberty, & bondmen also in this case to have served for the present turn. Cornelius Celsus writeth, that a square bodied parsonage is most seruisable, & he praiseth a mediocrity of breadth and length: because tallness which in youth is comely, 
Stature▪ ●●s●● commendable for a Soldier.  is by nature sun consumed and brought to an end by Old age. But as the stature which tendeth unto mediocritye is firmer, stronger, and of longer continuaunce● so on the other part, a slender body is counted weak and feeble▪ and a fat body is thought to be dull and unweildye: not withstanding I know that some do hest allow of ta●nesse in a Soldier▪ wherup●●● the Romans a 〈◊〉 their lively and courageous horsemen's and in their first Bands & Cohortes, suffered ●one to serve but those that were in stature six foot, or very near there unto.  
Neither am I ignorant that Alexander and his host by reason of their small stature, were at their coming into 
Small stature of Alexander's Soldiers.  that country, derided and laughed to s●o●n● of the Scythians, which were very tall people, but win a small time after, the Scythians learned, that manliness and courage, & not talnes & height was to be considered in the estemie. For it many times comes to pass that little people, and men of small stature, prove & are found the best warriors. Therefore we must not stand upon this point, to consider how tall a man be, but how strong he is▪ yet notwithstandinge the confirmation and well knitting of the members together, may give great tokens of strength in man. Let therefore a young man, that is to be employed this 
Best bodily proportion & ●eacture for a Soldier.  way, be well visaged, and straight bodied, round necked & handing some what downward, quick eyed and watchful▪ cheerly countenanced, broad breasted and broad shouldered, strongly drawned in his arms, and firmly compact in the joints of his fingers, long armed, strong Elbowed, slender bellied, big hypped, his legs rather slenderly then ro●udlye Cau●fed, and Strongelye fo●●ed.  
Moreover in levyinge and mustering Soldiers, we must consider in what country they were born and brought up. For albeit in every place there be born aswell Dastard as valyaunce and stout people, yet notwithstanding the aspect of the Heavens, furthereth much 
The country must be respected where a soldier hath bene bread and born.  unto the Courage and Strength of the person: and the North countries are better in this respect, thethe Easterlye: But every temperate Country is reputes and taken as best.  
A Soldier is better to be taken out of the Country then out of the Ci●●ie▪ as all the ancient writers which have written of warfare do hold Opinion: and not without good cause● for the Country youth being hardened, and Sun burned, suffering and enduring dust, Rain, and Snow, feeding upon brown Bread, and wild bearyes, can abide far more easily to lie abroad, 
City soldiers  can suffer rain, showers, and storms, can continue to rheum, through the stippery and durtye fields all bore footed, which no horse can pass for mire & fowlnesse, much better than tenderly brought up youngmen can, which have bane cockered and nicely effeminated with town delicacies, and pleasures of the City, who cannot sleep except they may lie upon a soft feather bed, where no noise must disquiet or trouble them, and being no●hable to endure either heat or cold, are ever puling in their stomach, they never have good appetite to their meat except they may have the delicate dishes of the City far, & dressed after the City fashion, ever seeking for the finest broths and viands, neither can they be at hearts ease if they want their old domestical blandimentes. Furthermore nature herself prescribeth this unto mankind, that be less fears wounds or death which hath lest knowledge of delyces and pleasures in this life.  
The Lacedæmonians deserved great praise and commendation in warfare, whose life if we do ●e hold, we shall find that they even till the age of 〈◊〉 state▪ were 
Lacedæmonians how they lived.  occupied and busied in the fields and in hunting and always lived very strictlye and hardly.  
The Ancient Romans esteemed the care of warfare and husbandry as one: and the self same people that in time of Peace played the Husbandemen, did 〈◊〉 time 
Romans esteemed warfare and husbandry both a like.  of War serve for Sauldiers: Whereupon 〈◊〉 Cincinnatus, was called from the plough, ●…bee Dictator, & after the victory got over his enemies, he surrendered his room and dignity, & returned to his Oxen▪ & small plot of Land which he had at home. So like wise Fabricius after he had exp●●●ed Pirr●●● our of the Coasts of Italy, and Marcus curius▪ Surnamed De●tatus having vanquished the Sab●●es betook themselves again to their fields. Also Curius Marcus long time after, was a Capitayne choose out of the Country, and yet was he seven times Cosull▪ and with many and greac victories was his fame ennobled▪ and so hardened was he in labour and pains taking that when he offered his legs (being swelled) to the Surgeon to be cut of and lanced, he did it with no more fear, t●rn he would have given a Carpenterr a piece of Timber to be squared: This last of all is to be concluded, that the harder and pain fuller that the Trades be which men do commonly practise and follow, the stronger and stouter do the same make the Soldiers: and the nicer and finer that they be, the more do they weaken courage and abate valiantness. For it is not to be looked for, that cur dogs which come peaking out of Taverns and Typling houses, should give the onset upon a Lybbard or Lion, nay, they will rather straightway return to the licking of their dishes again.  
The exercise of hunting is very good, which differeth much from rustical and warlike affairs: for Xenophon when he determined to follow the wars of Cyrus, did 
Hunting a good exercise.  first with great care and diligence learn to ride, & hunt, affirming that he was an unprofitable Soldier, which was not in both these exercises greatly enured and practised. For the Romans (because their Youngmen should not give themselves too much to pleasure, or be marred with idleness and ease in corners and bynookes) made a goodly field for exercise, which they called Campus Martius, wherein the Games and exercises of Arms were celebrated and kept, not only for the Spectacles and sights of Fencers, and swordplayers, but also for the use and exercise of Soldiers: and thereat were present certain that instructed & trained the same soldiers, which were with the common charge and provision recompensed with double shares of grain and corn: because they should the better and diligentlier (being inflamed with reward) train and teach the same Soldiers.  
It would ask a long discourse to make rehearsal of all Martial exercises, & orderly to describe the rules & methods 
Trayninge of Soldiers.  thereof, to set down precepts how young soldiers should be trained, how they should behave themselves in avoiding and declining weapons coming towards them▪ and how to deal prudently and manfully in striking again, how they aught to play the parts of Soldiers thoroughly in every point: how they shall handle the shield or Target: how to set and pitch their stakes, observe their array in marching, and keep their standings, all which things rather seem to appertayn unto him that writeth of warfare, then unto him which entreateth of civil society.  
Plato setteth down in order, that no man should have 
What age is lawful for one to be a General.  authority in the wars, before he were thirty years of age (although there were otherwise in him, approved and tried manhood and valiaunce, and that he were also even at those years ennobled or made famous for some martial exploits) This age did the Athenians think lawful and fitting for warlike offices, although sometimes they derogate from this law, especially in Alcibiades, who in his adolescency, was so highly in the people's favour, that wheresoever he walked abroad, all the Citizens cast their eyes only upon him, and no man so well esteemed among them all, as he was. For before he was of lawful age, he was made Lieutenant general of the wars against the Syracusians, unto whom notwithstanding were adjoined two Colleges, far elder than himself, that is to say Nicias and Lamachus, to th'end they might more safely provide for the public weal. Also Octavius Caesar at the age of xviii years was elected Emperor, 
Octavius Caesar.  Cicero persuading the same unto the people of Rome, but afterwards when he handled some matters against the mind and liking of Cicero, he was sorry for that which before he had done, and repented his former counsel and advise which he had given for his advancement & election, and thereupon wrote an Epistle, wherein he exclaymeth against himself, that he had played no wisemannes part, but confessed that the common wealth was by him and through his means deceived.  
far more safer is an army or host committed unto 
Old beaten Soldiers are to be preferred before youngmen.  old beaten Soldiers, then unto youngmen, whose first advisements and counsels, are more fierce and unstaid, and who do less foresee and consider the incerteintye of chances, because Fortune never at any time deceived them: but Old men with quiet minds do foresee many things, and prevent before hand h●lve to encounter with Fortune: and where need is of stonte people, they do the same, not so willingly, as driven there unto by necessity, & will rather choose to dyeun fight, then in flight.  
Alexander King of Macedon being twenty & one years of age lost his father Philippe by Death, and because he would seem to be no less the Heir and Successor of his kingdom, then of his worthiness and glory, when as he had taken on him the Government of the army left him by his father, he did not choose unto him those compaignions', which he had been brought up, & conversant withal, neither youthful younkers: but old tried & beaten soldiers: many of them such as were already discharged & dispensed with all from following the wars any ●●ger, who aforetime served his father, & had abiden many a sharp storm under him: in which doing, he seemed rather to have choose masters & captains of wars them soldiers: and he committed not the ordering & disposinge of his Battls, but unto them that were Lx. years of age, which sure lie was the cause, that he always vanquished the 〈◊〉, and obtained the victory, & with a very small hand of men overcame six hundred thousand of the Persians': & if he had not been by death prevented, he surely would have subdued the whole world.  
The Tribune or Marshal of the field, aught to be a man most valiant and courageous, in prows and martial Chevalrye exactly trained: the rulers also of every particular Crew and Band, which have so many men at their commandment, aught in their office to be persens most grave, because that in the absence of the General, they supply his room. He also that hath the charge and office of pitching the Tents & encamping, aught 
Encamping.  of all others to be most skilful, & one by long experience and practise in wars, thoroughly tried and experienced. For he aught diligently to view and survey the nature and condition of the place, that he may choose the safest & most convenient parts for the 〈◊〉 to camp in that there 〈…〉 his Soldiers might be easily by the enemy assaulted and displaced, neither by means of a river surrounded and drowned▪ or else by the too much dearness of wood growing thenrabout, to 
Choice of ground for pitching of tents & encamping  be consumed and fired which thing happened unto Crassus in the civil wars, who through such careless oversight, was with all his army almost burned suddenly by the fire, that his enemies had secretly enkindled. So did Camillus also destroy & spoil the camp & tents of the Volscians by firing the wood that was near unto them.  
Moreover let a Generalle foresee that there be store enough of wood, of forage & of water: let them also have an easy egress abroad into the fields round about them, 
Surueighors of works.  and a safe return and egress back again to the camp. Neither aught the Surueigher or chief overseer of workmen to lack long experience, upon whom chief rests all the charge, to see that nothing be wanting to the host that is needful, either for assault & battery, or for repulsing or defence. This man aught to have in a readiness Carpenters, joigners, Rafterers, & Masons, for the contriving & making of engines, & wooden towers, battering pieces, crossbows, Slinges, & other sorts of guns beside▪ and briefly to c●clude, the ancient people must be appointed rulers over the arm, & the younger sort must be honoured with other dignities, & specially such as have more glory & praise when the case falls out well & with good success, them danger if it should fall out otherwise, or that Fortune should deceive them. Reward & punishment are to be deemed & taken as two Gods in a common wealth, and in Martial 
Reward for well doing & punishment for evil doing.  affairs especially accounted most necessary: for neither shall it be sufficient for a Captain to keep his soldiers at commaundemennt, and in obedience for fear of punishment: except also the hope of glory & reward do quicken & prick forward the courage & fortitude of the soldier: & the desire of renown doth of itself particularly prescribe such things as neither the leaders nor captains themselves, can by any possible means direct or teach: For surely hope is a right great affect and motion of the mind, which oftentimes stirreth up and moveth men to do those things which seem to exceed the strength & ability of man, & which otherwise could not by any reason or means be persuaded.  
FINIS.   

The Table.  

A.  
Abstinence from civil bloodshed. Folio. 63.  
Adultery punished. 37.  
Age lawful for a general to be choose at. 87  
Age of Soldiers. 48.  
Alexander's friends were his treasures. 28  
Alexander his wise example in watching. 29  
Annia a widow, her answer as touching marriage the second tyme. 43  
Appius Claudius his violence. 62  
Apt names for Citizens. 65  
Aristotle's advife touching silence to Calisthenes. 52  
Assured peace better than conquest hoped for. 75  
Astronomy. 13  
At what years an officer may be choose. 65  
Authors of war. 76   

B.  
Banqueting. 57  
Baths. 69  
Better to be unborn then untaught. 47  
Best bodily proportion and feature for a soldier. 85  
Blushing in children a sign of good nature. 45  
Brick walls in Babylon. 10  
Btibery a filthy thing. 26  
Bishops named kings by Romulus. 24.   

C  
Careless princes. 1  
Care for Schoolmasters. 11  
Castles in cities. 72  
Cato his distinctions of ground. 67  
Cato, one of few words. 52  
Causes necessary for marriage. 35  
Certain handicraftmen necessary. 9  
Censor what it signisieth. 28  
Ceremonial custones of Egypt. 68  
Choice of a wife. 38  
Chastity in a woman. 41  
Chestnut tree. 67  
Cherishing of children. 45  
Children of dull wytres. 46  
Children how long they are so reputed. 55  
Choice of ground for building. 66  
Choice in buying land. eodem  
Choice of ground for pitching of Tents. 88  
Civility what it is. 48  
Cicero and Sallust at dissension. 59  
City Soldiers. 85  
Clemency commendable. 83.  
Cloaked treasons. 82  
Combatte. 74  
Comfortable to have children. 35  
Communality of Rome. 64  
Commodities of learning. 46  
Commodity by concord. 49  
Comely building in a city. 72  
Considerations for magistrates. 26  
Considerations for children. 43  
Concord in a Realm. 44  
Concord in music. 50  
Comparison of a common weal unto a Ship. 49.  
Complaints of Suitors. 63  
Countries famous through waters. 68  
Continual toiling. 18  
Country must be respected where soldiers be born. 85  
Corporal exercise. 17  
Corruption of judgement. 25  
Covetous man good to none. 40  
Covetous man, an hungry dog. 40  
Couerous●es. 58  
Costly funerals. 58  
Curiosity of a simpering prikmedainty 42   

D  
Daunsinge. 43  
Dangerous to have many strangers in a city. 8●  
Darius drank muddy water. 56  
Death esc●e●d by thraldom. 27  
Death to them that leave children behind them less grievous. 35  
Death of them that want issue brought into oblivion. ibidem  
Demosthenes. 79  
Difference of human society. 3  
Diet. 14  
Dionysius. 53  
Diogenes. 53  
Discommodity of st●dig water. 66  
Domestical. discord. 42  
Duties of justice. 21   

E  
Egyptian lore. 11  
Eight kinds of punishments used by the Romans. 27  
Eloquence. 15  
Envy. 62  
Epaminond●s. 18  
Epaminondas never married any wife. 47  
Epicutes. 57  
Equality in a city causeth concord. 5  
Equality in choice of a wife 38  
Espials very necessary. 81  
Example of society in birds. 2●  
Exercise of man's life. 8  
Example of destiny. 13  
Example of Milo. 18  
Example of Polidamus. ibidem  
Example of temperance. 21  
Example of the husband's love. 36  
Example of the wives love. 46  
Example of cockering children. 46   

F.  
Favour & mercy of conquerors 64  
Fair and smooth words. 63  
Few well trained Soldiers, better than a great number unskilful. 84  
Flattery must be eschewed. 53  
First reason of Society instituted. 3  
First duty of justice. 6  
First earthly treasures of men. 28  
First love is most steadfast. 43  
First onset in battle dangerous. 75  
four special regards in man's life. 20  
Four Cardinal virtues. 50  
Four things belonging to a Chief●ayne. 77  
For women to know the full time of going with child & when to be delivered. 45  
Fortifications. 7●  
Foreign soldiers untrusty. 8●  
Fruit eaters. ●4  
Fyrewood. 68  
Fishiug. 71  
Fugitives and runnawayes from the army. g●   

G  
Gaggling of a goose saved Rome from being taken by the enemies. 29  
Gardens and Orchards. 6●  
Gates. 81  
God the principal author of all good laws & procedings. 23  
Good householders. ●  
Good Arts and Sciences, to be cared for. ibid.  
Good counsellors. 23  
Good examples by Romans. 26  
Good order for corn. 30  
Good order for the church. 31  
Good order for high ways. ibid.  
Good order for Conduits. ibid.  
Good parents bring up good children. 38  
Good mother, good nurse. 44  
Good report for well doing. 50  
Good citizen, good husband. ●1  
Good way to procure a stomach 56  
Governors in wars. 77  
Grammar. 12  
Gratitude 52.  
Gourmaundise 55   

H  
Hard bringing up of youth. 17  
Hard thing to choose a wife. 38  
Hardness of fare. 78  
He that obayeth well ruleth well. 21  
Honosalit arres. 3  
How a common weal prospereth without magistrates. 19  
Householders. 32  
How the master should entreat his servants. 33  
How a healthful man disposeth his rhyme. 45  
How to deal with children. 45  
How Bacchus was made a god. 51  
How Architas qualified his anger 54.  
Hot water, 69  
How to overcome the enemy. 9  
Human care. 3  
Hunting. 86  
Hurt of flatterers. 53  
Husbandry. 7  
Husbandry, purueighour of many necessaries. 57  
Husbandmen. 60   

I  
juniper trees. 67  
Imitation of Nature. 1  
Invention of Music. 14  
Infancy of children. 45  
Inconvenience of anger. 53  
Indians manner in burials. 58  
Infamy of Censors. 26  
Innocency. 27  
Isis a Goddess. 91  
Italy. 66  
julius Caesar. 79  
juba. 60  
justice. 21   

KING  
Kings of Egypt. 11  
Kinds of waters. 70   

L.  
Lacedæmonians. 86  
Laws made not observed 4  
Law among Thegiptians. 8  
Law a silente magistrate. 21  
Lawyers unsaeiable. ibidem  
levying Tributes. 28  
Liberality in Captapnes. 74  
Lybraries. 73  
Lybrary of Ptolomeus. ibidem  
Lotos a tree. 32   

M.  
Magistrates. 21  
Manquelling. 23  
Man's age. 54  
Man's age divided by seven years. ibidem  
man's life compared to the 4. seasons of the year. 55  
Man may not wish for long life. ibi.  
Manner of apparel. 57  
Main timber trees 68  
merchants. 8  
Memory in children the best token of wit. 45  
Metellus his oration concerning marriage. 36  
Moderate diet and measurable apparel. 41  
Modest answer of a chaste Lady 43  
Moderation in Diet. 5●  
Moneta a monendo. 28  
Monuments. 58   

N  
Nature in children aught to be careful for their Parents in old age, 35  
Natural mothers are naturallnurses, 44  
Naughty members in a commonweal. 64  
dearness of the Sea commodious to a City, 70  
Nobles. 5  
Not witty Citizen without learning. 12  
Not good to do any thing while anger lasteth, 54  
Not place for Loiterers in a common weal. 6  
Nothing more rare than a perfect General, 80  
Nightwatches in a city, 28  
Nightwatchers charged. 29  
Nightwatches prevent many dangers. 30   

O  
Obedience unto justice. 4  
Occasions of contention among Citizens to be reform. 25  
Octavius Caesar. 87  
Offences in Soldiers, 78  
Old men. 55  
Old beaten soldiers, 87  
Oligarchia. 4  
One politic Capitayne more worth than a great sort of unskilful soldiers, 79  
Orderly instruction of the man to his wife 39  
Ordering the members of children. 44  
Order of building houses. 72  
Overseers of the laws. 24  
Overseers of household affairs. 32   

P  
Pausanias of Macedonia. 62  
Painting. 10  
Peace better than war 76  
Pecunia, a pecore. 28  
Penury of corn & victuals. 71  
People bread in cold countries. 67  
People of the south part. ibidem  
Perjury. 52  
Persians' trusty in keeping counsel. 22  
Periander a buggerer. 62  
Physic. 14  
Philosophy. 16  
Photion. 31  
Pinching poverty putteth men to their shifts. 20  
Piety of Alexander. 27  
poets necessary in a common weal. 16  
punishments for the watch. 80  
Possession of Lands. 32  
Poverty not relieved. 60  
Praise of Titus Vespasianus for his government. 1  
Praise of his bounty. 51  
Praise of some princes. 2  
Praise of julius Caesar's bounty towards learning. 17  
Praise of Adrianus Caesar. 31  
Praise of Africanus for his bounty 51  
Praise of warfare. 76  
Praetor what it signifieth 25  
Prodigality and riot of Albidius. 56  
Prudence 21   

R  
Rash speech. 52  
Rashness of anger. 53  
Reasons of regard in a commó weal. 9  
Reason aught to rule our affections. 50  
Repiners at other man's well doing. 62  
Remorse of the Master towards his servants fidelity. 33  
Reward for well doing and punishment for evil doing. 86  
Rich men unlearned 46  
Riotous people reclaimed. 47  
Riotous people. 56  
Riot and covetousness. 57  
Rome and Athens in old time the mothers of Arts and Sciences. 76  
Romans esteemed warfare and husbandry both alike. 86   

S.  
Safe laid up soon found. 41  
Savegardes of a City. 28  
Secrets between man and wife aught not to be revealed. 39  
Scythians manner in burying their kings. 58  
Scouts. 21  
Scouts, watchers and warders. 28  
secret handling of affairs. ibid.  
Semiramis. 58  
Signiory of Venice. 22  
Silence 52  
Severity of justice. 64  
Senate in doubt. 63  
Senators discharged. 26  
Shameless answer of a a shame less strumpet. 37  
Small stature of Alexander's soul dyer's, 85  
Smellfeastes. 56  
Society of citizens. 2  
Society human profitable by procreation. ibidem  
Society human whereunto it tendeth. 49  
Socrates. 36  
Solons la for the child that is not well provided for by the parents. 47  
Solons la for punishing adultery. 37  
Some women delyghting in filthy talk declare the filthiness of their polluted mind. 37  
Spiritualty aught to be maynreyned by the livings of the church. 60  
Sundry good points meet to be known of a good captain. 80  
Speed and expedition a notable furtherance unto war like affairs. 83  
Springs of wonderful quality in foreign countries 69  
Stature most commendable for a Soldier. 85  
Strangers. 61  
straight girding. 44  
Studies of virtues & disciplines. 3  
Such men, such family and servants. 32  
Surueighours of works. 88   

T  
Thebes 10  
To keep touch and perform promise, is commendable. 21  
Two precepts to be observed by the husband towards the wife. 39  
Two kinds of learning not prejudicial for the child to practise, at one instant. 46  
Two special precepts in directing warfare. 83  
Trade of living. 34  
training of Soldiers. 86  
True ornaments of a woman. 41  
True citizens. 61  
Triptolemus. 49  
Tribes or wards in a city. 26  
Times to be considered in peace and war. 24  
Time doth altar both the person and his properties. 24  
Time or age for man and woman to marry. 38   

FIVE  
Vain traffics. 8  
Vain glory and ambition. 76  
Venetians admitr no strangers to bear rule among them. 22  
Venetians altar nothing af●rtime ordained by their predecessors and elders. ibidem  
Undecent gesture, in a Senator put to repulse. 23  
Virtues the guides of evil magistrates. 21  
Virtuous children. 41  
Vnfitnes of soldiers. 85  
Unnecessary expenses must be forborn in funerals. 57   

W  
Water. 68  
Waging battle. 57  
Warring for enlarging empire. 76  
Well using of hired servants. 34  
Widows marrying again make men suspect they do it for lust. 42  
What thing is most difficult in the life of man. 2  
What a civil man is. 44  
What kinds of water is best. 70  
Who be mere People to be made magistrates in a common weal. 20  
Who be meetest for watchers. 29  
Worckmaisters and devisers of worcks. 10  
Women stomach to have their husbands keep an h●rlot. 37  
Women with child. 43  
Women aught to be restrained from gadding abroad. ibidem  
Woman to save and keep that is brought home. 35  
Worthy acts of Hercules. 50  
Wise women fear evil reports. 41  
Wife, no stomacker nor resister. 42  
Wise man will do no ill nor suffer any to be done by his will. 51  
Wicked demand of a woman. 43   

Y  
Youngmen must be exercised. 48  
Young men how long they are so reputed. 55  
Youngmen most aptest to be trained in warfare. 8●   
Finis.