A DECLARATION OF THE DEMEANOUR AND CARRIAGE OF SIR WALTER RALEIGH, Knight, aswell in his Voyage, as in, and since his Return;  
And of the true motives and inducements which occasioned His Majesty to Proceed in doing justice upon him, as hath been done.  
LONDON, Printed by BONHAM NORTON and JOHN BILL, Printers to the Kings most Excellent Majesty. M.DC.XVIII.   

ALthough KINGS be not bound to give Account of their Actions to any but GOD alone; yet such are his majesties proceedings, as he hath always been willing to bring them before Sun and Moon, and careful to satisfy all his good people with his Intentions and courses, giving as well to future times as to the present, true and undisguised Declarations of them; as judging, that for Actions not well founded, it is advantage to let them pass in uncertain Reports; but for Actions, that are built upon sure and solid grounds, (such as his Majesties are) it belongeth to them, to be published by open manifests: Especially his Majesty is willing, to declare and manifest to the World, his proceedings in a case of such a nature as this which followeth is; since it not only concerns his own people, but also a foreign Prince and State abroad.  
Accordingly therefore, for that which concerneth Sir Walter Raleigh late executed for Treason (leaving the thoughts of his heart, and the protestations that he made at his death to God that is the searcher of all hearts, and judge of all Truth) his Majesty hath thought fit to manifest unto the world, how things appeared unto himself, and upon what Proofs and evident Matter, and the Examination of the Commanders that were employed with him, in the Voyage, (and namely of those which Sir Walter Raleigh himself by his own Letter to Secretary Winwood, had commended for persons of special worth and credit, and as most fit for greater employments) his majesties proceedings have been grounded, whereby it will evidently appear how agreeable they have been in all points to Honour and justice.  
SIR Walter Raleigh having been condemned of high Treason, at his majesties entrance into this Kingdom, and by the space of fourteen years, by his majesties princely Clemency and Mercy, not only spared from his Execution, but permitted to live, as in Liberâ custodiâ in the Tower, and to enjoy his Lands and Living, till all was by Law evicted from him upon another ground, and not by forfeiture; (which notwithstanding, his Majesty out of his abundant Grace gave him a competent satisfaction for the same) at length, he fell upon an Enterprise of a golden Mine in Guiana.  
This proposition of his, was presented and recommended to his Majesty by Sir Ralph Winwood, than Secretary of State, as a matter not in the Air, or speculative, but real, and of certainty; for that Sir W. Raleigh had seen of the Oar of the Mine with his eyes, and tried the richness of it. It is true, that his Majesty, in his own princely judgement, gave no belief unto it; as well, for that his Majesty was verily persuaded, that in Nature there are no such Mines of gold entire, as they described this to be; and if any such had been, it was not probable that the Spaniards, who were so industrious in the chase of Treasure, would have neglected it so long; as also for that it proceeded from the person of Sir Wal. Raleigh, invested with such circumstances both of his disposition and fortune: But nevertheless Sir W. Raleigh had so enchanted the world, with his confident asseveration of that which every man was willing to believe, as his majesties honour was in a manner engaged, not to deny unto his people the adventure and hope of so great Riches, to be sought and achieved, at the charge of Voluntaries; especially, for that it stood with his majesties Politic and Magnanimous courses, in these his flourishing times of peace, to nourish and encourage Noble and Generous enterprises, for Plantations, Discoveries, and opening of new Trades.  
Hereupon the late Spanish Ambassador, the Count de Gondomar, took great alarm, and represented unto his Majesty by loud and vehement assertions, upon iterated audiences, that he knew and had discovered the intention and enterprise of Sir W. Raleigh to be but Hostile and Piratical, and tending to the breach of the Peace between the two Crowns, and danger and destruction of the King his Master's Subjects in those parts; protesting in a sort against the same. To which his majesties answer always was, that he would send Sir Walter Raleigh with a limited Commission, and that he durst not upon peril of his head attempt any such matter; and if he did, he would surely do justice upon him, or send him bound hand and foot into Spain, and all the gold and goods he should obtain by Robbery, and bring home, were they never so great. And for further caution, his Majesty enjoined Secretary Winwood, to urge Sir Walter Raleigh upon his conscience, and allegiance to his Majesty, to deal plainly, and express himself, whether he had any other intention, but only to go to those golden Mines in Guiana, which he not only solemnly protested unto the said Sir Ralph Winwood, but by him writ a close letter to his Majesty, containing a solemn profession thereof, confirmed with many vehement asseverations, and that he never meant or would commit any outrages or spoils upon the King of Spain's Subjects. But notwithstanding, his Majesty acquainted the Spanish Ambassador with this his protestation; yet the said Ambassador would never recede from his former jealousy, and importuning his Majesty to stay his voyage, alleging that the great number of ships that Sir Walter Raleigh had prepared for that voyage, showed manifestly, that he had no such peaceable intent; and offering (upon Sir Walter Raleigh his answer thereunto, that those ships were only provided for his safe convoy) that if Sir Walter Raleigh would go with one or two ships only to seek the said Mine, that he would move the King of Spain to send two or three ships with him back again for his safe convoy hither with all his gold; And the said ambassadors person to remain here in pledge for the King his Master his performance thereof. But such were the constant fair Offers of the said Sir Walter Raleigh, and specious promises, as his Majesty in the end rejected the importunate Suit of the said Spanish Ambassador for his stay, and resolved to let him go: but therewithal took order, both that he, and all those that went in his company, should find good security, to behave themselves peaceably towards all his majesties Friends and Allies; and to observe strictly all the Articles of the Commission, which his Majesty for that cause, had the greater care to have it well and clearly penned, and set down. And that his majesties honest intention may herein the better appear, the words of the Commission are herein inserted, as followeth.  

JAMES, by the grace of GOD, etc. To all to whom these presents shall come, to be read, heard, or seen, and to every of them greeting. Whereas Sir W. Raleigh Knight, intendeth to undertake a voyage by Sea and shipping, unto the South parts of America, or elsewhere within America, possessed and inhabited by heathen and savage people, to th'end to discover and find out some commodities and merchandizes in those Countries, that be necessary and profitable for the Subjects of these Our Kingdoms and Dominions, whereof the Inhabitants there make little or no use or estimation; whereupon also may ensue by trade & commerce, some propagation of the Christian Faith, and reformed Religion amongst those savage and Idolatrous people: And whereas We are credibly informed that there are divers Merchants and Owners of Ships, and others, well disposed to assist the said Sir Walter Raleigh in this his enterprise, had they sufficient assurance to enjoy their due parts of the profits returned (in respect of the peril of Law wherein the said Sir Walter Raliegh now standeth:) And whereas also We are informed, that divers other Gentlemen, the kinsmen and friends of the said Sir Walter Raleigh, and divers Captains and other Commanders are also desirous to follow him, and to adventure their lives with him, in this his journey, so as they might be commanded by no other than himself.  
Know ye, that We, upon deliberate consideration had of the premises, being desirous by all ways and means to work and procure the benefit and good of Our loving Subjects, and to give Our Princely furtherance to the said Sir Walter Raleigh, his friends and associates herein, to the encouragement of others in the like laudable journeys and enterprises, to be hereafter prosecuted and pursued; and especially in advancement and furtherance, as well of the conversion of savage people, as of the increase of the Trade, Traffic, and Merchandizes used by Our Subjects of this Our Kingdom, being most famous throughout all Nations: Of Our special grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, have given and granted, & by these presents for Us, Our Heirs, and Successors, do give and grant unto the said Sir W. Raleigh, full power and authority, and free licence and liberty out of this Our Realm of England or any other Our Dominions, to have, carry, take, and lead, for and towards his said intended voyage into the said South parts, or other parts of America (possessed and inhabited, as aforesaid) and to travel thither, all such and so many of Our loving Subjects, or any others strangers that will become Our loving Subjects, and live under Our obeisance and allegiance as shall willingly accompany him, with sufficient Shipping, Armour, Weapons, Ordinance, Munition, Powder, Shot, Habiliments, Victuals, and such Wares and Merchandizes, as are esteemed by the wild people in those parts, clothing, implements, furniture, cattle, horses, and mares, and all other such things as he shall think most necessary for his voyage, and for the use and defence of him and his company, and trade with the people there; and in passing and returning to and fro, and in those parts to give away, cell, barter, exchange, or otherwise dispose of the same goods, merchandizes and premises to the most benefit, and at the will and pleasure of the said Sir Walter Raleigh and his company, and such other person or persons, as shallbe adventurers or assistants with, or unto him in this his intended voyage, & from thence to return, import, convey, & bring into this our kingdom, or any other Our Dominions, such gold, silver, bullion, or any other wares, or merchandizes, or commodities whatsoever, as they shall think most fit and convenient; and the same being so returned, imported, conveyed, and brought into this our Kingdom, or any other our Dominions, to have, take, keep, retain, and convert to the only proper use, benefit, and behoof of the said Sir W. Raleigh and his said Company, and other persons adventurers and assistants with or to him in this voyage, without the let, interruption, molestation, and disturbance of Us, Our Heirs or Successors, or any the Officers or Ministers of Us, Our Heirs or Successors whatsoever, Paying and answering unto Us, Our Heirs, and Successors the full fift part in five parts to be divided, of all such gold, and silver, and bullion, and oar of gold or silver, and pearl, and precious stone, as shallbe so imported over and beside, and together with such Customs, Subsidies and other duties, as shall be due for or in respect of any other Goods, Wares, or Merchandizes whatsoever to be imported by the true meaning of these presents. And to the end the said Sir W. Raleigh may be the more encouraged to go forward in this his enterprise, and all our loving Subjects desirous to be adventurers with him or assistant unto him, may be the more incited to further his proceedings: We do hereby in verbo Regio, for Us, Our Heirs and Successors, covenant, promise, and grant, to and with the said Sir W. Raleigh and all other persons that shall accompany him or to be attendant upon him, or to be adventurers or assistants with or to him in this his voyage, that no gold, silver, goods, wares, or merchandizes whatsoever of what kind or sort soever, by him or them or any of them to be imported into this Our Kingdom of England, or any other our Dominions from any the said South or other parts of America, (possessed or inhabited as aforesaid) shallbe attached, seized or taken by Us, Our Heirs or Successors, or to the use of Us, Our Heirs or Successors, or by any the Officers or Ministers of Us, Our Heirs or Successors whatsoever; But that the same and every of them (the fift part of the said gold, silver or bullion, and oar of gold and silver and pearl and precious stone, and other the Customs and duties aforesaid being truly answered and paid) shall be, and remain to the sole and proper use and behoof of the said Sir W. Raleigh and his said company, and such persons as shall be adventurers with him, or assistant to him in this his voyage, Any Law, Statute, Act of Parliament, Proclamation, Provision, or restraint, or any right, title or claim of Us, Our Heirs or Successors, or any other matter or thing whatsoever to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding. And further, of Our more especial grace, certain knowledge, and mere motion, We do hereby for Us, Our Heirs, and Successors, ordain, constitute and appoint the said Sir W. Raleigh to be the sole Governor and commander of all persons that shall travel, or be with him in the said voyage, to the said South, or other parts of America (so possessed and inhabited as aforesaid) or in returning from thence. And We do hereby give unto him, full power and authority to correct, punish, pardon, govern and rule them or any of them, according to such orders, ordinances, constitutions, directions, and instructions, as by the said Sir W. Raleigh shall be from time to time established, as well in cases capital and criminal, as civil, both Marine and other; So always as the said statutes, ordinances and proceedings (as near as conveniently may be) be agreeable to the Laws, Statutes, Government and Policy of this our Realm of England, and not against the true Christian faith now professed in the Church of England. And because that in such and the like enterprises and voyages, great inconveniences have grown by the mutinous and disorderly carriage of the Mariners and Sailors employed in the same, for want of sufficient authority to punish them according to their offences: We do therefore by these presents for Us, our Heirs and Successors, give full power and authority to the said Sir Walter Raleigh, in case of rebellion, or mutiny by sea or land, to use and exercise Marshal law (upon just ground and apparent necessity) in as large and ample manner as Our Lieutenant General by sea or land, or Our Lieutenants in Our Counties, within Our Realm of England, have, had, or aught to have by force of their Commission of lieutenancy. And We do further by these presents, give full power and authority to the said Sir Walter Raleigh, to collect, nominate and appoint such Captains and other inferior Commanders and Ministers under him, as shallbe requisite for the better ordering and governing of his company, and the good of the voyage. And further, We do by these presents, for Us, Our Heirs and Successors, straightly charge and Command the Warden of Our Cinque-ports, and all the Customers, controllers, surveyors, Searchers, Waiters and other Officers and Ministers of Us, Our Heirs and Successors for the time being, that they, and every of them do quietly permit and suffer the said Sir Walter Raleigh, and all person and persons that shallbe willing to travel and adventure with him in this voyage with their Ships, Munition, Goods, Wares and Merchandizes whatsoever out of this Our Realm, or any other Our Dominions, to pass into the said South or other parts of America, (possessed and inhabited as aforesaid) and from thence to return and import into this Our Realm, or any other our Dominions, any Goods, Wares or Merchandizes whatsoever, and there to sell or otherwise to dispose of the same, to the best benefit and advantage, and to the only use and behoof of the said Sir Walter Raleigh and his company, and such other persons as shallbe adventurers with him in this voyage, paying the fift part of all gold and silver, bullion, and oar of gold and silver, and of pearl and precious stone imported, and other the Customs and Duties aforesaid. And these Presents, or the inrollement thereof shallbe unto the said Warden of the Cinque-ports, Customers, controllers and other the officers & ministers aforesaid, for the time being a sufficient Warrant and discharge in that behalf. And our Will and pleasure is; And by these presents, for Us, our Heirs and Successors, We do grant unto the said Sir Walter Raleigh, That these our Letters Patents, or the Inrollement thereof, and all and singular grants, clauses and things therein contained, shallbe firm, strong, sufficient and effectual in Law, according to our gracious pleasure and meaning herein expressed; Any Law, Statute, Act, Provision, Ordinance or restraint, or any other matter or thing to the contrary thereof in any wise notwithstanding. Although express mention etc. In Witness whereof &c. Witness ourself at Westminster, the six and twentieth day of August, in the fourteenth year of our Reign of England, France and Ireland, and of Scotland the fiftieth.  
Per breve de privato Sigillo.   
THis Commission so drawn and framed (as as you see) his Majesty himself did oft peruse and revise, as foreseeing the future events; the tenor whereof appeareth to be so far from giving Sir Walter Raleigh warrant, or colour to invade any of the Territories, occupate and possessed by the Spaniards, as it tended to a direction, rather of commerce, than spoil, even towards the Savages themselves. And the better to contain Sir Walter Raleigh, and to hold him upon his good behaviour, his Majesty denied (though much sued unto for the same) to grant him pardon for his former treasons, both to disauthorise him with those, that were under his Command, (in case he should attempt to exceed his Commission) and to reserve him to the justice of the Law, if by new offences he should make himself indign of former mercies. And as for the good security which his Majesty ordered to be taken, for their good and peaceable behaviour in the voyage; his Majesty never heard any thing to the contrary but that it was performed till they were upon their parting; and then was it told him, that every one of the principals that were in the voyage, had put in security one for another, which if his Majesty had known in time, he would never have accepted of.  
But howsoever the Commission was penned; and whatsoever the cautions were which his Majesty intended or used, and whatsoever the protestations and promises were, that Sir Walter Raleigh made or exhibited, it appeareth plainly, by the whole sequel of his Actions, that he went his own way, and had his own ends: First, to procure his liberty, and then to make new fortunes for himself, casting abroad only this tale of the Mine as a lure to get adventurers and followers; having in his eye the Mexico Fleet, the sacking and spoil of Towns planted with Spaniards, the depredation of Ships, and such other purchase; and making account, that if he returned rich, he would ransom his offences (little looking into the nature and Character of his majesties justice and government) and if otherwise, he would seek his fortune by flight, and new enterprises in some foreign Country.  
In execution therefore of these his designs, Sir Walter Raleigh carrying the reputation of an active, witty, and valiant Gentleman, and especially of a great Commander at Sea, by the enticement of this golden bait of the Mine, and the estimation of his own name, drew unto him many brave Captains, and other Knights and Gentlemen of great blood and worth, to hazard and adventure their lives, and the whole, or a great part of their estates and fortunes in this his Voyage: whose ruins and decays following, remain as sad and grievous relics and monuments of his unfortunate journey, and unfaithful proceedings.  
But before he went from London, he was not so reserved, nor so constant unto his pretence of the Mine, but that some sparks broke forth of that light, which afterwards appeared. For he cast forth some words to some particular friends of his Company, That he knew a Town in those parts, upon which he could make a saving Voyage in Tobacco, though there were no other spoil. Nevertheless, to make the better faith of that he had given out touching the Mine, he promised his Company at London, that when he came to Plymouth, he would take a great company of pioneers out of the West, (where best workmen are of that kind) and he maintained this his pretence so far, as he billeted the said pioneers for several ships; but when he came into the West this vanished. For it is testified of all parts, and by himself confessed, that he carried none at all, excusing it, that there were many other tall men of the Mariners, and common Soldiers, that he would have made fall to work; which is a slender excuse of omitting so principal a point. As for Pickeaxes, Mattocks and Shovels for the working of the Mine, it is true he carried some small quantity for a show, but by the judgement of all that were in his company, nothing near sufficient for that which had been requisite for the working of the Mine, which be excused only by saying, that his men never saw them unpacked, and that the Mine was not passed a foot and a half under ground.  
After, when he was once at Sea, he did not much labour to nourish and maintain the belief, that be meant to make his voyage upon the profit of the Mine, but fell a degree, as if it were sufficient to bring home certainty and visible proof, that such a Mine there was, though he brought not the riches of it. For soon after his setting forth from Ireland, he professed, that if he brought home but a handful or basketfull of Oar, to show the King, he cared for no more, for it was enough to save his credit; and being charged therewith, he confessed the speech, with this argument and inference, that if there had been a handful of the Mine, it followed there was a Mine to be confessed; as if so many Ships, so many lives of men, such charge of provisions, and such an honourable Commission, had been but for an experiment.  
About the same time likewise, he began to forget his Commission, as well as his pretences of the Mine; for he did declare himself to divers of his company, that he meant to take St. Thomé, and that he would make his voyage good upon that Town, for that it was very rich; So as where it was blown abroad, that the assault of Saint Thomé was enforced by a kind of necessity, for that our Troops were first assailed, it appeareth manifestly, both by his speech at London, of a Town indefinitely, and by this his speech early in his voyage at Sea of St. Thomé by name, that it was an original design of his from the beginning: And yet it is confessed by all, that the parts of Guiana, where St. Thomé was situate, were planted by Spaniards, who had divers Towns in the same tract, with some Indians intermixed, that are their Vassals, so as it is plain, both place and persons were out of his Commission.  
And that this was well known to him it appears notably in a letter of his own hand, written since his return from his voyage, wherein he complains, that the Spaniards of the same place did murder divers of his men, which came in peace to trade with them, some seven years past; neither doth he in that letter, any way decline his knowledge, that those parts Were inhabited by the Spaniards, but stands upon a former title, which he would needs now have strengthened by a new possession; notwithstanding that this his pretence is no way compatible with his Commission, and that himself before his going never made overture, or allegation of any such pretext, nor so much as intimated, or insinuated any such design or purpose.  
Again, before he came to the Islands, he made no difficulty to tell many in express terms, that he meant to surprise and set upon the Mexico Fleet, though sometimes he would qualify it, by saying, If all failed, or if the Action of the Mine were defeated.  
And Sir Walter Raleigh himself being charged with these speeches, confessed the words, but saith, that in time, they were spoken after the Action of the Mine was defeated; and that it was propounded by him, to the end, to keep his men together, and if he spoke it before, it was but discourse at large.  
After, when he began to be upon the approaches of his pretended design of the Mine, and was come to Trinidad, he fell sick in some extremity, and in doubt of life (as was thought) at what time he was moved by some principal persons about him, upon two points, in case he should decease: The one, that he would nominate a General to succeed him; The other, that he would give some direction for prosecution of the Action of the Mine. To the first he made answer, that his Commission could nor be set over, and therefore left them to agree of that among themselves: but for the Mine, he professed he could give them no direction; and stayed not there, but told them, there was another course (which he did particularise unto them to be a French Commission, whereby they might do themselves most good upon the Spaniards.  
When he was upon recovery, he dispatched the Land-forces pretended for the Mine, and had designed Captain Sentleger to command in that Expedition: but by reason of Sentlegers infirmity at that time, he resorted to his kinsman Captain George Raleigh, who was his Sergeant Maior; in whose written Commission which he gave him, he was wary enough not to express the taking of St. Thomé, but only inserted a clause of Commandment; That they should in all things obey him, as they would do to himself in person: yet in private directions and instructions, he did open himself to divers of his Company, that in case they should not receive some advertisement, that the Town was reinforced by new supplies of men (whereby the enterprise might be of too great hazard for their number) they should take the Town first, telling them, that the Mine was but three miles distant short of the Town, and inferring (as Kemish expounded it afterwards) that it was in vain to meddle with the Mine, except the Town were first taken, and the Spaniards chased; for that otherwise, they should but discover it, and work it for the Spaniards: and when he had opened himself thus far, some of his company, of the more intelligent and dutiful sort, did in plain terms turn it upon him, setting before him, that the taking of the Town, would break the Peace, and that they should go against the commission: Whereupon, most falsely and scandalously, he doubted not with confidence to affirm, that he had order by word of mouth from the King and his Council, to take the Town, if it were any hindrance to the digging of the Mine.  
But the event did sufficiently expound and manifest the direction; and yet that kind of interpretation little needed, for that young M. Raleigh, (who was likest to know his father's secret) when he led his soldiers upon the Town, used these or the like words, Come on my hearts, here is the Mine that ye must expect, they that look for any other Mine, are fools; And with this did well concur that which followed, in the prosecution of the Mine after the Town was taken; For this Mine was not only imaginary, but movable, for that which was directed to be 3. miles short of Saint Thomé, was after sought 30. miles beyond S. Thomé.  
All this while Sir W. Raleigh stayed at Pont degallo, by the space of some 9 weeks, during which time it was much noted by those that remained with him, that the speech of the Mine was dead, (whereas men in expectation do commonly feed themselves with the talk of that they long to hear of;) Nay more, after he had received news of the taking of the Town, which had been the fittest time to pursue the enterprise of the Mine, (in regard the Town that might have been the impediment was mastered) he never entertained any such design, but contrariwise, having knowledge at the same time, that his son was slain, (who as it seems was his only care amongst the Land soldiers) he did move very inhumanly, to remove not a little from Pont degallo to Port-hercule in respect of the danger of the Current (as he pretended) but to go for the Charibes many leagues off; accounting (as it seemeth) the land Soldiers, but as fruges consumere natos, and having his thoughts only upon Sea forces, which how they should have been employed, every man may judge. And whereas some pretence is made by him, as if he should leave some word at Pont degallo of direction, to what place the land Soldiers should follow him; it is plain, he knew them at that time so distressed for victual, as famine must have overtaken them, before they could overtake him; at which time one of his Captains told him, that he had delivered out 52. men to that service, which were then at the enterprise on Land, whose lives he held at a dear rate, and that he would not weigh Anchor, as long as he had a Cable to ride by, or a Cake of bread to eat: So Sir W. Raleigh finding no consent in that which he propounded, that cruel purpose was diverted.  
It was also much observed, that after that unfortunate return of Kemish, notwithstanding Sir W. Raleigh did publicly give out, that he would question him for failing to prosecute the Mine, he had him at Dinner, and Supper, and used him as familiarly and as kindly as before. And to Geo. Raleigh the Sergeant Major, to whom he did use the like discountenances in public, who took it more tenderly, and complained, and broke with him about it; he did open himself more plainly, telling him that he must seem to do as much as he did, to give satisfaction.  
After all this, when the prosecution of this imaginary Mine vanished, and was defeated, and that his Company cast a sad eye homewards, finding they were but abused, Sir Walter Raleigh called a Council of his Captains, and held the same in his cabin, where he propounded to them, that his Intention and design was; First, to make to the newfound lands, and there to revictual and refresh his Ships; And thence to go to the Western Islands, and there to lie in wait to meet with the Mexico Fleet, or to surprise some Carrackes; and so having gotten treasure, which might make him welcome into any foreign Country, to take some new course for his future fortunes, valuing himself as a man of great enterprise, and fame abroad; but then and at divers times, he did directly, and openly declare, that it was no coming for ENGLAND, for that he knew not how things would be construed, and that he (for his part) would never put his head under the King's girdle, except he first saw the great Seal for his pardon.  
At which time, his cogitations embracing East and West, rather than any return into his Country, he did in particular make promise to a principal Commander in his Company, to give him a Ship to go into the East Indies, if he would accompany him thither. But according to his first project, he went to the New found Land, which he needed not to have done, if his purpose had been for England, (for that he had victuals enough, and to spare, for that journey) and there at New found Land his other company having formerly dispersed and forsaken him, his own company which was in his own Ship began likewise to mutiny. And although some old Pirates, either by his inciting, or out of fear of their own case, were fierce and violent for the Sea, and against the return, yet the far greater number were for the return; at which time himself got aland, and stood upon the Sea bank, ànd put it to a question, whether they should return for England, or land at New found Land: Whereupon there was a division of voices, the one part to the Starreboard, and the other to the Larboard; of which that part which was for the return for England, was two parts of three, and would by no means be drawn to set foot on land, but kept themselves in the Ship, where they were sure they were masters; which he perceiving, for fear of further mutiny, professed in dissimulation, that he himself was for the return into England, and came and stood amongst them that had most voices; But nevertheless, after that he despaired to draw his company to follow him further, he made offer of his own Ship (which was of great value) to his company, if they would set him aboard a French Bark: The like offer he made, when he came upon the Coast of Ireland, to some of his chief Officers there.  
But about the time of his arrival upon the coast of Ireland, the forcing and sacking of Saint Thomé, and the firing of the Town, and the putting the Spaniards to the sword, was noised abroad in all parts, and was by special advertisement comen unto the knowledge of the Count de Gondomar, than Ambassador for the King of Spain with his Majesty, who thereupon prayed audience of his Majesty, and with great instance demanded justice against the persons, and their goods (who had committed those outrages and made those spoils upon his majesties subjects) according to his majesties promise, and the treaty of Peace. Whereupon his Majesty published his Royal Proclamation for the discovery of the truth of Raleighs' proceedings, and the advancement of justice. Notwithstanding all which, his Majesty used a gracious and mild course towards Sir Walter Raleigh, sending down Sir L. Stucley vice-admiral of the County of Devon, to bring Sir Walter Raleigh in fair manner, and as his health would give leave, by easy journeys to London. For about this time Sir Walter Raleigh was comen from Ireland into England, into the Port of Plymouth, where it was easy to discern with what good will he came thither, by his immediate attempt to escape from thence; For soon after his coming to Plymouth, before he was under guard, he dealt with the Owner of a French Bark (pretending it was for a Gentleman a friend of his) to make ready his Bark for a passage, and offered him twelve Crowns for his pains: And one night he went in a little Boat to have seen the Bark that should have transported him, but the night being very dark, he missed of the Bark, and came back again, nothing done; wherein by the way appears, that it was not any train laid for him by Sir Lewis Stucley or any other (as was voiced) to move or tempt him to an escape, but that he had a purpose to fly, and escape from his first arrival into England.  
But in this his purpose, he grew to be more resolute, and fixed, after that the Lords of his majesties Council, observing the delays in his coming up, had sent unto Stucley, some quick letters for the hastening thereof: But thereupon, as his desire of escape increased, so did the difficulty thereof increase also; for that Stucley from that time forth kept a better guard upon him, whereof he took that apprehension, in so much as (knowing Stucley to be witty and watchful) he grew to an opinion that it would be impossible for him to escape, except he could win one of these two points; either to corrupt Stucley, or at least to get to have some liberty, when he came to London, of remaining in his own house; for guiltiness did tell him that upon his coming to London, it was like he should be laid prisoner in the Tower. Wherefore he saw no other way, but in his journey to London, to counterfeit sickness in such a manner, as might in commiseration of his extremity, move his Majesty to permit him to remain in his own house, where he assured himself ere long, to plot an opportunity of an escape: And having in his company one Mannowry a French man, a professor of Physic, and one that had many Chemical receipts, he practised by Crowns, and promised to draw him into his consort, the better to make faith of his counterfeiting to be sick: the story whereof, Mannowry himself reporteth to have passed in this manner.  

Upon Saturday the 25. of july, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Lewis Stucley, and Mannoury went to lie at Master Drakes, where the Letters of Commission from the Privy Council were brought unto Sir Lewis Stucley, by one of his majesties messengers, which caused a sudden departure, with much more haste than was expected before: and the countenance of Sir Walter Raleigh was much changed after Sir Lewis Stucley had showed the Commission; for Mannowry saw him from the stairhead (he being alone in his chamber, the door standing half open) how he stamped with his feet, and pulled himself by the hair, swearing in these words, Gods wounds, is it possible my fortune should return upon me thus again?  
From Master Drakes they went on their journey to the house of Master Horsey, distant from thence four miles, or thereabouts. It was in that hour that Sir Walter Raleigh began first to cause Mannowry to be sounded, what was in his heart, by an old domestic of his called Captain King, who there began to discourse unto Mannowry of the infortunity of his Master, and amongst other things, said thus; I would we were all at Paris, To whom Mannowry answered, I would we were all at London, alas, what should we do at Paris? Because, quoth King, that as soon as we come to London, they will commit Sir Walter Raleigh to the Tower, and cut off his head: Whereupon Mannowry answered, That he hoped better than so, and that he was sorry for his ill fortune; and that according to his small ability, he was ready to do him all honest service he could, so it might be done without offence.  
After dinner, it being Sunday, Sir Walter Raleigh departed from Master Horsey his house, and went to Sherburne, and in the way when he came within view thereof, turning to Mannowrie, and showing him the place and the territory about it, he said unto him sighing, That all that was his, and that the King had unjustly taken it from him. He and Stucley lay not at Sherburne, but were invited to the house of old Master Parham: Mannowry and their train went to lie at Sherburne, at the sign of the George. The next day, being Monday, the seven and twentieth of july, Mannowry went to them, and from thence they took their way towards Salisbury, five and thirty miles from Sherburne; and arriving there, Sir Walter Raleigh going afoot down the hill, addressed himself unto Mannowry, and asked him if he had any of his Vomits, or other Medicines; which he telling him that he had, he prayed him to make one ready against the next morning, and to tell no body thereof. I know (quoth he) that it is good for me to evacuate many bad humours, & by this means I shall gain time to work my friends, give order for my affairs, and, it may be, pacify his Majesty before my coming to London; for I know well, that assoon as I come there, I shall to the Tower, and that they will cut off my head, if I use no means to escape it; which I cannot do, without counterfeiting to be sick, which your vomits will effect, without suspicion. For which cause the same evening, as soon as he arrived, he laid him down upon a bed, complaining much of his head, and blaming his great days journey from Sherborne to Salisbury, (notwithstanding he supped very well) but after supper he seemed to be surprised with a dimness of sight, by a swimming or giddiness in his head, and holding his hand before his face, he rose from his bed, and being led by the arm by Sir Lewis Stucley, he staggered so, that he struck his head with some violence against a post of the gallery before his Chamber, which made Sir Lewis Stucley think that he was sick indeed; in which belief Mannowry left him for that time.  
The next day in the morning, he sent his Lady his wife, and most of his servants to London, and also Captain King: and Cuthbert and Mannowry, and Sir Lewis Stucley being in Stucleyes' chamber, a servant of the said Sir Walter named Robine, came and told them that his Master was out of his wits, and that he was naked in his shirt upon all four, scratching and biting the rushes upon the Planks, which greatly pitied Sir Lewis Stucley, who rising in haste, sent Mannowry to him, who when he came, found him gotten again to his bed, and asking him what he ailed, he answered, he ailed nothing, but that he did it of purpose. And Sir Walter Raleigh asking him for his vomit, he gave it him, who made no bones, but swallowed it down incontinently: At which time Sir L. Stucley coming in, Sir Walter began again to cry and rave; Then Mannowry went out of the Chamber, and the vomit which he had given him was an hour and a half before it wrought, but in the mean time Sir Walter Raleigh began to draw up his legs and arms all on a heap, as it had been in a fit of Convulsions, and contractions of his Sinews; and that with such vehemency, that Sir Lewis Stucley had much ado with the help of others to pull out straight, sometimes an arm, sometimes a leg; which against all the strength they had, he would draw up again as it was before; whereat the said Sir Lewis Stucley, took great compassion, causing him to be well rubbed and chafed; which Sir Walter Raleigh himself afterwards told unto Mannowry, laughing that he had well exercised Sir Lewis Stucley, & taught him to be a Physician.  
This feigned fit being thus past, Sir Walter Raleigh called Mannowry, and when he came, he prayed him to stay by him, and said he would take some rest. Mannowrie shut the door, and being alone with him, Sir Walter Raleigh told him, That his vomit had done nothing as yet, and said, that he would take another more violent; but Mannowry assuring him, that without doubt it would work, he contented himself, and asked Mannowry if he could invent any thing, that might make him look horrible and loathsome outwardly, without offending his principal parts, or making him sick inwardly: Mannowry studied a little, and then told him, that he would make a Composition presently, of certain things which would make him like a Leper from head to foot, without doing him any harm, which at his entreaty he effected speedily; at which time Sir Walter Raleigh gave him the reason, why he did it, telling him that his being in that case, would make the Lords of the Counsel afraid to come near him, and move them with more pity to favour him. Soon after that Mannowry had put this Composition upon his Brow, his Arms, and his Breast, Sir Lewis Stucley came into the Chamber, and Mannowry went away, and Sir Lewis Stucley perceiving the places where Mannowry had put this Composition to be all pimpled, his face full of great blisters of divers colours, having in the midst a little touch of yellow, and round about like a purple colour, and all the rest of his skin as it were inflamed with hear, he began to apprehend the danger of the disease, that it was contagious, and being very much astonished at the sudden accident, he asked Mannowry what he thought thereof, but Mannowry judged it fit to conceal it from him at that time, seeing Sir Walter Raleigh had not yet told him, that he meant to fly out of England, but that it was only to gain time to satisfy his Majesty.  
Upon Mannowry his uncertain answer to Sir Lewis Stucley touching Sir Walter Raleigh his malady, Stucley resolved to go to my Lord Bishop of Elie, now of Winchester, to relate unto him in what case Sir Walter Raleigh was, and brought unto Raleigh two Physicians to see and visit him; who being come, could tell nothing of what humour the said sickness was composed. There came also a third, a Bachelor in Physic, who all could not by all that they could do, discover this disease; Only they gave their opinion and advise, that the Patient could not be exposed to the Air, without manifest peril of his life, and thereof they made their report in writing, unto which Mannowry also set his hand.  
Sir Walter Raleigh, seeing that all these things fell out according to his intention, was exceedingly contented thereat, especially that in the presence of the said Physicians, the vomit began to work both upwards and downwards. And because he doubted that the Physicians would ask to see his water, he prayed Mannowry to do something to make it seem troubled and bad; which to content him, (giving him the Urinal into his bed) Mannowry rubbed the inside of the glass with a certain drug, which as soon as he had made water therein, the Urine even in the hands of the Physicians, turned all into an earthy humour, of a blackish colour, and made the water also to have an ill savour, which made the Physicians judge the disease to be mortal and without remedy, but from Heaven.  
He made Mannowry also to tie his arms about with black silk ribbon, which he took from his Poniard, to try if it would distemper the pulse, but that succeeded not, as he thought it would. The day following he called Mannowry, and prayed him to make some more such blisters upon him, as upon his nose, his head, his thighs, and his legs: which Mannowry having done, it succeeded according to his desire, for which he was very jocund and merry with Mannowry, and said unto him, that the evacuation which his physic had caused, had so opened his stomach, that he was exceeding hungry, and prayed Mannowry that he would go and buy him some meat secretly; for, quoth he, if I eat publicly, it will be seen that I am not sick; so according to his request, Mannowry went to the White-hart in Salisbury, and bought him a leg of Mutton and three loaves, which he ate in secret, and by this subtlety it was thought that he lived three days without eating, but not without drink: Thus he continued until Friday the last of july, seeming always to be sick in the presence of company, and nevertheless, being alone, he writ his Declaration or Apology, and prayed Mannowry to transcribe it, which was since presented to his Majesty.  
The same evening Sir Lewis Stuckley discoursing upon his sickness, and whence it should proceed, Sir Walter Raleigh said in these words, As God save me, I think I have taken poison where I lay the night before I came to this Town; I know that Master Parham is a great lover of the King of Spain, and a Papist, and that he keeps always a Priest in his house; but I will not have any of you to speak of it, nor you monsieur (quoth he) speaking to Mannowry. Also Sir Walter Raleigh, his Chamber doors being shut, walked up and down, and only Mannowry with him, there naked in his shirt, and took a looking glass, and looking upon the spots in his face, whereat he took great pleasure, and laughing, said unto Mannowry these words, We shall laugh well one day, for having thus cozened and beguiled the King, his Council, and the Physicians, and the Spaniards and all.  
Upon the Saturday that his Majesty arrived at Salisbury, which was the first of August, Sir Walter Raleigh desired to speak with Mannowry in secret, and seemed to have a very great apprehension of some thing, and having made him shut the doors, prayed him to give him a red leather coffer, which was within another coffer, which when he had, he was a good while looking in it, and then called Mannowry, and putting nine pieces of Spanish money of gold into his hand, he said thus; There is twenty Crowns in Pistolets, which I give you for your Physical receipts, and the victual you bought me; and I will give you fifty pound a year, if you will do that which I shall tell you, and if it happen that Sir Lewis Stucley do ask you what conference you had with me, tell him that you comfort me in mine adversity, and that I make you no other answer then thus, as is here written, which he had already written with his own hand in a little piece of paper for Mannowries' instruction, as followeth:  
Vela M. Mannowry L' acceptance de tout mes travaus, pertie de mon estate, & daemon fills, mes maladies & doleurs. Vela L' effect de mon confidence au Roy. Which paper of Raleighs' hand writing Mannowry produced.  
And now Sir Walter Raleigh began to practise with Mannowrie, and to tell him that he would fly and get himself out of England, and that if Mannowry would aid him in his escape, it was all in his power: and that Sir Lewis Stucley trusted in no body but Mannowry; whereupon Mannowry made him an overture, that at his coming to London he should keep himself close in a friend's house of Mannowries in Shire-lane in London, whereunto he seemed to incline, and found Mannowries advise good for a while; but in the end he told him, that he was resolved otherwise, and that he had already sent Captain King to hire him a Bark below Gravelend, which would go with all winds, and another little boat to carry him to it; For, quoth he, to hide myself in London, I should be always in fear to be discovered by the general searchers that are there; but to escape, I must get leave to go to my house, and being there, I will handle the matter so, that I will escape out of the hands of Sir Lewis Stucley by a backdoor, and get me into the boat; for no body will doubt that I can go on foot, seeing me so feeble, as I seem to be. And then Raleigh having mused a while, without speaking. Mannowrie asked him, Sir, wherefore will you fly? your apology, and your last Declaration, do not they justify you sufficiently? Then all in choler, Raleigh answered him in English thus; Never tell me more; a man that fears is never secure; which fashion of his put Mannowry to silence for that time.  
Now there rested nothing but his majesties Licence, to permit him to go to his own house, without which (he said) he could nor possibly escape. This Licence was after granted him by the means of Master Vice-chamberlaine, and Master Secretary Naunton; which being obtained, Mannowry took occasion to say to him, That hereby one might see, that his Majesty had no meaning to take his life, seeing that he suffered him to go to his own house to recover his health. No (quoth Raleigh) they used all these kinds of flatteries, to the Duke of Byron, to draw him fairly to the prison, and then they cut off his head; I know that they have concluded amongst them, that it is expedient that a man should die, to reassure the Traffic which I have broken in Spain. And thereupon broke forth into most hateful, and Traitorous words against the Kings own Person, ending in a menace and bravery, That if he could save himself for that time, he would plot such plots, as should make the King think himself happy to send for him again, and render him his estate with advantage; yea and force the King of Spain, to write into England in his favour.  
Mannowry at that time did ask him further, if he escaped, what should become of Sir Lewis Stucley? and whether he should be put to death for him or not, and whether he should lose his Office and Estate? Not to death (quoth Raleigh) but he will be imprisoned for a while, but his lands the King cannot have, for that they are already assured to his eldest son; and for the rest, it was no part of his care. Mannowry further asked him, if it were not Treason in himself to be aiding to his escape; No (quoth he) for that you are a stranger; nevertheless, you must not be known of any thing, for than you will be sure to be put in prison. In conclusion, Mannowry demanded of him yet further, But what if it be discovered, that I had any hand in your escape? why (quoth he) follow me into France, (that is your Country) and quit all, and I will make you amends for all.  
After, Raleigh went on his journey to Andolier, and so to Hartford-bridge, and from thence to stains, during which time, Sir Lewis Stucley being made acquainted by Mannowry with Raleigh his purpose to escape, used extraordinary diligence in guards and watches upon him; which Raleigh perceiving, said to Mannowry at stains; I perceive well, it is not possible for me to escape by our two means alone, Stucley is so watchful, and sets such straight guard upon me, and will be too hard for us, for all our cunnings; therefore there is no way but to make him of our counsel; and if we can persuade him, to let me save myself, I will give him in hand two hundred pounds sterling worth: and thereupon drew forth a jewel, and showed it to Mannowrie, and gave it into his hand, made in the fashion of hail powdered with Diamonds, with a Ruby in the midst, which he valued at a hundred and fifty pound sterling, and said, Besides this jewel, he shall have fifty pound in money; I pray you go tell him so from me, and persuade him to it, I know he will trust you.  
Mannowrie went presently to Stucley, and told him as before, and concluded with him, that Mannowrie should report back to Raleigh, that he would accept of his offer, and bade him tell Raleigh also, that he was content to do as he desired; but he would choose rather to go away with him, then to tarry behind with shame and reproach; and he bade Mannowrie ask him further, how he thought he could do this, without losing his Office of Vice-admiral, which cost him six hundred pounds, and how they should live afterwards; and to what place they should go, and what means he would carry with him, to furnish this intended escape; which Mannowrie did, and was answered by the said Raleigh, and prayed to tell Stucley, that if he would swear unto him, not to discover him, he would tell him his whole intent; and that for the first point, though Stucley should lose his Office, yet he should be no looser upon the matter; and for afterwards, assoon as he was gotten into France, or Holland, his wife was to send him a thousand pounds Sterling, and that he carried with him only a thousand Crowns in money and jewels to serve for the present in his escape. But after supper, Raleigh said unto Mannowrie, Oh, if I could escape without Stucley, I should do bravely; But it is no matter (said he) I'll carry him along, and afterwards I'll dispatch myself of him well enough. And after, Mannowrie relating all that had passed, to Stucley, brought them together, at which time Raleigh showed the jewel to Stucley; and he making show to be content, prayed him a little respite to dispose of his Office; whereupon Mannowrie seeing them so accorded upon the matter in appearance, took his leave of them to go to London; and in the morning Mannowrie upon the taking of his leave, said to Raleigh, that he did not think to see him again while he was in England; Whereupon Raleigh gave him a Letter directed to Mistress Herrys of Radford, that she should deliver him an iron furnace with a Distillatory of Copper belonging unto it, and charged him to tell every man he met, that he was sick, and that he left him in an extreme looseness that very night.  
But Raleigh having formerly dispatched a messenger to London, to prepare him a Bark for his escape, came at last to London, and having won his purpose, (by these former devices of feigned sickness) to be spared from imprisonment in the Tower, and to be permitted to remain at his own house, till his better recovery; there fell out an accident, which gave him great hopes and encouragement speedily to facilitate his intended design for escape. For as he came on his way to London, in his Inn at Brentford, there came unto him a Frenchman named Lafoy Chesnay, a follower of Le Clere, last Agent here for his majesties dearest brother the French King; who told him that the French Agent was very desirous to speak with him as soon as might be after his arrival at London, for matters greatly concerning the said Sir Welter's weal and safety; as in effect it fell out, that the very next night after his arrival at London, the said Le Clere, and La Chesnay came unto him to his house, and there did the said Le Clear offer unto him a French Bark, which he had prepared for him to escape in, and withal his Letters recommendatory for his safe conduct and reception to the Governor of Calis, and to send a Gentleman expressly that should attend and meet him there; to which offer of his, Raleigh after some questions passed, finding the French Bark not to be so ready, nor so fit as that himself had formerly provided, gave him thanks, and told him that he would make use of his own Bark, but for his Letters, and the rest of his offer, he should be beholding to him, because his acquaintance in France was worn out. So passionately bent was he upon his escape, as that he did not forbear to trust his life, and to communicate a secret importing him so near, upon his first acquaintance, and unto a stranger, whom he hath since confessed that he never saw before. And thus after two nights stay, the third night he made an actual attempt to escape, and was in Boat towards his Ship, but was by Stucley arrested, brought back, and delivered into the custody of the Lieutenant of the Tower.  
For these his great and heinous offences, in acts of Hostility upon his majesties confederates, depredations, and abuses, as well of his Commission, as of his majesties Subjects under his charge, Impostures, Attempts of escape, declining his majesties justice, and the rest, evidently proved or confessed by himself; he had made himself utterly unworthy of his majesties further mercy: And because he could not by Law be judicially called in question, for that his former attainder of Treason is the highest and last work of the Law (whereby he was Civiliter mortuus) his Majesty was enforced (except Attainders should become privileges for all subsequent offences) to resolve to have him executed upon his former Attainder.  
HIs majesties just and honourable proceedings being thus made manifest to all his good Subjects by this preceding Declaration, not founded upon conjectures or likelihoods; but either upon confession of the party himself, or upon the examination of divers unsuspected witnesses, he leaves it to the world to judge, how he could either have satisfied his own justice, (his honourable intentions having been so perverted and abused by the said Sir W. Raleigh) or yet make the uprightness of the same his intentions appear to his dearest Brother the King of Spain; if he had not by a Legal punishment of the Offender, given an example, as well of terror to all his other Subjects, not to abuse his gracious meanings, in taking contrary courses for the attaining to their own unlawful ends; as also of Demonstration to all other foreign Princes and States, whereby they might rest assured of his majesties honourable proceeding with them, when any the like case shall occur: By which means his Majesty may the more assuredly expect and claim an honourable concurrence, and a reciprocal correspondence from them, upon any the like occasion. But as to Sir Walter Raleigh his confession at his Death, what he confessed or denied touching any the points of this declaration, his Majesty leaves him and his conscience therein to God, as was said in the beginning of this Discourse. For Sovereign Princes cannot make a true judgement upon the bare speeches or asseverations of a delinquent at the time of his death, but their judgement must be founded upon examinations, reexaminations, and confrontments, and such like real proofs, as all this former discourse is made up and built upon; all the material and most important of the said examinations being taken under the hands of the examinates that could write, and that in the presence of no fewer than six of his majesties privy Counsel, and attested by their alike several subscriptions under their hands, which were my Lords, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Verulam Lord Chancellor of England, the Earl of Worcester Lord Privy Seal, Master Secretary Naunton, the Master of the Rolls, and Sir Edward Coke.    

Imprinted at LONDON by BONHAM NORTON and JOHN BILL, Printers to the Kings most Excellent Majesty.  
ANNO 1618.   

TO The whole World.  
O WORLD!  
THou seest what Contradiction these poor weak Sermons have met withal; how they have been, and are accused of falsehood, envy, malice, peevishness: that the Magistrates are slandered in them; and very lies uttered in the face of City, and Country. I am necessitated to appeal to God, and the World. O World I hold forth unto thy view faithfully all that was ●●●ken, nothing omitted. I call unto thee, to be my true and impartial witness: and let the God of Truth be judge!