The true and lively portraiture of the honourable and learned Knig●● Sr Walter Ralegh    

THE LIFE AND DEATH OF Mahomet, The Conquest of Spain Together with the Rising and Ruin of the Sarazen EMPIRE.  
Written by Sr. WALTER RALEIGH Kt.  
LONDON, Printed by R. H. for Daniel Frere, and are to be sold at the red-Bull in little-Brittain. Anno Dom. 1637.   

To the most worthily honoured CAREW RALEIGH Esq and one of his Majesty's CHAMBER.  
Noble Sr,  
MEETING of late this straggling Orphan (hitherto cloistered up in private Bosoms, and entertained a choice Purchas) and finding it by the style thereof, and my good Intelligence; to be natively derived from your Father's worth, I am bold to make my address to you, the true Heir of your Father's excellencies; If you please to Patronise it, the world shall see with what Piety you celebrate his blessed memory, and all studious Proficients (who from this small Hive will gather much sweetness) shall acknowledge themselves bound to you, as I am  
In all duty and observance, DANIEL FRERE.   

PErlegi hunc librum, in quo nibil reperio, sanae fidei aut bonis moribus contrarium.  THO: WEEKS R.P. Epo. Lond. Cap. domest.  

THE Life and Death of MAHOMET.  
MOst writers accord, that Mahomet which name in the Arabic signifies Indignation or Fury, was the son of Abdalla a Merchant in Mecca, a City in Arabia Faelix; his mother a Jew, and himself in Anno Dom. 571. borne Posthumus. At the second year of his age his mother deceased, a poor woman that laboured for her living bred him up; at 16 years of age he became a Merchant's bondman, his Master, pleased with his wit and dexterity, made him his Factor: He dead, Mahomet being then twenty five years old, married his Mistress and until the thirty eighth year of his age, he industriously followed his trade of Merchandise, avoiding no personal travel (as well in the kingdoms of Egypt, Syria and Persia, as elsewhere) where profit might arise. Being then satisfied with wealth, & given to ease, he began to think on his Soul, whereof in his travels he had not been negligent, having been curious to understand the Religions of the Jews and Christians; which compared with the Idolatry wherein he was originally trained thirty years) did work in him assurance that Paganism was the way to perdition, but to whether of these to incline, he stood doubtful. At last falling in company with two Christian Artificers, inhabitants in Mecca, by conversation with them (who read the old and new Testament unto him, for himself was unlettered) he approved Christianisme for the best, and was of opinion that thereby, only, a man might attain unto Salvation, and accordingly he framed his life, which bred admiration in them that knew him, and gave him a greater reputation than he did expect.  
But this hasty spring was quickly blasted; for the Devil, taking advantage upon his weakness, inflamed his heart with pride, which wrought in him a desire to be esteemed a Prophet thinking all other attributes of Religion and sanctity to be but vile and base: To aspire unto that opinion he embraced a solitary life, retiring to a Cave in the Mountains, where he lived free from the ordinary conversation of men; repaired seldom to his own home, and his speeches (mixed with gravity and holiness teaching good life, and beating down Idolatry) moved, not only such as saw him to admire, but the rest also (that heard by other men's ears) held him to be a Saint. To increase this opinion of sanctimony, of the falling sickness (wherewith he was afflicted) he made good use; for, he gave it out (when he fell into his fits incident to that disease) that he conferred with the Angel Gabriel, by whom the pleasure of God was revealed unto him, and that his Trances proceeded through the weakness of his earthly Carcase that was astonished at the divine presence of the heavenly Ambassador.  
Grown now famous he thought it necessary to divulge into the world some works in wrighting, whereby his name might increase: His best help was a Jew scribe, who for want of a better scholar he entertained; but shortly after, his Master the Devil (the Church of Christ then labouring with the sickness of many Heresies) procured the acquaintance of a Christian called Sergius born in Alexandria, by profession a Monk, and by infection a Nestorian, witty, eloquent and learned, who having missed of some Ecclesiastical preferment which in his opinion he had deserved) full of despite and revenge, in a divelifh discontent, sought as well to raise a scandal upon the Christian Religion, as upon the professors thereof; the readiest way to kindle this fire, he found to be Mahomet; who (as is already said) had won some extraordinary opinion of sanctity. After some conference between them, the Jew for insufficiency was discharged. Sergius being fully informed how Mahomet had hitherto proceeded, made him to understaud how weakly and grossly he had erred in fundamental points, necessary for the advancement of a new Religion; and cunningly showed him, not only the means how to smooth his past errors without scandal, but to compose a new treatise, collected out of the old and new Testament (with devised additions that should give credit to his Doctrine and humour the hearers) which being divulged amongst the Idolatrous people (who were easily caught) spread the poison it contained over all the Arrabies, but the wiser sort fearing (as they had cause) that the settling of a new Religion, might also draw with it a new form of government; opposed themselves against it, call Mahomet an Imposter, reproving his hypocrisy, and taxing his sensuality and drunkenness (of both which he was guilty) and sent to apprehend him; whereof Mahomet from some of his friends in Mecca having notice left his Cave, and fled to the Deserts [the sixteenth of July 622 from which flight the Turks begin their computation Athegira] unto whom diverse Novelists resorted; as also such as the Estates had banished for approving his late coined trash: This swarm of Wasps being stirred, nothing but revenge could ease their hearts; Mahomet willingly taking the advantage there offered, enlarged his thoughts, holding it now less difficile for him to obtain a kingdom, than the title of a Prophet which he had obtained.  
To make a smooth way to his enterprise, by underhand means, he exasperated the heady Novelists (whereof there were many of wealth and estimation) to be sensible of their banishment, and to repair their wrongs by force; himself recounted unto them Revelations which assured him that God was displeased with the Meccans, for the rigorous persecuting of him and his Sectuaries; that God willed to chastise their Tyranny; of victory he was assured, and whosoever of them died in that holy War, his Soul should presently ascend to Heaven: with these and such like motives the giddy people encouraged and seduced, elected Mahomet to be their Chief, who (ordaining Officers & Captains, and receiving an Oath of fidelity as well from them, as from their troops) marched to the City of Almedina, and took it by force: This first good fortune wrought the effect he desired, for instantly by his Army, he was saluted Calipha; which, interpreted, is King, and because his creation happened upon a Friday, that day was ordained by him to be their Sabbaoth.  
His next conquest was the City of Mecca where he triumphed in the blood of his neighbour Citizens, which was not spared; and proclaimed death to all those that did not embrace his Doctrine.  
The Princes and great men in Arabia (opposite unto him) assembled all their forces. Mahomet, being too weak was overthrown wounded, and fled to Mecca; yet in the end the war continuing) he prevailed, and reduced the three Arabies under his subjection. Grown great and glorious with his victories, and at that time the Emperor of Constantinople and King of Persia being men of weak and tame Spirits, he invaded their Dominions, and with a conquering sword triumphed over Syria, the City of Jerusalem, the kingdom of Mesopotamia and Persia, the great City of Babylon with other Eastern Provinces; of all which as of the Arabies, he styled himself King being now grown elde● by his inordinate life, in the state of his body then in years, which exceeded not fifty seven, full of glory, as well in regard of his large Empire, as in opinion of sanctity, in being esteemed a Prophet, and weary with war, with a feigned holiness (under which mask he intended to take his ease) sequestered himself from public affairs, committing the government of his estates to the Lieutenant's within in three years following, which was in Anno Domini 631, the sixtith year of his Age, and the tenth of his Reign he died: Upon his deathbed he commended unto his principal Commanders, the care and use of his fantastical Law, assuring them that it was agreeable to the will of God, and that so long as they and their posterity should hold and maintain it, they should flourish.  
This false Prophet and usurping Prince, pretended paternally to descend from the Patriarch Abraham by his eldest Son Ishmael, and to avoid the infamy of an unlawful bed his successors affirmed that Ishmael was the Son of Sara, not of the bondwoman Agar whereupon the Arabians (which is the undoubted name of that people) are by some writers (of Ishmael) called Ismalites, & by others (of Agar) Agarens. And (of Sara) Sarazens, but in this latter time they are distinguished by the name of Arabians Moores, and Mahometans, the first is proper only to those which inhabit in Arabia: the Moors are the progeny of such Arabians as after their Conquests seated themselves in that part of Africa, the Manometans is the general name of all nations that profess Mahomet, as Turks, Tartars, Persians, etc.  
Of the successors of Mahomet until the year of our Lord 673, the writers vary in opinion both in name, and number of the Caliphaes' and in the years of their reigns: the reason that begat their errors proceeded from the dissension that happened (about the succession) amongst Mahomet's kinsmen, evermore anti-Caliphaes starting up with pretended titles in opposition to him that had the Diadem; whereof some were murdered and others deposed, so as the writers either out of ignorance (not able to discern the truth, or wilfully partial) have erred. Notwithstanding their civil tumults they kept Mahomet's Dominions, and inherited his fortunes, for every of them added somewhat to his Monarchy, where by they became fearful to the world, and potent in Asia, Africa, and Europe.  
The fourth Calipha (agreed upon by Historiographers) was callded Hozman or Azman husband to Mahomet's daughter, who perceiving (that in this upstart Religion) Schisms and diversities of opinions began to rise, by the help of his wife's mother recovered Mahomet's papers wherein his law was written, which he caused to be digested into one volume contaning four books divided into 206 Chapters, and called it the Alcoran, commanding the same to be published, & upon pain of death to be observed by his subjects. He was a great Conqueror, and wan much upon the Christians: but this discourse treateth not of his particular actions, or of his successors (until the reign of Abilqualit jacob Myramamolin surnamed Almanzor (which interpreted is the defender of the law of God) son to Abilqualit Calipha of the Arabians, who seeing his son's ability to govern, himself (by reason of years exceeding 70, unable to manage public affairs) in the year of Christ 675. resigned his Sceptre unto him: Without comparison he was the greatest Monarch than living upon the earth. The seat of his Empire (as his predecessors accustomed) was at Zarvall in Arabia Foelix, from east to west his dominions were bounded with the river Indus in Asia, and the Atlantic seas which in length exceeded the Roman Empire. The conquests he made were admirable, all which in this collection are omitted until the 37 year of his reign in which he attempted the conquest of Spain, abreviated out of two Arabic writers translated into Spanish in anno. 1606. Both the Authors living in his time, the one a Captain in that war, and the other for 20 years together of Almanzor's chamber, and after his death a Provincial Governor in Arabia Foelix.  
In the year of our redemption 712. Don Roderigo in the right of Don Sancho his elder brothers Soon (then in minority) swayed the Spanish Monarchy, having so fair a Jewel in his possession, and unwilling to lose kingly power (after so long use of it) his impostumed heart swollen with Ambition, poisoned in the centre, restless and care full; he only held and approved such Counsel (without respect of conscience or honour) as might work his end. The way to fix the Crown to his head (which while his Nephew lived sat loose) was to deprive him of his life. Anagilda (mother to Don Sancho) fearing what she suspected and suspecting no less than there was cause, had a watchful eye over her son; as much afflicted how to avoid harm, as Don Roderigo was perplexed how to contrive it. The first project was to poison him at a banquet, but the mothers care prevented the innocents danger, that failing he corrupted one Ataulpho his Favourite to kill him; Ataulpho not prodigal of his life, which he knew to be in danger, both in hot and cold blood after a murder, persuaded Don Roderigo to frame some colourable accusations against him, and once in prison he might at leisure without any peril, act what he listed. Ataulpho was presently sent with commission to apprehend Don Sancho, then resident in Cordova, promise of reward gave him wings in his post, at midnight the Prince was taken in his bed, carried out of the town and committed to guard. Anagilda though grieved beyond expression with the accident, yet being a Lady of great spirit, armed such servants and friends as she had; pursued Ataulpho besieged the Castle where he and her son were; took it by force, him prisoner: slew the rest, and recovered the Prince, which done, trussing up her treasure and jewels with a small train of her servants, she fled to a port town appertaining to the Earl Don julian; but fearing that no part of Spain would be able to protect her against Regal authority, she resolved to pass into Africa; at her departure she wrote unto the King: the messenger was Ataulpho: his reward, life and liberty: yet with loss of nose and ears, as a mark of infamy due unto him for undertaking the execution of a wicked act. The King Roderigo not thinking it possible (in the employment against his Nephew) to meet with cross accidents, knew not how with discretion to govern his conceived joys, for such was his opinion of Ataulphoes' wit, and confidence in his love, that h● assured himself the design was effected; bu● as reckoning made without an host is subject to a rear account: so this Prince out of his window seeing Ataulpho entering into his gates dismembered of nose and ears, stood both amused and amazed, but when Ataulpho had recounted unto him his misfortunes, and that the Prince and his mother were out of his reach, his passion so far mastered his reason, as that he seemed mad: and like to one in a frenzy; took the letter, and read it by snatches; pointing nothing truly: and understanding no whit what he read. The content● were taxations of hi● Loyalty towards hi● sovereign Lord, hi● Nephew. That he had maliciously out of ambition and self love, unnaturally sought his destruction, she put him in mind what an unworthy thing it was for a man of courage and spirit to make war upon a woman and an infant willed him to call his conscience to account, to repent his sinful enterprise, to content himself with his own estate, and to restore the Kingdom to the right heir, but if their admonitions were like Corn in stony ground, or as words in the air fruitnes, her confidence then was that God, as well for the justness of the cause which she pursued, as to punish his wickedness, would give her mean and strength to chastise him: If he would know a brief relation of his attempt against his Nephew, she will led him to read the story in Ataulphoes' face, where it was engraven. This letter the demonstrative characters of scorn, and revenge feared upon the nose and ears of Ataulpho together with the report of his successes, increased his fury, but passion being over: he sent for the Carl Don julian Lord of Algazira to know of him the Queen's intentions whereof he could not be ignorant having been her host. He assured him that she was gone into Africa to demand succour and raise war in Spain. Don Roderigo to prevent this growing storm employed that Earl. (furnished and laoden with Instructions, Present and Jewels) to Mur Lieutenant in the Moroccoes' for the great Calipha Almanzor to confirm amity, and to dissuade him from aiding the fugitive Queen which Negotiation (according to the trust reposed) he faithfully discharged; but before his ambassage had received answer, the Queen and her Son the Prince sickened & died at Tunger: whereof Don Roderigo being informed lost no time to solemnize his coronation, the Crown (by his Nephew's death) being when his right, but yet his conscience accusing him of his wickedness, he feared revenge from those that were faithful unto his Nephew● for prevention whereof some he displaced from their goverments, other● were imprisoned, and many under colour o● Justice executed. For hi● further security he disarmed his subjects; such Castles and strength● as he was jealous o● were razed, other fortified and committed to the trust of his own creatures, which done he thought he might (parlour ensire) give laws and take his pleasure, which he spared not sensually to follow in enticing and forcing (without respect of qualities) men's wives and daughters. Yet being desirous of lawful issue to set up his seat, he took to wife a stranger which happened unto him by a strange accident. At that time there lived in the Eastern part of Africa a Moor King called Mahomet Abnebedin whose only daughter and heir● Zabra, with other young Ladies her attendants (wantonly disposed to be sea-sick) the weather inviting them to it: put to the sea; but this fair calm was suddenly clouded with a storm, and such a continued fret ensued, as that for safety of their lives, they were enforced to spoon before the wind; which continuing for many days together, at last cast them upon the coast of Spain, where with difficulty (sick and weatherbeaten) they arrived at a place called Caba de Gata, taken prisoners and sent to Don Roderigo, who after a few days enchanted with her beauty, became her prisoner. The young Lady, though a Mahometan borne, yet to better the condition of a Captive dispensed with her Religion: was Baptised and solemnly married unto him. Those of her train of either sex that would turn Christians remained with her; the rest were honourably sent home. The Moor King hearing of his daughter's fortune (as if he had been strucken with a thunderbolt) instantly died. Unto whom Almanzor the great Calipha succeeded as his next Cousin. Don Roderigo wallowing in his pleasures, and in them never satisfied, was shortly after surprised with a new love, which proved his destruction: the Earl don julian all this while was resident in Africa negotiating for his master, with Mura Almanzor's Lieutenant in the Moroccoes', to accompany the young Queen his daughter Florinda was sent for; the King pursued her love, which being not able to obtain by consent, he performed by violence. The young Lady full of disdain and malice by letters to her father complained her misfortunes, praying him to take revenge of her wrong. Don julian sensible of his daughter's dishonour (which reflected upon him) hastened his return, and like a wise man smoothly covering his wounds gave the King a good account of his Ambassage; but yet so involved with doubts, as that his return into Africa was resolved necessary. At his departure he entreated the King to permit Florinda for a few months to repair to her mother, for in her the comfort of her life consisted, which the King with seeming willingness unwillingly granted: When the Earl had recovered his own house, he sent for his friends and kinsmen, related unto them the particular wrong done to his daughter and the dishonour cast upon their family, wherein they were all interessed: he besought their advice and aid. At last it was concluded he should go into Africa to incite Muza Almanzor's Lieutenant to invade Spain, and they all protested never to lay down Arms until their honours by revenge were repaired. Don julian presently embarked for Africa himself, his wife, daughter, his whole family, his movable goods of price, where being safely arrived (according to his quality) he was entertained by Mura, to whom he related the rape of his daughter, and the dishonour cast upon their family, promising him if he might be assisted in the revenge to assure unto his master Almanzor the conquest of Spain. Though the proposition pleased Mura, yet in a matter of that weight, he durst not pass his promise until Almanzor's pleasure was signified; and therefore advised done julian to go into Arabia, and he would give him Lees of credit which he doubted not would expedite his desires: The Earl with a favourable passage landed in Syria and so over land with in a few day's post, presented himself to Almanzor, who being a wise Prince rich, strong in men, and satisfied with Don Iulian's Letter, which in all likelihood promised a good event, yet he thought it wisdom at the first with a small charge to make trial, before he were too far plunged in war, and concluding upon this Counsel he dismissed the Earl laden with rewards, honourable usage, and an answer to Muza, which being by him received he victualled and embarked 6000 foot and a few horse: Committed to the charge of Tarif Abinzioc [alias Tarif Abonzarca] born in Syria in the City Damascus; but to follow the advice of don julian in whose wisdom his hope was exposed with these troops they landed at a place named by the Moors Jabalsgath, by interpretation the Mountain of Conquest, and since corruptly called Gibraltar, they were no sooner landed, but don Iulian's confederates, joined with them, burnt and harrazed the Country, slew all those whom they thought loyal to done Roderigo and rich in spoil, and prisoners reimbarqued, for Africa. Don Roderigo hearing the relations of this first attempt, and fearing a greater tempest, began to repent him of his sensual life, and especially of his violating Florinda, who had moved revenge in her Father; whose wisdom, power and valour, was to be feared, as also his tyranny exercised upon the dependants of his Nephew; which had made him hateful to his people; his praecipitate Counsels in defacing Castles and strong places; the disarming of his Subjects, and the too prodigal waste of his Treasure, all which presented unto him imminent calamities irreparable: Yet these designs of terror, did not so much amaze him, as he neglected to prepare for a war, wherein no means was ommitted to prepare strength, treasure and victuals, for a necessary defence; Muza, Tarif and julian, having their spirits raised by their fortunes, resolved the prosecution of the Conquest, but wanting authority to proceed, Tarif and julian (joined in Commission) were dispatched to Almanzor, who received them with great honour, and being persuaded by demonstrative reasons how facile it was to perform that enterprise, he applauded the project, and hastening them away, made election of Tarif to be the General for the war, authentically firmed under his hand and seal, dated at his Palace at Zarvall in Arabia Foelix, the two and twentieth day of December 713/92: also presently by Commission he raised troops in the Levant, to the number of 30000 well armed, which he committed to the leading of Hira, a Greek Renegado his favourite: He likewise wrote to the king of Tunis his kinsman for forces, who levied of his own Subjects 30000 foot & 3000 horse, sending with them for their chief his second son Mahomet Gilhaimre. These forces aforesaid were levied in the Months of June and August, in Anno 714/93 and safely arrived in the Moroccoes' where Muza for their relief quartered them upon the Country, until he heard from Tarif and julian, who with 6000 foot and 300 horse, Christians and Moors, were passed into Spain to seize upon some port, to assure their landing. The place they made choice of; was (in favour of the general) called Tariff [before called Ca●teya] and since corruptly Tarifa.  
Don Roderigo, watchful to withstand their landing, described an army to the field of 30000 foot, and 5000 horse commanded by his faithful servant dismembered Ataulpho. In the first encounter Tarif was beaten and routed, much blood drawn, & arms lost. The next morning an old woman willingly taken) was brought to Tarif by his Sentinels; having kissed his feet; Sir said she believe what I shall tell you for I am the messenger of good news. When was a child. I heard my Father who was lettered often read in a ●ooke (much esteemed by him) That this Kingdom should be Conquered by the Moors; Their captain should have on his right shoulder an hairy Mole as big as a pease: That his right arm should be longer than his left and standing upright he might easily touch his knee, if you (said she) have these marks than God hath ordained this conquest for you My humble suit is, that my poor family, and myself may have your safeguard, that in our bodies and goods we may receive no prejudice; Tarif glad to hear this description of himself (for he had these signs which she named) to satisfy done julian and the whole army put off his clothes; they found it true, and the poor woman went joyful away, obtaining her suit. The army encouraged by this passage were greedy to fight, and Tarif no less confident (to hold them by necessity valiant) burn all his ships a Pinnace excepted, which he preserved to send relations of his success to Mura. The next day they joined battle, the Christians were defeated: Ataulpho (expressing as much wisdom and valour as could be required in a General) slain; Tarif and don julian were both wounded, one in the Arm the other in the leg. Of this victory they sent advertisement to Mura, and desired him to hasten away the supplies which came from Arabia, and Tunis. On the other side done Roderigo (making his Rendezvous at Cordova) drew to an head 80000 foot, and 10000 horse: the Vanguard of his troops (which consisted of 50000 foot and 3000 horse) he assigned to his Cousin done Orpas (Archbishop of Seville) to confront the enemy. In the mean time supplies from the Moroecoes arrived, & Tarif's army by pool was 60000 foot and 10000 horse strong; Orpas in hope to win honour, began to skirmish which procured the joining of their forces; Night took up the quarrel almost with equal loss. The night following the Moors gave a Canvasado upon don Orpas, the Christians to a man were all slain and taken prisoners, and their General presented alive to Tarif; Mura (as he was glad for the general cause of these good successes, yet emulating Tarif) raised in his government an army of 25000 foot; 6000 horse and volunteers infinite accommodated with all provisions meet for a war; and leaving his brother Ishmael to govern in his absence he passed into Spain, and being joined to Tarif's troops they mustered 180000 foot; and 40000 horse.  
Don Roderigo seeing his enemy's forces so hugely increased, and two of his armies defeated resolved to set up his rest, and in person to hazard his fortune. His army upon an exact muster appeared to be 130000 foot and 25000 horse: for his Lieutenant General he nominated done Almeriq; a man of known valour; and his Cabinet Counsellor. Unto his troops (to raise up their weak spirits) he made a speech. They promised in defence of him, and their Country to do the offices of faithful subjects and Patriotts, which done with alacrity they marched towards the enemy, but with this ill passage, for done Ruero the kings Standard bearer fell suddenly dead from his horse and broke the staff; which wrought effects of fear in many, not long after these puissant Armies lodged close together. The first three days from morning to night (with much but equal loss) they skirmished. The day following being the third of October 714/94 the most of their troops on either side were drawn forth; the Moors lost 10000 foot, and 300 horse, the Christians 3000 foot and 800 horse, together with done Almeriq; their Lieutenant General, after one day's rest they sought again from noon till night; in which on either part much blood was drawn, and Mahomet the King of Tunis son and don julian, grievously wounded.  
The next day with equal desire of revenge they encountered, but stormy weather parted the quarrel not without great slaughter.  
The wednesday following their forces joined, the Christians were broken and routed; and few escaped the edge of the sword. But don Roderigo by the goodness of his horse escaped. Tarif prosecuting the victory marched to Cordova, and with out resistance took it; but in his heart not satisfied because the King was fled, he proclaimed that whosoever would bring his person to him, either alive, or dead should be honoured, and rewarded according to his own content. Hope of gain provoked diverse (aswel Christians as Moors and Renegadoes) to make search for him; and a man clothed like the King, and for the king was presented to Tarif, but in examination it appeared it was a shepherd, with whom the king (his horse being tired) changed his garments; but what that man was, or whether he went he knew not; after that he was nevermore heard of: and of his issue no mention is made by any writers, but of one daughter named Donna Eligona a Lady of incomparable beauty who was a sucking infant when her Father died. Of her a few words by way of digression is not impertinent. She was fostered by one Cratilo (her father's servant) and as his child amongst his children nourished, with whom she lived concealed until she was 24 years old, Cratilo would have married her to his son but she disdained the match. A Nephew of Cratilo's (being passionately in love with her) maliced his Cousin, and to break the match (which still he feared) he discovered the concealed Lady to Abdalices, General in Spain for the Monarch of the Arabians that then was, who fell in love with his Captive and taken he● to wife permitting her the exercise of her own Religion. Not long after he rebelled, and in his wives right proclaimed himself King of Spain, his Captain and Lieutenants fearing that his love to his wife would make him to turn Christian slew him in his house, the Queen frighted with the murder being great with child fell in labour and died. In her the issue of don Roderigo the last King of the Gothish blood in Spain failed. The Queen Zabra, Don Roderigo's wife, was taken in her Palace at Cordova, whom Tarif used with all humanity and left her in the Custody of Mahomet prince of Tunis (not yet recovered of his late hurts) and for his assistance a Moor named Habdilbar. Then dividing his army into two parts, the one himself toward the City of Granada and Mura with the other marched into Andaluzia, but before he departed from Cordova he erected Mahometan, Mosquetoes, leaving certain churches for Christian service. The Prince of Tunis carefully tended his fair charge: but in seeking to keep her, ●ost himself: his first attempt was to persuade her (being born a great Princess and near in blood to Almanzor) to return again to the Mahometan law, which ●f she would do, he was sure that Almanzor would restore her kingdom unto her, and if she could cast her love upon him, he would labour to merit it, and be her faithful servant. The Lady like a strong sort with stood his assults, and all his payments were denials, for she was resolved neither to return to her ●omit, nor to be his mistress. His love increasing she prevailed with him to receive baptism: and that done she yielded to be his wife; both which were secretly solemnised by a Christian Priest.  
Not many days after Sisiberta one of the Ladies which was taken with the Queen (when by tempest she was driven into Spain) and with her had received baptism, for the loved a young Moor, renounced Christianity, and betrayed the late marriage (wherewith she was trusted) unto Habdilbar. Tarif being by him advertized of the accident, commanded him to imprison the married couple and the Priest; but because the King of Tunis was great Prince, he durst not proceed against them as he desired, before the King had been advertized of his son's acts, which at large in writing (well testified) he sent unto him. The King enraged returned his express pleasure to behead him unless he would embrace the Mahometan law. But these young Princes neither repenting their baptism, nor fearing the sentence of death (like constant Martyrs with the Priest that married them) were executed & their bodies cast into a ditch; but afterwards by stealth in the night buried by Christians.  
The two Generals, Tarif and Mura with Conquering swords, by force and Composition (in South Spain) bore all before them (the City of Hispalis now Sevill only excepted) which they forbore my approach fearing the plague, wherewith it was visited; their troops over travailed and spent with long Marches (ordinary duties whereto Armies in the field are subject) and want of clothes, required rest; which moved the Generals to retreat to the Rendezvous at Cordova, where after supplies of provision made, and the soldiers refreshed, they concluded to join their forces, and to invade Castille, in which Province their Army found small resistance, the weaker places sent submission before summoning, the stronger yielding upon Composition, so that in a manne● they might say as Caesar Veni, Vidi, Vici, with this prosperous success they marched over the mountains Pyrene until they came upon the French ground; their desires led them further, but the great Almanzor's Commissions listed them within Spain, which Counselled their retreat through Arragon: Va●entia, and Murcia: lea●ing, every where, as they marched (in places fit to be held) sufficient garrisons, with the ●est they returned to Cordova.  
In all those Conquests Don julian accompanied the Generals and for reward of the good service he, and his kinsmen and followrs had done, Tarif (authorized b● Almanzor) did not only possess them of the lands they had, but gave them larger bounds, l●●censed them to departed to their dwellings, and attend their husbandry. For by the war the Country was merely wasted. Then his care was, how to hold that he had gotten; the way to keep it was to plans' Colonies, the want he found was women, to supply that defect (the women of Arabia and Africa being unwilling to come into Spain) he proclaimed the same immunities to the Christian-men and women (if they would adore Mahomet) as the Moors had. The poor Spaniards generally afflicted with misery, to repair their own fortunes; secure their lives, and gain their freedom; in multitudes took hold of the Proclamation; forsook their Religion gave their daughters to the Moors in marriage; and laboured the ground: the leading Dear were two Archbishops Consins to Don Roderigo, one called Don Torifo, the other Don Orpas, before mentioned, both of them forsaking Christ, and assuming Mahomet for their God.  
Yet the Mountainous Countries of the Asturias and Biscayans had not felt the invadors force, into them for safety many principal men and some of the blood royal had put themselves.  
To subdue that remnant of people, Tarif sent an army of six thousand under the command of Abrahen a Tartar, and directions to the Garrisons adjoining (as occasion offered) to assist him, and with him he also sent the two Renegado Bishops.  
The Christians (now Mountaniers) elected a young gentleman of the blood royal, called Don Pelago to be their King unto whom they gave obedience, and in him all their hopes remained. When Abrahen was entered the Mountains, he sent the Renegado Prelates with large promises of reward to persuade them to render. When they came to Don Pelago's presence and had delivered their message, he bound them in ropes, and from the top of an high rock they were tumbled where they ended their wretched days, and the same night the Tartar (trusting to the Credit of the Renegado Priests) negligent and careless. Don Pelago gave a Canvasado upon his camp, slew most of his men, and retired to his strength. Abraheu with a few fled to Toledo where after for shame and grief he died.  
Tarif at his unfortunate success was much troubled, and by reason of his many garrisons not able to put an army into the field to prosecute the war) only strengthened the frontier, until he received new directions from Almanzor. But before his dispatches was made he received, from Don Pelago, a letter sent by a Moor prisoner, wherein he made known unto him his lawful succession (by the death of don Roderigo) to the kingdom of Spain, and although God in his Justice had punished him for his offences; yet in the same God he was confident not only to be defended from his force; but enabled to recover his right, and as for the two holy Ambassadors (the Apostate Priests and his kinsmen who were sent by him to persuade him to deny Christ and render subjection) he gave him notice of their deserved deaths, and concluded, before he would be guilie to his own dishonour, in submitting himself to an Heathen, or renounce the faith wherein he was Baptised he would die if he had then a thousand lives; Dated in the ninth of July 715/94. As Tarif was sorry to understand his resolution, so was he extreme glad to hear that Don Roderigo was dead, whereof until then he had not assurance, and in post dispatched a Packet to Almanzor giving him account of his Conquest, how that all Spain (the Mountains of Biscay and the Asturias, into which a few christians were fled, and the City of Sivilla not yet free from the plague excepted, were reduced to his obedience. Nevertheless because his garrisons were many, & the Mountains by their natural strength almost in accessible, he humbly besought supplies not doubting but to yield him contentment in his charge. Lastly he recommended unto his favour the good service of don julian and of Habdilbar, who in the stead of the Prince of Tunis he had made Governor of Cordova, being in his opinion the meetest place for the Royal seat. Almanzor though well pleased with Tarif's relation, yet for his better information returned his pleasure by the same post, Commanding him to make his present and personal repair to his Court, to substitute in his absence Habdilbar (Governor of Cordova) Lieutenant General of Spain, and to require Mura to return to his government of the Moroccoes', which had need of his presence. In this mean while Don julian attended his domestic affairs at his town of Villa Viciosa, now called Malaga, which being put in some good order, he sent into Africa for his wife, and daughter, who during the war remained in Tangier. But Florinda, heart broken and comfortless, transported with passion beyond her strength, having locked a door behind her, ascended to the top of the highest Turret in her father's Castle, then calling for her Governess, she prayed her to entreat her parents to come forth, unto whom she desired to say something before she died. This stragicall summons being by them obeyed she cursed the day of her birth aswell in respect of the dishonour done to her, as to be the cause of the slaughter of so many Christians, the extinguishing of Religion and the utter subversion of so flourishing a Kingdom she accused her father for his oversharp revenge, and herself she censured unworthy of life in being the cause of such irreparable mischiefs, after her prayers to God, her request to her father was, that from thence forth that town should be no more called Villa Viciosa, but Malacho (which signifieth Porque mala) in memory of her that there ended her life, being the most unfortunate ill woman that ever lived; and there with all; not giving ear to the persuasions, and tears of her aged parents, she cast herself headlong to the ground, and died.  
The third day following done julian oppressed with grief fell instantly mad and killed himself with his punniniard. The old Lady for some longer time work-out a miserable life, eaten with a Canker, rotting living, infamous and odious to all that beheld her. For want of heirs done Iulian's lands fell by Escheat to Almanzor.  
Tarif being embarked for Arabia: Mura in his government and Habdilbar settled in his Leivetenacie of Spain. Mura fearing that Tarif would rob him of his honour due unto him, and ascribe unto himself the Conquest of Spain, he sent his brother Ishmael to make particular relation to Almanzor of his merit, and also in a letter he remembered his own actions, his opinion how Spain ought to be governed, what forces were meet to finish the war, described the kingdom, praised Tarif, and advised Almanzor himself to come in person to take the possession of his Conquest Although that Tarif had fully instructed his master in all things that concerned Spain, ye● Ishmael was welcome t● Almanzor, who was never wearied to hear relations of his good successes gave satisfaction to Mura by Letter, and stayed Ishmael employing him in April 715/94 in an Ambassage to the King of Tunis aswell to condole with him the necessary death of his son (who was executed in Spain) as to crave his daughter Omalhair in marriage for his eldest son Abilqualit.  
In July following Ishmael returned with answered agreeable to Almamzor's heart, for reward of which service he was made Aquaz● de los Reges Moros which is agreeable in power with the Precedent of Castille.  
For the peopling of Spain with Moors Almanzor published proclamations through out his dominions in Africa, that such subjects of his as would pass thither with the families should have ●ands apportioned unto them at easy rents, privileged with liberties, and exemptions; upon knowledge whereof five thousand families of Moors and Jews were planted in Spain, where by in a small time the Kingdom was so well replenished, as that little sign of war appeared.  
The plague being ceased in Seville Habdilbar the Governor (with an army of 12000 foot and 1000 horse) sat down before it. But the defendants valour made him weary of the enterprise, and with the loss of much time two thousand foot, and two hundred horse, he returned to Cordova. After some rest and new provisions made, Habdilbar ashamed of the late some he had received, and fearing Almanzor's displeasure, matched the second time from Cordova to Seville, his army consisting of fifteen thousand foot, and fifteen hundred horse. But the Christians not failing in courage bravely resisted, daily falling upon the enemy's quarters.  
After forty five days siege, news was brought to Habdilbar that Elhardaly a Moor governor of the Province and City of Valentia was revolted from his obedience, with a purpose to usurp to himself the title of the King of Spain; as he was sorry for this news, so was he glad of so good an excuse to rise from before Seville, having received more loss then formerly he had done.  
Towards this Rebel Habdilbar with ten thousand foot, and eight hundred horse) marched from Cordova strengthening his army with certain troops raised by the Governor of Murcia. The rebel in the first encounter was defeated, taken, and beheaded, the City of Valencia (for the Citizen's offences) sacked, and Mahomet Abenbucar made Governor of that province.  
Althongh Tarif by the spoils he had gotten in Spain, was esteemed the richest subject in Almanzor's Dominions, and there with in Common opinion he might rest satisfied, yet he like a grateful Prince to a well deserving servant held himself bound in honour to lay upon him some visible mark of favour where upon he made him Governor and Lieutenant General of all his Kingdoms.  
The time now drew on for the Consummating of the intended marriage between the young Prince Abilqualit and the King of Tunis daughter. Tarif, with a fleet of forty sail, was sent to fetch her; The King of Tunis, as he had reason to think himself much honoured to matched his daughter with the great Almanzor's Heir, so he forgot not to demonstrate his affection by the rich Presents he sent to the Calipha, and by the rewards he gave Tarif.  
The Princes being arrived at the Court, and the marriage Solemnised, Almanzor, broken with age and infirmities, having lived Sixty three years, and reigned forty two, he resigned his Sceptre to his son Abilqualit, the third day of October in in the year after our Redemption 716/95 and when all the ceremonies incident to the Resignation and Assumption of a Crown were passed, he retired to asumptuous Monastery built by himself in the Mountains, for forty eight Monastical men, Governed by a Morabits which signifies an Hermit, where with an infirm body (Languishing for the space of seven years in continual devotions) he died.  
He that should write at large the story of this Prince, discourse his glorious actions as they merit, set down his virtues, and anatomize all that was good in him, should undertake a task of great labour; for had he been a Christian, his equal could hardly been found, but his better impossible, wherefore not to bury so great worth in oblivion it is not impertinent briefly to say somewhat of him. In his tender years the hearts of all men began to admire and affect him, aswel for his person which in beauty, and form excelled the children of his age, as for the goodness of his disposition, and sharpness of wit, which was admirable, as his years increased so did his perfections, all virtues striving which should be predominant in him, which produced fear and love in his subjects hearts evenly balanced towards him. His stature was tall, and seemly, his gesture grave and pleasant; the thoughts of his heart were not discovered in his brow, his limbs strong and active, valiant, liberal, devot, wise and learned; being reproved by the king his father for giving a way to the poor in one day by handfuls of Gold the some of 20260. pounds' [22 Arrobas and 13 pounds of Gold] for an instruction, told him that a poor King was as a dead man among the living, he replied, that Avarice in a prince was base and contemptible, that Kings in imitation of the Creator (by whose power they rule and reign) ought to give to the well deserving, & needy; heaps of treasure could not add one day to his life; and being dead nothing but a poor winding sheet remained, which was not snfficient to arm him against the wrath of God, unto whom at the latter day he must render an account of his Actions.  
To the King his father a rich Scimitary of great price being presented, the handle whereof was a rich Emerald the Pommel a ballast [or a stone called a Balis] Ruby, the guard and scabbard of beaten gold set with precious stone, and the blade a Damaskin [the blade most excellent damsked] of excellent temper; for the rareness of so precious a Jewel showed it to diverse of his great men, who admired the perfections they saw, but found fault that the weapon was somewhat too short; whereat the young Prince smiled, saying, they were deceived, for the shortness of a good sword in the hands of a valiant man that dares come up close to his enemy was so far from defect, as it brought advantage with it: the king pleased to see in so tender years so bold a spirit in his son, fastened the sword to his side, saying that he only did merit to wear it that found no fault with it: Before he was 21 years old, he wrote diverse books of the Mathematics, Astrology, art of War, Philosophy, policy of state, and a large comment upon Aristotle's works [three books of Philosophy upon the tents of Arist: in form of a Comment] he could perfectly write and speak eleven several Languages, expressing his mind, and answering Ambassadors in them with out the help of a Truchman, his father being old, joying in his sons perfections, upon the tenth of January 654 resigned his Sceptre to him, which addition of greatness bred no other Alteration in him, than a greater desire to increase in goodness, his Ambition striving no less to be reputed virtuous then to keep and enlarge his Dominions, his apparel ordinarily was plain; but on festival days no prince more sumptuous At his meat, which for the most part was private, he seldom had above two dishes, and that but once a day, two servants to attend him, and never drank in gold, or silver cup though of them his officers were royally stored, Surfetters, and Cormorants he compared to beasts void of reason. Towards the Evening his Major Domo had access to his presence to inform him of the disorders in his house, if any were; which instantly were reform: For relief of poor suitors, meat was daily provided to suffice 200 persons; and a place in his house assigned for them to resort unto, winter or summer, except he were sick; he was ready before Sun-rise, yet never slept in the day for a preservation of health; he bathed often in his Listine. He was never known to make a lie, nor to his knowledge spoke an untruth, he termed Liars disciples of the Devil, the plague of the world, betrayers of truth, destroyers of Conversation, and the right hand of iniquity, no man that lied unto him escaped unpunished but received his punishment answerable to the weight of his lie, the least was onblik disgrace, but lies of moment he Chastized with whipping, cutting of tongues, banishment, disabling to be witness, and in some case life was taken, which rigour bred terror in wicked dispositions, and restrained false information, and unnecessary suits, the days of the week he designed in their order to their proper distributions, and every of them (when urgent occasion enforced not the contrary) were daily observed.  
The Friday which is the Arabians Sabbath he spent in devotion, never missing his hours in the Mosquetaes', his progression thither was solemn, attended by his chief Alcaydes, Counsellors, and officers, and the guards of horse, and foot; when prayer was ended, not far from the Mosquetas', set in his royal seat, he remained a good space to receive petitions, the poorest not being debarred his presence; before he departed, an officer, or cried with a loud voice gave notice to the suitors to attend the next morning at the Court of Justice where they should receive answer.  
Upon Satterdays, personally, he sat in Judgement, the chief Justice produced the petitions exhibited the day past, which being read, and the suitors questioned withal, who durst not aver an untruth, the causes were ordered; where difficulties did arise such were referred to his Council, but the longest delay never exceeded fifteen days. In cases criminal Sentence at the farthest was pronounced within nine days. Suits of debt had the expedition, but where it appeared that the debtor was rather faulty by accident then by his defaults, the king oftentimes out of his own treasury would pay poor men's debts. His severe punishing of lies, bred the expedition of Justice: for untruths were never suggested, whereof ensued quietness among his Subjects, and few suits. The like severity he exercised among thiefs, never sparing the lives of the guilty; whereby in the end his subjects for fear of his Justice were so terrified, as if any thing had been lost in the high ways, or in the streets, the party that first saw it [this custom was used among the Moors of Granada even to our days and seemeth natural to them] durst not touch it before he had some witness to testify that he found it; and that done, placing it in view of the world publicly relating where he had it, that the owner might have knowledge thereof.  
The Sundays were assigned to determine Martial affairs, of that Council he had but four, the eldest Councillor presented the dispatches of the Lieutenants and generals that were employed in service, and after snfficient debating, the answers were referred to him to be engrossed: when he resolved to enter into a new War, he advised only with him that should be General of his land-forces, and his Admiral, saying that all others were needles being their offices to obey, and execute. The first day of his consultations was only to hear what they could object against his propositions, the second what men and Munition were needful, and how to dispose of them; the third, and last was to give directions to officers to put their Counsels in execution; He ordained that his General by land while he was upon the Sea, should be commanded by the Admiral, and upon the shore the Admiral to obey the land General, he never bestowed charge, or office upon men of War, although they were of good merit, that sued for them; Places that were void, he conferred upon worthy men recommended by his General. Parentage and Allies wrought no partiality, in him merit only prevailed, of all his men of war that were of note, he ever kept a List, and caused memorials to be abstracted of their time spent in the wars, their particular services, places of birth, and dwellings; He was of opinion that before all others they were meetest to be preferred to great places as well in peace as war, for they had the strongest spirits to execute Justice, their experience best knew the humours of all sorts of men, whereby their judgements were ripened, the miseries which themselves had felt, gave them a true feeling of poor men's wants. They which knew how to win, and defend kingdoms, in reason should be best able to hold them in obedience: and concluded that valiant men were more sensible of honour, honesty and reputation; and prized those attributs at an higher rate than any other condition of men whatsoever, whereof, of some of those he ever made his election when Offices fell void.  
The Mondays were ordained to advise upon the Civil government of his dominions assisted only with four Councillors, the eldest Councillor presented the causes unto him, to whom the dispatches were referred, and the same day he gave public audience to all that had just cause to complain of Civil Magistrates: If the information were false, the informers were severely punished, if true, the magistrates were not spared, and which of them was but once justly proved to have been corrupt, no mediation of friends, or promise of amendment could make his peace, but evermore disabled to bear office.  
The Tuesdays he assigned for Hawking, and Hunting, and dined in the fields publicly amongst his Courtires, and huntsmen: after dinner he would sit at his Tent-doore, permitting the poor to resort unto him, and with his own hands bountifully dispense his Charity, but especially to the fatherless Children, and widows, never refusing to give liberally for God's sake to any person, not demanding whether he were Christian, Moor, Jew, or Gentile. Once it chanced he lost his Company, and meeting with a poor faint Creature, which in his sight with weakness sunk to the ground, the king alighted, set him upon his horse, and walked two leagues by his stirrup holding the reins, and brought him to a house where he commanded that he should be attended, till he was recovered; the poor man having knowledge who it was that had done him that service, amazed, craved pardon thanking him for his Charity: Thank not me said Almanzor, but the sovereign Creator who ordained me to meet you, for I have done but that which was my duty to the distressed.  
The Wednesdays he gave himself to Music and rest in his private lodgings, where also he had Artificrs that wrought in silver, gold, copper and iron, in whose Arts he took delight, and with his own hands could perform Curious works.  
Upon the Thursdaies' he conversed only with learned men, hearing them dispute, and argue upon such propositions as he offered; when any doubts arised himself would turn the books, and moderate their disputations, that day they dined with him, and when the questions had been sufficiently disputed; he gave them at their departure new propofitions for them to think upon against the next thursday.  
To understand the humour, and disposition of his people, and his officers integrity he would many times go guised into the City in the habit of a priest, soldier, beggar, or Merchant [It is to be noted that in those days the Arabians used to wear veils over their faces] speaking freely of the King, and his officers and sooth the company he was in; whereby he informed himself both of his own faults, and theirs, which being discovered, held his subjects in general in such awe, as when three, or more were talking together, it passed for a byword, Take heed lest Almanzor hear you, he was such an enemy to idleness, as that he was ever busied in some virtuous exercise, and made a law, that all snch persons of what condition soever did not spend their time in some profitable, or laudable Art should be reputed infamous; he built, and finished in his life time five hundred and six principal Mosquitas, eighty and two Hospitals, and as many Colleges for scholars, endowed them with great possessions, every year at his own charge he bestowed in marraige one thousand maiden Orphans: the alms he gave was admirable; by land and sea he won 86 battles, in 13 of them, he was personally present, and in them he took five Kings prisoners and slew one, the spoil evermore was indifferently divided amongst the soldiers, the widows, and children of the slain had their shares reserved for them; in his library after his death there was found fifty five thousand seven hundred twenty two volumes of books, [containing in writing one thousand two hundred nineteen Quintals of paper, each Quintall being an hundred weight] to get that mass together, he proclaimed throughout his Dominions, rewards to such as could present books which he had not wherein his bounty exceeded: at last broken with years, and infirmities, and residing in his Monastery sometimes he would admit his ancient servants to visit him. His discourses for the most part were either heavenly contemplations, or of his son, desiring above all earthly joys to hear that he were a good, and a just king; his sickness increasing he sent him admonitory Letters advising him not to presume upon his regal estate which was frail, subject to mutation, within Limits, vain, unasured; to humble himself to the Creator, God eternal, by whom kings were ordained, whose power was infinite, everlasting and supreme. That above all things he should be careful to administer Justice without partiality, and avoid severity, wherein he should imitate the King of glory, who was goodness itself, and from whom all our good works did spring; if he swarved from his rules, his Justice was Injustice, his Clemency tyranny, his Charity avarice, all his actions wicked: That he ought not to be ignorant that his wisdom was but foolishness, his mercy extended but to extern things, pardoning of sins was not in his power; his Justice stretched no farther than corporal afflictions, over men's souls he had no power: Therefore he wished him not to glory in his earthly greatness, to contemplate upon the humane miseries whereunto all flesh is subject, and that neither his vast Empire, or Kingly power was able to draw one drop of rain from the Clouds, nor to make a green leaf, or free him from worldly vexations. That he should evermore think upon his end, remember that he was a miserable, and wretched sinner, that after this life he was to render an exact account unto the Sovereign King, the Creator of all things, & that the account of Princes were greater, and more fearful than meaner men's; which duly considered, he must conclude that neither himself, his dominions, or power were to be esteemed precious: He admonished him to beware of pride, calling her the right hand of the devil, the path of perdition, the nurse of sin, the gate of hell, & the principal hook wherewith the infernal spirit draws miserable Souls into his burning lake: he willed him to tread her under foot, and not to overjoy in his death; For if Kings had the true feeling of their duties, they would rather mourn and fast at their Coronations, than feast and triumph as is accustomed. That he should no time make, or bear with a lie, for Liars, are devils in flesh, enemies to truth subverters of justice, fyrebrands of sedition, causers of rebellion, destroyers of kingdoms, & to themselves thus much harmful, that when they speak truth they are not believed; Lastly he admonished him to perform the service of God before all his other actions, to adore him in singleness of heart, and humility, to be just, in judgements, charitable, and in his ways direct, and then he might be sure, that God would bless him both in this world, and in the world to come, [from his house of Albasadin the twentieth day of Rageb anno 96.] Although he felt his disease incurable, yet the Physicians ceased not to put him in hope of recovery, after some reproofs he thanked them for their endeavours but said he, the days of men are limited, and the will of God must be obeyed, your learning & practice cannot add unto me one day's life, beyond the prefixed day wherein I must die; From the beginning of my sickness I knew my disease was mortal it is a vanity to speak of impossibilities, I cannot live, and I thank my God that deilivers me from the calamities of this miserable world, which said; he commanded his sons Abilqualit, and Abrahen [the Infant Abrahen] to be brought to his presence whom he admonished to live in brotherly love, that their concord would be as a wall of brass in their defence, that their dissension would hazard the dissolution acquired by him and his Ancestors; and turning his speech to his youngest son. I Command you said he upon pain of my malediction to reverence and obey King Abilqualit your brother, honour and serve him, in stead of me as your Father, and Lord. Then casting his eyes upon Abilqualit required upon the same to love and cherish his brother. Then causing himself to be raised in his bed, he sent for his kinsmen, great officers, and servants unto whom he made a large speech of the miseries of this life, of the eternal joys he was going unto, and prayed them to let him know whether he were indebted unto any of them for rewards, or otherwise, that he might take present order for their satisfaction, and also humbly besought them, that they would forgive him all his offences towards them, as he freely pardoned them in all wherein thy had offended him; for God said he will never at the latter day extend his mercies to the merciless; and further as an argument of eheir loves towards him, he entreated them to be at his funeral Then calling every one by his name they kissed his hands and departed, his next care was to dispose his goods, Jewels, and plate, which he commanded to be sold, and given to the poor (his books excepted) which he gave to Abilqualit with Condition that he should marry one thousand Orphans giving to every of them in dowry one thousand miticules. He likewise freed all his slaves, and never after that was known to cast his thoughts upon worldly business, the rest of his days he spent in contemplation, and prayer.  
Abilqualit presently after the possession of the Crown like a wise Prince, [Abilqualit followed his Father in governmnt to admiration: Save only in his liberality and Charity] was careful to settle his estate; his greatest fear, was the stirring spirit of his brother Abrahen. To give him some contentment (without peril to himself) he gave him the government of Arabia Petraea; a small Province, poor, weak and sterile: But contrary to his expectation (before he was warm in his Seat) Abenbucar Governor of Damasko rebelled, in hope to win the Garland. Against this Rebel Abilqualit, with a huge Army, put himself into the field. Abrahen, taking hold of occasion, under colour to assist his brother, levied forces, and marched directly to his Court (where according to his quality) he was received and served by the King's officers; being in possession of the house, he set guards upon it, seized the moveables, committed the persons of the Queen and young Prince to safe keeping, and some principal men (towards whom he stood ill affected) were executed; which done, by fear, flattery and reward, he was proclaimed and crowned King.  
To second and assure his fortunes (leaving sufficient Garrisons in his Palace) he marched after his brother, whereof when relation was made to Abilqualit, he left the pursuit he followed and retreited; within a few days the Armies lodged near together; the King unwilling to hazard his undoubted right in the chance of battle, and moved (as he pretended) with Compassion, to save the lives of his natural subjects, he sent to his brother Abrahen to entreat him to commiserate the public estate of the Monarchy, which (by their dissensions) was in peril of ruin, to pity the lives of so many men and good subjects which were like to perish, and if he would dissolve his Army, he promised not only to pardon all past offences, but impart to him such a proportion of his kingdoms, as might give him satisfaction. Whereunto Abrahen returned answer that he came not thither to treat, but to fight, and that nothing but the sword should arbitrate between them, admonishing the messengers to return no more, for whosoever brought him proffers of composiotion should die. The next morning the twelfth of November in anno 717/90 the Armies joined, Abilqualit was beaten and fled, never looking behind him until he came to the sea coast, where in a small Pinnace he passed to the kingdom of Tunis, putting himself into the protection of the King his father in law, when notice was brought to Abrahen that his brother was escaped, by easy journeys he retired (the way he came) to Zarvall in Arabia, where the second time (for a confirmation of his election) he was crowned. After some rest (his domestic and public affairs being ordered) with a small Army of fifteen thousand foot, and fifteen hundred horse, he marched towards Abenbuchar the Rebel, who put into the field twenty thousand foot, and two thousand horse, plentifully furnished with warlike provisions. When the armies approached in view of one another, Abrahen sent messengers to Abenbuchar to persuade him (not having any pretence to the Crown) to desist from his treason and yield him obedience, and he would both pardon him, and advance his fortunes. Answer was returned that he, which had borne Arms against his natural brother, and sovereign, and out of his proud Ambition had wrongfully torn the Crown from his head, was an infamous traitor; for his particular, he was moved in conscience (being Governor of Damascus) to defend the people committed to his charge from insolences, and oppressions, wherewith they were daily vexed by the evil government of Abilqualit. He understood not how men by natural right should challenge succession in Kingdoms. That Sceptres appertained only to such as God blessed with valour, and wisdom; to those only, power and dominion was due, and to none other, and therefore he would not desist from his enterprise. Abrahen transported with choler, although he was dissuaded by his Captains not to try the fortune of a battle obeyed passion, and paid the price of his folly, for his army was routed, his men for the most part slain, his baggage made a prey to the Mountaniers, and thence disguised (by byways) with many perils, and sad thoughts he recovered his Palace in Arabia, where within fifty days he listed under commanders, and Captains forty thousand foot, and five thousand horse, and with admirable expedition marched towards Abenbucar who nothing dismayed, drew to the field with an army of thirty thousand foot, and three hundred horse; with equal courages their forces joined, Abenbucar defeated and taken, was presented to Abrahen, who in fury (without speech) seized upon him and in the presence of all his troops with his own hands cut his throat and smoat off his head, which he caused to be set upon the chief Port in Damascus; his skin pulled off, and stuffed with straw was placed by it, and his body left to be devoured by birds, and beasts, all the chief commanders that followed Abenbucar were likewise executed, and Abentirix (one of his favourites) was left to govern Damascus, which done, in triumph he returned to Arabia.  
Whilst these combustions continued in the East, Abilqualit at Tunis prepared for the war, Mura Governor of the Moroccoes' was sent for, who leaving an Arab of Arabia Petraea for his Lieutenant, with thirty thousand foot well armed, store of Munition and treasure repaired unto him; the second day of march in anno 718/97. Unto the which the King of Tunis added his forces in number little inferior to the other. The office of the Lieutenant General was conferred upon Tarif, in whose wisdom, valour, dexterity experience and fortune, Abilqualit did repose much confidence. In embarking his troops he lost no time, and favoured with a westerly wind, and fair weather, they arrived in Syria. The rumour of Abilqualit with a powerful army being noised throughout the Country, from all parts multitudes resorted unto him, his forces by the book of Checque appeared to be sixty five thousand foot, and five thousand horse. Abrahen fearing his brother's forces, was not in provident to defend his wrongful posseffion, and to that end, with incredible celerity, he armed to the field sixty thousand foot, and horse. In the constancy of his people he was somewhat diffident, wherefore to confirm their hearts unto him he spared not to promise large rewards, to lay before them their perils (if his brother were victor) and concludes that it were much better for them to die then over live their honours: the third day of November in the year aforesaid, the two brethren, with drawn swords, disputed their right, the rivers were died with blood of the dead that fell on either part, the battle continued from morning till Sunset: Abrahen slain, his Army broken, and every man sought the best he could for safety, whereunto the favour of the night gave good advantage. As Abilqualit had reason to joy in so great a victory, so did he grieve at his brother's death, whom he coveted (in the love he bore to him) rather to have been his prisoner, then to have seen him dead. In mourning garments with tears he followed his Corpse to the Funeral, his Commanders, and Captains did the like, and was in pomp interred with his Ancestors in the City of Zarvall. In this battle also Tarif received a sleight wound in the arm whereof he died, to do him honour Abilqualit in black attended him to the grave, wept over him, and laid him by his brother, these funerals ended, with a wrathful heart (in another form) he performed others, causing execution to be done upon the chiefest that ran his brother's fortunes, the rest were pardoned, and having ordered his affairs (lately distempered) lived in peace.  
In Spain the Governor Habdilbar (by Commandment of his King) prosecuted Don Pelago; to be informed of his strength he hired a Renegado Spaniard to view his forces, order, and abiding places: but taken by Don Pelago's guards was brought to him and tortured; yet his wit and constancy quit him of suspicion, and being freed he returned to Cordova recounting to Habdilbar his perils, and discovery, assuring him that Don Pelago was weak in men, and Arms, and victuals; that is strongest places were not dificil to win, and that the Christians were full of fear; upon trust of these relations, the governor selecting out of his garrisons twelve thousand choice foot (for of horse there was no use) marched towards the Mountains. All the force that Don Pelago did make, exceeded not obove two thousand, with these he resolved to make the best defence he might, and reposing more confidence in his wit than in his sword, he divided them into many parts placing them upon straits and advantage of ground, yet so as they might upon all occasions second one another, in the very first encounter which was in a boggy wood full of rocks (formerly possessed by the Christians and where an army could not march inform) Habdilbar was beaten put to a running retreat, and lost two thousand besides hurt men and prisoners, wherewith enraged, to ease his Choler he hanged the Renegado Spy and in despair to prevail against men that were inhabitants in such inaccessible grounds (fortified by nature) he lost the enterprise till a further time, and returned to Cordova.  
Abilqualit living in peace by an unlooked for accident was drawn into a new war which arose by the death of his father in law the King of Tunis, who deceasing without any other heir than his daughter Abilqualit's wife) that kingdom in right did appertain to her. Upon the report of his death, the Arabian Monarch sent one of his great Commanders Abenmarchan in his name to take possession of the Realm, which without contradiction was effected, and the principal subjects swore their allegiance to him in the name of Abilqualit, proclaiming him King; for a few months, no disturbance appeared, until one called Haaken next heir male in blood to the deceased king (repining that the kingdom should fall to a distaff, and thereby in subjection to a stranger) valuing himself worthy thereof, by promise of reward, and underhand means (allured many of the best quality) to approve, and favour his claim, his first enterprise was acted upon the person of Abenmarchan the governor, in assaulting his house, and killing him and his servants, and that done proclaimed himself King unto whom obedience was sworn, Abilqualit having advertisement of his rebellion, dispatched a Post the second of April 719/98 to Mura his governor in Moroccoes' (with such forces as he could make) presently to repair unto him, who (with extreme expedition) embarked twenty thousand horse and foot armed, and victualled, and shortly after arrived in the port of Vaffa, in Syria, where Abilqualit had drawn to a head twenty five thousand foot, and eight hundred horse, with these troops (over whom Mura was ordained Lieutenant general) the king in person put himself to Sea, and with favourable weather landed in the kingdom of Tunis. To withstand the Assailant, Hacen (the usurping King) levied forces consisting of forty thousand foot, and eight thousand horse: In the first encounter Abilqualit's loss was more than Hacens. Among others of note Ishmael (the son of Mura) was wounded to the death, for which disaster Abilqualit being pensive: Sir said the noble Mura (his father) my son came not hither for spoil; to win honour and to do you service were his ends, if he die it imports not much: for being borne to dye, his days are crowned with glory in finishing them where your eyes are witness of his valour.  
The day following being the ninth day of October 121/100 the Armies joined, Hacen was overthrown, and Abilqualit in triumph made his entry into the City of Tunis; but not accounting his victory complete (except Hacens son were in his possession) he proclaimed large rewards to him, or them that could bring him alive or dead. Miserable Hacen (driven to extremities) was glad to cover himself in a desolate Cave, where being bayed by Shepherd's dogs he was discovered, taken, and brought bound to Abilqualit. Instead of humility (the inherent quality to unfortunate men) he used unreverent speech, which breeding passion in the Conqueror, produced Tyrannical effects, in impaling him upon a stake, whereon after five days torment he died, the men of quality that assisted Hacen being executed, the Country settled, and Abrahen Hacen left governor: Abilqualit sailed to the Levant, and triumphantly returned to his City of Zarvall, where resting himself but a while, he went in devotion to Mecca to adore the Sepulchre of Mahomet. In his journey homewords through the deserts, the sands, moved by wind, buried three thousand of his train, himself, and the rest escaped with great danger.  
The year following Almanzor (consumed with languishing diseases) [the third day of the Moon Rageb in the hundred and second year of the Hixera] in anno domini 723/102 died being the seventith year of his age, the forty one of his reign, before the resignation of his Crown, and the seaventh of his Monastical life: of whose death as soon as Abilqualit had knowledge, he dispatched messengers to all the great officers throughout his dominions to give them notice of it, that according to the accustomed manner (in the like occasions) they should command blacks to be worn (by the better sort of people) in all Cities; pray for his Soul and give alms. He was buried in the Mountain of Nue in a sumptuous Mosquita built by himself in a vault of Jasper, able to contain forty persons sustained with pillars of guilt Alabaster, & garnished with precious stone. The King his son, his kinsmen, his officers, and Councillors, the chief Priests, fifteen thousand other priests, his household servants, Courtiers, his guards and an infinite multitude of common people with teary eyes and mournful hearts attended his funeral, upon his Tomb this Epitaph ensuing was enscribed.  
Here lies the terror of Christians, Moors and Gentiles, who furrowed the Seas, leveled the Earth, subdued the nations of the world, the Pattern of Courtesy, the Tree of Mercy, and to the wicked the edge of justice.. Here he lies that had a bountiful hand, the defender of the poor, the father of Orphans, the protector of widows, the mirror of Charity, honesty shame facednes and modesty, the model of government, the Treasury of Nobility, the maintainer of truth, the enemy of Lies, the lover of wisdom; whose fame shall eternally live (for a worthy Monument to future age) in despite of Conquering time that burns in oblivion the great actions of Prince's Kings and Emperors. Let us pray to the Creator that his glory may be endless, that in imitation of him Monarches may govern their states in peace and that he would be pleased to direct our ways in his service, and fill us with his divine grace.  
Abilqualit, being for two years together free from rebellion, and living in blissful peace, after the example of his father, and Grandfather resolved in his life time to settle the Crown upon his son jacob Almanzor, a child of tender age, and to that end the first day of March in anno 725/104 he assembled all his great men to his Court at Zarvall, who approving his intent, swore there obedience to the Prince as to the rightful snccessor of that ample Monarchy. The form used in the Ceremony ensueth. Abilqualit Clothed in royal Robes, with Crown and Sceptre, his Kingly ensigns, majestically sitting in chiar of estate, his son upon his right hand, and the high priest upon the left, his Princes and guards being assembled, the high Priest with a loud and audible voice declared the cause of summoning that royal Court, demanded whether they were contented to swear their future obedience unto the Prince, they answered yea. Then said the high priest, in testimony that you have assented, all of you must do as I and the king will show you, thereupon the King rose, set his son in his Chariot; the Prince in token of his filial obedience kissed his Father's right hand, the father blessed his child, and after in humble reverence kissed his hand, and sat in his son's seat: the high priest, and (after him) all the great men, falling at his feet did the like; then a priest apparelled in a Ceremonial habit upon a board (in the midst of that assembly) laid the Koran; the high priest rising from his seat, demanded whether they were all content to swear by the living God and the holy contents of that book, to maintain and defend jacob Almanzor to be lawful heir and successor to his father, King Abilqualit, in all his kingdoms and dominions, whereunto they answered content; the high Priest replied, whosoever doth not constantly fulfil, and maintain his assent here given, let him be held a person infamous, a traitor to the royal Crown, and let the vengeance, and malediction of the Sovereign God fall upon him, and his; the assembly answared Amen. Then the King rose from his seat, kissed the book, and laid it upon his head, and returned to his place; the same was done by the high Priest and the rest; the high priest then turning to the Prince said. Your Highness must swear by the most high and Sovereign God, and by the contents of this holy book (as King and Lord of these kingdoms) that you will administer and maintain Justice indifferently between your subjects, that you will fulfil and preserve unto them all the privileges, and franchises (justly ●●●●●ted by the Kings) your predecessors where by they may live in peace without grievances, the Prince said he would be sworn unto it, if you do not said the high Priest accomplish your promise and oath, let that Vengeance and Malediction of the high and Sovereign God fall upon you as upon him that is perjured, the Prince replied Amen. Then the Prince rose from his Regal seat, kissed the book, laid it upon his head, and returned to his place, where pausing a little while, attended with all the guards in pomp, trumpets, and musical instruments sounding: he road to the principal Mosquita, prayed, and returned to his Palace where King Abilqualit attended his coming. The next day was spent in feasting, triumphs and other Martial exercises, the day following they repaired again to the Chamber of assembly, where the high priest demanded whether they were content to ratify and affirm the oath they had taken, they answered, yea. Then the King Abilqualit, the high priest, and the rest (according to their degrees) one after another with humble reverence kissed the Prince's hand, who giving them thanks the Ceremony ended.  
Not long after, the king sickened, his disease grew strong, and the Physician's skill too weak to remedy it; the tender years of his son required a Governor, to which office by his testament, he made election of one of his near men (in whose faith he reposed trust) called Mahomet Amzarij. Then laying aside all worldly business, he conferred only with religious men, prayed incessantly, died.  
The Queen Dowager pleased with the air and seat of the Monastery where Almanzor died removed the young King thither and in her motherly love stayed with him. The Kingly power was established in Mahomet Amzarij who finding himself obeyed as king despised the estate of a subject, and resolved to set the Crown upon his own head: the way unto it he conceived to be liberality towards all, but especially to the great officers, governors of Provinces, and Captains; The men of war being his Creatures the rest were easily to be wrought. Unto them he was bountiful, and courteous, denying nothing sued for, and often giving before it was asked. With this carriage he so enchanted their hearts, as his party seemed strong, but yet actions of great weight cannot be effected without advice and aid. The first man to whom he discovered his pretence was Abenzulayman his creature, advanced by him to be one of the four Councillors at war: but his heart detesting the horrible treason, used persuasions to him to give over the enterprise, laying before his judgement the general love borne to the young king their natural sovereign; the little hope of prevailing, the intestine war, and the hazard which the Empire should run into, by it, and that the murder of the King (for murdered he must be) would make him odious unto all men, and not only divert the principal Governor's hearts from him, but raise the like ambition (by his example) in others to revolt and establish themselves kings in their particular governments. Though the traitorly Protector liked not the reply, nothing squaring to his end, yet he gave him not over, hoping at last to win him to his bent, but he like an honest loyal Patriot stiffly persevered in his dissuasions; after many assaults, seeing no end of the Protectors tentations, afflicted in his Soul to ease himself, and give remedy to the danger which necessarily must ensue if he smothered it unto himself, he resolved to breathe it out unto Mura the Governor of the Moroccoes' (than being at the Court) and highly esteemed for his valour, wisdom, wealth, and dignity, unto him he discovered the treason; to prevent it, they found no other means so good, as to know what course the protector would take in the execution thereof; wherefore it was agreed, that Abenzulayman should seem to like of the motion, he repaired to the protector approved the design, who told him that he had resolved upon poison, as the safest from danger, and least subject to hurt, which was not by the other contradicted. Abenzulayman with a heavy heart returned to Mura, and in detestation of the intended plot, they resolved to take the Protectors life; but if they failed in the enterprise (lest peril might ensue to the young king and his mother) Mura by consent went to the Monastery to give her a foreknowledge of it; who at the first stood fearfully amazed; but by Mura's stronger spirit received comfort, and he posted back to the Protectors Court. In this mean while, the Protector attended his treasons, and sent the king for a present, a rich garment embroidered with pearl and stone artificially, and substantially poisoned.  
The careful Queen, fearing what she found true, would not suffer the King (who was glad of his new Coat) to put it on; but the same night fastened it about a Greyhound, who in the morning was found dead swolth, and ready to burst. The Queen, like a wise Lady, dissembled her just displeasures, returned letters, and messengers of thanks both in the king's name and her own, and earnestly desired him to make his present repair to the King about business of importance, which could neither admit delay, nor his absence. Against his coming guards were set upon the gates by whom he was taken, bound, and brought to the Queen, where being charged of manifest treason (which could not be denied) he was suffocated in a vessel of water; his dead body laid upon an Ass and carried through the streets, a crier published the cause of his deserved death Mura and Abenzulayman had their several hopes to succeed in the Protectorship; but the Queen foreseeing the troubles that might ensue, either in joining them in commission, or to prefer the one before the other, assumed the government of the King and his estate into her own hands, which displeased neither. Mura highly rewarded, returned to the government of his Provinces, and Abenzulaman had the kingdom of Tunis committed to his charge, but died upon the Sea in his passage thither.  
All things being in peace, and orderly settled, the Queen in her government feared, and loved. The young king in perfect health suddanly (when no cause of fear appeared) sorrow and discomfort triumphed, the instrument of their victory was a Spider (which accidentally falling from the roof of the Chamber) lighted upon the King's face where he slept, and bit his eyelid, the venom whereof infecting the blood, inflamed his face, and from thence dispersed itself into the other parts, where getting the mastery, within seven days he died, and the Queen the fifteenth day following with overmuch abstinence from meat ended her life in sorrow.  
The death of this young King was the ruin and utter subversion of the Sarazen Monarchy, himself being the last of the great Almanzor's issue: yet he wanted not kinsmen, but their titles were intricate and ambiguous, which stirred up pretenders, amongst whom Abenhachech prevailing by his friends was Crowned King at Zarvall whereof Mura in the Moroccoes' having notice (and ancient malice depending between him and the new king) sensible of his own power, assembled his Lieutenants, and Captains, and by their unanim Consent, was proclaimed king of the Provinces under his charge, which greatness of his was determined by his death in anno 727/106 he left two sons tender infants, the elder not past seven year old. Their Father's Kingdom was torn from them, and divided by four of his Lieutenant Governors, styling themselves Kings of their Provinces, namely of Morocco, Fez, Suz, and Ducdo. The Governors of Tunis and Sarsall (now Argier) set Crowns upon their heads and assumed the name of Kings. Abentirix governor of Damascus, erected his province into a Kingdom, afterwards killing in a battle the new king Abenhachech was proclaimed king of the Arabians and Monarch of the Moors; diverse other Provinces in the East revolted and became Kingdoms. Habdilbar who had governed Spain many years) following the example ●f Mura devored in his conceit that Monarchy; but the inferior governors tickled with particular ambitions taking hold of occasion refused his obedience, yet of Cordova he made himself King. And the Provincial Governors of Granado, Valentia, Murcia, Castilia, Toledo, Arragon and Biscay, erected their governments into kingdoms, and in after times (by their dissensions) many other petty places in Spain were so entitled, which gave advantage to the Spaniards to recover their lost Patrimony detained by the Moors (from the conquest made by Tarif, in anno 924/93) and not fully no gained until in anno one thousand four hundred ninety two Granado was Conquered by Don Ornando Catolico and Donna Isabel Kings of all Spain (Portugal excepted) of seven hundred seventy eight years.  
This great Empire of the Arabians, Saracens, or Moors, begun by Mahomet increased for the space of one hundred and four years from East to West. It contained more leagues than the Roman Empire, and that excepted without all doubt it was the greatest that ever obeyed one Monarch. In Europe they had Spain, the most part of France, the Islands Majorca, Minorca, Sicilia, Malca, Sardinia, Corfica, Candia, Cypress, Rhodes, and all most all the rest in the Mediterranean sea. In Italy, Puglia, and Calabria, and all the best maretine towns in Greece. In Africa they possessed a great part of AEthiopia the Kingdoms of AEgipt, Tunis, Argier, Tremeson, Ducdo, Fez, Suz Morocco, and others. In Asia the three Arabies, Persia, Mesopotamia, Syria, the two Armenia's, most part of the lesser Asia, and all the kingdoms to the Eastward of Persia, even to the river Indus, which ample Monarchy so largely extended after the young King's death, broke as Alexander's did. And as the Ambition and dissension of his Lieutenants rend his Conquest into several kingdoms; so did twenty seven Governors of the Saracens Empire divided, and share those Dominions among them. And as time reduced them to nothing, so were these kingdoms, in so much as (at this present) there is not one powerful King upon the earth that can vaunt himself to be derived from the Arabian blood, but the King of Morocco; the rest of that Empire is now possessed, by Christians, Turks, Persians, other Mahometans and Gentiles.  
He never chose rich Tyrant to his Council nor abhorred the poor just man.  
He never denied Justice to a poor man for his poverty, nor pardoned the rich man for his goods.  
He never left illness unpunished nor goodness without reward.  
He never Committed to another Justice that was clear, nor dark judgement, he never determined by himself alone.  
He never denied Justice to them that demanded it, nor mercy to those that deserved it.  
He never did correct any in anger, nor promised reward in his mirth.  
He never was charged with thoughts in prosperity, nor dispaired in adversity.  
He never opened his gates to Flatterers, nor laid his ears to Murmurers.  
He never Committed ill for malice, nor any villainy for averice.  
He ever laboured to be beloved of them that were good, and to be dreaded of those that were ill.  
He ever favoured the poor man & observed the just law of the godly.   

THIS Writing of the life of Jacob Almanzor was finished in the Castle of the City of Cufa, on the 4th day of the Moon of Rabek the first, in the 110th year. Praised be God  
Amen.