THE SPANISH PILGRIM: OR, AN ADMIRABLE DISCOVERY of a ROMISH CATHOLIC.  
Showing how necessary and important it is, for the Protestant Kings, Princes, and Potentates of Europe, to make war upon the King of Spain's own Country: Also where, and by what means, his Dominions may be invaded and easily ruinated; as the English heretofore going into Spain, did constrain the Kings of Castille to demand peace in all humility, and what great loss it hath been, and still is to all Christendom, for default of putting the same in execution.  
Wherein he makes apparent by good and evident reasons, infallible arguments, most true and certain Histories, and notable examples, the right way, and true means to resist the violence of the Spanish King, to break the course of his designs, to beat down his pride, and to ruinated his puissance.  
LONDON Printed by B. A. and are to be sold by Thomas Archer at his shop in Pope's head Alley, over against the sign of the Horse-shoe. 1625.   

THE EPISTLE OF THE French Translator, to all the Protestant Kings, Princes, and Potentates in the Christian World.  
Most excellent Princes,  
IT was my hap to contract amity with certain Gentlemen of Arragon, and other Spaniards (not castilians, for to them I wots not how to carry any affection, which should exceed the prescript rule of the Gospel) of whom I understood many things touching matters of State, which were to me strange and unknown: by reason that there were amongst them some personages exceedingly well learned, and most conversant and expert in all Histories, and notably well seen and practised in the affairs of the World. There was one above the rest in their company, a man of great spirit judgement, and experience who had seen a great part of Europe, and (having been for a long time in Portugal) had dealt and conversed with the Portugals, whose Language he spoke naturally, and had read all the Histories of that Realm, and was so well acquainted with all their affairs, and knew them all so particularly, that I did greatly wonder at it. For, in things that were to come, I found him in manner of a Prophet: in so much that for the vivacity and quickness of his spirit, and the long experience which he hath had, he seemeth to me to have as great knowledge in things to come, as if he saw them present before his eyes. He made proof unto me by many reasons (which did not only plainly convince my opinion, but did as it were bind me hand and foot) that these voyages, and others of like kind, would never draw with them any other profit, nor serve to any other purpose, then to waken the sleeping dog, and to reinforce the common enemy. Now considering that Don Philip King of Castille hath a Council, the most choice and excellent, such as never Prince in this World had a better, his servitors most loyal and faithful, great forces, and abundance of treasure, upon the which all other things do depend: and yet notwithstanding all this, he doth not leave daily to cause diverse Books to be imprinted in his favour and defence, I do therefore desire to have drawn from this learned and worthy person some thing written with his own hand, which I might present unto your Majesties: and to this end did I diverse times make request unto him, but I could never get him to yield or condescend thereunto. Wherefore bethinking with myself, that as poverty, grief, and melancholy, doth bury, and (as it were) kill the spirits of a man, so the commodities of this life, contentment and cheerfulness, doth revive and quicken them, I determined because I saw him sad, pensive, and melancholic, by reason of his exile and misfortunes out of his own Country, to procure his pleasure and contentment, knowing that by this means I might obtain the accomplishment of my desire, I did therefore set open my gates and my House unto him, I presented him with my Purse, and made him partner of my Coin; I cherished and entertained him for many days, and (for love of him) some other of his company. And by this courtesy I made him so beholding to me, that afterwards having many times held dispute and conference together, I caused him in the end to take his Pen in hand. Thereupon did he compose in the castilian Tongue, this Discourse, which he entitled Trattado paranaetico: and he presented it unto me. The which when I had read, a most strange admiration or astonishment did ravish me: for that I never saw (I will not say in so little a Volume) but not even in great Books, so many curiosities reported, so many and diverse Histories, things so secret and particular, admonishments so necessary to be embraced, nor counsels so just to be followed. And knowing perfectly the excellency of this work, and how greatly important it would be to be seen of your Majesties, and by the Kings, Princes, Potentates, and Commonweals of Europe. And albeit I know my style to be rude and barbarous, yet such was my ambition (I confess mine own infirmity) that I was not willing that any other should have the pleasure in doing it. In some places I have augmented it: holding it so to be needful, for the better and more clear understanding of the History. Touching the original, I thought it reason not to abridge or cut off any part thereof. I most humbly beseech, in regard of your most Christian Majesties, to receive it with that good affection, which Princes oweth to their Subjects: who for his service, will not esteem to hazard the loss of all that he possesseth: much less to make himself uncapable for the obtaining of that which of right is due unto him, and who for the good and honour of his Country, will spend his life most freely and willingly. God preserve and bless the most Christian persons of your Majesties, with so great abundance of spiritual graces, and assist you and make you to prosper with so many riches of temporal blessings, as is possible to his divine Majesty. Amen.  
The most faithful Subject of the most Christian King of France, and loyal Servant to the most wise and excellent King of England, I. D. Dralymont.   

The Publisher to the Reader.  
FRiendly Reader, thou hast in this little Pamphlet an incomparable treasure, a rich store-house and magazine full of precious speeches, true Histories, rare examples, lively reasons, and wholesome counsels: the which if their Majesties, and the Kings, Princes, Potentates, and Commonweals of Christendom would embrace, follow, and put in execution, without doubt they should soon obtain and find a medicine for so many mischiefs, a remedy for so great and continual afflictions and intolerable travels, wherewith their Subjects have for so many years wrestled and contended. And I dare assure them, that by observing the advice here given them, they shall preserve their Estates in time to come from all danger: for even as the great fishes do persecute and devour the small and little ones; so in like manner those neighbours which are most mighty and puissant, do despoil and consume the others who are of less puissance. Now we know that there are two especial reasons for which the Author hath prolonged and drawn out at length this his Discourse, enriching it with Histories so singular, and beautifying it with such rare authorities and examples. The former is: for that, as he hath endeavoured lively to depaint unto us our enemy, and to make us know the natural disposion of those Nations, of whom we have great cause to take good heed; seeing that all that which he hath spoken, doth set forward this his intent and purpose, he saw it would not be any inconvenience, to use therein some prolixity. If a man by compact, as bound thereto by another, or of his own proper motion and free will, and upon curiosity, would undertake a voyage of some three or four leagues, not having any time prefixed nor limited for dispatch thereof, what harm would it be unto him, if in his passage he do find some Gardens where he may recreate and refresh himself, from the travel and wearisomeness of the way? So do you my Masters read this Treatise at your pleasure, use it for your recreation, and take your delight in the sweet odours of her flowers and pleasant posies. You need make no great haste, there is no man that doth urge you thereto. A second reason of the prolixity of this Treatise, is, for that as the Author is driven of necessity to handle the virtues and the vices of diverse persons and sundry Nations: so his will was, that each of them should have his due desert: the good and those that have done well, praise and honour; but the evil and vicious, blame and reprehension. In the end of this Treatise you shall find the explication which he promiseth, Fol. 143; in the which there are many things both of great curiosity, and also as necessary to the matter in hand as any of the rest. For that in knowledge, understanding, and experience, he doth fare exceed me, as his work doth show apparently. Touching the which briefly, I dare not affirm any thing, but this, that each word of his is a sentence, and that each sentence containeth many. I must confess, that to some persons in particular, his Treatise will be ill accepted: but what remedy? he hath spoken but the truth, and what he affirmeth he proveth, and he allegeth nothing without his Author to justify it. And truly I for my part am of this opinion: that it is not against reason, to publish the wickedness and vices of some one particular person, which being true, may be made known to every man, especially when the knowledge thereof may redound to the great good and benefit of the weal public. But to come to an end, let me entreat you to take in good part that which I have said.   

A Table made by the Author, of the principal things contained in this Treatise.  

THe reasons which have moved Philip king of Castille to stir up war in France: and what opinion he hath of the French. page 2.  
The league in France imitateth that in Spain, in the year 1463. page 4.  
Philip against his promise, causeth the captain Anthony to hanged. page 4.  
What pains and labour Philip hath taken, to procure war against the most Christian king Henry the 3. deceased, by the mean of the king now being: and of the promises which he hath made unto his Majesty for that purpose. page 6.  
The great desire which the late king Henry the third had to have set Portugal at liberty. page 8.  
That Portugal is the cause of the war in France. page 8.  
How necessary and important a thing it is, that the enemy have war made upon him in his own country. page 8.  
What the nature and disposition is of the natural Spaniards. page 15.  
What sorrow and grief the Princes and Lords of Spain did take to see the invasion and usurpation of Portugal: and what desire they have to see it deliverer. page 17.  
The malice of the Castiliannation, and their disloyalty against strangers, when they have any occasion offered them to domineer and rule over them. page 19  
The enmity and hatred of the Castilians against the Portugals. page 22.  
The loyalty and fidelity of the Portugal. page 24.  
The cause why Portugal was not restored to her liberty in the year 1589, when the king Don Anthonio drew the English into Portugal: with a true declaration of that voyage. page 27.  
The great riches found at Lisbon. page 29.  
The reason why so many faults were committed in that Army of the English. page 33.  
That the most Christian king, and the Princes and Potentates of Europe have very great cause and interest, to hinder the Portugals from according with the Castilian. page 33.  
A deduction of certain reasons, between the Author and a Frenchman, upon the voyage which it behoveth the French to make into Spain, and what losses they have had for default of putting the same in execution in times past. page 36.  
What the state and condition is of an assailant, and of a defendant. page 40.  
That tyranny, and cruelty, and a disordinate and dishonest life is the cause of the ruin and destruction of great Estates and Monarchies. page 43.  
The cause wherefore the king Roderick lost Spain. page 44.  
That the English heretofore going into Spain, with the Portugals, did constrain the kings of Castille to demand peace in all humility: and what conditions (to their great disadvantage) they were constrained to receive of them, and of the valour of the Portugals, with the honourable testimony of the king of Castille, and of the force and puissance of Portugal against Spain. from page 50. to 53.  
Where, and by what way Spain may be invaded, and the enemy easily ruinated. page 55.  
The Portugals most impatient when their honour is in question. page 56.  
How and by what means the king of Castille hath so easily usurped the realm of Portugal. page 57  
What and how great the force of Portugal is: & the negligence of the king Don Anthonio and of his Counsel. page 59  
The unlawful and unjust treaties made by king Philip with Muley Malucco, whereof ensued the loss and destruction of the king Don Sebastian: And how Philip doth rejoice & triumph at the prosperity of the Turk: and for what cause he forbeareth to hinder the Turk from making war in Europe, which he may easily do. page 60.  
The description of Portugal, with the greatness, riches, and puissance thereof. page 65.  
King Philip much addicted to cosmography, and greatly practised and expert in histories. page 70.  
That the Castilians for these three hundred years last passed have done nothing of any worth without the Portugals. page 73.  
That Portugal is the principal cause of all the wars and revolts which have been since the year 1580, even till this day: and will be still if order be not taken to the contrary. page 74.  
How king Philip doth gourmandise and encroach upon the elections of the Popes and Cardinals. page 74.  
That tyranny is as proper & natural to the Castilian as laughter is to a man: and that all which he hath in any part of the world, hath been usurped, either by his predecessors or by himself. unjustly and by plain tyranny: and that it is now a long time since the predecessors of, Philip have used to serve their turn by poisoning. page 76.  
The hatred which the Ecclesiastical and Regular persons of Portugal have to Philip king of Castille. page 85.  
The nature and disposition of the Portugals. page 86.  
john the second king of Portugal, the scourge and chastiser of the Castilians. page 87.  
That the realms of Arragon, of Valencia, and the County of Barcelona, & other Signories, do appertain of right to the Duke of Lorraine: and how Fernand the great grandfather of Philip was one of the masters of Machiavelli. page 88  
The cruelty of Philip: and how he maketh no exception of persons, be it Pope, Nuncio, Bishop, etc. page 89. & 91.  
That king Philip promised fourscore thousand ducats to have the king Don Anthonio killed. page 95.  
The blindness and inveiglement of those, who being the followers of king Philip, do excuse and defend him. page 97.  
Good and wholesome counsel for subjects towards their Princes. page 99  
The great rents and revenues which Philip draweth yearly from the Churches of Castille. page 101.  
The offer made by Philip to them of the pretended Reformed religion, to cause them to make war against the late King of France. page 104.  
How greatly Philip hath pained himself, to trouble the estate of the French king, by the means of some of the chief heads both of the one religion and of the other. page 105.  
The reason wherefore king Philip yielded the city of Arzil to Muley Hamet. page 107.  
The great difference & diversity between the manners of Philip king of Castille, and Anthonio king of Portugal. page 107.  
The cause why Don Anthonio refused the means to recover his realm of Portugal. page 109.  
Offers made by king Philip to Don Anthonio. page 109.  
The explication promised by the Author. page 119.  
Of the proverb: If the Cockerel had not come, the Cock had been taken. page 119.  
Of Auila. page 121.  
Of Simancas. page 122.  
The judgement given by the Lackeys against the Archbishop of Toledo. page 123.  
Of Gelorico. page 124.  
Of the Castle of Coimbre. page 125.  
Of the king of Castille. page 126.  
Of Egbert the first king of England. page 132.  
Of the Castilians and Castille. page 132  
The reason why Braga entitleth itself Primate of Spain. page 132.  
Toledo, Cordua, and other kingdoms of new Castille, set at liberty, and recovered from the Moors. page 132.  
Of the Cities of Spain. page 134.  
Of the towns of Spain. page 135.    

THE SPANISH PILGRIM, OR A ROMISH CATHOLICS DISCOVERY, By way of exhortation. Wherein is showed by good and evident reasons, infallible arguments, most true and certain histories and notable examples, the right way and true means to resist the violence of the Castilian King, to break the course of his designs, to abate his pride, and to ruinated his puissance.  

MOst excellent Princes, they which do make profession of wrestling or of fencing, do principally study how to discover the tricks and devices used by their adversaries in these kinds of exercises; for that having once marked and taken notice of the same, they do enter into the lists, and present themselves in place, and do combat with so much the more hardiness and assurance, as having conceived thereby a full and assured hope to overcome their enemies, and by giving them the foil, to gain the prize propounded for the victory. In like manner ought we in all affairs diligently to search out the original of every thing, that we may foresee and prevent all the inconveniences which may grow therein, to the intent, they may not endamage us in the time to come afterwards. Now that which we in this Treatise ought most curiously to put in practice, is to know and discover the reasons which have moved Philip King of Castille to make war in France, with so great expense and charge of his treasure, with so great loss of his people, and with so great decrease and diminution of his dominions, especially in the Low Countries. If the most Christian King Henry the third were living, he could say as much as a certain stranger his servant coming from Spain, in the year 1583. in the month of May, did give him to understand: and that was, that the said King Philip seeing how his most Christian Majesty had permitted Monsieur de Shosse, the County du Brissar, 
The reasons that moved Philip king of Castille to stir up wars in France, what opinion he hath of the French nation  and other Lords and Gentlemen, to go with an army by Sea to give aid and secure to Don Anthony the true & rightful King of the Realms of Portugal, who had been elected King according to the custom of the Portugals, by all the cities and towns of the said Realm, and by many Provinces and Signories out of Europe, being dependants of the same Realm and Kingdom. The said Philip did deliberate in a solemn set Council to stir up and procure a civil war in France: saying, the French nation is at this day of such a nature, and likewise the English, that they never think upon the time to come, nor care for any thing, but for the present, and that which they have in hand, as being more desirous to gain day by day three or four Crowns then to keep three or four thousand already gotten: so fare are they changed from their old and natural disposition. For in former times they had a desire to go abroad out of their own Counttey for the succouring of Kings and Princes afflicted & despoiled of their Realms and Dominions: and to make war upon the Infidels, and to chastise tyrants, whereas now their thoughts are quite & clean altered, and they do set their minds altogether to the gotting of money v●on any conditions whatsoever, and they are now grown to be no less in love with the lasciviousness, and delights of their own country, than they are in dislike with the sterility and extreme heat of Spain, & other discommodities of this country: and for this cause we shall the more easily persuade and induce them to make war within their own countries, even against their own brethren, cousins, parents, and countrymen, rather than abroad against their enemies. And for this cause I will and am resolved to spend one million of gold the more yearly, to the intent I may keep and entertain them always in domestical and civil wars. So that being held occupied, and having their hands full in their own country, they shall not be able to resolve to pass into the Realms and dominions of any other. And so by means hereof shall I be able easily to preserve the Realm of Portugal to my sefle with all that doth depend upon it. And whatsoever it shall cost me the keeping, yet the profit will be greater than the expense, for that each year I do levy thereof near three millions of gold, and continuing in the possession of the same. It may be that in time I shall be able to gain the affections and good wills of the Portugals, howbeit that I know they be now at this day very contrary against me. But hereafter, if I get them once to be my friends, and having with them their strong ships, galleons, and other vessels of war, besides the good counsel and conduct of all their sage and experienced mariners, I shall make myself sole and absolute Lord of all the Ocean Sea, and I shall cause myself to be redoubted and obeyed throughout the whole world, and so will I retain & keep in my hands this realm, which of all the kingdoms of Spain is of most importance, to the intent I may leave it sure & peaceable to my successors. This is the sum of the speech which Philip had, and of the conclusions which he took with his counsel in the city of Tison in November 1582. after the arrival thither of the marquis de Santa Cruse, at such time as he returned victorious from the Island of S. Michael. In the same Council was by him also laid the first and principal stone, 
The league of France made in imitation of that in the year 1463. Stephen Garibay. lib. 17. cap. 10. 11 12.  whereupon the late League of France was founded. And there it was first by him ordained, concluded and baptised, in imitation of that which was so named, and made by the rebels in Castille against King Henry the fourth, and which afterwards was again revived in favour of Isabella and Ferdinand his great grand parents. This great design and resolution of his was faithfully reported unto the said King (as hath been said) by this stranger his servant with many particularities: and amongst others, that the Castilian had sent into France nine sundry men, of purpose to corrupt with money and fair promises, the Princes, Lords and Gentlemen of France, of whom many were particularly named, who from thence forward held the party of Philip, and many which were ready to do the like, as the event did afterwards make manifest. And the said Philip to gain likewise the Captain Landreau, had once resolved to send into France the Captain Anthony, a Portugal, who being married at Rochel, was at that time prisoner in the Castle of Lisbon; and for this effect had granted him his life, with offer of his good favour by the means and procurement of the Alcade Tayade, 
A lead is the grand Provost of the king's house.  who did oftentimes repair to the castle of purpose to see and visit him, and had conference with him for a long time together. Notwithstanding Philip fearing lest he should discover the practice, caused him afterwards to be hanged, notwithstanding the promise he had made him. This Captain Anthony discovered the whole matter unto a certain personage in whom he had great trust and affiance, and requested him to keep it very secret, till such time as he should be gotten into France, to advertise the most Christian king thereof, and the king of Portugal: unto whom the said Captain Anthony had prayed him to communicate it, as he did. And as touching the Captain Landreau, he was enforced to take part with the Castilian, and to accept the money that was offered him for the safety of his own life: whereof also he advertised the king of Portugal, who was then at Beauvais on the Sea: and having given him to understand to what intent he had done it; he prayed him to look to the safeguard of his person, for that he was in exceeding great danger. The which the said Prince Don Anthonio did within few days after prove to be most true, and had been taken, if he had not saved himself with great speed, as there was then taken one of his sons, with many gentlemen Portugal's of his train, by the people of the Duke de Mercaeur: who did ransack and make spoil of all that did appertain both to him and his train, of whom some held themselves happy, that they could get away in safety. Of these nine men (of whom I have spoken) certain were apprehended, who discovered the whole intention of the enemy. Notwithstanding as little and small reckoning was made thereof at that time, as there is now at this day of any thing, be it held never so necessary and needful to free us from utter ruin and destruction. Moreover, the same stranger (of whom we have made mention) did at the same time of his coming, advertise the most Christian king, that it was reported throughout all Spain, among all persons of any good sort and quality, that his Catholic Majesty had resolved to enter into league, and to confederate himself (Sir) with your Majesty, and to make you great proffers, to your exceeding great benefit and advantage, so that you would make war upon the said late king your predecessor. Besides, it was reported, that he promised to give unto your Majesty a pension of two hundreth thousand crowns a year. Howbeit, some say, that this was only to be for an earnest and assurance of his promises: and they do affirm this for most certain; that the two hundreth thousand crowns were all in a readiness within a castle named Oxagavi appertaining to the Lord of Luxes not fare from Rounceval. And it was further reported at the same time, 
Philip by unlawful treaties laboureth to stir up war against the French king  that the said Philip, to be the better assured of the amity of your Majesty, did demand to have in marriage the Lady your sister, with this condition, that the children which should be borne of this marriage (were they sons or daughters) should be inheritors to the realm of Navarre: and that he would give unto your Majesty in recompense the Isles of Sardinia & Maiorque and Minorque, and would moreover bind himself to establish your Majesty, at his own proper costs and charges, king of Guyene: and that he did also desire to give you in marriage, the Lady Isabel Clare Eugevia, 
The practice of a good Catholic.  the infant of Spain his eldest daughter, together with the Duchy of Milan: promising to that effect, to get a dispensation from the Pope, and all such declarations, as should be needful thereunto. Your Majesty should know these things here alleged better than any other: and whether the report which ran thereof at that time (when he did hold treaty with you) were true or no. Surely this was a great tentation: but the lo●e, which your Majesty bare to your country, and the obligation of loyalty which you ought unto your king, had more force and interest in you, than all the promises of an ambitious Tyrant. The bruit which ran thereof throughout all France, and also the certain report of the ill entertainment given by your Majesty to a gentleman, who had the managing of this business, and had made an overture thereof unto you, did gain you the affections of all good Frenchmen: who did thereupon imprint you in their hearts, and much more, when it was known, that your Majesty had advertised the most Christian king of the same, in the year 1583 Insomuch that his Majesty did permit you the year following 1584. to make an assembly of the chief Heads and Lords of the religion at Mountaban: where it was well known, that your Majesty did sharply reprove those which had plotted these troublesome practices, and others which were seen afterwards to be set abroach by the enemy, in the year 1585. And that your Majesty did then make an accord reciprocally, neither to enterprise, nor to deliberate upon any thing, the one against the other. And it was reported, that all the pretended reformed Churches in this assembly, did require your Majesty for their Chief; and secondly, Monsieur the Prince of Conde: and that all this was done by the permission of the said most Christian King; who did greatly repent himself, that he had let pass the opportunity, to give aid and succours to the late king of Portugal, for the recovery of his Realm, as himself declared to that stranger above mentioned, being at Bloys, in the year 1589. At which time he complained of the tyranny and irreligion of Philip, and sent him into England, there to entreat upon his affairs with the Queen and the King of Portugal: unto whom he promised, that the first thing which he would do, after he had recovered Paris, should be, to send an army into Portugal, and to make war upon the enemy within his own country, and to constrain him to demand peace, as the English with the aid of the Portugals had at other times constrained his predecessors to do the like. And in case, that the said King of Portugal did and should undertake the Voyage, as it was given him to understand that he was so resolved; he prayed him, that so soon as he should be arrived thither, he would advertise him hereof; to the intent, 
The desire that the French K. Henry the third had, to restore Portugal to her liberty.  that immediately upon his coming into Portugal, or any other part of Spain, if he had but two thousand men, yet he would send them away with all speed, because he knew full well, and was most assured, that if the enemy were once entangled in Spain, and kept busied at home, he should soon be rid of him in France, as the event did make it manifest. For as soon as the news came, that the King of Portugal was at Lisbon, the most Christian King, for the accomplishing of his promise, commanded the late Monsieur, the Marshal de Byron, that he should put himself in a readiness to pass into Portugal with as great speed and diligence as was possible, for to secure the Portugals, and to give aid to their rightful King Don Anthonio, to re-establish him in his Kingdom.  
But God, which with a just and equal balance doth weigh and examine all things, did display his wondrous works, where and when it pleased him.  

Portugal the gate of the war in France.  Hereof than we do gather two things: the first, That the enemy, to keep Portugal, hath brought and caused the civil War in France: the second, That our deliverance and his ruin do depend upon this, That there be sent a good army into Spain, whereof he is exceedingly afraid.  
Wherefore, most excellent Princes, to deliver your estates from the danger that threateneth them, and to set them in assurance, you ought to undertake, and to enterprise this Voyage, so importune, and so necessary for all Christendom, without having any regard to the charge thereof, be it never so great, considering that in not doing it, and that presently, you shall every day more and more in time to come, bring yourselves into hazard and extreme danger. Take example by the times forepast, and look upon the instructions contained in Histories, written by men no less curious than vigilant and well affectioned to the weal public, and in reading and understanding them, make your own profit and benefit of them.  
Agathocles, after he had been about seven years King of Sicily, being environed both by Land and by Sea, within the City of Syracuse, by the Carthaginians: and finding himself in great trouble and perplexity, 
How important a thing it is, to make war upon an enemy in his own Country.  as being lately forsaken of many people of his own Realm, who had at the first been partakers with him; and perceiving also that he wanted both victuals, money, and other necessary munitions for the war, and that it was not possible for him to escape out of the hands of the Carthaginians, if he did not use some draught or device, which had not erst been put in practice: He did at the last leave within the Town a brother of his own, to whom he committed the command and charge thereof, and left with him for the defence thereof, a certain number of men, whom he knew to be well affected unto him; and taking with himself certain other troops, he embarked them, unknown to any whither he went, and setting sail to Africa, he there landed: where he warred so courageously upon the Carthaginians, as if they had been but his equals. And having at the first beginning defeated certain of their Captains that came against him, he ouer-ran, harried, and wasted all their Country, he burned and ransacked all their Towns, Villages, and houses of pleasure round about Carthage. After which victory and good fortune, with a certain number of soldiers, Bandoliers, and adventurers, which came and joined themselves with him (a thing usual and ordinary in such tumultuous and troublesome times) he encamped within a League of Carthage. By this stratagem, his affairs did not only prosper in Africa, but throughout all Sicily also: for Antander (so was his brother named) being certified of the good success of Agathocles, took courage unto him, and sallying out of Syracuse upon the Carthaginians that besieged him, he won their trenches, and having slain a great number of them, he made such havoc amongst them, that this their overthrow, and the victories of Africa, being spread abroad and reported, from thenceforth all the strong-holds and places of Sicily (that before held with the Carthaginians) did then revolt from them, 
This was about 314. years before the birth of Christ  and did altogether abandon them: which was the occasion also, that Agathocles returning victorious into Sicily, did all the rest of his life time afterwards enjoy it quietly and peaceably.  
After the death of Agathocles, and his partisans, the Signiory of Carthage continued the War for the Conquest of Sicilia, in such sort, that in the end they carried it, and held the whole Island in their possession, which was about 277. years before the birth of Christ. Whereupon the Romans considering of all these their exploits, and perceiving that the puissance of the Carthaginians was very great, and that they held not only the greatest and best part of Africa, which they had subdued by force of Arms, but also many peoples of Spain, with sundry Isles in the Sea, round about Sardinia & Italy, they did very wisely imagine, that this neighbourhood of theirs would prove very dangerous & perilous unto them, if they should finish and go through with the conquest of all Sicily. For this cause they took such good order in providing for their affairs, as they brought the Carthaginians to this extremity, that they had no more in their possession save the Town of Erix: the which Amilcar Barcyn, the father of Hannibal, did defend against them most valiantly for a long time, and did therein marvelous deeds of arms. Notwithstanding, 
This was about 240 years before the birth of Christ  the Carthaginians seeing that they could not withstand nor resist the force and puissance of the Romans, they sent a messenger unto Amilcar, commanding him to render and deliver up the Town immediately, and to make peace with them, to the greatest honour, profit, and advantage that he could possibly, for the state of Carthage.  
Amilcar (doing as the Signiory had commanded him) gave up the Town to the Consul Luctatius, and within few days after, following the course of his affairs, returned into Africa, where he had many victories against certain seditious persons: and so he settled the estate of Carthage in rest and quietness. 
In the year 237.  This done, he made a voyage into Spain, taking with him his son Hannibal, who was not then above eight or nine years of age, together with his mother (who was a Spaniard) and three other of his younger sons, Asdrubal, Mago, and Hanno; of whom, Amilcar their father was wont to say, 
A saying of Amilcar touching Hannibal and his other sons.  That he nourished four fierce Lion's whelps, who were resolute to work the destruction of the estate of Rome. Amilcar then being in Spain, by his prudence and liberality did gain the hearts and good affections of the Spaniards, that he knew well he should be able by their means to have about again with the Romans, to recover from them both Sicilia and Sardinia (which they had also in their puissance) and that so in the end he might pass from thence into Italy, and there to procure their utter ruin and destruction. But being prevented by death, 
In the year 228.  he charged his son Hannibal (whom he had conjured to be, during his life, an utter and unreconcilable enemy to the Romans) to put this his enterprise in execution. Hannibal, after the death of Asdrubal his brother in law (who succeeded his father in law Amilcar in that government) being then made governor of Spain, 
In the year 223.  took the City of Saguntum (which is now called Monvedre) after he had held it besieged the space of eight months. 
In the year 217.  After the taking whereof, he began to dispose and prepare himself to the voyage of Italy: and having with great travails and many difficulties passed the Alps, 
In the year 216.  he obtained in process of time so many notable victories against the Romans, and did put them in such fear and terror, 
Hannibal passeth into Italy.  that they did in a manner hold themselves utterly undone & forlorn. And so had they been indeed, if they had not been advised to send Scipio into Africa: 
Scipio goeth against Carthage.  who made such cruel war so forcibly and so violently upon the Carthaginians, that he constrained them to call home Hannibal out of Italy; who within short time after, with the whole estate of Carthage, was overthrown & brought to nought, as is well known unto all men. And so by this means were the Romans eased and delivered, enjoying peace and quietness, and the Carthaginians undone, defeated, and subdued: and their estate (which had been so famous and renowned) was utterly ruinated and brought under the power and puissance of their enemies.  
Xerxes' King of Persia seeing himself in a miserable estate, and bethinking how he might deliver and raise himself up again, he made choice of certain of his servants, fit for the execution of his intended purpose, and them he sent into Europe with store of money, to corrupt the Orators of the Towns and Commonwealths of Greece: and having corrupted them of Athens and of Thebes, he made them to rise in arms, and to make war upon the Spartans'. 
Plutarch in the life of Agesilaus.  By this means Greece being set in trouble and dissension, sent for Agesilaus (who having at that time subdued a great part of the Empire of Persia) and being willed to come home, was enforced to quit and abandon the same, for the relieving of his Country from those troubles wherewith it was entangled. And because the Money of Persia had an Archer engraven on the one side thereof, the same Agesilaus had a saying, That ten thousand Archers had driven him out of Asia, and had been the cause to make him lose a most stately and puissant Empire. By this policy than did Xerxes rid himself from the trouble and extremity wherein he was, driving out his enemy from his Country, and recovering his estate, that was near ruin and confusion.  
By these examples (most excellent Princes) was Achaius King of Scotland, 
Achaius King of Scotland.  the son of Elfinis, a singular good Prince, and of excellent virtue, induced in the year of Christ 791. to make a perpetual and irrevocable Peace and League of Amity with Charlema●●ne King of France, at such time as he saw himself hardly bestead by the Saxons & English, who then possessed the better part of Great Britain, which within a few years after was called by one only name, England. The other Kings, the successors of Charlemaigne, considering that this peace and amity was more necessary for them, as being more to their profit and advantage, than it was to the Scots themselves, who sought it, they have continued the same even till this day, and by means thereof have oftentimes constrained the Englishmen, when they have been in wars & enmity with them, to retire and withdraw themselves out of France: and many times also they have kept them so busied in their own country, that they have had enough to do to defend themselves. And they have taken from them both the desire & the means to pass into strange & foreign Nations: 
Money given to the Scots by the French  yea, there have been some of the French kings, who have given to the Scot, to this end and purpose, more than 500000. Crowns; which was as much in those days then (having regard to the change and difference of the times) as two millions are at this day.  
I will omit many other Histories, which make notably to this our purpose, because I know well that these are sufficient to show how greatly it concerneth and importeth the Protestant Princes, and most Christian King of France to free yourself from the encumbrance of this burden now laid upon you, and to send a good army into Spain: for as much as by such a voyage well handled and to good purpose, dependeth both the safety of yourselves, and the ruin of your enemy. If you make war upon your enemy within Spain, he shall be compelled to call home all his forces, not only from France & the Low Countries, but all those which he hath in Lombardy, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and other countries: 
The means to ruinated the enemy.  we had good proof and experience hereof even of late: For as soon as the Castilian saw the English possessed of Calais, he did incontinently send for all his galleys of Naples, Sicily, and Genes: He sent to entreat the grand master of Maltha to send him the Galleys appertaining to the knights of the Religion. Which had been done if the French Gentlemen, which were of the order, had not opposed themselves against it. He caused in all haste the Forces which he had in Britain to pass into Spain: and there is no doubt but he had likewise called home all those which he had in other countries, if the English had remained there any longer time. You see then (most excellent Princes) that by passing into Spain, you may withdraw from o●er your heads the sword of the Castilian and deliver your country from his proud yoke and tyranny. But you will say: the enemy hath great and puissant forces, and a great number of old and expert soldiers; by whose means, albeit they be fare off, yet being called back into Spain, he will greatly endamage and annoy you, and consequently, your voyage may prove unprofitable, and perhaps very dangerous: and so you may be enforced to retire and return home again, not only with shame and confusion, but (which is more) in great trouble and extreme peril. But unto this I answer.  

Good and sound counsel  First, if you do all things with prudence and good advice, you reap thereby incredible profit and commodity, and the danger will be small, or none at all.  
Secondly, that in Spain there are many places upon the Sea coast which you may easily take and command, and whose situation is so strong by nature, that if they be fortified by art and the industry of man, you shall defend and keep them with a very small charge, and much more easily than the enemy doth keep Blavet in Britain: and those will serve you for sure places of retreat.  
Thirdly, in Spain there are many nations which do hate the Castilian extremely: for that they have been tyrannised, either by himself, or by his predecessors: and these (when they shall see themselves aided and assisted in good earnest, and to purpose) for the great desire which they have to be at liberty, will soon take arms against the enemy.  
Fourthly, those Soldiers which are out of Spain being called back by their Lord and master, cannot arrive there within four months at the soon, and within two months may you arm and furnish fit and ready for the wars, all those of the country which will take your part. For this is most certain, that the very Climate of the country doth help and aid to make them able and active. I myself, and many others in Portugal have sometimes seen a company of new soldiers at their first entering into garrison, to seem rather a troop of beggars, and poor rascals, rather than soldiers, all of them being so poor, naked and miserable, as we had pity to see them; and yet within four or five days, after that they have been new apparelled, and well appointed, if you had seen them settled in the garrison, you would have said, that they had been great Gentlemen, and they did carry themselves with so good a grace and countenance, as if they had been brave and old trained soldiers. I do assure you, that two months will suffice to them of the country to make them soldiers. The greatest difficulty is to make them abide, and not to fear the fire of the Harquebus. Moreover, the Provinces of Spain are rich, as all the world knoweth, 
The nature of the natural Spaniard.  and the inhabitants make not any account nor reckoning of their wealth, when there is any question for the recovering of their liberty. For in this case they will not spare to spend it liberally, as was to be seen by the offer which they made to king Philip, after that the Englishmen were retired from Calais: and therefore by sending of money into these quarters, they will gather together fifty thousand men of war to pass into Spain for their succour, defence, and preservation, sooner than the enemy shall be able to cause five thousand to come thither from any foreign party.  
If any man shall say, that seeing two months are sufficient to make the natural Spaniard's good soldiers, the enemy may therefore much sooner assemble and arm a great number of men than we shall get for secure. I answer: I would agree thereto, if there were in Spain arms sufficient wherewith to arm and furnish them: but they are so rare and dainty there to be had, that there be many great towns notably well peopled, within the which a man cannot find fifty Hargubushes. 
Arms very rare in Spain.  And if there were any store of arms to be had, yet the Spaniards in Spain would take arms sooner, and much more cheerfully for their liberty, then for the service of one that tyrannizeth over them. Especially the Princes and great Lords, who do desire nothing so much as that there were some realm or province within Spain in full and free liberty, and which might be governed by itself, to the intent it might serve them for a place of refuge and sanctuary, as they had the like in times past. For Spain being in manner as an Island, at this day the Princes, 
Spain in manner of an Island.  Lords and Gentlemen of mark cannot easily withdraw themselves from thence; by means whereof they are held in great slavery and subjection. When there were several kings in Navarre, Arragon and Portugal, if the Castilians were at any difference with their king, or the Navarrois, the Arragonois, or Portugals with theirs, they would have retired themselves the one to the other; by whose liberality they were ever provided of all things needful and necessary for the life of man, and sometimes with greater ease and commodity then in their own country: as it happened in the time of Fernand king of Portugal, and of Henry the second king of Castille, who slew his own natural and lawful brother; which was the cause that County Don Fernand de Casire, and Don Alvar peers de Castre his brother: Men Suares, Grandmaster of Alcantara: Sure juan de Parada Governor of the Realm of Galatia: Petro Giron, Grandfather of Calatrava, Alonso Giron his Nephew, and many other great Lords and Gentlemen, with a great number of Cities and Towns holding the party of the king deceased, did convey themselves into Portugal, where they were received by the king Fernand, and had most honourable entertainment, with most notable favours, rich presents, and incredible gifts, which he gave unto them most bountifully. In so much that from thenceforth the Castres' did continue still and inhabit in Portugal, from whom are descended those which are there of that name now at this day. 
Hierom Guliel. cap. 23. fol. 81 pag. 2.  The like happened to Diego Lopez Pacheco a Portugal (albeit not for so just and honourable a cause) who going from Portugal into Castille for being charged with the death of the Queen Dame jews de Castro, in the time of the king Don Peter of Portugal, he was then created Lord of Beiar, and his children also made Lords of other peoples, of whom the marquis of Villana, the Dukes of Escalon, and many other great Lords have their descent and original. In like manner, in the time of king Juan of Portugal of happy memory, 
Alias john.  the Acugnas and Pimentels went into Castille: and of them are descended directly in the line masculine, the Dukes of Ossuna and Counties of Benavent, and in a manner all the Princes and Lords of Castille, and Dame julian de Lancastre Duchess of Avero in Portugal. Now at this day the Nobility of Spain doth greatly want such places of refuge and sanctuary, and now, 
The Nobility of Spain want places of refuge and sanctuary at this day.  the least Provost or Marshal is sufficient to arrest the greatest Lord of the country, yea though it were the brother of the King himself: in so much that the Princes and Lords of Spain do as hearty desire to see some Realm or Province set at liberty, as they do their own safety. 
The sorrow & grief of the Princes and Lords of Spain to see the invasion & usurpation of Portugal, & the desire they have to see it at liberty.  None can tell how great an affliction and notable a misery famine is, but he that wanteth bread to eat: and the Nobility of Spain doth at this day with great grief find that to be true, which they most of all feared in the time of Charles the fifth, whose greatness they had even then suspected: and for this cause they did show themselves mightily aggrieved at such time as King Philip did enterprise the usurpation of Portugal.  
Conestagio a Genovois in the book which he hath written in favour of the said Philip, and which is entitled, The union of the Realm of Portugal with the Crown of Castille, doth tell us both the one and the other of these matters. And although in that work of his there be many true reports, yet we do know him for a great and notable Liar: and even the very first word of that book is an untruth; in that he hath entitled it, The union of Portugal with the Crown of Castille: 
The oath of K. Philip.  for king Philip in the assembly of estate which he held at Tomar in the year 1581. where the Portugals against their wills, and by force did receive him for their king, promised and swore with a solemn oath, never to intermingle the matter and affairs of Portugal with those of Castille, 
The Explication of the Genealogy of the French K. now reigning: The author whereof was Friar joseph Texere.  but to keep for ever the Monarchy of Portugal entire in the same estate, and in the same manner, as the kings his precessors had always preserved and maintained it: paying all the pensions, fees and wages to all the officers of the king's house, both Spiritual and Temporal, in like sort as they were paid in the times of the true and good kings forepast. Somewhat of this matter a man may see in the end of the book of Explication of the Genealogy of his most Christian Majesty, where it is spoken of the first king of Castille.  
Moreover, the said Conestagio, as a man of a malign and perverse spirit, is a most ungrateful enemy of that nation, which hath both advanced and honoured him. For we knew him at Lisbon when he served Anthonio Caulo, and afterwards with Stephen Lercaro, 
3. fol. 62.  a Merchant of Genoa. He hath in his book these words: In Castille this succession gave great matter whereof both to muse and to talk, both in private and in public: for that the king caused the Estate of Portugal to be united to his other Realms and Dominions, not caring how, nor in what fashion it were done, so it were effected. The which the Nobility took very ill: in so much as it seemeth that all the great men of Spain, since the time of Charles the fifth to this day, could not away nor like of the greatness of the king: because thereof it hath proceeded; that he maketh less reckoning of them then did the ancient kings of Castille, and he constraineth them to be equal to their inferiors, as well in justice as otherwise.  
If Don Antonio king of Portugal were living, he could witness, how after that the enemy was entered into Portugal with a huge army, and had taken Lisbon, he being then in the town of Badaios, many Lords of Castille did offer him to have entrance into the said town, and did promise him all their best aid and assistance to seize upon the enemy himself. The which the said Prince could not effect nor put in execution; for that within few days after he was dispossessed of all the realm in the city of Puerto of Portugal. He could also certify us, how that seeing in these parts many great Lords of Castille did send unto him, offering him their service and assistance, in case that he would set foot in Portugal: the which matter he communicated (if I be not deceived) to the king and principal Lords of France, and principally to the estate and Council of England. Notwithstanding, touching this desire of liberty, it is a matter which doth principally touch the Princes, great Lords, and Hijos de Algo of Spain. For, as concerning those masters of the long robe, and the rascal sort of Castilians; they take a pleasure in this their slavery and servitude under the king, because they alone do command and rule all, and triumphing over others, have the principal and chief managing of all the affairs of the Realm: yea, and even the government of the king himself, in their own hands. And although they do hate him most extremely, and do wish ill enough to his person: yet notwithstanding they do wish so well to their own country, and do so delight to see themselves to have the command over all others; that if they know any thing, either in public or in private, which might hinder and endamage his tyranny, they will not fail, only in regard thereof, to advertise him of it: such is the natural disposition of the Castilians, 
josephus de bello judaice lib. 1. cap. 3.  who being issued and sprung from the race of the jews, cannot but follow the track of their predecessors. Today they would follow and honour Antigonus, to morrow they would accuse his bounty, as a crime of high treason, and judge it to be little less than pride and vanity, and as traitors they abandon and forsake him, accusing him before Aristobulus, and so be the causers of his death and destruction. And therefore most humbly I beseech your Majesties, and all Christian Princes, to keep yourselves from the Castilians, and not to trust them, 
Good and sound counsel  howsoever they show themselves mortal and deadly enemies to their kings, and do make never so fair semblance, that they are well and hearty affected to do you service.  
The common sort of Castilians (Sir) are so malign and perverse, so full of pride, arrogancy, ambition, 
The malicious nature of the Castilian nation.  tyranny, and infidelity; that Fernand king of Portugal, being the right and lawful heir to the Realms of Castille and Leon, and being called upon by the people of the same kingdoms, who offered to receive him for their Lord and king, the Portugals would in no wise consent thereunto, saying: that they would not have any thing to do, nor meddle with them, no not though it were to command over them. It was my hap one day, to device upon this matter with a noble man of the French kings Council, who seeming much astonished at the report thereof, did make me this answer: Certainly, this that you tell me, doth make me not so much to marvel, as that which I have heard reported of a Friar Preacher, who in the year of our Lord 1576. 
Math. 22.  preaching upon this part of the Gospel: Thou shalt love the Lord thy God, etc. and thy neighbour as thyself: said, that by this precept, God commanded us, not only to love our father and mother, brothers, kinsfolk, friends, and countrymen: but even heretics also and strangers, jews, Paynims, 
An example worthy the marking.  Moors, Turks, and the Castilians themselves. This happened (as it was told him) and this Preacher was a religious person of the order of S. Dominicke, and he did Preach in a parish Church of Lisbon, called Saint magdalen's, being one of the principal Churches within the city, and there were present at it, the most part of the Governors of the town, with many Precedents of the Parliament, Councillors, Gentlemen, and rich Merchants. The said noble man showing himself greatly abashed at this report, did demand of me; how it could be tolerated, that this should be spoken openly in the Pulpit, and the religious person not punished for it. Whereunto I answered: that there wanted not any accusers, to call him in question for it: but the number of them (that did bear with him and favoured him for the frankness and liberty of this his speech) was so great, 
Portugals hold the Castilians to be worse than Infidels.  that those which did accuse him, could not be heard. Moreover, it is an ordinary and usual thing with the Portugals, to say: That the Castilians are worse than the Infidels themselves. But let them speak the worst of them they can, yet will they bear and endure it, because they re●pe great benefit and advantage by it. The which the said Nobleman seeing, in sort to make doubt of, he did thus reply unto me: Albeit I do believe some part of this you say, yet there resteth one thing, which is as a scruple in my mind; and that is, in that (as I have read) the Portugals and the Castilians are both of one and the same Province, and are borne in a manner of one Stock, and issued of one Root, and do speak one and the selfsame Language: that is the opinion of Conestagio, 
Conestag. lib. 1. fol. 4. pa. 2.  of whom we have before spoken. But he saith he knoweth not what: for the Portugals are descended of the Gauls, the Celtes, and the Braccates, and their Language is almost the same with the Latin Tongue. But as touching the castilians, we cannot certainly say, from whence they are descended: Nevertheless, the best judgement and conjecture thereof, that can be made by circumstances and evident proofs, is, that they are descended of the Vandals, of the jews, and of the Moors; and their Language is in a manner all one with that of the Moors, and their pronunciation is all one, or much alike. Thereof it cometh, that the castilians being in the country of the Saracens, or of the Turks, they do soon and very easily deny the Christian Faith, and do turn altogether Turk and Infidel. True it is, that the Princes, great Lords, and Hijos de Algo, are extracted either from the Goths, or from the ancient Spaniards, which inhabited the mountains and the countries of Leon, and of Ouiedo, and the Province of Galitia, within which is enclosed the ancient Portugal. Conestagio in the same place last before recited, saith, that these two Nations do hate each other most extremely: and he setteth down one notable untruth, to wit, 
The untruth of Conestagio  That the hatred of the Portugal doth fare exceed that of the castilians; which is altogether false, and untrue. The Portugals do not hate the castilians, but they abhor their actions, as most wicked, and full of cruelty and tyranny: The castilians on the contrary, because they cannot with any reason hate the actions of the Portugals, for that they are good and just, they do therefore ha●e their persons, who have so often overcome, vanquished, and ill handled them; and so much the more, for that their numbers were always (as a man may say) infinite, and the Portugals were very few, and in comparison of them, as nothing. The hatred of the castilians is so certain against the Portugals, that it is usually spoken in manner of a proverb, That since the battle of Alijbarto, the castilians would never suffer any to preach upon the Friday, in the first week of Lent; on which day the Church useth to sing that part of the Gospel, 
Matth. 5.  where it is said, Love your enemies: and therefore they judge the Portugals to be like themselves; and they esteem them to be of the same nature and disposition as they are. Both the one and the others hatred may well be seen by that which Charles the fift said one day to the Colonel Ferras, a Portugal, who in the wars between the said Emperor and Francis the first, King of France, did serve on the French party against the Imperialists. The wars being ended, and peace concluded between those two Princes, the Portugal retiring himself into his country, did pass by the way of Castille, where he went to visit the said Charles the fift, who knew him very well, and did love him for his valour; and doing him great honour in his Court, he stayed him there for certain days with him: during which time, as he was one day devising with him very familiarly, 
A speech of Charles the 5. to Captain Ferras, a Portugal.  he used this speech unto him: Captain Ferras, I would gladly know, what should be the cause that made you to follow the party of the French against me, seeing we are of one and the same Nation? for albeit you be a Portugal, and I a castilian, yet are we both Spaniards. The Colonel made him this answer: Sir, when the Portugals do travail abroad out of their own country, whether they be rich or poor, their only end and scope is, to get them honour and reputation. For mine own part, I had the means to live honestly in my country, like a Gentleman: nevertheless, being resolved to see the world, I began to cast my account with myself, what course I were best to take. Having made my reckoning, I conceived with myself, that I should purchase me more honour, by bearing Arms against the greatest Captain of the World, then in taking of his part to serve against any other: and for this cause I took Arms against your Majesty. The Emperor smiling, said: I believe that this is not the cause, but rather the old rancour and hatred which the Portugals bear to the castilians. Portugal answered him again in great choler: Sir, 
An excellent answer of a Portugal to Charles the 5.  I swear unto your Majesty, That neither for good, nor for bad, I trouble not my mind with the castilians, not so much as to think of them. The Emperor making semblance as though this answer did content him, did embrace him many times and often: but he judged of the Portugal as his affection led him, for he had enough of the blood of a castilian by his mother's side, to make him to hate him: A little Leaven, etc. And thus may you see the untruth of Conestagio: His History is well written, and in a good style, but most false, and full of passion, for he both reprehendeth and iniurieth all those of whom he speaketh; yea, even King Philip himself, in whose favour he wrote it: and for this cause principally it was forbidden in Portugal. But leaving Conestagio, now that we have showed how the castilian Nation is much more malign and perverse than all the other people of Spain, I will tell you one thing worthy to be noted ere we proceed, which doth more nearly touch the Portugal Nation than any of the rest; that is, That all those Nations generally are so desirous of liberty, that they do seek by all means possible to obtain it, being ready to receive even the Devils themselves, if they would be ready to further and favour them in the same. And yet, if any strange Nation should pass into Spain to any other end, they would use the uttermost of their endeavours to stop their passage, and to hinder their entrance, making little or no reckoning of their lives, and much less of their goods and substance. When I do speak of causing strange Nations to pass into Spain, I must tell you thus much, That they shall be much more welcome, and find better entertainment of the people of the Country, when they shall be mingled many and diverse Nations together, then if one should go thither alone: for that this diversity will take from them all conceit and suspicion which they might otherwise have, that their coming were to make a conquest of their country, and not to procure their liberty and freedom; and so they would undoubtedly receive them joyfully, and with all assurance. In like manner, if the Tyrant should command them to go to the wars out of their own country, especially if it were for their Religion, they would serve him more faithfully than did Auila and Simancas in Castille, or Celorico & the Castle of Coimbre in Portugal. For proof hereof, 
The meaning hereof is expounded in the end of this Treatise.  you may remember, how in the year 1588. the King of Castille in his Fleet and Army by Sea, that came upon the Coast of France, sent two Regiments of Portugals, each of them consisting of eight hundred men, or thereabouts. 
The loyalty of the Portugals.  These forces (notwithstanding, that in regard of his usurpation of the country, they were enemies to him) yet having promised to serve him faithfully in this voyage, in the fight which they had against the Englishmen and Flemings, they did make such proof of their valour, that they did fare excel all the rest of the Army in prowess and deeds of Arms; and they alone did more for the service of the King of Castille, than all the residue of his Allies: insomuch, that there was none of them (who had command and government in the Army) that were received with honour by the King Catholic, save only the Portugal Colonels; 
Portugal Colonels in the Army of the year 1588.  namely, Gasper de Sousa, and Antony Perera: The which Perera before that time had served and fought most valiantly for the defence of the liberty of his Country, and for the service of his true and natural King, against the said King of Castille, at such time as he entered into Portugal with a mighty Army to invade it.  
In the year 1582. when Don Aluar de Bassana, Marquesse de Santa Cruse, did encounter upon the Sea with the Lord de Stroce, those which fought best, and shown themselves most valiant was the marquis de Favare, 
marquis of Favare.  a Portugal, most true and faithful to his Country, and to his King; and by whose counsel and advertisements, a certain great and excellent servitor of the estate, and of the King Don Antonio, had his life preserved, besides certain other Gentlemen, his countrymen.  
Who took the Ship called the Revenge, 
The taking of the Revenge of England.  belonging to the Queen of England? even Don Lewes Coutigno, a Lord of Portugal, who before time had been most true and faithful to his Country; and for the defence of his King, fight against the Duke de Alva, had received many mortal wounds in the battle of Alcantara, the same day that Lisbon was lost, which was in the year 1580. and the 26. of August.  
And for the more distinct and clear demonstration of the truth of this matter, I will recite unto you a most true History.  
In the year 1589. Don Anthony, King of Portugal, accompanied with the Englishmen and Hollanders, made a Voyage into Portugal, and casting anchor in the Haven of Penicha, they of the Castle began to play with their Ordinance upon the army: but the Captain of the Castle, Anthonio de Aravio, a Portugal, being ascertained that the king Don Anthonio was in that army, he forbade the Cannoneers to shoot any more, and caused a white Ensign to be put forth; upon sight whereof, Don Anthonio commanded that every man should go on shore, and take their way towards the Town: the which they did, not without some resistance made by certain companies of castilians, who in the end were forced to retire, with the loss of some of their people. The first that arrived to the Town, was the County of Essex, a Prince of the blood Royal of England, and one that was adorned with many moral virtues. This Lord coming to speak with the Captain of the Castle, which was upon the Wall, one of his company said: My Lord, the Earl of Essex is come hither by the commandment of the Queen of England, in whose name he commandeth to have the Castle rendered unto him. The Captain answered him; Philip King of Castille hath committed the keeping of this Castle unto me, and for the same I have done him homage: in regard whereof, I will defend it against all those that shall seek to dispossess me of it; and I will not yield it up to any person, save to the King Don Anthonio, because his it is, and I acknowledge him only for my King and Lord: and if he be not in this army, as hath been told me that he is, I would advice that every man do retire himself, otherwise I shall cause you all to lose your lives. Upon this word, the County of Essex retired himself to the Sea side, and there went to meet him, the Lords Scipio de Figueyredo Vascoucelles, late Governor of the Terceras, and Anthony de Brito Pimentell, and other Gentlemen Portugals of the King's train; who understanding by the Count the speech of the Captain, went on directly to the Castle, and assured the Captain, that the King Don Anthonio, their Lord, was come thither. Within a while after the King arriving there, and calling the Captain, who knew him by his speech, he made him this answer: Sir, I come to open the gates unto your Majesty. The port being opened, he kneeled down before the King, and kissing his hands, 
The yielding of the Castle of Penicha.  delivered him the Keys of the Castle. This is most true, that if he would have held good, the English army had not been able to have taken that Castle, it was so well furnished and provided of artillery, and all things necessary: for besides great store of Iron pieces, there were 85. of Brass.  
All these examples do show evidently, how faithful the Portugals are to them, to whom they have once promised and plighted their faith and fidelity. And for as much as I know that your Majesties have conceived an opinion of me as of a person given to be somewhat curious, and who is acquainted with the accidents which passed in this Voyage, and that your Majesties have a desire to understand what was the cause why Don Anthonio did not continue in Portugal, and what made him to render up this Castle, and other places which were impregnable, and to return into England with his army, without doing any other act of any worth, and with the loss of the greatest part of his company, with which he was embarked; I will briefly recount the success of this journey, craving many particularities, because to count them all, it would require much more time than is requisite for the finishing of this Treatise. I say then, that as God, when he chasteneth & humbleth great Estates and Monarchies, doth suffer and permit, for the sins of the people, such as are like Pharao's, Nabuchodonozor's, Caligula's, Nero's, and Dioclesian's, using them as his executioners and hangmen (as Attila called himself the Scourge of God, and Tamerlan the Wrath of God:) so it seemeth he hath permitted, that K. Philip should be his minister & the executioner of his wrath & anger; and that in his secret judgement, beyond all appearance of humane reason, his will is not yet that Portugal should be delivered and set at liberty: for it is not possible, that men should be so blinded, to their own loss and destruction, as they were in this Voyage, if the Divine puissance had not blinded them, by taking away the use of their sense and understanding.  
The greatest part of the Army was embarked at Dover, 
The declaration of the Portugal Voyage in the year 1589.  the 24. of March, and from thence went to Plymouth: From thence they departed all together the 29. of April; at which time perceiving their numbers to be greatly diminished, by the contagion that was amongst them; in stead of taking the direct way to Portugal, they set their course for the Groin, where the most part of the soldiers died, and all the best Canoniers: insomuch, that their forces were much abated, and they gave thereby good leisure unto the enemy, both to send fresh men into Lisbon, and to draw out of Portugal those who were any way suspected: as they did indeed take from thence more than an hundred Lords and Gentlemen of mark, 
Noble men taken out of Portugal by the castilian.  who were all of them very contrary to him, and by their absence were greatly miss both of their King and country. They came to the Groin the sixth of May, where they were till the twentieth, on which day they did again take shipping, and set sail towards Portugal, where they took land at Penicha the six and twentieth. From thence (having left in the Castle certain soldiers with Anthony de Brito Pimentell, above named, who is the chief of the House of the Pimentels of Spain, and about 800. sick men) they took their way (the General Drake by Sea, and the Lord General Norris by Land) with 35. or 40. horse, and some 6000. foot, so ill armed, that a good part of them wanted their Swords, and there was not of them above 50. Corslets: the cause whereof, was want of Wagons and Carriages, for to carry them over the land; and the soldiers themselves were constrained to carry their powder on their shoulders. Besides, many of them at their departure out of their lodgings, had left their Pikes, and some their Harquebuses, loading themselves with pots & bottles of Wine, which they found there in great abundance, 
Wine marreth all.  the which in very truth did the more hinder and endamage them: for by means hereof they fell into divers diseases, and died in great numbers; the English Nation not being accustomed to drink Wine always, & their Beer is not so strong a kind of drink. The day following, 3. leagues before their arrival to a Town called Loires Vedras, the keys of the Castle were brought to the king Don Anthonio, which Castle is so strong, that 20. men with necessary munitions may keep & defend it against 100000. All the way along to Lisbon (which is 60. good miles) there was not one castilian that durst appear; and 7. horsemen English did put to flight 60. castilians. From thenceforth many Portugals came to kiss the hands of their King, in great abundance: notwithstanding, for that they came without arms, having been before disarmed, and for that there was no body of whom they might get or have any neither for love nor money (howbeit that they brought with them good store of silver purposely to that effect) they did the most part of them return again to their own houses: and there could not be armed of them above one thousand foot, and 120. horse with Lances and targets: notwithstanding that the number of them which came was in a manner infinite. Amongst whom there were many Gentlemen of good re●●oning, who (because they were not clothed in Velvet and Satin, but plainly after the fashion of the country) were not known nor acknowledged by the strangers to be of that quality. On the Friday the second of june, 
The army arriveth at Lisbon.  they came in the night time to Lisbon, and were lodged in the suburbs of Saint Katherine, which are so great, that there were above 12000. persons of the Army lodged there all at large, and yet they held not the third part thereof. The officers of the king Don Anthonio found, 
A great suburbs.  that the Merchandise in this suburbs was worth more than four millions, to wit, spices, drugs, sugars, wines, flesh, corn, 
4. Millions of merchandise of the suburbs of Lisbon.  Biscuits, and other provisions: as Sir Roger Williams an English Colonel (who was in this army) did witness afterwards in the town of Manthu, in the presence of many persons of good quality: affirming that he had entered into most of the houses of the said suburbs, with an English Merchant which is come forth of the city, and that the Marchandizes which he saw there, were worth above six millions. This suburb is toward the West Lisbon; 
6. Millions.  in the which they were lodged contrary to the resolution which they had before set down in a Council held the day before, about two leagues from the city; which resolution was, that they should have encamped on the East side of the city for two reasons: one was, to hinder the enemy, that they should not have any succours by land: for that the army by sea being on the West side, and the sea upon the South side, and the mountains of Sintre on the North side, they could not possibly have any intelligence from any part. The other reason was, for that being in that quarter, on the East side, they should clear and free the way for the good people of Portugal to come and to have recourse unto their king. Now in that they took up their lodging on the West part, was an occasion that the enemy might safely and at pleasure sally out of the town with two hundred horse, 
A sally of the Castilians.  who slew and took prisoners many Portugals, and a great quanrity of victuals which were sent by the towns that took part with the king: and they were an hindrance also to many others that they could not come to join with him. The Saturday following, the third of june, about two or three hours after mid day, there issued out of the city about two hundred horse and eight hundred foot; some of the which entering within the streets of the suburbs, and crying aloud, God save the king Don Anthony, 
The great negligence of the officers of the army.  they came even unto one of the courts of Guard, and there slew to the number of thirteen or fourteen, for that they were lodged in the street without any Baricado● made for the fortitying of their lodgings. Notwithstanding the Portugals which followed the king, having discovered them to be Castilians and not Portugal's, did give the Alarm so hotly, that a regiment of Englishmen with certain Portugals making out towards the enemy, did charge him with that fury, that they made them betake themselves to plain flight, 
The repulse & flight of the Castilians.  and slew of them upon the place sixscore: besides that they took forty or fifty of their horses; and the flight of the Castilians was so hasty and headlong, that in their entry into the City, they left the gate of Saint Antan wide open. In this encounter died an English Cavallier, Colonel of a regiment named Bret, a brave man, and had great experience in the art Military. Now for that the General Drake did not enter within the port or haven of the city until the Sunday following (as was before resolved he should have done:) and for that also the most part of the soldiers had neither match nor powder left, save only for the discharge of some two or three volley of shot, 
The siege raised from before Lisbon:  the Lord General Norris was constrained to raise the siege, and to retire his forces the Monday morning, without any other thing attempted against the city: 
The hope of the Portugals.  within the which the Portugals did expect to have seen the ladders raised up against the walls, for to have made an assault upon the Castilians. 
Don Rodrigo de Lobo executed by the Castilians in Lisbon.  And for this very cause the same day that the camp did rise, Don Rodrigo Lobo, a Gentleman issued of an honourable house, and brother to the Baron de Aluito (which is the only Baron in Portugal, & a great Lord) was made prisoner and lost his head. The same monday being the fifth of june, the army came to Cascais, from whence they of the army made certain sallies against the enemy, who were so terrified, that 50 Musquetiers English, and 7. horsemen Portugals made 200. horse Castilians to dislodge from a village within a league and a half of Cascais, and to fly to Lisbon in such post hast that they left behind them part of their Arms and baggage and their dinner ready dressed. 
The Castle of Cascais rendered to the K.  After that (the Castle Cascais being rendered) the King and the Generals in a council held the twelfth of that month about noon (whereat were present the Count de Essex with many other Lords & all the chief Commanders of the Army) they resolved to return again to the City of Lisbon the day following, which was the day of S. Anthony, 
A Council held to return to Lisbon.  a Portugal by birth surnamed Saint Anthony of Padua: & their resolution was thus set down; That the Lord General Norris with all such soldiers as are sound and lusty should march by land, and in his company should be the king: and that the General Drake with the Mariners, and all the hurt and sick soldiers, and such Gentlemen as were not able to march by land, should go by sea: And to put the enemy in the greater disorder and confusion, they should cause 2to pass on the other side of the Sea 300. Portugals and 800. English. Which if they had put in execution, without all doubt they had gained the City, notwithstanding that there were within it more than four thousand Castilians: who had conceived a notable fear of the English and Portugals which were with the king, and they of the cities likewise, 
The victory at the Groin.  as knowing well that at the Groigne 800. English, with 200. Hollanders, and few Portugals, had defeated 10000 of their people, amongst whom there were some thousand old soldiers which lay there, and were the remainder of the Army by sea, set forth the year before: besides the County de Andrada, the County de Altimira, and the Lean of S. james de Compostella, and many other Gentlemen: insomuch that they of the city had resolved, that as soon as they should see the Fleet and sea forces of the English to pass the Tower of Bethleem, or the Army by land to give an assault unto the city, the Cardinal of Austria would have embarked himself with all his people to pass on the other side of the sea: and for this purpose they held all the Galleys, and many barks in a readiness to set sail. Amongst which there were many hired for 300 ducats for the passage of three leagues only. This counsel being ended, and Drake himself being a board the ship called the Revenge, did set sail about three hours after noon, and took his course towards Lisbon. Some thought he went to see the channel of Alcacena, which is an entry into the Haven, by which men do commonly pass, which would avoid the danger of the Tower of S. julian, because in this council (where had been called many old Pilots Portugals, 
Tower of S. julian.  who were very expert and well acquainted in that sea) it was resolved, that the Fleet and sea forces should enter that way for their more surety: besides that at that time there was water enough for them, by reason of the conjunction of the Moon: 
Drake taketh the Sea, contrary to the resolution taken in counsel  and the wind also was very favourable unto them. Notwithstanding Drake, when it grew towards evening, turned the head of his ship to the Westward, by reason he was advertised, that there passed by a Fleet of thirty sail of Esterlings: of the which he took 25. or 26. But this hindered the resolution formerly taken; so as it sorted not to that effect which was purposed. And it constrained the Lord General Norris, 
The embarking of the army for England.  the King, and the Earl of Essex, to embark themselves the day following, and to take the Sea, where they met with Drake the Friday following.  
I suppose that this short Discourse (which I have here set down, without specifying of any other the particularities of this expedition) will suffice to satisfy the desire of your Majesties, and to show the cause, why there was nothing done in Portugal, and that Gods will was not as yet to re-establish her by the means of this voyage. And I say moreover, that the principal cause, 
The reason why so many faults were committed in the English Army for Portugal.  why so many faults and oversights were committed, and that nothing was performed or put in execution (according as had been resolved in council, was, because this army was levied by Merchants, whereas in matters of this kind, Princes only ought to employ themselves, and that with a settled and advised deliberation: in such sort, that there ought not any name of an army to be used, but by and from them only: and they ought to have more interest therein then any other, and aught to be at the whole and only costs and charges both of levying and maintaining of all armed forces. And last of all, to them alone doth belong the choice and election both of the Heads and Leaders, and of one General and chief Commander: unto whom, as to the Sovereign, all the others should be subject and obedient. See then the reason why the Lord General Drake (being named and sent by Merchants who were most engaged in this voyage) did frame himself to do that which they would, and what came into his own brain and fancy, rather than that which the other Lord General Norris did well and wisely advice and counsel him, who was a man of singular experience, wisdom and understanding, as well in politic government, as in deeds of Arms, and all matters of warfare. For this worthy Lord did strive and labour by all means convenient to have made a longer abode in Portugal, both in the quarters of Lisbon and elsewhere: but after that the army had once set sail, the said Lord General Norris could not from thence forward, by any entreaties, persuade Drake to set foot on land again in Portugal, and not so much as to take one City, where it was well known that there was not any forces, nor any resistance made: neither was there any mean for the enemy either to have succoured it, or after the taking thereof, to besiege it for one year at the least. Besides that, with the same it is most certain, that they might have found in Gold, Silver, Silks, and Clothes, more than a million of ducats. Moreover, the said place might easily have been fortified, and by that means might have commanded many other places: and afterwards, money being sent into France, England, Holland, and other parts, they might have levied and led thither above fifty thousand soldiers sooner, than the enemy could have gotten together five thousand. And this I think will suffice for your Majesties to understand that which you desire in this behalf.  
But now let us return to the purpose which we had in hand. We have said, that by this one example it may easily be perceived, how faithful and loyal the Portugal Nation is to them, unto whom they do once promise faith and loyalty: and therefore God grant, that they do not accord nor unite themselves to the Castilian, and that neither your Majesties, nor the other Princes and Potentates of Europe do not consent nor permit them to do it, nor do give them occasion to lose the hopes which they yet have of their liberty. And you ought not to attend or stay upon the death of Philip: for it may be, that the Portugal will more easily accord with the son then with the father. And further, as the Monarchy of the castilian is neither governed nor conserved with the sword, but by good and sage counsel; so albeit he should die, yet the same counsel continueth and remaineth still. Besides, for these many years of late, it hath been governed without his presence: and therefore there is little or no hope for any great change or alteration by his death.  
Now of what great weight and importance this matter will be, Don Francisco de Ivara (the father of Don Diego de Ivara, lately Ambassador at Paris during the League) did confess and make known unto a French Gentleman at Madril, in the year 1579. The Gentleman is yet living, and can testify the truth of that which I will now tell you. The said Francis demanding of that Gentleman (who was then newly come from Barbary, where the late King had sent him, for certain of his affairs) what news he brought out of that Country? his answer was, That the Moors were in a notable fear, by reason they had intelligence, that the King Catholic did levy a great Army to pass into Barbary, to revenge the death of his Nephew, the King Don Sebastian. 
The speech of a Spanish nobleman to a French Gentleman.  Whereunto the said Francis replied, It is not amiss that the Moors should be in fear: but it were more meet, that the King your Master did understand to what end this Army is levied; for in very deed, it is for Portugal. 
The most Christian king and all the Princes and Potentates of Europe have great reason to hinder that the Portugals do not accord with the castilians, and that they give them no occasion to lose the hope of their liberty.  And if the King Catholic, my Lord, do make himself Master of that Realm, as he verily hopeth (for he holdeth it in a manner as already wrought and practised) he will bring to pass, that not only the most Christian King shall be inferior and tributary unto him, but also all the other Princes of Europe shall be subject unto him, especially the seven united Provinces of the Low Countries: and the Pope, with all the Court of Rome, shall do nothing but what seemeth good unto him; because, having added unto his Empire the Monarchy of Portugal, who can be able to resist him? For this reason it will concern the most Christian King, and all other Christian Princes, to join themselves together, as in a common cause, for that otherwise the King my Master will make himself Lord, and the universal Monarch of all the World, whereby they shall be his subjects, and we shall be his slaves and vassals perpetually.  
This that we have here left recited, doth prove that which was before spoken: and therefore to return to the matter in hand: I say in the fifth and last place, that whensoever a great and puissant army shall be raised to pass into Spain, be the charge never so great, if it do nothing else then waste and spoil the country, and take some few cities and towns, and if in regard thereof the Castilian be enforced to call home his forces (which he holdeth in these part of Europe for his own defence, though the coming of those his forces should cause our army to retire, yet I should hold this for a very great benefit; because that which cannot now be done with an hundred, will then be done with ten men, and the charge and expenses will be still less and less. But it may be, that some of your Majesty's subjects will say unto me, that this is a matter of great difficulty, and at this time especially very hard to be done: for that having the enemy here at hand, even at our backs, there were small reason for us to transport our forces into foreign parts. This a good doubt, and may be some trouble to men of a shallow and small understanding, and such as have little judgement to discourse upon the state of matters: but to them which know the depth and ground of things, it will carry no appearance of danger. But to the intent the truth may the better appear, let us reason together each with other by way of demanding and answering, as is used in the Schools.  

A discourse or reasoning between the Author and a Frenchman touching the passing of an Army into Spain.  The Subject. Be it so if you please, for I will hear you with a right good will. The Pilgrim. Say then, what is it that you think will endamage you? Subject. The enemy with his forces and with his intelligences. Pilgrim. But if you find a mean to disnest him from hence, who then can hurt you afterwards? Subject. No body. Pilgrim. Do then as I have told you, and without doubt the enemy will be gone from you. Subject. That cannot be. Pilgrim. Wherefore? Subject. Wherefore, say you? How would you, that we should go into a strange and foreign country to war upon others, and leave our own country in the power and puissance of our enemies? If we send our forces into Spain (as you would persuade us) we should be utterly undone, as I have given you to understand. Pil. Good God, how are you without judgement and understanding? Take that which I tell you, as I speak it, and not as you conceive it, and answer me to one question categorically. If there were now an army raised to go into Spain, to the making whereof, let France spare some four or five thousand men: England three or four thousand: the Estates of Holland, Zealand, Freezland, and all the rest of their Allies, two or three thousand, besides ships, of which they have great store; and let some other Princes, Potentates, and Commonweals, disburse some proportion of money, for the aiding and furthering of this enterprise: & to these add three or four thousand Switzers or Lance knights: and then tell me shall France be unprovided? or shall England be dispeopled? or shall the Estates be unfurnished of men and shipping, and without means to keep the Seas? or shall the other Princes and commonweals be reduced to such misery, that they shall be unable to hold their ordinary course in their affairs and proceed: but rather as they may well spare twice so many men to furnish them to pass into Spain out of the several Kingdoms, and yet they are sufficient to employ greater forces into other his dominions in the West, and nevertheless powerfully maintain their own. Sub. No: I think not so. Pilg. Why then do you not that which concerneth you so near, and whereof dependeth the whole and only remedy of your mischief and misery, and wherein you for your part, have a greater interest than any of the rest. Sub. Marry sir: to make up these thousands of men which you speak of; there must be had great store of money, which will as hardly be had, as they that have it, will be loath to departed with it. Pilg. O how blind is this people! and how devoid of counsel and prudence is this nation! O that they would be wise, and that they would understand, and provide for things to come. Our town, which the enemy may take to morrow next, doth it not import us more than 300000. crowns, which is the most that we shall need for the furnishing of 4. or 5. thousand men? If after the taking of Laon, and the reducing of so many good towns, there had been employed 200000 crowns, which are demanded for this enterprise, it may be, you should have had by this time more than three milllions in your purse, and you should not have lost all these towns in France of so great import; Cambray, Dourlan, Calais, Ardes, Amiens, and many other places, with your great Admiral: and so many brave gentlemen and Captains which are now dead, would still have lived to speak in French. Moreover, do not excuse yourself and say for your discharge, that a man cannot divine what will follow: for you have been too too much forewarned of matters as they have fallen out, and there is yet living a Lord, one of the Council, who at Fountain Belleau in May 1595. did by all means he could possibly device, persuade the undertaking of this enterprise; alleging so many reasons and so evident, that he plainly shown, how greatly it did import France to make a voyage into Portugal: but they would not understand, nor so much as give ear unto him: Thy destruction is of thyself, O Israel. Is not this true? answer me. Sub. I confess it; there is nothing more true: and at Cambray, Calais, and Amiens we have lost so much, as it is a mockery to speak of three millions, for that the moveables of Calais only were worth more than a million, and those of Amiens much more. And if the enemy should happen to possess those two places any long time, the game would soon cost us more than 13. Millions. Pilg. Now then, if you confess thus much, and do know what the issue and effect of this matter will be, as you say: why do you not that which concerneth you so much, and is so necessary for you? Sub. Seeing you do press me so fare, I will tell you without hiding any of our thoughts from you. The cause is, for that we are unwilling to hazard and set up the rest of our estates upon the sayings, 
Nota.  and upon the opinions of a Nation that is passionate and in misery: but we hold it better, to defend our own as well as we may, rather than expose all to utter ruin and destruction: for to what purpose will it be to send 12. or 15. thousand men into Spain, where there is so great a multitude of people? We cannot believe that there can come so great good of such a journey, as you in the beginning of your Treatise would persuade us: and all the world doth both think and speak no less; affirming, that it is only the desire of those (who are tyrannised and in bondage, and do long to see their country delivered from that tyrannical servitude) which doth make all things to seem and appear easy to be done. Pil. O that it would please God to open the eyes of your understandings, that you might know yourselves, and that you might be able to discern the good from the ill, the sweet from the sour, and the black from white. It must needs be a great grief unto the Physicians, when they see that their patients are wilful and obstinate, because in the curing of them, there is neither reason nor counsel which will seem pleasing or agreeable unto them. And in very truth, I do assure you, that I hold it in a manner impossible for any man (be he never so sage, or quick & clear sighted) to perceive the thousandth part of the grief and sorrow which I endure to see you (my masters) even you of France and England so obstinate, as that you will neither conceive, nor so much as understand, that whereupon your whole saftetie and deliverance doth depend: that you are so inclined to follow a track or by-path, which will throw you down headlong to a most miserable ruin, out of which there will be no recovery. But seeing I have gained so little in speaking to you in particular, and that every man doth talk of these matters in public, I will now therefore turn my speech to the whole world.  
First, I say, that it is very hard and difficult to put in execution any matter of great weight and importance, without endangering of some things of like kind and nature; 
To gain any thing there must be much hazarded.  and a man cannot gain or purchase any thing without some great hazard and adventure. If Merchants should not adventure their goods upon the Seas, and commit them to the mercy of tempests and pirates, or enemies, they would not make such great gain and commodity as we see them to do daily: neither should Kings or Princes have need of so many officers, or of so many customers: and the excessive profit which men make both for themselves, as well as for their country would soon cease: neither would they so prodigally spend & bestow their goods & their lives, in running into so many dangers for the discovering of Lands so fare scattered and removed from them. If all this be done for the gaining of 10, 15, or 20, for 100, how much more ought you to do it to redeem and deliver yourselves from so great trouble and calamity, and from so many dangers which do threaten and menace you? And if you cast your your account well, you shall find that you gain more than 100 for one. Thus much concerning the first point of your speech. And whereas you spoke of people passionate and in misery: I cannot forget it, but I must and will answer you to that point also. O how it would rejoice me, if you would understand, that this is but the malice of the devil and his followers, to make men believe, that that which is told them (howsoever it be founded upon truth and reason, and those advertisements which are given them for their good and benefit (and which were needful for them to receive and embrace) do proceed only of passion: to the intent he may by means hereof hinder and withdraw them from all good actions, and bring them to utter ruin and destruction. 
The condition of the assailant fare differeth from that of the defendant.   
Secondly, it is most certain, that the condition and estate of them which are defendants, is much more miserable than that of the assailants, because for to defend themselves they shall need greater store of men and forces, then to assail their enemies. The reason: for that those which stand upon their defence, do not know upon what side the enemy will essault them: and they which do assail, do well know where the enemy holdeth his principal force and strength for his defence. For example; suppose that the enemy put within Amiens 100 horse only, and four or 5000, foot: now for you to defend yourself from them, it will be needful that you do place good and strong garrisons in Abbeville, Eeu, Diep, Rouen, guysor's, Gournay, Pontoise, Beaumond, Senlis, Compeigne, Han, S. Quintin, Pe ●onne, Corbie, Bologne, Montreil, S. Esperit de Ru Beawoys, Clermont, and many other places, if you would not see yourself ruined: but assail your enemy, and then shall you have the advantage. March therefore into Spain, into Flanders, 
That it is necessary to pass with an army into Spain.  or other his dominions that may be nominated, and you shall have peace at your pleasure, otherwise you shall have it with shame and dishonour, and you will in the end repent you, that ever you spoke of peace. If you stand here at home upon your own defence, you seek your own ruin and perdition: if you go thither to assail him, you shall ruinated and destroy him. Let the multitude of examples which are every where in all histories learn you to be wise; consider well I beseech you that which Scipio 
Scipio.  (one of the most peudent and greatest Captains of the world) said unto the Romans: 
The Romans. Hannibal's Speech of Scipio,  who had lost three great battles against Hannibal: There is great difference and odds (said he) between spoiling and preying upon the country of the enemy, and to see our own flaming with fire, and spoiled and ransacked by our enemies. Moreover, he which assaulteth is more courageous than he which is put to his defence: add hereunto, that the fear and astonishment is much the more and greater, where it is not foreseen and prevented. Now as soon as a man entereth within the enemy's country, he shall soon take knowledge both of the good and evil that may befall him therein, & he shall quickly discover the commodities or the discommodities of the country. 
Liu. Dec. 4. lib. ●. Saying of P. Sulpitius to the Romans.  Remember well that which P. Sulpitius said unto the Romans, and take it to yourselves, as if he had spoken it unto you, to wit: That they had had good experience by that which was past, how their wars were always more happy and fortunate, and their armies much more puissant in the country of the enemy, then in their own. Harken to the counsel which Hannibal gave unto Antiochus, 
Idem. Decad. 4. lib. 4.  and make your profit thereof better than he did: Assure yourself that the country of the enemy will yield you soldiers, who desire their liberty: and will furnish you with victuals, and all commodities for your army. Let the faults and oversights of others make you wise: do as Cyrus did, who cast himself away by contemning the counsel of Croesus, 
Herodotus.  and by not making any reckoning of Tomyris his enemy. 
Halicar. lib. 1.  Take heed that you do not incur more blame in this behalf than all others, and it may be more deservedly; because you have ever, and do daily, use too too much to contemn, and not to regard your enemy. Certainly, this is the first and principal cause of the ruin of all estates, when they contemn and set not by their enemies: and when they will not hearken to any thing that shall be alleged to the contrary. For the question is not now of entering into a foreign country, to subdue and conquer it, or to get to be Lord and Master of it: but only to restore unto liberty so many peoples and nations, who do cry and call for aid under the yoke and burden of this tyranny: and to deliver your own subjects from the arms of the enemy, who hath gotten footing in the best and goodliest province of your realms and kingdoms. If you do not as I advice you, I fear me, lest to morrow they will take yet some other of your towns, and the next day another, and so afterwards at one blow will seize upon all the rest. Take heed therefore to that which I tell you: I would not have you for the assailing of your enemy, to leave yourselves undefended; but that in doing of one thing, you do not let pass another: because 4. or 5. thousand men which you men of Guienne, Languedock, Dauphine, and other provinces, will not bring you to any such want of men, but that you may have means enough to defend yourselves both in Picardy and elsewhere.  
Thirdly, to deprive a king from his Crown and sceptre, and to dispossess him of his realms and dominions, 
Two things do soon deprive a Prince of his crown and sceptre: cruelty, and licentious living.  when he is a tyrant, cruel, or of a wicked, licentious and lewd life, there needeth no great forces.  
Two thousand men which Charles the 8. King of France gave unto Henry Earl of Richmond his cousin german removed (for he was the grand child of Katherine sister of Charles the 7. his grandfather, who had to her first husband Henry the fifth king of England) were sufficient for the said Earl passing over into England to gather together men enough to bid battle to Richard the third: in the which Richard was defeated and slain most shamefully, 
The chronicles of England.  by reason of her cruelty and tyranny.  
Peter king of Castille the son of Alphonse the justicier, 
The histories of Spain.  for his tyranny and many cruelties which he committed, got the surname of cruel, and was for the same cause slain by his brother Henry the bastard.  
The cruelty which Christian (the second of that name, 
Many histories.  brother in law to Charles the fifth) used towards the principal and chief Nobles of Swethland, made him lose the said Realm, and consequently also the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway, which he was rightful king and Sovereign.  
The kingdom of Spain was taken from the King Roderike, a most lose and licentious Prince, 
The common history of Spain.  only by twelve thousand Moors, whom the Earl julian, Captain of the town of Septa, procured from Vlit king of Barbary: who in the year 713. passing into Spain in Merchant's ships, had for their Chief and General Tarif Ab●n Zarca, who being blind of one eye, gave the name unto the Town of Tarifa, which was before called Carteya: and having destroyed the Town of Seville, did take and ruinated many others, both i●●he Province of Boetica, and in Portugal, and did overthrow in set battle a cousin of the said king Roderike, which Roderike himself afterwards assembling his forces upon the river of Guadelethe on the seventh of july (or according to others) on the seventh of September, in the year 724. did give battle unto the Moors: in the which he was overcome and vanquished, and immediately after he lost almost all Spain. The wicked li● of this king was the only cause of this loss, and of the ruin of that kingdom, and especially because he had dishonoured Cava the daughter of the said Earl Julian, who upon this occasion finding himself grievously outraged, gave free entry unto the Moors by that town of Septa, which is (as it were) the key of Africa and Europe. Besides, he did serve for a guide unto them in that their invasion. At which time the said Moors had very good and happy success in their affairs in Spain, by reason that they found the people not used nor accustomed to the wars, as they are not now at this day likewise.  
Antiochus the Great, for his dissolute & disordinate life, at such time as he should have set Greece at liberty, and have made war upon the Romans', for the assurance & security of his own Empire, was reduced to such terms, that he saw himself constrained in the end to accept peace of them, upon such conditons as pleased them. And retiring himself out of Europe and Asia, he was glad to withdraw himself into a corner, as their vassal and tributary.  

The Annals of France.  Childericke for his voluptuous living, and for seeking nothing but for his own pleasures, lost the Crown and kingdom of France. By all which examples, sufficing as well as 6000. more, may be seen how little strength and small forces there do need to trouble and ruinated the enemy in in Spain, which hath not at any time induced, nor had any Prince so tyrannous and cruel, nor of such wicked and licentious living.  
Fourthly, touching your incredulity, and the opinion which you have, that the love of a man's country doth easily deceive them, and make the remedy of their miseries and servitude to seem easy; surely we may with good reason call this incredulity a blind ●nueiglement, and darkness of understanding. and therefore I come once again to say as I have said, and I do again and again advice you, That to send a good and well conducted Army into Spain, or other parts of his Dominions, will be the only mean to resist and withstand the enemy, to break the course of his designs, to beat down his pride, and to destroy his puissance. And albeit that this may well be granted to follow, by that which hath been above spoken, yet I will prove it by one other example only; which being most true, maketh very much to our intended purpose.  
Henry, Count of Trastamara, 
The Histories of Castise, Portugal, England, etc.  the bastard son of Alphonsus the justicier, by the aid of the French had slain the King Don Pedro, his lawful brother. Of this Peter there remained two daughters: The youngest, Isabel, espoused Edmond de Langley, the fifth son of Edward the third, King of England. This Edmond having gotten sundry victories in favour of the Portugals (who accompanied him against the castilians in Spain) did manage those affairs with such prudence and wisdom, that he constrained the said Henry, King of Castille, to accept and receive of Fernand, King of Portugal (who was in a manner brought to utter destruction, both he and his whole Realm) such conditions of peace as were most ignominious and dishonourable, and very prejudicial both to himself, his vassals, and subjects. In regard of which his notable deeds and deserts, the said Edmond was afterwards made Duke of York by Richard the second, King of England, his Nephew, the son of Edward the Black Prince, his eldest brother, in a Parliament holden at Westminster in the year of Christ, 1386. Of these two, Edmond and Isabella, descended the Queen of England, likewise named Isabella. The other daughter, being the eldest of King Peter, and called Constance, espoused john of Gaunt, the fourth brother of the said Edmond both by father and mother, and Duke of Lancaster by his first wife Blanch, who had by him Henry the fourth, afterwards King of England; and two daughters, of which the eldest, Philip, was Queen of Portugal, the wife of Ivan the Bastard. Of John of Gaunt, and Constance, was borne one only daughter, called Katherine, of whom we shall hereafter make further mention. The said John of Gaunt, in regard of his wife Constance, did entitle himself King of Castille and Leon: 
Guaribay, lib. 15. cap. 25.  and for the obtaining of his right to that Kingdom, he passed from Gascoigne (which was then under the Dominion of the English) into Spain with eighteen thousand footmen, and two thousand horse; where, with the aid of the Portugals, who were his good friends, he took the Groigne. From thence he went into Portugal, out of which he entered into Castille, marching even to the City of Burgos, which was distant from the place of his departure more than a hundred and twenty Leagues. 
The entry and invasion of the English, with the Portugals, into Castille.  And from the time of his first arrival, he took and made himself Lord of all the Cities, Towns, and Castles, which he found in his way: beside, such as being farther off, did come to render and yield themselves for very fear and terror. And he might easily have passed on much further, if his people had not died, who by reason of their disorder which they kept, and by their ill rule and demeaning of themselves, were oppressed with extreme famine, whereof ensued this plague and pestilence amongst them. And they were reduced to such necessity of Victuals, 
The amity of the French and English out of their own Countries.  that they were constrained to have recourse even to the Camp of their enemies (where then was in favour of the King, john of Castille, Lewes Duke of Bourbon, accompanied with the French forces) of whom they demanded relief, for the sustentation of their poor and wretched lives. The which being perceived by John the Bastard, than elected King of Portugal, he complained to the Duke of Lancaster, telling him, that he held it not good, nor convenient, that his soldiers should go to entreat with the enemy, affirming, that these might more endamage him then the others: and that therefore he should immediately recall them, and forbidden them to have any communication, conference, or parley with any of the contrary party; otherwise, that he would fight against them altogether, 
The valour of john, the Bastard King of Portugal. Thomas Walsingham.  and would cause them all to be put to the sword, the one for the love of the other. Thomas Walsingham, an English Historiographer, doth set it down in these very words; and he saith, that the King of Portugal had then with him four thousand Portugals, well armed.  
Some have esteemed the saying of this Historiographer as very ridiculous, or as a mere Bravado only; 
The valour of the Portugals.  but they are much deceived: for these four thousand Portugals, having their King for their Chieftain and Leader, had been sufficient to defeat twenty thousand castilians.  
The same King with five thousand, 
An History worthy the marking.  and so many Portugals, and a hundred and fifty Englishmen, did defeat the said john, King of Castille (both of them being present in person in the battle of Aljibarot) and put him to flight, having with him four and thirty thousand fight men; of the which died upon the place twelve thousand: and there were of prisoners, ten thousand taken by four thousand, and so many Portugals, and a thousand Englishmen, who remained masters of the field: for there died in the fight about a thousand Portugals, and five hundred English, who fought as if they had been Lions.  
About the same time, Don Nunalures Pereira, 
This History is well worthy the marking, & the battle was called the battle of Valverde  Constable of Portugal, with three thousand footmen and a thousand horse, defeated five and twenty thousand castilians, and slew and took the principal and chief men of Castille.  
The same King, before that he came to reign, and afterwards, had many victories upon his enemies, no less admirable than that other; insomuch, that a certain Nobleman of Castille being in speech one day, and devising with his King (which was the said John) he said unto him: Sir, I cannot conceive the cause why the King of Portugal, with so few men, hath so often vanquished you, seeing that you have always had five or six against one of them. The King answered him: The cause is, for that the King of Portugal doth fight against me, being accompanied with his children, and I combat against him, being accompanied with my subjects; I am King and Lord of Castille, and he is King and Lord of the Portugals. Even so did the valiant Alphonsus Henriques, the first King of Portugal, begin to entitle himself King and Lord of the Portugals.  

An honourable testimony of the loyalty of the Portugals.  This valour of the Portugals was not then at that time only, but it hath still continued even to this day: for we ourselves have seen, in the year 1580. how the King Don Anthonio, with less than five thousand footmen, Portugals, being but even novices in Arms, and young soldiers, did defend himself for many days against more than twenty thousand old soldiers of the Duke de Alna.  
In the year following, on the five and twentieth of july, being S. James his day, Scipio de Figueiredo de Vasconcelles, a Gentleman whose valour and fidelity is well known, and of whom there is often mention made in Histories, being Governor of the Isles of Assores, he defended himself in plain field with less than four hundred Portugals against more than a thousand castilians, whom Don Petro de Valdes had made to take land in the I'll of Terceras, near to the city of Angra. The Portugals were no soldiers, but mechanical persons, handycrafts men, and labourers, and amongst them, there were not ten Gentlemen; for the Governor had left them in the Town, for the defence and government thereof. The castilians were old soldiers, amongst whom (as is reported) there were two hundred men who had been Commanders in Armies of Castille, and they fought from four hours after morning, till four of the night: at which time they caused a great quantity of Kine to be driven down from the Mountains, with the which they broke the ranks and order of the castilians, to the intent they might come to handy-strokes with them: and by this stratagem coming to the sword, 
A good stratagem.  they overthrew them. Some of the said castilians saved themselves by swimming, many were drowned, and there were buried by just account, 875. 
A notable victory of the Portugals upon the castilians. Conestagio 8. fol. 234. pag. 1.  Of the Portugals were slain by the hand of their enemies, fifteen; and by the fall of a wall, six; and some hurt. The famous Conestagio doth recount this History otherwise, but falsely; howbeit, that he confesseth, that there were slain six hundred castilians, and thirty Portugals. But I have heard what passed in this encounter, of many Gentlemen Spaniards, my countrymen, who were present at it, and especially of one that was borne in Valentia, named Don Gasper, who saved himself by Sea, being sore hurt; and of a Drum, that was a castilian; and of a Portugal, borne in Villa Vicosa: the which two only had their lives saved, being found upon the Seashore, after the heat of the fight was passed. There died one of the nephews of the Duke de Alva, and one of the nephews of the marquis de Santa Cruse, and a nephew of the abovenamed Don Pedro de Valdes, and that renowned Philip Hartada, an Arragonnois, and seventy more, of such as were the eldest brethren of sundry good Houses; of whom, a good part were near neighbours to Salamanca. To be brief, there died all the flower of Castille: for that they seeing how Portugal was yielded unto them so easily, and having heard that the Isles were very rich, and that the East Indie Fleet was like to fall into their hands, and being alured with the late sack of the suburbs of Lisbon, which was valued at three Millions; they had embarked themselves for this service as cheerfully, as if they had been going to a Wedding. This is a thing well known, that four or five young Portugals, from between eighteen and twenty years of age, did at Lisbon, with their Swords and Cloaks only, make no account of a dozen of castilians. By these reasons men may understand, that that which Walsingham saith, is not a ridiculous thing, much less a Bravado. But return we to that we had in hand.  
Within a few days after, there came certain Ambassadors to the Duke of Lancaster, sent from the King of Castille, who in all humility did demand to have peace; but the Duke would not hearken unto them. Notwithstanding, hunger and the pestilence constraining him to retire into Portugal, to the Town of Trancoso, they came again to seek him out, being sent thither unto him the second time by the said John, King of Castille, with their former request; showing unto the Duke by many good reasons and arguments, the great profit which would ensue of a good peace made between them. 
The Castilian demandeth peace of the Duke of Lancaster in all humility.  Thereupon did the Duke give them audience, and in the end did accord to their demand, howbeit that it was full sore against his will: First, because he was given to understand, that the King of Portugal was willing to have it so: And secondly (which in effect was the thing that did most urge him) because he was advertised, that the troubles and wars began afresh between the French and the English, and that there were certain Seditions grown in England, by reason whereof he should not be able to have any fresh succours from thence, 
The Castilian constrained to receive conditions to his disadvantage.  whereof it seemed he had then great want; and the mortality which was in his Army did now threaten him, that he should have need of a further supply. The accord therefore was made between the King and the Duke in this sort: That Henry, the eldest son of john, named Prince of Castille, should espouse Katherine, the only daughter of the said Duke, and of Constance his wife; and that they two should succeed in the Realms of Castille and Leon, and other his Signories: That the King should endow both the Mother and the Daughter (as he did) giving to the Mother the City of Guadalaiara, Medina del Campo, and Ouiedo; and afterwards, being with her in the said Town of Medina, he gave her Hueta also: and to the daughter for her Dowry, he gave the Esturies, making and naming her Princess, and his son Prince of Esturie. And from that time forward, the eldest son of the castilian King hath always borne and had the surname of this Principality, as of Dauphine in France the Dolphin. Besides it was covenanted, That he should give unto the Duke six hundred thousand Franks of Gold, for his return into England, and forty thousand Franks of yearly rent, during the lives of him and his wife. john of Castille accepted all these conditions, and that very gladly: for albeit he had France, and the Frenchmen also on his side, and the King of Arragon likewise (with whose sister he had been married, of whom was borne the said Prince Don Henry and Fernand, who was afterward king of Arragon, 
All Spain with the succours of France against Portugal, which gained notwithstanding.  against all right and equity, and to the prejudice of the true and lawful heirs:) and had also Charles the third king of Navarre to his friend: yet he knew nevertheless that having civil wars in his own Realm, and Portugal his enemy: he should hazard the fortune of all his estates and dominions, of such power was the Realm of Portugal against all the rest of Spain. This is most certain and assured, 
The paissance of Portugal.  that at all times and as often as Portugal shall have the aid and favour of France or of England, or of any other strange Prince whatsoever, she will soon constrain the king of Castille (to whom it is as a bridle) to yield a reason, and to submit himself to the yoke, and to receive such conditions as shall be both dishonourable and prejudicial. And those of the Duke had been much more to his profit and advantage in this accord, if the king of Portugal had been willing thereunto: because he having the sword in his own hand, he might have made partition of the country at his own will and pleasure: he was the judge, and did what seemed good in his own sight. 
Plutarch in Apothege.  He that hath the sword may divide the lands as he listeth. Thereof it came to pass, that the Duke departed not very well contented with the King, notwithstanding that he had given him in marriage Philip his eldest daughter.   


An exhortation to the French King, etc.  Oh that it would please your Majesties to consider well this that I tell you, and to the which I would willingly persuade both your Highnesses, and other the Princes and Potentates of Europe, and that you would once know your own puissance; and being assisted by your neighbours, with their Shipping, Galleons, and hardy Mariners, with their Artillery, Munitions, and other furniture for the Wars, and of which they have great abundance; besides the ready forwardness and willing desire which they have to accompany you, as hath been most apparent for these many years: you shall find, that you alone have men enough, and forces sufficient, to make yourselves the judge and Arbitrator of these Affairs: and holding the Sword fast and firmly in your hands, it will be in your powers to make partition of the Realms and Provinces of Spain; and you shall be able, not only to take back unto yourselves that which is belonging and appertaining unto you, but you shall make them to render unto every man his own. What greater honour? What greater felicity can there be? Defend (Princes) your right, which for so many Ages you have inherited from your predecessors. There wanteth not even at this day in your Realm of England, neither Champions of Saint George, nor other late Captains, such as Noble Essex, Drake, Candish, Forbisher, Flawkins, Norris, Williams. Likewise in the Realm of France, who neither wanteth Martelles, nor Pippins, nor rowland's, nor Olivers', nor Renaulds. In stead of the twelve Peers of France, you are enriched with more than twelve hundred of the like. Your neighbours for one Richard, will furnish you with an hundreth; and their Allies will fit you with an Ogier, so fully adorned with all perfections, and so expert and well practised in the Art Military, and so followed with good and valiant soldiers, that the Constables of Castille, the Counties de Fueutes, and the Verdugoes, with all the residue of their companions, shall have no odds, nor advantage of them.  
This is the right and direct way: this is the most certain and most assured mean to have a good and happy peace: even by the strength of your own arms, without the use and employment of any supporters. You shall give laws unto the enemy, according to your own will & desires: you shall force him to accept of such conditions as shall be profitable and commodious, not only to you and your own realms, but to your friends and allies also. What can the enemy do, if you should pass into Spain with an army well furnished of all necessaries? 
The quality of a good General.  and being led and conducted by some Prince which may be chosen and named by your Majesties for chief and General of the same, such a one as shall be descended of some great and ancient house, and of noble blood: and accompanied and adorned with such graces and rare gifts, as may easily draw others without any difficulty or grudging, to submit themselves to his command; and one that shall be able to govern with great prudence and wisdom? without doubt the enemy would hold himself utterly forlorn and undone, (as indeed he should be no less) and he would esteem himself happy and well paid, if we would suffer him to remain Lord of Castille: he would restore vn- your Majesties the realm of Navarre and surplus of that which he and his predecessors have usurped upon France: unto the most excellent Duke of Lorraine, he would restore the Realms of Naples, Sicily, Arragon, Valentia, and Catolonia, and such other signiories as are dependants of the same: and the Realm of Portugal, to whom of right it appertaineth. And he would be brought to do reason unto the house of the Duke de Nevers, of the Duchy of Brabant, of Limbourg, or Lothier, and of the town of Antwerp. Likewise it would constrain him to restore the Palatinate and Switzerland.  
If you should demand of me, on what side it were most fit and commodious, and convenient to enter into Spain: I say, that if you would enter by Navarre (whereof his Christian Majesty, is the natural and lawful king) you should even at this day there find the grand children of them which have lost their lives and their goods for the service of his ancestors, and many others likewise who do love and desire him, as their rightful king and Lord, and will incur all worldly hazards and dangers for him, especially he being turned true and perfect Catholic.  
If by Arragon, the wounds thereof are yet so fresh, that the blood thereof doth yet, even now seem new to abound. If by Portugal, the sores are yet open in the quick flesh, and remain altogether unheaded, and that with such grief and dolour, that even those very hands which should offer to touch them (though it were to remedy them) would make them to quake and tremble: for, Horrent admotas vulnera cruda manus.  
And as it is a very difficult and hard matter for a sick man, being in captivity and servitude, to recover his health: so it is impossible for any man (though he should live a hundreth years (to see those two nations, the Portugal and Castilian, to agree and love together: notwithstanding the king of Castille doth at this day entreat the Portugals (in comparison of his ordinary and natural cruelty) with some gentleness, and doth maintain them in their privileges and liberties. 
The Castilian proud and arrogant. The Portugal impatient.  For proof whereof, leaving an infinite number of reasons that might be alleged, one only shall suffice; and that is, because the Castilians are extreme proud and arrogant, the Portugals too too impatient, when their honour is any way touched or in question, for than they will sooner grow to blows then to words.  
The French Translator  
This is a thing most certain and assured, and the Portugals do so regard their hononur, and they are so ambitious of the same, and it is so recommended unto them from the father to the son: that if they should lose but one jot thereof, they would grow stark mad, as men that had lost all sense and understanding. 
Fernand Magellan his great impatiency and folly.  Fernand de Magellan a Gentleman of Portugal, upon an opinion that his King had done him much wrong, did conceive such a despite thereof, that he fled from Portugal, and retired himself to the King of Castille, purposing to discover unto him the enterprise of Peru. Now see the folly, or rather madness of the man; his discontentment proceeded of no other matter but of this: for that the King had denied to give him a pension only of half a Ducat monthly for his son: for the custom of Portugal is, that all the Gentlemen shall take a pension (which they call Moradia) of the King, according to the degrees and qualities of their Nobilities, (which they do properly call Fuero:) and they are to be enroled in the books of the King's house, which they call the Book of the Kitchen, or the Book of Matriculation. The quality of Magellan was to be one of the Knights of Hidalgo (that is to say) Feal, or one that doth Fealty: his pension was every month three ducats: and he had a petition to the king, that his son might be admitted into the same quality as himself was, and that he might have the like pension. Of these demands the King granted the one, 
The reason why Magellan did disco- the enterprise of Peru to the king of Castille  and refused the other: for he accepted his son for one of his Knight's Feal: but he would not give any more than two ducats and a half for his pension, observing therein the custom of his predecessors, who did not use to give to the children so great a pension as to the fathers save only when by the death of their parents they came to succeed them in their inheritance. And for as much as in Portugal the manner is, that the Nobles have their place and precedence according to the degree and quality of their Nobility: and they which are of one like degree and quality, do take their place each of other according to the quantity of the ponsion, more or less, which they receive. Magellan did take in so evil part this refusal of the King, made unto his son of half this ducat, only because by means hereof he should lose his precedence, that he became most foolishly enraged, as a man that had lost all sense and understanding: and to show the extreme grief and sorrow which he took for the loss of so small an honour, he purchased to himself the name and estimation of a Traitor, and for such a one do all histories recount him: because he did not perform that du●ie and devoir to his king which he ought him, but did give it unto a stranger: and he was the occasion that things came to that pass, that the two realms of Portugal and Castille, were upon the point to have fallen at variance each with other. So that it was the extreme and ambitious desire of honour which made Magellan thus mad, and will work the like effect with all true Portugals: and it was not the desire of getting a little piece of money, as some have taken it, and have not been ashamed to set down as much in writing, for the matter and subject incident hereunto do show the contrary. I speak not this without cause, for that S. Goulart de Senlis in his translation imprinted at Paris by N. Bonfons in the year 1587. and in the three and twentieth Discourse, doth affirm as much. The words of Osorius touching this matter, 
Hier. Osorius of the deeds of Emanuel king of Portugal lib. 11.  are these: Notwithstanding the Portugals, for that they are unmeasurably desirous of honour, and do think that their Nobility is greatly increased and augmented by the adding of a little money unto their living: that they do oftentimes imagine, and are persuaded, that they ought stoutly to fight and contend for such a small sum of money, as if their whole safety, reputation and dignity did depend thereupon.  
This being so: you will say perhaps, that it is greatly to be wondered at, how the Castilians should then be able so easily to subdue and conquer the realm of Portugal as they have done, the same being so great and so puissant a Monarchy. Hereunto I answer: that it would be a long and tedious matter to recount all the reasons thereof: and in very truth it so happened, rather for want of resolution, then for any defect of colour or courage: for the Castilians are not better soldiers than the Portugals, as we have before showed: and it did well appear, how about five thousand foot, and some thousand horse did defend themselves for the space of four months and twenty days, against more than twenty thousand old soldiers under the Duke de Alva; the others being but new soldiers, and plain country peasants: 
The reasons why the Castilians took Portugal so easily.  and if there had not been such abundance and store of treasons, it may be that the Duke himself had found but bad entertainment, and wilt have passed any further. But Portugal was altogether unprovided of Chieftains and leaders: all of them being lately slain in Africa with their king, 
Conestagio. li. 1. fol. 45. pa. 2.  as Conestagio in the end of his first book doth sufficiently set down unto us, where he hath these words; Sebastian went into Africa, leaving his realm quite and clean without money, without any of the Nobility, without any to succeed or inherit it, and in the hands of such Governors as were but badly affected towards him.  
The Translator.  
In this battle died the Duke de Aueyro, great grandchild of Don juan the second king of Portugal, two Princes his cousin germane, one of the sons of Theodosius Duke of Bragancia, and one other that was heir to the Marquisat of Ferrara, and four Counties, as it is reported in the life of the King Don Sebastian by a Jew, 
Duard Nonnes de Leon, a jew his book of Censures, etc.  named Duard Nonnes de Leon, who, contrary to the laws of Portugal, which excludeth all jews, and such as are descended of the jewish nation, from all honours & dignities, yet was made of the Council of the realm of Portugal by the King Catholic, who preferred him to that honour, only in recompense of a Book which he made, called the Book of Censures; and is not only most infamous but full of heretical unadvised propositions: it was written against Friar joseph Texere, a Portugal, of the order of the Friar's Preachers; who is at this day a personage greatly renowned in all Europe, 
Friar joseph Texere a Portugal his commendation.  and known of all the Princes of Christendom both Ecclesiastical and secular; and especially in France, where the chiefest and greatest persons of the realm; and all men of honour do love and gladly entertain him, for his honest conversation, fair conditions, and singular doctrine: be being a man the most accomplished in the knowledge of histories, and in the genealogies of great personages, of any living at this day: as his works and ordinary communication do sufficiently testify. I do much wonder at the patience of this religious man, who being so exquisitely seen and practised in histories, so expert in matters of State, and so jealous of his honour, as we know him to be, that he doth not set hand to his pen, and write, not only against the errors and untruths of this Jew, but even against the Catholic Majesty also: seeing it was his Majesty that caused this false and infamous book of Censures (whereof we speak) to be made against him: and he did avow the same by his privilege given thereunto in the year 1590. permitting the said Jew to imprint the said book (entreating of the Genealogy of the Kings of Portugal) after he had translated it into the Castilian tongue, out of another which he had formerly made in Latin by the commandment of the said King Catholic: in the which book the Jew did of set purpose, forget to name and set down, amongst them that died, Don Emanuel de Meneses, otherwise de Almada, Bishop of Coimbre, and another Bishop Don Airs de Silua, Bishop of the City of Port, and cousin german to the Regedour of Portugal (which is a dignity representing throughout all that Kingdom the person of the King, in all causes of justice, both civil and criminal) both which Bishops were issued of the royal House of Portugal: so were also the Baron of Portugal, and the County de Prado with his eldest son, besides some other Lords and Princes, near kinsmen unto the Kings of Spain.  
The residue of them which remained unslain in Barbary, the Castilian with gifts and fair promises had so corrupted, that they desired nothing more than to deliver up the Realm unto him. 
The chief force of Portugal wherein it consisteth.  The Knights of the Lance (which are those whom we in France call Esquiers, and in whom consisteth the greatest force of Portugal,) did in a manner stand still looking on, not having any other commandment; 
The negligence of the king Don Anthonio and his counsel.  which was long of the negligence of the King Anthonio and his Council, who did always show themselves very unresolute and inconstant in the administration of their affairs: by means whereof the Realm of Portugal is fallen into this so piteous and miserable estate, not knowing how to recover her former liberty: there was none that had any faithful affection or desire to oppose themselves against the enemy, save only the Ecclesiastical and Regular persons, and some few of the nobility. And though the people (who were both without experience, and without arms) were likewise of the same affection, yet had the Castilian by his policy and fraudulent devices drawn them into his power, by giving out a false bruit and report, that the Soldiers which did then levy and assemble in Castille, were only to pass into Africa against the Infidels, for to revenge the death of his Nephew Don Sebastian: which notwithstanding were in very deed for Portugal, as the success did make manifest: for he began to make those his preparations for that attempt as soon as the King Don Sebastian did begin to make provision for his voyage; to whom he having promised five thousand Soldiers and fifty Galleys, when it came to the issue that he should have had them, 
Conestagio l. 1. fol. 18. pa. 1.  he utterly refused to give him any, to the intent he might the sooner attain to that he desired. And beside, falling to an accord and agreement with Muley Maluco, he promised in the treaty made with him, that he would abandon the poor King of Portugal: 
The Castilian king accordeth with an infidel  and to that effect did the Moo●e promise him certain Towns in Barbary, which he had before offered to the said Sebastian, upon condition he should not give any aid or succours to Mahumet Xeriffe. But that Prince would not accept them, saying, that he had passed his word to the said Xeriffe to help him. Surely Sebastian was more true of his promise then his Uncle Philip, who to compass his affairs the beteer, and to get that into his hands, which he had of a long time most ardently desired, did assure his own doings by the breach of his conscience, 
The Infidelity of the castilian King.  his faith, and his promise, in refusing to give those succours, which he had promised unto Sebastian: and more than that, in commanding by a public Edict or Proclamation, that none of his Subjects should follow him, nor serve under him in that voyage. And this doth Conestagio give us evidently to understand in his second Book, 
Conestagio lib. 2. fol. 34. pag. 1.  where he saith: At that time there arrived in the Camp the Captain Francisco de Aldana, who had promised the King Sebastian to serve him in that journey: who to that effect had gotten leave and licence of the King Catholic, which no other could obtain of him.  
The Translator.  
Conestagio writeth, that Philip meeting with Sebastian at our Lady de Guadelupe, 
Idem lib. 1. fol. 14. pag. 2.  did not dissuade him from the enterprise of Barbary, but only that he should not go thither in person: for Philip knowing the generosity of this young Prince, saw very well, that if he did once undertake this voyage, there would nothing hinder him, but that himself would go in proper person: and therefore to the intent he might conceal his ill intent, and so excuse himself to the World, he did in show discounsell him from going, but not from undertaking of the enterprise.  
It seemeth that his Sorcerers by the means of the Devil (who is very skilful in conjectures) had prognosticated unto him the loss and overthrow of the Christians. Thus you may see how even before the departure of this poor Prince, he did then prepare himself to swallow up and devour that morsel which he so much esteemeth and loveth: and for preservation whereof he is at great costs and expenses, 
The Castilian to keep Portugal to himself, doth work many mischiefs to all Christendom.  and feareth not to work exceeding great mischiefs unto all Christendom, and to make peace with the Infidels, to the intent he may the more commodiously make war upon the Christian: in so much, that he doth even now triumph in the good success which the Turk hath against them. His reason is; because, seeing how the Pope's holiness hath embraced and received to favour the most Christian King (whose ruin he desired more than his own proper safety,) and that the Princes of Italy do seek his friendship and amity (which I hope they will do continually, in regard of the public good that may ensue thereby: he judgeth, and not amiss, that it may turn to his damage and detriment, and that it may be an occasion to break off the course of his great designs and enterprises. 
Viz. The House of Austria, which is endamaged by the Turk.  For this cause doth he rejoice at the losses and misadventures of the Christians: notwithstanding that the mischief do light upon his own flesh and blood: in so much, that the prosperity of the Infidels maketh him the more proud and haughty.  
And this is it, that hath made him so hardy, 
The Ambassador of Venice ill entreated by the castilian.  as to give ill entreaty to the Ambassador of Venice, if it be true that is reported; if he be not hindered, ere long he will give worse entertainment to all other, without any exception of persons. He thinketh that Almain and Italy especially, in their afflictions and troubles, will have need of his help and assistance: by reason whereof, he is persuaded, that they will not resolve themselves to follow and favour the party of the most Christian king: by means whereof he shall be well able to effect his affairs in France. If he had been disposed to hinder the Turk from making war in Europe, he might very well have done it, by molesting and disquieting him in the East Indies as the true and lawful kings of Portugal have done. He needed have done no more but have joined with Xatama the great King of Persia, the friend of the Portugals, for to keep the Turk in awe, and within compass.  
Infinite are the praises, wherewith Historiographers have celebrated the victory which D. Stephen de Gama a Portugal, 
The victory of Stephen de Gama against the Turks.  Governor of the East Indies, did obtain against the Turk, upon whom he made war for that effect and purpose. This battle was fought at the foot of Mount Synay: 
Gama made many knights at the foot of Mount Sinai.  after which the said Gama made many Portugals knights, for bearing themselves valiantly in that battle: amongst the which there were two of special mark; who being issued of noble parents, did leave behind them an immortal memory of their honour and glory. The one of them was called Don Juan de Castre, 
The victory of Don john de Castre  who afterwards being Viceroy of the said East Indies, did get that famous victory, which you may read of in the life of the king Don Emanuel: in the which with less than four thousand Portugals, he defeated an infinite number of enemies, and put to flight Moiecatan Constable of Cambaia; who being sent by the king Mamud his Lord and master with fourteen thousand men, to secure the city of Diu, which held the Portugals besieged within the Castle: he was constrained to leave 300. of his men dead upon the place: having lost the Guidon royal, with all their baggage. juzarcan the younger (a great Lord in those parts) was taken prisoner, and Raman the Governor of the said city, (which was great, goodly and populous) was there slain: and the Portugals made themselves absolute Lords of the city. Of this valorous Captain, Don juan de Castre, who is now at this present in France, is the grand child: and he also hath been as faithful to his king and country, as the said Don juan his grandfather. The other of those two knights was called Don Lewes de Altaida, 
Don Lewes de Altayda.  afterwards County of A●ouguia, who being in Almaign at the battle which the Imperialists gave to the Duke of Saxony, and the Princes of his party, 
Anno Dom. 1548. 24. April.  Charles the fift did him great honour, by reason he surmounted all the rest in that journey, and recovered the imperial Guidon, which the enemies had once gained: in so much, that the Emperor gave him all the honour of this victory, according as himself wrote unto Don Juan the third, king of Portugal, his brother in law, 
Don Lewes de Altaida Governor of the East Indies the first time.  and cousin German, who had sent him thither for his Ambassador: and this noble man was twice Viceroy of the East Indies. First, in the life time of Don Sebastian, at which time he defended it against all the forces of Asia, both Moors and Paynims had made a league against the Portugals, who both by defending themselves, an assailing of their enemies, did purchase perpetual and immortal glory. 
Don Lewes, Viceroy the second time.  Afterwards being made Viceroy, the second time after the death of the King Sebastian, during the reign of King Henry: and knowing that the people of Portugal had chosen and appointed certain Governors to govern and defend the realm after the death of the said Henry, and that they had named centaine judges also to decide the cause, touching the difference upon the succession of that kingdom: he said openly; I for my part will not yield up the Indies to any other, 
His saying, touching the possession of Portugal and the East Indies.  then to whom the Realm of Portugal shall be adjudged. Insomuch (as some say) that they (which followed the party of the Castilian:) knowing well that the judge would never admit him to the succession of Portugal, and being drawn on by the counsel, persuasions, and fair promises of the Castilian himself, which were sent unto them over land: (add hereunto the notable diligence and industry which he useth in all his affairs. They caused the said Lewes to be made away with poison: so died that valiant and faithful Portugal; 
Don Lewes de Alcaida poisoned.  and there succeeded him in that government a most ungrateful and notable Traitor, who presently after delivered up the Indies to the enemy. To the intent the happy memory of Don Stephan de Gama might be preserved, there is an Epitaph set in a Palace builded by Gama himself (after his return from the Indies) near to the town of Setuval in Portugal, which in the Portugal language, though somewhat glossely, is thus written: 
Quem Cavelleyros armou  
O pé do monte Sinai, 
Stephan de Gama his Epitaph.   
V●io acabar aquy.   
That is to say: 
He which made so many Knights,  
At the foot of Mount Sinai,  
Here (as you see) now doth he lie.   
But to our purpose: At this day Philip hath more force, more puissance, and many more commodities, to hinder the Turk on that side of the East Indies, from making wars in Europe, than all the other kings of Portugal have had heretofore. Howbeit, as that is not the way to advance his ambitious desires: so cannot he abide in any case to hear thereof. For, though it were a good deed and well done: yet it will not be any help unto him towards the preservation of this his Monarchy of Portugal, which he hath usurped with so many fraudulent devices and unlawful means: and which he pretendeth to leave unto his heir, be it by right or by wrong: for he knoweth it to be of most great and noble puissance, 
Portugal, the most rich and precious pearl of the crown of Spain.  and he esteemeth it as the most rich, precious, and important pearl of his crown: & indeed so it is. And therefore I cannot but grieve at some that hold themselves to be wise, and of no small judgement and understanding; both French and English, who will not in any case be persuaded, but that Portugal is a very small and barren country, and no greater than Normandy. And some others (who show their ignorance) affirm it to be as great as Brie only: neither will they believe nor agree, that Portugal is within Spain; but that it is a country separated therefom: and they will seem (forsooth) to reason and discourse hereupon, breaking their own brains about it, to the trouble both of themselves, and those that hear them. These my maaisters do constrain me to become a Geographer in this discourse; howbeit, that I make no profession of that science: nevertheless, because it maketh to our purpose, it will be requisite, that we make a general description of that country, and recount some special particulars thereof, to the intent the greatness, riches, fertility, and puissance thereof, may be the better known and discerned.  
Portugal is a part of Spain, 
The description of Portugal.  situated upon the main Ocean: and it extendeth to the Westward from the East 115. leagues, and from the South to the Northward 25. leagues. On the North side thereof is the realm of Galicia: towards the East, it hath the Provinces of Taragon, Lusitania, and Boetica: and to the South, it is bounded with that part of the Ocean Sea, which lieth towards the coast of Africa. It containeth four principal Provinces: the first la Transtagana, which encloseth the realm of Algarba: the second, lafoy Cistagana: the third, between Duero and Migno: and the fourth, lafoy Tronsmontana. These four Provinces contain part of the Province of Taragon, the greatest part of Lusitania, and a part of Boetica. It hath in length 5. degrees and a half from North to South, and beginneth at Cape S. Vincent, in 37. degree, taking a little of the 36. and endeth in a manner in 42. and a half, not fare from Bayonne de Vigo: and it extendeth from the South South East, to the North North East, where every degree containeth 19 leagues and a half: and it hath commonly in breadth 40. leagues, in some part less and some part more. 
Of the greatness of Portugal.  The leagues are not reckoned according to the leagues of France, but by the leagues of the degrees: each of which hath from North to South seventeen leagues and, according to the account of Portugal: and so having regard what is overplusse, and what is wanting, the country of Portugal is fully forty leagues in breadth: so that making a Figure quadrant of five degrees and in length, drawn from the North North East, to the South South East, and of forty leagues in breadth from East to West, it will enclose within it all Normandy, a good part of Beaulce, the Duchies of Maine and of Anjou, the greatest part of Tourayn, in a manner all Poicteau, and almost all Xantogne, and some part of Angolesme, with a part of Perigort. And this we shall see clearly by demonstration, if we make the said Figure quadrant in France of 5. degrees and in length, and 40. leagues in breadth: the form thereof will be thus: Draw a line from the Angle on the East side of the quadrant and where it hath the North at the head; and it will begin at Crotoy upon the river of Somme (which is in 50. degrees of elevation) even to Lybourne in Perigort (which is 44. degrees and a half) passing near by Rouen, by Eureux, Dreux, and Amboise, near by Chastellerauld, by Cove, and between Negre and jarnac and Angolesme, and between Barbesieux & Coutras, till you come to the said town of Libourne: All that country which is in the West of this figure, is as great as Portugal. And to the intent, that this which I say, may be the better perceived, it shall not be amiss to describe the rest of the Figure. The quadrant which hath his head towards the North, and beginneth in the East at Crotoy, drawing toward the West, endeth in the Sea, about 6. leagues off the Sea coast of Cherebourg, and so passing by Constance and by Graundville near the town of Dol by the villages of Becherel, Redon, and Arebon, and entering into the Sea between Guerrand and Croisic, even to 44. degrees and a half, to the East of the said town of Libourne 10. leagues from the land, which is to the South of Anchises: we shall come to have our Figure perfect. Moreover, because there may be no doubt in this demonstration, we will answer to an objection which may be made by those which will not that Portugal should be greater than Normandy, and that is, seeing the line from the west side of our Figure passeth by Cherebourg, Constance, Objections. etc. so as it cometh into the Sea between Guerrand and Croisic; what shall be done with the land which remaineth, which is a little part of Normandy, and endeth near the Ifle of Alderney, and from thence alongst the greatest part of Britain? Whereunto I answer, Answer. that all this land, and all the country which remaineth there, may be put within the West Angles of the Figure, which are void, because they end within the Sea. Now this demonstration being well made and understood, and being compared with the greatness of Portugal, 
Portugal as great as England.  we shall find that her circuit is not only as great as all these Provinces of France, which we have spoken of, but even as great as all that circuit which is comprehended in the Isle of great Britain, which we call England.  
As touching the fertility of Portugal, a man may easily judge thereof by that which Strabo writeth of it speaking of Lusitania, 
The fertility of Portugal. Strabo. lib. 3. de situ orbis.  which is the greatest part of the said Realm, saying, Lusitania, is a Region most fertile in fruits, in cattles, in gold and silver, and many other like commodities. And the Provinces and lands which the Portugals possess in Spain out of Lusitania, are held to be much more fertile, than those of Lusitania itself: as the lands which they hold in Boetica, in the Province Tronsmontana, (which the common people call Tras los Montes) and in the Province between Duero and Migno, which the Latins named Interamnis, and which (the said Strabo) against the common and true opinion, placeth within Lusitania. And he saith further; in Lusitania is the river Lethe which many call Limaea, and some others Belion: wherein he is deceived; as also in saying that Minius surpasseth all the rivers of Lusitania in greatness: for Lyme is shut in within the Province that lieth between Duero and Migno: which Provinces (following the true description, are enclosed in the Province of Taragon: and Migno is much less than Duero, Tago, and Guadiana, which are in Lusitania.  
There are in Portugal three Archbishoprickes, and ten Bishoprickes: all which, 
Archbishops and Bishops of Portugal and their revenues  even at this day do bring to their Prelates about 400. thousand Ducats of yearly rent. The country for the greatness thereof is well peopled: the Duke of Bragantia alone in one City, and in the Towns, castles and villages (of which he is Lord) hath 200000. 
The dominion of the Duke of Bragantia.  vassals. Portugal sendeth into the East Indies, Barbary Cape de Verd, the Isles of Buan, Mina, S. Thomas, Congo, Angola, Brasill, and other places some 6000. men yearly, of whom, the third part never returneth home again into their country. If Philip durst at this day put any confidence and trust in the Portugals, he might draw out from Portugal, to send unto his warns more than 100000. men from the age of 25. years to 40. who having nothing to hinder them from going, nor have any excuse not to obey him, if he should command them.  
It is not unknown to the whole world, that in the time of Sebastian king of Portugal, there were throughout all that realm 1200. companies of footmen, in the which there were none enroled nor mustered, but only the people of that country, Artisans, handicraftsmen, and such like mechanical persons and laborers, and yet not all of them: the Noblemen, Gentlemen, officers of justice: the the governors of cities and towns: the students and such as professed learning: in sum, all the Nobility, the Ecclesiastical and regular persons, with their servants, and many other sorts of men privileged were excused and exempted, and were not bound to enrol themselves in the said Companies: of which the most part consisted of 200 men, some of 300. 
The number of men fit for war in Portugal.  and of 400. Let us allow to each of them 200 men only, and they will amount to the number of 240000 men. Consider then how great the number may be of them, which were not bound to be enroled in those Companies. I do not here make any mention of the number of companies of Horsemen, of which this Realm hath a great quantity, because it is not possible to know the certainty and truth thereof.  

The greatness of the king of Portugal.  Moreover the Kings of Portugal are so great in one respect, that therein they exceed all the Kings and Princes of Europe, and that is, that they are able in less than a quarter of an hour to give unto their vassals and subjects 10 15 or 20 Millions in tickets, consisting in dispatches for Governorships, Captainships, receipts, and other charges and Offices, and for licenses to make voyages by Sea to Banda, Malucco, China, and other parts of the East Indies: by means of which dispatches, they which do obtain them, do recover the said sums of money immediately.  
Hereby may a man easily judge the greatness, the riches, and the puissance of this Realm, whereunto adding the seignories which it hath and possesseth in Africa, Asia and America, and in the Lands which it holdeth in the Ocean Sea, it maketh a most notable, great and puissant Monarchy: and therefore I marvel not though the King of Castille doth commit such excess, and is at so great costs and expenses for the keeping and preserving of the same: he knoweth full well how much it importeth him, and of what value and worth it is unto him: he is not ignorant, as one that knoweth not the estate of things, but on the contrary rather he is wise, advised, very politic, and well experienced in affairs and matters of state.  
The Translator.  
This thing Anthony de Perez (Secretary of estate to the King Catholic Don Philip the 2. 
Anthony Perez. 2.  the man here spoken of) doth show us in the second part of his advertisement, upon the point of the process made against him, where he entreateth of the dissimulations, deceits, and subtleties used by the said Philip toward Don john de Austria his brother, upon pretence of the Realm of Tunes, 
Don john de Austria died of poison.  and the intelligences of England, at such time as he sent him into Flanders: where (as the report is) in the end he caused him to be poisoned.  
Besides, the said Philip is notably addicted to Cosmography: for he hath in his Palace of Madril, 
Philip much given to Cosmography.  a very great and goodly House, wherein are the descriptions of all the Provinces and Realms of the World, not only in general Maps, but even in particular: there doth he spend the most part of the day, and contemplating and beholding those descriptions, he doth whet on and augment his ambition, and extendeth the bounds of his tyranny: there he seethe what is most fit and convenient for him, and most easy for him to conquer: there he seethe by what means he may take Cambray, and how afterward he may obtain Calis, and what reason he hath from thence to leap over to Amiens: and thus doth he consider and device with himself what will be most for his profit and advantage, in such sort that nothing can escape his hands, and that he may not be at charge, 
Philip well seen in Histories.  nor hazard his means in vain, and to no purpose. He is also well seen and much conversant in Histories; and by them hath he seen and discerned how much it doth import him (for the attaining to his desire) to have the Monarchy of Portugal, 

The Castilians for these 300 years past have done nothing without the Portugals.  
The war of Salado.   and the Portugals at his devotion, to the intent he may have the aids and succours from thence which both he and his predecessors have heretofore had from them: for during these 300 years past, the Castilians have done nothing worthy of memory without them.  
The chief cause of that famous victory which they call del Salado (where were partly taken, and partly slain 400 thousand Moors,) and only 20 Christians (as was reported from the mouth of Alboacem himself King of Marocquo) was the King of Portugal Alfonsus the 4. called the Brave, and his Portugals, the which Alfonsus, at such time as the Moors besieged Tariffa, gave succours to Alfonsus' King of Castille, called the justicier his son in law, not because he deserved to be aided, but because the war was against the Infidels.  

The war of Granado in the year 1501.  At such time as Alfonsus de Aquilar was slain in Granado, and that the Moors remained victors, and pursued the victory, the Portugals did hinder them from passing forward: and keeping the field where the battle was fought, did save and preserve the rest of the Castilians.  
When the peoples of Castille did rise in arms under pretence of the common and public good, and many great Lords and Princes with them against Charles the fifth, 
The communality of Castille in arms against Charles the 5.  by reason of the great, excessive and new exactions and imposts laid upon them: the Ambassadors of the said Princes, and of many Cities and Towns of Castille came to the King of Portugal Don Emanuel, praying him that he would vouchsafe to take and acknowledge them for his vassals and Subjects, 
The true amity of Emanuel King of Portugal to Charles the 5.  for that they were desirous to have him to their King and Lord: but he would not only not receive their offer; but he gave them good counsel and admonition, showing them how they ought to conform themselves in obedience to their King. And to other of the Princes, Cities, and Towns of Castille, which taking part with the said Charles, came unto him likewise for his aid, he gave them both money, artillery, powder, and other munition for the war. Some say that the said King Don Emanuel did lend them 500000 ducats, and many pieces of artillery, which was an occasion that they which were risen in arms, did fall to an accord and agreement with their Prince: 
Anno 1522.  and thereof it ensued that Charles the fifth did again usurp the Realm of Navarre, which Mounsieur Andrew de Foix had before restored and set at liberty: the King Don Emanuel never suspecting nor doubting of any such matter intended by him. And Philip now likewise for his part hath rewarded Portugal with the like good turn, as he hath done the like to France, and now lately a great part of Christendom, to whom he was not meanly bounden.  
When the said Charles the fifth passed to Goletta in the year 1535, who took it? 
The taking of Goletta with 22 other ships of war.  That did the Gallion Cagafuego of Portugal, which the King Don john the third had commanded to accompany the Infant Don Lewes his younger brother.  
How came it to pass that the same Charles the fift took the Town of Tunes, 
The taking of Tunes.  the capital and chief City of the Realm of Lybia? was it not with the assistance and aid of the said Infant and his Portugals?  

The taking of Pignon de Bells by the Portugals.  Who was it that took Pignon de Bells with the residue, not above 35 years since, for the King of Castille? even Francisco Bareto, General of the Galleys of Portugal, and the Captain Diego Lopez de Sequeira his Nephew, with the Portugals of his company.  

The war of Granado finished by the Portugals.  Who finished and gave an ●nd to the oppression of Castille, in the behalf of the Granadians that were revolted in Granada in the years 1566. 67. and 68? That did 7 or 8 thousand Portugals send for a succour by the King Don Sebastian. Philip King of Castille knoweth all this full well: and that is the cause that he laboureth and paineth himself with so great care and diligence to keep this Monarchy of Portugal, pretending not only to usurp it, to tyrannize over it, and to pluck it by force and violence out of the hands of the Portugals, but to take from them also their honour, their glory, and their valour: for he seethe well, that having the Portugals on his side, he shall be able by their means to satisfy his ambitious humour: and yet shall they not have the honour due unto them for their prowess, but he attributeth all to the generosity of his Castilians. So hath he tyrannised, and doth yet still tyrannize over the honour of the Arragonnois, the Catalans, the Valentians, the Navarrois, and other the Nations of Spain: and only his Castilians (which carry the name of Spaniards, and are so called by those that are ignorant, and know not the difference that is between the several Nations of Spain,) they (I say) are those Lions, those Tigers, and conquerors of the World. But we will come to the conclusion of this part of our Treatise touching Portugal, the most precious and chiefest pearl of his Crown. It was my chance to be one day in his company with a personage of great estate, who is daily at great charges, and doth spend good store of ducats to have notice and intelligence of that which passeth abroad in the World: and he did assure me for a certain and undoubted truth, that one of the greatest favourites of the King of Castille did demand of him this question: What should be the cause that he suffered Freezland, 
A question moved by a gentleman to the King of Castille.  and many Towns of other Provinces of no small importance to be lost, and to fall into the hands, and into the power and subjection of Heretics; by means whereof they were constrained to forsake the true Religion, (a thing worthy to be lamented) only to secure the Princes and Towns of the League, and to entertain the war a foot still in France? Whereunto the King smiling, answered: Let them alone: let them take Freezland and all the rest: 
The answer of the King of Castille.  that which most toucheth me is the keeping of Portugal: which if I do; as I hope I shall, I will cut them out so much work, and give them so much to do in their own Country, that they shall not easily come near mine, and I doubt not at length but to have the rest also: for know this; that if I keep and possess Portugal in peace and quietness, they shall not only not be able to live without me, but I shall make them in the end to be my subjects, and to become tributaries unto me: and therefore let it not grieve you to see what is lost, for all will be recovered well enough in time, and leave the care thereof to me alone.  
The French Translator.  
Philip seeing himself Lord of so great a Monarchy, doth aspire by all means he may to the Realms of France and of England, and of other Provinces: and he doth reap so great contentment in his ambitious thoughts and purposes, that he cannot but discover his conceit in that behalf: insomuch that not only they of his Council, but his particular private Soldiers do know it. After the taking of the J'll of Terceras, the Captains which accompanied the marquis de Santa Cruse in that journey, said openly: Now that we have all Portugal, England is ours, and by liitle and little we shall gain France also. For proof whereof we have need of no other witness, then that which his own Writer Conestagio saith in continuing his History before the taking of the said Terceras, where he hath these words: 
Conestagio lib. 7. in fine.  But the King having so lately gotten the possession of Portugal, and seeing the Portugal's not yet very quiet, he thought it best to pacify that Realm, before he intended any other enterprise. And he said, that by keeping his men in arms in those quarters, he should bridle not only Portugal, but all Spain and France itself also, and it may be he would not otherwise have failed to have sent a good part of those forces even for England, at the least for Ireland.  

Portugal the principal cause of all the wars.  By those last words above used by the King, and the former recited examples, may be easily discovered, not only the ingratitude of this perverse and un pleasing Catholic, but we may also collect and gather, that Portugal is the principal cause of so many wars, so many murders and mischances: and that if the same were wrung out of the hands and power of this tyrant, the most Christian King, and the other Princes of Christendom should dwell in peace; the Potentates and common wealths of Europe should be in rest, the Cardinals at Rome should not be at his direction, nor the elections of the Popes at his will and pleasure: over the which he doth so tyrannize, that in each of them he maketh himself the first person: and (as the saying is) preferreth himself before the holy Ghost. There is never any election of a Pope, 
How Philip doth germandise the elections of the Cardinals and Popes.  but he nameth some three, four, or five persons, to the end that the Conclave of Cardinals should choose one of them: was there ever seen greater impudence or presumption, that a mortal man should dare usurp God's office? Ha', most Christian King, it is the part of your Majesty, to defend and maintain the sovereign and chief Bishops: they are in their possession to be defended and preserved by the most Christian Kings of France: and to that end have they endowed them with so great privileges, liberties, and prerogatives. Banish therefore and drive away (Sir) this monster, break the head of this Serpent, tame this Lion, and deliver the Church from this so tyrannical servitude and hard captivity. Restore unto your pupils their wont peace and liberty, to the intent they may with hardiness chastise the evil and vicious, and without fear reward the good and virtuous. How often have the sovereign Bishops desired to honour and do good to some persons, in recompense of their virtues and merits, and to correct others for their vices: and have not been able to perform either the one or the other? Oftentimes against their wills have the Popes permitted the wicked to triumph, and more often have they consented that the good should endure afflictions.  
Who did better deserve to be made a Cardinal (if I may not say Pope) than that famous learned man, Doctor Martin Aspilcueta of Navarre, 
Martin Aspilcueta a Navarrois.  whose memory shall be eternal, both for his doctrine, and for his holiness and virtue? Nevertheless only because Philip could not abide him, for defending against him the cause of that reverend Prelate Don. Fra. Bartholomew Carrance, 
Fra. Bartholomew Carrance Archbishop of Toledo.  a religious person of the order of S. Dominicke Archbishop of Toledo: and for maintaining also with many and strong reasons, that the Portugals ought of right to choose their King by election: and for proving by most firm and infallible arguments, that his Catholic Majesty, did possess the Realm of Portugal by unjust and tyrannical title, was therefore thrust out of all, and died in the estate of a poor and simple Priest. Who did ever in all reason deserve better, or more worthily to be strangled and burnt then N? and yet because Philip would have it so, he liveth still and triumpheth. Wherefore, most humbly I beseech both your Majesties, even for the honour of GOD, (wherein yourselves have more interest than any other) that you would vouchsafe to attend this matter of so great importance: and that you would undertake to levy and make ready a good Army to pass into Spain: and to consider withal, how great is the prudence, the industry, and subtlety of this common enemy: that your Majesty would regard his actions, his ambition, and his tyranny: that you would awaken and grow to a resolution, knowing that you have so great a tyrant to your Neighbour, as of himself alone is greater than all others that ever were, or which now are in the World, 
Tyranny as natural to Ph●lip, as is laughter to a man.  all of them set together: and who hath gotten, (like his predecessors) all that which he possesseth, by pure and plain tyranny: which is indeed so proper and natural unto him, and doth belong unto him as properly and unseparably, as laughter doth to a man.  
Give me leave, I p●ay you, to prove that which I speak, by most clear and certain Histories, to the intent I may take away all occasion from those (who are addicted to ill speaking, and to deceitful dealing) to think or take me for a liar, for this that I say, may be verified by all the Historiographers of Spain, both ancient and modern, which are worthy to be credited, or have any truth in them: some of which do live yet at this day, and it is no long time since they made their works, and imprinted them with the favour, and at the costs and charges of the said Philip. And this I will endeavour to prove as briefly as I can, and I will show how in all the Realms and Provinces which the King Catholic possesseth in Spain, (whereof I myself being a Spaniard, do know somewhat) he possesseth and holdeth them by tyranny, committed many times and often. And for as much as to prove that which I intent, it shall suffice to touch only that which hath happened since the 380 years last passed: I will not speak of any thing that hath befallen before the year of Christ 1217.  

Castille tyrannised ●he first time.  Henry King of Castille the son of Alphonsus the noble, dying, left his eldest sister Blanch Queen of France, which was the mother of S. Lewes, who was then but two years old: 
Garibay. lib. 22. cap 41.  and his Father (who was not yet King of France) was occupied in the wars of England, whither he was called by them of that land against their King called King John, who was reputed for a tyrant. Henry being dead (as is said) his youngest sister named Berangera, the wife of Alphonsus' King of Leon with her son Fernand encroached upon the possession of the Realm of Castille, and usurped it against the right of the said Blanch her eldest sister, and consequently against the said S. Lewes her nephew.  
Fernand being dead, Alphonsus his eldest son called Emperor of the West (because some of the Electors of the Empire had elected him, whereas the residue had chosen Richard the brother of Henry the third King of England) made an accord with the said S. Lewes the cousin German of his father, touching the succession of Castille in this manner: That Fernand the eldest son of Alphonsus should espouse Blanch the daughter of the said S. Lewes, with condition, that the children borne of that marriage should inherit Castille. Of them twain were issued Alphonsus and Fernand, who were deprived of their right by Sancho their Uncle, the younger brother of their father Fernand, 
Castille tyrannised the 2. time: and ●eon the first time.  who died having the government of the Realm of Castille and Leon, in the absence of his said father Alphonsus, which then was gone into Italy, there to solicit his friends, and to make means for the Empire. As soon as Fernand was dead, the said Sancho took upon him the government, 
jerom Gudiel in the History of the Girons. Garib. lib, 13. cap. 16.  getting the possession of many cities and towns in Castille, against the will of Alphonsus his father, who dying at Seville, upon a friday the 2. of April 1284. cursed his son Sancho, calling him disobedient, rebellious, usurper, and a tyrant, and pronounced and named for the true and right heirs of his Realms, and Signories, his grandchildren Alphonsus and Fernand: and in case they should die without children, than Philip the hardy King of France his cousin German removed, the son of the said S. Lewes his uncle. But neither the curses nor denuntiations of the father, nor the fear of God, could make Sancho to render or restore to the others their right, but he still detained it, and left for his heir his son Fernand the fourth of that name.  
Alphonsus' surnamed the justicier, king of Castille, the son of the said Fernand, and the grandchild of Sancho, amongst many tyrannous acts by him exercised, is reported to have committed one act most unworthy not only of a king, but of a man even of most vile and base condition: for that it was an action full of notable treasons and infidelity. 
Don juan le Tuerto Lord of Biscay murdered.  For having invited Don juan le Tuerto, (that is to say, the squint eyed) Lord of Biscay, to dine with him, he caused him most cruelly to be murdered in the year 1327. And albeit, he had begun to discharge himself of this murder for a season, yet he could not disguise nor cover his tyranny: 
Gariba. lib. 14 cap. 4. Biscay tyrannised.  for that afterwards he caused him to be condemned as a traitor, and confifcated his lands and Signories: and within a short time he seized upon them all: namely, about a fourscore towns and castles.  
The same Alphonsus caused Don Aluar Nugnes Osorio his Governor to be slain, who had before received of him many great honours and favours; and afterwards being as certained of his death (which was in the year 1328) he seized upon all his liuings, 
The Counties de Trastamares usurped. The County thereof slain. Garib. lib. 14. cap. 5.  Castles, and great Treasures, and upn the County de Trastamara: and within a few days after, he caused him to be condemned at Tordehumos as a traitor: and having made him to be digged up out of his grave, he willed his body should be burned, and his goods confiscated.  
Henry the 2. a bastard son of this Alphonsus Count de Trastamara slew his brother Peter, (of whom we have formerly spoken) and possessed himself of the Realms of Castille and Leon, 
●●●●e tyran●●●● 〈◊〉 third 〈◊〉 & Leon 〈…〉  disinheriting his Nieces Constance and Jsabel, who with a solemn oath had been acknowledged Princesses and heirs of Castille, first by the estates assembled at Seville to that end and purpose: and afterwards at Albuberca 1363. And if it had been true, that these two sisters had no right in the said realms, because he alleged them to be bastards: by the same reason, had the said Henry much less right and interest in them: for he was not only a bastard, but murderer also of his own brother. And in such like case was Fernand King of Portugal the great grand child of Sancho above named, right inheritor to the said realms; as was the king Don Peter his cousin german removed, and cousin german also: for Beatrix the mother of Peter, was the sister of Peter the father of Fernand. For this cause Samora, Toco, Cindad-Rodrigo, and other cities and towns of the realms of Castille and Leon, did call in the said Fernand, and offered to receive him for their king: especially the realm of Galitia, which was wholly resolved to render itself unto him. And for this reason did Fernand go in person to take possession of the Groigne: 
The History of Fernand king of Portugal, anno 1369.  and he might as well have seized upon the other places and holds, if the portugals would have consented thereunto. For they did purposely oppose themselves against the desire and will of their King, for two reasons: the first was, because they had good trial and experience, that there wanted much of that valour in Fernand, which was in the father and his ancestors: the second was, 
The Portugals have an ill opinion of the Castilians.  because the Castilian Nation is so malign and perverse (as the Portugals do hold it for a maxim among themselves) that it is dangerous to have any thing to do with them, yea to have any command over them, as hath been before touched. And I say yet once again, that their nature is so malign and perverse, that the venom and poison thereof doth so spread itself abroad, that they which are their next neighbours and borderers do feel the reverberation of their malignity and malicious disposition: insomuth, 
The malignity of the Castilians.  that some of them, when they leave and abandon their own country, and do withdraw themselves into strange and foreign lands, are more wicked and malicious, more dangerous, and more to be feared, than the very Castilians themselves.  
In the year 1474. after the death of Henry the fourth king of Castille, Jsabel the sister, the wife of Fernand king of Arragon, did most tyrannically get possession of the Realms of Castille and Leon, and of their other Signories, excluding Jane the daughter of the said Henry her brother: who in the year 1461. had been acknowledged Princess and inheritrix of the said Realms, for default of heir males, in a full assembly of the three estates, which were assembled to that end at Madrill, by the commandment of her father. And the first persons which took the oath of fidelity, and did so acknowledge her, were the infant Don Alpho●sus, and the said Isabel, the brother and sister of the said king: after whom all the residue did the like, every one in order according to their degrees. And after that she was again the second time acknowledged Princess and heir of the said Realms in Val-de-Loçoia, after diligent enquiry made upon the legittimation of the said Princess, which was done by the Cardinal de Alby a Frenchman, who to that effect was come into Castille by the commandment of King Lewes the eleventh of France: the which Cardinal in the presence of all the Princes and Lords of the Realm, having caused the mother to be sworn and take her oath, demanded of her, if the Princess Dame Jane her daughter, were the daughter of the King her husband: whereunto she answered upon her oath, that she was. Secondly, the King (which took the same oath, and) protested that he did fully believe and assure himself, that this infant Dame Jane was his daughter, and that in all certainty he had continually so taken and reputed her ever since she was borne: and therefore he did will and command that the oath of fidelity and obeisance, which was usually accustomed to be taken in his Realms and Dominions, as due to the eldest of the King's children, 
Guarib. lib. 17. cap. 2●.  should be made unto her. These are the very words of Steven Guaribay: Hierome Surite (who is yet living) doth rehearse this history very plainly and distinctly in his general history of Spain, and how Henry being ready to yield up the Ghost, 
Hierome Surite in the general history of Spain.  did even then maintain, that the said jane was his daughter and that he commanded his Confessor openly to revale it. And the said Guaribay affirmeth that Henry did confess himself the space of a good hour, before his soul departed from his body, and that he being in good and perfect quietness of sense, and of a sound and good memory, after he had named the executors of his last will and testament, and declared them for the Governors of this Realm, and had given commandment, that his servants should be paid out of his treasures and jewels, he named the said Princess jaene, for the universal heir of all his Realms and dominions, calling her by the name of his daughter, and recommending her with all his affection to the said Governors.  
By that which hath been said, appeareth clearly, that the Realm of Castille, in less than 258. years hath been tyrannised four times, and that of Leon thrice, and all the other Realms and Signories likewise, which are dependants of the same: the which the king Philip possesseth even at this present day by a most unjust, wrongful and tyrannical title.  
This also is one thing worthy to be marked, and (which may be seen by the histories both of the same authors, and of diverse others) namely, that when there hath happened any difference or disagreement upon the said succession, they which have been in possession, have altogether prevailed, and made their title, even by the right of those very parties whom they have dispossessed: which is the greatest tyranny that can be. And that this may the better be perceived, I will allege only two examples.  
Rodrigo Sanches Bishop of Palance recounteth, 
In the life of john the first king of Castille  how john the first King of Castille and Leon (of whom we have before spoken) seeing that John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, pretended the said Realms of Castille and of Leon to appertain unto him, for the reason heretofore alleged; he said in defence of his claim, that the said Realms did of right belong unto him, 
The cunning of john the first king of Castille.  as being the son of jane and the Grandchild of Don juan Emanuel and of his wife, who was the daughter of Fernand de la Cerda, the lawful heir of the said Realms: because his brother Alphonsus was deceased without children, and that for this cause he did hold them with a good conscience, and that he did not hold them from his father, whom himself confessed to be a bastard.  
The other example is like unto the former. For in a great assembly of Princes, Lords, and other principal personages, held in the town of Trogillo, for the taking of the oath of fidelity to Fernand the second king of Arragon, 
The policy of Fernand the ●econd King of Arragon, etc.  and Isabel his wise Queen of Castille, the said Fernand pretended that he had more right of himself, than the said Isabel, and that he ought to be acknowledged as the true and principal heir of the said Realms of Castille and Leon, not as husband to the said Isabel, but as descending in the right and lawful line male of the kings his predecessors, because he was the son of John the grandchild of Fernand, and the great grandchild of john the first: who on the side of his mother same jane the grand daughter of Fernand de la Cerda (as hath ●eene said) was the true and rightful heir of the said Realms. Jsabel knowing the intent and ambition of Fernand her husband, resolved to bend and employ all her force and puissance for the maintaining of her right: and for a reply to his speech she said: That that which he had spoken was to be granted, if women had not been usually admitted to the succession of those Realms: but seeing the custom was to the contrary, therefore her said husband ought not to be preferred: and for proof of that which she said, she named certain women which had succeeded to the said crowns: amongst others Katherine the daughter of Constance, and of john of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster above mentioned, where she did assure herself had been admitted, and received to that inheritance as the granddaughter of her grandfather Peter, and that Henry the husband of the said Katherine, her ancestors, had right thereunto only by mean of the said Katherine his wife. For these reasons Jsabel was preferred before Fernand, and she was acknowledged as the true heir of the said Realms of Castille and Leon, and he reputed to have right only as her husband and companion, and not otherwise. And this is it which Marin Sicilian speaketh of. In this assembly of estates (saith he) Fernand seeing himself king and Lord of the most of two third parts of Spain, 
Marin Sicilian.  partly in his own right, and partly in his wives, and having there prefent all the Lords and Deputies of cities and towns, which were their subjects, he did endeavour by all means, to cause himself to be entitled king of Spain: but those of that assembly would in no case yield their consent thereunto: but to the uttermost of their power, did oppose themselves against it, and did thereupon give unto the kings of Castille a new title, which Philip holdeth and retaineth at this day, having augmented those Realms and Signories, which both the said Fernand and Charles the 5. his father did successively usurp each after other.  
The Translator.  
Philip Carried on with the same wind of ambition, as were his great grand father and his father, 
Philip carried away with the ambition of his ancestor, causeth himself to be called king of Spain.  upon an exceeding desire which he had to usurp this title of King of Spain: and seeing that the Realms of Spain would not accord nor agree that he should so entitle himself: and that in the assembly of estates (which he held in Portugal in the year 1581. within the town of Toma●) it was expressly defended him, and that himself had taken a solemn oath, never more from thenceforth to take it upon him: nevertheless he caused for all that (like a notable tyrant) certain moneys (which he coined in the Indies and in Flanders) to be engraven with this superscription: Philippus Hispaniarum Rex: wherein he imitated the said Fernand his great grandfather, who took so great pains, to gain or rather to usurp this honourable title, that many strangers of foreign natioas did liberally give it unto him, who neither knew, nor would understand what advantage the same would bring unto the tyrant, and what detriment the nobility, peoples and provinces of Spain should suffer, by allowing the same title unto him.  
So that herein may be seen most apparently, the notable tyranny of the predecessors of the king Catholic now reigning: who, after they had for a while suppressed the right of others, to the intent themselves might tyrannise over those Realms: yet would afterwards seek again to revive, and to retain that very right, and title which they had before most injuriously usurped. A thing certainly, which may induce us rather to sigh and to lament, then to conceive any pleasure and delight, to see the Princes of the earth, which bear the name and title of Catholics, to be nevertheless so bad Christians, and so insupportable tyrants, as is this Philip the King of Castille. Which is the cause that all the Ecclesiastical and regular persons of Portugal do hate him so extremely, that when the commandment was given them, that in certain of their prayers, and in their Canonical hours, they should expressly pronounce the name Philip (for the King knew well, that under the name of King used indeterminately, they did in their hearts understand and pray for Don Anthonio.) They took his commandment in so ill part, that they could not be brought to do it. But in the end they seeing themselves pressed by the commandment of the Bishops and Prelates, they did at length pronounce his name, but with such disdain and in dignity, as I am ashamed to speak it: notwithstanding because these matters do well concur together, and it is not from our purpose; and beside, because he that shall rehearse them, is not to be blamed for the reciting, for that he is bound to represent them only in manner and form as they were done, I have determined to recount unto you two examples concerning this matter, of the which we do now entreat.  
The Archbishop of Lisbon having given out and published the King's commandment afore mentioned, through out all the Churches of Lisbon, in the year 1582. the first of january: upon the day of the three Kings next ensuing, a certain Curate, as he was saying a solemn Mass in his Parish Church, with great pomp and solemnity, and the Church full of people, when he came to the end of the prayer which is usually said after Gloria in excelsis: in singing of these words, Et Famulum tuum regem nostrum (that is) thy servant our King; he suddenly stopped, and turning himself towards the Deacon and Subdeacon, he spoke unto them with loud voice. Tell me, tell me, how call you this Devil: And they answering him, Philip, he named Philip, and so went on with his Mass.  
At the same time it happened that a religious person of the order of S. Dominicke, making mention of the King in a certain prayer, without naming him by his name of Philip, and being commanded by his Prelate, under pain of contempt and disobedience, that he should name him by his proper name: he than repeated it, saying; Et Famulum tuum regem nostrum Philippum, Ducem Albensem, Sanchum de Auila & Rodericum Sapata, caeterósque omnes diabolos, etc. That is to say: And thy servant our King Philip, the Duke de Alva, Sancho de Auila, and Roderick Sapata, and all the other Devils. When I rehearsed this unto a Nobleman of good account, with whom I communicated the greatest part of this discourse, he wondered greatly, using this exclamation; jesus, do the Priests and Religious persons of Portugal thus hate his Catholic Majesty? This is a strange thing, and I marvel much that they hating him so extremely, and being of such strength and puissance in their Country, (for the most part of them are Noblemen and Gentlemen, and some of them great Princes) that they do not cause the people to rise in arms against that Tyrant. I answered him, the cause is, for that albeit they have never so just a cause to take arms, yet the Portugals are a people of great patience and sufferance towards their Prince: and they do also go to the wars with so ill a will, (howbeit, that being once in the wars, they prove very good Soldiers) that they had rather go to hanging. Nevertheless, if they should once rise against the Castilian, they would defend themselves in such manner, that he should never more be able to suppress them.  
The whole substance of the matter is: that they do once grow to a resolution, and that they set hand to the work: which if they once do, I believe that they will make as great a wall between Portugal and Castille, as they of China did in times past make between them and the Tartarians: and if it were but only to content the soul of their King john the second, 
john the 2. the scourge of the Castilians, named, The man and King of peace.  named, The man and King of peace, who was the scourge and plague of the Castilians: and of him is yet spoken that old proverb; If the Chick had not come, the Cock had been taken. This Prince knowing the manners, the life, and the tyrannical actions of the Castilian, was wont to say, that he did greatly desire to see between Portugal and Castille, 
The grief and discontentment of King john the 2. of Portugal.  a wall feared up so high, as might reach up to Heaven; protesting, that the thing that most grieved him in this World, was: for that the Sun did first pass by Castille, before it came into Portugal: and that which made him quite and clean out of all patience, was, because he knew not how to remedy it.  
The Nobleman, to whom I recounted all these things, giving me great thankes, said unto me: Certainly I am very glad, and do thank you hearty for acquainting me with these particulars, which are things worthy to be remembered, and such as I have not at any time heard or seen written. But I do not understand (quoth he) what should be meant by that proverb above mentioned: If the Chick had not come, the Cock had been taken: as that also which you have spoken of the loyalty of Auila and Simancas in Castille: of Celorico and of the Castle of Coimbre in Portugal: and of the King of Castille and the Castilians, and of the Cities and Towns. Monsieur (quoth I again) I would gladly declare the same unto you, but I fear lest I be blamed for making such long digressions: for I am so well acquainted with the disposition of men, that I am not ignorant in how many parts of this my discourse, they may accuse me in that behalf: and therefore I pray you to suffer me first to make an end, and then after the conclusion of this Treatise, I will satisfy your desire particularly and at good leisure: for I do assure you, I would keep silence concerning many things in this work, were it not most requisite and needful that they should be spoken of and published, for the better attaining to that which I intent and purpose; the which (I do persuade myself) that both you my masters of England and likewise of France, and you also my masters the Princes of Europe (who are all of you highly interessed in the greatness of the Castilian) will embrace cheerfully, and with open arms, if you be not altogether without judgement and understanding. But it is now meet, that we pursue the proof and demonstration of the tyranny of King Philip, which calleth himself the King Catholic.  
We have lately showed, how King Philip by usurpation and tyranny, non solum in modo, sed in genere, (as the Civilians use to speak) of his predecessors, doth possess the Realms of Castille, of Leon, of Galicia, of Toledo, of Seville, of Cordona, of Murcia, etc. with some other Provinces contained within the precincts and straits of his Realm. Let us now come to the Realms of Arragon, of Valentia, the Counties of Barcelona, of Cerdonia, and Roussillon, and the Isles of Maiorica, Minorica, and Sardinia.  

Arragon, Valentia, &c, tyrannised.  Fernand the Infant of Castille, the grand Father of Fernand above named, usurped all these Realms and seignories, of the which he deprived Isabel Countess of vrgel his own Aunt, sister to his Mother: which Isabel had also one Daughter named Isabel, which married with Don Peter the Infant of Portugal, the younger son of John the bastard King of the said Realm. Of Peter and Isabel was borne the Lord Don Peter Constable of Portugal: 
The Lord Don Peter Constable of Portugal, and King of Arragon, poisoned by john.  which Don Peter, by reason of his Mother's right, and other ancestors, was called and acknowledged by the Catalognians, for their King and Lord. And after he had reigned over them for the space of five years and more, he was poisoned by john the second of that name, son of the first Ferdinand, whom we named to be the successor of Alphonsus King of Arragon his elder brother.  

Charles the 4. the rightful King of Navarre, empoisoned by his stepmother.  This john was a notable Tyrant, and he retained the Kingdom of Navarre tyrannously after the death of the Queen Blanch his wife, the right heir of the said Realm, against the rightful title of Charles his own son, unto whom that Realm ought to have descended, by the death of his mother: as it did likewise fall unto Lewes Hutin by the death of his mother Jane, who died eight years before her Husband Philip the fair. For this cause the said Charles (being a most courteous and virtuous Prince) had great difference and suit with his Father, who caused him to be poisoned by his stepmother Jane, the Daughter of Don Federike, the second, Admiral of Castille.  
The Translator.  
The grandmother of King Philip on Charles his Father's side, was the grand daughter of this john and this jane: from whom principaly he hath learned and retained the art and science of poisoning so perfectly, that not only to the said john the Grandfather of his Grandmother, and to the said jane his wife, but even to all his predecessors, he may give forty five, and a fault at that game, and yet be no loser; were they never so cunning in that art and science.  
Of Peter Constable of Portugal and King of Arragon, there was no lawful issue remaining: for the line of Jsabel his mother, was extinguished in John the second, King of Portugal: by reason whereof, the right of that Realm, and all the Signories depending thereupon, aught to descend, and do appertain to the most excellent Dukes of Lorraine, as the true and rightful heirs of Yoland Duchess of Anion, 
The Duke of Lorraine, the right heir of the Kingdom of Arragon.  the wife of Lewe●, Grandfather in the fift degree of the said excellent Duke of Lorraine now living: the which Yoland was the lawful Daughter of john King of Arragon, (the eldest son of Peter the ceremonious King of that Realm, who was also the Father of Martin, which reigned after the said john his elder brother,) and was the true heir of this Crown, and of all the domains thereof, by the death of her elder sister, the wife of the Earl of Foix, of whom she had neither son nor daughter.  
The Realm of Navarre was usurped, (as is reported by diverse Historians, 
Navarre usurped.  even Spaniards themselves) upon false informations by Fernand the great Grandfather of King Philip, which Fernand was one of the Masters of Machiavelli, 

Fernand the 5: king of Castille one of the masters of Machiavelli.  
In his Book of the Counsels & Councillors of Princes.  
Dis. 14. par. 11.   (as Bartholomew Philip doth tell us in that Book which he caused to be imprinted in the year 1585., where he hath these words:) Those Princes which do fully resolve themselves to prevail and grow great by force of arms, aught to imitate the Catholic Don Fernand the fift of that name, King of Castille, who held himself apart, and gave the looking on to the wars, which the Princes of Christendom made one upon another, to see what issue and what forces they should have, to the intent he might aid and secure those which were weakest: and he would not suffer any to grow great or puissant in Italy, who pretended to be Lords and Commanders there, neither would he at any time enter into any leagues made by the Princes of Christendom, unless he might make some profit and benefit thereby unto himself. 
This was Lewes the 12. of that name.  For this cause he would not make war upon Lewes' King of France, when Pope julius, the Emperor, and the Swissers did war against him, for that he thought he should not advantage himself by the diminution of that Realm, if the adversaries of the said Lewes should make themselves great by his losses: and yet being persuaded that the said French King would augment his estate, 
Let the French King and the Princes and Potentates of Europe consider this well.  by making war upon the Realm of Naples, he entered into league against the King of France, with the Emperor and the King of England.  
The Book (whereof I speak) was dedicated by the Author to Albert Cardinal of Austria, when he was Viceroy of Portugal, who is the third Graundchild of the said Fernand, both on the Fathers and Mother's side.  

Portugal and her domains tyrannised.  Now how Philip himself hath tyrannised and usurped the Realm of Portugal, and the Signories which are dependant thereupon, raising himself into a great and mighty Monarchy, and yet ill considered, or known by strange and foreign Princes, all Books in general do sound it forth: and the Universities of Coimbre, of Bologna, and of Pisa, and many learned personages have adjudged it to Katherine Duchess of Bragancia in Portugal, 
The sons of Katherine Duchess of Bragancia. 

1. The Duke Theodosius:  
2. Edward.  
3. Alexander.  
4. Philip.    the lawful daughter of the Infant Don Edward brother to the mother of his Catholic Majesty: which Katherine is at this day yet living, and hath four sons, good and sound Catholics, learned, wise, goodly, and courageous Gentlemen, and two o● three daughters. And the University of Pavy hath adjudged it to Raynuncio, now at this present Duke of Parma, the son of Mary the eldest sister of the said Katherine, the said Mary being deceased a long time before her Uncle Henry. I suppose that I have most clearly and sufficiently shown the tyranny which all Spain hath endured and suffered under the predecessors of King Philip the Catholic: and as for that which the West Indies hath suffered under himself, as also all the rest whereof he doth write himself Lord, by what title and pretence they have been gotten, it is well known even to the little children, who do openly cry and speak of it in the streets: and both Naples, Sicily, Milan, Vtreich, Gelder's, Zutphen, and other the Provinces of the Low Countries, and the Countries of high Almain, (all which have been tyrannised by him and his Ancestors) do manifestly prove and verify it: so that it seemeth unto me, that I have made good and sufficient proof by these Histories and examples, that tyranny is the first and principal heritage of his Catholic Majesty, even of Don Philip of Austria; and that it is as proper and natural unto him, as laughter is unto a man, and that it belongeth unto him properly and inseparably. Wherefore now that we have made known his tyranny, me thinketh it would not be amiss, nor impertinent to our purpose, (most Christian Kings) to entreat somewhat touching his cruelty: for as much as Spain did never yet find his like or equal, as the flesh and blood thereof hath too too well tried, and had the experience.  
All Books, all men, and even his own mischievous and wicked actions, 
Of the cruelty of King Philip.  do every where yield open and abundant testimonies of his cruelty. If julius Caesar (as it is reported of him) were cause of the death of more than a million of men, they which have been acquainted with the carriage & behaviour of this tyrant, will confess, that he hath been the death and destruction of a fare greater number. Caesar was extremely grieved to see Pompey his enemy dead. And as Antigonus when his son Alcinous presented him with the head of Pyrrhus, slain at the entry of the City of Argos, did sharply reprove him, 
Plutarch.  (Filiumque nefarium & barbarum vocavit) calling him a wicked and barbarous son: so Caesar in imitation of his example, seeing the signet and the ring of Pompey, did of pure compassion fall a weeping, in so much as he was resolved to make war upon Ptolomey, because he had slain Pompey traitorously, and he did so much, that he caused him in the end to be the instrument of his own death. 
See hereafter.  Philip on the contrary, doth not only not grieve at the death of his servants, friends, cousins, nephews, brother, son and wife: but he doth rejoice and triumph at the same; yea, he doth procure and advance it, giving great sums of money, excessive rewards, and great honours unto the executioners and ministers of his cruelty: and for the satisfying of his pernicious ambition, when there is any thing whatsoever, be it never so little that toucheth him, he maketh no exception of persons, be it Pope, Nuncio, Bishop, Monk, or other Ecclesiastical person, he poisoneth them all, without fear of God, or shame of man.  
The Translator.  
Of his servants and friends he hath caused to be made away the Counties of Egmont and of Horn, the Lord Mountigny, and the marquis of Bergues, with many other Noblemen and Gentlemen, whose blood is yet fresh in remembrance: the Prince of Orange, Mark Anthony Colonna, Don john de la Nuca great Justicier of Arragon, the Duke de Villa Hermosa, the marquis de Fuentes, Don john de Luna, etc. his Cousin the Emperor Maximilian, his Nephews by his Sisters, Don Sebastian King of Portugal, and Don Alexander Farnese Duke of Parma, Don john Duke of Bragantia, his brother Don john de Austria, his son, the Prince Charles his eldest son, his wife Isabel, Sister to the three last Kings of France deceased. Pope Sixtus the fift, Alexander Formenti, Nuntio in Portugal, sent thither by Pope Gregory the 13. as he was on his return towards Rome, in his passage through Castille. 
The Archbishop of Toledo.  Of Bishops, Monks, and Ecclesiastical persons, Don Bartholomew Carrance, Archb. of Toledo. of whom we have lately spoken, being his own master, a man of so great authority and excellency, that by the space of many years Spain hath not brought forth his like. This good Catholic was the cause of his imprisonment, so strict and so long, as all the world knoweth: this good Christian, in imitation of Nero, did persecute this personage with most notable hatred and rigour, till such time, as for very grief and sorrow he died at Rome: the Doctor Friar Hector Pinto, Provincial of the order of S. Jerome in Portugal, and ordinary professor of the holy Scriptures in the University of Coimbre, whose great, learning is sufficiently witnessed by the most godly and grave writings which he hath sent into the world, being imprisoned in Portugal by the commandment of his Catholic Majesty: some of his friends (who were well affectioned to the Castilian party) did earnestly entreat and persuade him to retract and recant that which he had publicly read and preached: and to declare, that his said Majesty was lawful heir of the said Realm of Portugal: the which he would not do, notwithstanding all the prayers and persuasions of his said friends, to whom he made this answer: That which I have said, I have said: & true it is, 
Hector Pinto his speech touching King Philip his usurpation of Portugal.  that Philip hath not any right in the succession of this Crown: but invading and intruding upon the same in such sort as he hath done, without staying till the cause were lawfully and orderly heard and decided, he hath committed violence and tyranny: and therefore I for my part do not acknowledge him for my king, but rather for a tyrant and usurper. Whereupon his friends gave him to understand, that this would be a very dangerous thing for him to maintain: for (said they) they will lead you away into Castille bound hand and foot, and fettered in iron: and there will they make you languish away in misery, and in the end there to die without all hope ever to see Portugal again. Whereunto he answered: Little doth that trouble me, howbeit that it be an extreme grief unto me to end my days out of my dear country, and that (which worse is) in Castille: and I protest unto you, that although I do against my will enter in the realm of Castille, yet shall not Castille ever enter within me. And so as he persisted in this fidelity to his country, and disavowing of Philip, by his commandment there was poison given him, whereof this godly, grave, learned and excellent man died in the flower of his years.  
The like misadventure happened to Don Laurence 
Don Laurence  Prior general of the Cannons Regulars of Saint Augustine, of the congregation of the holy Cross of Coimbre, who for his singular prudence and religion (wherewith he is notably adorned) had three several times with great commendation & honour executed & discharged this charge. What shall we say touching the immane and brutish cruelty which he hath practised in Portugal against an infinite number of other notable personages? namely, against that most reverend Father Friar Steven Leyton 
●ryer Steven Leyton.  of the order of Friar's Preachers, the kinsman of the Duke de Aueyra, and of the Duke de Leyria, and of other Princes and great Lords, who was twice Provincial, and thrice Vicar general of his Order. And albeit that all the world did admire the miraculous life of this worthy man, yet because he had tooth and nail (as the saying is) defended the right of his country, the said Philip caused him to be taken and imprisoned, depriving him of his voice active and passive, and of the exercise of his Priesthood, which was the occasion of his death, through extreme grief and sorrow.  
These things and many others hath he committed against a great number of persons, both Regular and Ecclesiastical, whom to reckon up were infinite. All those above mentioned, they have been either ill entreated, or else put to death by the commandment and order of his Majesty, that is so Catholic: as is well known by true and manifest proofs, and by most clear and evident conjectures. It may be that one day you shall see touching this matter a more ample and large history than this same: which containeth only his cruelties towards his neighbours, and yet not all of those neither. See an epistle which Anthony King of Portugal sent unto Pope Gregory the thirteenth of that name, in the year 1584.  
Behold then how he dispatcheth all his affairs, and in what manner he dealeth with all the world. It was not long since there was taken in the City of Leon a packet of letters, written with his own hand, and sent to the Constable of Castille, within the which were found certain grains amongst the letters: and a certain Gentleman suspecting somewhat, gave of those grains to eat to many living creatures, which all died immediately. Another like matter as this same happened within a while after in the frank County of Burgoigne, in a certain house where the Constable of Castille had lodged; after his departure from thence, a chambermaid of the house found a ball within a very fair purse; within which ball she thinking to have found some great treasure, found certain grains, of which was made the same proof and experience: and all those creatures that did eat thereof, died. This is that notable tyrant which doth all that he can do, to the uttermost of his ability, and that dareth seek to take away the life of the most Christian Majesty, 
To wit, of ●he Queen of England, and Prince Maurice Count of Nassau, &c, Folly 216. p. 2. 80000. ducats promised by king Philip to kill Don Anthonio  and other Princes by such shameful and abominable means, as there is none but would shame to write them, save only master Hieronyme Franchi Conestagio, of whom we have formerly spoken. For he in the seventh book of his history sayeth, that Philip did prise the life of the Prior (that is to say, of Signior Don Anthonio king of Portugal) at fourscore thousand ducats, as being a rebel and disturber of the public peace and quietness. And so did he handle another Prince that was both his cousin german, and cousin german removed, and so many ways of kin unto him, and so strictly allied unto him in friendship and amity, that they carried themselves each to other, as if they had been each others father; yea, and as if they had been but one person: and yet did he use him as if he had been a common thief, a robber, a malefactor, and a man of no reckoning nor estimation. And this horrible and abominable cruelty doth not end in Portugal, but it passeth over the sea, and the Pyrenean mountains, into France, and into England; where he hath bend and employed all his means to take away the lives of the Monarches of those realms. O barbarous, O abominable hangman and murderer! hast thou no shame? If thou be a Catholic, as thou dost entitle thyself, how is it, that thou knowest not what a deed of shame and enormity it is to commit murder? God would not that any man should touch Cain himself, who had murdered his own brother: and commanded that if any were so hardy as to kill him, that he should be severely punished: 
Genes. 4.  Omnis qui occiderit Cain, septuplum punietur, Whosoever shall kill Cain, shall be punished seven sold. If thou do know this, why dost thou not keep the commandments of God eternal? The good works (I say not of Saints, nor of Christians) but even of Idolaters which having no knowledge of the true light, do follow only the simple law of Nature, do they not work any shame in thee? Dost thou not remember what the Romans did when Pyrrhus 
Pyrrhus.  his Physician did offer Fabricius 
Fabritius.  to poison him? And how they handled the Schoolmaster to the children of the Fuliscians', which came to betray to them to Camillus? 
Lucius Florus Pompo. Mela. Lucas Tudensis, Paulus C●sirus, and many others.  If thou think that these Examples be nothing to the purpose, learn what sentence they gave against Servilius Caepio, who returning to Rome with victory, and demanding that he may triumph, in recompense of his service done to the commonwealth, by the death of Viriatus (whom he had caused to be slain by treason) and for that he had subdued a great part of Spain to the Roman Empire: they pronounced this judgement against him; that both the said Caepio, and the murderers of Viriatus were more worthy to be chastised then to be recompensed: and that there was no reason they should allow any reward for the destroying of their enemies, and the victories gotten against them by money and through corruption. Quae victoria empta erat à Senatu, & percussores indigni praemio iudicati.  
By this than that hath been said, may be seen, as in a mirror, the cruelty of this malign and perverse tyrant, whom many will not believe to be such a one as in very deed and in truth he is: but contrariwise, without all consideration, as people blinded, perverse, and obstinate, they will strive and contend to gratify him, be it well or ill done. And that which doth make me most out of patience in this behalf, is to see and hear some, who moved with an indiscreet zeal: or else being wickedly inclined, and (it may be) guided and seduced by the devil, do hold any man whomsoever a most lewd and vile man, and in manner of an heretic, who being drawn by a true and just zeal, shall publish this much for a truth and certainty: in so much, that whether it be for fear or for gain, or for hatred, or of a disordinate love and charity, they do esteem it a fare worse deed to accuse and to reprove such open & known iniquities, than the very act of doing them. All of you in a manner will confess and can not deny, but that all this which hath been spoken touching the malice of this tyrant is most true and certain: and yet nevertheless, they themselves will not for all that stick to say, that notwithstanding it be so, yet it is ill done, so to report of a Prince, that is so great a Catholic. See, I pray you, what a blindness, and how strange a matter this is, most unworthy and unbeseeming any man, that would be counted either a Christian, or a just and honest man. 

Nefarium est & maleficum cognitam veritatem damnare.  
It is as the sin of witchcraft, to condemn the known truth.  
Objections or allegations of reasons to justify or excuse K. Philip.   If it be true and publicly known, wherefore then do you contradict it, even against your own conscience, and to the hurt and detriment of others? Do you not know, that it is a most wicked and cursed thing, and a manifest sinful crime to condemn the known and notorious truth? and especially in such things, which by the commandment of God; and in holy and pure religion we are bounden to reprove and reprehend? But you will say unto me; that there is reason Princes should be excused in some faults, when they are otherwise endowed with any notable and excellent virtues. And that there did never reign in Spain any Prince, which hath given bett●r trial, nor made such evident demonstration of himself to be a good Catholic, as his Catholic Majesty, of whom now we are in question. There is no Prince that hath so much enlarged, and augmented the Catholic faith as he. There was never any that did use the Clergy, and all, both Ecclesiastical and Regular persons with greater love, nor greater reverence. And in brief, there is not any hath builded more Monasteries, nor edified so many Churches, nor exercised so great bounty and liberality towards the Church as he hath done; for besides the great and excessive costs and expenses which he hath been at in building them, he hath founded them with most great and rich rents and revenues, and hath honoured them with most ample and beneficial privileges. This is well said. Believe me my masters, I am infinitely sorry, that I may not briefly answer to these propositions, for that every one of them doth require a more ample treatise than this work which we have in hand: nevertheless, I will not leave by the way (as it were) to say something touching the same, 
An answer to the former objections, or allegations.  and to show you how you do abuse yourselves in all these matters. And first, to answer to the former of your allegations; I confess that you say nothing but reason: when a Prince shallbe a good Catholiste, just, honest, and valiant, without being liberal: it is great reason he should be pardoned of this defect; and so do I think also, when any of those virtues shallbe wanting in a Prince, which are convenient and fit for the royal person and dignity: so as notwithstanding he be furnished and adorned with the residue. Howbeit I do not forget what the commandment of God is, touching this point: Quicunque totam legem seruaverit, 
james. 2. v. 10.  in uno autem offenderit, factus est omnium reus: whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet faileth in one point, he is guilty of all. But I speak now as touching man, and in respect of men only, and not of God: and I am of this opinion, that if a Prince be touched with some notable vice: as if he be unjust, or cruel, or a tyrant, or an ill or lose liver, etc. yet being accompanied and furnished with other virtues, we ought not nevertheless, for any one of those vices above mentioned, (how great and heinous so ever it be) neither to revolt from him, nor yet so to complot or conspire against him, as to procure his ruin and destruction (for as much as in seeking his ruin, we shall sooner find our own, which France hath w●ll proved of to her cost.) But we are bound to have our recourse to God, by hearty prayer, fasting, and abstinence, and to pray to his divine Majesty, 
Good and wholesome counsel for the demeanour of subjects towards their Princes.  to turn his mercy toward him, and to pardon him, and to give him grace and understanding to avoid that which is evil, and judgement and wisedoome, to choose that which is good: that he would give him a concrite and humble heart, and would deal with him according to his mercies, to the intent the sweet smelling sacrifice may ascend up to heaven, and that of his clemency it would please him to receive his prayers and oblations made unto his divine Majesty. By such means did the people of Lorraine obtain by the mercy and favour of God so much grace for their Duke Thierri, the son of William, the brother of Godfrey and Balawin Kings of jerusalem, a most cruel and tyrannical Prince, & one that was a persecuter of the Church of God, and an oppresser of his subjects and vassals, in so much as he did not only come to himself and amended his wick●d life, (but also restoring that which he had wrongfully taken) he withdrew & shut himself up in a Monastery, where by the space of four years before his death, he led a perfect & holy life. O that it would please God, that your great friend Philip the Catholic (in whom are wanting all the virtues which are fit and decent for a good and just Prince) would do the like, and would restore unto others, the goods & livings taken from them, after the example of Duke Thierri, and not as did Charles the fift his father. And let this suffice for an answer to the first proposition alleged by you.   

As touching the second: true it is, that Philip hath greatly advanced the Christian faith in the West Indies: in so much that this doth serve him greatly as a cloak or mantle to cover, and to augment his usurped power and tyranny: but this good work ought to be imputed to such devout and religious persons, both of his subjects and others, as have been the instruments thereof, rather than to him. See, I pray you, and consider well, how he hath extended Religion in Africa: he hath even of late, against the institutions of the order of the Knights of the Religion of jesus Christ, and others, concluded and made peace in Barbary with the Infidels, to the intent he might with the more commodity make war in Europe against the Christians. And what doth he at this day against the Turk, but only dally and trifle with him?  
Touching the third of your propositions: histories do well recount, and all men may assure themselves, how much he loveth the Ecclesiastical persons, and what reverence he beareth to them that are religious. In times past, it was never seen, that any Ecclesiastical or religious person hath been put to death in Spain, for any matters concerning the estate. The greatest cruelty, and most rigorous severe justice, that the Arrian Princes showed upon them for being contrary to their opinions, was to imprison them, and to keep them enclosed within Monasteries. True it is, that of some of them they did put out the eyes, and afterwards, some Princes did cause them to be put to death secretly in prison: but as for the gallows, and such like infamous deaths, they knew not what it meant, save only since the reign of his Majesty, that will be held for so great and so good a Catholic. And I for my part do believe, that he is no less: and yet I know he is but a very bad Christian: for I make no doubt but he believeth all that which the holy Catholic, Apostolic Roman Church our mother teacheth, and instructeth us: howbeit I know full well, that he doth not observe any of the precepts commanded in the Decalogue.  
And as concerning the rest of your allegations made in his excuse; although that Philip hath builded up a great number of Monasteries, and many Churches, endowing them with rich revenues, yet all this will not make me, but that I must needs take him and acknowledge him for a notable tyrant, and a most cruel Prince. Historiographers have written largely of the cruelty of Brunhault, 
Brunhault caused ten kings of France to be put to death.  (howbeit, that some would excuse her, and do attribute this fault unto the first Writers) and they do affirm, that she caused to be put to death ten several Kings in France, and many other persons of great quality. Also they writ of her, that she caused a great number of Churches to be builded, and did provide them of so great goods and riches, that it is a very strange thing to be reported. See what Gaguin 
Gaguin.  writeth thereof: in so much, that if a man would compare the charge and expenses of Brunhault, with the means she had, he would greatly marvel, how this woman was able in one age to build so many Temples, and assign unto them also so good and large revenues. Now Brunhault hath deserved another manner of praise and commendation, for using so great liberality towards the Church, then doth Philip, because she gave of her own, and Philip giveth of other men's. In Spain they find great fault with those that will steal a sheep, and will give the feet for God's sake: and so doth his Catholic Majesty; he draweth from the Clergy Tercias', Subsidio, Pila, Escusado: in so much, 
See the meaning of these words a little after.  that of ten he taketh at the least five: and one Prelate payeth more unto him then 2000 labourers, or 4000 Gentlemen. See then how liberal he is to the Clergy: and by the means of these feet of his sheep, he buildeth up Monasteries and other Churches, and endoweth them with great revenues. Moreover, who is he that hath meddled with setting to sale the Towns and Castles which were of the jurisdiction and vassals of the Church? It is your great friend Philip, whom you account so virtuous and so Catholic.  
The Translator.  
Tercias', is the third part of the rent which a Prelate receiveth yearly out of his Benefice or Spiritual living.  
Subsidio: is an overplus and certain sum which he payeth out of the two third parts which remain, and of other revenues appertaining to his estate.  
Pila: is that sum, which he taketh of all the Parish Churches in Spain: namely of every Parishioner, that is of them that are of any wealth, he taketh the tithes or tenth part. And some of the regular persons, who do possess an● heritage's in the same Parish, do help to pay this tribute after the rate. The Regulars themselves do pay tithe also of all that which they possess, even to the Apples, Oranges, and other fruits of their Gardens.  
Escusado: is a certain sum which the Clergy, both Ecclesiastical and Regular persons, because they may not bear arms, do pay unto the King Catholic, to be excused in that behalf.  
Objection. I know well, you will reply unto me, and allege, that the rents of the Churches of Spain are so great and excessive, that although the Prelates do pay unto their King the one half of them, yet they do all of them still continue and remain rich; because there be some Prelates in Spain, which have greater revenues yearly then 50 or 60 Prelates in France. Answer. Hereunto I answer: that although it be so, yet his Catholic Majesty may not spoil the Church of her goods, which Princes, and others Catholic and devout persons have given unto her. And if the dowry of any Damsel or maiden be privileged, how much more ought that so to be, which is given to God, and to our Lady, and to the Saints: who (as Histories do specify) have fought visibly and really, and have been seen in sundry battles personally, doing of great miracles? And therefore seeing that his Catholic Majesty doth take away from the Churches that which is given them, for the causes and reasons by us alleged, he committeth fraud and sacrilege, which may be an occasion, that he himself may happen ere he die, or his successors for him to repay the same again. For this cause did Nabuchadnezzar wander up and down for many years in the fields in the shape of a brute beast: 
Daniel 4.  and Balthasar his son saw that horrible vision of a hand writing upon a wall his future death and destruction. 
Daniel 5. Acts 5.  Ananias and Saphira his wife fell down dead at the feet of Saint Peter. We have many examples touching this matter in the holy Scriptures, and many more in profane Writers: and there is a great number of them even in Spain, especially in Castille. The Queen Dame Viraca, the Daughter of Alphonsus the sixth Emperor, 
The common Histories of Spain.  going out of the Church of S. Isidore with the riches which she had taken thence, fell down dead at the Church door. Don Alphonsus the warrior her Husband, for the like matter was vanquished by the Moors in the battle of Fraga, and was never more seen nor heard of after that time, neither alive nor dead. The King Don Henry brother german to the mother of Saint Lewes, being but a lad, was slain by the hazard of a brick or tile falling upon him within Placentia. Some do attribute this his death to the carelessness of the said Henry, for not providing a remedy (albeit he were in his tender and younger years,) against the extortions done upon the Churches, by the children of the Count Don Nugno de Lara, who were Tutors to the said Henry, and Governors of his Realm: and they do affirm, that all those disasters and mishaps which Histories do write of, did happen by the occasion of those his Tutors. These examples may suffice to prove unto you the abuse and invalidity of your reply, and to show that your Philip by laying of his hands upon the Ecclesiastical liuings, (as he hath done) cannot excuse himself of fraud, sacrilege, and tyranny; and so by this means (with an ill conscience) he stealeth the sheep of another man, notwithstanding that he give again the feet for God sake. And yet over and above all this, I do assure you even in the faith of an honest man, that if there were no other vices the person of King Philip save only these two, to wit, tyranny and cruelty, and if he were a true observer of the rest of the Law and faith Catholic, I would excuse you of your blindness and inveiglement: but you may hold this for a certainty, that his abominable works will prove any man whomsoever to be an egregious liar, that shall be so hardy as to defend that he is no such manner of man. For this enemy and general persecuter, under the cloak and shadow of a Catholic, hath done more mischief, and committed more insolences against the Church of Rome, than all the other persecuters that ever went before him. Will you see the proof how you are abused, and how bad and vile a Christian he is? Open your eye lids, and you shall see how he bewrayeth it, even as if a man should with his finger point at it. In the year 1575., this King Catholic being advertised that the late Monsieur did make great preparation to enter with a mighty Army into Flaunders, he began very secretly to sound certain of the principal Lords and chief heads of the pretended reformed Religion, within the Provinces of Languedoc, Foix, Bearne, Bigorre, and of the Country de la Bort, near to Guipuscua, over against Fontaraby, to know if they would under his protection defend their liberty, promising them, that he would cause an Army of Almains to descend against the most Christian King, 
Offers made for King Philip to those of the reformed Religion, to make war against the late French King.  and that he would give them five hundred thousand crowns yearly to that effect, and for the entertainment of the Ministers of their Churches: beating into their ears, and making them believe, that the enterprise of Flaunders, which the Duke of Alencon had undertaken, did not tend to any other end, but only to entrap, and to make another massacre of them, as had lately been done under the King Charles the ninth his brother, when the Lord de la Nove was taken, and the Lord de juoy was put to death between two Tables, with many other Lords and Gentlemen. He had the better means and opportunity to treat with the said Churches, by reason there were many Catholics mingled amongst the Huguenots: all of which did govern, and demean themselves according to the conventions and agreements made between them: and a great Lord of France, and the Lord Mounsieur de Chastillion, howbeit that afterwards this union was broken. Some of their chief heads did give ear unto those persuasions of Philip, insomuch that there were great preparations made for a strong & mighty war against them, which succeeded not long after, when Brovage was taken. Besides, the said Lords and heads of the reformed Religion, with some of their Ministers, being entered into a great jealousy of the most Christian King now reigning, (who was then King of Navarre) and of the late Monsieur the Prince of Condy, they resolved secretly within the Town of Montauban, to call in strangers of their Religion to be their Protectors and defenders. And to that effect, they sent one of their Ministers into Almain, feigning that they sent him unto the pretended reformed Church of Metz. Notwithstanding the matter was discovered by one of the principal Lords, newly drawn to be of their Religion, who had taken great indignation against a Minister of his own, and because he had been an assistant at the same Council, he thought he had been of the same mind also: and did therefore reprove him, saying: that he greatly marvelled how he could suffer such a quill to be thrust through his nose, without laughing at it. But the Minister excused himself, assuring him that he knew nothing of that matter. But that was an occasion, that the practice broke off: beside, that they were not well agreed amongst themselves, whom they should choose to be their chief and protector: some of them desired the Duke Casimier: others would have England: and some others the Duke of Savoy: who all that time did not know any thing at all of that which passed between him and the Ministers. But after that, at such time as the young Duke (now presently ruling) came to succeed his Father, he being advertised thereof, sent unto the King of Navarre, to demand the Lady his sister for his wife: one named Seruin was dispatched as the messenger to that effect, and after him a Viscount; who seeing great difficulty in the demand, went by Bearne into Spain, where he treated the marriage of the Infant D. Katherine, at this day Duchess of Savoy: which marriage Don Amadis the bastard brother of the said Duke afterwards effected. This marriage came well to purpose for Philip, because by this means he assured himself of the Duke, that he should attempt nothing in Portugal: where he knew full well, that after the death of King Henry, there was great division amongst the Portugals, for that some would have had the Lady Katherine Duchess of Bragancia: others the Lord Don Anthonio: and in a manner all well near not liking to have any of those which were named, would have had the said Duke of Savoy, being the Graundchilde of a Daughter of Portugal, who (as the report is) if he had gone thither during the interraigne in Portugal, at the time of that dissension, and by reason of their unwillingness to admit the one or the other of those above named, he had without doubt been received of all the Portugals.  
To proceed, and to show you yet more plainly what manner of man this is, for whose love you do even seek your own destruction, and in whose service you are so forward and so diligent: I will add here somewhat more touching this matter, for it is not possible to utter all that may be spoken to that effect. It is not long since, that for to follow the steps of some other good and godly Catholics as himself is, he rendered the City of Arzile to Muley Hamet King of Morocco, against the will and liking of the Portugals which did inhabit it, who had bound themselves without his aid to defend it. It was supposed by all the Christians, that Philip surrendered the City, because he was assured that he should not be able to defend it against the puissance of Infidels, for so did he himself cause it to be given out, saying: 
The reason why Philip rendered that City of Arzil to Muley Hamet.  That it was a less mischief to render it without hazarding the lives and goods of the Inhabitants, then by keeping it, to put them all in danger. But therein he abused them most maliciously, for the true cause why this good Catholic rendered this City of Christians unto the Moors, was because he had promised it unto their King, upon condition he should not lend two hundred thousand Crowns to Don Anthonio his cousin german, King of Portugal. The which sum the Moor had before promised to lend him at the intercession of England: and for this reason had the said Don Anthonio sent his son Don Christopher to Morocco to be there in hostage for the said sum of money, who remained there by the space of four years. You see now what a good and Catholic Christian deed this man did, whom you do so defend for a most singular Christian and Catholic, who to hinder a King, a fare better Catholic then himself, from recovering of his own, doth not only tyrannically detain another's right, but doth make it away from Christians, to give it unto Infidels. What answer do you make hereunto? I make yourselves the judges: wherefore then will you not acknowledge the irreligion of this man, to whom you are so affectionate, and the great malice and perverseness of him, whom you love so well? Consider and know, that you are taken and bound with a gross chain: 
Psalm 41.  and that abissus abissum invocat: One depth calleth another. And I say to you, one fault draweth on an hundred thousand after it. Of the maintaining and defending of an evil and wicked man, ensueth commonly a sinister and perverse judgement of them which are good. This was well seen to be true and verified in the life time of Don Anthonio, and is yet still even at this day. It is a shame to hear the abominations which the favourers of this pretended King Catholic have heretofore spoken and given out, and do not yet cease to speak of this poor Prince deceased. Some call him rebel, others term him a runnigate, and a fugitive from place to place, and from Country to Country: and some others call him a seditious person, an enemy to Christendom, an Infidel, and an heretic. Can there be any thing more grievous, more sensible, more unjust, and more unworthy of a Christian? How dare you (against all Laws both divine and humane) handle and use so ill, a Prince, the son of the greatest Prince of his age: the grandchild of that great Emanuel, from whom the Princes of Europe do glory to draw their descent and original: a Prince sore pressed and turmoiled with afflictions, trouble and perplexity. He hath well showed even in his exile and banishment, that he was a better Catholic than your Philip his cousin: less ambitious, without choler, without hatred, and full of charity. For if he would have been content to recover his Realm of Portugal, with more honourable means then your tyrant hath tyrannised over it, and doth yet tyrannously detain it, he might well have done it. If he would have accorded, that the English should have had exercise of their Religion in Portugal, only within their own Houses and lodgings, the Earl of Leicester (whom some call the Count of Lest) would have undertaken to set him again in possession of his Realms and Signories. In the year one thousand five hundred eighty nine, when he passed into Portugal with the English, amongst other Articles of agreement made between them, there was no other thing granted nor yielded unto them, but only a licence or liberty for them to live in Portugal, without being bound or compelled by the Ecclesiastical Prelates, to repair to the Churches to the service and exercise of the Catholics. And in the same manner, as the Queen of England did then entertain the strangers Catholics, inhabiting within her Realm of England: even so did he accord and ordain that the English should find the like usage and entertainment in Portugal. And it may be, that if he would have enlarged their liberty in this respect, the English would again have enforced their abode in that Country. But he proceeded so like a Catholic with them, that they had a kind of distrust, and took occasion to suspect him. The king of Morocco at this day now reigning, (of whom we have lately spoken) sent an Ambassador into England, to entreat him, touching the delivering of Portugal from her tyranny: offering him to make present payment of 100 thousand Crowns at London, for the provyding of 100 sail of ships to pass into Barbary, from whence he promised to embark, and to pass with him in person, and also to set at liberty about seven or eight thousand portugals, whom he held in captivity, and which were good soldiers, and with them and the principal horse of Barbary, to take land and set foot in Spain, and to put him in possession of his Realm. But Don Anthonio would not accept those his offers, because he would give no occasion to the Moors, (namely those Moors that are baptised and live as Christians in Arragon, Valentia, Murcia, 
The cause why Don Anthonio refused the means to recover his Realm.  and other quarters of Spain, where the Moor did assure himself to find 60 thousand men at his devotion) there to rebel, and to work the misery and calamity of the Christians. This was a more dangerous matter, and would have been more burdensome and chargeable to King Pbilip, then to the King Don Anthonio, with whom Muley Hamet desired to have made a peace very beneficial and advantageous to the Realms of Portugal: but Don Anthonio refused all, only moved thereunto of a godly Catholic zeal. Now show me (my Masters) where or when your Don Philip ever did as much: He hath made great promises to Don Anthonio, to the intent he might cause him to renounce his right, which he had in Portugal, by reason of his election. He offered to make him Viceroy of Naples, 
Offers of king Philip to Don Anthonio.  with 400 thousand Crowns of yearly rent, and the collation of the officers and benefices of that kingdom. Moreruer he would have given him 500 thousand Crowns to pay his debts, and to defray the charge of going to take that Government upon him: And that he would be bound to restore all those Portugals to their former estates, whose goods he had taken and confiscated for following of his party. And that he would advance and recompense such as did serve and attend him actually: and that he would pardon all in general. Whereunto Don Anthonio made him this answer: God defend that he should commit so great a fault: 
Don Anthonio full of conscience.  and that he had rather die in an hospital, then to do a thing so heinous, wicked, unjust, and against his conscience, for that the laws had taught him thus much, that he might not contract for that which appertained to another. For, when he was chosen at Sautaren, he had then sworn, and afterwards again at Lisbon (when he was confirmed King by the deputies of the cities and towns of Portugal, which came thither to take their oath for their allegiance, and to do him homage) that he should never accord nor fall to any agreement with the enemy, without leaving Portugal in her full and perfect liberty. This may serve to show how much better a Catholic, and how less ambitious the King Don Anthonio was then King Philip. And as touching his choler and his hatred or charity, that may appear by this which followeth, in that there have been many men who have oftentimes offered to Don Anthonio to kill Philip: nevertheless he would never give them any entertainment, 
Most christian speeches of D. Anthonio.  alleging that Kings are the anointed of the Lord: and although (quoth he) my cousin King Philip blinded by ambition and tyranny, do persecute me, and do seek to take my life from me, yet will not I be content nor consent for all that, that any man for the love of me, should attempt to take his life. And whosoever shall dare or adventure to do it, let him look to himself that he come not into my hands. For though his sins do so blind and bewitch him, as that they make him show himself a Saul against me yet I for my part do protest before God, to show myself a David towards him. A certain man on a day demanding of him a favour for the good news which he brought him (for he had assured him that King Philip was dead) he answered him half in choler; My good friend, dost thou not know who it is of whom thou speakest unto me? he is my cousin german, bring me news that I have eight or ten thousand faithful men, and well armed with good and sage Captains, and all things necessary to restore Portugal to liberty, and I promise thee in the word of an honest man, to make thee so rich and so honourable in my Realm, as no Gentleman shall go beyond thee: go, go, learn to know the disposition of Princes Now my masters, what think you of these examples? do you now see what reason I have to say, that the King Don Anthonio was more Catholic, and less ambitious than the king Philip, & that he was a man without choler & hatred, but contrariwise full of charity? I pray you therefore for the love of God, that from henceforth you would resolve yourselves, with a sound and uncorrupted judgement, & a pure conscience, and without any inveiglement or indiscreet zeal, to embrace the good, and to reject the evil. If he be dishonest, luxurious & licentious, I say nothing in that behalf: for that is not the butt or end of our treatise: and I believe, that the Prince of Orange in his Apology, hath said something touching that matter: and the infamous rumour and detestable report which hath run, and doth yet run throughout the world, doth say much to that effect. God give him the grace to know himself, and to convert, and to render to every man his own before his death, better than he hath restored that which (as is reported) his father at the hour of his death commanded him to render and to restore again.  
Now, most humbly I beseech your Majesties to hold me excused, for having been so large in this matter: because I have not done it without good cause, knowing that to come to the butt and end of my purpose, it was very needful, and did much import me, to have said that which I have done. This is a thing proper and conformable to the law of God, and agreeable to the nature of charity, to bring them into the right way, that wander and go astray, and to discharge and clear the innocent, though it be to the damage and displeasure of the wicked.  

Most excellent Princes,  
If the reasons which I have alleged, and the histories which I have quoted, be not sufficient to persuade you, and to urge you speedily with one accord, and consent to make a good and gallant army, and to send it into Spain, not only to make present resistance against the force of the castilian, to break the course of his designs, to beat down his pride, and to ruinated his puissance: but also to bridle him in the time to come, I shall be enforced to believe, that God hath forsaken and abandoned you, because of your sins, both public and particular: and that he hath deprived you of all judgement, and understanding, to the intent you should not see that which concerneth you so near and which is above all things, most needful and necessary for your safety. In such sort that being foe inveigled, and (as it were) wholly amazed, you will come to fall into a bottomless gulf of most blind darkness, and consequently into utter destruction and total ruin: Conceive (I beseech you) and comprehend that which I say unto you, and consider it intentively, for in that you have within these few years past contemned or neglected to make a voyage into Portugal, and have not vouchsafed to yield neither succour nor favour unto the Portugals your friends, you have therefore at this time in France the castilians your enemies. From henceforth it shall be better for you and more expedient, that the war be made in Spain, and not in France: and you shall receive fare less discommodity in destroying the territories of the castilians with fire and sword, then to see the towns and territories of your own taken, wasted, and spoilt.   

The Translators encouragement to these most worthy Princes.  
The inward affection which I have unto your Majesty's the loyalty which I own unto your services, and the desire which I have to see the augmentation of the good and prosperity of France: besides my age, and long experience in matters of estate, do give me the assurance and hardiness to advertise, you by the way of something concerning the matter here spoken of by the Author. I had of late certain intelligence by letters from some of my friends, that the King of Tartary now reigning (whom the ancient Historiographers and Cosmographers do call, Magnum Can, Regem regum, & Dominum dominantium, that is, The great Cham, King of Kings, and Lord of Lords) who is said to be a most prudent, brave, and warlike Prince, hath determined for the great devotion which he beareth to his great Prophet Mahomet (whose sect he professeth) to pass with great forces to Mecha in Arabia, and there to seize upon the body of his said Prophet. This Sophy of Persia being ascertained of this enterprise (whom the Author in this his treatise nameth Xatama) presently dispatched away certain Ambassadors to Constantinople, to the great Signior of the Turks, with whom for these many years of late he hath had great wars, and continual enmity, to pray him that he would join his forces with his, to the end they might both of them jointly resist and withstand the puissance of the Tartarian, showing him also the danger which both the one and the other of them might incur to the loss of their estates, by having to their neighbour an enemy so sage and puissant. I would to God your Majesties would now consider, that if these considerations do fall into the understanding of a Barbarian, how much more ought they not to be wanting in men of iudgemeot and understanding: and I would your Majesties would ponder advisedly, how much it importeth you not to suffer the greatness of the castilian your next and nearest neighbour. join your forces with your Confederates, and take in hand this enterprise, in such sort as you may divide the power and monarchy of the enemy, I do not say that you should send to pill & ransack them which are under the yoke and command of the enemy, God forbidden: for this would turn as much to his good and profit●, as to our hurt and damage, because by our pilling and sacking of them, we shall give them cause (who now hate him deadly, and can not abide not only him, nor so much as to hear him named) for the defence of themselves, and to be revenged of their damages, and our extorsions done upon them, to join themselves with our enemy, and to serve him with love and fidelity: and contrariwise, to prosecute and pursue us with extreme hatred, doing their worst that they may against us: in such sort, that we losing our friends, who now desire to assist us, shall purchase them for our enemies; and they will aspire nor seek nothing more than our ruin and destruction. On the contrary, in steed of mortal enemies which he hath now of them, shall find them to be his friends to aid and assist him, to the maintenance of his ambition and tyranny. And this is that which he doth seek and desire (showing himself in the mean while like a most wily Fox) and to this effect he will not spare to give money liberally, because of the good that may redound thereof unto him. This is a thing most certain, that he desireth extremely to see them made poor and ruinated whom he feareth, etc. I am fully persuaded that fewer words then these will suffice, to give your Majesties to understand, how much it importeth you to preserve and descend people that are malcontent and afflicted in misery, and how much mischief may ensue by giving them cause of scandal and offence. That which we ought to do in this case, is to travel by all means possible to set foot in Spain, and to fortify ourselves within it, gathering and drawing unto us such as are scandalised and ill handled by the enemy, and to receive them with humanity and courtesy: so did William the Conqueror gain the Realm of England; the which also in the same manner Henry the seventh did afterwards get likewise. Many others have done the like: yea, and your Majesties also, who if you shall seize upon some places in Spain, you shall make your own peace with honour, profit and advantage. This which I say, is not to contradict that which many desire, without considering what is expedient and necessary to a matter of so great importance? but rather to show, how your Majesties may do without any loss and detriment, and to the best profit and advantage of your Realms, yea and of all the common weal of Christendom. The holy King and Prophet David, as a most politic and wise man, counselleth us to pray to God for those things which are needful to the peace of Jerusalem, that is, the Church militant, & consequently, we are commanded to do it. Primo, rogate quae ad pacem sunt jerusalem: Pray for the peace of Jerusalem. Secundo, Fiat pax. Secondly, Let peace be (but the world shall never have peace till Spain be divided) in virtute tua. That is to say, in such sort, as we may not lose one jot of our estate, honour, reputation and integrity, and other things of like nature and quality, whereof I will surcease to speak any further, because I will not trouble the discourse of the Author.  
And for my part, surely and in my conscience I am half in a doubt whether I should laugh or weep at this so great and extreme a blindness: neither more nor less than Hannibal did seeing the destruction of Carthage. And if it be well considered, that this laughter proceedeth not but of the great grief and sorrow which I have at my heart, I believe assuredly that it would be to more purpose than all your tears, cries, and lamentations: and I will then say of you as Hannibal said of the Carthagenians: You weep, you sigh, and you lament to see your towns taken, your country ransacked & spoilt, your children, brethren, kinsfolks, countrymen and friends, slain and killed, and your goods wasted and lost: you know all of you how to remedy it, and confess that you know it: and yet there is none of you that will resolve, nor show himself forward, for the public & common good, as well as for the particular good of every one: and there is none that either speaketh or talketh of it, saying, let us free our country, let us secure our friends, let us cast out and drive away our enemies: I will do this or that, I will give thus much for the public and common good of my country. Are you so strait laced for so small a matter, which should redeem you, and set you altogether in peace, rest, and quietness? and which should deliver your friends, who will serve you as a rampire or bulwark, and will cast your enemies out of your provinces, and will drive them into a corner, where they shall fear you more than they do now scorn and contemn you? I am sore afraid, that before many days be past, you will confess you wept hitherto but for trifles, in comparison of that which is to come. I pray God you do not follow the steps of Antiochus, who seeing himself vanquished by the Romans for want of following the counsel of Hannibal, was greatly astonished, but all too late. And he then esteemed Hannibal not only sage and prudent, but also, even as a Prophet; for that he had foretold him all that which afterwards happened unto him. Awake therefore I pray you, and consider well upon that which I counsel you for your good: and that he which doth advice you to it, doth desire it as your poor servitor and friend, who hath as great a care of your safeties & preservation, as of his own: and who hath often foretold, and (as it were) prophesied (as the principal counsellors of estate, both in France & in England can well testify) both all this which is come to pass in this behalf, and hath also foreshowed all that which hath been lost in France, and to what end and issue things will grow at the last, if there be not some better order taken in these affairs. And I believe, that if they were demanded the question, they will tell you, how I have passed away my time with as great grief and discontentment, as a man possibly might do, to see the enemy daily to prosper, and to wax more proud and arrogant by your own proper sufferance, consent, and wilfulness: & for this cause, I am in a manner wholly resolved, to leave and abandon the conversation of men, & to retire & withdraw myself into some solitary mountain. Notwithstanding, because I know and am acquainted with all that hath befallen for these 50 years last passed in the greatest part of Europe; I do therefore tell you, as one that hath had experience of these matters, that as yet you may recover (if you will) all that which hitherto you have lost, and both deliver your friends and bridle your enemies. And you may take such order, that the time to come shall be more happy and fortunate unto you, than the time already past hath been. And moreover, I do assure you, that sithence the loss of great part of Christendom won by the Turk, the late loss of the most part of Germany, the hereditary possession of the King of Bohemia, all Switzerland, with the great hazard of losing all the Netherlands, who are now striving for breath against the King of Spain's mighty powers now in the field, (which I for my part do think to have proceeded from the very hand of God, as of your loving Father, who by a fatherly love doth chastise you, to the end you should awaken you out of your security and negligence) I have been ever since resolved to set down in writing, that which I have so often pronounced by word of mouth, to so many persons of special mark and quality, before that ever they did entreat me thereunto. And this is the cause, that if this my writing do not produce that public good, and that effect which I desire, I protest that from henceforth I will for ever hold my peace and be silent. Nevertheless, I most humbly beseech your Christian Majesties and all the Princes and Potentates of Europe, and all the great Lords and Officers of the Crowns of England and of France, that it would please you to descend into yourselves, and at your leisure according to your accustomed prudence and wisdom, to consider that good fortune and felicity doth not consist so much in the conquest and subduing of great Signories and large dominions, for the time present, with an intent to leave the same to your successors: but rather to assure, confirm, and preserve them for the time to come to your children and posterity: to the intent that when it shall please God to call you hence, they may quietly and peaceably enjoy them in peace and tranquillity, without any trouble, disquiet, or hindrance. For it is a fare greater virtue, to preserve and keep that which is gotten, then to get and purchase new things daily.  Non minor est virtus quàm quarere, parta tuêri. The poor Pilgrim beaten by Time, and pesecuted by Fortune. 
P. Ol.  
I am resolved to make war upon the castilian: wherein if you also will bear a part, assure yourself, you may account me as one of your most faithful and surest friends. But if you once grow to any terms of peace and amity with him, then seek you some other, with whom ye may deliberate upon that matter.     

AN EXPLICATION OF THE PILGRIM UPON THE PROVERB: IF THE COCKErell had not come, the Cock had not been taken. And of the loyalty of Auila and Simanchas' in Castille: and of Celorico, and the Castle of Coimbre in Portugal.  
Item, What the diversity is between the King of Castille and of Spain: and who they be, whom we call castilians, and what is understood by Cities and Towns.  
HEnry the fourth, King of Castille, (of whom we have before spoken) being at the point of death, 
If the Cockerel had not come, the Cock had not been taken.  named four Executors of his Testament, to govern the Realm after his death, and to marry his daughter the Lady jane: two of which Executors (to wit) Don Alvaro de Estugniga Duke de Arevalo: and Don Diego Lapez Pacheco, Marquis de V●llena, joining with the Archbishop of Toledo, named Don Alphonso Carrillo, Don Bertrand de la Cueva, Duke de Albuquerke, the Master of Calatrava: Don Rodrigo Tells Giron County the V●egne: Don john Tells Giron hif brother, Marquis of Calis, Don Alphonso de Aguilar, and many other great Lords, with fourteen Cities of Castille, sent unto Don Alphonso the African King of Portugal, praying him, that he would take to wife the said Queen Dame jane: the which the King of Portugal accepted, against the wills and good liking of many of his Realms, who would not by any manner of means have to do nor meddle with the castilians. By reason of this marriage, in the year 1475, Don Alphonso went into the Lands and Country of his said wife, where he had many encounters and combats with Fernand King of Arragon, the Husband of Jsabel the pretended Queen of Castille, and with his people, till such time as they encountered in the battle which was fought near the City of Toro, 
The battle of Toro.  in March 1476, which was ordered in this manner: the King Alphonso had made one Camp of the Lords and Nobles of the Realms of Castille and Leon, with some Portugals: the Prince Don Juan his son, (who was come to the succours of his Father) had made another Camp of his Portugals, without any castilians mingled amongst them: The King Fernand made also two camps, the one of the castilians, which took his part and his wives: and the other of Arragonois, the Catalans, the Valencians, and such other peoples and Nations, as were the subjects of his own Realms and Signories, whereof himself was Lord and commander. Fernand encountering with Alphonso, defeated and overcame him: and having taken his Guidon royal, made him forsake the field, and to betake himself to flight. But the Prince Don juan gave in and charged so resolutely upon the castilians, that he made them to fly, and having slain many of them upon the place, he took a great number of prisoners; and himself remaining whole and entire with his Forces, did with singular hardiness and magnanimity assail Ferdinand also, the vanquisher of his Father, and making him to fly, did recover again the Guidon royal, which the said Alphonso his Father had lost The History of Portugal saith, that the Prince did great honour unto a Knight which saved the said Guidon, and gave him an yearly rent or annuity of five thousand Maravedis, (which was at that time no small revenue, in comparison of that it is at this pay) being about 12 ducats and a half, allowing 400 Maravedis to each ducat, and gratified him with sundry other gifts and great honours. Fernand wrote unto Jsabel the success of this battle, giving her to understand, that if the Prince had not come, the King his Father had been taken. Whereupon he returned him this answer: that, if the Cockerel had not come, the Cock had been taken; and hereof came that proverb which we told you Guaribay sets down these last words, and confesseth the very truth. Nevertheless, touching the residue of the History, he reporteth a thousand untruths, which may be verified by the History which Damian de Goyes hath written of this Prince Don Juan; in the which he saith, 
Damianus de Goyes in the life of the Prince Don juan.  that the Prince would have kept and remained in the field where the battle was fought, by the space of three days, if the Archbishop of Toledo had not dissuaded him, who with great instance and earnest entreaty caused him to retire into the City, because the weather was extreme cold, and his men were sore traveled and wearied, and had been over-watched for want of sleep. And he said unto him: Sir, your Highness hath kept the Field long enough, these three hours you have stayed here, are as good as three days, and one hour is as much as three. Some writ, that in memory of this victory, King Edward the fourth of England, sent unto this Prince the order of the Garter. And the castilians had such ill success continually against the Portugals, that (to grace themselves, because the King Alphonso was defeated and forsook the field: (though his son held the field, and remained vanquisher) yet they shame not to attribute unto themselves the honour and victory of this battle.  
Alphonsus Raymond the only son of Vrraca, the daughter of Alphonsus the sixth, surnamed the Emperor, was borne in Auila, 
Auila.  a City of Castille, and was nourished and kept by them of the City, during the reign of Alphonsus King of Arragon, called the warrior, together with his wife Vrraca Queen of Castille, Mother of the said Raymond. Now there were great revolts and troubles in Castille, in the which they of Auila following the party of Raymond against the said Alphonsus his Father in Law, did so much, that the Father in Law was dispossessed of the government, and the Son in Law was installed in the siege royal. And for this cause, this word hath passed for a common proverb: The fidelity of Auila: and, Auila is for the King.  

Simancas.  Touching Simancas, you are to understand, that in the year 1463, Henry the 4 reigning in Castille, at the persuasion of some of the Princes, many other Cities and Towns did revolt from him, and grew into a rebellion, which they called, The league of the Princes: and they entitled themselves, Princes of the League. And in imitation hereof did Philip King of Castille, in the year 1582, baptise the League, which hath been the occasion of so many mischiefs and afflictions, of which France hath especially tasted, and had experience for these nine years last passed. This is that League which hath wrought so great damage to the Church of Rome, and hath so ruinated and pulled it down, as it shall need many hundreds of years to restore it again. But to our matter: in process of time, the Soldiers of the King's Army, being greatly augmented, and their puissance much increased, they came to the City of Toro: and the King having advertisement, that they of the League were issued out of Valladolid, and that having broken down and razed the walls of Begnafleur, they were gone to Simancas, he sent presently john Hernandes Galiude his Captain General, with 3000 Horses, for the succours of the Town: which being entered into Simancas, were besieged by them of the League, who notwithstanding, were more afraid than those whom they had besieged. The Lackeys within the Town (who shown themselves to be of a wonderful good courage) having assembled themselves one day in a great number, and mocking those that had besieged them, did make a picture, which represented the Archbishop of Toledo; whom (because he was a Rebel against his King and Lord) they called Don Opas, the brother of the Count julian, who caused the Moors to enter into Spain against the King Roderick. After which, one of the Lackeys being appointed for a judge, 
judgement given by the Lackeys against the Archbishop of Toledo.  sat himself down on the judgement seat, commanding the prisoner to be brought before him, (which was the picture of the Archbishop) and he gave judgement upon him in this manner: For as much as Don Alphonso Carillo Archbishop of Toledo, 
Guar. lib. 17. cap. 14.  following the steps of the Bishop Don Opas the destroyer of Spain, hath been a Traitor to his King and natural Lord, rebelling against him with his places and Fortresses, and with the money which he put into his hands to do him service. For these causes, having seen and considered of his deserts by his trial, wherein hath appeared his wicked practices, and felonious offences, we do therefore condemn him to be burned; and that he be first trailed and drawn through the streets and public places of Simancas: and that in the execution thereof, the common crier shall cry and proclaim with a loud voice: This is the justice commanded to be done, namely, that this cruel Don Opas shall be burnt for his offence and trespass; because having received diverse places, fortresses, and moneys of his King, he hath notwithstanding revolted and rebelled against him.  
Quien tall haze, que tall pague.  
That is to say,  
So do, so have.  
The judgement being pronounced: another Lackey taking the picture between his arms with an open cry, threw it forth of the Town, having in his company more than three hundred Lackeys, and immediately two of their company made a great fire to burn it, not fare from the camp of the enemy, who looked on whilst they were doing of it; and whilst the picture was in burning, all the Lackeys together with open throat cried and sang: 
Esta es Simancas,  
Don Opas Trahidor,  
Y no Penaflor.   
Which is to say: 
This is Simancas,  
(Don Opas, O thou Traitor)  
And not Pegnastor.  With many other speeches to that purpose. Which song of theirs was for a long time after used in Castille, and was commonly sung both in the Court, and throughout all that Realm.  

Celorico.  After that the Portugals had deposed Don Sancho, surnamed Capelo, from his Realm and Kingdom, Don Alphonso his brother (who was then County of Bologne upon the Sea) was chosen Governor of Portugal by the same Portugals. This election (which they made, together with the deposition of the said Sancho, was approved and confirmed by Pope Innocent the 4, in a Council held at Lions: which was the cause that the said Alphonso went from thence into Portugal with Letters of favour from the said Innocent the fourth, to the peoples of Portugal, praying and requiring them, that they would obey and submit themselves unto him, and deliver unto him all the Cities, Towns, and Castles of the Realm in general. Nevertheless some special persons there were, who (notwithstanding the commandment of the Pope, or the force of Alphonso) because they supposed that this did derogate from the loyalty which they ought unto their King, would not yield thereunto, but opposed themselves against the said Alphonso, and would not render unto him the Towns and Castles which had been committed to their custody by their King Sancho, Fernand Ruis Pach●co Lord of Ferreyra was one of those, who being besieged by Don Alphonso within the Town of Celorico, and seeing himself in extreme necessity of victuals, there happened by great chance a Trout to fall within the Castle from the talents of an Eagle, flying over the place: of the which he made a present to Don Alphonso with two fine white manchets, to the intent he might make him believe that he was very well provided of victuals, seeing he was not as yet without such delicates and dainties. In so much that the Governor Alphonso believing that he had victuals secretly conveyed unto him, raised his siege and departed. This devise was imputed to Fernand Ruis, as a notable point of fidelity in the service of his Lord and master: after whose death he did immediately yield up the said town to the said Alphonso, then elected and chosen King of Portugal (for that Sancho his brother had left no issue behind him) without any other accord or condition.  
The said Alphonsus for the same reason besieged the Castle of the city of Coimbre, 
The Castle oh Coimbre.  the Captain whereof was called Martin de Freytas; who was brought to that necessity, that both bread and water failed him, notwithstanding neither his own wants, nor the great promises which Alphonsus made unto his Captain could draw him to render the Castle unto him. Don Alphonso considering the loyalty and constancy of his Captain, and being desirous to save his life, as soon as tidings were brought him that the King Sancho his brother was dead (who died during the siege) he sent from his army to the besieged, both bread, flesh, and other victuals necessary for their sustenance; and he wrote unto the Captain that the King Sancho was dead and buried in the town of Toledo; and he promised to give him great honour and preferment, praying him that he would not any longer trouble himself, but render up the castle unto him, seeing now his King was deceased, and that he was chosen King by the Portugals, and had been received and confirmed in the kingdom by the oath of fidelity and allegiance throughout the realm. The Captain seeing the letter, demanded of the King only so long time of truce, as was needful for him to go into Castille, and to see with his own eyes, if that report were true or not: which the King having granted him, he took his journey, and coming to Toledo, caused the sepulchre of King Sancho to be opened, and having taken good notice and knowledge of him, he bond the keys of the Castle to his right arm, of the which he caused an act and record to be made by a public Notary, whom he had there of purpose to that effect: And so returning from thence into Portugal, he rendered the castle to the King Alphonsus. The King in token of so rare a constancy and fidelity, restored to him again the keeping of the said castle, and gave him the place freely to him and to the heirs of his body for ever, with this prerogative, that neither he, nor any of his posterity, should be bounden to do homage for the same, either to himself or to the Kings his successors. Freytas having kissed the King's hand, and yielded most humble thanks to his Majesty for so great a favour, did not only refuse to accept of the King's gift, but forbade his sons, and all the issue that should descend of him, upon pain of his curse, never to take charge, nor to undertake the custody and guard of any town or castle, for which they should be bounden to do fealty and homage unto any Prince whatsoever. Thus you see, what is meant by Auila, Simancas, Celorico, & the castle of Coimbre, all which are notable examples most worthy to be considered, and may be a shame to many men in this our age, wherein they make so small account & reckoning of a virtue so rare and commendable. My masters, put your hands, I pray you, into your bosoms, and see how they are full of leprosy: return and consider well with yourselves, and acknowledge your faults, for God hath always his ears open to hear them that seek unto him for mercy.  

The title of the King of Castille, and of Spain.  Now as concerning the king of Castille, I would be very glad, that you would well understand & conceive what the meaning of this is, & whereof we have already spoken somewhat; & is at large handled in that book which Friar joseph Texere (a religious person of the order of S. Dominicke hath 
In the year 1594 at Paris.  made concerning the Genealogy of the most christian king: who is the very same person, that did preach, how we are bound to love all men of whatsoever religion, sect or nation that they be, even the Castilians themselves: which Monk being a Portugal (it may be) doth not fully know how much the Spanish nation is aggrieved to see and hear, that kin Philip should entitle himself king of Spain (we speak nor mean not in this number the vulgar and rascal sort of Castilians, because they are persuaded that their king being so, they alone shall have all the rule & government of the world.) For there be diverse other reasons besides those which he allegeth, which are of no small importance to let you know: that as they of Arragon & Navarre are not altogether out of hope to see themselves yet one day delivered from the tyrant (which may be also said of Portugal,) so they have a desire likewise to preserve their monarchies entire, that is to say, the privileges, preeminences, prerogatives, dignities, offices, customs, & language of their realms: & it may be, that God of his divine goodness & mercy will permit one day, that there shallbe raised up some Moses for the restoring of them to their liberty, for so also some have written touching the children of Israel; that after their entry into Egypt, they did continually keep 3 things especially uncorrupted & in their first integrity: to wit, their language, which was the Hebrew tongue, oneself same fashion of apparelling themselves, and the propriety of the surnames of their Families. And in case his Christian Majesty would resolve to draw & deliver that realm of Navarre from the tyranny of the Castilian, he should find a Constable & all other officers of the said realm, who would assist him, & do their uttermost endeavours to serve him faithfully: to the intent they might remain in their country with their charges & offices, under the obeissance of a natural king, & not of a Castilian. And if the most excellent Duke of Lorraine, were disposed to restore, Arragon, Valentia, Catalonia, etc. he should have an Admiral, & many officers of those realms to accompany him: & they would hold & esteem themselues for most happy & fortunate, to deliver their country from the tyranny & yoke of a stranger, & to redeliver it to a natural & lawful Prince. If the Portugals likewise would determine and resolve themselves to choose by election (as they have right so to do) some Prince or some other of the people either white, or negro (for it is most certain, that to deliver themselves of the tyranny of Philip, they would be content to receive to their King the meanest negro of Guinee, if he be a Christian, and will live in the Realm with them) they are fully persuaded, and they have reason, that this would be a great help and furtherance to the accomplishment of their desires, to find for their defence and preservation, a Constable of Portugal, a Marshal, and Admiral, and all other such like officers of the Realm: and their records and writings done in their own tongue, the fashions of their garments, and the surnames of their families. Contrariwise, if it be granted and yielded unto Philip, that he may once take upon him this title of King of Spain, it is most certain and sure, that he will make only one house royal of all Spain, with a Constable, Martial, or Marshals, and Admiral, grand Master, great Chamberlain, master of the Horse, and all other such like officers of the Realm, all which shall be called of Spain generally, and they will call themselves also by the name only of Spaniards, and so will unite all of them into one only body, which will turn to the great damage and prejudice of the particular states and kingdoms of Spain, and to the great profit and surety of Philip and his posterity. Full little do strangers know of what importance this matter is: and thereof it cometh that they speak so fond and foolishly when they talk thereof, which is a thing greatly to be blamed and reprehended in them: considering that it is against the law, which saith, 
Incivile est de re incognita iudicare.  that it is a great incivility for any man to judge of that which he doth not understand. The nations of Spain do see very well what mischief this may bring upon them: and therefore they do resist and withstand it with so great force and vehemency. The castilian knoweth full well the great advancement and assurance, which would hereof ensue to his estate, if he could reach so fare: and that is the cause, he is so earnest to get himself entitled king of Spain. He is (as we have before said) very expert and well seen in histories, as his predecessors were also before him: and by reading of them he hath learned that this is the most easy mean and ready way to command peaceably, and to gain the affection of all the Spaniards. Histories do show us, 
Egbert king of West Saxon● in England.  how Egbert a valiant and magnanimous Prince, being chosen king of the realm of West Saxons in great Britain (which Realm contained the provinces of Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, Hampshire, and Berkshire: and trusting upon his skill and knowledge in the art military, which he had learned in France under Charlemaigne, where he had been banished for many years, he resolved to make himself King & Lord of all great Britain, leaving Scotland apart. And beginning his enterprise, he first subdued the province of Wales, which is the strongest of all the rest. After which he won the Realms of Kent, Mercia, Northumberland, and the Realm of the East Saxons, called Essex: 
Or rather North Saxon in Norfolk.  having gotten this province, and those four realms, Egbert seeing himself now Lord of five, and that there now rested no more to conquer but the Realm of Sussex, so called of the South Saxons, and that of the East Saxons, called East Anglia, of whose forces he made no great reckoning. And bethinking with himself how he might assure and secure these dominions and Signories unto himself, he determined not only to root out and extinguish the name and memory of the Britons the ancient inhabitants of that I'll, but also gain the good wills and affections of his subjects, by a new name, and so by that means to draw unto himself the residue which remained yet unconquered. To this effect and purpose he ordained and appointed, and by a perpetual edict commanded, that from that day forwards all those seven Realms should be named by one only name England: and that all the inhabitants should name themselves Englishmen. 
Egbert the first king of England.  And by this means he came readily and fully to the end of his desire. In imitation of this Egbert, Fernand the second king of Arragon, and the fift of that name, king of Castille, seeing himself Lord of the greatest part of Spain: and that there rested no more for him to gain save only Navarre and Portugal, he employed all his forces and endeavours to obtain from the Prince's realms, and provinces of Spain, that which they refused, to wit, that he might entitle and write himself King of Spain. With the like ambition and desire, Philip his great grandchild, pretendeth that the Realms of Spain, and now of late Portugal have constantly resolutely denied him, and which you do give him so readily and so liberally. So that now I think you will perfectly understand the cause wherefore Philip doth write himself King of Castille and of Leon, 

castilians and Castilo what it meaneth.  
New Castille all those kingdoms, which the kings of Castille have gotten from the Moors. The particular names of the kingdoms of new Castille: & when they were recovered from the Moors.  
Toledo first set at liberty, anno. 1086.   etc. For so the nations of Spain, and the castilians themselves call him, howbeit that you do make a jest and toy of it, not knowing how much it doth import them so to do, and therefore I hope that from henceforth you will by these instructions both know your own ignorance and correct this your fault and oversight.  
We call them Castilians, which are natural and borne in the Realm of Castille, and in those Realms which the kings of Castille (with the aid of the Kings of Navarre, Arragon, and Portugal, & other Sovereign Lords of Spain) have gotten and wrested out of the hands and possession of the Moors: all which Realms we name ●y one only name, new Castille. Of these Realms, that which was the shortest time in the power and puissance of the Moors was the kingdom of Toledo, which was restored to liberty by Alphonsus the 6, called the Emperor, in the year 1086, having been left unto them, when Spain was lost by King Roderick, in the year 714, so that by this account Toledo the chief and metropolitan City of Spain, 
The reason wherefore Braga entitleth herself Primate of Spain.  was in the possession of the Infidels by the space of 372 years. For this cause the City of Braga in Portugal, Metropolitan of the Realm of Galicia, and having been always maintained against the Moors by the Portugals, the Inhabitants thereof (who at the time when they builded it, were called Galli Bracchati) and where there have been Bishops successively from the beginning of the primitive Church even till this time, did heretofore obtain the primacy of Spain, and she doth yet so entitle herself, against the consent and liking of the Church of Toledo, which after it came to be restored to her liberty, did again begin to revive and take her former title, and the Archbishops of those places do yet at this day dispute and contend, whether of them should have the pre-eminence.  
Cordua was in the power of the Moors by the space of 522 years, for it was restored in the year 1236, 
Cordua 2.  the 29 of june, on the Feast of the Apostles S. Peter and S. Paul.  
Murcia was in their possession by the space of 527 years. 
Murcia 3. University of Salamancha founded, Anno 2141. jaen 4.  For it was recovered in the year 1241, on which year also the University of Salamanca was founded.  
jaen was under the Moors 529 years, and was restored in the year 1243.  
Seville having been held by them for the space of 535 years, was set at liberty in the year 1248. 
Sevil 5.   
Calis was under their command by the space of 555 years, and was reestablished in the year 1269, 
Calis 6.  in the time of Jacob Aben Juceph King of Morocco.  
Algizira having been in their subjection for 630 years, 
Algizira 7.  was delivered in the year 1344. For the recovery of this City, the people of the Realms of Castille and of Leon, did grant and accord to give unto the King Alphonsus the justicier as long as the siege should endure, the tribute which is called Alcâ vala: which is a shilling upon the pound of all the Merchandise which should be sold. The which tribute Alphonsus most unjustly and ambitiously against the will of those peoples, did exact as long as he lived. In so much as the kings his successors have not only ever since continued it, but they have also augmented it, and they make them pay at this day one upon ten.  

Gibraltar. 8.  Gibraltar, was held by the Moors for 748 years, and was recovered in the year 1462.  

Malega. 9  Malega was under them 773 years, and was reconquered in the year 1487.  
Granada was regained in the year 1492, and was the last city and realm taken from the Moors, 
Granada. 10.  who had enjoyed it the space of 778.  
This being known, it is no marvel, as I have written in this Treatise, that the Castilians are descended of the Moors and jews, (for these two peoples live mingled pell mell together) and that the pronunciation of their language is after the Morish fashion: seeing that the Moors have inhabited in that country so many hundred of years, and do yet at this present possess and occupy a great part of Castille.  

Cities: the meaning thereof.  Cities in Spain, are those peoples wherein Bishops Seas are established. These be also some cities which by particular privilege (albeit they be not metropolitans nor heads of Bishoprickes) do use this title and prerogative: howbeit there be very few of them. Between a City and a Town, there is a great difference, aswell in authority, as in prerogatives, honours and privileges. In Cities there are commonly Corrigidores, specially in Portugal, who may be resembled to the Pretours and Governors of the ancient Romans, which governed the provinces. One city hath many towns, peoples, and villages, which are subjects unto it, aswell in temporal as spiritual matters. In such sort, that the cities are as the heads, and the towns as the members. For this cause when there happeneth any great affairs or common revolt in Spain, the towns do always follow the party of that city whereunto they are dependant, And to reduce any people into a city, the antiquity of the place is more required than the greatness of it. There be many Cities which are but meanly peopled, and Towns which are full and thick of people. Valladolid, Medina del Campo, Madril, and Caceles in Castille, Santaren, Abrantes, Setwall, and Olivenea in Portugal, are very great Towns, and notably well peopled, and yet they surpass in greatness many of the Cities: nevertheless, they are not for all that endowed with all these prerogatives, neither are they called Cities. Valladolid and Santaren are so full of people, that when in Spain we make comparison of the greatness of Cities and of Towns, we say; Ciudad par ciudad, Lisbona en Portugal: Villa par villa, Valladolid en Castilia: si quieres otra tall, busca Sentaren en Portugal, that is to say: City for City, Lisbon in Portugal: Town for Town: Valladolid in Castille: if you will find any other the like, seek Santaren in Portugal. It is not many years since that King Philip hath honoured the said Town of Val●adolid with the title of a City, 
Valladolid made a City, and Bishop's Sea by K. Philip.  and hath made it an Episcopal Sea: and that was, both because Valladolid was wonderful well peopled (as hath been said) as also because it is one of the most noble and chiefest Towns of Castille, full of great and rich buildings, Churches, 
King Philip borne in Valladolid. The time of his nativity.  Monasteries, Colleges, principal Houses, and general Studies: and also because his Majesty was borne in that Town the 22 day of May 1527, on a Tuesday about four hours after noon.  
The Towns in Spain are best peopled, 
Towns in Spain which they be.  which have within their limits and territories many Villages, hamlets, and Houses, and have their jurisdiction limited and subjected to the Cities. True it is, that there be some Towns, which are the heads of Baylife-wikes and governements, as in Portugal, the Town of Santaren, of the which we spoke before, and the Town of Tomar, which hath 42 Towns depending of her jurisdiction. These two Towns in Portugal do precede and have the pre-eminence of the place before many Cities, in the public Assemblies of the Estates of that Kingdom. The Town of Santaren precedeth and goeth before 13 Cities, and is preceded only of four, to wit, Lisbon, Coimbi●, Ebora, and Puerto, which in Latin is called Civitas Portugallensis. Santaren in the time of the Romans was called Julium Praesidium, and was a Court Royal, or (as they call it in France, a Court of Parliament) and was a Colony of the Romans. Tomar also at the same time was called Nabantia, and was an ancient City.  
Now I suppose that I have sufficiently performed my promise, and satisfied your desire, and so far you well.  
FINIS.