THE Complete Gentleman Fashioning him absolute in the most necessary Commendable Qualities concerning Mind or Body that may be required in a Noble Gentleman.  
By Henry Peacham. Mr. of Arts Sometime of Trinity Coll: in Cambridge.  — inutilis olim Ne videar vixisse— 
Anno 1622  
Imprinted at London for Francis Constable and are to be sold at his shop at the white lion in Paul's churchyard   

The Complete Gentleman, whose Titles are contained in these Chapters following.  

Chap. 1. OF Nobility in General.  
Chap. 2. Of the dignity and necessity of Learning in Princes and Nobility.  
Chap. 3. The time of Learning, etc.  
Chap. 4. The duty of Parents in their children's Education.  
Chap. 5. Of a Gentleman's carriage in the University.  
Chap. 6. Of stile in speaking, writing, and reading History.  
Chap. 7. Of Cosmography.  
Chap. 8. Of memorable observation in survey of the Earth.  
Chap. 9 Of Geometry.  
Chap. 10. Of Poetry.  
Chap. 11. Of Music.  
Chap. 12. Of Drawing and Painting in Oil.  
Chap. 13. Of Armoury or Blazing Arms.  
Chap. 14. Of exercise of the body.  
Chap. 15. Of reputation and carriage.  
Chap. 16. Of Travail.    

Ad optimae spei, generosissimaeque indolis adolescentem, D. Gulielmum Howard, illustriss. ac vere honoratisses. Thomae Comitis Arundeliae, summi totius Angliae Mareschalli, etc. filium tertiogenitum.  
Ingenio, genio, dum vis Generosus haberi,  
Ingenua haec discas, ingeniose puer.  
Stemma nihil, cultis animum nisi moribus ornes,  
Et studeas studijs nobilitare genus.   

TO THE TRULY NOBLE AND MOST HOPEFUL MR. WILLIAM HOWARD, third and youngest Son to the Right Honourable THOMAS Earl of Arundel and Surrey, Earl Martial of England, etc.  
WHat Motive (Noble Sir) may induce others in their Dedications, I know not: sure I am none other hath incited me, than the regard of your own worth, and that native ingenuity and goodness of Spirit, I have ever perceived in you, since it was my good hap to enjoy your acquaintance, and to spend some hours with you at your Book in Norwich; where at this present you have your education under the Reverend, Religious, and my Honourable good Lord, the now Lord Bishop of Norwich. And indeed, to whom rather of right should appertain these my Instructions, in regard of their subject, which is the fashioning of Nobility after the best Precedents, then to yourself every way so Nobly descended. Beside, it is affirmed, that there are certain sparks and secret seeds of virtue innate in Princes, and the Children of Noble personages; which (if cherished, and carefully attended in the blossom) will yield the fruit of Industry and glorious Action, not only above the strength of the vulgar, but even in the scient, and before the time Nature hath appointed. 
Pindar. in Ne●sis, Ode 3.  So Achilles, while he was yet very young, undertook to shoot the fiercest Lions and Boars, and was so nimble on foot, that he was able to take a wild Beast without either ●oyle or Dog. 
Io●●es Monach. in vita Alexandri.  Alexander also, when an Egyptian Priest saluted him, being very young, by the names of Son and Child, replied; But you shall find me a Man before the walls of Athens. But to omit Heathenish examples, 
Regum 1. cap. 3. ver. 9  Solomon we read, when he was but even a child, begged wisdom of God, and grace to govern well: and Ignatius, 
Ignatius lib. Epist. cap. 3.  that holy Martyr writeth, Solomon was scarce 12. years of age, when he decided that hard controversy between the two Harlots: so josias was but eight years old, when he walked religiously before God. And me thinks (Sir) as in that Cornelian Stem (whereof Scipio was said to be the top, and In quo (ut plura genera in unam arborem) videtur infita multorum illuminata sapientia: 
Cicero. ) already you grow apace, reflecting as from a fair Glass, that Princely Moderation and Honesty of heart, of the good Duke your great Grandfather, the Honourably disposed mind of my Lord, your Noble Father, together with his love and admiration, of whatsoever is honest or excellent: so that verily you need no other pattern to the absolute shaping of yourself, than the Images of your forefathers. 
Arist. in E●●icis.  But as Aristotle saith of the Vine, by how much it is laden with Clusters, by so much it hath need of props: so say I of Greatness and Nobility, ever fruitful, and apt to abundance, it hath hourly need of support and help, by all timely advice and instruction, to guide and uphold it from lying along.  
Wherefore, since the Fountain of all Counsel and Instruction, next to the fear of God, is the knowledge of good learning, whereby our affections are persuaded, and our ill manners mollified, I here present you with the first and plainest Directions (though but as so many keys to lead you into far fairer rooms) and the readiest Method I know for your studies in general, and to the attaining of the most commendable qualities that are requisite in every Noble or Gentleman. Nothing doubting, but that after you have herein seen the worth and excellence of Learning, how much it addeth to Nobility; what errors are hourly commited through Ignorance; how sweet a thing it is to converse with the wisest of all Ages by History; to have insight into the most pleasing and admirable Sciences of the Mathematics, Poetry, Picture, Heraldry, etc. (whereof I here entreat, together with the most commendable exercise of the body, with other general directions for Carriage, Travail, etc.) you will entertain this Discourse, as Ulysses did Minerva at his elbows your guide to knowledge; the ground, not only of the sweetest, but the happiest life. And though I am assured there are numbers, who (notwithstanding all the Books and Rules in the world) had rather then behold the face of heaven, bury themselves in earthly sloth, and basest idleness; yet Mr. William Howard at the least, let us recover you from the tyranny of these ignorant times, and from the common Education; which is, to wear the best clothes, eat, sleep, drink much, and to know nothing. I take leave, from my house at Hogsd●n by London, May 30.  
Who is, and shall be ever yours, HENRY PEACHAM.   

To my Reader.  
I Am not ignorant (judicious Reader) how many pieces of the most curious Masters have been uttered to the world of this Subject, as Plutarch, Erasmus, Viues, Sadolet, Sturmius, Osorius, Sir Thomas Eliot, M. Askham, with sundry others; so that my small Taper among so many Torches, were as good out, as seeming to give no light at all. I confess it true. But as rare and curious stamps upon Coins, for their variety and strangeness, are daily enquired after, and bought up, though the Silver be all one and common w●th ours: so fares it with Books, which (as Meddailes) bear the Pictures and devices of our various Invention, though the matter be the same, yet for variety sake they shall be read, yea (and as the same dishes dressed af●er a new fashion) perhaps please the tastes of many better. But this regard neither moved me. When I was beyond the Seas, and in a part of France, adiorning upon Artoise, I was inurned oftentimes to the house of a Noble personage, who was both a great Sould●er and an excellent Scholar; and one day above the rest, as we sat in an open and goodly Gallery at dinner, a young English Gentleman, who desirous to travail, had been in Italy, and many other places, fortuned to come to his house; and (not so well furnished for his return home as was sitting) desired entertainment into his service. My Lord, who could speak as little English, as my Countryman French, bade him welcome, and demanded by me of him, what he could do: For I keep none (quoth he) but such as are commended for some good quality or other, and I give them good allowance; some an hundred, some sixty, some fifty Crowns by the year: and calling some about him, (very Gentleman● like, as well in their behaviour, as apparel) This (saith he) rideth and breaketh my great Horses, this is an excellent Lutenist, this a good Painter and Surveyor of land, this a passing Linguist and Scholar, who instructeth my Sons, etc. Sir (quoth this young man) I am a Gentleman borne, and can only attend you in your Chamber, or wait upon your Lordship abroad. See (quoth Monsieur de Ligny, for so was his name) how your Gentry of England are bred: that when they are distressed, or want means in a strange Country, they are brought up neither to any quality to prefer them, nor have they so much as the Latin tongue to help themselves withal. I knew it generally to be true, but for the time, and upon occasion excused it as I could; yet he was received, and after returned to his friends in good fashion. Hereby I only give to know, that there is nothing more deplorable, than the breeding in general of our Gentlemen, none any more miserable than one of them, if he fall into misery in a strange Country. Which I can impute to no other thing, than the remissness of Parents, and negligence of Masters in their youth. Wherefore at my coming over, considering the great forwardness and proficience of children in other Countries, the backwardness and rawness of ours; the industry of Masters there, the ignorance a●d idleness of most of ours; the exceeding care of Parents in their children's Education, the negligence of ours: Being taken through change of air with a Quartane Fever, that leisure I had 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, as I may truly say, by fits I employed upon this Discourse for the private use of a Noble young Gentleman my friend, not intending it should ever see light, as you may perceive by the plain and shallow current of the Discourse, fitted to a young and tender capacity. Howsoever I have done it, and if thou shalt find herein any thing that may content, at the least, not distaste thee, I shall be glad and encouraged to a more serious Piece: if neither, but out of a malignant humour, disdain what I have done, I care not; I have pleased myself: and long since learned, Envy, together with her Sister Ignorance, to harbour only in the basest and most degenerate breast.   

CHAP. I.  
Of Nobility in General: that it is a Plant from Heaven; the Root, Branches, Fruit.  
IF we consider arightly the Frame of the whole Universe and Method of the all-excellent Wisdom in her work; as creating the forms of things infinitely diverse, so according to Dignity of Essence or Virtue in effect, we must acknowledge the same to hold a Sovereignty, and transcendent predominance, as well of Rule as Place each over either. Among the heavenly bodies we see the Nobler Orbs, and of greatest influence to be raised aloft, the less effectual, depressed. Of Elements, the Fire the most pure and operative to hold the highest place; in compounded bodies, of things as well sensible as insensible, there runneth a vein of Excellence proceeding from the Form, ennobling (in the same kind) some other above the rest.  
The Lion we say is King of Beasts, 
Sy●●● in his Fairy Queen.  the Eagle chief of Birds; the Whale and Whirlpool among Fishes, jupiter's Oak the Forests King. Among Flowers, we most admire and esteem the Rose: Among Fruit, the Pomeroy and Queen-apple; among Stones, we value above all the Diamond; Metals, Gold and Silver: and since we know these to transfer their inward excellence and virtues to their Species successively, shall we not acknowledge a Nobility in Man of greater perfection, of Nobler form, and Prince of these?  
Can we be curious in discerning a counterfeit from the true Pearl; to choose our scions of the best fruit, buy our Flowers at twenty pounds the root or slip: and not regard or make difference of lineage, nor be careful into what Stock we match ourselves, or of what Parents we choose a Servant?  
Surely, to believe that Nature (rather the God of Nature) produceth not the same among ourselves, is to question the rarest Workemistris of Ignorance or Partiality, 
Nobility defined.  and to abase ourselves beneath the Beast. Nobility then (taken in the general sense) is nothing else then a certain eminency, or notice taken of some one above the rest, for some notable act performed, be it good or ill; and in that sense are Nobilis and Ignobilis usually among the Latin Poets taken. More particularly, and in the genuine sense, Nobility is the Honour of blood in a Race or Lineage, conferred formerly upon some one or more of that Family, either by the Prince, the Laws, customs of that Land or Place, whereby either out of knowledge, culture of the mind, or by some glorious Action performed, they have been useful and beneficial to the Commonwealths and places where they live.  
For since all Virtue consisteth in Action, and no man is borne for himself, we add, beneficial and useful to his Country; for hardly they are to be admitted for Noble, who (though of never so excellent parts) consume their light, as in a dark Lantern in contemplation, and a Stoical retiredness.  
And since Honour is the reward of Virtue and glorious Action only, Vice and Baseness must not expect her favours: as the people of Rome created C. Fla●ius from a Tribune, Senator and Aedile for stealing of a book of Records. Eushicrates, Euph●rbas, and Phylagrus, were ennobled for Treason: and C●ttier by Lewis the eleventh, the French King, unworthily advanced from a mender of Stockings, to be Lord Chancellor of France.  
Neither must we Honour or esteem those ennobled, or made Gentle in blood, who by Mechanic and base means, have raked up a mass of wealth, or because they follow some great man, wear the Cloth of a Noble Personage, or have purchased an ill Coat at a good rate; no more than a Player upon the Stage, for wearing a Lords cast suit: since Nobility hangeth not upon the aicry esteem of vulgar opinion, but is indeed of itself essential and absolute.  
Beside, Nobility being inherent and Natural, can have (as the Diamond) the lustre but only from itself: Honours and Titles externally conferred, 
Aentas Siluius lib. 4. de ge●●is Alyhonsi.  are but attendant upon desert, and are but as apparel, and the Drapery to a beautiful body.  
Memorable, 
Georg. F●s●●llus  as making to our purpose, is that speech of Sig●smund the Empero●r, to a Doctor of the Civil Law, 
This happened at the Council of Constance, where the Doctors and Knights were (about some serious business) divided into two several assemblies.  who when he had received Knighthood at the Emperor's hands, left forthwith the society of his fellow Doctors, & kept company altogether with the Knights: which the Emperor well observing, smilingly (before the open assembly) said unto him; Fool, who preferest Knighthood before Learning and thy degree; I can make a thousand Knights in one day, but cannot make a Doctor in a thousand years. Now for as much as the Weal public of every Estate, is preserved Armi● & consilio, this fair Tree by two main branches disspreddeth herself into the Military & Civil Discipline; under the first I place Valour and Greatness of Spirit: under the other, justice, knowledge of the Laws, which ● Consilij fons; Magnificence, and Eloquence.  
For true Fortitude and greatness of Spirit were ennobled (we read) Iphicrates, that brave Athenian, who overthrew in a set battle the Lacedæmonians, stopped the fury of Epaminondas, and became Lieutenant General to Artaxerxes King of Persia, yet but the son of a poor Cobbler.  
Eumenes, one of the best Captains for valour and advice Alexander had, was the son of an ordinary Carter.  
Dioclesian was the son of Scrivener, or Book-binder: Valentinian, of a Rope-maker; Maximinus, of a Smith; 
a Pertinax, or stubborn, so sir-named, because he came from his Father, who would have made him a Scholar, he choosing rather to be a Woodmonger. Capitolinus ●.  Pertinax, of a Woodmonger; Servius Tullus, son of a Bondwoman, thence his name Servius: Tarqvinius Priscus, of a poor Merchant, or rather Pedlar in Corinth: Hugh Capet, the first of that name, King of France, the son of a Butcher in Paris; who when Lewis the sixth, son of Lothary, was poisoned by Blanch his Wife for Adultery, being a stout fellow, and of a resolute Spirit, having gathered a company like himself, and taking his advantage of the time, and distempered humour of the State, carried himself and his business so, that he got the Crown from the true heir, 
See the Treasure of Times.  Charles the Uncle of Lewis.  
Lamusius, the third King of the Lombard's, was the son of a common Strumpet, found laid and covered with leaves in a ditch by King Agelmond, who by chance riding that way, and espying a thing stir in the ditch, touched it with the point of his Lance, 
Ex Historia Lo●●●bard.  to see what it was: which the Infant with the hand taking fast hold of, the King amazed, and imagining it as a presage of some good fortune toward the child, caused it to be taken out of the ditch, and to be brought up, which after (nursed in the lap of Fortune) by many degrees of Honour, got the Crown of Lombardy.  
Neither are the truly valorous, or any way virtuous, ashamed of their so mean Parentage, but rather glory in themselves that their merit hath advanced them above so many thousands far better descended. And hence you shall many times hear them freely discourse of their beginning, and plainly relate their bringing up, & what their Parents were. I remember when I was in the Low-Countries, and lived with Sir john Ogle at Virecht, the reply of that valiant Gentleman Colonel Edmondes, 
The ingenerous reply of Colonel edmond's.  to a Countryman of his newly come out of Scotland, went Currant: who desiring entertainment of him, told him; My Lord his Father, and such Knights and Gentlemen, his Ousins and Kinsmen, were in good health. Quoth Colonel Edmondes, Gentlemen (to his friends by) believe not one word he says; my Father is but a poor Baker of Edenbourgh, and works hard for his living, whom this knave would make a Lord, to curry favour with me, and make ye believe I am a great man borne, etc.  
So that the valiant Soldier you see, measureth out of the whole cloth his Honour with his sword: and hence in ancient times came Rome, Athens, Carthage, and of late the Ottoman Empire to their greatness. Honour being then highly prized, every one aimed at Nobility, and none refused the most desperate attempts for the good of his Country. Thus the Deccis, Cato, Marcellus, with infinite others, became ennobled, and had their Altars, Statues, Columns, etc. and were well-nigh adored with as great respect, as their Gods themselves.  
From no less meanness of birth and beginning, we find many great and famous Bishops, Civilians, Orators, Poets, etc. to have attained to the greatest dignities, both of Church and Commonwealth, and to have checked with their Fortunes, even Glory herself. Pope john the two and twentieth, was a poor Shoemaker's son; Nicholas the fifth was son of a Poulter; Sixt●● the fifth, of a Hogheard: Alphenus but a Tailor's Apprentice, who running from his Master, went to Rome, and there studied the Civil Law, and so profited, that for his learning and wisdom, he was after created Consul. Ulpian but meanly borne, yet Tutor to Alexander the Emperor. Cicero was borne and brought up at Arpinum, a poor and obscure Village: Virgil, the son of a Potter; Horace, of a Trumpeter; Theophrastus of a Butcher, with infinite others, I might allege as well of ancient as modern times.  
For doing justice, 
Plutarch. in Lycurgi & Numa comp.  the Romans of a private man and a stranger, chose Numa for their King: and on the contrary, (as Plutarch writeth, comparing them together) Lycurgus of a King, for justice sake, made himself a private man: for, A goodly thing (saith Plutarch) it is by doing justly to obtain a Kingdom, and as glorious to prefer justice before a kingdom; for the virtue of the one (Numa) made him so esteemed and honoured, that he was of all thought worthy of it; of the other, so great, that he scorned it.  
In like manner, for their good Laws and doing justice, were advanced to their Thrones and goodly Tribunals, Minos, Rhadamantus (though subjects of Poet's fables.) Aratus, Solon, etc. And how fairly (beyond their Laurels) the name of Just, became Aristides, Traiant, Agesilaus, with many others, I leave to History to report.  
For Magnificence, 
Machiavelli. Hist. Floren●in. lib. 7.  and obliging the places wherein they lived, by great benefits, were ennobled, Tarqvinius Priscus, a stranger, and a banished man: and of later times, Cosmo di Medici in Florence, upon whose virtues, as upon a fair prospect, or some princely Palace, give me leave a little, as a traveller to breathe myself, and show you afar off the fair Tutrets of his more than royal Magnificence, being but a private man, as I find it recorded in his History by Machiavelli. This Cosmo (saith he) was the most esteemed, and most famous Citizen (being no man of war) that ever had been in the memory of man, either in Florence, or any other City; because he did not only excel all others (of his time) in Authoritis and Riches, but also in Liberality and Wisdoms. For among other qualities which advanced him to be chief of his Country, he was more than other men liberal and magnificent, which liberality appeared much more after his death then before. For his son Piero found by his Father's Records, that there was not any Citizen of estimation, to whom Cosmo had not lent great sums of Money: and many times also he did lend to those Gentlemen, whom he knew to have need. His magnificence appeared by diverse his building: For within the City of Florence he builded the Abbaits and Temples of S. Marco, S. Lorenzo, and the Monastery of S. Verdiana, & in the mountains of Fiesole, S. Girolamo, with the Abbey thereto belonging. Also in Mugello he did not only repair the Church for the Friars, but took it down, and built it anew. Besides those magnificent buildings in S. Croce, in S. Agnoli, and S. Miniato, he made Altars, and sumptu●●● Chapels. All which Temples and Chapels, besides the buildings of them, were by him paved, and furnished throughly with all things necessary. With these public buildings, we may number his private houses, whereof one within the City mee●e for so great a personage, and four other without, at Carriaggi, at Fiesole, at Casaggivolo, and at Trebio, all Palaces fitter for Princes, then private persons. And because his magnificent houses in Italy, did not in his opinion make him famous enough, he builded in jerusalem an Hospital to receive poor and diseased Pilgrims. In which work he consumed great sums of Money. And albeit these buildings, and every other his actions were princely, and that in Florence he lived like a Prince; yet so governed by wisdom, as he never exceeded the bounds of civil modesty. For in his conversation, in riding, in marrying his Children and Kinsfolks, he was like unto all other modest and discreet Citizens: because he well kn●w, that extraordinary things, which are of all men with admiration beheld, do● procure more envy, than those which without ostentation be honestly covered. I omit, as followeth shortly after, his great and excessive charge in entertaining of learned men of all professions, to instruct the youth of Florence: his bounty to Argiropolo a Gracian, and Marsilio Fi●ins, (whom he maintained for the exercise of his own studies in his house, and gave him goodly lands near his house of Carreggi,) men in that time of singular learning, because Virtue rears him rather to wonder then Imitation.  
To proceed, no less respect and honour is to be attributed to Eloquence, whereby so many have raised their esteem and fortunes, as able to draw Civility out of Barbarism, and sway whole kingdoms by leading with 
a Described by Lucian to be aged, b●ld, & wrinkled, brown coloured, clad with a Lion's skin, holding in his right hand a club, in his left a bow, with a Q●●●er at his back, & long small chains of Gold and Amber fastened through little holes to the tip of his tongue, drawing a multitude of people willing to ●ollow after him, only shadowing unto us the power of Eloquence. Plato in Timaeo.  Celticke Hercules, the rude multitude by the ears. Mark Anthony contending against Augustus for the Roman Empire, assured himself he could never obtain his purpose while Cicero lived, therefore he procured his death. The like did Antipater, a Successor to Alexander, by Demosthenes, aspiring to the Monarchy of Greece. And not long since a poor Mahometan Priest, by his smooth tongue, got the Crown of Morocco from the right heir, being of the house of Giuseph or joseph. And much hurt it may do, if like a mad man's sword, it be used by a turbulent and mutinous Orator; otherwise we must hold it a principal means of correcting ill manners, reforming laws, humbling aspiring minds, and upholding all virtue. For as Serpents are charmed with words, so the most savage and cruel natures by Eloquence: which some interpret, 
Pi●r. Vak●●●● lib. 6.  to be the meaning of Mercury's golden Rod, with those Serpents wreathed about it. Much therefore it concerneth Princes, not only to countenance honest and eloquent Orators, but to maintain such near about them, as no mean props (if occasion serve) to uphold a State, and the only keys to bring in tune a discordant Commonwealth.  
But it shall not be amiss ere I proceed further, 
Of bastardy. 1. Question.  to remove certain doubts, which as rubs clog the clear passage of our Discourse: and the first concerning Bastardy, whether Bastards may be said to be Nobly borne or not: I answer with justinian, Sordes inter praecipuos nominarinon merentur. Yet it is the custom with us, and in France, to allow them for Noble, by giving them sometimes their Father's proper Coat, with a bend Sinister, as Reignald Earl of Cornwall, base son to the Conqueror, bore his Fathers two Leopards passant gardant, or in a field Gules, with a bend sinister Azure: The like Hamlin, base son to Geoffrey Plantagenet, Earl of Surrey● Some their father's whole Coat, or part of the same in bend dexter; as john Beauford, a Bastard of Somerset, bare party per pale argent and Azure, a bend of England, with a label of France. Sir Roger de Clarendon, base son to the Black Prince, his father's three Feathers, on a bend Sable, the field Or. I willingly produce these examples, to confirm our custom of ennobling them; and though the Law leaneth not on their side, yet stand they in the head of the troop, with the most deserving: yea, and many times (according to Euripides) prove 
a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Andr●●eda.  better ●hen the legitimate. Who are more famous than Remus and Romulus, who laid the first stone of Rome; more courageous and truly valiant, then Hercules, Alexander, our King Arthur of Britain, and William the first? more critically learned then Christopher Longolius, jacobus Faber; more modest, and of better life, than Coelius Calgaguinus, the delight of his Ferrara, with infinite others? and where decretals and Schoolmen may bear the bell, those two Grandes, Gratian and Lombard?  
A second question ariseth, 
Concerning vice and baseness.  whether he that is Noble descended, may by his vice and baseness lose his Nobility or no. It is answered, that if he that is ignoble and inglorious, may acquire Nobility by Virtue; the other may very well lose it by his Vice. But such are the miserable corruptions of our times, that Vices go for prime Virtues; and to be drunk, swear, wench, follow the fashion, & to do just nothing, are the attributes and marks now adays of a great part of our Gentry. Hence the Agrigentines expelled their Phalaris: the Romans extinguished the memory of the whole race of the Tarquin's, with those Monsters of Nature, Nero, Heliogabalus, etc. the Sicilians Dionysins the later, with others.  
Thirdly, 
Concerning Poverty. 3. Question.  whether Poverty impeacheth or staineth Nobility. I answer, Riches are an ornament, not the cause of Nobility; and many times we see there lieth more worth under a threadbare Cloak, and within, a thatched Cottage, than the richest Robe, or stateliest Palace. Witness the Noble Curij and Fabritij, taken from a poor dinner of Turnips and Water-cresses in an earthen dish, to lead the Roman Army, and conquer the most potent Kings of the world.  
Fourthly, 
Of Advocates and Physicians. 4. Question.  concerning Advocates and Physicians, whether we may rank them with the ennobled or no. Advocates or Counsellors being Interpreters of the Law, their place is commendable, and themselves most necessary Instruments in a Commonwealth; wherefore, saith the Civil Law, 
Extat Lex Constantini, lib. 10. Co●ici●.  their calling is honourable, they ought to be freed of mulcts, public charges, and all impositions; and to be written or sent unto, as unto persons of especial worth and dignity.  
Touching Physicians, though the profession by some hath been thought servile, and in times past was practised by servants, as Domitian (saith Seneca) imperauit medico seruo, ut venenum sibi daret; and that slovenly Epithet of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 be by Aristophanes 
Aristophanes in Pluto.  bestowed upon Aesculapius: yet it is an Art nothing servile and base, but noble and free, since we know not only Emperors and Kings, but Saints, yea, our blessed Saviour to have cured the sick; 
To whom was first given, being a devout and most religious King, the gift of curing the King's Evil, whence it hath been derived to our Kings of England his Successors.  as Constantine, Adrian, Edward the Confessor King of England, Mithridates' King of Pontus, (whose Antidote yet beareth his name,) Artemisia Queen of Caria, who first found the virtue of Mugwort, bearing her name in Latin; Gentius King of Illyricum (now Sclavonia) who immortally liveth in the herb Gentiana: as also Lysimachus in his Lysimachia, Achilles in Achillea, or the Yarrow: Apollo, Podalirius, Moses, Esay, Solomon, Ezechias. Honour the Physician, saith Ecclesiasticus: then again, All Physic or medicine is from God, and he shall receive a reward from the King: The skill of the Physician shall exalt his head, etc. And as Ptolemy sometime objected against Zoilus concerning Homer, so may I unto our Lordly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or Physicke-haters: Which of them all, treble their revenues, can maintain so many as one poor Galen or Hypocrates, who though dead many hundreds of years since, feed many thousands of families, even at this present? I here intent no common Chyrurgians, Mountebancks, unlettered Empirics, and women Doctors (of whom for the most part there is more danger, then of the worst disease itself) whose practice is infamous, Mechanic and base.  
Fiftly, 
Of Merchants 5. Question.  concerning Merchants; the exercise of Merchandise hath been (I confess) accounted base, and much derogating from Nobility, except it be exercised & undertaken by a general Estate, or the Deputies thereof. Aristotle therefore saith, 
Hippolytus à Collibus, Axiom, de Nobilitate.  That the Thebans and Lacedæmonians had a Law, that none should be esteemed and held capable of Honour in their Commonwealth, except they had ten years before given over Trading and Merchandise: and Valerius Maximus reporteth, that among other things the Romans had to disparage Tarqvinius Priscus withal, and make him odious to the people, was that he was a Merchant's son. 
Chrysost, super Mathaeum. Francis. Pa●●icium de Repub. lib. 1. cap. 8.  Saint Chrysostome upon that place of Matthew, He cast out the buyers and sellers out of the Temple: gathereth, that Merchants hardly and seldom please God. And certain it is, that the ancient Romans never preferred any that exercised Merchandise, to any eminent place or office in their commonwealth perhaps agreeing in one with Aristotle, 
Arist. politic. 7. cap. 4.  who speaking of Merchants and Mechanickes, saith; Vilis est huiusmodi vita, & virtuti adversa, The kind of life is base, and contrary to virtue.  
But some may object unto me the great Estates of Venice, Genoa, Florence, Luca, etc. where their Nobility is nothing disparaged by the exercise of Merchandise. I answer; as their Coins at home they may raise themselves high or lower at their pleasure: but abroad (like City Mayor) in other Countries they fall under value, and a great deal short of their reckoning.  
But if the owner of the Earth, and all that therein is, hath so bestowed and disposed of his blessings, that no one Country affordeth all things, but must be beholden not only to her neighbours, but even the most remote Regions, and Commonwealths cannot stand without Trade and Commerce, buying and selling: I cannot (by the leave of so reverend judgements) but account the honest Merchant among the number of Benefactors to his Country, while he exposeth as well his life as goods, to the hazard of infinite dangers, sometime for medicinal Drugs and preservatives of our lives in extremity of sickness; 
Of Salomon's Merchants. See Chronicles 2. cap. 1. verse 16.  another, for our food or clothing in t●mes of scarcity and want, haply for useful necessaries for our vocations, and callings: or lastly, for those, Sensus & animi oblectamenta, which the Almighty providence hath purposely, for our solace and recreation, and for no other end else created, 
Chron. 2. 9 verse 21.  as Apes, Parrots, Peacocks, Canary, and all singing Birds; rarest Flowers for colour and smell, precious Stones of all sorts, Pearl, Amber, Coral, Crystal, all manner of sweet odours, fruits, infinitely differing in form and taste: Colours of all sorts, 
Of Mechanical Arts and Artists. 6. Question.  for painting, dying, etc. but I proceed.  
sixth and lastly, touching Mechanical Arts and Artists, whosoever labour for their livelihood and gain, have no share at all in Nobility or Gentry: As Painters, Stage-players● Tamblers, ordinary Fiddlers, Innkeepers, Fencers, jugglers, Dancers, Mountebancks, Bearwards, and the like; (except the custom of the place determine the contrary) as Her●d●tus and Xenophon 
Xenophon in Occ●●●mica.  witness to have been observed, both among the Egyptians, Scythians, and Corinthians. The reason is, 
A faint and spent reason.  because their bodies are spent with labour and travail, and men that are at their work, Assidui & accibui umbratiles esse cogumur. Yea, if a Noble man borne in captivity, or constrained through any other necessity, shall exercise any manual occupation or Art, he by the opinion of some, loseth his Nobility Civil, but not Christian, 
●ippolyt. à Coll. in Axiomat. Nobilis atis.  and shall at his return be restored. Where I said the custom of the Country, I intent thus: by the law of Mahomet the Grand Signior, or great Turk himself, is bound to exercise some manual Trade or Occupation (for none must be idle:) as Solyman the Magnificent, that so threatened Vienna, his trade was making of Arrow-heads; Achmat the last, horn rings for Archers, and the like.  
From the root and branches, let us taste the fruit, 
The fruit and use of Nobility.  which fall not (like the Apples of Sodoms') with a light touch into nothing, but are as those of Hesperides, golden, and out of the vulgar reach.  
First, Noble or Gentlemen ought to be preferred in Fees, Honours, Offices, and other dignities of command and government before the common people.  
They are to be admitted near, 
Which was the office of a Ba●on in ancient times.  and about the person of the Prince, to be of his Counsel in war, and to bear his Standard.  
We ought to give credit to a Noble or Gentleman, before any of the inferior sort.  
He must not be arrested, or pleaded against upon cozenage.  
We must attend him, and come to his house, and not ●e to ours.  
His punishment ought to be more favourable, & honourable upon his trial, and that to be by his Peers of the same Noble rank.  
He ought in all sit, meetings, and salutations, to have the upper hand, and greatest respect.  
They must be cited by Bill or Writing, to make their appearance.  
In criminal causes, Noblemen may appear by their Arturney, or Procurator.  
They ought to take their recreations of hunting, hawking, etc. freely, without control in all places.  
Their imprisonment ought not to be in base manner, or so strict as others.  
They may eat the best and daintiest meat that the place affordeth; to wear at their pleasure Gold, jewels, the best apparel, and of what fashion they please, etc.  
Beside, Nobility stirreth up emulation in great Spirits, not only of equalling others, but excelling them; as in Cimon, the elder Scipio Africanus, Decius the son, Alexander, Edward our Black Prince, and many others.  
It many times procureth a good marriage, as in Germany, where a fair Coat and a Crest, is often preferred before a good revenue.  
It is a spur in brave and good Spirits, to bear in mind those things which their Ancestors have nobly achieved.  
It transferreth itself unto Posterity; and as for the most part we see the children of Noble Personages, to bear the lincaments and resemblance of their Parents: so in like manner, for the most part they possess their virtues and Noble dispositions, which even in their tenderest years, will but forth and discover itself.  
Having discoursed of Nobility in General, the division, and use thereof: give me leave in a word, to inveigh against the pitiful abuse thereof, which like a plague, I think, hath infected the whole world. Every undeserving and base Peasant aiming at Nobility: which miserable ambition hath so furnished both Town & Country with Coats of a new list; that were Democritus living, he might have laughing matter for his life. In Naples, such is the pride of every base groom, that though he be distalla, he must be termed Signore, and scarce will ●e open a note from a poor Calz●lai●, to whom he hath been a twelve month indebted for his Boots, if D●n be not in the superscription.  
In Venice likewise, every Mechanic is a Magnifice, though his magnificenza walketh the Market but with a Chequin.  
In France, every Peasant and common Lackey, is saluted by name of Mounsieur, or Sire, the King himself having no other Title. The word Sire immediately proceeding from Cyrus, the Persian word for a Lord or great Prince, 
In Lexic●.  as H. Stephanus well noteth; or as it pleaseth some, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 authority, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a Lord or Governor, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Go but from Paris to Anjo●, 
Demost. Oly●th. ●.  and see if you find not all, from the Count to the Esculiers, allied either to the King, some Prince of the blood, Noble Peer, or other.  
In the Low Countries, mine old Host at Arnhem in Gildrerland, changed his Coat and Crest thrice in a fortnight, because it did not please his young Wife. For there ye must understand, they are all Gentlemen by a Grant, (they say) from Charles the fifth, in consideration of a great sum of money they lent him in time of his wars. Come into what house soever, though miju here weert, be but a Gardener, Ropemaker, or Aquavita seller, you shall be sure to have his Arms, with the Beaver full faced (allowed to none but Kings and Princes) in his Glass-window, with some ingenious Motto or other of his own device. I remember one T●link there, gave for his Coat a wild Goose in the water, with this witty one; Volans, natans. Another, three Hogs falling upon a Dog, who was lugging one of their fellows; with this, 
a Concord makes might  Endracht mackt matched. Another, three great drinking Bowls, Orbiquiers, with this truly Dutch, and more tolerable than the rest, underneath, Quem non f●●●re disertum? with infinite others of like Nature: yet the ancient Nobility (whereof there are many Honourable families; as Hohenlo, Egment, Horn, Brede●ode, Waggen●●r, Betsolaër, with sundry others) keep themselves entire, and maintaining their ancient houses and reputation, free from scandal of dishonour, as well as we laugh at these their boorish devices.  
Some again, by altering letters or syllables, or adding to their names, will insinuate themselves into Noble houses, and not stick many times to bear their Coats.  
But the most common and worst of all, is in all places the ordinary purchasing of Arms and Honours for Money, very prejudicial to true Nobility and politic government: for who will hazard his person and estate to infinite dangers for Honour, when others at home may have it si●e sudore & sanguin●, only by bleeding in the vena c●n●, called marsupium? The pure Oil cannot mingle with the water, no more this extracted quintessence and Spirit of Virtue, with the dregges and subsistence of unworthiness. 
Hippolytu● à Collibus.  Euripides, when his Father told him he was knighted, made him this reply; Good Father, you have that which every man may have for his Money. And certainly, Virtue dum petis are du●, will not stoop to take up her reward in the street. The French man is so bold, as to term such intruders Gentil-villaines; but I dare not use that word, lest some that challenge the first part of it, should return me the latter.  
Lastly, to conclude, most pitiful is the pride of many, who when they are nobly borne, not only stain their stock with vice, and all base behaviour, relying and vaunting of their long pedigrees, and exploits of their Fathers, (themselves living in sloth and idleness) disparage and disgrace those, who by their virtuous endeavours are rising. To these and such, I oppose Marius, and that stout reply of his in Sallust: They contemn me● as an upstart, I scorn● their sloth and baseness. Again, What they idly heave and read at home, myself hath either acted or seen; if they scorn me, let them scorn their Ancestors, who came by their Nobility as I have done: If they 〈◊〉 mine Honour, let them also envy my labours, mine innocence, my perils, etc. Now see how equally they deal: that which they arrogate to themselves from the virtue of others, that they deny me from mine own, because I have no Images, and my Nobility is new, etc. Shortly after: I cannot, to prove my descent, bring forth the Images of my Ancestors, their Triumphs, their Consulships; but if need be, I can show Lances, my Ensign, Caparisons, and other such warlike implements, beside a number of scars upon my breast: these are my Images, my Nobility, not left me by descent and inheritance, etc. And as resolute of late years, was the answer of Verdugo a Spaniard, Commander in Friesland, to certain of the Spanish Nobility, who murmured at a great feast, the son of a Hangman should take place above them, (for so he was, and his name importeth:) Gentlemen (quoth he) question not my birth, or who my Father was, I am the son of mine own desert and Fortune; if any man dares as much as I have done, let him come and take the Tables ●nd with all my heart.   

CHAP. 2.  
Of the dignity and necessity of Learning in Princes and Nobility.  
SInce Learning then is an essential part of Nobility, as unto which we are beholden, for whatsoever dependeth on the culture of the mind; it followeth, that who is nobly borne, and a Scholar withal, deserveth double Honour, 
Si ad naturam eximiam eruditi● accesseris 〈…〉 singular quoddam existere sole●, Cit ●te A●chia Po●ta.  being both 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: for hereby as an Ensign of the fairest colours, he is a far discerned, and winneth to himself both love and admiration, heigthing with skill his Image to the life, making it precious, and lasting to posterity.  
It was the reply of that learned King of Arragon to a Courtier of his, who affirmed, that Learning was not requisite in Princes and Nobility, Questa è voce d'un but, non d'un Huom●. For if a Prince be the Image of God, governing and adorning all things, and the end of all government the observation of Laws, that thereby might appear the goodness of God in protecting the good, and punishing the bad, that the people might be fashioned in their lives and manners, and come near in the light of knowledge unto him, who must protect and defend them, by establishing Religion, ordaining Laws; by so much (as the Sun from his Orb of Empire) ought he to outrun the rest in a virtuous race, and outshine them in knowledge, by how much he is mounted nearer to heaven, and so in view of all, that his least eclipse is taken to a minute.  
What (tell me) can be more glorious or worthy the Sceptre, 
Nic●phorus, lib. 17. cap. 40.  then to know God aright; the Mysteries of our salvation in jesus Christ, to converse with God in soul, 
Regum. 1. cap. 4. 33.  and oftener than the mere natural man, to advance him in his Creatures; to be able with Solomon to dispute, from the loftiest Cedar on Libanus, to the lowest Hyssop upon the wall; to be the Conduit Pipe and instrument, whereby (as in a goodly Garden) the sweet streams of heavens, blessings are conveied in piety, peace and plenty, to the nourishing of thousands, and the flourishing of the most ingenious Arts and Sciences.  
Wherefore, saith the Kingly Prophet, 
Psalm. ●.  Erudimini Reges, etc. as if he should say; How can you Kings & judges of the earth understand the grounds of your Religion, the foundation and beginnings of your Laws, the ends of your duties and callings; much less determine of such controversies, as daily arise within your Realms and circuits, define in matters of Faith public justice, your private and Oeconomic affairs, if from your cradles ye have been nursed (as Solomon's fool) with ignorance, brutish Ignorance, 
Prou. 15. Plato, lib. 5. de Re●ub.  mother of all misery, that infecteth your best actions with folly, ranketh you next to the beast, maketh your talk and discourse loathsome and heavy to the hearer, as a burden upon the way, 
Ecclesiast. 15.  yourselves to be abused by your vassals, as blind men by their Boys, and to be led up and down at the will and pleasure of them, whose eyes and ears you borrow.  
Hence the royal Solomon, above all riches of God, desired wisdom and understanding, that he might govern, and go before so mighty a people. And the ancient Romans, 
Vo●isc●i● Taci●.  when their voices were demanded at the Election of their Emperor, cried with one consent, Quis melior quam● literatus? Hence the Persians would elect none for their King, except he were a great Philosopher: and great Alexander acknowledged his, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from his Master Aristotle.  
Rome saw her best days under her most learned Kings and Emperors; 
Plutarch in Corialano.  as Num●, Augustus, Titus, Antoninus, Constantino, Theodosius, and some others. Plutarch giveth the reason, Learning (saith he) reformeth the life and ma●●ers, and affordeth the wholesomest advice for the government of a Commonwealth. I am not ignorant, but that (as all goodness else) she hath met with her mortal enemies, the Champions of Ignorance, 
Eutropiu●●  as Licinius gave for his Mot or Poesy: Posts Reipublica literae; and Lewis the eleventh, King of France, would ever charge his son to learn no more Latin then this, Qui nescit dissimulare, nescit regnare: but these are the fancies of a few, and those of ignorant and corrupted judgements.  
Since learning then joined with the fear of God, is so faithful a guide, that without it Princes undergo but lamely (as Chrysostome saith) their greatest affairs; they are blind in discretion, ignorant in knowledge, rude and barbarous in manners and living: the necessity of it in Princes and Nobility, may easily be gathered, who howsoever they slatter themselves, with the favourable Sunshine of their great Estates and Fortunes, are indeed of no other account and reckoning with men of wisdom and understanding, than Glow-worms that only shine in the dark of Ignorance, and are admired of Idiots and the vulgar for the outside; 
Plutarch. Alcia●. in Emblem.  Statues or huge Colossos' full of Lead and rubbish within, or the Egyptian Ass, that thought himself worshipful for bearing golden Isis upon his back.  
Sigismond King of the Romans, 
jacob. Wimphe 〈◊〉.  and son to Charles the fourth Emperor, greatly complained at the Council of Constance, of his Princes and Nobility, whereof there was no one that could answer an Ambassador, who made a speech in Latin; whereat Lodovic, the Elector Palatine took such a deep disdain in himself, that with tears ashamed, he much lamented his want of learning; and presently hereupon returning home, began (albeit he was very old) to learn his Latin tongue. Eberhard also, the first Duke of Wirtenberge, at an assembly of many Princes in Italy (who discoursed excellently in Latin, while he stood still and could say nothing) in a rage struck his Tutor or Governor there present, for not applying him to his Book when he was young. I gladly allege these examples, as by a public Council to condemn Opinion of Heresy, believing to teach, and teaching to believe, the unnecessitie of Learning in Nobility; an error as prejudicial to our Land, as sometime was that rotten Chest to Aethiopia, whose corrupted air vented after many hundreds of years, brought a plague not only upon that Country, but over the whole world.  
I cease to urge further, the necessity and dignity of Learning, 
Appian.  having (as Octavius said to Decius, a Captain of Anthony's,) to the understanding spoken sufficient; but to the ignorant too much, had I said less.   

CHAP. 3.  
Of the time of Learning, Duty of Masters, and what the fittest Method to be observed.  
AS the Spring is the only fitting seed time for grain, setting and planting in Garden and Orchard: So youth, the April of man's life, is the most natural and convenient season to scatter the Seeds of knowledge upon the ground of the mind, 
Plato politic. 6.  〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, saith Plato, It behooveth in youth out of hand, to desire and bend our minds to Learning: neither as good Husbands, while time serveth, let slip one hour; for, saith he, elsewhere, Our ground is hard, 
In Ph●●dre.  and our horses be wild; withal, if we mean to reap a plentiful harvest, take we the counsel of Adrastus in Euripides, To look that the seed be good. For, in the foundation of youth, well ordered and taught, consists (saith Plato again) the flourishing of the Commonwealth. This tender Age is like water spilt upon a table, which with a finger we may draw and direct which way we list; or like the young Hop, which, if wanting a pole, taketh hold of the next hedge: so that now is the time (as Wax) to work it pliant to any form.  
How many excellent wits have we in this Land, that smell of the Cask, by neglecting their young time when they should have learned! Horace his Quo semel, once fit for the best Wine, since too bad for the best Vinegar, who grown to years of discretion, and solid understanding, deeply bewail their misspent, or misguided youth, with too late wishing (as I have heard many) that they had lost a joint, halt their estates, so that they had been held to their Books when they were young. The most (and without cause) lay the fault upon bad Masters; to say truth, it is a general plague and complaint of the whole Land; for, for'one discreet and able Teacher, you shall find twenty ignorant and careless, who (among so many fertile and delicate wits as England affordeth) whereas they make one Scholar, they mar ten.  
The first and main Error of Masters, 
The first and main errors of Masters.  is want of discretion, when in such variety of Natures as different as their countenances, the Master never laboureth to try the strength of every capacity by itself, 
In E●bi●.  which (as that Lesbian stone Aristotle speaketh of) must have the rule fitted to it, not that brought to the rule: for as the self same medicines have several operations, according to the complexions they work upon; so one and the selfsame Method agreeth not with all alike: some are quick of capacity, and most apprehensive, others of as dull; some of a strong memory, others of as weak; yet may that dullard, or bad memory, (if he be observed) prove as good, yea (in Aristotle's opinion) better than of the other. But we see on the contrary, out of the Masters carterly judgement, like Horses in a team, they are set to draw all alike, when some one or two prime and able wits in the School, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 (which he culls out to admiration if strangers come, as a Costardmonger his fairest Pippins) like fleet hounds go away with the game, when the rest need helping over a stile a mile behind: hence being either quite discouraged in themselves, or taken away by their friends (who for the most part measure their learning by the form they fit it) they take leave of their books while they live.  
A second oversight nigh a kin to the former, is indiscretion in correction, in using all Natures alike, and that with immoderation, or rather plain cruelty: true it is, Quo quisque est solertior & ingeniosior, 
Cicero pro Rose. Comaedo. Quintilian, lib. inst●ti●. 1. cap. 3.  hoc docet iracundior. But these fellows believe with Chrysippus in Quintilian, that there is no other Method of making a Scholar, then by beating him, for that he vnderstandeth not through their own fault; wherein they show themselves egregious Tyrants, for, Correction without instruction is plain tyrannis.  
The Noble, generous, and best Natures, are won by commendation, enkindled by Glory, 
Virgil.  which is fax mentis honestae, to whom conquest and shame are a thousand tortures. Of which disposition for the most part, are most of our young Nobility and Gentlemen, well borne, inheriting with their being, they virtue of their Ancestors, which even in this tender greenness of year will bewary itself, as well in the School as abroad at their play and childish recreations.  
Quintilian above all others, desireth this disposition to make his Orator of, and whom chiding grieveth, to be tenderly dealt withal; yet have I known these good and towardly Natures, as roughly handled by our Plagosi Orbilij, as by Dionysius himself taking revenge upon the buttocks of poor Boys for the loss of his kingdom, and railed upon by the unmannerly names of blockheads (oft by far worse than blockheads) asses, dolts, etc. which deeply pierceth the free and generous Spirit; for, 
Senec. de moribus.  Ingenuitas (saith Soneca) non recipit contemptum; Ingenuity or the generous mind, cannot brook contempt; and which is more ungentlemanly, nay barbarous and inhuman, pulled by the ears, lashed over the face, beaten about the head with the great end of the rod, smitten upon the lips for every slight offence with the Ferula, (not offered to their Father's Scullions at home) by these Aiaces flagelliferi; fitter far to keep Bears, (for they thrive and are the fatter for beating, saith Pliny) then to have the charge of Noble and Gentlemen.  
In Germany the School is, and as the name importeth, it ought to be merely Ludus literarius, a very pastime of learning, where it is a rare thing to see a Rod stirring: yet I heartily wish that our Children of England were but half so ready in writing and speaking Latin, which Boys of ten and twelve years old will do so roundly, and with so neat a phrase and stile, that many of our Masters would hardly mend them; having only for their punishment shame, and for their reward praise. Cavendum à plagis (saith Quintilian) sed potius laude aut aliorum praelatione urgendus est puer: that is, we must hold our hands, and rather bring a Child forward with praise, and preferring of others. Beside, there ought to be a reciprocal and a mutual affection betwixt the Master and Scholar, which judicious Erasmus and Lodovicus Viues, 
Erasm. in Epist. ad (Christianum Iubece●sem. Pl●●. epist. l●b. 4.  (sometimes teacher to Queen Marie, and a Spaniard, who came into England with Queen Katherine her mother) do principally require, Patris in illum in duendo affectum, by putting on a Father's affection toward him: and as Pliny saith, Amore, non artifice docente, qui optimus Magister est: To win his heart and affection by love, which is the best Master, the Scholar again the contrary. So may a discrect Master, with as much or more case, both to himself & his Scholar, teach him to play at Tennis, or shoot at rovers in the field, and profit him more in one month, beside his encouragement, then in half a year with his strict and severe usage. But in stead hereof, many of our Masters for the most part so behave themselves, that their very name is hateful to the Scholar, who trembleth at their coming in, rejoiceth at their absence, and looketh his Master (returned) in the face, as his deadly enemy.  
Some affect, and severer Schools enfore, a precise and tedious strictness, in long keeping the Scholars by the walls; as from before six in the morning, till twelve, or past: so likewise in the afternoon; which beside the dulling of the wit, and dejecting the Spirit, (for, 
Clcero pr● Plan●.  Otij non minùs quam negotij ratio extare debes) breedeth in him afterward, a kind of hate and carelessness, of study when he cometh to be sui i●ris, at his own liberty, (as experience proveth by many, who are sent from senere Schools unto the Universities:) withal, over-loading his memory, and taking off the edge of his invention, with over heavy tasks in Themes, Verses, etc. To be continually poring on the Book (saith Socra●●s) hurteth and weakeneth the memory very much; 
Converse with the learned better th● reading.  affirming learning to be sooner attained unto by the ear in discourse and hearing, then by the eye in continual reading. I verily believe the same, if we had Instructors and Masters at hand, as ready as Books. For we see by experience, those who have been blind from their birth, to retain more by hearing, than others by their eyes, let them read never so much: wherefore Fabius would have, Istud ediscendi taedium protinùs à pueris devorari, this same toil or tediousness of learning by heart, to be presently swallowed or passed over by Children.  
Wherefore I cannot but commend the custom of their Schools in the Low Countries, where for the avoiding of this tedious sitting still, & irksome poring on the book all day long; after the Scholar hath received his Lecture, he leaveth the School for an hour, and walketh abroad with one or two of his fellows, either into the field, or up among the trees upon the rampire; as in Andwerpe, Breda, Vtrechs', etc. where they confer and recreate themselves till time calls them in to repeat, where perhaps they stay an hour; so abroad again, and thus at their pleasure the whole day. For true it is, that Lipsius saith, 
jipsius' in epist.  ingenia vegeta, must have suos re●essus, strong and lively wits must have their retreat or intermission of exercise, and as Rams (engines of war in old time) recoil back to return with the greater force; which the mind doth unto study after pause and rest, not unlike a field, which by lying fallow, becometh far more fat and fruitful.  
A fourth error, is the contrary (for, Stulti in contraria currunt,) too much carelessness and remissness in not holding them in at all, or not giving them in the School that due attendance they ought: so that every day is playday with them, bestowing the Summer in seeking Birds-nests, or haunting Orchards; the Winter, in keeping at home for cold, or abroad all day with the Bow, or the Birding-peece: they making as little conscience in taking, as their Master in giving their learning, who forgetreth belike, 
Plutarch. ad Trasanum.  that Rumour layeth each fault of the Scholar upon his necks. Plato remembreth one Protagoras, a Bird of the same feather, who when he had lived threescore years, made his boast, he had spent forty of those threescore, in corrupting and undoing youth. We have, I fear, a race of those Protager-asses even yet among our common Schoolmasters in England.  
But the diseases whereunto some of them are very subject, are Humour and Folly (that I may say nothing of the gross Ignorance and insufficiency of many) whereby they become ridiculous and contemptible both in the School and abroad. Hence it comes to pass, that in many places, especially in Italy, of all professions that of Peda●eria is held in basest repute; the Schoolmaster almost in every Comedy being brought upon the Stage, to parallel the Zany, or Pantaloon. He made us good sport in that excellent Comedy of Pedantius, acted in our Trinity College in Cambridge: and if I be not deceived, in Priscianus vapulans, and many of our English Plays.  
I knew one, who in Winter would ordinarily in a cold morning, whip his Boys over for no other purpose then to get himself a heat: another beat them for swearing, and all the while swears himself with horrible oaths, he would forgive any fault saving that.  
I had I remember myself (near S. Albans in Hertforshir● where I was borne) a Master, who by no entreaty would teach any Scholar he had, farther than his Father had learned before him; as if he had only learned but to read English, the son, though he went with him seven years, should go no further; his reason was, they would then prove saucy rogues, and control their Fathers; yet these are they that oftentimes have our hopeful Gentry under their charge and tuition, to bring them up in science and civility.  
Beside, most of them want that good and direct Method, whereby in shortest time and with least labour, the Scholar may attain unto perfection; some teaching privately, use a Grammar of their own making; some again, none at a●●: the most Lilies, but praeposterously posted over, that the boy is in his Quantity of Syllables, before he knoweth the Quality of any one part of speech; for he profiteth no more than he mastereth by his understanding. Nor is it my meaning that I would all Masters to be tied to one Method, no more than all the Shires of England to come up to London by one high way; there be many equally alike good. And since Method, as one saith, 
Phil●●●●●, 1 Physic●rum.  is but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, let every Master if he can, 
See M. Doctor Webbe his Appeal to Truth.  by pulling up styles and hedges, make a more near and private way to himself, and in God's name say with the divinest of Poets: 

— deserta per avia dulcis, 
Georgio. 3.   
Raptat amer, invat ire iugi●, quà nulla priorum  
CASTANNA ALIAM molli divertitur orbita clive.   

With Sweet Love rapt, I now by desert's pass,  
And over hills, where never tract of yore:  
Descending easily, yet remembered was,  
That led the way to CASTALIE before.    
But in stead of many good they have infinite bad, and go stumbling from the right as if they went blindfold for a wager: hence cometh the shifting of the Scholar from Master to Master, who poor boy (like a hound among a Company of ignorant hunters hollowing every decree they see) misseth the right, begetteth himself new labour, and at last by one of skill, but well rated or beaten for his pains. They cannot commonly err, if they shall imitate the builder, first to provide the Scholar with matter, than cast to lay a good foundation, I mean a solid understanding of the Grammar, every rule made familiar and fast, by short and pleasant examples, let him bring his matter into form, and by little and little raise the frame of a strong and well knit stile both in writing and speaking; and what doth harm in all other building, is here most profitable and needful, that is, Translation. For I know nothing that benefiteth a Scholar more than that; first by translating out of Latin into English, which laid by for some time, let him translate out of English into Latin again varying as oft as he can both his words and Phrases. Dosetus who hath gathered all the Phrases of Tully into one volume, Manutius, Erasmus his Cop●a, and Drax his Callipo●a with others, will help him much at the first; let him after by his own reading enrich his understanding, and learn haurire ex ipsis fontibus, next exercise himself in Themes and Declamation if he be able. The old method of teaching Grammar, saith Suetonius, was disputation in the forenoon, and declamation in the afternoon; but this I leave to the discretion of the judicious Master.  
I pass over the insufficiency of many of them (with ill example of life (which Plato wisheth above all things to be respected and looked into) whereof as of Physic and ill Physicians, there is many times more danger then of the disease itself; many of them being no Grammarians at all, much less (as Quintilian requireth in a Schoolmaster) Rhetoricians to expound with proper and purest English, an Eloquent Latin or Greek Author, unfold his invention: and handling of the subject, show the form and fluency of the style, the apt disposition of figures, the propriety of words, the weight of grave and deep Sentences which are nerui orationis, the sinews of discourse. Musicians, without which Grammar is imperfect in that part of Prosodia, that dealeth only with Meter and rhythmical proportions. Astronomers to understand Authors who have written of the heavens and their motions, the several Constellations, setting and rising of the Planets, with the sundry names of circles and points; as Manilius and Pontanus. And lastly, Natural and Moral Philosophers, without which they cannot as they ought, understand Tully's Offices, or Aesop's Fables, as familiar as they seem.  
far be it that I may be thought to question the worth and dignity of the painful and discreet teacher, who, if Learning be needful, must be as necessary: besides, I am not ignorant, that even the 
a Augustus and Octa●●us Caesar. D●●ny●ius. 1. Armelius. 〈…〉 etc.  greatest Princes, with the most reverend Bishops, and most profound Scholars of the world, have not been ashamed of tea●ching the Grammar: or that I inveigh in the least, against the learned and worthy Masters of our public Schools, many of whom may be ranked with the most sufficient Scholars of Europe. I inveigh against the pitiful abuse of our Nation by such, who by their ignorance and negligence deceive the Church and Commonwealth of serviceable members, Parents of their Money, poor Children of their time, esteem in the world, and perhaps means of living all their lives after.   

CHAP. 4.  
Of the duty of Parents in their children's Education.  
NEither must all the blame lie upon the Schoolmaster, fond and foolish Parents have oft as deep a share in this precious spoil; as he whose cockering and apish indulgence (to the corrupting of the minds of their Children, disabling their wits, effeminating their bodies) how bitterly doth Plato tax and abhor? For avoiding of which, 
In Gorgia.  the Law of Lycurgus commanded children to be brought up, and to learn in the Country, far from the delicacy of the City; and the Brutij in Italy, a people bordering upon Lucania, following the custom of the Spartans, sent their children after the age of fourteen away, to be brought up in fields and Forests among Shepherds and Herdsmen; without any to look unto them, or to wait upon them: without apparel, or bed to lie on, having nothing else then Milk or Water for their drink, and their meat such as they could kill or catch. And hear the advice of Horace: 

Angustam, 
Horac. lib. 3.  amice, pauperiem pati  
Robustus acri militia puer 
Ode 2.   
Condiscat, & Parthos feroces  
Vexet eques metuendus hasta,  
Vitamque sub die, & trepidis agas  
In rebus, etc.   

Friend, let thy child hard poverty endure,  
And grown to strength, to war himself inure;  
Learn bravely mounted, stern Cavaleir,  
To charge the fiercest Parthian with his spear:  
Let him in fields without doors lead his life,  
And exercise him where are dangers rife, etc.    
If many of our young youths and Gallants were dieted in this manner, Mercers might save some Paper, and City Laundresses go make Candles with their Saffron and Eggs; Dicing houses and ten shillings Ordinaries, let their large Rooms to Fencers and Puppitplayers, and many a painted piece betake herself to a Wheel, or the next Hospital. But now adays, Parents either give their Children no education at all, (thinking their birth or estate will bear out that:) or if any, it leaveth so slender an impression in them, that like their names cut upon a Tree, it is overgrown with the old bark by the next Summer. Beside, such is the most base and ridiculous parsimony of many of our Gentlemen, (if I may so term them) that if they can procure some poor Bachelor of Art from the University to teach their Children, say Grace, and serve the Cure of an Impropriation, who wanting means and friends, will be content upon the promise of ten pounds a year at his first coming, to be pleased with five; the rest to be set off in hope of the next advowson, (which perhaps was sold before the young man was borne:) Or if it chance to fall in his time, his Lady or Master tells him; Indeed Sir we are beholden unto you for your pains, such a living is lately fallen, but I had before made a promise of it to my Butler or Bailiff, for his true and extraordinary service: when the truth is, he hath bestowed it upon him himself, for fourscore or an hundred pieces, which indeed his man two days before had fast hold of, but could not keep.  
It is not commonly seen, that the most Gentlemen will give better wages, and deal more bountifully with a fellow who can but teach a Dog, or reclaim an Hawk, then upon an honest, learned, and well qualified man to bring up their children? It may be, hence it is that Dogs are able to make Syllogisms in the fields, when their young Masters can conclude nothing at home, if occasion of argument or discourse be offered at the Table. 
Phili● de Commines, lib. 1.  Look upon our Nebilitie and Gentry now adays (saith a wise and grave Historian) and you shall see them bred, as if they were made for mother end then pastime and idleness; they observe moderation neither in talk nor apparel: good men, and such as are learned, are not admitted amongst them; the affairs of their estates they impose upon others, 
Seneca ad Lucil. epist. 31.  etc. But to view one of them rightly, (saith Sen●ca) look upon him naked, lay-by his estate, his Honours, et aliae fortunae mendacia, his other false disguisements of Fortune, and behold his mind, what and how great he is, whether of himself, or by some borrowed greatness.  
But touching Parents, a great blame and imputation (how justly I know not) is commonly laid upon the Mother; not only for her over tenderness, but in winking at their lewd courses; yea, more in seconding, and giving them encouragement to do wrong, 
Matres omnes silies in p●ccato & Auxilio in paterna inu●ia e●se solemn. Terms. ● Heaut●●●.  though it wore, as Terence saith, against their own Fathers.  
I dare not say it was long of the Mother, that the son told his Father, he was a better man, and better descended than he.  
Nor will I affirm that it is her pleasure, the Chambermaid should be more curious in fitting his tough, than his Master in refining his manners.  
Nor that it is she that filleth the Cistern of his lavish expense, at the University, or Inns of Court; that after four or five yearesspent, he returns home as wise as Ammonius his Ass, that went with his Master every day to the School, to hear Origen and Porphyry read Philosophy.  
But albeit, many Parents have been diligent enough this way, and good Masters have likewise done their parts, and neither want of will or ability of wit in their Children to become Scholars, yet (whether out of an overweening conceit of their towardness, a pride to have their sons outgo their neighbours, or to make them men before their times) they take them from School, as Birds out of the nest ere they be slidge, and send them so young to the University, that scarce one among twenty proveth aught. For as tender plants, too soon or often removed, begin to decay and die at the root; so these young things of twelve, thirteen, or fourteen, that have no more care then to expect the next Carrier, and where to sup on Fridays and Fasting nights: no further thought of study, then to trim up their studies with Pictures, and place the fairest Books in openest view, which poor Lads, they scarce every opened or understand not; that when they come to Logic, and the crabbed grounds of Arts, there is such a disproportion between Aristotle's Categories, and their childish capacities, that what together with the sweetness of liberty, variety of company, and so many kinds of recreation in Town and Fields abroad, (being like young Lapwings apt to be snatched up by every Buzzard, they prove with Homer's Willow 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and as good go gather Cockles with Calignlas people on the Sand, as yet to attempt the difficulties of so rough and terrible a passage.  
Others again, if they perceive any wildness or unstaiednesse in their Children, are presently in despair, and out of all hope of them for ever proving Scholars, or fit for any thing else; neither consider the Nature of youth, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  nor the effect of time, the Physician of all. But to mend the matter, send them either to the Court to serve as Pages, or into France and Italy to see fashions, and mend their manners, where they become ten times worse. These of all other, if they be well tempered, prove the best mettle; yea Tulli● as of necessity desireth some abundant rankness, or superfluity of wit in that youngman, he would choose to make his Orator of. Vellem (saith he) in adolescente aliquod redundans & quod amputem: 
1. De Oratore.  I wish in a young man something to spare, and which I might cut off. This taken away ere degenerate with luxurious abundance, like that same rank vine the Prophet jeremy speaketh of, 
jer. 2. 21.  you shall find the heart divino sain editum: and sound timber within to make Mercury of, qui non fit ex quovis line, as the proverb saith.  
And some of a different humour will determine, even from the A, B, C. what calling their children shall take upon them, and force them even in despite of Nature, like Lycurgus his whelps, to run contrary courses, and to undertake professions altogether contrary to their dispositions: This, saith Erasmus, is, peccare in genium. And certainly it is a principal point of discretion in parents to be throughly acquainted with, and observe the disposition and inclination of their children, and indeed for every man to search into the addiction of his Genius and not to wrest nature as Musicians say, out of her key, or (as Tully saith) to contend with her, making the Spaniel to carry the Asses load; which was well observed by the Lacedamonians and ancient Romans, in laying forth instruments of sundry occupations, before their children at a certain age, they to choose what liked them best, and ever after to take upon them that profession whereunto they belonged.  
How many are put by worldly and covetous father's invita Minerva, to the study of the laws (which study I confess to be Honourable and most deserving,) who notwithstanding spend most of their time even in Divinity at the Inns of he Court? and how many Divines have we, (I appeal to the Courts,) heirs of their fathers, friends, (or purchased) advousons, whom the buckram bag would not better beseem then the Bible? being never out of law with their parishioners, following their Suits and Causes from Court to Court, Term to Term, no Attorney more.  
In like manner I have known many Commanders and worthy Gentlemen, aswell of our own Nation as strangers, who following the wars, in the field and in their Arms, have confessed unto me, Nature never ordained them for that profession, had they not fallen accidentally upon it, either through death of friends, harshness of Masters and Tutors, thereby driven from the University (as an Honourable friend of mine in the Low Countries hath many times complained unto me:) or the most common mischief, miserableness of greedy parents, the overthrow and undoing of many excellent and prime wits; who to save charges, marry a daughter, or prefer a younger brother, turn them out into the wide world with a little money in their purses (or perhaps none at all) to seek their Fortunes, where Necessity dejects and besots their spirits, not knowing what calling or course to take; enforceth them desperate to beg, borrow, or to worse and base shifts (which in their own natures they detest as hell) to go on foot, lodge in Alehouses, and fort themselves with the basest company, till what with want and wand'ring so long in the Circle, at last they are (upon the centre of some hill) constrained to say (as Hercules between his two pillars) Non ulterius.  
Much less have parents now a days that care to take the pains to instruct, and read to their children themselves, which the greatest Princes and noblest personages have not been ashamed to do. Octavius' Augusins Caesar, read the works of Cicero and Virgil, to his children and nephews himself. Anna the daughter of Alexi● the Grecian Emperor, 
She is cited by B jewel in his Apology.  was by her father so instructed, that while she was yet a young and goodly Lady, she wrote of herself a very learned and authentic History of the Church. Aemilius Paulus the son (who so bravely ended his days at Cannas when his Colleague forsook him) seeing the favour of the State not inclineable towards him, left the City, and only spent his time in the Country, in teaching his own children their Latin and Greek; notwithstanding he daily maintained Grammarians, Logicians, Rhetoricians, Painters, Carvers, Riders of great horses, and the skilfullest Huntsmen he could get, to instruct and teach them in their several professions and qualities.  
The three daughters of everfamous Sr. 
In Farragine Episle alarm.  Thomas Moor, were by their father so diligently held to their book (notwithstanding he was so daily employed being L. Chancellor of England) that Erasmus saith, he found them so ready and perfect in Livy, that the worst Scholar of them, was able to expound him quite through without any stop, except some extraordinary and difficult place. Quod me (saith he) aut mei similem esset remoraturum. I shall not need to remember, within memory those four sisters, the learned daughters of Sr. Anthony Cook, and rare Poetresses, so skilful in Latin and Greek, beside many other their excellent qualities, eternised already by the golden pen of the Prince of Poets of our time; with many other incomparable Ladies and Gentlewoman in our land, 
George Buchanan.  some yet living, from before whose fair faces Time I trust will draw the curtain.  
Lastly, the fault may be in the Scholar himself, whom Nature hath not so much befriended with the gift of understanding, as to make him capable of knowledge; or else more unjust, disposed him to sloth, or some other worse inbred vice. Marcus Cicero, albeit he was the son of so wise, so eloquent, and so sober a father (whose very counsel and company had been enough, to have put learning and regard of well living into the most barbarous Get:) and had Crattippus, 
Cicero Offic. lib. 1.  so excellent a Philosopher to his Reader at Athens: yet by the testimony of Pliny, 
Marcus Cicero, cum pater abstin●●tis simus suiras, bi●os congros haurire ●olitus est (test● Plani●.) Temulen●●● impegis Scyphum M. Agrippa. Valer. Max.  he proved so notorious a drunkard, that he would ordinarily drink off two gallons of Wine at a time, and became so debauched every way, that few of that age exceeded him. Sundry the like examples might be produced in our times, but one of this nature is too many. Others on the contrary, are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and have no other helps save God, and their own industry; we never read of any Master Virgil ever had. S. Augustine likewise saith of himself: Se didicisse Aristotelis Categorias nemine traden●●: That he learned Aristotle's Categories, or Predicaments, no man instructing him; which, how hard they be at the first to wade thorough without a guide, let the best wit of them all try. And Beda our Countryman, (for his profound learning in all Sciences) sir-named Venerabilis, attained to the same within the limits of his Cell in Northumberland, though it is said he was once at Rome. joseph Scaliger taught privately many years in a Nobleman's house, and never made abode in any University, that ever I heard of, till called in his latter years to Leyden in Holland: and many admirable Scholars and famous men, our Age can produce, who never came at any University, except to view the Colleges, or visit their friends, that are inferior to few Doctors of the Chair, either for Learning or judgement, if I may so say, Pace matris Academiae.   

CHAP. 5.  
Of a Gentleman's carriage in the University.  
Having hitherto spoken of the dignity of learning in general, the duty and quality of the Master, of a ready Method for understanding the Grammar, of the Parent, of the child: I turn the head of my Discourse, with my Scholar's horse, (whom me thinks I see stand ready bridled) for the University. And now, M. William Howard, give me leave (having passed that, I imagine, Limbus puerorum, & those perilous pikes of the Grammar rules) as a well willer unto you and your studies, to bear you company part of the way, and to direct henceforth my Discourse wholly to yourself.  
Since the University whereinto you are embodied, is not untruly called the Light and Eye of the Land, in regard from hence, as from the Centre of the Sun, the glorious beams of Knowledge disperse themselues over all, without which a Chaos of blindness would repossess us again: think now that you are in public view, and nucibus reliclis, with your gown you have put on the man, that from hence the reputation of your whole life taketh her first growth and beginning. For as no glory crowneth with more abundant praise, then that which is here won by diligence and wit: so there is no infamy abaseth the value and esteem of a Gentleman all his life after, more than that procured by Sloth and Error in the Universities; yea, though in those years whose innocence have ever pleaded their pardon; whereat I have not a little marvelled, considering the freedom and privilege of greater places.  
But as in a delicate Garden kept by a cunning hand, and overlooked with a curious eye, the least disorder or rankness of any one flower, putteth a beautiful bed or well contrived knot out of square, when rudeness and deformity is borne withal, in rough and undressed places: so, believe it, in this Paradise of the Muses, the least neglect and impression of Errors foot, is so much the more apparent and censured, by how much the sacred Arts have greater interest in the culture of the mind, and correction of manners.  
Wherefore, your first care, even with pulling off your Boots, let be the choice of your acquaintance and company. For as infection in Cities in a time of sickness, is taken by concourse, and negligent running abroad, when those that keep within, and are wary of themselves, escape with more safety: So it falleth out here in the University; for this Eye hath also her diseases as well as any other part of the body, (I will not say with the Physicians more) with those, whose private houses and studies being not able to contain them, are so cheap of themselves, and so pliable to good fellowship abroad; that in mind and manners (the tokens plainly appearing) they are past recovery ere any friend could hear they were sick.  
Entertain therefore the acquaintance of men of the soundest reputation for Religion, Life, and Learning, whose conference and company may be unto you 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  a living and a moving Library. 
Euripides in Andromache.  For conference and converse was the first Mother of all Arts and Science, as being the greatest discoverer of our ignorance, and increaser of knowledge, teaching, and making us wise by the judgements and examples of many: and you must learn herein of Plato, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, that is, To be a lover of knowledge, desirous to hear much; and lastly, to inquire and ask often.  
For the companions of your recreation, consort yourself with Gentlemen of your own rank and quality; for that friendship is best contenting and lasting. To be over free and familiar with inferiors, argues a baseness of Spirit, and begetteth contempt: for as one shall here at the first priz: himself, so let him look at the same rate for ever after to be valued of others.  
Carry yourself eeuen and fairly, Tanquam in statêra, with that moderation in your speech and action, (that you seemed with Vl●sses, to have Minerva always at your elbow:) which should they be weighed by Envy herself, the might pass them for currant; that you be thought rather leaving the University, then lately come thither. But hereto the regard of your worth, the dignity of the place, and abundance of so many fair precedents, will be sufficient Motives to stir you up.  
Husband your time to the best, for, 
Seneca de brevitate vitae, Cap. 1. & 3.  The greedy desire of gaining Time, is a covetousness only honest. And if you follow the advice of Erasmus, and the practice of Plinius secundus, Diem in operas partire, to divide the day into several tasks of study, you shall find a great case and furtherance hereby; remembering ever to refer your most serious and important studies unto the morning, Which sin sheth alone (say the learned) three parts of the work. julius Caesar having spent the whole day in the field about his military affairs, divided the night also, for three several uses; one part for his sleep; a second, for the Commonwealth and public business; the third, for his book and studies. So careful and thrifty were they then of this precious treasure, which we as prodigal lavish out, either vainly or viciously, by whole months and years, until we be called toan account by our great Creditor, who will not abate us the vain expense of a minute.  
But for as much as the knowledge of God, is the true end of all knowledge, wherein as in the boundless & immense Ocean, all our studies and endeavours ought to embosomed th●selues: remember to lay the foundation of your studies, The fear and service of God, by oft frequenting Prayer and Sermons, reading the Scriptures, and other Tractates of Piety and Devotion: which howsoever profane and irreligious Spirits condemn, and contemn, as Politian a Canon of Florence, 
D. Pezel 2. Post●ll.  being upon occasion asked if he ever read the Bible over; 
Melan●●l on.  Yes once (quoth he) I read it quite thorough, but never bestowed my time worse in all my life. 
Preferring ● o● eover wickedly and profanely the Odes of Pindar, before the Psalms of David.  Believe you with Chrysostome, that the ignorance of the Scriptures, is the beginning and fountain of all evil: That the word of God is (as our Saviour calleth it) the key of knowledge; which given by inspiration of God, is profitable to teach, to convince, to correct and to instruct in righteousness. And rather let the pious and good King Alphonsi●s, 
Chrysoft. in epist. ad Celoss. cap. 3.  be a precedent unto you, and to all Nobility, who read over the Bible nor once, nor twice, but fourteen times, 
Luke 11. 52. 2. Tim. 2. 3. In vita Alphonsi.  with the Postils of Lyra and Burgensis, containing thrice or four times as much in quantity, and would cause it to be carried ordinarily with his Sceptre before him, whereon was engraven, Pro lege & Grege.  
And that worthy Emp. & great Champion of Christendom, Charlemaigne, who spent his days of rest (after so mnay glorious victories obtained of the Saracens in Spain, the Huns, Saxens, Goths and Vandals in Lombardy and Italy, with many other barbarous Nations, whereof million fell under his Sword) in reading the holy Scriptures, and the works of the Fathers, especially S. Augustine, 
Eginardue in vita Caroli magni.  and his books De Civitate Dei, in which he took much delight: Whom besides, it is recorded, to have been so studious, that even in bed, he would have his Pen and Ink, with Parchment at his Pillow ready, that nothing in his meditation, nothing might overslip his memory: and if any thing came into his mind, the light being taken away, a place upon the wall next him, was thinly over-laid with●Waxe, whereon with a brazen pin he would write in the dark. And we read, as oft as a new King was created in Israel, he had with the ornaments of his kingly dignity, the Book of the Law delivered unto him; signifying his Regal authority, was lame and defective, except swayed by Piety and Wisdom, contained in that book. Whereunto alludeth that device of Paradine, an Image upon a Globe, with a sword in one hand, and a book in the other, with, Ex utroque Caesar; and to the same purpose, another of our own in my Minerva Britann●, which is a Serpent wreathed about a Sword, placed upright upon a Bible, with the word, Initium Sapiemia.   

CHAP. 6.  
Of stile in speaking and writing, and of History.  
SInce speech is the Character of a man, 
Cicero 1. de Orato●e.  and the Interpreter of his mind, and writing, the Image of that; that so often as we speak or write, so oft we undergo censure and judgement of ourselves: labour first by all means to get the habit of a good stile in speaking and writing, as well English as Latin. I call with Tully, that a good and eloquent stile of speaking. 
Ci●. in prolog. R●●tor.  Where there is a judicious fitting of choice words, apt and grave Sentences unto matter well disposed, the same being uttered with a comely moderation of the voice, countenance and gesture. Not that same ampullous and Scenical pomp, with empty furniture of phrase, wherewith the Stage, and our petty Poetic Pamphlets sound so big, which like a net in the water, though it feeleth weighty, yet it yieldeth nothing; since our speech ought to resemble, wherein neither the curiousness of the Picture, or fair proportion of Letters, but the weight is to be regarded: and as Plu●arch saith, when our thirst is quenched with the drink, than we look upon the ennameling and workmanship of the bowl; so first your hearer coveteth to have his desire satisfied with matter, ere he looketh upon the form or vinetrie of words, which many times fall in of themselves to matter well contrived, according to Horace: 
Rembe●● dispositam vel verba invita feq●untur. 
An Art Po●t.   
To matter well disposed, words of themselves do fall.   
Let your stile therefore be furnished with solid matter, and compact of the best, choice, and most familiar words; taking heed of speaking, or writing such words, as men shall rather admire then understand. Herein were Tiberiu●, M. Ante●ie, and M●cenas, much blamed and jested at by Augustus, himself using ever a plain and most familiar stile: and as it is said of him, Verbum insolens tanquam scopulum effugiens. Then sententious, yea better furnished with sentences than words, and (as Tully willeth) without affectation: 
Hen●icus Oilaws Angliae Rex in cysstola quadam ad Erasmum Ro●crod. in Farragi●● Epist.  for as a King said, Dum tersiari studemus eloquendi formula, subterfugit nos clanculùm, apertus ille & familiaris dicendi modus. Flowing at one and the self same height, neither taken in and knit up too short, that like rich hangings of Arras or Tapestry, thereby lose their grace and beauty, as Themistocles was wont to say: not suffered to spread so far like soft Music in an open field, whose delicious sweetness vanisheth, and is lost in the air, not being contained within the walls of a room. In speaking, rather lay down your words one by one, then pour them forth together; this hath made many men naturally slow of speech, to seem wisely judicious, and be judiciously wise; for, beside the grace it giveth to the Speaker, it much helpeth the memory of the hearer, and is a good remedy against impediment of speech. Sir Nicholas Bacon, sometime Lord Chancellor of England, and father to my Lord of S. Alb●n●s, a most eloquent man, and of as sound learning and wisdom, as England bred in many Ages: with the old Lord William Burgbley, Lord Treasurer of England, have above others herein been admired, and commended in their public speeches in the Parliament house and Star-chamber: for nothing draws our attention more than good matter, eloquently digested, and uttered with a graceful, clear, and distinct pronunciation.  
But to be sure your stile may pass for currant, as of the richest alloy, imitate the best Authors as well in Oratory as History; beside the exercise of your own Invention, with much conference with those who can speak well: nor be so foolish precise as a number are, who make it Religion to speak otherwise then this or that Author. As Longolius was laughed at by the learned, for his so apish and superstitious imitation of Tully, in so much as he would have thought a whole Volume quite matred, if the word Possibile had passed his pen; because it is not to be found in all Tully: or every Sentence had not sunk with, esse posse videatur, like a peal ending with a chime, or an Amen upon the Organs in Paul's. For as the young Virgin to make her fairest Garlands, gathereth not altogether one kind of Flower; and the cunning Painter, to make a delicate beauty, is forced to mix his Complexion, and compound it of many Colours; the Arras-worker, to please the eyes of Princes, to be acquainted with many Histories: so are you to gather this Honey of Eloquence 
a Exod. 4. , A gift of heaven, out of many fields; making it your own by diligence in collection, care in expression, and skill in digestion. But let me lead you forth into these all-flowrie and verdant fields, where so much sweet variety will amaze, and make you doubtful where to gather first.  
First, 
Cicero.  Tully (in whose bosom the Treasure of Eloquence seemeth to have been locked up, and with him to have perished) offereth himself as Pater Romani eloquij: whose words and stile (that you may not be held an Heretic of all the world) you must prefer above all other, as well for the sweetness, gravity, richness, and unimitable texture thereof; as that his works are throughout seasoned with all kind of Learning, and relish of a singular and Christianlike honesty. There wanted not in him (saith Tacitus) knowledge of Geometry, 
Tacitus in Oratore.  of Music, of no manner of Art that was commendable and honest; he knew the subtlety of Logic, each part of Moral Philosophy, and so forth. How well he was seen in the Civil Laws, his Books De legibus, and his Actions in Verrem, will show you: which are the rather worthy your reading, because you shall there see the grounds of many of our Laws here in England. For the integrity of his mind, though his Offices had lain suppressed, let this one saying (among many thousands) persuade you to a charitable opinion of the same: 
Ad Atticum, lib. 13.  Arecta conscientia transuerfum unguem, non oportet quenquam in omni sua vita discedere. Whereto I might add that tale of Gyges' ring in his Offices, which book let it not seem contemptible unto you, because it lieth tossed and torn in every School; but be precious, as it was sometime unto the old Lord Burghley, Lord high Treasurer of England, before named; who, to his dying day, would always carry it about him, either in his bosom or pocket, being sufficient (as one said of Aristotle's Rhetoric's) to make both a Scholar and an honest man. Imitate Tully for his phrase and stile, especially in his Epistles Ad Atticum; his Books De Oratore: among his Orations, those Pro M. Marcello, Pro Archia Poeta, T. Annie Milone, Sext. Rose. Amerino, Pub. Quinctio: the first two against Catiline; and the third Action against Verres. These in my opinion are fullest of life, but you may use your discretion, you cannot make your choice amiss.  
After Cicero, I must need● bring you Caesar, 
Caesar.  whom Tully himself confesseth of all Orators, to have spoken the most eloquent and purest Latin; 
Cicero, lib. 4. de claris Oratoribus.  Et haue bene loquendi laude●● (saith he) 〈◊〉 uteris, & iis quidem reconditis & exquisith, summoque study & diligentia est consequ●tus. And, 
Quintilian. lib. 10. a● filium.  In quno (saith Quintilian) ●anta vis, id acumen, ea concitatio, ut illum codem animo dixisse appareat quo bellavit. In whom there was so great vehe mency, that fine iudement, that courage and motion, that it seems he wrote with the same Spirit he fought. To read him as you ought, you must bring with you an able judgement, beside your Dictionary; by reason of the diversity of Countries. Tracts, Places, Rivers, People, names of ancient Cities and Towns, to be sought out, in modern, strange, and unknown names: of materials in buildings (as in his bridge over the Rhine framed, Ex tignis, trab●bus, fibulis, sublicis, longurijs, etc.) which, except you were seen in Architecture, you would hardly understand: then strange names and forms of warlike Engines and weapons then in use: sundry forms of fortification, water-works, and the like; which notwithstanding, since have been made known and familiar unto us, by the painful labours of those all-searching wits, Lipsius, Ramus, Gionanni de Ramellis, and others: and may be read in English excellently translated and illustrated, by that learned and truly honourable Gentleman, Sr Clement Edmondes' Knight, Clerk of his Majesty's most honourable Privy Counsel, my worthy friend: though many excellent works of Caesar's, as his Epistles, his Astronomy, etc. through the iniquity of envious Time, are utterly lost and perished.  
Now offereth himself Cornelius Tacitus, 
Corn. Tacitus.  the Prince of Historians; of whom I may not untruly say (as Scaliger of Virgil) & evius ore nil tomere excidit, as well for his diligence as gravity; so copious in pleasing brevity, each Sentence carrying with it a kind of loftic State and Majesty, such as should (me think) proceed from the mouth of Greatness and Command; in sense retired, deep, and not fordable to the ordinary Reader. He doth in part speak most pure and excellent English, by the industry of that most learned and judicious Gentleman; whose long labour and infinite charge in a far greater work, have won him the love of the most learned, and drawn not only the eye of Greece, but all Europe to his admiration.  
But there being, as Lipsius saith, Suus cuique lingua genius: Let me advise you of this by the way, that no Translation whatsoever will affect you, like the Authors own and proper language: for to read him as he spoke, it confirmeth our judgements with an assured boldness and confidence of his intent and meaning; removing that scruple of jealousy we have commonly of ignorant and unfaithful pens, which deal many times herein, sublesta fide. Besides, it is an injury to the Author, who hereby loseth somewhat of his value: like a piece of rich stuff in a Broker's shop, only for that it is there at a second hand, though never worn, or newly translated but yesterday.  
The next Titus Livius, 
T. Livius.  whom like a milky Fountain, you shall every where find flowing, with such an elegant sweetness, such banquetlike variety, that you would imagine other Authors did but bring your mouth out of taste. In his first Decade, you have the coming of Aeneas into Italy, the building of Rome, the first choice of the Senate, the religious rites of Numa, the brave combat of the Horatij and Curiatij, the tyranny of Tarquin, the rape of Lucrece by Sextus his son, and first Consuls created.  
In the third, the History of the second Punic war, Hannibal's passage against the league over the River Iberus, who after eight months siege; took Saguntum; his passage over the Pyrenean hills, his foraging of France: after ascending the Alpes, with his overthrow of the Romans, with his Horse troops at the River T●cin●, where Scipi● (after A●ricanus) rescued his father, being very grievously wounded. His second overthrow of the Romans, at the River Trebia, his hard passage in cruel weather and tempests, over the Apponin●, etc.  
In the fourth, is recorded the occasion of the war, against Philip King of Macedonia (concerning the coming in of two young men of Acarnania, into the Temple of Ceres at Athens:) Against whom Sulpitius was sent, by whom the Macedonians were overthrown in a● horse battle: how L. Furius subdued the rebellious Gauls, overthrew Hamilcar with thirty five thousand Carthaginians; with many other expeditions of Philip of Macedon, and Sulpitius.  
In the fifth, the going out of the fire in the Temple of Vesta; how Titus S●mpronius Gracch●●, Subdued the Celtiberian Spaniards, and built a Town in Spain called Gracchuris, after his name; Posthumius Albinius triumphed over the Portugals: the number of the Citizens of Rome reckoned by the poll, with the Law of Volu●●●ius Saxa, by which no woman was to inherit, etc.  
Be then acquainted with Quintus Curtius, 
Q. Curtius.  who passing eloquently with a faithful pen and sound judgement, writeth the Life and Acts of Alexander; in whom you shall see the pattern of a brave Prince, for Wisdom, Courage, Magnanimity, Bounty, Courtesy, Agility of body, and whatsoever else were to be wished in Majesty; till surfeiting (in the best of his age) on his excessive Fortunes, and even burdensome to himself: by his over-greatnesse, 
T●liad 6.  he became 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, an unprofitable burden of the earth, and from the darling of heaven, to be the disdain of all the world.  
After him (whom indeed I should have preferred before, 
Salustius.  as being honoured with the Title of Historia● 〈◊〉) followeth Sallust, commended most for brevity; as also for the richness of his speech and phrase; but wherein his brevity consisteth, the most are ignorant. Our Grammarians imagine, because his Discourses (as they say) are only of the matter and persons barely and nakedly described, without circumstance and preparation, counsels and deliberations had before, effects and events after: which is quite contrary; as may be seen by the Conspiracy of Catilin●, which he might in a manner have set down in three words. But how amply, and with what ado doth he describe it? what circumstances more open, more abundant, then where he saith; The Roman Soldiers being amazed with an unwonted uproar, betook them to their Weapons: some hid themselves, others advised their Companions to stand st●●tly to it: they were afraid in every place, the multitude of Enemies was so great. The heaven was obscured with night, and thick Clouds, the peril wis doubtful: and lastly, no man knew whether it were safest for him to fly, or to stay by it? And let them now see their error, who affirm his Discourse to be unfurnished of Counsels, Deliberations, Consultations, etc. Is not the reason set down, why jugurth assaulted Cirtha at the arrival of the Ambassadors? the intent and preparation of the war by Metellus the Consul, laid open in an ample manner, wherein consisteth the richness of his Discourse? His brevity indeed, worthy your observation and imitation, consisteth in shutting up whole and weighty Sentences in three words, fetching nothing afar, or putting in more than needs; but in quick and stirring Asyndeta's after his manner: 
Scaliger Pe●t. lib. 4 cap. 24.  as the most learned have out of him observed.  
And since it is Tully's advice, as was his own use (as himself testifieth) Non in Philosophia solum, sed etiam in dicendi exercitatione, cum Graces Latin● con●●ngere: By this time acquaint yourself with that golden Cyri p●dia of Xenophon, 
Xenophon.  whom here you shall see a courageous and brave Commander, marshalling an Army: there a most grave and eloquent Philosopher, in the person of Cyrus, shaping out unto us with Ink of Nectar, a perfect and absolute Prince, (to the example of all Princes and Nobility) for his studies, his diet, his exercise, his carriage, and every way manner of living: insomuch, as the Noble Scipio Africanus, as well in his wars abroad, as in peace at home, above all other held Xenophon in highest regard, ever saying, he could never commend him sufficiently, or read him over often enough.  
Hitherto have I given you a taste (at your own choice) as well for universal History, as your imitation in writing and speaking. That I account universal, which entreateth of the beginning, increase, government, and alterations of Monarchies, Kingdoms, and Commonwealths: and to further you herein, you may read justine, Diodorus Siculus, Zonaras, Oresius; of more later times, Sabellicus, Carion, with some others.  
For special History, 
Special History.  that reporteth the affairs and government of particular Estates; you have the most ancient Herodotus, the Noble and eloquent Thucydides, Arrianus, Halicarnassaeus, Polybius, Suetonius, and others.  
All History divideth itself into four branches: 
History, how divided.  the first spreadeth itself into, and over all place, as Geographie: the second, groweth and gathereth strength with tract of time, as Chronologie: the third, is laden with descents, as Genealogy: the fourth and last (like the golden Bow Proserpins' gave Aeneas) is that, 
A●●●id. 6.  truly called by Cicero, Lux veritatis, which telleth us of things as they were done, and of all other most properly is called History. For all History in times past, 
Cic. 2. de Oratore.  saith Tully, was none other than Annalium Confectio, the making of annal, that is, recording of what was done from year to year. But while I wander in foreign History, let me warn you, nefis peregrinus domi: that you be not a stranger in the History of your own Country, 
The old Lord Treasurer Burleigh, if any one came to the I. I. of the Counsel, for a Licence to travail, he would first examine him of England; if he found him ignorant, would bid him slay at home and know his own country first.  which is a common fault impoted to our English Travellers in foreign Countries; who curious in the observation and search of the most memorable things and monuments of other places, can say (as a great Peer of France told me) nothing of their own our Country of England, being no whit inferior to any other in the world, for matter of Antiquity, and rarities of every kind worthy remark and admiration. Herein I must worthily and only prefer unto you the glory of our Nation, M. Camden, aswell for his judgement and diligence, as the purity and sweet fluence of his Latin style; and with him the rising Star of good letters and Antiquity, M. john Selden of the Inner Temple. 
His Britannia with the Life of Queen Elizabeth.  As for Giraldus, Geoffrey, Higden, Ranulph of Chester, Walsingham a Monk of S. Athanes with the rest, they did cum saculo caecutire, and took upon credit many a time more than they could well answer; that I may omit Polydore Virgil and Italian, 
His lanus Angl.  who did our Nation that deplorable injury, 
Titles of Honour.  in the time of K. Henry the eight, for that his own History might pass for currant, he burned and embezeled the best and most ancient Records and Monuments of our abbeys, 
Together with his Ma●e clausum, though not yet printed. The injury Polydore Virgil, did to our Nation.  Priories, and Cathedral Churches, under colour (having a large Commission under the Great Seal) of making search for all such monuments, manuse. records, Legier books, etc. as might make for his purpose; yet for all this he hath the ill luck to write nothing well, save the life of Henry the seventh, wherein he had reason to take a little more pains then ordinary, the book being dedicated to Henry the eight his son.  
No subject affecteth us with more delight than History, imprinting a thousand forms upon our imaginations, from the circumstances of Place, Person, Time, Matter, manner, and the like. And, what can be more profitable (saith an ancient Historian) then sitting on the Stage of humane life, 
Diodorus Sicula.  to be made wise by their example, who have trod the path of error and danger before us? Bodin tells us of some, who have recovered their healths by reading of History; and it is credibly affirmed of King Alphonsus, that the only reading of Qui●●. Curtius, cured him of a very dangerous fever. If I could have been so rid of my late quartane ague, I would have said with the same good King: Valeat Avicenna, vi●at Curtius; and have done him as much honour, as ever the Chians their Hypocrates, or the Sun-burnd Egyptians their Aesculapius.  
For Morality and rules of well living, delivered with such sententious gravity, weight of reason, so sweetened with lively & apt similitudes, 
Plutarch, how highly valued among the learned.  entertain Plutarch; whom according to the opinion of Gaza the world would preserve (should it be put to the choice to receive one only Author (the Sacred Scriptures excepted) and to burn all the rest) especially his Li●es and Morals. After him, the virtuous and divine Seneca, who for that he lived so near the times of the Apostles, and had familiar acquaintance with S. Paul (as it is supposed by those Epistles that pass under either their names) is thought in heart to have been a Christian; 
The just praise of Seneca.  and certes so it seemeth to me, by that Spirit, wherewith so many rules of Patience, Humility, Contempt of the world, are refined and exempt from the dregges of Paganism. Some say that about the beginning of Nero's reign, he came over hither into Britain; but most certain it is, he had diverse lands bestowed on him here in England, 
In vita Seneca.  and those supposed to have lain in Essex near to Camalodunum, now Maldon.  
Again, while you are intent to foreign Authors and Languages, forget not to speak and write your own properly and eloquently: whereof (to say truth) you shall have the greatest use, (since you are like to live an eminent person in your Country, and mean to make no profession of Scholarship.) I have known even excellent Scholars so defective this way, that when they had been beating their brains twenty, or four and twenty years about Greek Etymologies, or the Hebrew roots and Rabbins, could neither write true English, nor true Orthographic: and to have heard them discourse in public, or privately at a table, you would have thought you had heard Loy talking to his pigs, or john de Indagine, declaiming in the praise of wild geese; otherwise for their judgement in the Arts and other tongues very sufficient.  
To help yourself herein, make choice of those Authors in prose, who speak the best and purest English. I would commend unto you (though from more Antiquity) the life of Richard the third written by Sir Thomas Moor, the Arcadia of the noble Sir Philip Sidney, whom Du Bartas makes one of the four columns of our language; 
The late published life of Henry the seaventh.  the Essays and other peoces of the excellent Master of Eloquence, my Lord of S. Albans, who possesseth not only Eloquence, but all good learning, as hereditary both by Father and Mother. You have then M. Hooker his Polity; Henry the fourth well written by Sir john Hayward; that first part of our English Kings by M. Samuel Daniel. There are many others I know, but these will taste you best, as proceeding from no vulgar judgements: the last Earl of Northampton in his ordinary stile of writing was not to be mended. Procure then, if you may, the Speeches made in Parliaments frequent learned Sermons, in Term time resort to the Star-chamber, and be present at the plead in other public Courts, whereby you shall better your speech, every your understanding, and get more experience in one month, then in other four by keeping your Melancholy study, and by solitary meditation. Imagine not that hereby I would bind you from reading all other books, since there is no book so bad, even Sir Be●is himself, Owlglass, or Nashes herring, but some commodity may be gotten by it. For as in the same pasture, the Ox findeth fodder, the Hound a hare, the Stork a lizard, the fair maid flowers; so we cannot, except we list ourselves (saith Seneca) but depart the better from any book whatsoever. 
Seneca Epist. 109.   
And ere you begin a book, 
The Epistles of Books, oft times the best piece of them.  forget not to read the Epistle; for commonly they are best laboured and penned. For as in a garment, whatsoever the stuff be, the owner (for the most part) affecteth a costly and extraordinary facing; and in the house of a country Gentleman, the porch of a Citizen, the carved gate and painted posts carry away the Glory from the rest: So is it with our common Authors● if they have any 〈◊〉 at all, they set it like velvet before, though the back, like (a bankerupts doublet) be but of poldavie or buckram.  
Affect not as some do, that bookish Ambition, to be stored with books and have well furnished Libraries, yet keep their heads empty of knowledge: to desire to have many books, and never to use them, is like a child that will have a candle burning by him, all the while he is sleeping.  
Lastly, 
How to keep your books.  have a care of keeping your books handsome, and well bound, not cas●ing away overmuch in their gild or stringing for ostentation sake, like the prayer books of girls and gallants, which are carried to Church but for their outsides. Yet for your own use spare them not for noting or interlining (if they be printed) for it is not likely you mean to be a gainer by them, when you have done with them; neither suffer them through negligence to mould & be moth-eaten, or want their strings and covers.  
King Alphonsus about to lay the 〈…〉 at Naples, 
The answer of King Alphonsus, concerning Vitru●ius.  called for Vitr●vius his book of Architecture; the book was brought in very bad case, all dusty and without covers: which the King observing said, He that must cover us all, must not go uncovered himself: Then commanded the book to be fairly bound and brought unto him. So say I, suffer them not to lie neglected, who must make you regarded; and go in torn coats, who must apparel your mind with the ornaments of knowledge, above the robes and riches of the most magnificent Princes.  
To avoid the inconvenience of moths and moldinesse, 
Maps and Pictures.  let your study be placed, and your windows open if it may be, towards the East, for where it looketh South or West, the air being ever Subject to moisture, moths are bred and darkishnesse increased, whereby your maps and pictures will quickly become pale, losing their life and colours, or rotting upon their cloth, or paper, decay past all help and recovery.   

CHAP. 7.  
Of Cosmographic.  
THat like a stranger in a foreign land, ye may not wander without a guide, ignorant of those places by which you are to pass, and stick amused, amazed in the Labyrinth of History: Cosmography a second Ariadne, bringing 
a Meridian's, Parallels, etc.  lines enough is come to your delivery, whom imagine standing on a fair hill, and with one hand, pointing and discoursing unto you of the Celestial Sphere, the names, uses, and distinctions of every circle, whereof it consisteth, the situation of Regions according to the same, the reason of Climates, length and shortness of days and nights, motion, rising and setting as well of fixed stars, as erratic, elevation of the Pole, Parallels, Meridian's, and whatsoever else respecteth that Celestial body.  
With the other hand downward, she showeth you the globe of the earth, (distinguished by Seas, Mountains, Rivers, Rocks, Lakes and the like,) the subject of Geography, which defined according to Ptolomey and others, is an imitation of the face (by draught and picture) of the whole earth, and all the principal and known parts thereof, with the most remarkable things 〈◊〉 belonging.  
A science at once both feceding the eye and mind with such incredible variety, and profitable pleasure, that even the greatest kings and Philosophers, have not only bestowed the best part of their time in the contemplation hereof at home, but to their infinite charge and peril of their persons, have themselves travailed to understand the Situation of far countries, bounds of Seas, qualities of Regions, manners of people and the like.  
So necessary for the understanding of History (as I have said) and the fables of Poets, 
The necessity of Cosmography.  (wherein no small part of the treasure of humane learning lieth hid) that without it we know not how the most memorable enterprises of the world have been carried and performed; we are ignorant of the growth, flourish and fall of the first Monarchies, whereat History taketh her head and beginning: we conceive nothing of the government, and commodities of other nations, we cannot judge of the strength of our enemies, distinguish the limits between kingdom and kingdom, names of places from names of people: nay (with monsieur Gaular●) we doubt at Paris whether we see there the same Moon we have at London or not: on the contrary, we know this and much more, without exposing (as in old time) our bodies to a tedious travail, but with much more ease, having the world at will, or (as the saying is) the world in a string, in our own chamber. How prejudicial the ignorance of Geography hath been unto Princes in foreign expeditions against their enemies, unfortunate Cyrus will tell you, ●h● being ignorant of Oaxis and the straits, was overthrown by Thomiris the Scythian Queen; and of two 〈◊〉 thousand Persians' in his army, not one escaped through his unskilfulness herein, as justine reporteth.  
And at another time what a memorable victory to his perpetual glory carried L●onidas from the Persians, only for that they 〈◊〉 unacquainted with the straits of 
* Thermopylae that long hill of Greece through which there is a strait & a narrow passage environed with a rough sea and deep senne; so called from the wells of who● waters which are there among the rocks.  Thermopylae?  
And the foul overthrow that Crassus received by the Parthians, was imputed to nothing else, ●hen his ignorance of that Country, and the passages thereof.  
Alexander, therefore taking any enterprise in hand, would first cause an exact map of the country to be drawn in colours, to consider where were the safest entrance, where he might pass this River, how to avoid that Rock, and in what place most commodiously give his enemy battle.  
Such is the pleasure, such is the profit of this admirable knowledge, which account rather in the member of your recreations then severer studies, it being beside quickly, and with much ease attained unto. Prince Henry of eternal memory, was herein very studious, having for his instructor that excellent Mathematician, 
Cosmography a sweet and pleasant study.  and (while he lived) my loving friend Master Edward Wright.  
To the attaining of perfection herein, 
The principles of Geometry first to be learned.  as it were your first entrance, you are to learn and understand certain Geometrical definitions, which are first Punctum, or a prick; a Line, a Superficies either plain, Convexe or Concave, your Angels right, blunt and sharp, Figures, Circles, Semicircles, the Diameter, Triangles, Squares of all sorts, parallels and the like, as Master Blundevile in his first book of the Sphere will show you; for you shall have use of many of these, to the understanding thereof. Cosmography containeth Astronomy, Astrology, Geography and Chorography. 
Vide clerian. in Sacr●bos●●, ed●t●●l●.  Astronomy considereth the magnitude and motions of the celestial bodies.  
The Celestial bodies are the eleven heavens and Spheres.  
The eleventh heaven is the habitation of God and his Angels.  
The tenth the first mooover.  
The ninth the Crystalline heaven,  
The eight the starry firmament.  
Then the seven Planets in their order, 
The Planets in their order.  which you may remember in their order by this verse. 
Post Sim SUM sequitur, ultima LVN Asub●st:  
Would you count the Planets soo●e,  
Remember SIM SUM and the MOON.   
The first Letter S for Saturn, I for jupiter, M for Mars, S for the Sun, V Venus, M Mercury; lastly the Moon.  
The Imperial Heaven is immoveable, most pure, immense in quantity, and clear in quality.  
The tenth Heaven or first mover, is also most pure and clear, and maketh his revolution in four and twenty hours, carrying with the swiftness the other Heavens violently from East to West, from their proper revolutions, which is from West to East.  
The ninth, or Crystalline heaven, moveth by force of the first mover, first from East to West, then from West to East upon his own poles, and accomplisheth his revolution in 36000. years. And this revolution being finished, Plato was of opinion, that the world should be in the same state it was before; I should live and print such a book again, and you read it in the same apparel, and the same age you are now in.  
Two Scholars in Germany having lain so long in an Inn, 
A merry tale of two poor Scholars and their Host.  that they had not only spent all their Money, but also ran into debt some two hundred Dollars; told their Host of Plat●s great year, and how that time six and thirty thousand years the world should be again as it was, and they should be in the same Inn and Chamber again, and desired him to trust them till then: Quoth mine Host, I believe it to be true; and I remember six and thirty thousand years ago you were here, and left just such a reckoning behind to pay, I pray you Gentlemen discharge that first, and I will trust you for the next.  
The eight Heaven or glorious starry Firmament, hath a threefold motion, (viz:) from East to West in four and twenty hours, secundism primum Mobile; then from West to East, according to the motion of the ninth Heaven; then sometimes to the South, and sometime towards the North, called motus trepidationis.  
Touching the motions of the Planets, since you may have them in every Almanac, I willingly omit them.  
The Sphere of the world consisteth of ten Circles, the Equinoctial, the Zodiac, the two Colours, the Horizon, the Meridian, the two Tropiques, and the two polar Circles. 
Division of the Sphere.   
The Equinoctial, 
The Equinoctial line.  is a circle dividing the world, as in the midst equally distant from the two poles: it containeth three hundred and sixty degrees, which being multiplied by sixty, (the number of miles in a degree) make one and twenty thousand and six hundred miles, which is the compass of the whole earth. The third part of which (being the Diameter) about seven thousand and odd miles, is the thickness of the same. Those who dwell under the Equinoctial, having no Latitude either to the North or South, but their days and nights always of an equal length.  
The Zodiac is an oblick circle, 
The Zodiac.  dividing the Sphere athwart the equinoctial into points, (viz:) the beginning of Aries and Libra: In the midst whereof is the Ecliptic line; the utmost limits thereof are the two Tropiques, Cancer and Capricorn: the length thereof is three hundred and sixty degrees, the breadth sixteen. It is divided into twelve signs, six Northerly, and six Southerly: the Northern are, Aries, Taurus, Cancer, Gemini, Leo, Virgo; Southern, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricornus, Aquarius, Pisces: he turneth upon his own poles from West to East.  
The two Colours, 
The Colours.  are two great movable Circles, passing through both the poles of the world, crossing one another with right spherical Angles: so that like an Apple cut into four quarters, they divide into equal parts the whole Sphere: the one passeth through the equinoctial points and poles of the world, and is called the equinoctial Colour: the other passeth through the Solstitial points, and is called the Solstitial Colour.  
The Horizon, 
The Horizon  is a Circle immoveable, which divideth the upper Hemisphere, or half part of the world from the neither: it hath the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is termin●, or to bond or limit; because, imagine you stood upon Highgate, or the Tower hill at Greenwich, so far as you can see round about as in a circle, where the heaven seemeth to touch the earth, that is called the Horizon: The poles whereof, are the point just over your head, calleth Zenith in Arabian; and the other under your feet, passing by the Centre of the world, called Nadir.  
The Meridian is an immoveable circle, 
The Meridian  passing through the poles of the world: it is called the Meridian of Meridies Noonetide, because when the Sun rising from the East, toucheth this line with the Centre of his body, than it is noon to those over whose Zenith that Circle passeth, and midnight to their Antipodes, or those who are just under them in the other world.  
The number of Meridian's, are 180. (allowing two to every degree in the Equinoctial) which all concentre in either pole, and are the utmost bounds of Longitude.  
By the Meridian, the Longitude of all places is gathered, and what places lie more Easterly or Westerly from either.  
The Longitude of any place, 
Longitude.  is that distance you find upon the Equinoctial, between the Meridian of the place, whose Longitude you desire; and the first Meridian which directly passeth over the Canary, or Fortunate Lands: which distance or space you must account by the degrees, purposely set upon the Brazen Circle; or if you please by miles, allowing sixty to every degree. Longitude is only taken East and West.  
Latitude is the distance of the Meridian, 
Latitude.  between the vertical point (or pole of the Horizon) and the Equinoctial, being ever equal to the height, or elevation of the pole above the Horizon: or more plainly, the distance of any place, either North or South from the Equinoctial, which you are to take (upon the standing Globe) by the degrees of the brazen Meridian, that Country or place in the Globe, whose Latitude you desire, being turned directly under it.  
The Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary Circle, 
Of the Tropickes.  betwixt the Equinoctial and the Arctic Circle; which Circle the Sun maketh about the thirteenth day of june, declining at his farthest from the Equinoctial, and coming Northerly to us-ward; then are our days at the longest, and night's shortest. Capricorn the like to the Antarcticke Circle, making our days the shortest about the twelfth of December.  
The Arctic Circle 
The Arctic Circle.  (anciently accounted the Horizon of Greece) is a small circle: the Centre whereof is the North pole of the world, which is invisible; It is so called from Arctes the Bear, or Charles W●ine, the Northern Star, being in the tip of the tail of the said Bear.  
The Antarctike, 
The Antarcticke Circle.  which is near to the South pole, and answering the other under us.  
But I had rather you learnt these principles of the sphere by demonstration, and your own diligence (being the labour but of a few hours) then by mere verbal description, which profiteth not so much in Mathematical demonstrations.  
We will therefore descend to Geographic, which is more easy and familiar, (the definition I gave you before.) I come to the Subject, the Terrestrial Globe, which is composed of Sea and Land.  
The Sea is a mighty water, 
The Sea.  ebbing and flowing continually about the whole Earth, whose parts are diversely named according to the places whereupon they bound. In the East it is called the Indian Sea; in the West the Atlanticks, so named from the Mount Atlas in Mauritania: in the North, the Hyperborean; in the South, the Meridional, or South Sea, commonly called Mar del Zur.  
The Mediterranean sea, is that which stretcheth itself by the midst of the earth from West to East, dividing Europe, Asia, and Africa.  
Sinus (or a Gulf) is a part of the sea, 
A Gulf.  insinuating and embosoming itself within the land, or between two several lands: as the gulf of Venice, the Persian gulf, the Red Sea, Sinus Mexicanus, Vermilius, Gangeticus.  
Fretum (or a Straight) is a narrow passage between two lands, 
A Streight.  as the Straight of Magellan, Anian, Gibralterre, etc.  
An Haven, 
A Haven.  is the entrance of the sea within the land, at the mouth of some River or Creek, where ships may ride at Anchor.  
A Lake, 
A Lake.  is a great and wide receptacle of water, ever standing still, and not moving out of the place; as the Lake Asphal●i●es, Lacus Larius, or Lago di Como, Lansann● by Geneva, etc.  
The Earth, 
Of the Earth.  is either Continent or Island.  
A Continent is the land, 
A Continent.  continued without any division of Sea, as the Low Countries to Germany, that to Austria, Austria to Hungary, etc.  
An Island, 
An Island.  called Insula, quasi in Sale, is a land encompassed round with the Sea, as Great Britain, Ireland, Corsica, Candia, etc.  
An Isthmus, 
An Isthmus.  or Chersonesus, is a Straight or neck of land between two Seas, as Cimbri●a, Chersonesus, Taurica, Aurea, and Achaica.  
Peninsula 
Peninsula.  (quasi penè Insula) is a Land environed with the Sea, except at some narrow place or entrance; as that vast Continent of Peru and Brasil in America, were an Island, but for that Straight or Neck of Land, between Panama and Nombre de dies: which Philip the second, King of Spain, was once minded to have cut for a shorter passage for ships into the South Sea, but upon better deliberation he gave over his project.  
A Cape 
A Cape.  or head of Land, is the utmost end of a Promontory, or high Land, standing out into the Sea, as the Cape De Bu●na Speranza, Cape Mendozi●●, S. Vincene, Cape Verde, the great Cape S. Augustine in America, etc.  
Proceeding now to understand the several parts and Regions of the world, with their situation (as it is meet, dwelling in an house, you should know all the rooms thereof) you may if you please, observe Ptolomi●s Method, 
Ptolo●i●s Method best to be observed.  beginning first with Europe; and herein with our Northern Lands of Great Britain's, Ireland, the Orchades, and Thule, which are the Contents of his first Table, and so forth into Europe: but he was erroneous in his descriptions, obscure by reason of his Antiquity, the names of places since changed; Navigation by the benefit of the Loadstone, perfected; the want whereof heretofore hath been occasion of infinite errors among the ancients, as well Divines as Historiographers and Geographers: as Lactantius and S. Augustine, could never be persuaded, that there were Antipodes, or people going feet to feet under us; the contrary whereof experience hath taught us. 
The sundry errors of Historians and others, for want of skill in Geography  Arrianus, that much esteemed Greek Author, affirmed the situation of Germany to be very near to the jonique Sea. Stephanus also, another Countryman of his, saith that Vienna was a City of Galilee. Strabo saith, that Danubius hath his head near to the Adriatic Sea, which indeed (being the greatest River of Europe) riseth out of the hill Arnoba in Germany, and by Hungaria, and many other Countries, runneth into Sclavonia, receiving threescore other Rivers into his Channel: it is therefore far more safe to follow our later Writers.  
In every Country (to give one instance for all) in your observation you are to follow this Method; 
What to observe in a strange Country.  first to know the Latitude, than the Longitude of the place, the temperature of the Climate, the goodness or barrenness of the ground, the limits of the Country, how it is bounded by Sea or Land, or both; by East, West, North, or South: into what Provinces it is divided within itself, the commodities it affordeth, as what Mines, Woods or Forests; what Beasts, Fowls, Fishes, Fruits, Herbs, Plants; what Mountains, Rivers, Fountains and Cities: what notable matter of wonder or Antiquity: the manners, shape, and attire of the people; their building, what Ports and Havens; what Rocks, Sands, and such like places of danger, are about the place: and last of all, the Religion and Government of the Inhabitants.  
You shall have drawn upon your Globe or Map, 
Of the Mariner's Compass.  upon the vastest Seas (where most room is to be spared) a round figure, representing the Mariner's Compass, with the two and thirty winds; from every of which there runneth a line to the Land, to some famous City, Haven, or either; to show you, in that Sea and place what course you are to keep to go thither, whether full North, North-east, South, or South-west, and so forth. These winds, of the Spaniards are called Rombes: and for that, Columbus and Vesputius, Italians, with others, first discovered the East and West Indies; the eight principal winds, are commonly expressed in the Italian. This Compass hath the needle in manner of a Flower-de-luce, which pointeth still to the North,  
I could wish you now and then, 
Washing of Maps and Globes in colours, very profitable to a learner.  to exercise your Pen in Drawing, and imitating Cards and Maps; as also your Pencil in washing and colouring small Tables of Countries and places, which at your leisure you may in one fortnight easily learn to do: for the practice of the hand, doth speedily instruct the mind, and strongly confirm the memory beyond any thing else; nor think it any disgrace unto you, since in other Countries it is the practice of Princes, as I have showed heretofore; also many of our young Nobility in England exercise the same with great felicity.  
I have seen French Cards to play withal, the four suits changed into Maps of several Countries, of the four parts of the world, and exactly coloured for their numbers, the figures 1. 2. 3. 9 10. and so forth, set over the heads; for the Kings, Queens, and Knaves, the Pourtrai●s of their Kings and Queens, in their several Country habits; for the Knaves, their Peasants or Slaves; which ingenious device, cannot be but a great furtherance to a young capacity, and some comfort to the infortunate Gamester; when, what he hath lost in Money, he shall have dealt him in land or wit.   

CHAP. 8.  
Observations in Survey of the Earth.  
FIrst, how Almighty God by his Divine providence so disposed the Earth in the first Creation (not falling out by chance, as some have thought) that one Country, 
Countries had not their situations by chance.  in one place or other, is so nearly joined to the next; that if after it might happen to be over peopled, as well man as beast, by some small straight or passage might easily be provided of a new habitation: which Acosta hath well observed, resolving us that doubt, how wild beasts, as Wolves, Foxes, Bears, and other harmful beasts, should swim over so vast Seas, and breed in Lands.  
Secondly, 
The wit and constitution of men, according to the temper of the body.  how the wit, disposition, yea, devotion and strength of man, followeth the quality and temperature of the Climate; and many times the Nature of the soil wherein he lives: as we see the Eastern people of the world, very quick in their inventions, superstitious unto Idolatry, as in Chin●, Calcutta, Ia●a, and other places. On the contrary, those as far North in Lapla●d, ●●eland, and other places, as dull, and in a manner senseless of Religion, whereupon they are held the most notorious Witches of the world.  
We see those that inhabit Mountains, 
Mountainers more barbarous, than those of the valleys.  and mountainous places, to be far more barbarous and uncivil, than those that live in the plains: witness the Inhabitants of the huge hills Sierras, and the Andes in America, the mountainous North part of N●ua Franci●, the Nararrois in Spain, and the Highland men in Scotland.  
We see and find it by experience, that where the soil is dry and sandy, the air is most pure; and consequently, the spirits of the Inhabitants active and subtle, above those who inhabit the Fens and Marshes.  
Thirdly, consider the wonder of wonders, 
Of the Ocean, the diverse & wonderful motions thereof.  how the Ocean so far distant, holdeth motion with the Moon, filling our shores to the brim from the time of her appearing above the Horizon, until she hath ascended the Meridian: then decreasing as much until she toucheth the line of midnight, making his tide twice in four and twenty hours and odd minutes: how the Atlantic or Western Ocean is most rough and dangerfull, the South Sea, 
And so swift, that from Moabar to Maedagascar (or the I'll of S. Laurence) they may come in twenty days, but are not able to re●nne in 3. months. So from Spain into America in thirty days, but cannot return in three months.  or Del Zur, albeit of infinite vastness, on the contrary so calm and quiet, that you seemed rather to sail upon dry Land then water.  
How in the Sea of Cal●cut it is high water, but at every full Moon: in the Sea by the shore of Indus, but at every new Moon: how in the main Ocean the currant runs from East to West, toward the straight of Magellan, but from West to East in the Med●erranean.  
Fourthly, how in one place the Northwind, as upon the Coast of Scythia, near the mouth of the great River Duin●, bloweth in a manner perpetually, so that the West or South-west winds are scarce known.  
In another, 
jul. C. Scaliger, excre. 37.  the East: in the Indian Sea the winds keep their turns, observing the course of the Sun, which being in Aries and Libra, the Western winds blow perpetually.  
Neither less admirable are the inland stoods, 
The strange properties of Floods and Lakes.  and fresh waters for their properties, as Nilus, who only by his overflowing, maketh Egypt fertile (where it never raineth.) Eur●pus an arm of the Sea by Eub●●● (an Island of the Sporades in the Aegean Sea) which ●bbeth and floweth seven times in a day. Likewise, much may be said of our Lakes and Fountains in England, Scotland, and Ireland, of turning Wood into Stone, Iron, and the like.  
Fiftly, 
Beasts & Birds useful to man, live in herds and flocks.  it is worthy the consideration, how the Divine wisdom for the behoof of mankind, hath set an enmity between Birds and Beasts, of prey and rapine, who accompany not by herds: as Lions, Bears, Dogs, Wolves, Foxes, Eagles, Kites, and the like; which if they should do, they would undo a whole Country: whereas on the contrary, those which are necessary and useful for mankind, live gregatim, in herds and flocks, as Kin●, Sheep, Deer, Pigeons, Partridges, Geese, etc.  
Sixtly, 
Of the creatures in hot and cold Countries.  how Nature hath provided for the Creatures of the Northern parts of the world, as Bears, Dogs, Foxes, etc. not only thick skins, but great store of hair or feathers, to defend them from the extremity of the cold there: on the other side, to those in Guiena, by reason of the extreme heat, none at all; as you may see by the Guiney Dogs, which are daily brought over.  
Seventhly, 
Of Rivers.  how God hath so disposed the Rivers, that by their crookedness and winding, they might serve many places.  
Let us then consider, how the most fruitful places and beautiful Cities, have become the dwellings and homes of the most slaves, as Spain overrun by the Moor●s, Italy by the Goths and Vandals; and at this day, a great part of Europe by the Turk.  
How the Earth like an aged mother, is become less fruitful, as we see by the barrenness sometime of the most fertile places, the decay of the stature and strength of men within these few years.  
It is also worthy observation, to see how the Earth hath been increased by the access of Lands, and again been diminished by inundation and Gulfs breaking again into the same.  
The Lands of the Echinades, 
Of certain Lands cast up by Seas and Rivers.  were cast up by the River Achelous, and the greatest part of Egypt by Nilus, so were the Rhodes and Delos. Of lesser Lands beyond Melon Anaphe, between Lemnos and the Hellesp●nt Nea, (as one would say new-come) and elsewhere Alône, Thera, Therasia, and Hiera, which also from the event was called Automate.  
And that sundry goodly Countries on the contrary, have been eaten up by the Sea, our neighbour Zealand, 
Many Countries again lost by inundation.  and many other places will give lamentable testimony: beside the face of the Earth hath since the Creation, been much altered by avulsion or division of the Sea, as Sicily was divided and severed from Italy; Cyprus, from Syria; Eub●● from Boetia, Atlas and Macris from Eub●●●, Barbycus from Bythinia, Lencosia from the Promontory of the sirens: and as some suppose, Le●bos from Ida, Prochyta and P●th●●usa from Misena; and which is more, 
Strabo lib. 1.  Spain, from Barbary, as Strabo is of opinion.  
Again, 
Great Britain supposed to have been one continent with France.  it is affirmed by Volseus, that our Great Britain hath been one Continent with France, and that tract between Dover and Calais, hath been gained by the Sea, there called Mare Gess●riacum.  
Excellent is that contemplation, to consider how Nature (rather the Almighty wisdom) by an unsearchable and stupendious work, showeth us in the Sea, the likeness and shapes, not only of Land Creatures, as Elephants, Horses, Dogs, Hogs, Calves, Hares, Snails, etc. but of Fowls in the Air, as Hawks, Swallows, Vultures, and numbers the like; yea, it affordeth us men and women, and among men, even the Monk: but hereof see Iu●tius in his Batania, 
See Olaus Magnus his description of the Northern parts of the world. At Swartwale near Brill in Holland, is to be seen a Mermaid's dead body hanging up.  and if you please Alex: ab Alexandris with some others.  
Moreover what inestimable wealth it affordeth in pearls, Coral, Amber, and the like.  
By reading you shall also find what strange Earthquakes, removing of whole Towns, Hills, etc. have been upon the face of the Earth, raising of it in one place, leaving gulfs, and vastity in another: and Lucius Marcius, and Sextus julius being Consuls in Rome, in the Country of Mutinum, two mountains met and joined themselves together.  
In the reign of Nero, Vectins Marcellus being overseer of Nero's affairs, and Steward of his Court, Meadows and Olive trees were removed from a Common high way side, and placed a good way off on the contrary side; so whereas they stood before on the right hand, as one traveled, they were now on the right hand. The like happened within these few years to Pliers a town of the Grisons among the Alpes.  
Lastly, let us take a view of the Earth itself, which because it was divided with the Sea, Rivers, Marshes, etc. yet making one absolute Circle, Homer calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and for this cause Numa Pompilius dedicated a Temple to Vesta in a round form: The roundness of it is proved of Mathematicians by shadows of Dial's, and the Eclipses; also by descent of all heavy things to the Centre, itself being the Centre of the universe, 
A●ist. lib. Me●●or. 1. cap. 4.  as Aristotle and Ptolomey affirm. 
Ptolom. cap. 6. Alphrag 〈◊〉 disert. 14.   
Now in respect of heaven, it is so small a point, that the least star is not darkened with the shadow thereof: for if the smallest star, albeit in judgement of our sense, seemeth but a prick or point, yet far exceedeth the body of the Earth in greatness, it followeth in respect of heaven, that the earth must seem as little.  
Beside, if the earth were of any quantity in respect of the higher orbs, the stars should seem bigger or less in regard of those Hypsomata (Altitudes) or the Climes: but it is certain that at the self same time, sundry Astronomers find the same bigness and elevation of the self same star observed by their calculation, to differ no whit at all; whereby we may see if that distance of place which is on the Earth (in respect of the Heavenly orbs) exceedeth all sense, it follows that the Earth (poor little point as it is) seems the like, if it be compared with Heaven: yet this is that point, which with fire and sword, is divided among so many Nations, the matter of our Glory, our seat; here we have our Honours, our Armies, our Commands; here we heap up riches, at perpetual war and strife among ourselves, who (like the Toad) shall fall asleep with most earth in his paws: never thinking how of a moment of time well spent upon this poor plot or dunghill common to beasts as well as ourselves, dependeth Eternity, 
Augustine.  and the fruition of our true Happiness in the presence of Heaven, and court of the King of Kings for ever and ever.  
Now I must take leave of our common Mother the Earth, so worthily called in respect of her great merits, of v●i for she receiveth us being borne, she feeds and clotheth us brought forth, and lastly as forsaken wholly of Nature, she receiveth us into her ●●p, and covers us until the dissolution of all, and the last judgement.  
Thus have I only pointed at the principles of cosmography, having as it were given you a taste, and stopped up the vessel again, referring the rest to your own diligence and search. And herein you shall have your helps, M. Blund●●ile in his treatise of cosmography and the Sphere, D. Deo, M. Cook in his principles of Geometry, Astronomy and Geography: Ge●●● Frisins, 
M. Hughes de vs● Globiyr. at Frankford, Amsterdam, and turned into French. M. Edward Wright de vs● Sphera.  Ortelius, Copernicus, Cl●nius the jesuit, joannes de Monte Regis, Mercator, Munster, Hunter, and many others; of ancient writes Ptolomey, Dionysius Halicar nasseus. For maps I refer you wholly unto Ortelius and those set last forth by Hondius being later than Plancius, and more perfect by reason of the late discovery, made by Scho●ten, unto the 57 and 58. degrees of Southerly latitude beyond the straight of Magellan; and of late M. Henry Hudson, to the 61. or 62. to the Northwest, beyond Terra de Labrador: to omit that terrible voyage of Barentson and his company, for the discovery of the North-east passage, by the backside of Nova Z●mla, which out of a Dutch translation you may read in English.   

CHAP. 9  
Of Geometry.  
SInce Plato would not suffer any to enter his School, which was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or not entered into Geometry; and Xenocrates turned away his auditors, if unfurnished with Geometry, 
Lacrius lib. 4.  Music and Astronomy, affirming they were the helps of Philosophy: I am also bound by the Love I bear to the best arts and your studies, to give it you also in charge. Philo the jew calleth it the Princess and mother of all Sciences, and excellently was it said of Plato, that God did always 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; but more divinely of Solomon: 
Wisdom chap. 11.  That God did dispose all his creatures according to measure, number and weight; that is, by giving the Heavens their constant and perpetual motion, the elements their places and predominance according to lightness or gravity, and every creature its number and weight, without which, it were neither able to stand upright or move. To the consideration of which depth of wisdom let us use the help of this most ingenious and useful Art, worthy the contemplation, and practise of the greatest Princes, a Science of such importance, 
Petrarch de regno lib. 2. ●. 14.  that without it, we can hardly care our bread, lie dry in our beds, buy, sell, or use any commerce else whatsoever.  
The subject of Geometry is the length, breadth, and height of all things, 
Protiu in Eucl●d. lib. 2. c. 14.  comprised under the figures of Triangles, Squares, Circles, and Magnitudes of all sorts, with their terms or bounds.  
It hath properly the name from measuring the earth, being first found out in Egypt; for when Nilus with his overflowing drowned and confounded the limits of their fields, certain of the inhabitants more ingenious than the rest, necessity compelling, found out the rules of Geometry, by the benefit whereof, after the fall of the water, every man had his own portion of ground lotted and laid out to him: so that from a few poor and weak principles at the first, 
Martianus Capellain Geem. Precleses' in Euclid. lib. 2. c. 4.  it grew to that height that from earth it reached up to the heavens, where it found out their Quantities, as also of the Elements and the whole world beside.  
Out of Egypt, Thales, brought it into Greece, where it received that perfection we see it now hath.  
For by means hereof are found out the forms and draughts of all figures, greatness of all bodies, all manner of measures and weights, the cunning working of all tools, with all artificial instruments whatsoever.  
All engines of war, for many whereof (being antiquated) we have no proper names; as Exosters, Sambukes, Catapultes, Testudo's, Scorpions, etc. Petardes' Grenades, great Ordnance of all sorts.  
By the benefit likewise of Geometry, 
See the Hungarian History.  we have our goodly Ships, Galleys, Bridges, Milles, Chariots and Coaches (which were invented in Hungary and there called Cotzki) some with two wheels, some with more, Pulleys and Cranes of all sorts. 
Whence Couch had the name   
She also with her ingenious hand rears all curious roofs, and Arches, stately theatres, the Columns simple and compound, pendant Galleries, stately Windows, Turrets, etc. and first brought to light our clocks and curious Watches (unknown to the ancients:) last our kitchen jacks, even to the wheelbarrow. Beside whatsoever hath artificial motion either by Air, water, wind, sinews or chords, as all manner of Musical instruments, water works and the like.  
Yea, moreover such is the infinite subtlety, and immense depth of this admirable Art, that it dares contend even with nature's self, in infusing life as it were, into the senseless bodies of wood, stone, or mettle: witness the wooden dove of Archytas, so famoused not only by Agellim, but many other authors beyond exception, which by reason of weights equally peized within the body, 
Agellius l. 10 cap. 12.  and a certain proportion of air (as the Spirit of life enclosed) flew cheerfully forth as if it had been a living Dove.  
Albeit jul. Calls. Scaliger 
Scaliger ●uercis. 326. ad Cardanum.  accounteth this Dove no great piece of workmanship, when he saith, he is able to make of his own invention with no great labour, a ship which shall swim, and steer itself, and by the same reason that Architas his Dove was made, that is, by taking the pith of rushes covered over with bladders, or those thin skins, wherein goldbeaters beat their leaves, and wrapped about with little strings of sinews, where when a Semicircle shall set one wheel on going; it mooning others, the wings shall stir and move forward. This Archytas was a most skilful Mathematician, as it may be gathered out of Horact, 
Horat. lib. 1. Corm. Ode ●8.  who calleth him Mensorem, a Measurer 
Et marry & terra, numeroque carentis arena,  
Of sea and land, and number-wanting sand.   
And not inferior to the aforesaid Dove of Archytas was that wooden Eagle, 
Bartas le 6 〈◊〉 du 1. Semain.  which mounted up into the air, and flew before the Emperor to the gates of Norimberg of which, as also of that iron fly, that flew about a table, Sallust lord of Bartas maketh mention. Ramus attributeth the invention of either of these, in the preface of his 2. book of his Mathematical observations, to joannes Regiom●ntanus.  
Callicrates, if we may credit Pliny, 
Plin. l. 7. c. 21. & lib. 36. c. 5.  made Ants and other such like small creatures of ivory, that their parts and joints of their legs could not be discerned.  
Myrmecides Milesius also among other monuments of his skill, made a Coach or Wagon with four wheels, which together with the driver thereof, a fly could easily hide and cover with her wings: Besides a Ship with her sails, which a little Bee could overspread. Varr● 
Varr● de ling● a Latin. lib. 6.  teacheth how small pieces of this nature and subtlest workmanship, may be discerned, that is, saith he, by laying close about them, black horse hairs. Of later times, Hadrian junius 
junius lib. animad cap. 6.  tells us that he saw with great delight and admiration, at Mechlin in Brabans, a cherry stone cut in the form of a basket, wherein were fifteen pair of dice, distinct each with their spots and number, very easily of a good eye to be discerned.  
And that the Ilias of Homer written, 
Plin. lib. 7. cap. 21.  was enclosed within a nut, Cicere tells us he saw it with his eyes, though Alexander thought it worthy of a far better case, the rich Cabinet of Darius. By the statue of Homer the ancients usually set a nightingale (as by Orpheus a Swan) for the manifold variety and sweetness of his voice, or the continuance or holding out to the last the same sweetness: for some are of opinion, that the perfection of Musical sounds are to be discerned in the Nightingale's notes. Pliny 
Pliny lib. 10. cap. 29.  reckoneth up sixteen several tunes she hath, and fitteth them to Latin words very properly as unto Ditties, which the translator of Pliny hath nothing near so well fitted in the English which might surely have been as well done, as I have observed in their notes. But to return, 
Ex●rcitat. 326  Scaliger (whether in jest or earnest I know not) tells Cardanus of a flea he saw with a long chain of gold about his neck, kept very daintily in a box, and being taken forth, could skip with his chain, and sometime suck his mistresses white hand, and his belly being full, get him to his lodging again, but this same 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Alexander wittily scoffed, when he gave a fellow only a bushel of pease, for his pains of throwing every time a pease upon a needle's point standing a pretty way off.  
Archimedes to the wonder of all the world, framed a brazen heaven, wherein were the seven planets with their motions. Hereof Claudian wrote a wittle Epigram.  
Sap●r King of Persia (as Du Bartas in the sixth day of his divine week mentioneth) had an heaven of glass, which, proudly sitting in his estate, he trod upon with his feet, contemplating over the same, as if he had been jupiter, and upon this occasion calling himself brother to the Sun and Moon, and partner with the Stars; for in his letter to the Emperor Constantius he beginneth thus: Rex regum Sap●r, 
Carl. Rhodigin. lib. 8. cap. 3.  particeps Syderum, frater Soli● & Luna, etc.  
Nor must I forget that heaven of silver sent by Ferdinand the Emperor, 
P. nonius & Sabellicus is Suppleme●: Hist. lib. 24.  to Solyman the great Turk, wherein the motions kept their true courses with those of the heavens, 
This Heaven was carried by 12. men before Solyman, and taken to pieces and set up again by the maker.  the stars arising and setting, the Planets keeping their oblique motion, the Sun Eclipsed at his just time, and the Moon duly changing every Month with the same in the Heaven. By these see the effects of this divine knowledge, able to work wonders beyond all belief, in so much as Archimedes affirmed, he would move the whole Earth, might a place be given him whereon to stand. But I rather believe him, who saith, The Foundation thereof shall never be moved. 
Plutarch in Marcello. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Psalm. 24.  Much was it, that with his left hand only, he could by his skill draw after him the weight of five thousand bushels of grain, and devose (at the cost of Hier●) those rare engines, which shot small stones at hand, but great ones a far of; by benefit of which device only, while the stones fell as thick as hail from heaven among the enemies, Syracuse was preferred from the fury of Marcellus ready to enter with a resolute and most powerful Army. The Oracle of Apollo being demanded when the war and misery of Greece should have an end, replied: If they would double the Altar in Delos, which was of a cubique form; which they tried by adding another cube unto it, but that availed nothing. Plato then taking upon him to expound this riddle, affirmed the greeks, were reproved by Apollo because they were ignorance of Geometry. Nor herein can I blame them, since the doubling of the Cube in Solides, and Quadrature of the Circle in plain, hath ever since so troubled our greatest Geometricians, that I fear except Apollo himself ascend from Hell to resolve his own problem, we shall not see it among our ordinary Stonecutters effected.  
But in brief, the use you shall have of Geometry, will be in surveying your lands, affording your opinion in building anew, or translating; making your mills aswell for grinding of corn as throwing forth water from your lower grounds, bringing water far off for sundry uses. Seeing the measure of Timber, stone and the like (wherein Gentlemen many times are egregiously abused and cheated by such as they trust) to contrive much with small charge and in less room. Again, should you follow the wars (as who knows the bent of his Fate) you cannot without Geometry fortify yourself, take the advantage of hill or level, fight, order your Battaglias in square, triangle, cross (which form the Prince of Orange hath now o'late taken up) crescentwise (and many other forms jovius showeth) level and plant your Ordinance, undermine, raise your half Moons, Bulwarks, Casamates, Rampires, Ravesins, with many other means as of offence and defence, by fortification. So that I cannot see how a Gentleman, especially a Soldier and Commander may be accomplished without Geometry, though not to the height of perfection, yet at the least to be grounded and furnished with the principles and privy rules hereof. The Authors I would commend unto you for entrance hereinto are in English. Cook's Principles, and the Elements of Geometry, written in Latin by P. Ramus, and translated by M. Doctor Hood, sometime Mathematical Lecturer in London. M. Blundevile, Euclid translated into English. In Latin you may have the learned jesuit Clavius, Melancthon, Frisius, Valearius his Geometry Military. Albert Durer hath excellently written hereof in high Dutch, and in French Fercadell upon Euclid, with sundry others.   

CHAP. 10.  
Of Poetry.  
TO sweeten your severer studies, by this time vouchsafe Poetry your respect: which howsoever censured and seemeth fallen from the higest Stage of Honour, to the lowest stair of disgrace, let not your judgement be infected with that pestilent air of the common breath, to be an infidel; in whose belief, and doer of their contrary Actions, is to be religious in the right, and to merit if it were possible by good workers.  
The Poet, as that Laurel M●i● dreamt of, is made by miracle from his mother's womb, and like the Diamond only polished and pointed of himself, disdaining the file and midwifery of sorraine help.  
Hence Tully was long ere he could be delivered of a few verses, and those poor ones too: and Ovid, so backward in prose, that he could almost speak nothing but verse. And Experience daily affordeth us many excellent young and growing wits, as well from Blow as the Palace, endued naturally with this Divine and heavenly gift, yet not knowing (if you should ask the question) whether a Metaphor be flesh or fish.  
If bare saying Poetry is an heavenly gift, be too weak a prop to uphold her credit with those buzzardly poor ones, 
Plato in P●●dro.  who having their feathers moulted can creep no farther than their own puddle, able only to envy this Imperial Eagle for sight and flight; let them if they can look back to all antiquity, and they shall find all learning by divine instinct to breathe from her bosom, 
〈…〉  as both Plato and Tully in his Tusculans affirm.  
Str●●● saith, Poetry was the first Philosophy that ever was taught, nor were there ever any writers thereof known before Musaus', Hesiod and Homer: by whose authority Plato, Aristotle and Gale●, determine their weightiest controversies, and confirm their reasons in Philosophy. And what were the songs of Linus, orphans, Amphi●●, Olympus, and that ditty I●pa● sang to his harp at Did●'s banquet, but Natural and Moral Philosophy, sweetened with the pleasance of Numbers, that Rudeness and Barbarism might the better taste and digest the lessons of civility? according to Lucretius (Italianized by Ariosto) and englished by Sir john Harrington, 

Sed veluti putrid 〈◊〉 hia tetra medentes,  
Cum dare conantur, prius or as pocula circum  
Contingunt mellis, dulci flavoque liqu●re,  
Vt puerorum at as impr●vida judificetur, etc.   

As Leeches when for children they appoint,  
Their bitter wormwood potions, first the cup  
About the brim with honey sweet they 'noint,  
That so the child, beguiled may drink it up, etc.    
Neither hath humane knowledge been the only subject of this Divine Art, but even the highest Mysteries of Divinity. What are the Psalms of David (which S. Hillari● 
Hil. in Prologo Psalm.  so aptly compareth to a bunch of keys, in regard of the several doors, whereby they give the soul entrance, either to Prayer, Rejoicing, Repentance, Thanksgiving, etc.) but a Divine Poem, going sometime in one measure, sometime in another? What lively descriptions are there of the Majesty of God, 
Psal. 80.  the estate and security of God's children, 
Psal. 90.  the miserable condition of the wicked? What lively similitudes & comparisons, as the righteous man to a bai● tree, 
Psal. 1.  the Soul to a thirsty Hart, 
Psalm. 104.  unity to ointment, and the dew of Hermon? What excellent Allegories, as the vine planted in Egypt; what Epiphonema's, prosopopoca's and whatsoever else may be required, to the texture of so rich and glorious a piece?  
And the song of Solomon (which is only left us of a thousand) is it not a continued Allegory of the Mystical love betwixt Christ and his Church? Moreover the Apostles themselves have not disdained to allege the authority of the heathen Poets, Aratus, Me●ander and Epimenides; as also the fathers of the Church, Nazianzen, S. Augustine, Bernard, Pr●demius, with many others, beside the allowance they have given of Poetry, they teach us the true use and end thereof, which is to compose the Songs of Zion, and address the fruit of our invention to his glory who is the author of so goodly a gift, which we abuse to our loves, light fancies, and basest affections.  
And if Mechanical Arts hold their estimation by their effects in base subjects, how much more deserveth this to be esteemed, that holdeth so sovereign a power over the mind, can turn brutishness into Civility, make the lewd honest (which is Scaligers opinion of Virgil's Poem) turn hatred to love, cowardice into valour, and in briese, like a Queen command over all affections?  
Moreover the Muse, Mirth, Graces, and perfect Health, have ever an affinity each with either. I remember Plutarch telleth us of Telesilla, a noble and brave Lady, who being dangerously sick, and imagined past recovery, was by the Oracle, advised to apply her mind to the Muse and Poetry; which she diligently observing recovered in a short space, and withal grew so sprightly courageous, that having well fortified Argos with diverse companies of women only, herself with her companions sallying out, entertained Cleomenes K. of the Lacedamonians with such a Camisade, that he was fain to show his back, leaving a good part of his people behind, to fill ditches; and then by plain force of Arms drove out Demaratus another king, who lay very strong in garrison within.  
Alexander by the reading of Homer, was especially moved to go thorough with his conquests.  
Leonidas also that brave King of the Spartans, being asked how Ti●taus (who wrote of war in verse) was esteemed among Poets, replied excellently For my soldiers, quoth he, moved only with his verses, run with a resolute courage to the battle, fearing no peril at all.  
What other thing gave an edge to the valour of our ancient Britons, but their Bard●s (remembered by Athenaus, Lucan and sundry other,) recording in verse the brave exploits of their nation, and singing the same unto their Harpea at their public ●easts and meetings? amongst whom Taliessi● a learned Bard, and Master to Merlin, sung the life and acts of King Arthur.  
Hence hath Poetry never wanted her Patroness, and even the greatest monarchs and Princes, as well Christian as Heathen, have exercised their Invention herein● as that great Glory of Christendom Charlemagne, who among many other things, wrote his Nephew Roulands Epitaphe, after he was slain in a battle against the Sarracens, among the 
* The place to this day is called Roland's valley, and was in times past a great pilgrimage, there being a Chapel built over the tomb, & dedicated to our Lady, called commonly but corruptly our Lady of Roucevall.  Pyrenaan hills: Alphonsiu King of Naples, whose only delight was the reading of Virgil: Robert King of Sicily; and that thrice renowned and learned French King, who finding Petrarchs' Tomb without any inscription or Epitaphe, wrote one himself, (which yet remaineth) saying; Shame it was, that he who sung his Mistress praise seven years before her death, and twelve years should want an Epitaphe. Among the Heathen are eternised for their skill in Poesy, Augustus Caesar, Octanius, Adrian, Germanicus. 
Panormitan, lib. 1. de geslis Alphensi.   
Every child knoweth how dear the works of Homer were unto Alexander, Euripides to A●yntas King of Macedon, Virgil to Augustus, Theocr●us to Ptolomey and smutnick, King and Queen of Aegyp●: the stately Pindar to Heir King of Sicily, Ennius to Scipie, Ausonius to Gratian, (who made him Proconsull:) in our own Country, 
a Who gave him, it is thought, his Manor of Ewhilme in Oxfordslhire. To Charles' the eight & Lewis the twelfth.  Chaucer to Richard the second, Gower to Henry the fourth, with others I might allege.  
The Lady Anne of Bretaign●, who was twice French Queen, passing through the Presence in the Court of France, espying Chartier the King's Secretary, and a famous Poet, leaning upon his elbow at a Tables end fast asleep, she stooping down, and openly kissing him, said; We must honour with our kiss, the mouth from whence so many sweet verses and golden Poems have proceeded.  
But some may ask me, How it falleth out, that Poets now adays are of no such esteem, as they have been in former times? I answer, because virtue in our declining and worse days, generally findeth no regard: Or rather more truly with Aretin● (being demanded why Princes were not so liberal to Poesy, and other good Arts, as in former times) Because their conscience telleth them, how unworthy they are of the praises given them by Poets; as for other Arts, they make no account of that they know not.  
But since we are here (having before overrun the Champagne and large field of History) let us a while rest ourselves in the garden of the Muses, and admire the bounty of heaven, in the several beauties of so many divine and fertile wits.  
We must begin with the King of Latin● Poets, whom Nature hath reared beyond imitation, and who above all other only, deserveth the name of a Poet; I mean Virgil. In him you shall at once find (not elsewhere) that Prudence, 
Prudence.  Efficacy, Variety, and Sweetness, which Scaliger requireth in a Poet, and maketh his prime virtues. Under Prudence is comprehended out of general learning and judgement, that discreet, apt suiting and disposing, as well of Actions as Words in their due place, time and manner; which in Virgil is not observed by one among twenty of our ordinary Grammarians, Who (to use the words of the Prince of learning hereupon) only in shallow and small Boats, 
In Poetie. lib. 3. qui & Idea, ca 25.  glide over the face of the Virgilian Sea. How divinely, according to the Platonics, doth he discourse of the Soul? how properly of the Nature, number of winds, seasons of the year, qualities of Beasts, Nature of Herbs? What insight into ancient Chronologie and history? In brief, what not worthy the knowledge of a divine wit? To make his Aentas a man of extraordinary aspect, and comeliness of personage, he makes Venus both his mother and Lady of his Horoscope. And forasmuch as grief and perpetual care, are inseparable companions of all great and noble achievements, he gives him Achates quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, his faithful companion? What immooved constancy, when no tears or entreaty of Eliza could cause him stay? What Piety, Pity, Fortitude, beyond his companions. See how the Divine Poet gave him leave to be wounded, lest his valour in so many skirmishes might be questioned, and that a far off, not at hand, that rather it might be imputed to his Fortune, than his rashness or weakness; then by one who could not be known, to give the enemy occasion rather of fear, then of challenging the glory. And whereas he bringeth in Camilla, a courageous Lady, and invincible at the Sword's point in encountering other; yet he never bringeth her to try her valour with Aeneas. 
Aeneid, 11.  Again, that Tarchon and she might show their brave deeds he makes Aeneas absent: as also when Turnus so resolutely broke into his Tents. Lastly, what excellent judgement showeth he in appropriating the accidents and Histories of his own times, to those of the ancient, as where he bringeth in Venulus plucked by force from his Horse, and carried away with full speed? The like Caesar confesseth to have happened to himself. Aene as with his right arm naked, commands his Soldiers to abstain from slaughter. The like did Caesar at the battle of Pharsalie, 
Par●ise civibus.  and with the same words. But thus much out of the heap and most judicious observations of the most learned Scaliger.  
Efficacy is a power of speech, which representeth a thing after an excellent manner, neither by bare words only, but by presenting to our minds the lively Ideas or forms of things so truly, as if we saw them with our eyes; as the places in Hell, the fiery Arrow of Acesta, the description of Fame, the flame about the Temples of Ascanius: but of actions more open, and with greater Spirit, 
Aneid. 4.  as in that passage and passion of Dido, preparing to kill herself. 
At trepida & coeptis immanibus effera Dido,  
Sanguineam voluens ac●em, m●●ulisque trementes  
Interfusa genas, & pallida marte futura,  
Interior a domus irrumpit liming, & altos  
Conscendit furibunda rogos, ensemque recludie  
Dardanium, etc.   
Which for my English Readers sake, I have after my manner translated, though assured all the translations in the world must come short of the sweetness and Majesty of the Latin. 
But she amazed and fierce by cruel plots,  
Rolling about her bloody eye, her cheeks  
All-trembling and arising, full of spots,  
And pale with death at hand, perforce she breaks  
Into the inmost rooms.—  
Enraged than she climbs the lofty pile,  
And out of sheath the Dardan sword doth draw:  
ne'er for such end ordained; when a while  
The Trojan garments, and known couch she saw,  
With trickling tears herself thereon she cast,  
And having paused a little, spoke her last.  
Sweet spoils, while Fates and Heavens did permit,  
Receive this soul, and rid me of my cares;  
What race my Fortune gave I finished it, etc.   
Moreover, that lively combat between Nisus and Volscens, with many other of most excellent life.  
A sweet 
Sweetness.  verse is that, which like a dish with a delicate Sauce, invites the Reader to taste even against his will; the contrary is harshness: hereof I give you an example in the description of young Pallas (whom imagine you see laid forth newly slain upon a Bier of Crabtree and Oaken rods, covered with Straw, and arched over with green boughs) than which no Nectar can be more delicious. 

Qualem virgine● demessum pollice florem, 
Aeneid. 11.   
Seu mollis viola, seu languent is Hyacinthi,  
Cui nec sulger adhuc, nec dum sua ferma r●cessit,  
Non iam matter alit tellus viresque ministrat, etc.   

Even as the Flower by Maiden's finger mown,  
Of th'drooping Hy'cinth, or soft Violet,  
Whose beauties fading, yet not fully gone;  
Now mother Earth no more doth nourish it, etc.   The like of fair Euryalus breathing his last. 

Purpureus veluti cum flos succisus aratro, 
Aeneid. 9   
Languescit moriens, lassove papavera collo  
Demisere caput, pluvia cum fortè gravantur.   

Look how the purple Flower, which the Blow  
Hath shorn in sunder, languishing doth die;  
Or Poppies down their weary necks do bow,  
And hang the head, with rain when laden lie, etc.    
This kind, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  Plutarch termeth Flowery, as having in it a beauty and sweet grace to delight, as a Flower.  
Varistie, is various, and the rules of it so difficult, that to define or describe it, were as to draw one picture which should resemble all the faces in the world, changing itself like Pr●tens into all shapes: which our Divine Poet so much, and with such excellent art affecteth, that seldom or never he uttereth words, or describeth actions spoken or done after the same manner, though they be in effect the same; yea, though the conclusion of all the Books of his Aeneides be Tragical, save the first; yet are they so tempered and disposed with such variety of accidents, that they bring admiration to the most divine judgements: among them all not one like another, 
Pale Scal. lib. 3. P●c● cap. 27.  save the ends of Turnus and Mezentius. What variety in his battles, assailing the enemy's Camp, besieging Cities, broils among the common people, set battles in fields, aides of horse and foot? etc. Never the same wounds, but given with diverse weapons, as here one is wounded or slain with a piece of a Rock, a Flint, Firebrand, Club, Halberd, Long pole: there another with a drinking Bowl or Pot, a Rudder, Dart, Arrow, Lance, Sword, 
* Phalari●a.  Balls of Wildfire, etc. In diverse places, as the throat, head, thigh, breast, hip, hand, knee, before, behind, on the side, standing, lying, running, flying, talking, sleeping, crying out, entreating. Of place, as in the field, in the Tents, at Sacrifice, upon the guard, in the day time, in the night. To proceed further, were to translate Virgil himself; therefore hitherto of variety. I forbear his most lively descriptions of persons, times, places, and manner; his most sweet and proper Similitudes, as where he resembleth Aeneas, who could not be moved by any entreaty or tears of Dido, or her Sister Anna, to a stubborn Oak after this manner. 

At veluti annosam valido cum robore quercum,  
Alpini Borea nunc hinc, 
Aeneid. 4.  nunc flatibus illinc,  
Eruere inter so certant; it strider, & altè  
Consternunt terram concusso stipite friends, etc.   

As when the Alpine winds with each contend,  
Now this, now that way, with their furious might,  
Some aged Oak up by the roots to rend,  
Loud whistling's herd, the earth bestrewed quite  
(The body reeling) all about with leaves:  
While it stands firm, and irremoved cleaves  
Unto the Rock; for look how high it heaves  
The lofty head to heaven-ward, so low  
The stubborn root doth down to hellward grow.    
Again, that elegant comparison of Ar●●ns (having cowardly slain the brave Lady Camilla, and retired himself for feare● into the body of the Army) to a Wolf that had done a mischief, and durst not show his head. 

At velut ille prius que●●tela inimica sequantur, 
Aeneid. 11.   
Continuò in montes sese anius abdidit altos  
Occiso pastore Lupus, magnove iuvenco  
Conscius audacis facti, caudamque remulcens  
Subiecit pavit antem utero, sylvasque petivit, etc.   

And as a Wolf that hath the Shepherd slain,  
Or some great beast, before the Country rise,  
Knowing him guilty, through byways amain  
Hath got the Mountains, lee●ing where he lies,  
Or clapped his tail betwixt his legs, in fear  
Ta'en the next Coppise, till the Coast be clear.    
After Virgil, I bring you Ovid, 
Ouid.  as well because they lived in one time, (yet Ovid confesseth he saw Virgil 
Virgilium 〈◊〉 v●di.  but once in all his life) as that he deserveth to be second in imitation, for the sweetness and smooth current of his stile, every where seasoned with profound and antique learning: among his Works, his Epistles are most worthy your reading, being his neatest piece, every where embellished with excellent and wise Sentences; the numbers smoothly falling in, and borrowing their lustre and beauty from imitation of native and antique Simplicity: that of Acontius is somewhat too wanton; those three, of Ulysses, Demophoon, and Paris to O●none, are suspected for the weakness of conceit, in regard of the other, to be none of Ovid's.  
Concerning his books, Amorum and de Arte amandi, the wit with the truly ingenuous and learned will bear out the wantonness: for with the weeds there are delicate flowers in those walks of Venus. For the Argument of his Metamorphosis, he is beholden to Parthenius, and diverse others, and those who long before wrote of the same subject.  
About the year 1581. when the King of Poland made war in Moscovia, 
Vide Surium, in Commentary retum in orbe gestarum.  certain Polonian Ambassadors travailing into the inmost places of Moscovia, as far as Podolia and Kiovia: 
Anne 1581. fol. 1026.  they passed the great River Boristhenes, having in their company a certain young Gentleman, very well seen in the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew tongues; withal, an excellent Poet and Historian: he persuaded the Polonians to well horse themselves, and ride with him a little further; for he would (said he) thew them Ovid's Sepulchre; which they did: and when they were gone six day's journey beyond Boristhenes, through most vast and desolate places, at last they came into a most sweet and pleasant valley, wherein was a clear running Fountain, about which the grass growing very thick and high, with their Swords and Falchions they cut it down, till at last they found a Stone, Chest, or Coffin, covered over with sticks and shrubs, whereon, it being rubbed and cleansed from Moss and filth, they read Ovid's Epitaph, which was this: 
Hîc situs est vates, quem Diui Caesaris ira  
Augusti, Latia cedere iussit hume:  
Sapè miser voluit Patrijs occumbere terris,  
Sed frustrà: hunc illi fata dedere locum.   
This his Sepulchre (saith mine Author) remaineth upon the borders of Greece, near to the Euxine Sea, and is yet to be seen.  
Of Lyric Poets, as well Greek as Latin, hold Horace 
Horace.  in highest account, as the most acute and artificial of them all, having attained to such height, that to the discreet judgement, he hath cut off all hope of equalizing him: his Style is elegant, pure and sinewy, with most witty and choice sentences, neither humili contentus Stylo (as Quintilian saith of him) sed grandil●quo & sublimi. Yea and if we believe Scaliger, more accurate and sententious then Pindar. His Odes are of most sweet and pleasant invention, beyond all reprehension, every where illustred with sundry and rare figures, and ve●ses so sluent, that the same Scaliger 
Scaliger Poet. lib. 6.  protesteth he had rather be a composer of the like, then be King of whole Arragon. In his Satyrs he is quick, round and pleasant, 
Totius T●●aco●●●usis Rex.  and as nothing so bitter, so not so good as juvenal: his Epistles are near; his Poetica his worst piece, for while he teacheth the Art, he goeth unartificially to work, even in the very beginning.  
juvenal of Satirists is the best, 
juvenal.  for his Satyrs are far better than those of Horace, and though he be sententiously tart, yet is his phrase clear and open.  
Persius, 
Persius.  I know not why we should so much affect him, since with his obscurity he laboureth not to affect us; yet in our learned age he is now discovered to every Schoole-boie: his stile is broken, froward, unpleasing and harsh.  
In Martial 
Martial.  you shall see a divine wit, with a flowing purity of the Latin tongue, a true Epigrammatist: his verse is clear, full, and absolute good, some few too wanton and licentious, being winked at.  
Lucan 
Lucan.  breathes with a great spirit, wherefore some of our shallow Grammarians, have attempted to equal him with Virgil: but his error is, while he doth ampullare with big sounding words, and a conceit unbounded, furious and ranging, and cannot with Virgil contain himself within that sweet, humble and unaffected moderation; he incurreth a secret envy and ridiculous contempt, which a moderate and well tempered style avoideth.  
Seneca, 
Seneca.  for Majesty and state yieldeth not to any of the Grecians whosoever, Cultu & ni●ore, to use Scaligers words, far excelling Euripides: and albeit he borrowed the Argument of his Tragaedies from the Grecians, yet the Spirit, loftiness of sound, and Majesty of stile is merely his own.  
Claudian, 
Claudian, Ignobili subiecte oppressus. Statius.  is an excellent and sweet Poet, only overborne by the meanness of his subject, but what wanted to his matter he supplied by his wit and happy invention.  
Statius is a smooth and a sweet Poet, coming nearest of any other to the state and Majesty of Virgil's verse, and Virgil only excepted, is the Prince of Poets aswell greeks as Latin; for he is more slowery in figures, and writeth better lines than Homer. Of his works his Sylue are the best.  
Propertius 
Propertius.  is an easy clear and true Elegiac, following the tract of none save his own invention.  
Among Comic Poets, how much antiquity attributed to Plautus 
Plautus.  for his pleasant vein (to whom Volcatius giveth the place next to Cacilius, and Varro would make the mouth of Muses) so much do our times yield to Terence, 
Terence.  for the purity of his stile: wherefore Scaliger willeth us to admire Plautus as a Comedian, but Terence as a pure and elegant speaker.  
Thus have I in brief, comprised for your behoof, the large censure of the best of Latin Poets, as it is copiously delivered by the Prince of all learning and judge of judgements, the divine jul. Cas. Scaliger. But while we look back to antiquity, let us not forget our later and modern times (as imagining nature hath heretofore extracted her quintessence, and lest us the dregges) which produce as fertile wits, as perhaps the other, yea and in our Britain.  
Of Latin Poets of our times in the judgement of Beza and the best learned, Buchanan 
Buchanan.  is esteemed the chief: who albeit in his person, behaviour, and fashion, he was rough hewn, slovenly and rude, seldom caring for a better out side then a Rugge-gowne girt close about him, yet his inside and conceit in Poesy was most rich, and his sweetness, and facility in a verse, unimitably excellent, as appeareth by that Master piece his Psalms; as far beyond those of B. Rhenanus, as the Stanza's of Petrarch the times of Skelton: 
jul. Cas. Scaliger.  but deserving more applause (in my opinion) if he had fallen upon another subject; for I say with one, Mihi spiritus divinus eiusmod● places quo scipsum ingessit a Patre, & illorum piget qui Dauid Psalmos suis calamistris inustos sperarant efficere plausibiliores. And certain in that boundless field of Poetical invention, it cannot be avoided, but something must be distorted beside the intent of the Divine enditer.  
His Tragedies are lofty, the stile pure, his Epigrams not to be mended, save here and there (according to his Genius) too broad and bitter.  
But let us look behind us, and we shall find one English-bred (whose glory and worth, although Cineri suppôsta doloso) is inferior neither to Buchanan, 
joseph of Exeter.  or any of the ancients, and so much the more to be valued, by how much the brighter he appeared out of the fogs of Barbarism and ignorance in his time; that is, joseph of Exeter, who lived under Henry the 2. and Richard the first, who wrote that singular and stately Poem of the Trojan war, after the History of Dares Phrygius, which the Germans have printed under the name of Cornelius Nepos. He died at Bourdeaux in France, where he was Archbishop, where his monument is yet to be seen.  
After him (all that long tract of ignorance, until the days of Henry the 8. (which time Erasmus calleth, the Golden Age of learning, in regard of so many famously learned men, it produced more than ever heretofore) flourished Sir Thomas More, 
Sir Thomas More.  sometime Lord Chancellor of England: a man of most rich and pleasant invention: his verse fluent, nothing harsh, constrained or obscure; wholly composed of conceit, and inoffensive mirth, that he seemeth ad lepôres fuisse natum. How wittily doth he play upon the Arch-cuckold Sabinus, scoff at Frenchified Lalus, and Herney a French cowardly Captain, beaten at the Sea by our English, and his ship burned, yet his victory and valour to the English disgrace, proclaimed by Brixius a german Pot-aster? What can be more lofty than his gratulatory verse to King Henry upon his Coronation day? more witty than that Epigram upon the name of Nicolaus an ignorant Physician, that had been the death of thousands, and Abyngdons' Epitaph? more sweet than that nectar Epistle of his, to his daughters Margaret, Elizabeth, and Cicelie? But as these ingenious exercises bewrayed in him an extraordinary quickness of wit and learning, so his Utopia his depth of judgement in State-affairs, than which, in the opinion of the most learned Budaus in a preface, before it our age hath not seen a thing more deep & accurate. In his younger years, there was ever a friendly and virtuous emulation, for the palm of invention and poesy, between William Lily 
William Lillie.  the author of our Grammar, and him, as appear by their several translations of many Greek Epigrams, and their invention tried upon one subject; notwithstanding they loved and lived together as dearest friends. Lillie also was beside, an excellent Latin Poet, a singular Grecian; who after he traveled all Greece over, and many parts of Europe beside, and lived some four or five years, in the I'll of the Rhodes: he returned home, and by john Collet Deane of Paul's, was elected Master of Paul's School, which he had newly founded.  
Shortly after, began to grow eminent, aswell for Poesy as all other general learning, Sir Thomas chaloner 
Sir Thomas chaloner.  Knight (father to the truly honest, and sometime lover of all excellent parts, Sir Thomas chaloner, who attended upon the late Prince) borne in London, brought up in Cambridge; who having left the Vniver sitie, and followed the Court a good while, went over with Sir Henry Knyvet, Ambassador to Charles the fifth, as his friend and companion: what time the Emperor being preparing a mighty fleet against the Turks in Argier, the English Ambassador, Sir Thomas chaloner, Henry Knowles, M. Henry Isam, and others, went in that service as voluntaries with the Emperor. But the Galley wherein Sir Thomas chaloner was, being cast away by foulness of weather, after he had laboured by swimming for his life as long as he was able, and the strength of his arms falling him, he caught hold upon a cable thrown out from another galley, to the loss and breaking of many of his teeth, and by that means saved his life. After the death of King Henry the 8. he was in the battle of Muskleborough, and knighted by the Duke of S●mmerset. And in the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, he went over Ambassador into Spain, where at his hours of leisure, he compiled ten elegant books in Latin verse. de Ropub. Anglorum instauranda; superuised after his death by Malim, and dedicated to the old Lord Burghley, Lord Treasurer. Being sent for home, by her Majesty, he shortly after died in London, and was buried in Paul's near to the steps of the Choir, toward the South-door, under a fair marble; but the brass and epitaph written by Doctor Haddon, by sacrilegious hands is since torn away. But the Muse and Eternal Fame have reared him a monument more lasting and worthy the merit of so excellent a man.  
Of English Poets of our own Nation, esteem Sir Geoffrey Chaucer 
Sir Geoffrey Chaucer.  the father; although the stile for the antiquity, may distaste you, yet as under a bitter and rough rind, there lieth a delicate kernel of conceit and sweet invention. What Examples, Similitudes, Times, Places, and above all, Persons, with their speeches, and attributes, do as in his Canterburie-tales (like these threads of gold, the rich Arras) beautify his work quite through? And albeit diverse of his works, are but merely translations out of Latin and French, yet he hath handled them so artificially, that thereby he hath made them his own, as his Troilus and Cresseid. The Romant of the Rose, was the Invention of Ithan de Mehunes, a French Poet, whereof he translated but only the one half: his Canterburie-tales without question were his own invention, all circumstances being wholly English. He was a good Divine, and saw in those times, without his spectacles, as may appear by the Ploughman, and the Parson's tale: withal an excellent Mathematician, as plainly appeareth by his discourse of the Astrolabe to his little son Lewes. In brief, account him among the best of your English books in your library.  
Gower 
Gower.  being very gracious with King Henry the 4. in his time carried the name of the only Poet, but his verses to say truth, were poor and plain, yet full of good and grave Morality: but while he affected altogether the French phrase and words, made himself too obscure to his Reader; beside his invention cometh far short of the promise of his Titles. He published only (that I know of) three books, which at S. Marry Oueries in Southwark upon his monument lately repaired by some good Benefactor, lie under his head; which are, Vox clamantie, Speculum Meditantis, and Confessio Amantis. He was a Knight, as also was Chaucer.  
After him succeeded Lydgate, 
Lydgate.  a Monk of Bury, who wrote that bitter Satire of Peirs Ploughman. He spent most part of his time in translating the works of others, having no great invention of his own. He wrote for those times a tolerable and smooth verse.  
Then followed Harding, 
Harding, Skelton.  and after him Skelton, a Poet Laureate, for what desert I could never hear; if you desire to see his vein and learning, an Epitaph upon King Henry the seaventh, at West-minster will discover it.  
In the latter end of King Henry 
Henry Battle of Surrey.  the 8. for their excellent faculty in Poesy were famous, the right noble Henry Earl of Surrey (whose Songs and Sonnets yet extant, are of sweet conceit:) and the learned, but unfortunate, Sir Thomas Wyat. 
Sir Thomas Wyat.   
In the time of Edward the sixth lived Sternhold, whom King Henry his father, a little before had made groom of his Chamber, for turning certain of David's Psalms into verse: and merry john Heywood, 
Northmimmes in Herfordshire near to S. Albans.  who wrote his Epigrams, as also Sir Thomas More his Utopia, in the parish wherein I was borne; where either of them dwelled, and had fair possessions.  
About Queen Mary's time, flourished Doctor Phaer who in part translated Virgil's Aeneids, after finished by Arthur Golding.  
In the time of our late Queen Elizabeth, which was truly a golden Age (for such a world of refined wits, and excellent spirits it produced, whose like are hardly to be hoped for, in any succeeding Age) above others, who honoured Poesy with their pens and practice (to omit her Majesty, who had a singular gift herein) were Edward Earl of Oxford, the Lord Buckhurst, Henry Lord Paget; our Phoenix, the noble Sir Philip Sidney, M. Edward Dyer, M. Edmund Spencer, M. Samuel Daniel, with sundry others; whom (together with those admirable wits, yet living, and so well known) not out of Envy, but to avoid tediousness I ouerpasse. Thus much of Poetry.   

CHAP. XI.  
Of Music.  
MVsicke a sister to Poetry, next craveth your acquaintance (if your Genius be so disposed.) I know there are many, who are adeo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and of such disproportioned spirits, that they avoid her company; as a great Cardinal in Rome, did Roses at their first coming in, that to avoid their scent, he built him an house in the champagne far from any town: or as with a Rose not long since, a great Lady's cheek in England, their ears are ready to blister at the tenderest touch thereof. I dare not pass so rash a censure of these as Pindar doth, or the Italian, having fitted a proverb to the same effect, Whom God loves not, that man loves not Music: but I am verily persuaded, they are by nature very ill disposed, and of such a brutish stupidity, that scarce any thing else that is good and savoureth of virtue, is to be found in them. Never wise man (I think) questioned the lawful use hereof, since it is an immediate gift of heaven, bestowed on man, whereby to praise and magnify his Creator; to solace him in the midst of so many sorrows and cares, wherewith life is hourly beset: 
Deut. 32.  and that by song, as by letters, the memory of Doctrine, and the benefits of God might be for ever preserved (as we are taught by the Song of Moses, and those divine Psalms of the sweet singer of Israel, who with his 
* It was an instrument three square, of 72. strings, of incomparable sweetness.  psaltery so loudly resounded the Mysteries and innumerable benefits of the Almighty Creator,) and the service of God advanced, as we may find in 2. Samuel 6. vers. 5. Psalm 33. 21. 43. and 4. 108. 3. and in sundry other places of Scripture, which for brevity I omit.  
But, say our Sectaries, the service of God is nothing advanced by singing and instruments, as we use it in our Cathedral Churches, that is, by 
“ Answering one another in the Quire.  antiphony, Rests, Repetitions, Varietis of Moods and Proportions with the like.  
For the first, that it is not contrary, but consonant to the word of God, so in singing to answer either: the practice of M●riam the Prophetess, and Sister of Moses, when she answered the men in her song, will approve; For repetition, nothing was more usual in the singing of the Levites, and among the Psalms of David, the 136. is wholly compounded of those two most graceful and 〈◊〉 figures of repetition, Symploce and Anaphora.  
For Resting and Proportions, the nature of the Hebrew verse, as the meanest Hebrician knoweth, consisting many times of uneven feet, going sometime in this number, sometimes in that; one while (as S. Hierome saith) in the numbers of Sapph; another while of Alcaus, doth of neoessitie require it: and wherein doth our practice of singing and playing with Instruments in his Majesty's Chapel, and our Cathedral Churches, differ from the practice of David; the Priests and Levites. 
Chron. 2. ca 5. ver. 12. and 13.  Do we not make one sound in praising and thanking God, with voices and instruments of all sorts. D●●●e (as S. Hierome saith) reboet laquear rempli: the roof of the Church ecchoeth again, and which lest they should cavil at as a jewish Ceremony, we know to have been practised in the ancient purity of the Church; but we return where we left.  
The Physicians will tell you, that the exercise of Music is a great lengthener of the life, by stirring and reviving of the Spiri●s, holding a secret sympathy with them; Besides, the exercise of singing, openeth the breast and pipes; it is an enemy to melancholy and dejection of the mind, 
I● lib. de A●gore animi.  which S. Chrysostome truly calleth, The Devil's Bath. Yea, a curer of some diseases: in Apugli●, in Italy, and therea bouts, it is most certain, that those who are stung with the Taramula, are cured only by Music. Beside, the aforesaid benefit of singing, it is a most ready help for a bad pronunciation, and distinct speaking, which I have heard confirmed by many great Divines: yea, I myself have known many Children to have been holpen of their stammering in speech, only by it.  
Plato calleth it, 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉  A divine and heavenly practice, profitable for the seeking out of that which is good and honest.  
Homer saith, Musicians are worthy of Honour, and regard of the whole world; 
〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Odyll. 8.  and we know, albeit Ly●urgu● imposed most straight and sharp Laws upon the Lacedæmonians, yet he ever allowed them the exercise of Music.  
Aristotle 
Arist. Politic.  averreth Music to be the only disposer of the mind to Virtue and Goodness; wherefore he reckoneth it among those four principal exercises, wherein he would have children instructed.  
Tulli● saith, there consisteth in the practice of singing, and playing upon Instruments, great knowledge, and the most excellent instruction of the mind: and for the effect it worketh in the mind, he termeth it, Sta●ilem, Thesaurum, 
Cicero T●sc. quast. lib. 1.  qui moros instituit, componi●que, ac mo●tit ●rarum ardores, etc. A lasting Treasure, which rectifieth and ordereth our manners, and allayeth the heat and fury of our anger, etc.  
I might run into an infinite Sea of the praise and use of so excellent an Art, but I only show it you with the finger, because I desire not that any Noble or Gentleman should (save his private recreation at leasurable hours) prove a Master in the same, or neglect his more weighty employments: though I avouch it a skill worthy the knowledge and exercise of the greatest Prince.  
King Henry the eight could not only sing his part sure, but of himself compose a Service of four, five, and six parts; as Erasmus in a certain Epistle, 
Erasm. in Farragine Epist.  testifieth of his own knowledge.  
The Duke of Venosa, 
D. of Venosa  an Italian Prince, in like manner, of late years, hath given excellent proof of his knowledge and love to Music, having himself composed many rare songs, which I have seen.  
But above others, who carrieth away the Palm for excellency, 
The just praise of Maurice Lan●graue of Hessen.  not only in Music, but in whatsoever is to be wished in a brave Prince, is the yet living Maurice Landgrave of Hessen, of whose own composition I have seen eight or ten several sets of Morets, and solemn Music, set purposely for his own Chapel; where for the greater honour of some Festival, and many times for his recreation only, he is his own Organist. Besides, he readily speaketh ●en or twelve several languages: he is so universal a Scholar, that coming (as he doth often) to his University of Marpurge, what questions soever he meeteth with set up, (as the manner is in the German and our Universities) he will Extempore, dispute an hour or two (even in Boötes and Spurs) upon them, with their best Professors. I pass over his rare skill in Chirurgeri●, he being generally accounted the best Bonesetter in the Country. Who have seen his estate, his hospitality, his rich furnished Armoury, his brave Stable of great Horses, his ●●tesie to all strangers, being men of Quality and good parts, let them speak the rest.  
But since the natural inclination of some men, driveth them (as it were) perforce to the top of Excellency: examples of this kind are very rare, yea great personages many times are more violently carried, then might well stand with their Honours, and necessity of their affairs: yet were it to these honest and commendable exercises savouring of virtue, it were well: but many neglecting their duties and places, will addict themselves wholly to trifles, and the most ridiculous and childish practices. 
〈…〉.  As Eropus King of Macedonia, took pleasure only in making of Candles: Domitian, his recreation was to catch & kill flies, and could not be spoken with many times in so serious employment. 
〈…〉.  P●olomans Philadelphus was an excellent Smith and a Basket maker. Alphonso Atestino Duke of Ferra●ra, delighted himself only in turning and playing the joiner. Rodolph the late Emperor in setting of Stones, and making Watches. Which, and the like, much eclipse State and Majesty, bringing familiarity, and by consequence contempt with the meanest.  
I desire no more in you then to sing your part sure, and at the first sight, withal, to play the same upon your Viol, or the exercise of the Lute, privately to yourself.  
To deliver you my opinion, whom among other Authors you should imitate and allow for the best, there being so many equally good, is somewhat difficult; yet as in the rest herein you shall have my opinion.  
For Mo●●●s, and Music of piety and devotion, as well for the honour of our Nation, as the merit of the man, I prefer above all other our Phoenix, M. William Byrd, 
M. William ●yrd.  whom in that kind, I know not whether any may equal. I am sure, none excel, even by the judgement of France and Italy, who are very sparing in the commendation of strangers, in regard of that conceit they hold of themselves. His Cantiones 〈◊〉, as also his Gradualias, are mere Angelical and Divine; and being of himself naturally disposed to Gravity and Piety, his vein is not so much for light Madrigals of Canzonets, yet his Virginella, and some others in his first set, cannot be mended by the best Italian of them all.  
For composition, I prefer next Ludovico de Victoria, 
Ludovice de Victoria.  a most judicious and a sweet Composer: after him Orlando di Lasso, a very rare and excellent Author, who lived some forty years since in the Court of the Duke of Baveir. He hath published as well in Latin as French many sets, his vein is grave and sweet: among his Latin Songs, his seven penitential Psalms are the best, and that French Set of his wherein is Susanna un jour. Upon which Ditty many others have since exercised their invention.  
For delicious Air and sweet Invention in Madrigals, Luca Mar●●zio 
Luca Mar●nzio.  excelleth all other whosoever, having published more Sets then any Author else whosoever; and to say truth, hath not an ill Song, though sometime an oversight (which might be the Printers fault) of two eights, or fifts escape him; as between the Tenor and Base in the last close, of, I must depart all hapless: ending according to the nature of the Ditty most artificially, with a Minim rest. His first, second, and third parts of Thyrsis, Veggo dolca 〈◊〉 ben chi fa hoggi mio Sole Cantava, or sweet singing Amaryllie, are Songs, the Muses themselves might not have been ashamed to have had composed. Of stature and complexion, he was a little and black man: he was Organist in the Pope's Chapel at Rome a good while, afterward he went into Poland, being in displeasure with the Pope for overmuch familiarity with a kinswoman of his, (whom the Queen of Poland, sent for by Luca Marenzio afterward, she being one of the rarest women in Europe, for her voice and the Lute:) but returning, he found the affection of the Pope so estranged from him, that hereupon he took a conceit and died.  
Alphouse Ferabosco the father, while he lived, 
Horatio 〈◊〉.  for judgement and depth of skill, (as also his son yet living) was inferior unto none: what he did was most elaborate and profound, and pleasing enough in Air, though Master Thomas Morley censureth him otherwise. That of his, I saw my Lady weeping, and the Nightingale (upon which Ditty Master Bird and he in a friendly emulation, exercised their invention) cannot be bettered for sweetness of Air, or depth of judgement.  
I bring you now mine own Master, Horatio Vecchi 
Horatio Vecchi.  of Modena; beside goodness of Air most pleasing of all other for his conceit and variety, wherewith all his works are singularly beautified, as well his Madrigals of five and six, as those his Canzonets, printed at Norimberge: wherein for trial, sing his Vivo in fuoco amoroso Lucretia mia, where upon I● catenate more, with excellent judgement, he driveth a Crotchet through many Minims, causing it to resemble a chain with the Links. Again, in S●is potessi raccor'i m●i Sospiri, the breaking of the word Sospiri with Crotchet & Crotchet, rest into sighs: and that, fa mi un Canzon●, etc. To make one sleep at noon, with sundry other of like conceit, and pleasant invention.  
Then that great Master, 
Giou 〈◊〉 Croce  and Master not long since of S. Marks Chapel in Venice; second to none, for a full, lofty, and sprightly vein, following none save his own humour: who while he lived, was one of the most free and brave companions of the world. His Penitential Psalms are excellently composed, and for piety are his best.  
Nor must I here forget our rare Countryman, Peter Phillips, 
Peter Phillips.  Organist to their Altezza's at Brussels, now one of the greatest Masters of Music in Europe. He hath sent us over many excellent Songs, as well Motets as Madrigals: he affecteth altogether the Italian vein.  
There are many other Authors very excellent, as Boschett●, 
Boschett● his Motets of 8. parts, printed in Rome 1594.  and Clandie de Monte Verde, equal to any before named; Gimmoni Ferreti, Stephano Felis, Giulis Rinaldi, Phillipe de Monte, Andrea Gabrieli, Cyprian de Roar, Pallavi ceno, 〈◊〉, with others yet living; whose several works for me here to examine, would be over tedious and needless; and for me, please your own ear and fancy. Those whom I have before mentioned, have been ever (within these thirty or forty years) held for the best.  
I willingly, to avoid tediousness, forbear to speak of the worth and excellency of the rest of our English Composers, Master Doctor Douland, Tho: Morley, M. Alphonso, M. Wilbie, M. Kirbie, M. Wilkes, Michael East, M. Bateson, M. Deering, with sundry others, inferior to none in the world (how much soever the Italian attributes to himself) for depth of skill and richness of conceit.  
Infinite is the sweet variety that the Theoric of Music exerciseth the mind withal, as the contemplation of proportions, of Concord's and Discords, diversity of Moods and Tones, infiniteness of Invention, etc. But I dare affirm, there is no one Science in the world, that so affecteth the free and generous spirit, with a more delightful and in-offensive recreation, or better disposeth the mind to what is commendable and virtuous.  
The Commonwealth of the Cynethenses in Arcadia, 
Polyb. lib. 4. cap. 7.  falling from the delight they formerly had in Music, grew into seditious humours and civil wars, which Polybius took especially note of: and I suppose, hereupon it was ordained in Arcadia, that every one should practise Music by the space of thirty years.  
The ancient Gauls in like manner (whom julian 
julian Imperat. in Epist. ad Antioch.  termed barbarous) became most courteous and tractable by the practice of Music.  
Yea, in my opinion, no Rhetoric 
Rhetoric and Music their affinity.  more persuadeth, or hath greater power over the mind; nay, hath not Music her figures, the same which Rhetoric? What is a Revert but her Antistrophe? her reports, but sweet Anaphoras? her counterchange of points, Antimetaboles? her passionate Airs but Prosopopoe's? with infinite other of the same nature.  
How doth Music amaze us, when assures of discords she maketh the sweetest Harmony? And who can show us the reason why two Basins, Bowls, Brass pots, or the like of the same bigness; the one being full, the other empty, 
The strange effects and properties of Musical proportions.  shall, stricken, be a just Diapason in sound one to the either; or that there should be such sympathy in sounds, that two Lutes of equal size being laid upon a Table, and tuned Unison, or alike in the Gamma, G sol re ut, or any other string; the one stricken, the other untouched shall answer it?  
But to conclude, if all Arts hold their esteem and value according to their Effects, account this goodly Science not among the number of those which Lucian placeth without the gates of Hell, as vain and unprofitable: but of such which are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the fountains of our lives good and happiness: since it is a principal means of glorifying our merciful Creator, it heigthens our devotion, it gives delight and ease to our travails, it expelleth sadness and heaviness of Spirit, preserveth people in concord and amity, allaieth fierceness and anger; and lastly, is the best Physic for many melancholy diseases.   

CHAP. 12.  
Of Drawing, Limning, and Painting: with the lives of the famous Italian Painters.  
SInce Aristotle numbereth Graphice generally taken, for whatsoever is done with the Pen or Pencil (as writing fair, Drawing, Limning and Painting) amongst those his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or generous practices of youth in a well governed Commonwealth; I am bound also to give it you in charge for your exercise at leisure, it being a quality most commendable, and so many ways useful to a Gentleman. For should you (if necessity required) be employed for your Country's service in following the war, you can describe no plot, manner of fortification, form of Battaglias, Situation of Town, Castle, Fort, Haven, Island, course of River, passage through Wood, Marish, over Rock, Mountain, etc. (which a discreet General doth not always commit to the eye of another) without the help of the same. In all Mathematical Demonstrations nothing is more required in our travail in foreign regions. 
The manifold use of painting or l●●ning.  It bringeth home with us from the farthest pa● of the world in our bosoms, whatsoever is rare and worthy the observance, as the general Map of the Country, the Rivers, harbours, havens, promontories, etc. within the Landscap, of fair hills, fruitful valleys: the forms and colours of all fruits, several beauties of their flowers, of medicinable Simples never before seen or heard of: the orient colours, and lively pictures of their Birds, the shape of their beasts, fishes, worms, flies, etc. It presents our eyes with the complexion, manner, and their attire. It shows us the rites of their Religion, their houses, their weapons, and manner of war. Beside, it preserveth the memory of a dearest friend, or fairest Mistress. And since it is only the imitation of the surface of nature, by it as in a book● of golden and rare-limmed letters, the chief end of it, we read a continual Lecture of the wisdom of the Almighty Creator, 
job: 9 16.  by beholding even in the feather of the Peacock a 
* 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  miracle, as Aristotle saith.  
And that you should not esteem basely of the practice thereof, let me tell you that in ancient times painting was admitted into the first place among the liberal arts, & throughout all Greece taught only to the children of Noble men in the schools, and altogether forbidden to be taught to servants or slaves.  
In no less honour and esteem was it held among the Romans, as we find in Pliny and many others who every where advance the professors; and the dignity of the practice thereof nothing base or servile, since one of the most Noble families in Rome, the Fabiuses thought themselves much honoured by the addition of that Surname Pictor. For the first of that name, although he was most honourably descended, honoured with many Titles, Consulships and Triumphs, excellently learned in the laws, and beside accounted in the number of the Orators of his time; yet he thought his skill in painting added to these Honours, and his memory would hear the better of posterity, for that he was endued with so excellent & quality: for after with his own hand he had painted the Temple of Salus round about within, and finished his work, he wrote in fair letters in an eminent place, Quintus Fabius pinxi.  
Neither was it the exercise of Nobility among the ancients only, but of late days and in our times we see it practised by the greatest princes of Europe, without prejudice to their Honours. Francis the first, king of France, was very excellent with his pencil; and the virtuous Margaret Queen of Navarre beside her excellent vein in Poesy could draw and limne excellently; the like is reported of 〈◊〉 Duke of Savois. 
Lomazi●e   
Nor can I ouerpasse the ingenuity and excellency of many Noble and Gentlemen of our own nation herein, of whom I know many; but none in my opinion, who deserveth more respect and admiration for his skill and practise herein then Master Nathaniel Bacon of Broome in Suffolk (younger son to the most Honourable and bountiful minded Sir Nicholas Bacon, Knight, and eldest Baronet,) not inferior in my judgement to our skilfullest Masters. But certainly I know not what favourable aspect of Heaven that right noble and ancient family, which produceth like delicate fruits from one Stem so many excellent in several qualities, that no one name or family in England can say the like.  
Painting is a quality I love (I confess) and admire in others, because ever naturally from a child, I have been addicted to the practice hereof; yet when I was young, I have been cruelly beaten by ill and ignorant schoolmasters, when I have been taking, in white and black, the countenance of some one or other (which I could do at thirteen and fourteen years of age: beside the map of any town according to Geometrical Proportion, as I did of Cambridge when I was of Trinity College, and a junior Sophister,) yet could they never beat it out of me. I remember one Master I had (and yet living not far from S. Athanes) took me one time drawing out with my pen that peartree and boys throwing at it, at the end of the Latin Grammars which he perceiving, in a rage struck me with the great end of the rod, and rend my paper, swearing it was the only way to teach me to rob Orchard as beside, that I was placed with him to be made a scholar and not a painte●, which I was very likely to do; when I well remember he construed unto me the beginning of the first Ode in Horace, Edite, set ye forth, 〈◊〉, the sports, atavit Regible, of our ancient kings; but leaving my ingenious Master, to our purpose.  
For your first beginning and entrance in draught, make your hand as ready as you can (without the help of your compasses) in those general figures of the Circle, oval, square, triangle, cylinder, etc. for these are the foundation of all other proportions. As for example, your oval directs you in giving a just proportion to the face. Your Square or Cube for all manner of ground plots, forms of fortification, wherein you have no use of the Circle at all. Your Circle again directs you in all orbicular forms whatsoever, and so forth of the rest.  
Having made your hand fit and ready in general proportion, learn to give all bodies their true shadows according to their eminence and concavity, and to heighten or deep as your body appeareth nearer or farther from the light; which is a matter of great judgement, and indeed the soul (as I may say) of a picture.  
Then learn all manner of drapery, that is, to give garments and all manner of stuffs, as cloth, silk, and linen their natural and proper soldes; which at the first will seem strange and difficult unto you, but by imitating the choicest prints and pieces of the most judicious masters, with your own observance you will very easily attain the skill. But since I have already published a book of Drawing and Limming; wherein I have discovered whatsoever I have thought necessary to perfection herein, I will refer you for farther instruction to it, and only here give you the principal Authors for your Imitation.  
Since, as I said, proportion is the principal and chief thing you are first to learn, I commend unto you that Prince of Painters and Graund-master Albert Durer, 
Alber●. Durer.  who beside that his pieces for proportion and drapery are the best that are, he hath written a very learned book of Symmetry and proportions, which hath been since translated out of high Dutch into Latin. And though his pieces have been long since worn out of press, yet you may happen upon them among our skilful painters, which if you can get reasonably keep them as jewels, since I believe you shall never see their like: they seem old, and commonly are marked with a great D in an A.  
For a bold touch, 
●ub Gol●●ius.  variety of posture, curious and true shadow: imitate Goliziu●, his prints are commonly to be had in Pope's head alley. Himself was living at my last being in the low Countries at Harl●●; but by reason of the loss of one of his eyes, he hath given over a Hinge in copper, and altogether exerciseth his pencil in oil.  
The pieces of Michael Angelo 
Michael Angelo.  are rare and very hard to be comeby. Himself lived in Rome, and was while he lived esteemed the best painter in Europe, as verily it seemeth by that his famous piece, of the last judgement in the Pope's Chapel, being accounted one of the best in the world.  
Hans Holben 
Ha●ns Holben.  was likewise an excellent Master, he lived in the time of King Henry the eight, and was employed by him against the coming of the Emperor Charles the 5. into England. 
a He painted the Chapel at white Hall, and S. james joseph of Arimathia, Lazarus rising from the dead, etc. were his.  I have seen many pieces of his in oil, and once of his own draught with a pen a most curious chimney-piece K. Henry had bespoke for his new built palace at Bridewell.  
Of later times and in our age the works of Shadan, Witrix, 
joan. Sha●●●, Witrix.  and my honest loving friend Crispin de Pas 
Crispin de Pas●e  of Vtrecht are of most price; these cut to the life, a thing practised but of late years: their pieces will best instruct you in the countenance, for the natural and 〈◊〉 dove's thereof, the cast and form of the eye, the touch of the mouth, the true fall, turning & curling of the hair, for ruffs, Armour, etc.  
When you are somewhat ready in your draught (for which you must provide pens made of ravens quills, black lead, dry pencils made of what colour you please by grinding it with strong wort, & then rolling it up pencilwise and so let it dry) get my book, entitled the Gentleman's Exercise, which will teach you the use and ordering of all manner of colours for limning, as how to make any one colour what you please by the composition of many, as a scarlet, carnation, flame colour, all manner of greene's for leaves or banks, purples for the break of the morning, the violet, the hyacinth, etc. all manner of changeable colours in garments of silk; brownes & blacks for hair colours, the colours of barks of trees, the sea, fountains, rocks, flesh colours or carnations for the face & complexion, with the manner of preparing your card, & inbriefe whatsoever is needful to be known of a practitioner. Now having your colours in their shells finely ground and washed, and variety of pencils great and small, begin first to wash over some plain prints, then after to imitate to the life (according unto my directions in that book:) wherein by degrees you will take incredible delight, and furnish your conceits and devices of Emblems, Anagrams, and the like with bodies at your pleasure, without being beholden to some dear and nice professed Artist.  
Painting in Oil 
Of painting in oil.  is done I confess with greater judgement, and is general of more esteem than working in water colours; but than it is more Mechanic and will rob you of over much time from your more excellent studies, it being sometime a fortnight or a month ere you can finish an ordinary piece. I have known Michael lanss of Delf in Holland, the most excellent painter of all the Low Countries, to have been (at times,) a whole half year about a picture, yet in the end to have blurred it out (as it is his manner) for some small disresemblance, either in the eye or mouth; so curious is the workmanship to do it well: beside oil nor oil colours, if they drop upon apparel, will not out; when water colours will with the least washing. But lest you should think me ignorant or envious, I will not conceal from you the manner of working herein, and though it may be you shall not practise it, it may profit others. 
Of preparing your table for an oil picture.   
First for your table whereupon to draw your picture, plane it very even, and with Size (made of glue sodden long in fair water, till the glue be quite dissolved) mingled and heat with Spanish white finely ground, white it over; then let it dry, then white it over again, and so the third time, when being dry, scrape it very even with a sharp knife till it be smooth, then prime it with red lead or some other colour, which being dry, draw your picture out upon it with a piece of chalk, pencil of coal, lastly, with black lead; so lay on your colours.  
Grind all your colours in linseed oil, ●aue when you grind your white for ruffs and linen; then use the oil of walnuts, for 
a The fi●●er for our yellow ruffs.  linseed oil will turn yeallowish.  
Having all your colours ready ground, with your pallet on the thumb of your left hand, & pencils for every colour, in the same lay your colours upon your pallet thus: first, your white Lead, than Lake, ivory, black, Sea-coal black (as you see the complexion) lamp black, umber for the hair, red lead, yellow oaker, verdigreace; then your blewes, Masticot and Pinke, the rest at your pleasure, mixing them on the other side of the pallet at your pleasure.  
To begin a picture, first draw the Eye, the white thereof make of white lead with as little charcoal black; having finished it, leave from the other Eye the distance of an Eye, then draw the proportion of the nose, the compass of the face, after that make the mouth, the ear, the hair, etc.  
After you have made the white of the eyes and proportion of the nose, etc. lay your carnation or flesh colour over the face, casting in here and there some shadows which work in with the flesh colour by degrees. Your flesh colour is commonly compounded of white lead, lake, and vermilion, but you may heighten or decpen it at your pleasure.  
Then shadow the face all over as you see cause, and finish the nose, compassing the tip of it with some dark or light reddish shadow.  
The shadows for your face are compounded commonly, of ivory, black, white lead, vermilion, lake, Sea-coal black, etc.  
Then shadow your cheeks and lips (with the mouth stroke, which make of lake only) with vermilion and lake as you list mixed together.  
Now make the Circles of the Eyes. For the grey eye, take charcoal black and white lead heighthened or deepened at your pleasure.  
For the black Circle of the Eye, take Umber, Sea-cole-blacke, and a little white, and mix them as you think fit.  
For the round ball in the eye take lampe-blacke and verd-greace, for lampe-blacke will hardly dry without it.  
For the hands and the shadows between the fingers use the same flesh-colours and shadows as in the face for heighthening or deepening.  
If you would make a flesh-colour of a swarthy complexion, mingle white Lead, Lake, and yellow ochre together, and in the shadodwes, put in some umber and Sea-coal black.  
For black hair, take lampe● black only, and when you will have it brighter, mix it with a little umber, white, and red Lead.  
For flaxen hair, take umber, and white lead; the browner you will have it, put in the more umber, the whiter more white; but if darker, yet add to a little sea-coal black.  
For yellow hair, take masticote, umber, yellow ochre, and a little red lead; if you will have it redder, put in the more red lead and umber.  
For a white hair, take half ivory black, and half of umber, and with your knife temper them well upon your pallet with white lead, with more white, or umber, or Ivory, raising or deepening it at your pleasure.  
For the teeth, take white Lead, and shadow it with charcoal black.  

For Ruffs, Lawns, and Linen.  
For Linen, take white Led mingled with charcoal black, so making it whiter or darker at your pleasure; for your fine Lawns, put a little oil smalt in amongst it, and with a fine little bag of Taffeta stuffed with wool or the like, take up the colour and press it hard down where you would have it.   

For Velvets of all colours.  
For blacke-veluet, take Lampe-blacke and verdigreace, for your first ground; but when it is dry, lay it over with ivory black and Verdigreace, (to help it to dry) and for the shadow use white Lead, with a little Lamp black.  
For Green Velvet, take Lamp black, and white Lead, and work it over like a Russet Velvet; then being dry, draw it only over with Verdigreace, and a little Pink, and it will be a perfect Green Velvet.  
For a Sea-Water Green Velvet, lay on the aforesaid mingled Russet Verdigreace only, if you will have it more grassy, put to more Pink.  
For a Yellowish Greene, put a little Masticot among your Verdigreace at your pleasure: but note this, all your shadowing must be in the Russet, and these Greene's only drawn lightly over.  
For Red Velvet, take Vermilion, and shadow it with Brown of Spain, and where you will have it darkest, take Sea-coal black mingled with Spanish Browne, and shadow where you will, letting it dry, then glaze it over with Lake, and it will be a perfect Red Velvet.  
For a Crimson or Carnation Velvet, put the more or less white Lead to the Vermilion, as you shall see cause.  
For Blue Velvet, take Oil Smalt, and temper it with white Lead; ●he brighter you will have it, put in the more White; the sadder, the more Smalt.  
For Yellow Velvet, take Masticot and yellow Ochre, and deepen it for the shadow with Umber.  
For Tawny Velvet, take Brown of Spain, white Lead, and Lamp black, mixed with a little Verdigreace to shadow it, where you see occasion; and when it is dry, glaze it over with a little Lake, and red Velvet added unto it.  
For Purple Velvet, take Oil Smalt, and temper it with Lake, half Lake, half Smalt; then take white Lead and order it as bright or as sad as you list.  
For Ashcoloured Velvet, take Charcoal black, and white Lead, and make a perfect Russet of the same, deepning it with the black, or heigthening it with your white at your pleasure.  
For Haire-coloured Velvet, grind Umber by itself with Oil, and lay it on your picture, and heighten with white Lead and the same Umber.   

For Satins in Oil Colours.  
For Black Satin, grind Lamp black with Oil, then mix it with some white Lead; where you will have it shine most, mingle some Lake with your white Lead.  
For White Satin, take white Lead ground with Oil, then grind ivory black by itself, and where you will have it sad, add more of the black.  
For Green Satin, take Verdigreace and grind it by itself, then mix some white Lead with it; and where you will have it bright, add some Pink: if more inclining to a Popingiay, add more Pink to your white Lead; and to deepen it more, add more Verdigreace.  
For yellow Satin, grind Masticot by itself, yellow Ochre by itself, and Umber by itself; where you will have it lightest, let the Masticot serve; where a light shadow, let the Ochre serve, where the darkest or saddest, Umber only.  
For Blue Satin, take Oil, Smalt, and white Lead, ground by themselves; white Lead for the heigthening, and Smalt for your deepening, or darkest shadow.  
For Purple Satin, mix Oil, Smalt, with Lake, and white Lead: heigthening with white Lead.  
For Orange Tawny Satin, take red Lead and Lake, where you will have it brightest take red Lead by itself, and where made sad, Lake.  
For Red Satin, grind Brown of Spain by itself, mingling Vermilion with the same; where you would have it light, put in a little white Lead.  
For Hair coloured Satin, take Umber and white Lead; heighten with your white Lead, and for the dark shadow of the cuts, add to your Umber a little Sea-coal black.   

For Taffatas.  
Make your Taffatas all one as you do your Satins, but you must observe the shadowing of Taffatas; for they fall more fine with the solds, and are thicker by much.  
For changeable Taffatas take sundry colours, what you please, and lay them upon your garment or picture one by another; first casting out the solds, then with your Pencil driving and working them finely one into another.   

For Cloth.  
Cloth likewise is as your Satins, but that you must not give so shining and sudden a gloss unto it.   

For L●●ther.  
As Buff, take yellow Ochre, and some white Lead mixed with it: and where you will have it darker by degrees, mix Umber with it, and when you have wrought it over, take a broad Pencil and frieze it over with Umber and a little Sea-coal black.  
For yellow Leather, take Masticot and yellow Ochre, shadow it with Umber at your pleasure.  
For black Leather for shoes, Lamp black, shadowed with white Lead.  
For white Leather, white Lead, shadowed with ivory black.   

To express Gold and Silver.  
To express Gold upon Armour, or the hilt of a Sword or Rapier, take Umber, Red Lead, and Masticot; lay your ground only Red Lead, if you please, mixed with a little Pink, and where you will have the shadow dark, use Umber, where the light, Masticot.  
For Silver, take Charcoal black and white Lead; where you will have it dark, use more Charcoal, and for the light, give it a bold and sudden stroke with your white. And thus you make your Pearl. Note, that you must grind your Sea-coal and Charcoal (of a sallow, if you can get it) in fair water first, and when it is dry, grind it in Oil.   

For Sky and Landscape.  
For a Sky or Landscaps, that seem a great way off, take Oil Smalt, or Bice if you will, and with Linseed Oil only temper it on your pallet (for in grinding Smalt or Bice, they utterly lose their colour) with white Lead, and where it looketh red as the morning, use Lake, etc.   

Of Wood colours, Barks of Trees, etc.  
Your Wood colours are compounded either of Umber and White, Charcoal and White, Sea-coal and White, Umber black and white, or with some green added. Sometime add a little Lake or Vermilion.   

Of sundry Green's in Oil.  
For a deep and sad Greene, as in the inmost leaves of trees, mingle Indigo and Pink.  
For a light Greene, Pinke and Masticot: for a middle and Grass-green, Verdigreace and Pink.  
Remember ever to lay on your Yellows, Blewes, Reds, and Green's, upon a white ground which giveth them their life.  
To make clean your Pencils, rub Soap hard into them, and lay them by a while, after wash them in warm water.  
To make clean your grinding stone and Mullar, rub it over with crumbs of bread.  
To keep your Colours from drying in the heat of Summer, set them in the bottom of a basin of water.  
If you would get farther experience, acquaint yourself with some of our excellent Masters about London, where there are many passing judicious and skilful.  
The only and most esteemed Piece in the world for judgement and Art, is the battle (commonly called, the Battle of Doom's day) fought in the night between S●lym the first, Emperor of the Turks, and Ishma●l Sophi King of Persia. It is a night piece done by Bellino, the famous Venetian Painter, by the commandment of S●lym, after his victory, and sent as a present to the Duke and State of Venice, where it yet hangeth in their Counsel Chamber.  
There is likewise a very rare and admirable piece in And warp, done by a Blacksmith upon this occasion. This Smith falling in love with a Painter's Daughter, (who vowed never to marry any, but of her father's profession) gave over his Trade of a Smith, and sell to painting some four or five years: in which time, the hope of gaining a fair maid guiding his hand, he became so cunning, that he not only obtained his Wench, but a mass of wealth by his Pencil; there being offered for this one piece alone, seven thousand Crowns. It hangeth in one of the great Churches there, S. George's or our Ladies, I remember not well which. But thus much of Drawing and Painting in general.  
Now it shall not be amiss, for the advancement of this excellent skill, which none can love or admire more than myself (that I may omit the lives of the ancient Grecian and Roman Painters) to come nearer our times, and acquaint you with the best Masters Italy alone hath afforded.   

joannes Cimabus.  
Italy being overrun, and miserably wasted with wars, what time all good learning and Arts lay neglected, about the year 1240. Painting and Painters were there so rare, that they were fain to send into Greece for men skilful herein. Of whom the Italians learned the rudiments and principles of this Art, in a manner quite lost amongst them. So that while certain Grecian Painters, sent for by some of the Nobility of Florence, were painting a Church in Florence, one joannes Cimabus a young man, and naturally affecting this Art, grew so far into familiar acquaintance with them, that he learned the manner of their draught, and mingling colours, that in a short time he excelled the best Masters among them; and was the first that I can find among the Italians, that brought Painting into credit, and got a name by his skill herein. For some of his pieces for the rarity, were carried out of his house into the new Church in Florence, with Musical Instruments of all sorts, and solemn passions others being uttered at great rates over all France and Italy; in so much, as Charles' the French King moved with his fame, came to Florence to see his Worke. He died in the year 1300. leaving behind him his Scholar Giotto, who by the opinion of Dantes in his Purgatory far surpassed him: He was so humorous, saith the Interpreter of Dantes, that if himself or any other espied any fault in his work, he would (like Mishael janss, now living at Delft in Holland) deface and break it in pieces, though he had bestowed a tweluemoneths' pains thereon.   

Andrea Taffi.  
About this time also, the Grecians brought the Art of working in Musive, or Mosaique to Venice, where in S. Marks Church they wrought it; with whom Taffi falling acquainted, he drew one of the best Masters among them, named Apoll●●●m, to Florence, who taught him to bake Mosaique Glasses, and to temper the size for them: so they wrought together; but the rudeness of that age was such, that neither they nor their works were in that esteem as they deserved.   

Gaddo Gaddi.  
About this time also lived Gad Gaddi, a very rare Master, a Florentine borne (for the fine and subtle air of Florence, hath produced men of more sharp and excellent spirits, than any other place of Italy) who excelled in Mosaique, and wrought it with better judgement than any before him; insomuch as he was sent for to Rome, Anno. 1308 the year after the great fire, and burning of the Church of S. john Lateran●, and the Palace of Pope Clement the fifth: whence well rewarded, he returned back into Tuscan, where he died Anno 1312.   

Margaritene.  
Margarit●n●● was borne in Arezz●, a very skilful Master: he was the first that devised laying Gold or gild upon Bole armoniac to be burnished, as we see it in knops now adays upon the Valences and Canopics of beds; and to make a Glue for Picture Tables, that should never decay.   

Giotto.  
Giotto was not only a rare Painter, but also an excellent Architect, for all manner of curious conceit in building: and to say truth, was the first who of latter times in Italy brought picture into admiration, and her true height. He was borne at Vespign●●●, a village fourete●ne Italian miles from Florence: his father was an husbandman, and Gi●tt● being a Boy of some twelve years of age, was set by him to keep sheep: but Nature having ordained him for another end; the Boy while he was tending his sheep, would be practising with a stick upon the sand, or dusty highway, or upon void places upon walls with a Coal, to draw whatsoever sorted with his fancy. It fortuned on a time, while he was drawing the picture of one of his sheep, Cimabus to pass by, who admiring such Art in the Boy's draught, (who had never any other direction save out of his natural inclination) demanded of him if he would dwell with him: who answered, Yea, if his father were so contented. The father agreed, and placed him with Cimabus, who in short time so excelled, that he far surpassed the rustic Greek manner of working, bringing forth a better Modern Art, and the true working by the life, which had not been known in two hundred years before. He was very inward and familiar with Dantes the Poet, whose picture he drew: he was of all others famous for his skill and conceit in expressing affections, and all manner of gesture, so that he might be truly called Nature's Scholar. His workmanship is especially seen at Acesi, a City of Vmbria, in the Cloisters of S. Francis, where the body of S. Francis lieth buried: where among other rare inventions of his, is to be seen a Monk kneeling before Obedience, who putteth a yoke upon his neck, he holding up both his hands to heaven, and she laying her forefinger upon her mouth, casteth up her eyes towards Christ, from whose side the blood issueth in great abundance. On either hand of her stand wisdom and humility, to show where true obedience is, there is wisdom and humility, which help to finish every good work: on the other side is an history where chastity standeth upon a strong and high rock, as not to be won, or moved by the force of kings, though they seem to offer Crowns, Sceptres, and Palms. At her feet lieth purity, in the shape of a child washing itself, and by chastity standeth penance, having diven away with her discipline winged Love: in a third place standeth poverty barefooted, treading upon thorns, a dog barking at her; at one side, a child throwing stones at her, on the other, another child with a stick putting the thorns towards her legs. This poverty is married to Saint Francis, whom Christ giveth by joying their hands: in a fourth place is Saint Francis, praying with such great devotion, and inward affection expressed in his countenance, that it detaineth the beholder with singular admiration. From thence returning toward Florence, he wrought in distemper (as we call it) or wet with size, six histories of patient Ilb, wherein are many excellent figures: among others the positures and countenances of the messengers bringing the sorrowful news unto him, which are not to be mended: withal a servant, with one hand keeping off the slies from his sore master, and with the other stopping his nose: the countenances and draperies of the standers by done with such grace and judgement, that the same hereof presently went over all Italy. Insomuch that Pope Benedict sent a messenger from Rome into Tuscany to know what manner of man Giotto was, and what his works were; being purposed to beautify Saint Peter's Church with sacred Histories by the hand of some excellent master. This Messenger or Courtier from the Pope, taking his journey to Florence, passed by Sienna, and still enquiring out the best masters, took a draught of something from every one of them to carry back to the Pope, to choose as he thought best: coming to Florence in a morning betimes, he came to the shop of Giotto, desiring (as he had done of others) to give him a touch with his pencil, or some piece to show his Holiness. Giotto being merrily disposed, took a sheet of paper, upon which, with a pencil (setting one arm under his side) he drew so absolute a Circle, that by no co●passe a truer could be drawn; having done, smiling he gave it to the Courtlier, saying, There is my draught. The Courtier imagining he had flouted him, said, is this all? Giotto replied, it is all, and more then enough. When the Pope with others of judgement saw it, and heard the manner how carelessly he did it, he admired and confessed, he passed all men of his time in excellency it this being known, it grew a proverb in Italy, More round than Giotto's Circle. The Pope after this, did him much honour, and very liberally rewarded him. He had painted upon a certain wall the picture of the Virgin Mary, and when this wall was to be mended, such care (by reason of the excellency of his Art) was had of this picture, that it was cut square and taken down whole out of the wall with a great deal of pain and cost. He made in Mosaical, in the fore court of Saint Peter, the ship wherein Peter and the Apostles were in danger of drowning, their actions and gestures full of fear, the sails full of wind, with the behaviour of Fishermen in such extremity. At Avag●●●, he wrought for Pope Cle●●●● the fifth; & in many other places of France his works are yet remaining. Anno 1316. he was at last sent for by Robert king of Naples, for whom there (in the Church of the Cloister of Saint Clare) he made many histories both of the old and new Testament, with the whole history of the Revelation: it is said that herein his invention was admirable, and that he was much holpen by his dear and ingenious friend Dan●es the Poet. The King was not only pleased with the excellency of his hand, but with his many witty answers and conceits; wherefore sometime he would sit by him half a day together to see him work. Once the King said unto him, Giotto I will make thee the foremost man of my Court; I believe it (quoth Giotto) and that (I think) is the reason why I am lodged in the Porter's lodge at your Court gate. Another time also the King said thus unto him, Giotto, if I were as thou, the weather is so exceeding hot, I would give over Painting for a while; whereunto Giotto replied, Indeed Sir, if I were as you, I would let it rest indeed. Another time, being at work in the great Hall of the Court, the King merrily requested him, to paint him out his kingdom; Giotto made no more ado, but presently painted an Affe with a Saddle on his back, and smelling at another new saddle that lay before him at his feet, as if he had had a mind to that, rather than the other upon his back; and upon each saddle a crown and a Sceptre: the King demanded what he meant thereby; Giotto replied, Such is your Kingdom and Subjects, for they desire new Lords daily. In his returning to Fl●rence, he made very many rare pieces by the way, devised many excellent Models for building; beside other his works in Carving, Plaistique, etc. The City of Florence not only Royally rewarded him, but gave him and his posterity a Pension of an hundred crowns a year, which was a great sum in those times.  
He died to the grief of many, in the year 1336. and was buried at Florence, upon whom Angelus Politianus wrote this Epitaph worthy so excellent a man. 
Ille ego sum per quem pictura extincta re●ixis,  
Cui quam recta manu●, ●am fuit & facilis.  
Natura decrat, nostra quad defuit arti,  
Plus licuit nulli pingere necmeli●●.  
Miraris 
* The Model of the steeple of the chief Church in Florence  ●turri● egregiam sacre are sonantem,  
Hac qu●que de module credit ad astra 〈◊〉;  
Denique sum jottus, quid opus suit illareferre?  
Hoc nomen lengi carminis instar erit.    

Stephano Fiorentino.  
This Stephano being Giotto's scholar, what with his master's furtherance, and his own industry, became not only equal to his master, but in some respects excelled him, as many of his works do manifest, namely the Virgin Mary in the Church called Camp● Sante at Pisa, which to say truth, excelled that of his Masters in the Cloister of Sant● Spirit● in Florence. He painted the transfiguration of our blessed Saviour in the Mount with Moses and Elias, where the light was seen to shine down upon the Apostles, who with such a fair action lay so wrapped in their mantles that ye might perceive all the foldings upon the joints, and made the nakedness to shine through their thin clothes, which was never seen before or usedby Giotto. In another Chapel he made the fall of Luci●er, wherein he showed many excellent foreshortnings of bodies, arms, and legs; wherefore by the Artists of his time. He was named Occhi● di Natura, the eye of nature, he wrought at Rome, Milane, and many other places: Many excellent pieces of his are yet to be seen in Florence, which for brevity I omit the died Anno 1350.   

Petro Laurati of Sienna.  
Petro Laurati was famous in his time, especially for making of Glories, wherein he surpassed all others before him. At Arezze with excellent skill he painted upon a ●eeling Angels dancing as in a ring about Mary, seeming to sing and play on instruments; where in their eyes and countenances you may see expressed a true godly joy: another troop of Angels with various and delicate action carrying her up into heaven. He died, 1350.   

B●namic● Buffalmacco.  
Buffalmacco was scholar to Taffi, and as excellent in his profession, so was he merry and of pleasant conceit: wherefore he was familiar with Brun● and Calandrin●, rare Artists and of his own humour, many of whose jests are recorded by Boccace. Buffalmacco being a young youth while he dwelled with Taffi, was called up by his master by two or three of the clock in winter mornings to his work, grinding of colours or the like, which grieved him much; and bethinking himself how to make his master keep his bed, he got up in the fields some thirty or forty Dorres or Beetles, and a little before his master should rise, fastening little wax candles upon their backs, puts them in lighted, one by one into his master's chamber; who seeing the lights moving up and down, began to quake for fear, committing himself to God with hattie prayer, and covered himself over head and ears in his bed, having no mind to work or awake Buffalmacco. In the morning ●ee asked Buffalmacco if he had not seen a thousand Devils as he had; who answered no, for he was asleep, and wondered he called him not: Called? said Taffi, I had other things to think of then to paint, I am fully resolved to go dwell in another house. The night following though Buffalmacco had put in but only three lights into his chamber, yet could he not sleep for fear all that night: it was no sooner day but Taffi, left his house with intent never to come into it again. Buffalmacco hereupon went to the priest of the parish to desire his advice, telling him that in his conscience the Devil next unto God hated none more than painters, for that, said Buffalmacco, we make him odious in the people's eyes by painting him terrible and in the ugliest shape we can devose; and more to spite him, we paint nothing but Saints in Churches to make the people more devout than otherwise they would, wherefore the devils are very angry with us, and having more power by night then by day, they play these pranks, and I fear they will do worse except we give over this working by candle light. This he spoke so confidently, and in so deniure a manner to the priest, that the priest anouched it to be true, and with great reasons persuaded Taffi ever after to keep his bed; which being published about, working by candlelight was left through the town ever after. The first proof of his skill he showed at a Nunnery near Pisa now wholly ruined, being the birth of Christ, where Herod killed the children of Bethlem; where the affections and looks of the murderers, Mothers, Nurses resisting with biting, scratching, tearing, pulling, etc. are excellently expressed. Moreover, he drew the four patriarchs, and the four Evangelists, where he expressed Saint Luke with great art, blowing the ink in his pen to make it run. He was in his time one of the merriest and finest companions of the world: he died, Anno 1340.   

Ambrosio Lorenzetti of Sienna.  
This Ambrosio was a painter of Sienna, he was chiefly commended for that grace he had in contrining postures and accidents of History: he was the first that most lively could resemble tempests, storms, rain, etc. He was very moderate, and went rather like a Philosopher then a painter. He died at Sienna.   

Petro Cavallini of Rome.  
This was scholar unto Gi●tt●, and wrought with him in the ship of Mosaique in the front of Saint Peter in Rome. There is yet a Crucifix of his yet to be seen at Arezzo, and another in the Church of Saint Paul in Rome, of admirable life and skill. He was wondrous devout and Religious. He died 1363. and lieth buried at Paul's without Rome with this Epitaph. 
Quantum Romana PETRVS decus addidi● vibi,  
Pictur●, tartum da● decus ipse P●l●.    

Simon of Sienna.  
Simon of Sienna was a rare Artist, and lived in the time of the famous and Laureate Poet Francis Petrarch, in whose verses he liveth eternally, for his rare art & judgement shown, in drawing his Laura to the life. For invention and variety he was accounted the best of his time.   

Andrea's Orgagna.  
Andrea's Orgagna was a Florentine, and both a Painter, Poet, Architect and Carver, though he began first with carving. One of his best pieces he wrought in Pisa, which was all sorts of worldly and sensual Epicures, rioting and banqueting under the shadow of an Orange tree, within the branches and bows whereof, sly● little Amorettos or Cupids, shooting at sundry Ladies lasciviously dancing and dallying amongst them; which Ladies were then living, and all discerned by their several countenances: as also many Gallants and Princes of that time drawn in the same table. On the other side of the table, he made an hard Rock, full of people, that had left the world, as being Eremites, serving of God, and doing diverse actions of piety, with exceeding life; as here one prayeth, there another readeth, some other are at work to get their living, and among the rest, there is with admirable art and judgement, an Eremite milking of a Goat. Withal, Saint Macharius, who showeth the miserable estate of man to three Kings riding on, hunting in great state with their Queens, and showeth the● a grave wherein lie three dead Kings, whose bodies are almost rotten; whereon they look with a great fear, lively expressed in their countenances, and one wishly looking down into the grave, stoppeth his nose, etc. Over this flieth death in black with a Sith in his hand: all about on the earth lie people along of all ages, sex, and condition, slain, and dying by sundry means. He also painted the judgement, where he placed in hell most of his foes that had molested him, and among the rest a Scrivener, whose name was Cecehode Ascol●, and known for a notable knave in his profession, and a Conjurer beside, who had many ways molested him: He was by children and boys discerned to be the same man, so well had he expressed him to the life. He died aged 60. years, 1389. and lieth buried at Florence.   

Thomas Masaccio.  
This Thomas, surnamed Masaccio or the Sloven (for that he never cared how he went in his clothes) was borne in the Castle of Saint john de Valderno; and being a youth, so much addicted his mind unto painting, that he cared in a manner for nothing, not so much as to demand money of his debtors where it was due, but when mere necessity drove him thereunto; yet was he courteous unto all. He excelled in Perspective, and above all other masters laboured in Nakeds, and to get the perfection of foreshortning, and working over head to be viewed standing under. Amongst other his works, that of Saint Peter taking a penny out of the fishes mouth, and when he payeth it for toll, is famous. In brief, he broke the Ice to all painters that succeeded for Action in Nakeds and foreshortnings, which before him were known but of few. For by his pieces and after his practice, wrought Friar john of Ficsole, friar Philip Phillipine, Alessan: Baldovinetti, Andrea del Caslagna, Verochio Dominico de Grillandaio, di Botticello, Leonarde de Vinci, Pedro di Perugia, friar Bartholome ● of Saint Marks, Mariotte, Albertinell, the rare and ever admired Michael Angelo, Bonarotti, Raphael d' V●bine, and sundry others. He died it was suspected of poison in the 26. year of his age. His Epitaph was written in Italian by Hannibal Coro.   

Leon Baptista Alberti.  
This Albertis was an excellent linguist, having his Latin tongue very exactly. He was borne in Florence, and was both an excellent Painter and Architect; he wrote ten books of Architecture in Latin, which he published in print, Anno. 1481. Moreover he wrote three books of the Art of Painting, a Treatise of measuring heigthes, besides certain books of Policy, with many other discourses. He was descended of a Noble house, and was very inward with pope Nicholas the fi●t. He was excellent for the descriptions of Battles, night works, glittering of weapons, and the like.   

Friar Phillipo Lippi.  
Phillipo Lippi borne in Florence, was a poor Child, and left fatherless and motherless, was brought up by an Aunt; at eight years of age, placed in a Monastery of the ●●cobines, where out of his natural inclination, he practised Drawing and Painting; and in short time grew to that excellence, that he was admired of all: making in his Cloister many Histories in we●, after Masaccio's manner. At seventeen years of age he forsook his order. Being in La Marcad' Ancona, he put himself with some friends to Sea, but were in short time taken by the Pirates of Barbaris, and sold into the Country for slaves, wearing heavy chains about their legs. In this estate lived Phillipo eighteen months, but growing familiar with his Master, one day, when he saw his time and his Master in a good humour, took a coal, and upon a white wall drew him from head to foot: this being seen of his fellow slaves, and showed unto his Master, who had never seen a picture before, was cause of his deliveance: for making his escape, or at least his Master winking thereat, he made shift to come to Naples, where he wrought in colours a most curious Altar-table for King Alphonsus. Hence he went to Florence, and made another Altar-table, which pleased Cosmo de Medicis wondrous well; whereupon he was employed by Cosmo in making many small Pictures, whereof some were sent unto Eugenius the fourth, whereupon he grew in great favour with the Pope. He was so addicted unto Women, that what ever he got, he bestowed and spent it among them: whereupon Cosmo shut him up into a Chamber in his house, that he might follow his work close; but having been thus mewed up by the space of two days, the humou● of gadding taken him again in the head; and one evening cutting his sheets, made ropes of them, and so got out at a window. But shortly after, found and brought to Cosmo again, he had liberty to go and come at his pleasure, and was better attended and served then before. For said Cosmo. The excellence of rare Spirits are heavenly forms, and no burden-bearing Mules. Many excellent pieces he made in Florence, admired and applauded by the best Masters. At Pr●t●o by Florence, where he was acquainted, the Nuns of Sancta Margarita procured him to make their high Altar-table, where being at work, he espied a beautiful virgin, a Citizen's daughter of Florence, whose name was Francisco Bati: This maid was there kept to be made a Nun; she was most beautiful, her name was Lucretia, & so he wrought with the Nuns, that he obtained leave to draw her Picture; but by continual gazing upon her countenance, he became so enamoured of her, that what by close messengers and other means, he got her out of the Nunnery: he got her away and married her, and by her he had a son, named also Philip, who became an excellent Painter. This Friar Phillip's works are to be seen at Prato. And amongst other S. Bernard laid out dead, his brethren mourning about him, and many Cripples and diseased persons, which (as it was said) with touching the Hearse and his body, were healed. Then he most excellently wrought the Martyrdom of S. Stephen, the beheading of S. john Baptist, with many others. He died aged fifty seven, Anno 1438. He had a stately Monument of Marble erected over him; his Epitaph was written by Angelus Politianus, which for the elegancy I will set down. 
Co●ditus his ego sum, picturae fama Philippus,  
Nulli ignota mea est, gratia mir a manus.  
Artifices, potui digitis animare colores:  
Sperataque animos fallere voce di●.  
Ipsa mess stupuit Natura expressa figuris,  
Meque, suis fassa est artibus esse parem.  
Marmorco tu●ulo Medici's Laurentius hic me  
Condidit; antè humil● p●l●ere tectus eram.    

Antonello de Messino.  
Antonello borne at Messino, ought not to be forgotten, who was the first that brought painting in Oil into Italy. For certain Oil pieces being sent by the Merchants out of Flanders to Alphonsus, the first King of Naples, which the King had in great admiration, for that they could not be washed out with water: coming to the view of Antonello, Antonello could never be in quiet until he had found out the Inventor, whose name was john Van Eyck, who entertained Antonello very courteously, and showed him his Art what he could; but at last, john van Eyck dying, Antonello returned unto Venice, where his works of the Magnifici were much admired, and for that he brought the working in Oil the first into Italy; he was honoured with this Epitaph.  

D. O. M.  
Antonius pict●r, pracipuum Messan● & t●tius Siciliae ornam●ntum, hac hum● contegitur, non sol●m suis picturis in quibus singulare artificium, & venustas fi●t, sed & quod coloribus el●● miscendis splendorem & perpetuitatem primus Italica pictura con●ulit, summo semper artificum, ●●●di● celebratus.    

Dominico ●irlandaio.  
This Dominico was a Florentine, by profession at the first a Goldsmith, but falling to Painting, he became a great Master therein. His first work was a Chapel for the family of the Vespucci, wherein he drew in his Sea habit, and standing upon an unknown shore, Americus Vesputius, who gave America her name. His best pieces are to be seen at S. Maria N●vella in Florence. He died Anno 1493.   

Raphaell D'Vrbine.  
I ouerpasse for brevity sake, many other excellent and famous Artists of Italy, equalling the former, as Bellino, Pallaivoli, Botticello, Verrocchio, Andreas Mantegna of Mantua, so highly esteemed and honoured of Duke Luduvico Gonzaga; Francisco Francia, Michael Angelo: and will comprise them in the excellency of one only Raphaell D'Vrbine, who was borne at Urbine; whose fathers name was Gi●vanni de Santi, a Painter also. This Raphaell was brought up under Petro Perusini in Perusia, where he so gave his mind from a child unto Drawing and Painting, that in short time he contended for the Palm with the greatest Masters of Europe, and was for his admirable invention, surnamed the Wonderful. There was a great emulation between Raphaell and the afore named Francisco Francia, who lived and wrought at B●logna, till at the last through mere admiration, by report of each others skill, they grew most loving friends, greeting each either by letters continually; yet had Francia neither seen Raphaell Urbine, nor any of his works (by reason he was old and could not travail, abiding always in Bologna) until it fortuned that Raphaell Urbine having made a S. Cicilia in a fair Altar-table, for the Cardinal De Pucci Santi quatro, which was to be set at Bologna, at S. Giovanni Sopra Monte (or on the Hill:) which Table he shut in a Case, and sent it to Francia, as unto a dear friend, that if any thing were amiss, or it happened to be defaced or injured in the carriage, he would amend it: and beside, so much befriend him, as to set it up in the place appointed, and to see it want nothing fitting. When he understood thus much by Raphael's Letter, he opened the Case with great joy, and set the piece in a good and fair light; which when he had throughly viewed, he was so amazed, and grew so out of conceit of himself and his own work, confessing his work to be nothing, in respect of Raphaell Urbine's: which so struck him to the heart, that he died (presently after he had set the piece in his place) Anno 1518. The fame of Raphael Vibine at this time was so great, that he was sought for and employed by the greatest Princes of Europe, as namely, the Pope's Adrian and Leo; Francis the first, King of France, Henry the eight, King of England; the Dukes of Florence, Vrbane, Mantu●, and diverse others. Those stately hangings of Arras, containing the History of S. Paul out of the Acts (than which, eye never beheld more absolute Art, and which long since you might have seen in the banquecting house at Whitehall) were wholly of his invention, bought (if I be not deceived) by King Henry the eight of the State of Venice, where Raphaell Urbine died. I have no certainty, but sure I am, his memory and immortal Fame, are like to live in the world for ever. If you would read the 〈◊〉 at large of the most excellent Painters, as well Ancient as Modern, I refer you unto the two volumes of Vasari, well written in Italian (which I have not seen, as being hard to come by; yet in the Libraries of two my especial and worthy friends, M. Doctor Mountford, late Prebend of Paul's, and M. Inigo lones, Surveyor of his Majesty's works for building) and Calvin Mander in high Dutch; unto whom I am beholden, for the greater part of what I have here written, of some of their lives.    

CHAP. 13.  
Of Armoury, or Blazon of Arms, with the Antiquity and Dignity of Heralds.  
IT is meet that a Noble or Gentleman who beareth Arms, and is well descended, be not only able to blazon his own proper Coat; derive by pedigree the descent of his family from the original, know such matches and allies as are joined to him in blood: but also of his Prince, the Nobility, and Gentry where he liveth, which is not of mere ornament, as the most suppose, but diversely necessary and of great consequence: as had I fortuned to have lived in those times, when that fatal difference of either ROSE was to be decided by the sword; with which party in equity and conscience could I have sided, had I been ignorant of the descent and pedigree Royal, and where the right had been by inheritance of Blood, Match, or Alliance.  
How should we give Nobility her true value, respect, and title, without notice of her Merit: and how may we guess her merit, without these outward ensigns and badges of Virtue, which anciently have been accounted sacred and precious; withal, discern and know an intruding upstart, shot up with the last night's Mushroom, from an ancient descended and deserving Gentleman, whose Grandsires have had their share in every fought field by the English since Edward the first? or myself a Gentleman know mine own rank; there being at this instant the world over, such a medley (I had almost said Motley) of Coats, such intrusion by adding or diminishing into ancient families and houses; that had there not been within these few years, a just and commendable course taken by the Right Honourable the Earl's Marshals, for the redress of this general and unsufferable abuse, we should I fear me within these few years, see Yeomen as rare in England, as they are in France.  
Besides, it is a contemplation full of pleasing variety, and for the most part, sympathising with every Noble and generous disposition, in substance the most refined part of Natural Philosophy, while it taketh the principles from Geometry, making use almost of every several square and angle. For these and other reasons, I desire that you would bestow some hours in the study of the same: for a Gentleman Honourably descended, to be utterly ignorant herein, argueth in him either a disregard of his own worth, a weakness of conceit, or indisposition to Arms and Honourable Action; sometime mere Idiotism, as Signior Gaulart, a great man of France (and none of the wisest) inviting on a time many great personages and honourable friends to his Table, at the last service a Marchpane was brought in, which being almost quite eaten, he bethought himself, and said; It was told me, that mine Arms were bravely set out in Gold and Colours upon this Marchpane, but I have looked round about it and cannot see them: Your Lordship (said one of his men) eat them up yourself but now. What a knave (quoth Mounsieur Gaulart) art thou? thou didst not tell me before jeate them, I might have seen what they had been.  
The dignity and place of an Herald, among the ancient Romans was very great; 
Lib. 1.  that same lus Feciale, or Law of Arms, being first instituted by Ancus Martius, as Livis testifieth, though some ascribe it to Numa Pompilius, who ordained a College of Heralds.  
The office of an Herald, was to see that the Romans 
Dionysius Halicarna● antiquit. Rom. lib. 2  made not war injustly with any of their confederates; to determine of war, peace, leagues, agreements, wrongs taken or offered by them or their enemies, and the like.  
Now if the enemy had offered them wrong, or taken away any thing from them by violence, they first sent Messengers to demand their right, and the restoring of that they had taken away; which was done in a soleanmne●sorme, and the words pronounced distinctly, and with a loud voice: and this manner of delivering their message, was called Clarigatio. The form was this, Ioucn●●egotestem facio, siego impiè iniusletque, illas res dedier populo Romano mibique exposco, ●unc patriae compotem nunquam sinas esse. If they refused their demands, or to make ●●stiitution: first all league and friendship (if any were betwixt them) being renounced and broken, after thirty days, (which they solemnly observed) they proclaimed open war, and with fire and sword invaded the enemy's Country, and by force recovered their own.  
Neither was it lawful, for either Consul or Senate, or any of the common people, to take up Arms against an enemy, without the consent and approbation of the Heralds.  
Among the Heralds, 
Bal●asar Ayala de●nic & offers Bell. lib. 1.  there was one the cheese and above the rest, whom they called Pater Patratus; and he was chosen one who was to have children, and his own father alive: him one of the inferior Heralds, crowning his head and Temples with Vervain, made him the cheese or King, either in concluding peace, or denouncing war.  
The most ancient form of denouncing war, is set down at large by Livy. 
I●n. lib. 1. & 〈◊〉. lib. 16 cap. 4. & Dion. Halicarn. lib. 2. antiquit. Rom.  The Tybarens are reported to have been so just in their making war, and defiance of their enemies, that they would never meet them, but first they would send them word of the day, place, yea, and very hour they meant to fight.  
Moreover, if any complaint by the enemy were made of breach of the league, the Heralds examined the truth, and having found out the Authors, they delivered them up to the enemy to do with them as he listed: or if any without the consent of the people, Senate & Heralds, either fought or made peace, entered league, etc. the Romans freed themselves again, by delivering up the Authors to their enemies. So were the Consuls T. Veturi●s. & Sp. Postumius for their error at Caudium, and making peace with the Samnites contrary to the will of the people and Senate, together with T. Numicius and Q. Aemilius Tribunes, delivered to the enemy. The words of Postumius himself, (who made request that himself with the rest, who had offended, might be delivered to the enemy) are thus recorded by Livy. 
Livi●● l. ●. 9  Dedamur per ficiales, nudi vinctique ex●lvamus religions populu●, fi qua obligavimns: ne quid divini bum●●ive obstet, quo minus instuns piun. qu● de integreine 〈◊〉 bellum. The form and words on their delivery to the enemy's hands, were these: Quandoquidem hice homines iniussu populi Romani, Quiritum soedus ictu● iri sposponderunt, atque ob ●am rem noxam nocuerunt: ob eam rem quo populus Romanus Seelere impio sit solutus, bos●e homines vobis dedo. And so, many years after was C. Mancinus delivered to the Numantines, with whom he had entered into league contrary to the will, and without the knowledge of the Senate. 
Cicero Offic. lib. 3. Flor. l. 2. cap. 18.   
Herald's also examined and determined of wrongs and injuries done unto Ambassadors, 
Vide No●●um Marecellum. lib. 3.  and punished them by delivering up in like manner, the parties offending, unto the nation or State offended.  
They looked also to the strict observing of every branch of the league, or truce; in brief their Authority was comprised in these few words, 
Cicero lib. 2. delegitus.  ‛ Belli, pacis, foederum, induciarum, oratorum feciales indices sunte.  
Spurius Fusius was the first Herald that euer was created among the Romans, and had the name of P●ter Patratus in the war which Tullus Hostitius made against old Latins.  
Their privileges were great and many, and too long for me here to reckon up. And to conclude, for farther search of their institution, privileges, and Office, I refer you to jehan le Feron, 
De laprimitive Institution d●s ●●ys, Herauldz et poursus vans d' arms.  a French Author.  
I purpose not here to enter into a large field and absolute discourse of Blazonry with all the laws & terms thereof, having been already prevented by Bara, Vpton, Gerrard Leigh, Master Ferns, Master Guillim (late Portculleis pursuivant) in his Methodical Display of Heraldry, with sundry others. So that, in a manner, more cannot be said then hath been: myself besides having written something of this subject heretofore, but only to point unto you as a stranger upon the way, the fairest and shortest cut unto your journey's end in this Art.  
The word Blazon is from the French E●blasonner; and note that we in England use herein the same terms of Art with the French: because the ancients of our Nobility for the greater part, acknowledge themselves to be descended out of Normandy, and to have come in with the Conqueror, many retaining their ancient French names, & Charges unto this day; as Beauchamp, Beaumond, Sacuill, Nevil, with many others.  
Your A. B. C. in this Art, let be the knowledge of the sundry forms of Shields or Escotcheons which are, and have been ordinarily borne in ancient times. Among all nations we of Europe have only two kinds in use (the Lozen●s excepted) viz. that we use in England, France, Germany, etc. and the Ouall they bear in Italy: which form they yet (from the old Romans) hold in use.  
The word Escotcheon is derived from the French un esci●, that from the Latin Scutam, and that again from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in Greek, which is leather; because the ancients had their Shields of tanned leather, the skins laid thick one over another, as appeareth by that of Ulysses, upbraiding Aiax: 
Quae nisi fecissem, frustra Telamone creatus,  
Gestasset laeva taurorum tergora septem.   
And Caesar (saith Cambrensis) fight hand to hand with Nennius, 
Girald. Camb.  a British King fast had his sword, nailed into Nennius his shield (being of hard leather,) at which advantage Nennius had slain him, had not Labienns the Tribune stepped in between, and rescued his master.  
Now the ancient shields by reason that they were long, and in a manner of that form as some of the Knight's Templars had theirs, as appeareth upon that their monument in the Temple Church, differed much from the buckler or target which was round, as it may appear out of Livy. 
●iv. lib. 8.  Clypeis a●tem Romani usi sunt (saith he) deinde postquam facti sunt stipendiarij, scuta pro clypeis fectre. And Virgil compareth the great eye of Cycl●ps to an Argolican Target, for who will deny but that an eye is round?  
That their shields (as I have said) were long, and in a manner covered the whole body, he saith elsewhere, Scutis protecti corporalongis.  
Hereupon Scutum was called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it resembled a door, which is ever more long than broad.  
The Carthaginians made their shields of gold. M. Aufidius tells us that his ancestors (being Romans) had theirs of Silver.  
Alexander king of the jews opposed against Prolomy 8000. fight men, which he termed H●catomachi, 
josephus.  as much to say as, fight each man against an hundred, because they used brazen shields.  
The Numidians used shields made of Elephants hides impenetrable to any dart, yet on the other side they had this discommodity, that in rainy weather they would like a sponge so soak in the water, and become hereby so heavy, the soldiers could hardly bear them.  
The shield in times past was had in such honour, that he who lost or alienated the same, was accounted as basely of as he that with us runs from his colours, and was severely punished: and the Grecians fined him at a greater rate who lost his shield, than he who lost his sword or spear. 
Plutarch in vita Pelop●●a.  Because that a soldier ought to take more care that he receiveth not a mischief, than he should do it of himself.  
Bitter was that jest of Scipio, when he saw a soldier bestow great cost in trimming and glazing his shield: I can not blame thee (quoth he) that thou bestewest so much cost upon thy shield, because thou trustest more to that then to thy sword.  
The Lacaeademonians of all other the most warlike, by the laws of Lycurgus, brought up their children to the use of shields from their infancy; and famous is that Lacaedemonian mother for that her speech to her son, when she delivered him a shield going to the war 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Son either bring back this shield, or be thou brought back thyself (dead) within it. But thus much of the shield or Escotcheon.  
Arms or Ensigns at the first had their chief use for distinction of Tribe from Tribe, army from army being composed of two or more colours, whereof one was ever white or yellow, which we now term Metals, and that of necessity; for without the mixture of one of these, the other as too dark of themselves, could not be discerned far, neither of white and yellow only, as participating too much of the light. Hence they say (though not generally true) where there is wanting colour or metal, it is false armoury.  
I will not stand here to dispute over philosophically, as some have done, of the praeeminence of one colour above another, or out of profound ignorance affirm black to be the most ancient colour, because darkness was upon the face of the earth in the Chaos; as if colour were not qualitas visibilis luminis beneficio, and privati● were formarum susceptibilis; and white the next, because God said fiat Lux, as if light were a quality resulting of an lementarie composition, it being created before all mixed bodies: yea with Aristotle I rather affirm black properly to be no colour at all, as partaking of the pure Elements nothing at all, for he saith 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 
Arist 〈◊〉 lib. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉.  of the Elements mingled together, as earth, water, air, not yet reduced to their proper substance, as we may see in charcoals, all bodies consuming but not consumed, whereupon it is called Niger, of the Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which signifieth dead, as a colour proper to dead things. The colours, to say truth, immediately proceeding from the Elements, are yellow and white: yellow being an effect of the fire. and all heat (as we may see in gold) begotten by the heat of the Sun, by the mixture of the clearest and most pure quicksilver, and the finest red brimstone, in fruit and corn ripened by the heat of the same, in choler, urine, lie boiled, the bellies of hot venomous Serpents and the like. The white is proper to the water and earth, as we way see in all watery bodies congealed, as Ice, snow, Crystal, glass, precious stones beaten into to powder: also the most roots, the pulp of apples, pears, and the like of watery substance, of earth in the ashes of wood and stones burned, all which turn white, being by the fire purged from water and air. Concerning the air itself, it hath no colour at all.  
Now after your two Metals, yellow and white, Gold or Silver, which in Armoury we call Or & Argent, you have four principal colours, viz. Sable or black, Azure or Blue, Gules or Red, Verd or Greene. There are others, as Purpure sanguine Tenn●, which are in more use with the French and other Nations then with us in England.  
From simple colours and division by bare lines, they came to give their charges quick and living things, such as sorted best with their fancies and humours, neither without reason. The Alani a warlike people, and extreme lovers of their liberty, gave in their Ensign a Cat, a beast which of all other cannot brook bo●●●ge. The Goths to express their cruelty with their ranging resolution, gave a Bear; the Romans gave the Eagle, which every Legion severally bare. The reason whereof josephus giveth, 
josephus' lib. 3.  Quòd & universarum anium regnum habeat, & sit valentistima, So did the Thebans and Persians, as Forcatulus reports; beside, Xenophon (saith he,) remembreth he saw in the army of Cyrus a golden Eagle displayed, borne upon a long spear, 
Xenophon. de Cyri. paed. lib. 7. Curtius' lib. 3.  as his ensign. Yet generally Pliny saith, the charges of their ensigns were of Silver, because that mettle was most suitable to the day light, and was to be discerned farther: so Portius Latro telleth Catiline of his silver Eagle borne before him as the ensign of his rebellion and fury. Besides the Eagle, the Romans used to bear in their banners the Wolf, 
Martij pueri.  in memory of Remus and Romulus, fed by the milk of a she-wolf, as Livy showeth. When they undertook any expedition wherein great secrecy was to be used, than they advanced the Minotaur in their standards, to show that the counsel of Commanders ought to be no less kept secret than the Labyrinth which was the abode of the Minotaur. Withal they bore the Horse, as the most Martial beast, and serviceable in the war, being full of fury, and desirous of victory; and in the Ides of December, a Horse was sacrificed to him who had broken the right wing of his enemy's battle: Lastly, they bore a Hog in their ensigns, because the war being finished, they used to make a truce by sacrificing a young Swine; which whosoever violated or went back from, ought forth with as a Hog to be stoned to death: hereupon they had a form of Battaglias which they termed the Hogs face. 
Porcina srons, pitrius lib. 9 Hierog. 〈◊〉.  But all these (the Eagle only excepted) were by Caius Marius turned out of use: but I shall have elsewhere occasion to write more at large of these and the like Imperial badges.  
The kings of Portugal bore in a field Argent five escotcheons Azure, 
The corte of Portugal.  each charged with as many Plates; on a bordure Gules ten Castles, or, in remembrance of five kings, whom (each severally leading a mighty army) Alphonsus the first, king of Portugal overthrew near to the City of Scallabis in Portugal now called Trugill●; 
Osorius de R●gis institutions.  there appearing at the same time (saith Osorius) Christ crucified in the heaven, whose five wounds those five plates represent. Those Castles are his holds in Barbary which he won from the Moors.  
The Dukes of Bavaria 
D. of Bavaria.  have anciently borne their Arms Paly Bendy arg. and Azure, for that it resembled the party coloured Cassocks of the ancient B●ij, 
M Freeherus in origine, Palasina●.  who were those Gauls that attempted the Surprise of the Capitol, whom Virgil describing as by night, saith, Virgatis lucens Sagulis, which he understandeth by the white, as most easily to be discerned in the night time.  
The town of Dort or Dordrecht in Holland, from a civil broil that long since occasioned much slaughter, staining the streets (being only two above a mile in length, (the river running in between) with blood, bare in a field gules a pale argent.  
The City of Collen, in regard it can show the monuments of the three kings who offered to our Saviour, beareth Argent, on a chief gules three crowns Or.  
The City of Andwarpe in Brabant, 
Verslegan.  for that sometime a Tyrant Prince was Lord of that place, and punished offenders in cruel manner, by cutting off their hands (whose portraiture cut in stone to the life, stands erected over one of the Ports toward the Sceld, with a sword in one hand, and a man's hand smitten off in the other) bears four hands, Couptè in Salteir, an Eagle double necked, displayed in chief, to signify that it is an imperial City; and hence had it the name of Antwerp, as much to say as Hand●werpen, which in Dutch signifieth to cast or throw away the hand.  
The Stout and warlike Henry Spencer Bishop of Norwich, who suppressed by his courage and valour, that dangerous rebellion, and about Nerthwalsham, overthrew Litster the Captain, hath (as it is to be seen upon his monument in the body of the Qui●e of Christ-Church in Norwich) over his proper coat of Spencer, upon an helmet, his Episcopal Mitre, and upon that Michael the Archangel with a drawn sword.  
Marry Coats are conferred by the Prince or State upon merit and desert, for some honourable act performed to the Commonwealth, or honour of the Prince; as that device upon Sir Francis Drake (which was Q. Elizabeth's owne) now usurped and borne (the colour of the field changed sion Sable into Azure) by Oliver à Noert of Vtrecht, who also of late years sailed about the earth. And at my last being in the Low Countries, was Captain of a foot Company of Dutch in Huysden. The said Coat fairly cut in stone, standeth over a Porch at the entry of his house there.  
The Mound or Ball with the Cross, 
〈◊〉. Freherus. Dr Origine yalah.  was by Charles the fifth, added by way of augmentation, to the Armouries of the Palsgrave of the R●ine, in regard of Vienna, so bravely defended by Philip Earl Palatine, together with the Count Solmas, against the fury of Solyman, 
Soliman's opinion of the Emperor Charles.  who laid siege to it with above 300000. men; yet glad (at the rumour of the Emperor Charles his coming) to show his back. For Solyman, (as himself was wont to say) seared not Charles as he was Emperor of Germany, but that good fortune which ever attended him in his greatest enterprises. And no doubt but the blessing of God was upon him, as being one of the most religious, just and worthiest Princes that ever lived.  
The family of the Haies in Scotland, 
Holinshead in the T●●le of Scotland.  bare Arg. three Escotcheons Gules, upon this occasion. At what time the Danes invaded Scotland, and in a set batraile had put the Scots to the worst: one Hay with his two sons being at plough not far off, 
The original of the Noble Family of the Ha●es in Scotland.  and seeing his Countrymen flying from their enemies, to come up a narrow Lane walled with stone on both sides, towards him; with their Plowbeames in their hands, meeting them at the lanes end, in despite beat them back to charge their enemies afresh, reviling their cowardice, that now hazarded the whole kingdom: whereupon with a stout resolution they put themselves again into array, and returning back upon the Danes (who were both disordered, and in a fear lest a new supply had come down to the Scots succour) overthrew them utterly, and regained a most memorable victory. Hereupon Hay was by the King ennobled, and had given him for his bearing, in a field Silver, three Escotcheons Gules: the rest a Ploughman with his Plow-beame on his shoulder: and withal for his maintenance, as much Land as a Falcon put off from hand could sly over erc she did alight, which Land in Scotland is to this day called Hay his Land; and the Falcon alighting upon a stone, about seven miles off, gave it the name of the Falcon's stone, even to this day.  
Arms again are sometimes taken from professions, and those means by which the bearers have raised themselves to honourable place; as the Dukes of Florence, for that they are descended from the family Di Medic●, or Physicians, bare in a field Azure, six Lozenges.  
Sometimes they are won in the field from Infidels, (for no Christian may directly bear another's Coat by his sword) as was the Coat of Milan from a Sarace●; it being an Infant naisant, or issuing from the mouth of a Serpent. 
Aluares de violla.  And after the winning of Granad● from the Moors, in the times of Ferdin 〈◊〉 and Is●bell, Kings of Castille, the pomegranate the Arms of that kingdom, was placed in the baste of the Escotcheon Royal; and in regard it was gained principally by the means of Archery, the Bow and Quiver of Arrows was stamped upon the Spanish sixpence, which remaineth at this day to be seen.  
Coats sometimes are by stealth purchased, shuffled into Records and Monuments, by Painters, Glasiers, Carvers, and such: But I trust so good an order hath been lately established by the Right Honourable, the late Commissioners for the Office of the Earl Marshalship, & careful respect of the Heralds with us, that all hope of sinister dealing in that kind, is quite cut off from such mercenary abusers of Nobility.  
Many times gained at a cheaper rate, by bearing, as the Boors in Germany, and the Netherlands, what they list themselves; neither can their own Inventions content them, but into what land or place soever they travail, if they espy a fairer Coat than their own (for they esteem Coats fair or good, as our Naturals, according to the variety of colours) after their return they set it up in Glass for them and their heirs, with the Crest and open Beaver, as if they were all Princes; as at Wodrichom or Worcom, hard by Lovestein, I found over a Tradesman Coat, no worse Crest than the three Feathers in the Crown, and in many other places whole Coats of the French Nobility. Hereof examples in those parts are so frequent, that I must say, Inopem me copia fecit.  
Now being acquainted with your colours, the points and every place of the Escotchcon, which the Accidence of Armoury of Master Guillims Display, will at large instruct you in, begin to practise the Blazon of those Coats which consist of bare and simple lines, without charge, as that ancient Coat of Waldgra●●, who beareth only party per pale Arg. and Gules; and the City of Virecht party per bend of the same.  
Then your fields equally compounded of more lines, 
Fields of equal composition.  as Quarterly, B●ndey, Barrey, Gyronned, Checky, Masculie, etc. Withal, know the names and use of all manner of your crooked lines, as Endemed, Embat●elled, Nebulè, or Vndeè, Danncé●●●è, etc. Know then those Honourable and prime places, or Ordinaries, with their Species, as the cheese, so called of Chef in French, that of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it possesseth the head, or upper third part of the Escotcheon.  
The Fez holding the middle third part of the shield, 
The Fez.  containeth under it the Bar, Barrulet, Coste, Barresgemells, etc. The Bend, the Bendlet, single and double Cotize.  
Next know the Furs, Counterchanging, Bordures, Tressures, Orles, Frets; all forms of Crosses, differences of Brothers, Roundles of every kind; as Beasan●s, Places, Pommices, etc.  
Then proceed to the blazon of all vegetable things, as Flowers, Trees, etc.  
Then to all quick and living things, as Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Serpents, and the like.  
When you have done, know Honourable additaments, whether they be by way of augmentation, or marks and differences of alliance.  
Coats of augmentation, as those of Queen Katherine Parr, Queen Katherine Howard, and Queen jane Seymor, conferred by King Henry the eight.  
By Cantons, as Ferdinand King of Spain, 
Remains. M. Guillim in his Display.  honoured Sir Henry Guildford with a Canton of Granado: and King james, Molin●, the V●ne●ian Ambassador, with a Canton of the Rose of England, and Thistle of Scotland empaled.  
Then ensue differences of alliance, by Bordures, Labels, Bends, Quartering, and the like.  
By the Bordure, 
Of difference by the Bordure.  no where more frequent than in the Sovereign's Coat, when the blood Royal was derived into so many veins, to the distemper of the whole body, under the dissension of York and Lancaster.  
Thomas of Woodstock, as also Humphrey Duke of Gloucester (who lieth buried in the Abbey of S. Albans, upon the Southside of the Choir, and not in Paul's) bore the Sovereign Coat within a Bordure Argent.  
Richard Plantagenet (son and heir of Richard Earl of Cambridge) Duke of York, and father to Edward the fourth, bare quarterly France and England, within a Bordure Argent, charged with Lionceeaux purpure.  
Edmund of Hadham, son of Owen Tuder, by Queen Katherine, the Sovereign Coat within a Bordure Azure, with Martlets and Flowers-de-luce Or.  
john Beaufort, son of john of Gaunt, and his posterity, the same within a bordure Componeè, Argent and Azure.  
Charles the seventh, 
Tillet.  King of France, in the year 1436. gave leave unto Nicholas Duke of Ferrara, to bear the Arms of France in a Shield, within a Bordure Componeè Or and Gules, before the Arms of Ferrara, in recognizance of the league and fidelity, wherein he promised to stand bound to serve the King at his own charges.  
And for the like respect, Lewis the eleventh, in May, 1465. allowed Pietro de Medici, to bear three Flowers-de-luce in his shield, which I have seen borne in chief, upon one of his six Lozenges.  

Of Difference by the Label.  
A second difference is by the Label, borne chieefely as the difference of the elder Brother. As Edward the black Prince, and all our Princes of Wales, eldest sons to the King, bear their Father's Sovereign Coat, with a Label of three points, Silver.  
john of Gauns had his Label Ermine.  
Edmond of Langley Duke of York, on his Label Silver, nine Torteauxes.  
Edmond Plantagenes, son and heir of Richard Duke of York, Earl of Ru●land, (who being a Child scarce twelve years of age, was stricken to the heart with a Dagger by the Lord Clifford at the battle of Wakefield) had upon his Label of five points Argent, two Lionceaux Gules, with nine Torteauxes. The Coat of Vls●er and Mortim●r being ●mpaled with his own, as may be seen in the windows of F●deringhay Castle, the mansion house of the Duke of York, where by his father Richard Duke of York, and Cicely Nevil his mother, he lieth buried; whose bodies removed out of F●deringhay Church-yard, (for the Chancel, in the Choir wherein they first were laid, in that fury of knocking Churches and sacred Monuments in the head, was also felled to the ground) lapped in Lead, were buried in the Church by the commandment of Queen Elizabeth, and a mean Monument of Plaster wrought with the Trowel, erected over them, very homely, and far unfitting so Noble Princes.  
I remember Master Creusa, a Gentleman, and my worthy friend, who dwelled in the College at the same time, told me, that their Coffins being opened, their bodies appeared very plainly to be discerned; and withal, that the Duchess Cicely had about her neck, hanging in a Silk ribbon, a pardon from Rome, which penned in a very fine Roman hand, was as fair and fresh to be read, as it had been written but yesterday.   

Of Difference by the Bend.  
A third difference, is by the Bend Baston, etc. as the house of Bur●●● beareth Fr●●●●, with a B●tune Gules, though the proper and true Coat of 〈◊〉 is Of, a Lion Gules, within an Orle of Escallops Azure.  
Lewis Earl of Eureux in Normandy, brother to Philip le B●ll, bore Seem de France, with a Batune Componeè, Argent and Gules.  
john Earl of L●●●aster, and Brother to Richard the first (afterward King) bore for his difference a Batune Azure.  
If the mother be of the line Royal, many times her Coat is preferred into the first quarter; as H●nry Earl of D●●●nshire, and Marqu●sse of Exeter, ●●re his mother K●tharines Coat, who was daughter to King Edward the fourth. And the like Humphrey Stafford, who was the first Duke of Buckingham by Anne Platag●n●●: his mother, ● the Coat of Thomas of Woodstock, whose daughter she was. This Coat, I remember, standeth in the great Chancel window in the Church of Kimbalt●n.  
In France it hath been, 
Tillet.  and it yet a custom among the Nobility, to 〈◊〉 their own proper Coats, and take others; as perhaps their Wi●es, or the Arms of that Frighten, whereof they are Lords: or whence they have their Titles, as Mons. Hugue, brother to King Philip, marrying the daughter and heir of Herbere Earl of Ver●●●d●●●s, forsook his proper Coat, and bore his Wives, which was Checky, Or, and Azure, only three Flowers-de-luce added in chief, to show he was of the blood. And Robert Coun● de Dreux, albeit he was brother to King Lewis 〈◊〉, bare Checky, Azure and Or, with a Bordure Gules.  
Robert Duke of Burgogne, brother to Henry the first, took for his bearing, the ancient Arms of the Dukes of Burgogne, which was bendy Or and Azure, within a Bordure Gules, given by Charlemaigne to Sanson Duke of Burgogne.  
And whereas we in England allow the base son his Father's Coat, with the difference of a bend Batune, sinister, or bordure engrailed, or the like: it was in France a long time forbidden (I think under the Capets) to the Princes of the blood; as 〈◊〉 Earl of M●mfort, base son to King Robert, was forced to leave his Father's Coat, and bear Gules, a Lion à la queve fourcheè Or, passeè per à lentour, Argent; for, Le maison de France ●●●●tant les bastards, no leur endurè son armeirè, etc. saith Tillet.  
The last and least observation is of Crests, the Helmet, the Mantle, and doubling thereof, which according to the manner of diverse Countries, are diversely borne. In Germany they bear their Beavers open with Bars, which we allow in England to none under the degree of a Baron: in some places they have no Crests at all. If you would farther proceed in Nobility or Heraldry, I would wi●h you to read these books of 〈◊〉 ob●●itie in gener●●●:  
Simon Simonius de N●●ilit●●e, 〈…〉 at Leipsig. 1572.  
Chassan●●●●, his Catalogus Gloria mun●●.  
Hippolytus à Collibus, his Axumata Nobilitatis.  
Conclusiones de Nobilitate & Doctorain. published by one of Meckleburg, who concealeth his name, printed 1621. dedicated to the Archbishop of Breme.  
Petrus Eritzius, Counsellor to the Elector of Brandenburge, published Conclusiones de Nobilitate, in quarto.  
Lionellus De pracedentia ●omi●um.   

Of the Spanish Nobility these Authors have written.  
joannes ab Arce Offalora, in folio.  
Privilegios y Franquezas y libertades des bijos d●algos De Senniorio de Vizcaia, etc. in fol.  
Ludovicus de Moll●●a, De primog●nior●m Hispanicorum iure, etc. in fol.  
josephus de Sesse, in Decis. Arragon. Decis. 8. 9 10. etc.  
Gonzales de C●rte, his Nobliza del Andaluzia, in fol.   

Of Italy, Sicily, Naples, etc.  
Scipie Mazzella nelle Neapoli Illustrata, in quarto.  
Paulus Merula in Cosmograph. lib. 3. pt. 3. in Italian.   

Of France.  
The Works of Tillet, Fer●●, Charles L'Ois●●●, Choppin, Theatre d'Honneur.   

Of Germany, or the Empire.  
Fran. Contzen, his Politics, in fol.  
The Collections of Goldastus, with some others.   

The practice of Blazonry.  
Willeged the first Abbot died the same year that Off a did, of very grief it was thought, for the death of his king and kinsman, whom he dear loved.  
Anno 8●8. After him succeeded these in order.  

Eadricke.  
Vulsigus.  
Wul●●●us.  
Eadfrithus.   
Wulsinus, Who built Saint Peter's Church, Saint michael's and Saint Stephens, and made a fair market place in the town.  

Alfricke.   
Aldredus, Who digged up and searched the ruins of Verlam-cesire, which in his time were dens of thieves and whores; saved all the tile and stone for the repair of the Church, and in digging upon the North side in the vale found oaken planks pitched, Shells pieces of oars, and a rusty Anchor or two.  
Eadmer, after his death (being a religious and a good man) imitating his predecessor, saved all the ancient coins, urns and other antiquities he could find there.  
Leofricke, was son to the Earl of Kent, and after being chosen to be Archbishop of Canterbury, he refused it: this Abbot in a time of dearth sold all the jewels of his Church to buy bread for the poor. After him succeeded 

Alfricke.  
Leostan.  
Fr●theric.    
Paul. In this Abbot were given to the Monastery of Saint Albans, the Cells of Wallingford, of Tinnemuth, of Bealvare, of Hertford and Binham.  
Richard, who lived in the time of William Rusus, when the Cell of Saint Marie de Wymonaham or Windham in Norfolk was given unto this Abbey, being sounded by William de Albeney, father to William de Albeney first Earl of Arundel.  
Gaufridus, who founded the Nunnery of Sopwell thereby on the other side of the river, founded and so called upon this occasion: two poor women having built themselves a small cabin, lived in that place a very austere life, praying, and serving God with great devotion; and for that they lived for the most part with no other sustenance, save bread and the water of a Well there, wherein they used to sop or dip their bread, it had (saith mine Author (a Monk sometime of that Abbey) the name of Sopwell. Then 

Radulphus.  
Robert.  
Simon.  
Garmus.  
john.  
William etc.    
Off a gave to this his Abbey of Saint Alban, these towns following, viz. they'll, Edel●●●●●, Wiclesfield, Cages●o cum suis, Berechund, Rike●aresworth, Bacheworth, Crok●leie, Michelfield, Britchwell, Watford, Bilsey, Merdell, 
* Alduham.  Haldenham, Spr●t, Enefeild, St●●●●●●, H●●●●●ted, Winelesham, Biscopsco●, C●d●●●dune, and Mild●●dune.  
Egelsride his son and successor gave 
a Sandrige.  Sandruge and Penefield.  
Alfrick● Abbot of this Church, (after Archbishop) & Leofrick his brother gave Kingesbury, C●ealdwich, Westwic, Flamsted, Nort●●●, R●●●●hang W●●●●field, Birstan, and Vpton.  
AEthelwold Bish. of Dorchester gave Girshuna, Cuicumba, Time, Aegelwin, Redburne, Thuangnan, Lingley, Grenburga.  
One Tholfe gave Estune and Oxaw.  
One Sexi gave H●chamsted.  
One Ha●dh gave Newha● and Beandise.  
Therefeld, a religious woman gave 
a 〈…〉  Sceanl●a & bridle.  
Aegelwina another gave Batesden, Offal and Standune.  
One Aegelbert gave Craniford.  
A●●an, Cutesham.  
Winsimus gave Esenden.  
Osulsus and his wife gave St●dham and Wilsin●●: others Walden, Cudicote, Scephal, bethel, with sundry other Cells, Churches, and goodly possessions of me unnamed. If I should set you down the inestimable wealth consisting in Plate, jewels, Books, costly Hangings, Altar-cloathes, and the like, which by our English Kings, Nobility and others have from the foundation unto the dissolution, with the sundry privileges this Abbey had, I should weary myself with writing, and you with reading; but I omit them, having only proposed a mirror to the eyes, not of the Church pillars of ancient, but the Church pillars of our times.  
The Ancestors of this Noble family were Frenchmen borne, taking their Surname of a Town in Normandy called Sackuill, whereof they were Lords, and came into England, to the aid of Duke William the Conqueror, as appeareth by an ancient Manuscript or Chronicle of Britain, now in the Custody of Mr. Edward Gwinn, where he is called a Chieftain, and is the seaventh man ranked in a Catalogue of names there; for as it may be observed out of Mr. Camden's Remaines, that the better sort about the time of the Conquest began to take up Surnames, so again they were not settled amongst the common people until the Reign of King Edward the second. He moreover affirmeth, that the most ancient and of best account, were derived from places, whereof this name of Sackuill is one, and to add yet more unto it, Ordericus Vitalis the Monk, in his Normane story saith, that Herbrann de Sackuill, was living in the time of William the Conqueror, being father of three Noble Knights, jordan, William, and Robert de Sackuill, and of a virtuous and beautiful Lady, named avice, who was married to Walter Lord of Alfage & Huglevill, by whom she had issue; jordan L. of Alfage & Huglevill, that married julian the daughter of one Gods●all, who came into England with Q. Adelize, of Lo●●ine, the Wife to King Henry the first: After whose death, the said Queen married to William de Albency Earl of Arundel, from whom the now Right Honourable, Thomas Earl of Arundel, and Surry, and Earl Martial of England is descended. S. jordan de Sackuill Knight, the eldest son, was Sewer of England by the gift of the said Conqueror, but lived and died in Normandy. S. Robert de Sackuill Knight, the younger son lived in England, and gave together with his body the Manor of Wickham in Suffolke● to the Abbey of S●. john Baptist in Colchester, leaving issue a son named S●. jordan de Sackuill, a very eminent man in the time of King Richard the first, as appear by a Charter of the said King, made to the Monks of Bordes●ey in Buckinghamshiere. S●. jordan de Sackuill, that obtained of King john a Friday Market weekly, and a Fair once a year in his Town of Sackuill in Normandy, as saith the King's Public Records in the Tower of L●●don. Holiinshed, fol. 186. doth there rank jordan de Sackuill, as a Baron, calling him one of the assistants to the 25. Peers of this Realm, to see the Liberties of Magna Charta confirmed. And for further proof, that they were men of no mean ●anke, it is apparent in the Red book of the Excheaquer in the 12. and 13. years of the said Kings Reign, in these words, Hubertus de Anestie tenes, 2. food. in Anestie, & parua Hornmcad, & dimid. 〈◊〉. in Anestie de Honore Richard● de Sack●yle. Again, S●. jordan de Sackuill Knight, grand● child to the said jordan de Sackuill, was taken prisoner at the battle of E●esham, for siding with the Barons against King Henry, the third, in the 49. year of His Reign, whose son and heir, named Andrew Sackuill, being under age at the time of his father's death, and the King's Wa●d, was like wise imprisoned in the Castle of Dever, Ann. 3. E●n. 1. and afterward by the special command of the said King, did marry Ermyn●●de an Honourable Lady, of the household to Queen 〈◊〉 or, whereby he not only gained the King's favour, but the greatest part of his Inheritance again. From whom the aforesaid Richard Earl of Dorset, with S●. Edward Sackuill Knight of the Bathe, his brother (and others) are descended; one of whose Ancestors, by marrying a daughter and coheir of Raze de Den, son of Rodbert Pincerna, that held the Lordship of Buckhurst, with diverse other Manors and Lands in Sussex, about the time of the Normain Conquest. In right of which marriage they have ever since continued Lords of the said Manor of Buckhurst with diverse other Manors and L●nds in Sussex, etc.  
Which William Earl of Devonsh● was son of S●. William Cavendish, of Chattesworth in the said County of Derby knight, Treasurer of the Chamber to King Henry the eight, Edward the sixth, and Queen Marie; by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of lohn Hardwick, of Hardwick Esquire.  
The Ancestors of this Noble Family, called themselves G●r●ms, whose issue in process of time, assumed to themselves, the Surname of Cavendish, as being Lords of the Town and Manor of Cavendish in Suffolk; out of which family disbranched that famous Traveller, Mr. Thomas Cavendish, who was the third that travailed about the world, whose voyage you shall find, set down at large in the English Discoverers, written by Mr. 〈◊〉.  
It is borne by the name of Hobart, and was the proper Coat of Sir james Hobart Knight, Attorney General unto King Henry the seaventh; a right good man, withal of great learning and wisdom: he builded the Church of Lodd●n, and Saint Olaues, commonly called Saint Toolies' bridge in the County of Norfolk.  
This worthy Knight lieth buried under a fair monument in the middle I'll on the Northside in Christ's Church in Norwich But it is now borne (with the Coat of Vister by the gift of King james unto him as a Baronet) by the Honourable and Nobly minded Sir Henry Hobart Knight and Baronet, 
So that james was Attorney general unto Henry, & now Henry unto James.  Lord chief justice of the Common Pleas, of Blickling in the County of Norfolk; whose uprightness in justice, and love to his country, hath (like his own Star communicative of itself) dispersed the fairer beams into all places.  
R●x dilect● 〈◊〉 s●o Roberto de Woodhouse, Archidiacone de Richm●nd Thesa●rario s●o salutem. Negotia●os & statum regni contingentia, etc. vobis mandamus ●irmiter i●iungentes quod omnibus aliis prater●issis etc. Beside I have s●ene the will of King Henry the fourth, and He●rie the fifth, 
M. john Woodhouse.  where one was a gentleman of Henry the fourth's chamber, and by his will made one of his executors; as also he was to Henry the fifth, who wrote his letter to the Prior, and Chapter of the Church of the Trinity in Norwich, to give him leave to build himself a Chapel in their Church. So that from time to time, they have held an Honourable place, and at this day are worthy stays and pillars of justice in their Countries. Nor must I here let fall the worth of two sons of this Gentleman, Sir Thomas Woodhouse Knight (who married Blanch Sister to the right Honourable Henry now Viscount Rochf●rt) and Master Roger Woodhouse his brother, Gentlemen, not only learned, but accomplished in what ever may lend Lustre to worth and true gentility.  
This was also the Coat of Sir Thomas Lovel, Knight of the Garter, made by King Henry the seventh, of whose ho●se he was Treasurer, and Precedent of the Counsel. This Sir Thomas Lovel was a fifth son of Sir Ralphe Lovel of Barton Bendish, in the County of Norfolk. This his Coat with the Garter about it, standeth over Lincoln's Inn Gate. He founded the Nunnery of Halliwell (where was also his house) on a wall of which not ma●y years since was to be read this inscription. 
All ye Nuns of Halliwell,  
Pray ye both day and night:  
For the Soul of Sir Thomas Lovel,  
Whom Harry the 〈◊〉 made Knight.   
It appeareth also that Sir William Lovel Lord Morley, was Knight of the Garter: for in Morley 
* In Norfolk.  Church the seat of his barony, is yet remaining in a Glass window (which I have seen) this Coat with the Garter about it.  
This Coat Armour is very ancient, as is proved by sundry books of Arms, Church windows, and several deeds, whereof I have seen two bearing date Anno 18. Richard the 2. with seals of this very Coat fixed thereunto, with this inscription about the same (viz:) Sigillum Robertide Ashfield; as also another deed bearing date, Anno 3. Henry the fixed, made from Robert the son of john Ashfeild of Stow-Langton, Esquire, to Simon Finchan●, and john Whitlocke, with a fair Seal of red Wax: whereupon was a Griff●● S●iant, with his wings displayed, over whose body is this Arms, with this inscription about the who●e Seal (viz:) S. Robertide Ashfeild Armig. The above named Robert Ashfeild builded the Church of Stow Langton, in the Choir whereof (which I have seen) he lieth buried under a fair Marble; he was servant unto the black Prince, whom he followed in his wars in France. This Coat is thus borne by Sir lohn Ashfeild, Knight, sole heir of that Family, now Gentleman of the bed Chamber to Prince Charles.  
This ancient name and family of Crow, was anciently of Suffolk; for about the time of K. Edward the 4. Thomas Crow of Suffolk the elder, purchased Bradsted in Kent, whose son Thomas Crow the younger married joan the only daughter and heir of Nicholas Boar, son of john, son of Richard Boar, that married Lora the daughter of Simon Stocket of Bradsted in Kent. The aforesaid joan brought to Thomas her husband, his house called Stockets with a Chancel built by the above named Simon Stockets, as appeareth by a French deed tempore Edw. 2. As also a house and certain land called Boars, by whom she had issue john Crow the elder, father of Henry Crow, father of William Crow of Bradsted Esq. who married Anne the second daughter and coheir of john Sackuill of Chiddingleigh in Sussex Esq. The said Manor of Chiddingleigh hath been in the possession of the Sackuills above three hundred years, and at this day is part of the inheritance of the Right Honourable Richard Sackuill Earl of Dorset and Baron of Buck●urst; which William Crow and Ann● his wife, hath issue, Sackuill Crow their son and heir now living, with others.  
This Coat of Talbot belongeth unto the Right worshipful Master Thomas Talbot, Doctor of the Civil Law of Miliers Hall in Wim●ndham in the County of Norfolk, a very learned and honest Gentleman.  
If you would proceed further in blazonry, and the true knowledge of the des●●●ts of our English Nobility, I refer you to that exact, 
Master ●ug. Vincent.  just and elaborate work of my singular and learned friend Master Augustine Vincent, Rouge-croix, very shortly to be published● which let it be unto you (of all that have written in that kind) instar omnium. So I refer you henceforward to your private reading and observation.    

CHAP. 14.  
Of Exercise of the Body.  
I Now from your private study and contemplation, bring you abroad into the open fields, for exercise of your Body, by some honest recreation, since Aristotle requireth the same in the Education of Nobility, and all youth. Since the mind from the Ability of the Body gathereth her strength and vigour. 
In L. Sol●●●. ●. de Alea lusu & Ale●●●.  Anciently by the Civil Law these kinds of Exercises were only allowed of, that is, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which are the exercise of Arms by single combat, as running at Tilt-barrians, etc. coiting, throwing the hammer, sledge, and such like. Running, iumping, leaping, and lastly wrestling: for the first, it is the most Noble, those Epithets of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 
Of Horsemanship.  and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, have been the attributes of Kings and Princes, whose delight in ancient times was to ride and manage great horses. Hereby you are ennabled for command, and the service of your Country. And what, saith Tullis, can be more glorious, then to be able to preserve and succour our country, when she hath need of our help? It is the only commendation that Saluste gives to jugurth, who did not (saith he) giu● himself over to be corrupted by Sloth and Riot (as many of our Gallants now adays do) but as it is the custom of that Nation, exercised himself by riding, throwing the dart, and running with his equals: and though he excelled all other in the height of glory, notwithstanding he was held dear and beloved of all men, etc. And Caesar used the exercise of ●iding so much, and hereby became so active and skilful, that laying his hands behind him, he would put his horse to his full career, make him on the sudden take hedge or ditch, & stop him, put him into a ring, and the like. And Marius after he had been seven time ● Consul, and fourscore years of age, exercised himself daily in the field of Mars with the Roman youth, instructing them to handle their weapon, to ride, etc. The like also did Pompey even to his last expedition. And Virgil speaking (I take it) of the Spartan youth: saith, 
Venat● invigilant pueri, Sylva●que, fatigans.  
Flect●r● ludis equos, & spicula tendere cornu, etc.   
And at this day it is the only exercise of the Italian Nobility, especially in Naples, as also of the French; and great pity of no more practised among our English Gentry.  
Running at the tilt is a generous and a Martial exercise, 
Of Tilting and Torneaments.  but hazardous and full of danger; for many hereby (even in sport) have lost their lives, that I may omit Henry the French King, with many other Princes and noble personages of whom History is full.  
Tilting and Torneaments were invented by Manuel Comnenus Emperor of Constantinople, 
Guide Panci●llo. in lib de reb. no viter re●ertis, tit. 20. Nicetas, lib. 3.  as saith Nicetas, who wrote about the year 1214. before his time we read not any where that this exercise was used under the Roman Empire.  
The same Nicetas reporteth of a solemn Iustes or Torneaments which the said Manuel Comnenus showed unto the Latins at Antioch, what time they went to make war in the holy land: for the Latins making a brave show in their rich Armour well horsed, with their Lances, and presenting themselves before the Emperor; the Emperor to show them that the Grecians were nothing inferior unto them in bravery or courage, appointed a day when they and the Latins (for the glory of either Empire) should so many to so many, and with lances without points, encounter either bravely mounted, and made one of the number with his Grecians; who, saith Nicetas, so bravely carried himself, that he unhorsed two Latin Commanders, casting them from the saddle to the ground.  
In our lances now adays (of what wood soever they are made of) there is nothing so much danger as hath been in times past: neither in our moderno practice of war have they almost any use at all. The Prince of Orange hath abandoned them, having not a Lance in his whole Army, but hath Carbines in their room. Spinola hath some troops of them, yet not many, as I observed. Those of Shertogen-bosch under Grobbendonckse, are esteemed the best horse Spinola hath.  
For throwing and wrestling, I hold them exercises not so well beseeming Nobility, 
Of throwing, leaping, and wrestling.  but rather Soldiers in a Camp, or a Prince's guard: neither have I read or heard of any Prince or General commended for wrestling, save Epaminondas Achmat the last Grand Signeur and Emperor of Turkey, who took great delight in throwing the Hammer, and was so strong that he overthrew his stoutest javizaries, there being reared in Constantinople for one extraordinary cast which none could come near, two great pillars of marble.  
Running and Agility of Body have been esteemed most commendable in the greatest Princes and Commanders that ever lived; 
Of running.  and the old Romans (next after trial made of their strength, and view of their limbs and person) chose their soldiers by running, for it was an old custom among them, to assault the enemy by running all close together in gross to the charge. And Caesar tells us that strokes are surer laid on, 
C. Caesar in Epistolis.  and the soldier made more nimble and ready in running and by motion. Homer gave Achilles (which perhaps some of our great feathered gallants would disdain, yet haply better deserve) the epithet of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or swiftfooted. And 
a To cure the smallness of his voice, he would usually run up a hill, a fit Emblem for such as when they have ascended the height of preferment, both look and speak big.  Alexander we read excelled all his Court in running. Sertorius a brave commander under Caesar, could nimbly run up the most steep Mountains, leap broken and unpasseable Rocks, and like envious places; insomuch as Metellus being sent with a powerful Army against him, he knew neither where to find him, nor how to come by him, by reason of his nimble footemanship. Thereupon he sent his Colleague Pompey, who being by Sextorius overthrown at the first encounter, escaped very narrowly; for being unhorsed, and having received a great wound, while the soldiers were busied in striving, some for his horse, others for the most rich furniture (his caparison, bridle, saddle, stirrups, being in a manner all of gold, and shining with precious stones of inestimable value) watching his opportunity, by swiftness of foot escaped from them all, and returned safe to his quarter.  
Leaping is an exercise very commendable, 
Of leaping.  and healthful for the body, especially if you use it in the morning, as we read Alexander and Epimanondas did. Upon a full stomach or to bedward, it is very dangerous, and in no wise to be exercised.  
The skill and art of swimming 
Of swimming.  is also very requisite in every Noble and Gentleman, especially if he looketh for employment in the wars; for hereby (besides the preserving of his own life upon infinite occasions,) he may many ways annoy his enemy. Horatius Cocles only by the benefit of swimming saved his country, for when himself alone had long defended, and made good the bridge over Tiber against the Hetruscans, the Romans broke it down behind him, 
Liv. lib. 2. Decad. 1.  wherewith, in his armour, he casthimselfe into the River, & (notwithstanding a shower of darts & arrows were sent after him) swum with safety into the city, which rewarded him with a statue erected in the market place, and as much land as he could encompass with a plough in a day.  
And as desperate was the attempt of a number of Roman Gentlemen in the first Carthaginian war, who leaping in a night from the hatches of their ships into the Sea, by main force thrust and drew the Carthaginian ships into the haven, and delivered them to Luctatius their General.  
And as resolute was that attempt (no whit inferior to the former) of Gerrard and Harvey, 
The resolute adventure of Gerrard and Harvey in 88  two Gentlemen of our own Nation, who in eighty eight in the fight at Sea, swum in the night time, and pierced with Awgers, or such like Instruments, the sides of the Spanish Galleons, and returned back safe to the fleet.  
Scavola, a man of inestimable courage, and who came with Caesar in his expedition for Britain, after he had made good a whole day together, a mighty Rock or passage against the Britons, in the night time laden with double Arms and an heavy shield, cast himself into the deep, and swum safe to Caesar and his fleet.  
Neither is it to be wondered at, that the Romans were so skilful in swimming: for they were daily exercised in the same after their other exercises, and had a place in the River of Tiber appointed unto them for the same purpose, adjoining to the field of Mars; and another of great depth, rough and full of whirlpits on purpose, to exercise their horses in.  
Shooting also is a very healthful and commendable recreation for a Gentleman; 
Of shooting.  neither do I know any other comparable unto it for stirring every part of the body: for it openeth the breast and pipes, exerciseth the arms and feet, with less violence, then running, leaping, etc. Herein was the Emperor Domitian so cunning, that let a Boy a good distance off hold up his hand, & stretch his fingers abroad, he would shoot through the spaces without touching the Boy's hand, or any finger.  
And Commodus (saith Herodian) had so good an aim, that he would fix on the brow of a Deer two shafts as evenly, and spreading in distance, as if they had been his own horns.  
But for the further excellence and use of this exercise, I refer you to that excellent book of M. Aschams, entitled Toxophilus, wherein you shall find whatsoever is requisite to be known of a complete Archer.  
Hawking and Hunting are recreations very commendable and befitting a Noble or Gentleman to exercise; Hunting especially, which Xenophon commendeth to his Cyrus, calling it a gift of the Gods, bestowed first upon Chiron for his uprightness in doing justice, and by him taught unto the old Heroës' and Princess; by whose virtue and prowess (as enabled by this exercise) their Countries were defended, their subjects and innocents preserved, justice maintained. For there is no one exercise that enableth the body more for the war, then Hunting, by teaching you to endure heat, cold, hunger, thirst; to rise early, watch late, lie and fare hardly: and Eusebius is of opinion, that wild beasts were of purpose created by God, that men by chase and encountering them, might be fitted and enabled for warlike exercises. Hereupon Alexander, Cyrus, and the old Kings of Persia, employed themselves exceeding much herein, not to purchase Venison and purucy for the belly, but to maintain their strength, and preserve their health, by increasing and stirring up the natural heat within, which sloth and sitting still wastes and decays: To harden the bodies by labour against the enemy; and withal, to search out the Natures of wild beasts, which known, they might leave the same recorded to their posterity. 
Langius, lib. 2. Epist. 59 Quercetan. in Diatetico poly. hist. Sect. 2. Cap. 11.  And the famous Physician Quercetan, above all other exercises commendeth this as most healthful, and keeping the body sound and free from diseases.  
The old Lord Gray (our English Achilles) when he was Deputy of Ireland, to inure his sons for the war, would usually in the depth of Winter, in frost, snow, rain, and what weather soever fell, cause them at midnight to be raised out of their beds, and carried abroad on hunting till the next morning; then perhaps come wet and cold home, having for a breakfast a brown lose, and a mouldy Cheese, or (which is ten times worse) a dish of Irish Butter: and in this manner the Spartans and Laconians dieted, and brought up their children till they came unto man's estate.  
Hawking was a sport utterly unknown to the ancients, as Blondinus and P. jovius in the second book of his History, where he entreateth of the Muscovitish affairs witnesseth; but was invented and first practised by Frederick Barbarossa, 
jul. Firmicus lib. 5. cap. 8.  when he besieged Rome: yet it appeareth by Firmicus, that it was known twelve hundred years since, where he speaketh of Falconers, and teachers of other Birds: and indeed beyond him, I think it can no where be found that Falconry was known. There have been many who have written of Falconry, Frederick the second, Emperor of Germany (whom Melancthon worthily commendeth, 
Melancthon lib. 5. Chrone. folio 789.  and equalleth to the ancient Heroës', for his many victories archieued by his valour: his skill in all learning, being able to speak fourteen several languages: his liberty, magnificence, affability, mildness, etc. Insomuch, that in him alone, saith he, ended and died the remainder of Ancient Majesty) wrote hereof two excellent books, which Ioachi●● Camerarius (having by him the first Copy in a Manuscript) published together, with a Treatise of Albertus Magnus, of the Nature of Hawks, and printed it at Norimberge. Budaus hath also written a large Discourse of Hunting and Hawking, 
Budaus de venatione & Aucup●o.  part whereof is annexed to the latter end of Henry Estienn●s French and Latin Dictionary: in English M. Blundeviles book is the best that I know.  
By the Canon Law Hawking was forbidden unto Clergy men, 
Council Au●el. cap. 4.  as afterward Hunting, by reason the exercise and instruments wherewith beasts are slain, 
Agath●usi. 55. Epanneusi. ●. 4 ●. Ex●●. de Clerico ●enatore.  are military, and not so well agreeing (as they give the reason) with spiritual warfare: but I cannot see but that they (many of them being great Princes, and pillars of the Church, daily employed and pressed with the weight of State affairs) may have their recreations as well as others. But to prevent their pastime, there is such an order taken with their Parks, that many of our best Bishoprics can now adays scarce show one of ten, or twenty. Norwich had thirteen Parks, and of all other was most injustly dealt withal. If they had taken away twelve and left the odd one, it had been indifferent; but to rob the Church of all, was more than too much.  
But as allow not altogether that severe education of the old Spartans' in their Children, hazarding many times the healths of young and tender bodies, by some tedious ague; yea, also their lives, by the mischance of a leap or stumbling of your horse: so as much do I detest that effoeminacie of the most that burn out day and night in their beds and by the fire side, in trifles, gaming, or courting their yellow Mistresses all the Winter in a City; appearing but as Cuckoos in the Spring, one time in the year to the Country and their tenants, leaving the care of keeping good houses at Christmas, to the honest Yeomen of the Country.  
Some again are so intent to their pleasure, that they never care for keeping within, as sometime was Mithridates, that it is reported of him; 
Volatteran, lib. 7. av●iq●. jonius in Barnaba.  For seven years' space together he never came within house, neither in City nor in the Country. And Barnaby Viscount of Milan, was so carried away with the love of Hunting, that he made a Law; whosoever should kill any wild Boar, or had killed any in five years before that his Statute was enacted (contrary unto an ancient Edict) or were privy to the eating of any at any Gentleman's table, should be imprisoned and tortured after a grievous manner. Beside, he afflicted the Country marvelously, by dispersing many thousands of Dogs to be kept and brought up in villages and among the Paisants, to their infinite trouble and charge. Mahomet Son to Amurath, on the contrary, when he made war in Caramania, 
〈◊〉 lib. 7.  turned out of service 700. of his father's Falconers, and caused as many of old huntsmen to follow Arms, and his Camp, in stead of the kennel.   

CAP. 15.  
Of Reputation, and Carriage in general.  
THere is no one thing that setteth a fairer stamp upon Nobility then evenesse of Carriage and care of our Reputation, without which our most graceful gifts are dead and dull, as the Diamond without his foil: for hereupon as one the frontispiece of a magnificent Palace, are fixed the eyes of all passengers, and hereby the height of our judgements (even ourselves) is taken; according to that of the wiseman, 
Ecclesiastic.  By gate, laughter, and apparel, a man is known what he is. Wherefore I call it the crown of good parts, and loadstone of regard. The principal means to preserve it is Temperance and that Moderation of the mind, wherewith as a bridle we curb and break our rank and unruly Passions, keeping as the Caspian Sea, ourselves ever at one height without ebb or reflux. And albeit true it is that Galen saith, we are commonly beholden for the disposition of our minds, to the Temperature of our bodies, yet much lieth in our power to keep that fount from empoisoning, by taking heed to ourselves; and as good Cardinal Poole once said, to correct the malignity of our Stars with a second birth. For certainly under grace it is the root of our Reputation and honest Fame; without the which, as one saith, we are dead long before we are buried. ●.  
For Moderation of the mind and affections, which is the Ground of all Honesty, I must give you that prime receipt the kingly Prophet doth to a young man, teaching him wherewith to cleanse his way, that is; by keeping, saith he (oh Lord) thy Statutes, 
Psal. 1● 9 9  meaning the fear of God in general, without which (he ever first striking at the head) our judgements are depraved, and left to ourselves we are not able to give any thing his true esteem and value. Therefore first to be truly Honest is to be truly Religious, for if the fear of men be a great motive to keep ourselves within compass, much more will the Fear of God, recall us from our lusts and intemperance. Hereby the mind getteth the dominion and upperhand, wisely governing that goodly kingdom Nature hath allotted her. And if it was sometime said of Fabiu●, Citiùs Solem è sua sphara divelli, quam Fabium ab honestate potuisse, how heedfully ought a Christian who carrieth the lantern in his hand, look to his feet, when an Heathen could go so directly in the dark, only by the glimpse of Nature and without stumbling?  
Moreover since the Civil end of our life is, v● in Honore cum dignitate v●vamus, you shall withal find good Learning and the Arts to confer a great help and furtherance hereunto, being a polisher of inbred rudeness and our informity, and a curer of many diseases our minds are subject unto: for we learn not to beg to ourselves admiration from other, or boastingly to lay to view so rich and precious furniture of our minds, but that we may be useful to others, but first to ourselves; lest (as some precious receipt) while we keep that in a box which can cure another; ourselves lie lame and diseased.  
The first use then hereof (I mean your learning) as an Antidote against the Common plague of our times, let it confirm and persuade you, that as your understanding is by it ennobled with the richest dowry in the world, so hereby learn to know your own worth and value, and in choice of your companions, to entertain those who are Religious and Learned: for as I said heretofore, Converse of old was the mother of skill and all virtuous endeavours, so say I now, of all vice and baseness if regard be not had. Therefore hold friendship and acquaintance with few, and those I could wish your betters, at the least of your own rank, but endear yourself to none; gaud●bis minùs, minies dolebis. The best Natures I know delight in popularity, and are pliable to company-keeping, but many times buy their acquaintance at over dear a rate, by being drawn either into base Actions and Places of which they are ashamed for ever after; or to needless expense by laying out or lending to importunate base and shameless companions, gaining loss of their moneys, time, sorrow and grief of friends, disrepute of the better sort, and lastly contempt of the vilest among the Common vulgar.  
Anti●chus Epiphanes, King of Asia, for his popularity and delight in company, 
Athenaeus lib. 5. cap. 4. Diodorus lib. 20.  was sir-named the Mad: and likewise for the same Appius Claudius was deprived of his Office, and fearing beside shame the hatred of the Senate, counterfeiting blindness, for ever after kept himself at home. We read also of a certain King of the Goths, who making his Soldiers his drinking companions, 
1. Magnus lib. 7. cap. 17.  was for his free and kind heart at the last drowned by them in a Tub of Ale.  
Nor mistake me that I swerve so much on this side, that I would deny a Prince or Gentleman the benefit of discourse and converse with the meanest: for Majesty and greatness cannot always stand so bend, but that it must have the remission and relaxation sometime to descend from the Court to the Cottage, which cannot choose but give it the better taste and relish. Adrian the Emperor would most courteously confer with the meanest, 
Erasim lib. 6. Apotheg. ca Spartians.  detesting those his high minded Courtiers, who under a colour of preserving his Estate and Honour, envied him this sweetness of humility and privacy. 
Xi●hilinus.  Vespasian in like manner was wont not only to salute the chief Senators of Rome, but even private men, inviting them many times to dine and sup with him, himself again going unto their houses. 
Plutarch. in Philo●●m.  Philopoemen was so courteous and went so plain, his Hostess in Meg●ra took him for a servingman. And certainly this Affability and Courtesy in Greatness, draweth our eyes like flowers in the Spring, to behold, and with admiration to love it wheresoever we find it.  
There is no better sign (saith one) in the world of a good and virtuous disposition, 
Philip Commines, c. 34.  then when a Prince or Gentleman maketh choice of learned and virtuous men for his companions; for presently he is imagined to be such an one as those to whom he joineth himself: yea saith Aristotle, it is a kind of virtuous exercise to be conversant with good and understanding men.  
Whom then you shall entertain into the closet of your breast, first sound their Religion; then look into their Lives and Carriage, how they have been reckoned of others. Lastly, to their Quality how or wherein they may be useful unto you, whether by advice and Counsel, direction, help in your studies, or serviceableness in your exercise and recreations.  
There is nothing more miserable them to want the Counsel of a friend, and an admonisher in time of need: 
Ludovis Viues.  Which hath been and is daily the bane of many of our young Gentlemen, even to the utter ruin of themselves and their posterity for ever. 
In Emblem.  Who when like Alciates figtree upon the high and innacessible Rock, they are out of reach and cannot be come unto by men who would dress and preserve them; espied a far off are only preyed upon and haunted by Vultures and Daws; and while one addeth fuel to the fire of his expense, for the which he is like to pay twenty for two, at twenty and one; another sootheth him in play (knowing the best fishing is in troubled waters) another tendereth him a match of light stuff: all at once preying for themselves, these green things of sixteen or eighteen are quite devoured before they were ripe.  
Wherefore I must next commend unto you Frugality, 
Of Frugality. justine.  the Mother of virtues, a virtue which holdeth her own, layeth out profitably, avoideth idle Expenses, Superfluity, lavish bestowing or giving, borrowing, building, and the like: yet when reason requireth can be royally bountiful, a virtue as requisite in a Noble or Gentleman, as the care of his whole Estate, and preservation of his name and posterity; yet as greatly wanting in many, as they come short of the reputation and entire Estates of their forefathers, who account thrift the object of the plough or shop, too base and unworthy their consuleration, while they impose their fair Estates and most important business, upon a cheating Steward, or crafty Bailiff, who in few years (like the young Cuckoo) are ready to devour their feeder; and themselves like sleepy Pilots, having no eye to the compass, or sounding their Estates, are run on ground ere they be aware.  
First then as soon as you shall be able, look into your Estate, labouring not only to conserve it entire, but to augment it either by a wise forethought, Marriage, or by some other thrifty means: and think the more ye are laden with abundance, the more need (like a vine) ye have need of props and your soundest friends to advise you. Neither do I imagine you will be so rash as to give no care to good counsel, to your ruin, as Caesar did, when he refused a book of a poor scholar, wherein the intended plot against him was discovered.  
Marcus Ca●o, who was so victorious in war, so prudent in peace, so eloquent in the oratory, learned in the laws, neglected not thereby his estate, but looked, as Livi● saith of him, even into his husbandry himself: and Plutarch writeth of Philopoemen, 
Plutarch in Philopoemen.  a great and famous commander, that notwithstanding his great affairs and employments, he would every morning be stirring by break of day, and either to dressing of his vines, digging or following his plough: and Cicero to heighten the Honour of king D●iostar●s reporteth thus of him, 
Ci● pro Deiotaro.  in Deiotaro sunt regia virtutes, quod i● Ca●sar, ignorare non arbitror, sed pr●●cip●è singularis & admiranda frugali●as. And the Romans had a law that he who could not look into his own estate, 
Iulia●us 〈◊〉 decura ●urio:  and employ his land to the best, should forfeit the same, and be held for a fool or a mad man all his life after. Aristid●s, albeir he was an excellent man otherwise, 
Plutarch in Aristide.  yet herein he was so careless that at his death he neither loft portion for his daughters, nor so much as would carry him to the ground, and defray the charge of his funeral.  
Be thrifty also in your apparel and clothing, lest you incur the censure of the most grave and wisest censor, Cui magna corporis cultus cura, 〈◊〉 magna virtutis inturia: and Henry the fourth, last king of France of eternal memory, would oftentimes merrily say, By the outside only, he could found the depth of a Courtier: saying, Who had least in them made the fairest show without, inviting respect with gold lace and great feathers, which will not be won with toys. Neither on the contrary, be so basely parsunonious or frugal, as is written of one of the kings of France, in whose accounts in the Exchequer are yet remaining. Item so much for red Satin to sleeve the king's old Doublet: Item a halfpenny for liquor for his boots, and so forth. Or to be known by a hat or doublet ten or twenty years; then with some miserable usurer curse the maker for the slightness of his felt or sluffe, murmuring it will not last to see the Revolution of the First Mover. But using that moderate and middle garb, which shall rather lessen then make you bigger than you are; which h●th been●, and is yet observed by our greatest Princes, who in outside go many times inferior to their grooms and pages. That glory and champion of Christendom, Charles the fifth, would go (except in times of war) as plain as any ordinary gentleman, 
The modesty and humility of Charles the fifth.  commonly in black or sad stuff, without lace or any other extraordinary cost; only his Order of the golden Fleece about his neck in a ribbon: and was so naturally frugal, not out of parsimony (being the most bountiful minded Prince that ever lived) that as Guicciardin● reporteth of him, if any one of his points had chanced to break, he would tie it of a knot and make it serve again. And I have many times seen his Excellence the Prince of Orange that now is, in the field, in his habit as plain as any country gentleman, wearing commonly a suit of haire-coloured slight stuff of silk, a plain grey cloak and hat, with a green feather, his hatband only exceeding rich. And Ambrose Spin●la General for the Archduke, when he lay in Weasel at the taking of it in, one would have taken, but for an ordinary merchant in a plain suit of black. And the plainness of the Late Duke of Norfolk 
The Duke of Norfol●●.  derogated nothing from his Esteem. So that you see what a pitiful Ambition it is, to strive to be first in a fashion, and a poor pride to seek your esteem and regard, from worms, Shells, and Tailors; and buy the gaze of the staring multitude at a thousand, or fifteen hundred pounds, which would apparel the Duke and his whole ●rande Consiglio of Venice. But if to do your Prince Honour, at a tilting, employed in embassage, coming in of some great stranger, or you are to give entertainment to Princes or Noble personages at your house, as did Cosmo de Medici, 
Machiauest● in Host. Florent.  or haply ye command in the wars, spare not to be brave with the bravest. Philopoemen caused his soldiers to beespare in Apparel and Diet (saith Plutarch,) 
In Philopoem.  and to come honourably armed into the field: wherefore he commanded in goldsmith's shops to break in pieces pots of gold and silver, and to be employed in the silvering of bits, guilding of Armours, inlaying of Saddles, etc. 
Plutarch.  For the sumptuous cost upon warlike furniture, doth encourage and make great a noble heart: but inother sights it carrieth away men's minds to a womanish vanity, and melting the courage of the mind, (as Homer saith it did Achill●s, when his mother laid new Arms and weapons at his feet.) The Spaniard when he is in the field, is glorious in his cassock, and affecteth the wearing of the richest jewels; the French huge feathers, Scarlet, and gold lace: the English, his arms rich, and a good sword: the Italians pride is in his Neapolitan Courser: the Germans and low Dutch to be daubed with gold and pearl, wherein (say they) there is no loss except they be lost. But herein I give no prescripon.  
I now come to your diet, 
Of Diet. Seneca Rhet. 7. Cicero pro Caetio.  wherein be not only frugal for the saving of your purse, but moderate in regard of your health, which is impaired by nothing more than excess in eating and drinking (let me also add Tobacco taking.) Many dishes breed many diseases, dulleth the mind and understanding, and not only shorten, but take away life. We read of Augustus that he was never curious in his di●t, but content with ordinary and common viands. And Cato the Censor, sailing into Spain, drank of no other drink then the rowers or slaves of his own galley. 
Pluta●●h de Sanitate tuenda.  And Timotheus Duke of Athens was wont to say, (whom Plato invited home to him to supper,) they found themselues never distempered. Contrary to our Feastmakers, who suppose the glory of entertainment, and giving the best welcome to consist in needless superfluities and profuse waste of the good Creatures, 
Plutarch. in Scylla.  as Scylla made a banquet that lasted many days, where there was such excessive abundance, that infinite plenty of victuals were thrown into the River, and excellent wine above forty years old spilt and made no account of; but by surfeiting and banqueting, 
Sabill. Em●●ad. 2.  at last he got a most miserable disease and died full of louse.  
And Ca●sar in regard of his Lybian triumph, 
Su●toni●●. Every Roman penny was about seven pence half penny of our money. C. Rh●digi●. lib. 6. cap. 35.  at one banquet filled two and twenty thousand rooms with guests, and gave to every Citizen in Rome ten bushels of wheat, and as many pounds of oil, and besides three hundred pence in money.  
We read of one Smyndirides, who was so much given to feasting, and his ease, that he saw not the Sun rising nor setting in twenty years; and the Sybarites forbade all Smiths and knocking in the streets, and what thing soever that made any noise, to be within the City walls, that they might eat and sleep: whereupon they banished cocks out of the city, 
Suidas & Politian. lib. 15 Miscellan.  and invented the use of chamber-pots, and bad women a year before to their feasts, that they might have leisure enough to make themselves fine and brave with gold and jewels.  
Above all, 
Drinking the destruction of wit, & plague of our English Gentry.  learn betimes to avoid excessive drinking, than which there is no one vice more common and reigning, and ill beseeming a Gentleman, which if grown to an habit, is hardly left; remembering that hereby you become not fit for any thing, having your reason degraded, your body distempered, your soul hazarded, your esteem and reputation abased, while you sit taking your unwholesome healths,— ut iam vertigine tectum Ambulet, & geminis exsurgat mensa lucernis. 
Inv●nal. Satyr.  
— Until the house about doth turn,  
And on the board two candles seem to burn.   
By the levitical law, who had a glutton or a drunkard to their Son, they were to bring him before the Elders of the City, and see him stoned to death. And in Spain● at this day they have a law that the word of him that hath been convicted of drunkenness, shall not be taken in any testimony. Within these fifty or threescore years it was a rare thing with us in England, to see a Drunken man, our Nation carrying the name of the most sober and temperate of any other in the world. 
Drunkenness not many years since very rare in England.  But since we had to do in the quarrel of the Netherlands, about the time of Sir john Norrice his first being there, the custom of drinking and pledging healths was brought over into England: wherein let the Dutch be their own judges, it we equal them not; yea I think rather excel them.  
Tricongius and the old Romans had laws and statutes concerning the Art of drinking, 
Plin lib 4. Historia sub finem.  which it seems, are revived, and by our drunkards observed to an hair. It being enacted, that he who after his drinks faltered not in his speech, vomited not, neither reeled, if he drank off his cups cleanly, seek not his wind in his draughs, spit not, left nothing in the pot, nor spilt any upon the ground, he had the prize, & was accounted the bravest man. If they were contented herewith, it were well, but they daily inue●t new and damnable kinds of carousing (as that in North-holland and Frizeland (though among the base sort) of upsy Monikedam, which is, after you have drunk out the drink to your friend or companion, you must break the glass full upon his face, and if you miss, you must drink again,) whence proceed quarrelling, 
Proverb. 23.  re●iling, and many times execrable murders, as Alexander was slain in his drunkenness; and Domitius, Nero's father slew Liberius out right, because he would not pledge him a whole carouse, and hence arise most quarrels among our gallant drunkards: unto whom if you read a lecture of sobriety, and how in former ages their forefathers drank water, they swear water is the frogs drink, and ordained only for the driving of mills, and carrying of boats.  
Neither desire I, you should be so abstemious, as not to remember a friend with an hearty draught, 
Ecclesiast. 31. vers. ●7.  since wine was created to make the heart merry, for what is the life of man if it want wine? Moderately taken it preserveth health, comforteth and disperseth the natural heat over all the whole body, allays choleric humours, expelling the same with the sweat, etc. tempereth Melancholy. And as one saith, 
Athena●s.  hath in itself 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a drawing virtue to procure friendship.  
At your meat to be liberal and freely merry, is very healthy and comely, and many times the stranger or guest will take more content in the chearelinesse of your countenance, then in your meat. Augustus' the Emperor had always his mirth greater than his feasts. And Suctonius saith of Titus, Vespasians Son, he had ever his table furnished with mirth and good company. And the old Lord Treasurer of England, Lord William Burghley, how employed soever in State affairs, at his table he would lay all business by, and be heartily merry.  
Charles the Great used at his meats to have some History read, whereof he would afterwards discourse. And Francis the first, King of France, would commonly dispute of History, Cosmography, Poetry. 
Sleidan lib. 19  His Majesty our Sovereign, altogether in points and profound questions of Divinity. When I was in Virocht, and lived at the table of that Honourable Gentleman, Sir john Ogle, Lord Governor, whither resorted many great Scholars and Captains, English, Scottish, French, and Dutch, it had been enough to have made a Scholar or Soldier, to have observed the several disputations and discourses among many strangers, one while of sundry forms of battles, sometime of Fortification, of fireworks, History, Antiquities, Heraldry, pronunciation of Languages, etc. that his table seemed many times a little Academic.  
In your discourse be free and affable, 
Affability in Discourse.  giving entertainment in a sweet and liberal manner, and with a cheerful courtesy, seasoning your talk at the table among grave and serious discourses, with conceits of wit and pleasant invention, as ingenious Epigrams, Emblems, Anagrams, merry tales, witty questions and answers, Mistake, as a melancholy Gentleman sitting one day at a table, where I was, started up upon the sudden, and meaning to say, I must go buy a dagger, by transposition of the letters, said: Sir, I must go dye a beggar.  
A plain country man being called at an Assize to be a witness about a piece of land that was in controversy, 
This happened in Norfolk.  the judge calling, said unto him, Sirrah, how call you that water that runs on the Southside of this close? My Lord (quoth the fellow) our water comes without calling.  
A poor soldier with his musket and rest in Breda, came one day in, 
Of a Soldier of Breda.  and set him down at the nether end of the Prince of Orange his table, as he was at dinner (whit●●r none might be privileged under the degree of a Gentleman at the least to come:) the Gentleman-usher of the Prince demanded of him, if he were a Gentleman: yes quoth the Soldier, my father was a Goldsmith of Andwarpe: but what can you do in your father's trade, (quoth he) I can set stones in mortar, for he was a bricklaier, 
Pasqu●●e, a marble Image in Rome, on which they v●e to six libels.  and helped Masons in their works.  
For Epigrams, Pasquine will afford you the best and quickest I know. You shall have them all bound in two volumes. I remember he tells us once upon a Sunday morning, Pasquine had a soul shirt put on, and being asked the cause, 
Because an Earl in Rome had married a chambermaid.  Pasquine made answer, because my Laundress is become a Countess.  
You shall have a taste of some of my Anagrams such as they are.  

Upon the Prince.  
CAROLUS.  
o Clarus.  
Charles Prince of Wales.  
All France cries, o help us.   
Of the Queen of Bohemia and Princess Palatine of the Rhine, my gracious Lady, 

ELISABETHA STEVARTA,  
Has Artes beata velit.    
Being requested by a Noble and Religious Lady, who was sister to the old Lord, De la Ware, to try what her name would afford, it gave me this: 

JANE WEST.  
Entua jesû.    
And upon the name of a brave and beautiful Lady, wife to Sr. Robert Mordaunt, son and heir to Sr. Le Strange Mordaunt Knight and Baronet in the Country of Norfolk: 

Amie Mordaunt.  
Tumore Dianam.  
Tumore Dianam.  
Minerva, domat.  
Me induat amor.  
Nuda, o te miram.  
Vi tandem amor.    
Upon the name of a fair Gentlewoman this in Italian: 

ANNA DUDLAEIA.  
E●la nuda Diana.    
Upon a sweet and modest young Gentlewoman, Mistress 

MARIA MEUTAS.  
Tuame amaris    
To comfort myself living in a Town, where I found not a Scholar to converse withal, nor the kindest respect as I thought: I gave this my Poesy, the same backward and forward 

SUBI DURA ARUDIBUS.    
Of M. Doctor Hall Deane of Worcester, this, added to the body of a Glory, wherein was written jehovah in Hebrew, resembling the Deity.  

JOSEPH HALL.  
All his Hope.   
Of a virtuous and fair Gentlewoman at the request of my friend who bar● her good will: 

FRANCIS BARNEY.  
Bars in Fancy.  
And this,  
Theod●sia Dixon.  
A DEO DIXIT HONOS: or  
O Dea, dixit Honos.    
Of my good friend M. Doct. Dowland, in regard he had slipped many opportunities in advancing his fortunes, and a rare Lut●nist as any of our Nation, beside one of our greatest Masters of Music for composing: I gave him an Emblem with this; 

JOANNES DOULANDUS.  
Annos judendo hausi.    
There were at one time in Rome very witty and unhappy libels cast forth upon the whole Consistory of Cardinals in the nature of Emblems. I remember Cardinal Farnesis had for his part a stork devouring a frog, with this, Mordeo non morde●tes. Bellarmine a Tiger fast chained to a post, in a scroll proceeding from the beasts mouth in Italian: Da mi mia libertà, vederete chi io Sono: that is, give me my Liberty, you shall see what I am, meaning perhaps he would be no longer, etc. And those were very knavish that were thrown up and down the Court of France, the Escotcheon or Arms of the party on the one side of a pasteboard, and some ingenious device on the other; as one had the Arms of the house of di Medici of Florence, on the one side, on the other an inkhorn with the mouth turned downward, with this tart Pasquil: Elle faut d'encre: and so of the whole Court.  
Emblems and Impresa's if ingeniously conceited, are of dainty device and much esteem. The Invention of the Italian herein is very singular, neither do our English wits come much behind them, but rather equal them every way. The best that I have seen, have been the devices of Ti●tings, whereof many are reserved in the private Gallery at White Hall, of Sr. Philip Sidn●ie's, the Earl of Cumberland, Sr. Henry Leigh, the late Earl of Essex, with many others, most of which I once collected with intent to publish them, but the charge dissuaded me.  
But above all, in your talk and discourse have a care ever to speak the truth, remembering there is nothing that can more prejudice your esteem then to be lavishtongued in speaking that which is false, and disgracefully of others in their absence. The Persians and Indians had a law, that whosoever had been thrice convicted of speaking untruth, should upon pain of death never speak word all his life after. Cato would suffer no man to be praised or dispraised, 
Plato saith, it is only allowed, Physicians to lie for the comfort of the sick.  but used always such discourse as was profitable to the hearers; for as one saith, Dict●ria minuum Maiestatem. jests and scoffs do lessen Majesty and greatness, and should be far from great personages, and men of wisdom.   

CHAP. 16.  
Of Travail.  
I Will conclude with Travail, which many disallow in Gentlemen, yea and some great travellers themselves; but me thinks they are as one who hath filled his own belly, and denieth the dish to his fellow. In my opinion nothing rectifieth and confirmeth more the judgement of a Gentleman in forteine affairs, teacheth him knowledge of himself, and settleth his affection more sure to his own Country, than Travail doth: for if it be the common Law of Nature, 
D●●●ys. Halicarna●●.  that the learned should have rule over and instruct the ignorant, the experienced, the unexperienced, what concerneth more Nobility, taking place above other, then to be learned and wise? and where may wisdom be had, but from many men, and in many places? Hereupon we find the most eminent and wise men of the world to have been the greatest Travellers (to omit the patriarchs and Apostles themselves in holy writ) as Plato, Pythagoras, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Osiris King of Egypt, who traveled a great part of the world, and caused to be engraven upon his Sepulchre, 
D●●●er. s●c. lib. 1.  here under I lie King Osiris, eldest son of Saturn, who have left no part of the world unsearched, whitherto I have not come, teaching again whatsoever I have found, for the use and commodity of mankind. And Xenophon to intimate unto us the benefit and excellent use of Travail, saith that Cambyses, by his travail learned many excellent things, which he taught Cyrus his son: and having travailed as far as Mero● (as a perpetual monument of his long voyage) he built a City in the form of a Persian shield. And it was the usual boast of Alexander (said Archelaus a Cosmographer) that he had found out more with his eyes, 
Di●g L●ers. lib. 2. in vita Arthel.  than other Kings were able to comprehend in thought: and to no small commendation of himself, Menelaus in Homer, reporteth that he had been in Egypt, Cyprus, Phoenicia, and seen Thebes having an hundred gates, and at every gate two hundred horsemen for the guard. But say some, few of our Gentlemen are bettered by their travail, but rather return home worse than they went in manners, and many times in Religion, therefore it were better they ●arried still at home, according to Clandian: 

Fulix qui patrijs avum transegit in agris,  
Ipsa domus puerum quem vid●t ipsa senem:  
Qui bacule nitres, in qua repta●it arena,  
Vni●● numerat Sacula longa casa.   

he's blest who in's own Country ends his days,  
Whose homestead see's his old age and his birth, etc.    
But this happiness is but pu●rorum beatitude, as one saith; and the greatest unhappiness to the truly generous and industrious mind.  
If therefore you intent to travel, you must first propound unto yourself; the End, which either is ad v●luptatem vel ad utilitatem, pleasure or profit. For the first, every one naturally affecteth, and the fool himself is tickled with the sight of strange towns, towers and habits of people. Therefore you must hold you to the other which is profit, which again hath two branches, your own private, or the public; your private, as the recovery of your health, by some outlandish means, as the water of the Spa, some Physician, famous for his cure in such & such kinds, change of air, or gaining as a Merchant by trasique, or some profession wherein you excel others. The public is the general good of your Country, for which we are all borne, it challenging a third part of us.  
But before you travail into a strange Country, I wish you (as I have heretofore said) to be well acquainted with your own; for I know it by experience, that many of our young gallants, have gone over with an intent to pass by nothing unseen, or what might be known in other places; when they have been most ignorant here in their own native country, and strangers to their just reproof could discourse, and say more of England than they.  
In your passage, I must give you in either hand a light, Preservation, and Observation. Preservation of your mind, from Errors, and ill manners; of your body from distemperature, either by over eating, drinking, violent or venereal exercise.  
For there is not any nation in the world more subject unto surfeits then our English are, whether it proceedeth from the Constitution of our bodies, ill agreeing with the hotter climates, or the exchange of our wholesome diet and plenty, for little and ill dressed; or the greediness of their fruits and hot wines, wherewith only we are sometime constrained to fill our bellies, I am not certain. No less peril there is, 
Lipsiu●.  ab istis callidis & calidis Soli●●●liabus, which almost in every place will offer themselves, or be put upon you by others.  
Keep the fountain of your mind from being empoisoned, especially by those Serpents, Error and Atheism, which you shall find lurking under the fairest flowers: and though you hear the discourses of all, and listen to the charms of some, discover your Religion or mind to none, but resembling the needle of the compass, howsoever for a while moved or shaken, look Northerly, and be constant to one. To be carried away with every fancy and opinion, is to walk with C●i● in the land of 
* Nod. Gene. 4.  giddiness, the greatest punishment that God laid upon him.  
Before you enter into Observation, first seek the language that you may be fit for conference, and where the language is best spoken there settle, and furnish yourself with the discreetest and most able Masters. For as here in England, so in other places, the language is spoken with more elegancy and purity in some places more than others. For the French, Orleans and thereabouts is esteemed the best. Florence for the Italian, Lipsick for the high Dutch, and Valledolid for the Spanish.  
To help you in coniugating your verbs, you may use the help a while of a Grammar of that language, but in general you must expect your perfection from conference; for hereby the true accent, and the native grace of pronunciation (which no book can teach) is only attained.  
Now aswell for neighbourhood sake, as that the French tongue is chiefly affected among our Nobility, it being a copious and a sweet language, wherein so many famous works by as great wits as any ever Europe bred, have been published: I wish you first of all to see France, being seated under a temperate and most wholesome climate, and shall not endanger your health so much, as being sent upon the sudden from a cold Country, into the scorching heat of another more remote.  
I will not stand to make any topographical description of the Country, 
M. Dallington.  I being herein both prevented long since by a faithful pen; beside I remember I am to write only one Chapter, not a volume.  
You shall find the French, I mean of the noblest and better sort, generally free and courteous, unto whom even among their Princes, State and Maiesticque retiredness are burdensome, so that sometime you shall see them familiar with the meanest. La Nouë speaking of the French Nobility, saith Elle est tres vallere●se & Courtoise: et ● y à Estat en la Chrestienté, on elle soit 〈◊〉 si grand ●●●brè. They are exceeding valiant and courteous, and there is no estate in Christendom where they are in so great number.  
They delight for the most part in Horsemanship, Fencing, Hunting, Dancing, and little esteem of Learning and gifts of the mind; contrary to the Custom of the ancient Roman●s, as Cate the Cens●r, C●sar, Pa●lus Aemylius and many others, no less famous for knowledge then action; whereof themselves and their friends oftentimes complain. Commi●●s layeth the fault upon the remissness of parents in their education. Il● nourissent leur enfans seulement à faire les s●ts, en habillements et en par●lles: de nulle letter ils n'ont cognoissance, They breed their children to play the wa●ton fools, both in apparel and words, but as for learning they know nothing.  
The French are full of discourse, quick witted, sudden in action, and generally light and inconstant; which C●sar found long since, writing of them, quod sunt in consilijs capiendis mobiles, & novis plerumque rebus student, 
Caesar Com. 3.  and elsewhere, he calls Galloru● subita & repentina consilia, Moreover as among the Spanish and Dutch, one fashion of Apparel still observed amongst them, argueth a constancy of mind and humour, so their change and variety, their vainness and levity; for every two year their fashion altereth.  
Their exercises are for the most part Tennis play, Pallemaile, shooting in the Crossbow or Piece, and Dancing.  
Concerning their diet, it is nothing so good or plentiful as ours, they contenting themselves many times with mean viandes● only in the solemn feasts, and banquets of entertainment, they are bountiful enough, yea far exceed us: as for the poor peasant, he is fain oftentimes to make up his meal with a mushroom, or his grenoilles (in English frogs,) the which are in Paris and many other places commonly sold in the market.  
Concerning their building, is it very magnificent and I know not whether in all Europe, any buildings may for Majesty and State be compared with those of France, (though they have been miserably spoiled by the last civil wars) they being the best Architects of the world; upon the view of some of which (as breathing on a fair hill) I will detain you a while. And first we will begin with the Lovure 
The Lovure.  in Paris. The Lovure is the royal seat of the kings of France, famous throughout all Europe, situate near to the town walls on the West side: by which ru●neth the river of Se●●e, which in old time served rather for a fortress then a King's house, and herein was a tower wherein were kept the king's revenues and treasure. Which after by King Francis the first, was pulled down, and in this place was begun the building of the front, which is of Masonry, so enriched with pillars, frizes, architr●●es and all sort of architecture with such excellent symmetry and beauty, that throughout all Europe, you shall hardly find the like. It was begun by Francis the first, finished by Henry his son, under the appointment of the Lord of Clagny, and afterwards increased by Francis the second, Charles' the 9 Last of all made the wonder of all other works by that beautiful Gallery, the work of Henry the 4.  
The Tuilleries 
The Tuilleries  sometime belonged to the Suburbs of Saint Honorè in Paris, by the side of the Lovure, and was indeed a place wherein they made tiles, and by reason there were many fair Gardens about it, the Queen mother drawing the plot herself, seeing it a pleasant and fit place, began first to build here. It is a royal work all of free stone. The portal or entrance is very stately of marble pillars and jasper.  
Fontaineblea● 
Fontaineblea●.  is situate in the forest of Bier, in a plain encompassed with great woods, and was in old time a retiring place for the kings of France. Francis the first, who loved to build, took great pleasure in this seat and builded here the house, as we see it at this present; the base Court hereof is esteemed the fairest of all Franc●● in the second Court there is the purest and fairest fountain esteemed in the world, wherefore it was called Bell●●au●, and so Fontaine Belle 〈◊〉. R. Francis loved this place so well, that he spent most of his time here, beautifying it while he lived with all sorts of commodities, goodly galleries, Sto●es, etc. and caused the rarest Masters of Europ● in painting tobe sent for, for the beautifying it with all manner of Histories. Also here he placed the rarest Antiquities he could get. In brief, whatsoever he could wrap or wring, he thought too little for this place; it is about 1. 4. leagues from Paris.  
Bl●is 
Bl●is.  is an ancient Castle 〈◊〉 from the River of Lo●●e upon an hill. Here the old Kings of France were wont to reside, especially Lovis the twelfth took delight in this place, who was called Pater patri●. It hath belonging unto it two goodly forests, one on this side the riner, the other on the other. Going forth of the gardens of the house, you pass into the forest under four rows of elms, at the least 12. hundred paces: this is rather remarkable for the antiquity than the beauty. The town standeth beneath, about the which are these fair places within 2. or 3. leagues, Bury, B●●●●●gard, Ville-sansm, Chind●ny, and some others.  
Amboise 
Amboise.  is one of the principal buildings of France, it also standeth upon the Loire upon a high Sea●●; at the foot hereof is the town, and near that a goodly Forest: this castle is seen a great way off both by the hill, and the valley yielding so goodly a prospect, as I never beheld a better, for from the terraces that environ the Castle, you may easily discern Tours and the abbey of Mar●●●stier seven leagues off; the Castle standeth upon a Rock, at the foot whereof there is a Cloister.  
This house is in Picardi●, 
Villiers Cos●ere●●.  upon the way from Paris to Soissons, distant from Paris 16. leagues, 5. from Soiss●n●; it standeth close upon the forest of Ret●● it is of very great receipt, as may appear by the enclosure of the par●e. Here King Francis (whose only delight was in building) for many years together set Mason● a work●, the rather because it adjoined unto the greatest forest of all France, himself loving hunting exceedingly. Here are the goodliest walks in Europe, for the tre●s themselves are placed in curious knots, as we use to set our her●●s in gardens.  
Charleval 
Charleval.  is in Normandy upon the way from Paris to R●v●n, near to the village of Fl●●ry. It was built by Charles the 9 at the instance of the Lord of 〈◊〉 it standeth in a valley enclosed with mountains above, which is the Forest of Lions: among ●hose Mountains are many goodly prospects one within another, it is 3. leagues by a pleasant valley easily discerned to the river Seime● had it been quite finished it had been● the chief building of France.  
This Castle or Royal house is called B●is de Vin●●●● 
The Castle of 〈◊〉.  it is situate within one league of Paris, and two of Saint Denuis the place of burial of the French Kings, so that these three stand in a manner in a triangle. It is a very sumptuous work and of admirable Art: it was begun by Charles County of Valeis, brother to Philiy the fair, and finished a good while after by Charles the fifth. This house hath many fair Courts in it, withal about it a Park, containing in circuit 16, or 17. thousand pace●, which amount to two leagues and an half, stretching on the South, even unto the river of S●ine, and by North unto the river of Mar●●, which joining at the village of Constuen●● (so called of their meeting) near Chare●●●●● fall down unto Paris. This in ancient times was the usual Court and abode of the French Kings, but now little freequented, and falling in a manner to ruin.  
But I omit farther to speak as well of the Royal houses, and those of the Noblesse, being indeed the beauty of France. Whereof there are many other, as S. Ma●●, Chen●ncean, Chamb●●rg, Boul●gu●, Creil, Coussie, Folembray, Montargis, S. german and la Mustle, which are all the King's houses and worthy your view and regard, if you happen to find them in your way. In brief hold France for one of the most rich, fertilest, and bravest Kingdoms of the World.  
And since Spain 
Of Spain.  and France, are but one Continent, let us pass the Pyrenean hills, and take some observations there.  
Spain lieth Southerly from France, in Northern latitude from 37. to 44. degrees or there about, in the same height and parallel with the Azores Lands. It is far hotter than Fra●●e, a very dry Country, yet abounding in sweet Springs, Rivers, and all sorts of fruits. Pasture there is little or none in respect of the great heat, but infinitely furnished with Vineyards, Olive trees, having Corn sufficient save only in the skirts of the Country, which are mountainous, hilly and barren, yet abounding in Goats and other cattle.  
For victuals you shall find it very scarce, not that the Counttey affordeth not a sufficiency, but that the people beingby constitution, hot & dry, are not able to digest heavy and more solid meat, like unto ours; but rather choose Fruits, Salads and sweet meats, as Marmalade, by them called Membrillada (for membrill● is a Quince) and conserves of all sorts, for coolness and lightness of digestion. The people are by nature generally proud and haughty, but withal very civil, faithful to their friend, and above all to their Prince, for seldom or never have any of that Nation been known to have been Traitors: their soldiers are infatigable, resolute, and obedient unto their Commanders, but withal lasciviously given, and too cruel in victory.  
The Gentry affect not the Country, but desire to live in walled Towns altogether, where they dedicate themselves either to some employment of State, or business of War, save such who are of the better sort, dedicated to the Church, of whom there is at the least a third part.  
Their habit in apparel is all one for colour and fashion, which hardly makes a distinction of parties; only they are discerned by their servants (in whom they observe an excellent equipage) their regelado horses, Ca●oches and horselitters.  
The women are black, and little, but very well favoured, and for discourse admirable: these have a more eminent distinction of habit, and are all discerned by their apparel of what quality they are, they affect strangers much, and are liberal in their converse with them.  
The heart of the Country is very scarce of fish, that which they have, are either Tons or Pilchards, brought salted from Biscay, on the one side, and from Valencia on the other: Yea, the Church for want of fish is fain to give a licence to eate the entrailes of beasts upon fasting days.  
All their meat, fruits and bred are sold by the pound, and not except before an Officer which they call Alcalda, so that no stranger can be deceived either in weight or price.  
They tread their Corn out with Oxen in the field as soon as it is reaped, their Mules and horses eating the Straw with Barley, for Oats they are not so well acquainted with. It is a Country for Travail very cumbersome in respect of lodging and diet, except when you come into the walled Towns, where you shall according to their manner be accommodated well enough.  
They travail all on Mules, keeping their Horses for beauty and show, putting them to no use, save only to be led up and down.  
Their Coins are the best of Europe, ●ince all their neighbours make a gain of them, as a piece of eight reals (or six pence of our money) goeth in France for four shillings & six pence: a doublon in gold, that which is a Pistolet with them, being thirteen shillings, is in France and other places 29. reals, which is 14. s. 6. pence of our money. Most of the Coin that passeth for ordinary and trivial things, as Wine, Bread, Melons, Peaches, is of Brass, which they call Quartas and Quartillias'. Of their Maravedies, twenty make three pence. Their buildings are fair and stately, and the King, though he hath many goodly houses & palaces, as in Seville. Granado, Toledo, Cordo●a, Valladolid, etc. yet the Esc●rial, seven leagues from Madrid, is the place where the King most resides, and this exceeds all the buildings of Christendom, for beauty and curiosity in contriving, to which i● adjoined one of the goodliest Monasteries of the world, wherein are to be seen the rarest Water-works that men can devose.  
Spain being divided into many Kingdoms or Provinces, you are allowed to carry about you, only but an hundred reals; what you have above it is forfeited, and for that purpose, at every bridge or passage where the Country's part, you are to be searched.  
And I hope you have heard so much of the Inquisition and the danger thereof, that I shall not here need to give you any caveat.  
Na●arre affordeth, by reason of the Mountains, 
Yet the finest Wool is of S●g●uia.  a very hard passage. Whereof Pampel●na is the chief City, herein are the best Muttons, and made the strongest Wines: this Country is so abundant in Rosemary, that they make it their ordinary fuel in heating their Ovens, and for their other uses.  
Arragon aboundeth in Wine and Corn, which Portugal so wanteth, that all the Corn in that Kingdom is not able to suffice Lisbon only, but they are fain to have it of the Bretaigners, Hollanders, and from the Azores Lands.  
Last of all it is worthy the noting, how that in their Universities, as Salamanca, Alcala, C●nimbra, etc. and other of their Colleges, they care little for the Latin, but dispute and keep their exercises in Spanish or the Portugueze tongue, yet have they great Scholars in all professions.  
Thus have I only given you a taste how and what, especially to observe in your travail. I willingly omit to speak of Italy, Germany, and other Countries, by reason they have been so exactly described by Master Sands and others, unto whose ample discourses (excepting your personal experience) I refer you, it being here mine only intent, but to give you some few directions in general: and so I conclude, wishing all happiness to yourself, and prosperous success to your studies.  
FINIS.