A TRUE REPORT, Of the late discoveries, and possession, taken in the right of the Crown of England, of the Newfound Lands: By that valiant and worthy Gentleman, Sir Humphrey Gilbert Knight. Wherein is also briefly set down, her highness lawful Title thereunto, and the great and manifold Commodities, that is likely to grow thereby, to the whole Realm in general, and to the Adventurers in particular. Together with the easiness and shortness of the Voyage.  
Seen and allowed.  
At London, Printed by I. C. for john Hind, dwelling in Paul's Churchyard, at the sign of the golden Hind. Anno. 1583.   

To the Right Honourable Sir Frances Walsingham Knight, principal Secretary to the Queen, her most excellent Majesty.  
HOW much more happy might I account myself, (right honourable Sir) if I had so well applied my time in this University, as through my more diligent study, I were able to handle the matter, (which I have in this Treatise taken upon me) as the worthiness thereof doth merit.  
Truly Sir I was for a time, drawn into a doubtful balance, whether I should proceed therein, as my affection enticed me, or leave it off, as good discretion advised me. eftsoons have I right heartily wished that some of those ripe, and perfect wits, adorned with like judgement, (wherewith God hath plentifully blessed this our age) would have employed their pens, learnedly to have set forth this cause: But seeing that in wishing, I do find nothing, but to wish, and that the case so standeth, as either the thing, right worthy both knowledge, and practise, shall still lie in a slumber, or rather rest buried in the grave of oblivion, unless I do make public my weakness and insufficiency, and thereby subject myself to the diversity of men's judgements, I have made choice, rather to endure the disgrace of the one, then that my Country should sustain the inconvenience of the other, trusting that your honour (who hath hitherto been a principal Patron of this Action) will upon my humble suit vouchsafe your favourable protection hereof. For we do read (right honourable) that Archimedes in respect of his gravity and wisdom) held that reputation amongst the Syracusans, that whatsoever he allowed, was accounted for good: which history, if I should apply unto your honour particularly, as both aptly and truly I could, I might (in the opinion of some men) incur the suspicion of flattery, and receive from your Honour but the like answer, which King Theseus made unto blind Oedipus.  
I do not (quoth he) O Oedipus, honour myself with other men's words, but with mine own works. In silence therefore will I pass your ready and virtuous disposition, both honourably to favour, and favourably to further all such attempts as seem pleasing to GOD and profitable to your Country, both which (by the testimony of good writers, the opininion of wise men, and experience of great travelers, these Western Discoveries do certainly promise. In regard whereof, I do the rather presume to prefer this Pampflet to be Patronised by so worthy a person, whereby my escapes may be the more easily excused, my willing pains the better accepted, and the voyage more effectually supplied.  
Thus being loath any longer to detain your honour from your weighty affairs, I humbly take leave, beseeching GOD many years to lengthen your life, with much increase of honour. From my lodging in Oxford, the tweluth of November.  
Your Honour's poor Scholar, in all service to use. G. P.   

❧ The Table of the Chapters, containing the principal matters in this Book.  

1 The first Chapter, wherein the Argument of the Book is contained.  
2 The second Chapter, showeth that it is lawful & necessary, to trade and traffic with the Savages. And to plant in their Countries. And divideth planting into two sorts.  
3 The third Chapter, doth show the lawful Title, which the Queen's most excellent Majesty hath unto those countries, which through the aid of almighty GOD are to be inhabited.  
4 The fourth Chapter showeth, how that the trade, traffic and planting in those countries, is likely to prove very profitable to the whole Realm in general.  
5 The fift Chapter, showeth that the trading and planting in those Countries, is likely to prove to the particular profit of all the Adventurers.  
6 The sixth Chapter, showeth that the traffic and planting in those Countries, shall be unto the Savages themselves very beneficial and gainful.  
7 The seventh Chapter, showeth that the planting there is not a matter of such charge or diffyculty, as many would make it seem to be.  
8 The Contents of Articles of Assurance, between the Principal assigns of Sir Humphrey Gilbert Knight, & the four sorts of Adventurers, with them in the voyage for the Western Discoveries.   
The end of the Table.   

❧ Sir William Pelham Knight, in commendation of the discourse following.  

LIke as the Fishes, breeding in the deep,  
Through all the Ocean are allowed to range:  
Nor forced in any certain bounds to keep,  
But as their motions carry them to change.  
To men like liberty, doth reason give:  
In choice of soil, through all the world to live.   

To valiant minds each land is a native soil,  
and virtue finds no dwelling place amiss.  
Regard of honour measures not the toil,  
To seek a seat wherein contentment is.  
That seat, that soil, that dwelling place of rest:  
In this discourse, most lively is expressed.   

Our foreign neighbours bordering hard at hand,  
Have found it true, to many a thousands gain:  
And are inritcht by this abounding land,  
While penned at home, like sluggards we remain.  
But though they have, to satisfy their will:  
Enough is left, our coffers yet to fill.   

Then England thrust among them for a share,  
Since title just, and right is wholly thine:  
And as I trust the sequel shall declare,  
Our luck no worse, than theirs before hath been.  
For where the attempt, on virtue doth depend:  
No doubt but God, will bless it in the end.   
William Pelham.   

❧ Sir France's Drake Knight in commendation of this Treatise.  
WHho seeks, by worthy deeds, to gain renown for hire:  
Whose heart, whose hand, whose purse is priest: to purchase his desire  
If any such there be, that thirsteth after Fame:  
Lo, here a mean, to win himself an everlasting name.  
Who seeks, by gain and wealth, t' advance his house and blood:  
Whose care is great, whose toil no less, whose hope, is all for good  
If any one there be, that covets such a trade:  
Lo, here the plot for commonwealth, and private gain is made.  
He, that for virtues sake, will venture far and near:  
Whose zeal is strong, whose practise truth, whose faith is void of fear▪  
If any such there be, inflamed with holy care.  
Hear may he find, a ready mean, his purpose to declare.  
So that, for each degree this Treatise doth unfold:  
The path to Fame, the proof of zeal, and way to purchase gold,  
France's Drake.   

M. john Hawkins, his opinion of this intended Voyage.  
IF zeal to God, or country's care, with private gains access,  
Might serve for spurs unto th'attempt this pamphlet doth express.  
One coast, one course, one toil might serve, at full to make declared  
A zeal to God, with country's good, and private gains regard.  
And for the first this enterprise the name of God shall found,  
Among a nation in whose ears the same did never sound.  
Next as an endless runuing stream, her Channels doth discharge:  
That swell above their bounds, into an Ocean wide and large.  
So England that is pestered now, & choked through want of ground  
Shall find a soil where room enough, and perfect doth abound.  
The Romans when the number of their people grew so great,  
As neither wars could waste, nor Rome suffice them for a seat.  
They led them forth by swarming troops, to foreign lands amain  
And founded divers▪ Colonies, unto the Roman reign.  
Th'athenians used the like devise, the Argives thus have done,  
And fierce A chill Myrmidons when Troy was over run.  
But Rome nor Athens nor the rest, were never pestered so,  
As England where no room remains, her dwellers to bestow,  
But shuffled in such pinching bonds, that very breath doth lack:  
And for the want of place they crawl one o'er another's back.  
How nobly then shall they provide that for redress herein,  
With ready hand and open purse this action doth begin.  
Whence glory to the name of God, & countries good shall spring,  
And unto all that further it, a private gain shall bring.  
Then noble youths courageously this enterprise discharge,  
And age that cannot manage Arms, let them support the charge.  
The issue of your good intent, undoubted will appear,  
Both gracious in the sight of God, and full of honour here.  
john Hawkins.   

Master Captain Bingham, his commendation upon this Treatise.  

IF honour and reward, may move the mind,  
By noble actions, highly to aspire:  
The forward man in this discourse shall find,  
Reward and honour, proposed for hire.  
Which meed, no right renowned heart mislikes:  
Though gained by passing, through ten thousand pikes   

The white whereat we level, well is known,  
The plot and place, with finger pointed out:  
The name thereof through all the world is blown,  
To put the hard believers out of doubt.  
Our foreign neighbours, like it to their gain:  
And suck the sweet, while sleeping we remain.   

The journey is but easy to be gone,  
The frozen Pole disjoined far doth lie:  
We shape our course, far from the burning Son,  
The soil is subject to a milder sky.  
And by proof, of many records tried:  
The Paradise, of all the world beside:   

Then launch ye noble youths into the main,  
No lurking perils lie amid the way:  
Your travel shall return you triple gain,  
and make your names renowned another day.  
For valiant minds, through twenty Seas will room:  
And fish for luck, while sluggards lie at home.   
Richard Bingham.   

❧ Master Captain Frobisher, in commendation of the voyage.  
A Pleasant air, a sweet and firtell soil,  
A certain gain, a never dying praise:  
An easy passage, void of loathsome toil,  
Found out by some, and known to me the ways.  
All this is there then who will refrain to try:  
That loves to live abroad, or dreads to die.  
Martin Frobisher.   

Master Captain Chester, his commendation of this Treatise.  
Mark well this book when you to read begin,  
And find you shall great secrets hid therein.  
For with yourselves you may imagine thus,  
That God hath left this honour unto us.  
The journey known, the passage quickly run,  
The land full rich, the people easily won.  
Whose gains shallbe the knowledge of our faith,  
And ours such riches as the country hath.  
Pinch not for pence to set this action out,  
Pounds will return, thereof be not in doubt.  
Your country shall be bound due thanks to give,  
For that the poor hereby you may relieve.  
Unto your Prince good service you shall do,  
And unto God, a work right grateful to.  
john Chester.   

Matthew Roydon master of Art to his fellow Student.  
TO praise thy book because I am thy friend,  
Though it be common and thy due indeed:  
Perhaps it may some dainty ear offend,  
Reproof repines that virtue hath her meed.  
Yet nevertheless how ever things succeed,  
Sith to no other end thy book was made:  
All that I wish, is that thou mayest persuade.  
Matthew Roydon.   

❧ Master Anthony Parkhurst in commendation of this Treatise.  

Behold a work that doth reveal,  
The ready way to wealth and fame.  
Commodious to the common weal.  
And just without impeach of blame.  
Which followed as the course doth lie,  
May make all England thrive thereby.   

It is not fond surmised report,  
Nor fantasy vain heads to feed:  
The mention of the truth, comes short,  
And lesser than the thing indeed.  
Of record many thousands are,  
That can all this and more declare.   

How happy were our England then,  
(Sith neither men nor shipping want)  
Some good and well disposed men,  
another England there would plant?  
And so employ a number there,  
Whose persons may be spared here   

Th'attempt could never fail his fame,  
Nor proof return without effect:  
For commonly all actions frame,  
Where Christian cause hath chief respect.  
And he that in the heavens above doth reign,  
(No doubt) will bless the sequel of their pain.   
Anthony Parkhurst.   

Arthur Hawkins in commendation of this Treatise.  
MY friends, if at Th'exchange a man should go and tell,  
that such, and such commodities he had to sell.  
Whereof we stood in need and scarcely to be found,  
Whereby a quick return with profit would redound.  
I doubt not ere I passed, but you would crave the sight,  
Of these commended wares, and buy them if you might.  
Y'are proffered at this time, fair Grapes to make your wine,  
The pleasant fruits of Spain, the Figs and Orange fine.  
The speckled Russian Furs, that Esterlings us sends,  
The Rosen, Pitch, and Deals that Dansk and Denmark lends.  
The metal here is shown that with a quenchless fire,  
Inflames our thirsting hearts unstaunched in desire.  
A bargain may you have, 'tis put into your hands, Of all commodities you have from other lands.  
And at so easy price you can not choose but gain:  
A trifle is the most, together with your pain,  
But what is that some says? our Englishmen gives ear,  
Only to gain, God shield it should be true I hear.  
If we religious be, let's rig our ships with speed,  
And carry Christ to these poor souls, that stand in need,  
Why pause ye thereupon? the freight will quite the charge,  
For what is done for God, doth find reward full large.  
A. H.   

john Achelley Cyttyzen and Marchantailour of London, for conclusion.  
IF truth and praise have power, to make this matter gracious:  
What need we then extol the thing, hath been commended thus.  
And by the better sort that wright, of truth and knowledge so:  
As nothing of this work, they promised further than they know.  
Believe them for they be our friends, and with our Counties weal:  
Let us embrace that God and truth, so lovingly reveal.  
Whereof the merit is no less, then is the bruited Fame:  
Ask strangers and that noble mind, that did attempt the same:  
To whom we own the titles, that to virtues Nimpes are due:  
So good a Knight whom English men, in virtue should pursue.  
No doubt but God will bless th'attempt, succeed him roundly then:  
And in this Voyage follow fast, you that be English men.  
With such supply from time to time, as what is well begun:  
Be not for want of men and aid, through slackfulnes undone.  
So shall you harbour in your hearts, the seeds of magnanimity:  
A virtue where with all, the Romans did enlarge their Empery.  
Be you prepared for every foe, and be courageous then:  
For that you slip through negligence, will fall to other men.  
Envy hath eyes to see afar, your new attempt will whet:  
A number more to seek therefore, if you yourselves forget.  
Send forth with speed, get footing there and make provision:  
'tis ill for us to linger thus, and talk thereof so long.  
john Achelley.   

❧ The first Chapter, wherein the Argument of the ` Book is Contained.  
IT was my fortune (good Reader) not many days past, to meet with a right honest and discrete Gentleman, who accompanied that valiant & worthy Knight Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 
Master Edward Hay  in this last journey for the Western discoveries. And is owner and Captain of the only Vessel which is as yet returned from thence:  
By him I did understand, that Sir Humphrey departed the coast of England the eleventh of june last passed, with five sail of Ships from Caushenbay near Plymouth, whereof one of the best forfooke his company, the thirteenth day of the same month, and returned into England.  
The other four (through the assistance of almighty GOD) did arrive at Saint john's Haven, 
Sir Humphrey Gilbert did arrive at S. Iohn● haven in Newfoundland, the 3. of August. Anno. Do. 1583.  in Newfoundland, the third of August last. Upon whose arrival all the Masters and chief Mariners of the English Flete, which were in the said Haven before, endeavouring to fraught themselves with Fish, repaired unto Sir Humphrey, whom he made acquainted with the effect of his commission: which being done, he promised to entreat them and their goods well and honourably as did become her majesties Lieftennaunt. They did all welcome him in the best sort that they could, and showed him and his, all such courtesies as that place could afford or yield.  
Then he went to view the Country, being well accompanied with most of his Captains & Soldiers. They found the same very temperate, 
Among these there was found the tract of a beast of ●. inches and a half over  but somewhat warmer than England at that season of the year, replenished with Beasts & great store of Fowl of divers kinds: And Fish of sundry so●tes, both in the salt water and in the fresh, in so great plenty as might suffice to victual an Army, and they are very easily taken. What sundry other commodities for this Realm, right necessary the same doth yield, you shall understand in this treatise hereafter, in place more convenient.  
On monday being the fift of August, the General caused his Tent to be set upon the side of an hill, in the view of all the Flete of Englishmen and Strangers, which were in number between thirty and forty sail, then being accompanied with all his Captains, Masters, Gentlemen & other Soldiers, he caused all the Masters, and principal Officers of the Ships, as well Englishmen as Spaniards, Portugeses, and of other nations to repair unto his Tent: And then and there, in the presence of them all, he did cause his commission, under the great seal of England to be openly and solemnly read unto them, whereby were granted unto him his heirs, & assigns, by the Queen's most excellent Majesty, many great and large royalties, liberties, and privileges. 
Sir Humphrey took possession of the N●w found l●●de in the right of the crown of England.  The effect whereof being signified unto the Strangers by an Interpreter, he took possession of the said land in the right of the Crown of England by digging of a Turf and receiving the same with an Hasell wand, delivered unto him, after the manner of the law and custom of England.  
Then he signified unto the company both strangers & others that from thence forth, they were to live in that Land, as the Territories appertaining to the Crown of England, 
Three laws established there by Sir Humphrey.  and to be governed by such Laws as by good advise should be set down, which in all points (so near as might be) should be agreeable to the Laws of England: And for to put the same in execution, presently he ordained and established three Laws.  
first, that Religion publicly exercised, should be such and none, other than is used in the Church of England.  
The second, that if any person should be lawfully convicted of any practice against her Majesty▪ her crown and dignity, to be adjudged as traitors according to the Laws of England.  
The third, if any should speak dishonourably of her Majesty, the party so offending, to lose his ears, his Ship and goods, to be confiscate to the use of the General.  
All men did very willingly submit themselves to these Laws. 
Sundry persons, be came Tenants to Sir Humphrey, & do maintain possession for him in diver● places there.  Then he caused the Queen's majesties Arms, to be engraved, set up, and erected, with great solemnity. After this, divers English men, made suit unto Sir Humphrey to have of him by inheritance, they accustomed Stages, standings and drying places, in sundry parts of that Land for their Fish as a thing that they do make great account off, which he granted unto them, in fee farm. And by this means, he hath possession maintained for him, in many parts of that Country. To be brief, he did let, set, give and dispose of many things, as absolute governor there, by virtue of her majesties letters patents.  
And after their Ships were repaired, whereof one, he was driven to leave behind, both for want of men sufficient to furnish her, as also to carry home such sick persons as were not able to proceed any further: He departed from thence the 20 of August, with the other three, namely, the Delight, wherein was appointed Captain in Master William Winter's place, (that thence returned immediately for England) Master Morries Brown: the Golden Hind, in which was Captain and owner, Master Edward Hay: and the little Frigate where the General himself did go, seeming to him most fit to discover and approach the shore.  
The 21. day they came to Cape Raze, toward the South parts whereof, lying a while becalmed, they took cod in largeness and quantity, exceeding the other parts of Newfound Land, where any of them had been. And from thence, trending the Coast West, toward the Bay of Placencia. The General sent certain men a Shore, to view the country, which to them as they sailed along, seemed pleasant. Whereof his men at their return gave great commendation, liking so well of the place, as they would willingly have stayed and wintered there. But having the wind fair & good, they proceeded on their course towards the firm of Ameryca, which by reason of continual Fogs, at that time of the year especially: they could never see, till Cox Master of the Golden Hind did discern Land, & presently lost sight thereof again, at what time they were all upon a breach in a great and outrageous storm, having under 3. fathom water. But God delivered the Frigate and the Golden Hind, from this great danger. And the Delight in the presence of them all was lost, to their unspeakable grief, with all their chief victual, munition, and other necessary provisions, and other things of value not fit here to be named. Whereupon, by reason also that Winter was come upon them, and fowl wether increased with Fogs and Mists that so covered the Land, as without danger of perishing they could not approach it: Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Master Hays, were compelled much against their wills to retire homewards. And being 300. Leagues on their way, were afterward by tempestuous weather, separated the one from the other, the 9 of September last, since which time, Master Hay with his Bark, is safely arrived, but of Sir Humphrey as yet, we hear no certain news.  
Upon this report (together with my former intent, to write some brief discourse in the commendation of this so noble and worthy an enterprise) I did call to my remembrance, 
Plutnrch.  the History of Themystocles the Grecian, (who being a right noble and valiant Captain) signified unto his Countrymen, the citizens of Athens, that he had invented a devise for their common wealth very profitable, but it was of such importance and secrecy, that it ought not to be revealed, before private conference had with some particular prudent person of their choice.  
The Athenians knowing Aristides the Philosopher, to be a man endued with singular wisdom and virtue, made choice of him to have conference with Themystocles, and thereupon to yield his opinion to the Citizens concerning the said device: which was, that they might set on fire the Navy of their enemies, with great facility as he had laid the plot: Aristides made relation to the Citizens, that the stratagem (devised by Themystocles) was a profitable practice for the common wealth but it was dishonest. The Athenians (without further demand what the same was) did by common consent reject and condemn it, preferring honest and upright dealing before profit.  
By occasion of this history, I drew myself into a more deeper consideration, of this late undertaken voyage, whether it were as well pleasing to almighty God, as profitable to men? as lawful as it seemed honourable. As well grateful to the Savages, as gainful to the Christians. And upon mature deliberation, I found the action to be honest and profitable, and therefore allowable by the opinion of Aristides if he were now alive, which being by me herein sufficiently proved, (as by God's grace I purpose to do) I doubt not but that all good minds, will endeavour themselves to be assistants to this so commendable an enterprise, by the valiant and worthy Gentlemen our Countrymen already attempted and undertaken.  
Now whereas I do understand that Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 
Apparation in hand for a new supply.  his adherents, associates, and friends do mean with a convenient supply (with as much speed as may be) to maintain, pursue and follow, this intended voyage already in part performed, and (by the assistance of almighty God) to plant themselves and their people in the continent of the hither part of America, between the degrees of 30. and 60. of septentrional latitude. (Within which degrees by computation Astronomical and Cosmographical are doubtless to be found, 


Englishmen  
Ma. john Hawkins  
Sir France's Drake  
Ma. William Winter.  
Ma john Chester.  
Ma. Martin Furbisher.  
Anthony Parkchurst.  
William bats.  
john Lowell  
David Ingram.   

Strangers French.  
Sir john Ribaulte.  
jaques Cartier.  
Andrew Thevet.  
Mounser Golden.  
Mounser Popellynere  
john Verasanus.   

Italian.  
Christopher Columnus    all things that be necessary profitable, or delectable for man's life. The climate mild and temperate, neither too hot not too cold, so that under the cope of heaven there is not any where to be found a more convenient place to plant and inhabit in: which many notable Gentlemen, both of our own nation and strangers (who have been travelers) can testify: and that those Countries are at this day inhabited with Savages who have no knowledge of God▪ Is it not therefore (I say) to be lamented, that these poor Pagans, so long living in ignorance and Idolatry, and in sort, thirsting after christianity, (as may appear by the relation of such as have travailed in those parts,) that our hearts are so hardened, that few or none can be found which will put to their helping hands, and apply themselves to the relieving of the miserable and wretched estate of these silly souls?  
Whose Country doth (as it were with arm advanced) above the climates both of Spain and France, stretch out itself towards England only. In manner praying our aid and help, as it is not only set forth in Mercators' general Map, but it is also found to be true by the discovery of our nation, and other strangers, who have often times travailed upon the same Coasts.  
Christopher Columnus of famous memory the first instrument to manifest the great glory & mercy of almighty God in planting the Christian Faith, in those so long unknown regions, 
God doth not always begin his greatest works by the greatest persons  having in purpose to acquaint (as he did) that renowned Prince, the Queen's majesties Grandfather, King Henry the seventh, with his intended voyage for the Western Discoveries, was not only derided and mocked generally even here in England, but afterward became a laughing stock to the Spaniards themselves, who at this day (of all other people) are most bounden to laud and praise God, who first stirred up the man to that enterprise.  
And while he was attending there to acquaint the King of Castille (that then was) with his intended purpose, by how many ways and means was he derided? 
His custom was to bow himself very low in making of courtesy.  Some scorned the pildnes of his garments, some took occasion to jest at his simple and silly looks, others asked if this were he, that lowts so low, which did take upon him to bring men into a Country that aboundeth with Gold, Pearl, & Precious stones? If he were any such man (said they) he would carry another manner of countenance with him, and look somewhat loftier. Thus some judged him by his garments and others by his look and countenance, but none entered into the consideration of the inward man.  
In the end, what success his voyage had, who list to read the Decades. The History of the West Indies, the conquest of Hernando Cortese about Mexico, 
Hernando Cortese.  and those of Francisco Pizare in Peru about Casamalcha and Cusco, may know more particularly. 
Francisco. Pyzare  All which their discoveries travails, and conquests, are extant to be had in the English tongue. This device was then accounted a fantastical imagination, and a drowsy dream.  
But the sequel thereof, hath since awaked out of dreams thousands of souls to know their Creator, being thereof before that time altogether ignorant. And hath since made sufficient proof, neither to be fantastic, nor vainly imagined.  
Withal, how mightily hath it enlarged the dominions of the Crown of Spain, and greatly enritching the subjects of the same, let all men consider. Besides, it is well known, that since the time of Columnus his first discovery, through their planting, possessing, and inhabiting those parts, there hath been transported and brought home into Europe, greater store of Gold, Silver, Pearl, and Precious stones, than heretofore hath been in all ages, since the creation of the world.  
I do therefore heartily wish, that seeing it hath pleased almighty God, of his infinite mercy at the length, to awake some of our worthy Country men, out of that drowsy dream, wherein we all have so long slumbered.  
That we may now not suffer it to quail for want of maintenance, that by these valiant Gentlemen our Countrymen is so nobly begun & enterprised. For which purpose, I have taken upon me to write this simple short treatise, hoping that it shall be able to persuade such as have been, and yet do continue detractors & hinderers of this journey, (by reason perhaps that they have not deliberately and advisedly entered into the judgement of the matter) that yet now upon better consideration they will become favourable furtherers of the same. And that such as are already well affected there unto, will continue their good dispositions. And with all, I most humbly pray all such as are no Nyggardes of their purses, in buying of costly and rich apparel, and liberal Contributors, in setting forth of games, 
A reasonable request.  pastimes, feastings and banquets, (whereof the charge being past, there is no hope of public profit or private commodity) that henceforth they will bestow & employ their liberality (heretofore that way expended) to the furtherance of these so commendable purposed proceed.  
And to this end have I taken pen in hand, as in conscience thereunto moved, desiring much rather, that of the great multitude, which this Realm doth nourish, far better able to handle this matter than I myself am, it would have pleased some one of them to have undertaken the same. But seeing they are silent, and that it falleth to my lot to put pen to the paper, I will endeavour myself, and do stand in good hope (though my skill and knowledge be simple, yet through the assistance of almighty GOD) to prove that this voyage, late enterprised, for trade, traffic, and planting, in America, is an action tending to the lawful enlargement of her majesties dominions, 
The argument of the Book.  commodious to the whole Realm in general. Profitable to the adventurers in particular, beneficial to the Savages, and a matter to be attained without any great danger or difficulty.  
And lastly (which most of all is) A thing likewise tending to the honour and glory of almighty God: And for that the lawfulness to plant in those Countries, in some men's judgements, seemeth very doubtful, I will begin with the proof of the lawfulness of trade, traffic, and planting.   

The second Chapter, showeth that it is lawful and necessary to trade and traffic with the Savages. And to plant in their Countries. And divideth planting into two sorts.  
ANd first for traffic, I say that the Christians may lawfully travail into those Countries and abide there, whom the Savages may not justly impugn and forbid, in respect of the mutual society & fellowship between man and man prescribed by the Law of Nations.  
For from the first beginning of the creation of the world and from the renewing of the same after noah's flood, all men have agreed, that no violence should be offered to Ambassadors. That the Sea with his Havens should be ●●●mon. That such as should fortune to be taken in war, ●●●ld be servants or slaves. And that Strangers should 〈◊〉 be driven away from the place or Country where. 〈◊〉 they do come.  
If it were so then, I demand in what age, and by what Law is the same forbidden or denied since? For who doubteth but that it is lawful for Christians to use trade and traffic with Infidels or Savages, carrying thither such commodities as they want, and bringing from thence some part of their plenty.  
A thing so commonly and generally practised, both in these our days, and in times past▪ beyond the memory of man, both by Christians and Infidels, that it needeth no further proof.  
And for as much as the use of trade and traffic, (be it never so profitable) ought not to be preferred before the planting of Christian faith. I will therefore somewhat entreat of planting (without which, Christian Religion can take no root, be the Preachers never so careful and diligent) which I mean to divide in two sorts. 
The principal causes why this voyage is undertaken.   
The first, when Christians by the good liking and willing assent of the Savages, are admitted by them to quiet possession.  
The second, when Christians being unjustly repulsed, do seek to attain and maintain the right for which they do come.  
And though in regard of the establishment of Christian Religion, 
The first kind of Planting.  either of both may be lawfully and justly exercised. Whereof many examples may be found, as well in the time of Moses and josua, and other Rulers before the byr●●●f Christ. As of many virtuous Emperors and King 〈◊〉 thence his incarnation: yet do I wish, that before the ●●●cond be put in practice, a proof may be made of the fir●●, saving that for their safety as well against the Savages, as all other sorraine enemies, they should first well and strong lie fortify themselves, which being done, then by all fair speeches, and every other good means of persuasion to seek to take away all occasions of offence.  
As letting them to understand, how they came not to their hurt, but for their good, and to no other end, but to dwell peaceably amongst them, and to trade and traffic with them for their own commodity, without molesting or grieving them any way, which must not be done by words only but also by deeds.  
For albeit, to maintainer right and repel injury, be a just cause of war, yet must there hereof be heedful care had, that whereas the Savages be fearful by nature, and fond otherwise, the Christians should do their best endeavour to take away such fear as may grow unto them by reason of their strange apparel, Armour, and weapon, or such like, by quiet & peaceable conversation, & letting them live in security & keeping a measure of blameless defencen, with as little discommodity to the Savages as may be, for this kind of war would be only defensive and not offensive.  
And questionless there is great hope & likely hood that by this kind of means, we should bring to pass all effects to our desired purposes: Considering that all creatures, by constitution of nature, are rendered more tractable and easier w●nne for all assays, by courtesy and mildness, then by cruelty or roughness: and therefore being a principle taught us by natural reason, it is first to be put in ure.  
For albeit as yet the Christians are not so throughly furnished with the perfectness of their language, either to express their minds to them, or again to conceive the Savages intent. Yet for the present opportunity, such policy may be used by friendly signs, and courteous tokens towards them, as the Savages may easily perceive, (were their senses never so gross) an assured friendship to be offered them, and that they are encountered with such a nation, as brings them benefit, commodity, peace, tranquillity and safety. To further this, and to accomplish it in deeds, there must be presented unto them gratis, some kinds of our peittie merchandises and trifles: As looking Glasses, Bells, Beads, Bracelets, Chains, or Collars of Bugle, Crystal, Amber, jet, or Glass etc. For such be the things, though to us of small value, yet accounted by them of high price and estimation: and soonest will induce their Barbarous natures to a liking and a mutual society with us.  
Moreover, it shall be requisite, either by speech, if it be possible, either by some other certain means, to signify unto them. That once league of friendship, with all loving conversation, being admitted between the Christians and them▪ that then the Christians from thence forth will always be ready with force of Arms to assist and defend them in their just quarrels, from all invasions, spoils and oppressions, offered or to be offered them by any Tyrants, Adversaries, or their next borderers: and a benefit is so much the more to be esteemed, by how much the person upon whom it is bestowed standeth in need thereof.  
For it appeareth by the relation of a countryman of ours, 
This David Ingram was in this last journey w●th Sir Humphrey and is very desirous to be employed ●●ether again.  namely David Ingram, (who traveled in those countries xj. months and more) That the Savages generally for the most part, are at continual wars with their next adjoining neighbours, and especially the Cannibals, being a cruel kind of people, whose food is man's flesh, & have teeth like dogs, and do pursue them with ravenous minds to eat their flesh, and devour them.  
And it is not to be doubted, but that the Christians may in this case justly and lawfully aid the Savages against the Cannibals, So that it is very likely, that by this means we shall not only mightily stir and unflame their rude minds gladly to embrace the loving company of the Christians, proffering unto them both commodities succour, and kindness, But also by their frank consents, shall easily enjoy such competent quantity of Land, as every way shall be corespondent to the Christians expectation, & contentation, considering the great abundance that they have of Land, and how small account they make thereof. Taking no other fruits thereby then such as the ground of itself doth naturally yield. And thus much concerning the first sort of planting, which as I assuredly hope, so I most heartily pray may take effect and place.  
But if after these good and fair means used, the Savages nevertheless will not be herewithal satisfied, 
The second kind of Planting.  but barbarously will go about to practise violence either in repelling the Christians from their Ports and safe landings or in withstanding them afterwards to enjoy the rights for which both painfully & lawfully they have adventured themselves thither.  
Then in such a case I hold it no breach of equity for the Christians to defend themselves, to pursue revenge with force, and to do whatsoever is necessary for the attaining of their safety: For it is allowable by all Laws in such distrese, to resist violence with violence. And for their more security to increase their strength by building of forts, for avoiding the extremities of injurious dealing.  
Wherein if also they shall not be suffered in reasonable quietness to continue, there is no bar (as I judge but that in stout assemblies, the Christians may issue out, and by strong hand pursue their enemies, subdue them, take possession of their Towns, Cities, or Villages, (and in avoiding murderous tyranny) to use the Law of Arms, as in like case among all nations at this day is used: and most especially to the end they may with security hold their lawful possession, least happily after the departure of the Christians, such Savages as have been converted, should afterwards through compulsion and enforcmennt of their wicked Rulers, return to their horrible Idolatry (as did the children of Israel, 
judges. 6.  after the decease of josua) and continue their wicked custom of most unnatural sacrificing of humane creatures.  
And in so doing, doubtless the Christians shall no whit at all transgress the bonds of equity or civility, for as much as in former ages, (yea before the incarnation of Christ) the like hath been done by sundry Kings and Princes, Governors of the children of Israel: chiefly in respect to begin their Planting, for the establishment of God's word: as also since the nativity of Christ, mighty and pussaunt Emperors and Kings have performed the like, I say to plant, possess, and subdue. For proof whereof, I will allege you examples of both times.  
We read in the old testament, how that after noah's flood was ceased, restoration of mankind began only of those few of noah's children and family as were by God pray elected to be saved in the Ark with him, whose seed in process of time, was multiplied to infinite numbers of nations, which in divers sorts divided themselves to sundry quarters of the earth. And forasmuch as all their posterity being mightily increased followed not the perfect life of Noah their predecessor, God chose out of the multitude, a peculiar people to himself, to whom afterwards being under the government of Moses in Mount Synay, he made a grant to inherit the Land of Canaan, called the Land of Promise, with all the other rich and fertile countries next adjoining thereunto. Nevertheless, before they came to possession thereof, having been afflicted with many grievous punishments and plagues for their sins, they fell in despair to enjoy the same.  
But being encouraged and comforted by their Rulers, (men of God) they proceeded, arming themselves with all patience, to suffer what soever it should please God to send: and at last attaining to the Land, they were encountered with great numbers of strong people and mighty Kings.  
Notwithstanding, 
josua. 4.  josua their leader, replenished with the spirit of God, being assured of the justness of his quarrel, gathered the chief strength of the children of Israel together, to the number of 40000. with whom he safely passed the huge River jourden, and having before sent privy spies for the discovery of the famous City jerico, to understand the certainty of the citizens estate, 
josua. 6.  he forth with came thither, and environed it round about, with his whole power the space of seven days.  
In which respite, perceiving none of the Gentiles disposed to yield or call for mercy, he then commanded (as God before had appointed) that both the City jericho should be burned, yea, and all the inhabitants, as well old as young, with all their cattle, should be destroyed, only excepted Rahab, her kindred and Family, because she before had hid secretly the messengers of josua, that were sent thither as spies. As for all their gold, silver, precious stones, or vessels of brass, they were reserved and consecrated to the Lords treasury.  
In like manner he burned the city Hay, 
josua. 8.  slew the inhabitants thereof, and hanged up their King. But for so much as the Gebionites (fearing the like event) sent Ambassadors unto josua, to entreat for grace, favour, and peace: he commanded that all their lives should be saved, and that they should be admitted to the company of the children of Israel. 
josua. 9  Yet understanding afterwards they wrought this by a policy, he used them as drudges to hew wood & to carry water, and other necessaries for his people. Thus began this valiant Captain his conquest, which he pursued and never left till he had subdued all the hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Pheresites, Hevites, and jebusites, with all their Princes and Kings, 
judg. 11. 13  being thirty and one in number, and divers other strange Nations beside, whose lands and dominions, he wholly divided among God's people.  
After that josua was deceased, juda was constituted Lord over the Army, who receiving like charge from God pursued the proceed of the holy Captain josua, and utterly vanquished many Gentiles, Idolaters, and adversaries to the children of Israel, 
judg. 1.  with all such Rulers or Kings, as withstood him, and namely, Adonibezek, the most cruel tyrant: whose thumbs and great toes he caused to be cut off, 
A good not for all Conquerors to be merciful.  for so much as he had done the like before unto seventy Kings, whom being his prisoners, he forced to gather up their victuals underneath his Table. In this God showed his justice to revenge tyranny. We read likewise, that Gedeon a most puissant & noble warrior, so behaved himself in following the worthy acts of josua and juda, 
judg. 6. 7.  That in short time he not only delivered the children of Israel from the hands of the multitude of the fierce Madianites, but also subdued them and their Tyrants, whose lands he caused God's people to possess and inherit.  
I could recite divers other places out of the Scripture, which aptly may be applied hereunto were it not I do endeavour myself by all means to be brief. Now in like manner will I allege some few of Inductions out of the authentical writings of the Ecclesiastical Historiographers, all tending to the like argument. And first to begin with all, we do read. That after our saviour jesus Christ had suffered his passion. The apostles being inspired with the holy Ghost, 
India the great, was not preached unto by the Apostles. Metrodorus the Philosopher, the first discoverer of India the great.  and the knowledge of all strange languages, did immediately disperse themselves to sundry parts of the world, to the preaching of the Gospel. Yet not in so general a manner, but that there remained some far remote Countries unvisited by them, among the which it is reported that India the great, called the uttermost India, as yet had received no light of the word. But it came to pass, that one Metrodorus, a very learned and wise Philosopher in that age, being desirous to search out unknown lands, did first discover the same, finding it wonderful populous and rich, which upon his return being published, and for certain understood, there was another grave Philosopher of Tyrus called Meropius, 
Meropius.  being a christian, who did resolve himself (following the example of Metrodorus) to travail thither, and in a short time assisted but with a few, in a small Vessel arrived there, having in his company two young youths, 
Edesius and Frumentius.  Edesius, and Frumentius, whom (being his scholars) he had thoroughly instructed, both in liberal Sciences and christian Religion. Now after that Meropius somewhile staying there, had (as he thought) sufficient understanding of the Indians whole estate. He determined to departed, and to bring notice thereof unto the Emperor, whom he meant to exhort to the conquest of the same. But by misfortune he was prevented, for being in the midst of his course on the Sea homeward, a sore tempest arose, and perforce drove him back again, to an unknown Port of the said land: where he by the most cruel barbarous Indians on the sudden was slain with all his company, 
Meropius slain.  except the two young scholars aforesaid, whom the barbarous Indians, by reason they were of comely stature and beautiful personages, took, and forth with presented them to their King and Queen: 
Edisius and Frumentius preserved by the Indians.  which both being very well liked of, the King courteously entreated, and ordained Edesius to be his Butler, and Frumentius his Secretary, and in few years by reason of their learning and civil government, they were had in great favour, honour, and estimation with the Princes. But the King departing this life, left the Queen his wife with her young son to govern, and gave free scope and liberty to the two christians, at their best pleasure to pass to their native soils, allowing them all necessaries for the same. Yet the Queen who highly favoured them, was very sorrowful they should departed, and therefore most earnestly entreated them to tarry and assist her in the government of her people, till such time as her young Soon grew to type years, which request they fulfilled,  
And Frumentius excelling Edesius far in all wisdom, 
Frumentius in great favour with the Queen of the Indians.  ruled both the Queen and her subjects at his discretion, whereby he took occasion to put in practice privily, that the foundation of christian religion might be planted in the hearts of such as with whom he thought his persuasion might best prevail, and that soon would give ear unto him, which being brought to pass accordingly, he then with his fellow Edesius, 
another great work of God begun by a man of mean birth.  took leave of the Queen to return to his native country. And so soon as he was arrived there, he revealed to the Emperor Constantine, the effect of all those events: who both commending his deeds and wholly allowing thereof, by the advise and good liking of Athanasius then Bishop of Alexandria, did arm and set forth a convenient power for the aid of Frumentius, in this his so godly a purpose. 
Ruffinus, the Author of this story.  And by this means came the Emperor afterwards by fair promises, and by force of Arms together, unto the possession of all the Indians country. The author of this story Ruffinus received the truth hereof, 
Euse. in his ecclesiastical history testifieth how that Constantine the great, did enlarge his dominions by subduing of Infidels and Idolatrous nations. Eusebius lib 1. de vita Constant. Cap. 4. et Cap. 9  from the very mouth of Edesius companion to Frumentius.  
Moreover, Eusebius in his History Ecclesiastical in precise terms, and in divers places maketh mention how Constantine the great, not only enlarged his Empire by the subduing of his next neighbours, but also endeavoured by all means, to subject all such remote Barbarous and Heathen nations, as then inhabited the four quarters of the world. For (as it is written) the Emperor throughlie aided with a puissant army of valiant soldiers whom he had before persuaded to christian religion, in proper person himself, came even unto this our native Country of England, then called the Island of Britons, bending from him full west, which he wholly conquered, made tributary, and settled therein christian faith, and left behind him such Rulars thereof, as to his wisdom seemed best. From thence he turned his force towards the North coast of the world, and there utterly subdued the rude and cruel Nation of the Scythians, whereof part by friendly persuasions, part by main strength, he reduced the whole to christian Faith. Afterwards he determined with himself to search out what strange people inhabited in the uttermost parts of the South. 
Eu. eod lib. Cap. 39  And with great hazard and labour, making his journey thither, at last became victor over them all, even to the country of the Blemmyans, and the remote Etheopians, that now are the people of Presbyter john, who yet till this day, continue and bear the name of christians.  
In the East likewise, what Nation soever at that timè he could have notice off, he easily won and brought in subjection to the Empire. So that to conclude, there was no region in any part of the world, the inhabitants whereof being Gentiles, though unknown unto him. But in time he overcame and vanquished.  
This worthy beginning of Constantine, 
Theodorit in Ecclesiast. Hist. lib, 5, Cap. 20.  both his sons succeeding his room, and also divers other Emperors afterward to their uttermost endeavour followed and continued, which all the Books of Eusebius more at large setteth forth. Theodoritus likewise in his Ecclesiastical history maketh mention how Theodosius the virtuous Emperor, employed earnestly all his time, as well in conquering the Gentiles to the knowledge of the holy Gospel, utterly subverting the profane Temples and abominable Idolatry. As also in extinguishing of such usurping tyrants, 
Theodoritus cap. 26 eod. libro.  as with Paganism withstood the planting of christian religion. After whose decease his sons, Honorius, and Arcadius, were created Emperors, the one of the East, the other of the West, who with all stoutly godliness, most carefully imitated the foresteps of their father, either in enlarging their territories, or increasing the christian flock.  
Moreover, it is reported by the said author, that The odotius junior the Emperor, no whit inferior in virtuous life to any of the above named Princes, 
Eod. lib. 20. chap. 36.  with great study & zeal pursued, & prosecuted the Gentiles, subdued their Tyrants and Countries, and utterly destroyed all their Idolatry, converting their souls to acknowledge their only Messiah & Creator, and their countries to the enlargement of the Empire. To be brief, who so listeth to read Eusebius, Pamphilus, Socrates Scolasticus, Theodoritus, Hermia, Sozomen, and Euagrius Scolasticus, which all were most sage Ecclesiastical writers, shall find great store of examples of the worthy lives of sundry Emperors, tending all to the confirmation of my former speeches.  
And for like examples of latter time (yea, even in the memory of man) I shall not need to recite any other than the conquest made of the West and East Indies, by the Kings of Spain and Portugal, whereof there is particular mention made in the last chapter of this Book. Herein have I used more copy of examples, than otherwise I would have done, saving that I have been in place where this manner of planting the christian. Fath, hath been thought of some to be scarce lawful, yea, such as do take upon them to be more then meanly learned. To these examples could I join many more but whosoever is not satisfied with these few, may satisfy himself in reading at large the authors last above recited Thus have I (as I trust) proved that we may justly trade and traffic with the Savages, and lawfully plant and inhabit their Countries.   

¶ The third Chapter doth show the lawful title, which the Queen's most excellent Majesty hath unto those Countries, which through the aid of almighty God are mente to be inhabited.  
AND it is very evident that the planting there shall in time right amply enlarge her majesties Territories and Dominions (or I might rather say) restore her to her highness ancient right and interest in those Countries, 
1170. Owen Gwyneth, was then Prince of North-wales.  into the which a noble and worthy parsonage, lineally descended from the blood royal, borne in Wales, named Madocke ap Owen Gwyneth departing from the coast of England, about the year of our Lord God. 1170. arrived and there planted himself, 
Nullum tem pus occurrit Regi.  and his Colonies, 
This Island was discovered by Sir Humphrey & his company, in this his last journey.  and afterward returned himself into England, leaving certain of his people there, as appeareth in an ancient Welsh Chronicle, where he than gave to certain Islands, Beasts, and Fowls, sundry Welsh names, as the Island of Pengwyn, which yet to this day beareth the same.  
There is likewise a Fowl in the said Countries, called by the same name at this day, and is as much to say in English, as Whiteheadde, and in truth, the said Fowls have white heads.  
There is also in those Countries a fruit called Gaynethes which is likewise a welsh word. Moreover, there are divers other welsh words at this day in use, 
Who hath also seen berded men there, which can not be natural countrymen, for that the Americans are void of beards.  as David Ingram aforesaid reporteth in his relations. All which most strongly argueth, the said Prince with his people to have inhabited there. And the same in effect is confirmed by Mutuzuma that mighty Emperor of Mexico, who in an Oration unto his subjects, for the better pacifying of them, made in the presence of Hernando Curtese, used these speeches following.  
My kinsmen, friends, and sernaunts, you do well know that eigteene years I have been your King, 
Mutuzuma his Oration to his subjects in presence of Hernando Curtese.  as my Fathers and Grandfathers were, and always I have been unto you a loving Prince, and you unto me good and obedient subjects, and so I hope you will remain unto me all the days of my life. You ought to have in remembrance, that either you have heard of your Fathers, or else our divines have instructed you that we are not naturally of this Country, 
which Oration was made about the year 1520.  nor yet our Kingdom is durable, because our Forefathers came from a far country, and their King and Captain who brought them hither, returned again to his natural country, saying, that he would send such as should rule and govern us, if by chance he himself returned not, etc.  
These be the very words of Mutuzuma, set down in the S●anish Chronicles, 
Look the conquest of West Indieses ●ol. 2 31.  the which being throughlie considered, because they have relation to some strange noble person, who long before had possessed those Countries, do all sufficiently argue, the undoubted title of her Majesty: For as much as no other Nation can truly by any Chronicles they can find, make prescription of time for themselves, before the time of this Prince Madocke. Besides all this, for further proof of her highness title since the arrival of this noble Britton into those parts (that is to say) in the time of the Queen's majesties Grandfather, of worthy memory, King Henry the seventh, Letters patents were by his Majesty granted to john Gabota an Italian, to jews, Sebastian, and Sansius, his three sons, to discover remoate, Barbarous and Heathen Countries, which discovery, was afterwards executed to the use of the crown of England, in the said King's time, by Sebastian and Sansius his sons, 
Ma. Oliue● Dalbony. Ma. Edward. Reow. Ma. R. H. Ma. I. A.  who were borne here in England: In true testimony whereof, there is a fair Haven in Newfoundland, known and called until this day, by the name of Sansius Haven, which proveth that they first discovered upon that Coast, from the height of 63. unto the Cape of Florida, as appeareth in the Decades.  
And this may stand for another title to her Majesty, but any of the foresaid titles is as much, or more than any other Christian Prince can pretend to the Indies before such time as they had actual possession thereof, obtained by the discovery of Christopher Columnus, and the conquest of Vasques Numes de Balboa, Hernando Cortese, Francisco Pysare, and others. And therefore I think it needless to write any more touching the lawfulness of her majesties title.   

The fourth Chapter showeth, how that the trade traffic and planting in those Countries, is likely to prove very profitable to the whole Realm in general.  
NOW to show how the same is most likely to prove very profitable and beneficial generally to the whole Realm. It is very certain, that the greatest jewel of this Realm, and the chiefest strength and force of the same, for defence or offence, in martial matter and manner is the multitude of Ships, Masters and Mariners, ready to assist the most stately & royal Navy of her Majesty, which by reason of this voyage shall have, both increase and maintenance: And it is well known, that in sundry places of this Realm, Ships have been built and set forth of late days for the trade of fishing only: 
Cox the M●ster.  Yet not withstanding the fish which is taken and brought into England by the English Navy of Fishermen, will not suffice for the expense of this realm four months, if there were none else brought of strangers. And the chiefest cause why our Englishmen do not go so far westerly, as the especial fishing places do lie, both for plenty and greatness of fish, is for that they have no succour and known safe harbour in those parts. But if our nation were once planted there, or near thereabouts: whereas they now fish but for two months in the year, they might then fish so long as pleased themselves or rather at their coming find such plenty of Fish ready taken, salted & dried, as might be sufficient to fraught them home without long delay, (God granting that salt may be found there) whereof David Ingram (who traveled in those Countries as aforesaid) saith that there is great plenty: and withal the Climate doth give great hope, that though there were none naturally growing, yet it might aswell be made there by art, as it is both in Rochel and Bayon, or else where. Which being brought to pass, shall increase the number of our ships and Mariners, were it but in respect of fishing only: but much more in regard of the sundry Merchandises and commodities which are there found and had in great abundance.  
Moreover, it is well known that all Savages, as well those that dwell in the South, as those that dwell in the North, so soon as they shall begin but a little to taste of civility, will take marvelous delight in any garment be it never so simple: As a shirt, a blue, yellow, red, or green Cotten cassock, a Cap or such like, and will take incredible pains for such a trifle.  
For I myself have heard this report made sundry times, by divers of our Countrymen, who have dwelled in the sotherly parts, of the West Indies, some 12. years together, and some of less time: That the people in those parts, 
Clothiers. Wolmen. Carders. Spinners. Weavers. Fuller's, Sheremen▪ Diers.  are easily reduced to civility both in manners and garments. Which being so, what vent for our English clothes will thereby ensue, and how great benefit to all such persons & Artificers whose names are coated in the margin, I do leave to the judgement of such as are discrete.  
And questionless hereby it will also come to pass, 
Drapers. Clothiers. Cappers Hatters. etc. And many decayed towns repaired.  that all such Towns and Villages, as both have been and now are utterly decayed and ruinated (the poor people thereof being not set a work by reason of the transportation of raw Wool of late days, more excessively then in times past) shall by this means be restored to their pristinate wealth and estate, all which do likewise tend to the enlargement of our Navy and maintenance of our navigation.  
To what end need I endeavour myself by arguments to prove, that by this voyage, our navy and navigation shall be enlarged, when as there needeth none other reason then the manifest and late example of the near Neighbours to this Realm, the Kings of Spain, and Portugal who since the first discovery of the India's, have not only mightily enlarged their dominions, greatly enriched themselves and their subjects: but have also by just account trebled the number of their Ships, Masters and Mariners, a matter of no small moment & importance.  
Besides this, 
The idle persons of this Realm shall by occasion of this journey be well employed and set on work.  it will prove a general benefit unto our Country, that through this occasion, not only a great number of men which do now live idly at home, and are burdenous, chargeable, & unprofitable to this Realm, shall hereby be set on work, but also children of 12. or 14. years of age or under, may be kept from idleness, in making of a thousand kinds of trifling things, which will be good Merchandise for that Country. And moreover, our idle women, (which the Realm may well spare) shall also be employed on plucking, drying, and sorting of Feathers, in pulling, beating, & working of Hemp, & in gathering of Cotten, & divers things right necessary for dying. All which things are to be found in those Country's most plentifully. 
Hemp doth grow near Saint Laurence River naturally.  And the men may employ themselves in draging for Pearl, working for mines, and in matters of husbandry, and likewise in hunting the Whale for train, and making Casks to put the same in: beside, in fishing for Cod, Salmon and Herring, drying, salting▪ & barrelling the same, and felling of Trees, hewing and sawing of them, and such like work, meet for those persons as are no men of art or science.  
Many other things may be found to the great relief and good emploiemnts of no small number, of the natural subjects of this Realm, which do now live here ydlelie to the common annoy of the whole state. 
Read the beginning of the book entitled, divers voyages touching the discovery of America.  Neither may I here omit the great hope and likely hood of a passage by the Grand bay, into the South Seas, confirmed by sundry Authors to be found leading to Cataia, the Moluccoes and Spiceries, whereby may ensue as general a benefit to the Realm or greater, than yet hath been spoken off, without either such charges, or other inconveniences, as by the tedious tract of time & peril, which the ordinary passage to those parts at this day doth minister. And to conclude this argument withal, it is well known to all men of sound judgement, that this voyage is of greater importance, and will be found more beneficial to our Country, than all other voyages at this day in use and trade amongst us.   

The fift Chapter showeth, that the trading and planting in those Countries is likely to prove, to the particular profit of all the Adventurers.  
I Must now according to my promise show forth some probable reasons, that the adventurers in this journey, are to take particular profit by the same. It is therefore convenient that I do divide the Adventurers into two sorts: The Noble men men and Gentlemen by themselves, and the Merchants by themselves. For as I do hear, it is meant that there shallbe one society of the Noble men & Gentlemen, and another society of the Merchants. And yet not so divided, but that each society may freely and frankly trade and traffic one with the other.  
And first to bend my speech to the Noblemen and Gentlemen, who do chiefly seek a temperate climate, wholesome air, fertile soil, and a strong place by nature, whereupon they may fortify, and there either plant themselves, or such other persons as they shall think good to send to be Lords of that place and Country: To them I say that all these things are very easy to be found with in the degrees of 30. and 60. aforesaid, either by south or North, both in the Continent, and in Islands thereunto adjoining at their choice: But the degree certain of the clevation of the Pole and the very Climate where these places of force and fertility are to be found, I omit to make public, for such regard as the wiser sort can easily conjecture: the rather because I do certainly understand, that some of those which have the managing of this matter, know it as well or better than I myself, and do mean to reveal the same when cause shall require, to such persons whom it shall concern and to no other: So that they may seat & settle themselves in such Climate as shall best agree with their own nature, disposition, & good liking: & in the whole tract of that land, by the description of as many as have been there, great plenty of mineral matter of all sorts, and in very many places both stones of price, Pearl, and Crystal, and great store of Beasts, Birds, and Fowls both for pleasure and necessary use of man is to be found.  
And for such as take delight in hunting, 
Beasts for pleasure  there are Stags, Wild Boars, Foxes, Hares, coneys, badger's, Otters, & divers other such like for pleasure. Also or such as have delight in Hawking, there are Hawks of sundry kinds, and great store of game, both for Land and River, as Feazaunts, Partridges, Cranes, Heronshawes, Ducks Mallardes, and such like. There is also a kind of Beast, much bigger than an Ox, whose hide is more than 18. foot long, of which sort a Countryman of ours, one Walker a Sea man, who was upon that Coast, did for a truth report, in the presence of divers honourable and worshipful persons, that he and his company did find in one Cottage above 240. Hides. which they brought away and sold in France for xl. shillings and hide, 
Hides sold for xl. shillings apece.  and with this agreeth David Ingram, and describeth that beast at large, supposing it to be a certain kind of Buff: there are likewise beasts and fowls of divers kinds, which I omit for brevities sake, great store of fish both in the salt water & in the fresh, 
Great Grapes. Wine of the Palm-tree.  plenty of Grapes as big as a man's thumb, and the most delicate Wine of the palm-tree, of which wine there be divers of good credit in this realm have tasted: and there is also a kind of grain called Maize, Potato roots, and sundry other fruits natural growing there: so that after such time as they are once settled, they shall need to take no great care for victual.  
And now for the better contentation & satisfaction of such worshipful, honest minded, & well disposed Merchants, as have a desire to the furtherance of every good and commendable action, I will first say unto them, as I have done before to the Noble men and Gentlemen, that within the degrees above said, is doubtless to be found, the most wholesome & best tempature of air, fertility of soil, & every other commodity or merchandise, for the which, with no small peril we do travail into Barbary, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Muscouie & Dansike. All which may be either presently had, or at the least wise in very short time, procured from thence with less danger than now we have them. And yet to the end my argument shall not altogether stand upon likelihoods and presumptions, I say that such persons as have discovered and travailed those parts do testify, that they have found in those Countries, all these things following, namely.  

Of Beasts for furs.  
Martens.  
beavers.  
Fox's black and white.  
Leoperdes.   

Of Worms.  
Silk worms great & large   

Of Birds.  
Hawks.  
Bitters.  
Curlewes.  
Herons.  
Partridges.  
Cranes.  
Mallards'.  
Wild-geese.  
Stockdoves.  
Margaus.  
Blackbirds.  
Parrots.  
Pengwyns.   

Of Fishes.  
Codd.  
Salmon.  
seals.  
Herrings.   

Of Trees.  
palm-trees yielding sweet wines.  
Cedars.  
Fyrres.  
Sassafras.  
Oak.  
Elm.  
Poplar.   
And sundry other strange Trees, to us unknown.  

Of Fruits.  
Grapes, very large.  
Muskemellons.  
Lemons.  
Dates great.  
Oranges.  
Figs.  
Proynes.  
Reisons, great and small.  
Pepper.  
Almonds.  
Citrons.   

Of Metals.  
Gold.  
Silver.  
Copper.  
Lead.  
Tin.   

Of Stones.  
Turkeys.  
Rubies.  
Pearls, great and fair.  
Marble, of divers kinds.  
jasper.  
Crystal.   

Sundry other commodities of all sorts.  
Ro●en.  
Pitch.  
Tar.  
Turpentine.  
Frankincense  
Honey.  
Wax.  
Rhubarb.  
Oil Olive.  
Train Oil.  
Musk cod.  
Salt.  
Tallow.  
Hides.  
Hemp:  
Flax.  
Chuchenell● and Dies of divers sorts.  
Feathers of sundry sorts, as for pleasure and filling of Featherbeddes.   
And seeing that for small costs, the truth of these things may be understood (whereof this intended supply will give us more certain assurance) I do find no cause to the contrary, but that all well minded persons should be willing to adventure some convenient portion, for the furtherance of so good an enterprise.  
Now for the trial hereof, considering that in the Articles of the Society of the adventurers in this voyage, there is provision made, that no adventurer shallbe bound to any further charge than his first adventure: and yet notwithstanding keep still to himself, his children, his apprentices and servants, his and their freedom for trade & traffic which is a privilege that Adventurers in other voyages have not: and in the said articles it is likewise provided, that none other than such as have adventured in the first voyage, or shall become adventurers in this supply, at any time hereafter are to be admitted in the said society, but as Redemptionaries, which will be very chargeable: Therefore generally I say unto all such according to the old Proverb, Nothing venture, Nothing have. For if it do so fall out, according to the great hope & expectation had (as by God's grace it will) the gain which now they reap by traffic into other far Countries, shall by this trade return with less charge, greater gain, and more safety: Less charge I say, by reason of the ample and large deep Rivers at the very bank, whereof there is many, whereby both easily and quietly they may transport from the innermost parts of the main land, all kind of merchandise, yea, in Vessels of great burden, & that three times, or twice in the year at the least. But let us omit all presumptions how vehement soever, & dwell upon the certainty of such commodities as were discovered and found by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 
Commodity's found in August last.  and his assistants in Newfoundland, in August last. For there may be very easily made, Pitch, Tar, Rosen, So●e ashes, in great plenty, yea, as it is thought enough to serve the whole Realm of every of these kinds. And of Train Oil such quantity, as if I should set down the value that they do esteem it at, which have been there, it would seem incredible.  
It is hereby intended, that these commodities in this abundant manner, are not to be gathered from thence, without Planting and settling there. And as for other things of more value, and that of more sorts and kinds then one or two, (which were likewise discovered there) I do hold it for some respects, more meet for a time to be concealed and uttered.  
Of the Fishing I do speak nothing, because it is generally known: And it is not to be forgotten, what very trifles they be that the Savages do require in exchange of these commodities: yea for Pearl, Gold, Silver, and precious stones. All which are matters in trade and trasfique of great moment. But admit that it should so fall out, that the above specified commodities, shall not happily be found out within this first year. Yet it is very clear that such & so many may be found out as shall minister just occasion to think all cost & labour well bestowed. For it is very certain, that there is one seat fit for fortification, of great safety, wherein these commodities following, especially are to be had, that is to say, Grapes for wine, Whales for oil, Hemp for cordage and other necessary things, and Fish of far greater size and plenty, then that of Newfoundland, and of all these so great store as may suffice to serve our whole Realm.  
Besides all this if credit, may be given to the Inhabitants of the same Soil, a certain River doth thereunto adjoin, which leadeth to a place abounding with rich substance: I do not hereby mean the passage to the M●luch●s, whereof before I made mention.  
And it is not to be omitted, how that about two years past, certain Merchants of S. Mallows in France, did hire a Ship out of the Island of jersey, to the end that they would keep that trade secret from their Countrymen, and they would admit no Mariner other than the Ship boy belonging to the said Ship to go with them▪ which Ship was about 70. Tun. I do know the Ship and the boy very well, and am familiarly acquainted with the Owner, which voyage proved very beneficial.  
To conclude, this which is already said, may suffice any man of reasonable disposition to serve for a taste, until such time as it shall please almighty God through our own industry, to send us better tidings. In the mean season, if any man well affected to this journey, shall stand in doubt of any matter of importance touching the same, he may satisfy himself with the judgement and liking of those of good calling and credit, as are principal dealers herein. For it is not necessary in this treatise, publicly to set forth the whole secrets of the voyage.   

¶ The sixth Chapter, showeth that the Traffic and Planting in those Countries, shall be unto the Savages themselves very beneficial and gainful.  
NOw to the end it may appear, that this voyage is not undertaken altogether for the peculiar commodity of ourselves, and our Country, (as generally other trades and journeys be) it shall fall out in proof, that the Savages shall hereby have just cause to bless the hour, when this enterprise was undertaken.  
First and chiefly, in respect of the most happy and gladsome tidings of the most glorious Gospel of our Saviour jesus Christ, whereby they may be brought from falsehood to truth, from darkness to light, from the hieway of death, to the path of life, from superstitious idolatry, to sincere christianity, from the devil to Christ, from hell to Heaven. And if in respect of all the commodities they can yield us (were they many more) that they should but receive this only benefit of christianity, they were more then fully recompensed.  
But hereunto it may be objected, that the Gospel must be freely preached, for such was the example of the Apostles, unto whom although the authorities and examples before alleged, of Emperors, Kings, and Princes, as well before Christ's time as since, might sufficiently satisfy: Yet for further answer, we may say with Saint Paul. If we we have sown unto you heavenly things, 
2. Cor. 9  do you think it much that we should reap your carnal things? And withal, The workman is worthy of his hire. These heavenly tidings which those labourers our country men (as messengers of Gods great goodness and mercy) will voluntarily present unto them, doth far exceed their earthly riches. Moreover, if the other inferior worldly, and temporal things, which they shall receive from us, be weighed in equal balance, I assure myself, that by equal judgement of any indifferent person, the benefits which they then receive, shall far surmount those which they shall departed withal unto us. And admit that they had (as they have not) the knowledge to put their land to some use: Yet being brought from brutish ignorance, to civility and knowledge, and made them to understand how the tenth part of their land may be so manured and employed, as it may yield more commodities to the necessary use of man's life, than the whole now doth: What just cause of complaint may they have? And in my private opinion, I do verily think that God did create land, to the end that it should by Culture and husbandry, yield things necessary for man's life.  
But this is not all the benefit which they shall receive by the christians, for, over & beside the knowledge how to till and dress their grounds, they shallbe reduced from unseemly customs, to honest manners, from disordered riotous routs and companies, to a well governed common wealth & with all shallbe taught mechanical occupations, arts, and liberal Sciences: and which standeth them most upon, they shallbe defended from the cruelty of their tyrannical & blood sucking neighbours, 
The bargain can not be unjust, where both parties are gainers.  the Cannibals, whereby infinite number of their lives shallbe preserved. And lastly; by this means many of their poor innocent children shallbe preserved from the bloody knife of the sacrificer, a most horrible and detestable custom in the sight of God & man, now and ever heretofore used amongst them. Many other things could I here allege to this purpose, were it not that I do fear lest I have already more than half tired the Reader.   

The seventh Chapter showeth that the Planting there, is not a matter of such charge or difficulty, as many would make it seem to be.  
NOw therefore for proof, that the Planting in these parts is a thing that may be done without the aid of the Prince's power and purse, contrary to the allegation of many malicious persons, who will neither be actors in any good action themselves, nor so much as afford a good word to the setting forward thereof: and that worse, is they will take upon them to make Molehylles seem Mountains, and flies Elephants, to the end they may discourage others, that be very well or indifferently affected to the matter, being like unto Esoppes' Dog which neither would eat hay himself, nor suffer the poor hungry ass to feed thereon.  
I say & affirm that God hath provided such means for the furtherance of this enterprise, as doth stand us in steed of great treasure: for first by reason that it hath pleased God of his great goodness, of long time to hold his merciful hand over this Realm, in preserving the people of the same, both from slaughter by the sword, & great deathby plague, pestilence, or otherwise, there is at this day great numbers (God he knoweth) which live in such penury & want, as they could be contented to hazard their lives, and to serve one year for meat, drink, and apparel, only without wages, in hope thereby to amend their estates: which is a matter in such like journeys, of no small charge to the Prince. Moreover, things in the like journeys of greatest price and cost, as victual (whereof there is great plenty to be had in that country without money) and powder, great artillery, or Corselets, are not needful, in so plentiful and chargeable manner, as the show of such a journey, may present, for a small quantity of all these to furnish the Fort only will suffice, until such time as divers commodities may be found out in those parts, which may be thought well worthy a greater charge. Also the peculiar benefit of Archers which God hath blessed this land withal, before all other nations, will stand us in great stead amongst those naked people.  
Another help we have also, which in such like cases is a matter of marvelous cost, and will be in this journey procured very easily (that is to say) To transport yearly as well our people, as all other necessaries, needful for than into those parts by the Fleet of merchants, that yearly venture for Fish in Newfoundland, being not far distant from the country, meant to be inhabited, who commonly go with empty Vessels in effect, saving some little fraught with Salt. And thus it appeareth that the soldiers wages, and the transportation may be defrayed for far less sums of money, than the detractors of this enterprise have given out. Again, this intended voyage for conquest, hath in like manner many other singular privileges, wherewith God hath as it were, with his holy hand blessed the same before all others. For after once we are departed the coast of England, we may pass strait way thither, without danger of being driven into any the countries of our enemies, or doubtful friends, for commonly one wind serveth to bring us thither, which seldom faileth from the middle of januarie, to the middle of May, a benefit which the Mariners make great account off, for it is a pleasure that they have in few or none of the other journeys. Also, the passage is short, for we may go thither in thirty or forty days at the most, having but an indifferent wind, and return continually in sixteen or twenty days at the most. And in the same our journey, by reason it is in the Ocean, and quite out of the way from the intercourse of other countries: we may safely trade and traffic, without peril of piracy, neither shall our Ships, people, or goods, there be subject to the arrest or molestation of any Pagan Potentate, Turkish Tyrant, yea, or christian Prince, which heretofore, sometimes upon slender occasion in other parts, have stayed our Ships and merchandises, whereby great numbers of our Countrymen have been utterly undone, divers put to ransom, yea and some lost their lives: a thing so fresh in memory as it needeth no proof, and well worthy of consideration.  
Besides, in this voyage, we do not cross the burnt line, whereby commonly both beverage and victual are corrupted, and men's health very much impaired, neither do we pass the frozen Seas, which yield sundry extreme dangers: but have a temperate Climate at all times of the year, to serve our turns. And lastly, there need no delays by the way, for taking in of freshwater and Fuel, (a thing usually done in long journeys) because as I said above, the voyage is not long, and the fresh waters taken in there, our men here in England, at their return home, have found so wholesome and sweet, that they have made choice to drink it before our▪ Beer or Ale.  
Behold here good Countrymen, the manifold benefits, commodities and pleasures heretofore unknown, by God's especial blessing not only revealed unto us, but also as it were infused into our bosoms, who though hitherto like Dormice have slumbered in ignorance thereof, being like the Cats that are loath for their pray to wet their feet, yet if now therefore, at the last we would awake, and with willing minds (setting frivolous imaginations aside) become industrious instruments to our selves, Questionless we should not only hereby set foorth the glory of our heavenly Father, but also easily attain to the end of all good purposes, that may be wished or desired.  
And may it not much encourage us to hope for good success in the country of these Savages, being a naked kind of people, void of the knowledge of the discipline of war, seeing that a Noble man, being but a subject in this Realm, (in the time of our King Henry the second) by name Strangbowe, them Earl of Chepstowe in South Wales, by himself and his alleys and assistants, at their own proper charges, passed over into Ireland, and there made conquest of the now Country, and then kingdom of Ly●●ster, at which time it was very populous & strong; which history, our own Chronicles do witness. And why should we be dismayed, more than were the Spaniards, who have been able within these few years, to conquer, possess and enjoy; so large a tract at the earth, in the west- Indieses, as is between the two Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, not only in the main firm land of America▪ which is 47. degrees in latitude from South to North, & doth contain 2820. English miles at the least, that the King of Spain hath there, in actual possession besides many goodly & rich Islands, as Hispaniola, now called Sa. Domingo, Cuba, jamica, and divers other, which are both beautiful and full of treasure, not speaking any whit at all, how large the said Land is from East to West, which in some places is accounted to be 1500. English miles at the least, from East to West, between the one Sea and the other.  
Or why should our Noble nation be dismayed, more than was Vasques Numes de Balboa, 
2. D●cad. lib. 5. fo. 77. of the West Indes, in English Cano●s is a kind of boat. 3. Decad. lib. 1. fol. ●7.  a private Gentleman of Spain, who with the number of 70. Spaniards at Tich●ri, gave an overthrow unto that mighty King Chemacchus, having an Army of an hundred Canoes & 5000. men, and the say de Vasques Numes not long after, with his small number, did put to flight King Chiapes his whole Army.  
Likewise Hernando Cortese, being also but a private Gentleman of Spain, 
About the year of our Lord 1511.  after his departure from the Islands of Cuba and Acusamill, and entering into the firm of America, had many most victorious & triumphant conquests, as that at Cyntla, where being accompanied with less than 500 Spanish footmen, 
Conquest of the West Indes fol. 43 and 45. in English.  thirteen Horsemen, and six pieces of ordinance only he overthrew 40000 Indians The same Cortese with his said number of Spaniards, took prisoner that mighty Emperor Meter●ma in his most chief and famous City of Mexico, which at that instant had in it above the number of 500000▪ Indians at the least, and in short time after, obtained not only the quiet possession of the said City, But also of his whole Empire.  
And in like manner in the Country of Peru, which the King of Spain hath now in actual possession, Francisco Pysare, with the only aid of Diego de Almagro, and Hernando Luche, being all three but private Gentlemen was the principal person that first attempted the discovery and conquest of the large and rich Country of Peru, which through the aid of the almighty, he brought to pass and achieved, in the Tambo of Cassiamalcha, (which is a large place of ground, enclosed with walls) in which place he took the great and mighty Prince Attabalipa prisoner, 
A marvelous victory.  amidst the number of 60000 Indians his subjects, which were ever before that day accounted to be a warlike kind of people, which his great victory it pleased God to grant unto him in the year of our Lord 1533. he not having in his company above the number of 210. Spaniards, whereof there was not passed 60, horsemen in all: After the taking of which Prince, Attabalipa, he offered unto Pyzare for his ransom, to fill a great large Hall full of Gold and Silver, and such Gold and Silver vessels as they then used, even as high as a man might reach with his arm. And the said Prince caused the same Hall to be marked round about at the said height, which ransom Pyzara granted to accept. And after when as this mighty Prince had sent to his vassals & subjects to bring in Gold and Silver for the filling of the Hall, as aforesaid, as namely to the Cities or Towns of Quito, Pacyacama and Cusco, as also to the Caloa of Lyma, in which Town, as their own writers do affirm, they found a large and fair house, all s●ated and covered with ●olde: and when as the said Hal was not yet a quarter full, a mutiny arose amongst the Spaniards, in which it was commonly given out, that the said Prince had politicly offered this great ransom under pretence to raise a much more mighty power, whereby the Spaniards should be taken slain, and overthrown: whereupon they grew to this resolution, to put the said Prince to death, and to make partition of the gold and silver already brought in, which they presently put in execution. And coming to make perfect Inventory of the same, as well for the Emperor than King of Spain, his fift part as otherwise there was found to be already brought in into the said Hall, the number of 132425. pound weight of silver, and in gold the number of 1828125. pesos, 
A pezo is worth seven. s. vi. d. English.  which was a riches never before that nor since seen of any man together, of which there did appertain to the Emperor for his fift part of Gold 365625. pesos, & for his fift part of silver 26485. pound weight, & to every Horseman 8000. pesos of gold, and 67, pound weight of silver. Every Soldier had 4550. pesos of gold, and 280. pound weight of silver. Enety Captain had, some 30000. some, 20000. pesos of gold and of silver, propottionally answerable to their degrees and calling, according to the rate agreed upon amongst them. 
See the History of the West Indies in French; the xiii. book. fol. 138. some part whereof is translated into English.  France's Pizare as their General, according to his degree and calling proportionally, had more than any of the rest, over and beside the Massy table of gold, which Attahalipa had in his Lyttier, which weighed, 25000. pesos of Gold: never was there before that day, Soldiers so rich in so small a time, and with so little danger. And in this journey for want of Iron, they did show their Horses some with Gold, and some with silver. This is to be seen in the general. History of the west Indies, whereas the doings of Pizare, and the conquest of the Peru is more at large set forth.  
To this may I add the great discoveries & conquests, which the Princes of Portugal have made round about the West, the South, and the East parts of Africa, and also at Calicute and in the East Indies, and in America, at Brasilia and elsewhere, in sundry Islands in fortifying, peopling, and planting all along the said Coasts, & Islands, ever as they discovered, which being rightly weighed and considered, doth minister just cause of encouragement to our country men, not to account it so hard and difficult a thing for the subjects of this noble Realm of England, to discover people plant and possess the like goodly lands and rich Countries not far from us, but near adjoining and offering itself unto us (as is aforesaid) which have never yet heretofore, been in the actual possession of any other Christian Prince, than the Princes of this realm All which, (as I think) should not a little animate and encourage us, to look out and to adventure abroad, understanding what large Countries and Islands the Portugeses with their small number have within these few years discovered, peopled, and planted, some part whereof I have thought it not amiss, briefly in particular to name, both the Towns, Countries, and Islands, so near as I could upon the sudden call them to remembrance, for the rest I do refer this Reader to the Histories, where more at large the same is to be seen. first they did win and conquer from the Princes of Barbary the Island of Geysera & town of Arzilla, not past 140 mile distant from their Metropolitan and chief City of Fez: and after that they won also from the said Princes the Towns of Tangier, Seuta, Mazigam Azamore and Azaffie, all alongst the Sea Coasts. And in the year of our Lord 1455. Alovis de Cademost● a gentleman Venetian, was he that first discovered for their use Cape Verd, with the Islands adjoining, of which he then peopled and planted those of Bonanista and Santiago discovering also the River Senega, otherwise called Niger and Cape Rogue and Sere Leone, and in a few years after they did discover the Coast of Ginea, and there peopled & built the Castle of Mine: then discovered they further, to the countries of Melegettes, Benyn, and Manicongo, with the Islands of Principe, Anobon, Saint Matthew, and S. Thomas, under the equinoctial line, which they peopled and built in the said Island of S. Thomas, the Haven Town or Port of Pavosan. After that, about the year of our Lord 1494. one Bartholomew Dias was sent forth, who was the first man that discovered and doubled that great and large Cape called Bon, Esperance, and passing the Curraunts that run upon the said coast, on the Southest part of Africa, between the said main Land and the Island of S. Laurence, otherwise called of the ancients, Madagascar, he discovered to the harbour named the River of Infants. After that since the year of our Lord God 1497. and before the full accomplishment of the year of Christ 1510 through the travails and discoveries of Vasques de Game, Peter Aluares, Thomas Lopes, Andrew Corsale, john de Empolie, Peter Sinter, Sancho Detoar, 
Ceffala is accounted to be the place where the Noble and wise King Solomon did fetch his gold.  and that noble and worthy Gentleman Alonso de Alburqueque, they did discover people, and plant at Ceffala, being upon the East side of Africa, in 20. degrees of latitude of the South pole, and direct West from the Island of S. Laurence, (at which Port of Ceffala, divers do afirme that King Solomon did fetch his gold) As also upon the said East side of Africa, they did afterward discover people, and plant at M●nzanbique, Quil●● Monbaz● and Melinde 2. degrees of sotherly latitude, and so up to the straight of Bubell, Mandell at the entering of the Red sea, all upon the East coast, of Africa, from whence they put off at the Cape of Garda Funi, and past the great gulf of Arabia, or Indian Sea East to Sinus Persicus, and the Island of Ormus, and so passing the large and great River Indus, where he hath his fall into the main Ocean, in 23. degrees & di. under the tropic of Cancer, of Septentrional latitude, they made their course again directly towards the South, and began to discover people and plant upon the west side of the hither India at Goa, Mangallor, Canan●r, Calecute, and Chochyn, and the Island of Zeylam.  
And here I think good to remember to you, that after their planting upon this coast, their forces grew so great, that they were able to compel all the Mores, the subjects of the mighty Emperor of the Turks to pay tribute unto them, ever as they passed the Gulf of Arabia, from the port of Mecca in Arabia filice, where Mahomet lieth buried, or any of the other ports of the said Land, ever as they passed to and from the havens of Cochyn, Calecute, and Cananor, and by their martial manner of discipline, practised in those parts, the great and mighty Prince the Sophy Emperor of the Persians, & professed enemy to the Turck, came to the knowledge and use of the Caliver shot, and to interlace and join footmen with his Horsemen, since which time the Persians, have grown to that strength and force, that they have given many mighty and great overthrows to the Turk, to the great quiet of all Christendom.  
And from the Island of Zeylam aforesaid, they also discovered more East, in passing the Gulf of Bengala, and so passed the notable and famous River of Ganges, where he hath his fall into the main Ocean, under the tropic of Cancer, and to the Cape of Malaca, and unto the great & large Islands of Sumatro, 
These are the furthest parts of the world from England. At these Islands hath Sir France's Drake been, where the fame of the Qu. most excellent Majesty was renowned.  java maior, java minor, Mindano, Palobane, Celebes, Gilolo, Tydore, Mathin, Borneio, Machian, Terranette, and all other the Islands of Molucques and Spiceries, and so East, alongst the coasts of Cataia, to the Ports of China, Zayton, and Quinsay, and to the Islands of Zipango, and japan, situate in the East, in 37. degrees of septentrional latitude and in 195. of longitude. Their noble and worthy discoveries here also is not to be forgotten, that in the year of our Lord 1501. that famous and worthy gentleman Americus Vespusue, did discover people and plant to their use the Holds and forts which they have in Brasillia▪ of whom (he being but a private Gentleman, the whole Country or firm Land of the West Indies, is commonly called and known by the name of America.  
I do greatly doubt lest I seem overtedious in the recital of the particular discoveries and conquests of the East and west Indies, wherein I was the more bold to urge the patience of the Reader, to the end it might most manifestly and at large appear, to all such as are not acquainted with the Histories, how the King of Portugal, whose Country for popularity and number of people, is scarce comparable to some three shires of England. And the King of Spain likewise, whose natural Country doth not greatly abound with people Both which Princes by means of their discoveries, within less than 90. years past, have as it appeareth, both mightily and marvelously enlarged their territories & dominions through their own industry, by the assistance of the omnipotent, whose aid we shall not need to doubt, seeing the cause & quarrel which we take in hand tendeth to his honour and glory, by the enlargement of the Christian faith.  
To conclude, since by christian duty we stand bound chiefly to further all such acts as do tend to the increasing the true flock of Christ, by reducing into the right way those lost sheep which are yet astray. And that we shall therein follow the example of our right virtuous predecessors of renowned memory, and leave unto our posterity, a device memorial of so godly an enterprise. Let us I say for the considerations alleged, enter into judgement with ourselves, whether this action may belong to us or no. The rather for that this voyage through the mighty assistance of the omnipotent God, shall take our desired effect (whereof there is no just cause of doubt) Then shall her majesties dominions be enlarged, her highness ancient titles justly confirmed, all odious idleness from this our Realm utterly banished. divers decayed Towns repay red, and many poor and needy persons relieved, and estates of such as now live in want shallbe embettered. The ignorant & barbarous Idolaters taught to know Christ. The innocent defended from their bloody tyrannical neighbours. The diabolical custom of sacrificing humane Creatures abolished.  
All which (no man doubteth) are things grateful in the sight of our Saviour, and tending to the honour and glory of the Trinity: Be of good cheer therefore, for he that can not err hath said: That before the end of the world, his word shall be preached to all nations. Which good work, I trust is reserved for our Nation to accomplish in these parts: Wherefore my dear Countrymen, be not dismayed, for the power of God is nothing diminished, nor the love that he hath to the preaching and planting of the Gospel any whirt abated. Shall we then doubt he will be less ready, most mightily and miraculously to assist our Nation in this quarrel, which is chiefly and principally undertaken for the enlargement of the christian faith abroad, and the banishment of idleness at home, than he was to Columnus, Vasques Numes, Hernand● Cortese, and Frances Pyzare in the west: and Vasques de Game, Peter Aluares, & Alonso de Alburqueque in the East.  
Let us therefore with cheerful minds and courageous hearts, give the attempt, and leave the sequel to almighty God, for if he be on our part, what forceth it who be against us. Thus leaving the correction & reformation unto the gentle Reader, whatsoever is in this Treatise too much or too little, or otherwise unperfect, I take leave and so end.  
FINIS.   

❧ The Contents of the Articles of Assurance, between the Principal assigns of Sir Humphrey Gilbert Knight, and the four sorts of adventurers, with them in the voyage for the Western Discoveries.  

associates. which be such as adventure. C. l.  
Assystants. which be such as adventure. L. l.  
Adventurers in the first degree. which be such as adventure. XX. v. l.  
Adventurers in the second degree. which be such as adventure. Xii. l. x. s.   
EVery person which hath adventured in money or commodities with Sir Humphrey Gilbert Knight, 
The ratification of former Adventurers.  or with any principal assign from him, shall have and enjoy all such Lands, Liberties, Freedoms, Priveleges and commodities as to any of them hath been granted or covenanted by the said Sir Humphrey, or by any principal assign, in writing to be showed under his or their hands and seals. So as he hath or shall deliver in all his adventure before the last day of December next.  
And every person which hath adventured himself in the last voyage, 
Rewards to such as have adventured in person in the last voyage Associates.  & continued in the same, until such time as the admiral of the said voyage was lost, and will adventure himself in this next voyage, shall in recompense have his rate doubled.  
Every person, that shall adventure in this next voyage, in money or commodities, the some of one hundredth pounds and received by the treasurer, agent or other person authorized to be kept in a Storehouse, provided for that purpose: shall bear the name of an associate, he, his heirs, and four of his servants serving him seven years, to have free liberty to trade and traffic in the said Countries. And shall have a just portion according to the quantity of his adventure, of all commodities gotten & returned into England, by any the Vessels which shall be set forth by the said principal assign, before the twentieth of March next, in Anno 1583.  
He shall have to him and his heirs for ever, sixteen thousand acres of Land, there to be peopled and manured at his pleasure, holding the same in socage tenor by Fealty only, with authority to keep Court Leete, and Court Barron upon the same, at his pleasure, with as great royalties in as large & ample manner as any Associate there, or other Subject in this Realm now enjoyeth any lands in England.  
He to be chosen for one of the chiefest persons for making of Laws there. And shall be free from all arrests, tortures, and execution by Marshal Law.  
Yielding and paying yearly, ten shillings for every thousand acres after the same shall be possessed and occupied one whole year and to the Queen's majesty the fift part of Gold and Silver Ower, which shall be clearly gotten, one other fift part of Gold, Silver, Ower, Pearl and Precious stones, to Sir Humphrey Gylbert and his heirs, and to the principal assign the like fift part. & also one fift part of Crystal to the said principal assign to be found and clearly gotten upon the same sixteen thousand acres.  
There shallbe levied within three years after the said Land shallbe inhabited, for every acre manured on halfpenny yearly for the building of Forts, Towns, Churches Ships, maintenance of learning and Soldiers, and relieving of maimed persons etc. to be bestowed and employed at the discretion of the principal▪ Assign and his heirs, the lieutenant and Associate, there for the time being.  
EVery parson adventuring as aforesaid the some of fifty pounds, 
Assistants  shall bear the name of an Assistant, he, and his heirs males, and three of his servants, serving him seven years to have free liberty to trade, as in the first Article of Associates.  
He shall have to him his heirs for ever eight thousand acres of Land, to be peopled and manured as aforesaid, holding the same as aforesaid, with free liberty to keep court Leete & court Baron, at his pleasure, and to take the commodities thereunto belonging.  
Yielding & paying as in the fourth Article of the Associates.  
To belevied one halfepeney yearly for every acre, as in the fift Article of the Associates.  
EVery person adventuring as aforesaid: 
Adventurers in the first degree.  the some of xxv. pound shall be an adventurer of the first degree he, and his heirs males, and two of his servants serving him seven years, to be free of trade, etc. as in the first Article of the Associates.  
He shall have to him and his heirs for ever, four thousand acres of Land, to be peopled and manured as aforesaid, holding the same as aforesaid, with free liberty to keep Court Barron at his pleasure, & to take the commodities thereunto belonging.  
Yielding and paying as aforesaid, and over and above to the principal assign the tenth part of Copper.  
To be levied one halfpenny yearly as aforesaid.  
EVery person adventuring, as aforesaid the some of xii. pound x. shillings, 
Adventurers in the second degree.  shallbe an adventurer of the second degree, he and his heirs males and one of his servants serving him seven years, to be free of trade, etc. as in the first article of the associates.  
He shall have to him and his heirs for ever two thousand acres of land, to be peopled and manured as aforesaid, holding the same as aforesaid.  
Yielding and paying as aforesaid, in the third article of the adventurers of the first degree.  
To be levied one halfpenny yearly as aforesaid.  
The general and admiral in this voyage, 
General.  shall have in all things as an associate, with double quantity of Land, the Leiftenaunt and Vice-admiral in quantity of Land as an associate, and in privileges as an assistant.  
Every Captain, 
Captains and Masters.  and Master of a ship in the said voyage, shall have as an assistant.  
EVery Ma. his mate, Ma. Carpenter and Ma. Gunner, and quarter Ma shall have in Land as an assistant, & in privileges as an adventurer of the first degree.  
EVery skilful man in trying of mineral matters, and every apothecary skilful in choice of drugs, shall have in Land as an assistant, and in privileges as an adventurer of the first degree.  
EVery Gunners and Carpenters mates, Steward, Surgeon, Boteswane, Purser, Trumpeter and other Officer and necessary artificer, having their necessary instumentes and tools, shall have according to the rate of Lands as an adventurer of the first degree, and in privileges as an adventurer of the the second dgree.  
Every Soldier and Mariner shall have in all things as an adventurer of the second degree. 
soldiers   
EVery Person that shall winter and remain in those Countries, one whole year shall have double the quantity of Land, as by this rate he ought to have, if he did not stay one year as aforesaid.  
These rewards to be extended to those persons only, which shall travel in the said voyage for, their thirds or shares upon their own adventures without wages and not to any others.  
EVery person, who shallbe willing to adventure in commodities, as aforesaid under the some of xii. pound x. shillings shall have freedom of trad, land and liberties rated, according to the proportion of his adventure  
FVery person which hath, or shall adventure in this voyage in money or commodities as aforesaid, and will also adventure his person in this next voyage shall have in respect of his person according to the ra● aforesaid, over and above his adventure.