THE MANVALL of the Anatomy or dissections of the body of Man, Which usually are showed in the public anatomical Exercises. Methodically digested into 6 Books By Alexander Read, D; of Physic London, sold by F. Constable, at his Shop Church, near 163● THE MANVALL of the Anatomy of dissection of the body of Man, containing the enumeration, and description of the parts of the same, which usually are showed in the public anatomical exercises. Enlarged and more methodically digested into 6 Books. BY ALEXANDER READ, Doctor of Physic, a Fellow of the Physician's College of London, and a brother of the Worshipful Company of the Barber-Chirurgeons. LONDON, Printed by J. H. for F. Constable, and are to be sold at his shop under Saint Martin's Church near Ludgate. 1638. CAROLO Magnae Britanniae Monarchae, Hiberniaeque ac Galiae Regi potentissimo fausta omnia precor. EN offero Majestati vestrae lucubratiunculas istas Anatomicas. Munus fate or te minimè dignum, quem Deus ad supremum ferè honoris in terris culmen evexit. Nihilominus si omnia justo trutinae examine pensentur, quivis aequus arbiter pronuntiabit eas ad te properare debere. Cogitaverat pridem apud se Majestas vestra quam utile, imo necessarium huic Reipublicae sit multos habere peritos Chirurgos, sive Pax alma floreat, sive Bellum ingruat. Quapropter ea sanxit, ut doctus aliquis ac peritus Medicus communion is hujus fratribus ex suggestu, singulis aiebus Martis, huic exercitio destinatis praecepta artis traderet ab auditoribus excipienda, atque Anatomicis dissectionibus temporibus constitutis praecsset. Quum ea munia mihi obeunda ante aliquot annos commissa fuissent, animadverti illorum inrebus anatomicis profectum mirè tardatum, quod nullum haberent compendium Anatomicum, lingua vulgari emissum. Ut huic desiderio occurrerem compendiolum tale inlucem emisi: ex cujus lectione tyrones fructum aliquem percepere. Verum quum proficientibus visum fuisset nimis jejunum sumpsi id iterum in manus, ac copiosius de humani corporis partibus disserui. Quum itaqque secunda cura refictum in lucem emittendum sit, ad quem potius, quam ad vestram Majestatem tendet, quae primae foeturae autrix fuit. Nec est quod verear me audaciae, aut inverecundiae crimen incursurum: Quum mihi securitatem promittat eximia vestra comitas atque affabilitas erga omnes, quae omnium amorem conciliant, ut dignitas regia timorem. Quae duo Sceptra Regibus firmant. Unum hoc opellae huic ex hac Dedicatione promittere possum: Eam gratiorem omnibus futuram, quod tanti ac talis Regis nomen sibi praescripserit. Scribebam Londini 4. Calend. Octob. Anni ab exhibito in carne Messia, supra millesimum sexcentesimum tricesimi septimi. Vestrae Majestatis cultor humilimus ALEXANDER REIDUS Scoto-Britannus. The Number and Contents of the Books. THe first Book containeth the description of the parts of the belly, and hath 27. Chap. The second Book containeth the description of the parts of the breast, and hath 9 Chapters. The third book describeth the head, and hath 16. Chapt. The fourth setteth down the veins, arteries, and sinews of the limbs, and hath 7. Chap. The fifth setteth down the bones, and hath 10. Chapters. With the sixth Book of muscles, and a Table of the figures. Fig. I. Fig. II. THE FIRST Book of the lower cavity called Abdomen. CAP. I. Of the division of the parts of the body of man in general. ANatomy is an The description of Anatomy. artificial separation of the parts of the body of section, practised to attain to the knowledge of the frame of it, and the use of each part. In anatomical exercises first, the whole carcase doth offer itself: then the parts. The whole hath four The regions of the whole. regions, to wit, the fore and back parts, and the lateral, which are the right and left. I call the whole that which containeth the What the whole and a part signify. parts, and a part that which is contained in the whole, according to the most ample acception of the term part; for in a more strict acceptation a part is a body solid cohering with the whole endued with life, and framed to perform some function. A part then must be Things required in a part being strictly taken. solid, the humours than cannot be numbered amongst the parts, because 1 they are fluid. Secondly, it must 2 have life, and so the extremities of hairs and nails are not to be accounted parts. Thirdly, one part 3 must not nourish another, and so the blood, fat, and spirits are not parts. 4 Fourthly, it must have a circumscription. 5 Fifthly, it must be united with the whole. 6 Sixthly, it must have some action and use. The principal differences The differences of parts. of parts are taken either from their nature or functions. From their nature, parts are said to be either similary or dissimilary. A similary part is that What a similary part is. whose particles are of the same substance and denomination with the whole: as every portion of a bone is a bone. It is otherwise called a simple part. Of simple parts there The number of simple parts. are ten in number, to wit, the skin, a membrane, the flesh, a fiber, a vein, an artery, a nerve, a ligament, a cartilege, and a bone; they are comprehended in these two lines. Cartilago, caro, membrana, arteria, nervus; Vena, ligamentum, cutis, os, lentissima fibra. To these a tendon, Of a tendon. which is the principal part of a muscle, may be added; for the substance of it is simple, without any composition. Of the former simple The differences of simple parts. parts some are simple indeed, and these are in number seven; the skin, a membrane, the flesh, a fiber, a ligament, a cartilege, a bone. The rest are only simple to the eye or sense, and not to reason, for a nerve (for example) is composed of many filaments, covered with a membrane. A dissimilary part is What a dissimilary part is. that whose portions are neither of the same substance, nor the same denomination, as a muscle, in the which are flesh, a nerve and a tendon. It is otherwise called a compound part, and an organical part. In an organical part Things to be observed in an organical part. four particles are found; First, the chief 1 particle, as the crystallin humour in the eye. Secondly, that particle, 2 without the which the action cannot be performed, as the optic nerve. Thirdly, that which 3 furthereth the action, as are the membranes and muscles. Fourthly, that by the 4 which the action is preserved, as the eyelids. Of organical parts The degrees of an organical part. there are four degrees. 1 The first is made only of the similars, as a muscle. 2 The second receiveth the first kind of organical parts, and other similaries, as a finger. 3 The third admitteth those of the second degree, as the hand. 4 The fourth is made of the third and other parts, as the arm. Parts from their function The differences of parts taken from their function. are said to be either sustaining or sustained. The bones sustain the frame of the whole body, the rest are sustained. Now these are the cavities or the limbs. CAP. II. Of the circumscription, regions, substance, and parts of the abdomen. OF all the parts of the body which are sustained, we are to begin dissection with the cavities: First, because they offer themselves to the view in the fore region of the body. Secondly, because they being moist, and apt to receive the impression of the external heat, soon putrefy, and send out noisome smells. The cavities are appointed to receive the principal parts, and those which minister unto them. Wherefore there are three cavities according to the number of the principal parts. The head is for the brain, the breast is for the heart, and the belly for the liver. And because this cavity is most subject to putrefaction, you are to begin at it. Now four things concerning it offer themselves. First, the circumscription or bounding of it. Secondly, the regions of it. Thirdly, the substance of it. Fourthly, the special parts of it. As concerning the circumscription of it, it is severed from the breast by the midrife. It is bounded above by the cartilago ensiformis, and beneath with the share bones. The regions of it are three, the uppermost, middlemost, and lowermost. The uppermost which is bounded between the mucronita cartilago, and three inches above the navel, about the ending of the short ribs, hath three parts: The lateral, which are called hypochondria, or subcartilaginea, because they be under the cartilages of the short ribs. In the right hypochondrium lieth the greatest part of the liver, but in the left the spleen, and greatest part of the stomach. The third part is that which before lieth between the two lateral parts, and is properly called epigastrium, because the stomach lieth under it. In this part remarkable is the pit of the breast, which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or scrobiculus cordis, by the modern Writers. The middlemost part extendeth itself from three inches above the navel, to three inches under it. The fore part is where the navel is, from whence it is called regio umbilicalis. The two lateral parts have no proper denominations. In the right are contained intestinum caecum with part of Colon. In the left part of it, a portion of jejunum and the rest of colon. The rest of jejunum is under the navel. The navel in man is wrinkled, as the forehead of an aged woman; but in other creatures it is only a hard knot without hairs, having no wrinkle. It hath no lateral parts, having no proper names, although Laurentius lib. 6. Histor. Anatom. affirmeth it to have, and give them names; in this region is contained the whole hungry gut. The lower region called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: This region 3 The lower region. hath three parts, the lateral, and the middlemost: The lateral which reach to the hypochondria, are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because they are the seat of lust, which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. By Hippoc. they are termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because they being placed between the hanch-bones and ribs, are lank, and seem to contain nothing. In Latin they are called Ilia. Ilia, because the iliam intestina lieth under them on every side. Besides this in the right part are placed portions of the colon, & caecum intestinum, which are tied together. In the left part are contained a great part of the colon, and the intestinum rectum. The fore part of the hypogastrium by Aristot. lib. I. Histor. animal. 3. is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which Gaza calleth Abdomen and Sumen. Under it lieth the pubes, which word signifieth both the hairs, and the place where the hairs grow, which appear to bud in girls the twelft year, but in boys the fourteenth year, when way is made for the monthly courses and seed, the skin being there made thinner, the heat increasing in them. At the sides of the pubes appear 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or inguina, Inguina. the groins. Under this middle region, are contained the bladder, the intestinum rectum, and the matrix in women. The hindermost parts The hindermost parts. are called lumbi the loins, and they reach from the bending of the back to the buttocks called nates ab innitenda, because when we sit, we rest upon them. The fleshy part on each side is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, à palpando, from calling or clapping. In the right loin, the right kidney; but in the left, the left kidney is contained. CAP. III. Of the common containing parts of the belly. THe common containing parts of the belly are four, the skarf-skin, the skin, the fat, and the membrana carnosa. The skin in man is called cutis, but in beasts aluta, in Greek it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉; either 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it is easily flayed off, or from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, seeing it is the end and superficies of the whole body: Of all the membranes of the body, it is the thickest. It hath a double substance; the one is external 1 Culitula. called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it is placed upon the skin as a cover, but is termed cuticula in Latin; for it is as large as the skin, and more compact; for waterish sharp humours passing through the skin are stayed by the thickness of this, and so pustules are caused. In man it is as the peelings in onions. It is without blood, and without feeling. Three causes concur to the generation of it; to wit, the material cause is a viscous and oleous vapour of the blood. The internal efficient cause, the natural heat of the subjacent parts, raising it up. The external efficient cause is the external coldness, partly of the air, partly of the skin itself: It is engendered even as the thin skin in milk, and fat broths: It is hardly separate from the skin with a knife; but easily in living creatures, by a vesicatory, and in dead persons by fire, or scalding hot water. 1. The use of it is to defend the skin, which is of an equisit sense, from external immoderate, either heat, or cold. In cold weather it breaketh the cold, that the perspiration should not be altogether hindered: In hot weather by it compactness, it hindereth too great perspiration. Secondly, to be a middle between the skin and the object of feeling. Thirdly, to stay the ichorous substance from issuing from the veins and arteries; for this we see when the cuticula is rubbed off by any means. The true skin is six 2 times thicker than the scarf skin: in children, women, and those which are borne in hot countries, it is thinner, but in men, and in those who inhabit cold countries, it is thicker. The Negroes become black, because they having a softer skin, and large pores and loose, many vapours of the adjust humours, which are raised with the sweat, the grosser substance whereof by reason of the excessive heat, being dried and burned, caused the blackness of the skin; for their infants are not borne black, but reddish; and they afterwords become black, the cuticula growing in them as in us. The skin in the forehead and sides it is thin, thinner yet in the palm of the hand, but thinnest of all in the lips and cod. In the head, back, and under the heel it is thickest. Under the heel, the cuticula in some will be as thick as a barley corn. The pores will appear in the skin in the winter time, it being bared; for where they are, the cuticula will appear as a Goose skin. The skin hath an action, to wit, the sense of feeling. Pinguedo, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, est humour 3. Of fat. mor oleosus nostri corporis a calore moderato subjectarum illi partium elevatus, ac inter membranam carnosam ac cutem concrescens, quae partes sunt densiores ac frigidiores. Ejus Its kinds. 2. sunt species, axungia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, & saevum sive 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. They differ, for first, axungia is in beasts not horned, which are full toothed; but saevum in beasts not horned, which are not full toothed. Secondly, axungia is easily melted, but not so easily congealed; but saevum is not easily melted, but is easily congealed. Thirdly, grease is not brittle, but tallow is. The fat under the skin is grease; but in the call, kidneys, the heart, the eyes, and about the joints it is tallow. The uses of it are these: First, it defendeth the body from the air; So Apothecaries when they mean to preserve juices, they pour oil upon them. Secondly, it preserveth the natural heat. Thirdly, it furthereth beauty by filling up the wrinkles of the skin. Fourthly, in the muscles it filleth up the empty places, it is under the vessels that they may pass safely; in the entrails it helpeth concoction, in the buttocks it is as down in a pillow. Membrana carnosa or 4 Membrana carnosa. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, so called in man, not that it is in him fleshy, but nervous, and so nervea; but because in beasts, which the Ancients used most commonly to dissect, it is endued with fleshy fibers, in the birth it is red, but in those of ripe age white; in the forehead and neck, it is more fleshy. Within it is bedewed with a visevous humour, to further their motion by keeping the superficies of them, from desiccation, which otherwise might fall out by reason of their motion. It is of an exquisite sense, whereof when it is pricked with sharp humours it causeth grooving: such as are felt in the beginning of ague fits. First, it preserveth Its uses. the heat of the internal parts. Secondly it furthereth the gathering of the fat. Thirdly, it strengtheneth the vessels, which pass between it and the skin. CAP. IU. Of the proper containing parts. THe proper containing parts are the muscles of the belly, and the peritonaeum. Of the muscles we have spoken else where, a pag. 24 ad 35. & 245. & 256. Peritonaeum is tied above to the midrife, below to the share and flank bones, in the forepart firmly to the transverse muscles, but chiefly to their tendons about the linea alba, behind to the fleshy heads of these muscles loosely and the membrane of the nerves, which come from the vertebrae of the lounes. The end of this firm connexion is to press equally the belly, for the expulsion of the ordure and breathing. If this connexion had not been, the peritonaeum would have become wrinkled, the muscles being contracted. If it had not been lose tied to the fleshy parts, the contraction of them in the compression of the belly had been hindered. As for the proceeding of it, Fallopius will have it to proceed from a strong twisting of sinews, from whence the mesenterium hath its beginning. Some will have it to proceed from the ligaments, by the which the vertebrae of the loins and the ossacrum are tied together. Picolhomineus will have them to be framed of those nerves which spring out of the spinalis medulla about the first, and third vertebrae of the loins, which are tied together by both the meanings, when they march further: Here it is very thick, because it was to be much extended. It is double every where, but chiefly about the vertebrae of the loins, where between the duplications lie the vena cava, the aorta, and the kidneys. In the hypagastrium two tunicles are apparently seen, between which the bladder and matrix lie. All the parts which receive nourishment from the vena cava, are seated between the coats, as the afore named parts; but those which receive nourishment from the vena porta, as are they which serve for concoction of the nourishment, are not, the umbilical vessels also are placed in the duplicature of the peritonaeum, that they may march the more safely. To the beginning of the productions of the peritonaeum, the inner coat cleaveth firmly, and shutteth the hole, by the which the spermatick vessels pass from the lower part of the belly. If this be broken, the outer coat is relaxed, and so a rupture is caused. The Peritonaeum is thickost; First, where there are maniest humours, to hinder the breaking of the subjacent part, and issuing out of them, as above the stomach. Secondly, where many vessels, and spirits are, as above the spleen. Thirdly, where much stretching is required, as above the bladder, matrix and stomach. CAP. V. Of the Omentum. THe parts contained Of the parts contained in the lower belly. serve either for nutrition, or procreation. As for the parts serving for nutrition, they either serve for chylification, or sanguification. The principal efficient cause of chylification, is the stomach; but the adjuvants, are the call and the pancreas. The principal efficient causes of sanguification, are the liver, and spleen, but the other parts are the adjuvant causes. Of these some receive the excrements of the chylification, as the guts. The excrements of the sanguification are two, choler, and the waterish humour. The thin choler is received by the vesica fellea; but the gross choler, by the meatus cholidochus: The waterish humour is turned to the kidneys, and from thence to the bladder, by the ureters. The parts appointed for procreation, are the genitals, both in men, and women. Next then to the Peritonaeum is the Omentum, or cawl, in Greek it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 because it seemeth to swim above the upper guts. The Arabians call it Zirbus. It is composed of two It's substance. membranes. The uppermost doth spring about the bottom of the stomach, from the common coat of it, and is tied to the hollow part of the liver and spleen. The lowermost doth It's connexion. spring from the Peritonaeum, immediately under the midrife towards the back, and is tied to the hollow part of the liver, to the midrife, to the duodenum intestinum, to the convex part of the spleen, and last of all, to all that part of the colon which marcheth under the stomach. It hath veins only Its veins. from porta gastroepiplois dextra & sinistra: they are inserted into the upper membrane; but epiplois dextra, & postica in to the inferior membrane. It hath so many arteries Its arteries. from ramus soeliacus, & mesenteruus. It hath Its sinews. small sinews from the costale branch of the sixth pair. It hath much fat: if it be plentiful, and the call reach to the os pubis, in women it causeth sterility, by compressing the mouth of the matrix; in men it causeth a rupture, by relaxing the peritonaeum: This rupture is called epiploenterocele. In figure it representeth It's figure. 6. De Anat. administ. a Falconer's pouch, according to Galen: The mouth is round, and the bottom is made by the two membranes joined together. This will appear if you fill it with water, by Galens' advice. It is then of substance The reason of the frame of it. membranous, that it might admit dilatation, and extension. It is thin, that it should not burden the subjacent parts; it is compact to hinder the dissipation of the internal heat, and to repel the external cold. The fat is about the veins and arteries, to The fat. strengthen them, from being compressed by the repletion of the belly, and other motions. When the stomach is full, and the guts empty, the upper membrane is raised, the lower remaining in its own place; but if the guts be full, and the stomach empty, than the lower membrane riseth up, the upper remaining in is town place. It is tied to the stomach, being a middle part between the colon and the spleen, and that it should not totter from side to side. It is tied in the right side to the colon and liver, but in the left side to the spleen. It hath its beginning It's beginning from those parts unto which it is tied, that it might receive veins and arteries from thence for blood, and life. The lower part is free and untied, that sometimes the upper, sometimes the lower membrane might rise up. The uses of it are three: First, it cherisheth the internal heat of the stomach and intestins. Secondly, it ministereth nourishment to the parts in time of famine, Galen. de us. part. li. 4. c. II. The third is to contain the humours flowing from the intestins, which the glandules cannot receive wholly at one time, Hippoc. lib. de glandalis. Creatures which have An observation. no call, help the concoction, by doubling their hinder legs and resting their belly upon them, as Hares and Coneys. They who have had a Another. portion of it cut off, because it was corrupted, having fallen out, by reason of a wound received in the abdomen, have afterward a weak concoction, and are enforced to cover the belly well. See Galen. lib. 4. de usis. part. 9 where he proveth this by example. CAP. VI Of the Guia. THe Gullet or weasand The marching of it. is an organical part, which beginneth about the root of the tongue, and passeth from thence directly between the windpipe, the vertebrae of the neck, and the four first vertebrae of the breast, upon the which it resteth; but when it is come to the fifth vertebra of the breast, it giveth way to the trunk of the great artery descending by turning a little to the right side: afterward accompanying the artery to the ninth vertebra, there it is raised up by means of the membranes from the vertebra, and marching above the artery, it passeth through the nervous body of the midrife, and is inserted into the left orifice of the ventriculus, about the eleventh vertebra of the breast. It is called properly The names of it. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quia angustus & longus. See Aristor. I. histor. animal. 16. It is also called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quod cibum ad ventriculum vehat. It is framed of three It's structure membranes. The first is the uttermost and common compassing the two proper, which it hath either from the peritonaeum according to some, or from the ligaments of the vertebrae of the neck and breast upon which it resteth. The second is the middlemost, and it is fleshy and thick, and hath only transverse fibres. The third is the innermost, and it is membranous, and hath only small and strait fibres. It is joined to that It's connexion. membrane which covereth the throat, palate, mouth and lips; so that before vomiting, signs in the lips will appear. It hath veins both from The vessels. the vena cava, and the porta: for it hath sprigs from vena sine pari while it is yet in the breast; but where it is joined to the ventricle, it hath some twigs from ramus coronarius, which proceedeth from the porta. It hath Arteries from the intercostal arteries, and ramus caeliacus coronarius. Nerves it hath from the sixth pair, which are carried obliquely for safety, as Galen noteth 6. the usu part. 6. and are very many; which is the cause that the parts about the upper orifice of the ventricle are so sensible. It hath four Glandules; Its Glandules. two in the throat, which are called Tonsillae, or almonds, common to the Weazand and the larynx, which prepare the pituitous humour to moisten them: other two it hath about the middle of it towards the back about that place, where the aspera arteria is divided into two branches, under which it lieth. The weasand serveth The use of it. as a funnel to carry meat and drink to the maw, for it receiveth them by dilating its proper internal coat, and turneth them down by the constriction of the middlemost coat, and the muscles of the Pharynx. CAP. VII. Of the Ventriculus or stomach. THat part which we It's denomination. term the stomach in English, in Latin is called Ventriculus, to distinguish it from the great ventricles. In Greek, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from its cavity. It is placed immediately It's situation. under the midrife, which it toucheth, wherefore if it be too full, it causeth a difficulty of breathing by hindering the motion of it. In the forepart, and in the right side, it is covered with the hollow part of the liver: in the left side by the spleen; towards the back by the aorta, the vena cava, and the pancreas, which further its heat. The bigness of it is It's bigness. commonly such, as is capable to receive so much food at one time, as is sufficient for nutrition. It is less in women than in men, to give way to the distension of the matrix. They who have large mouths, have large stomaches. It is joined with the It's connexion. gula on the left side, where its upper orifice is; it is tied to the duodenum, where the lower orifice is on the right side. The bottom is joined to the upper part of the call. The substance of it is It's substance. membranous, that it might admit distension and constriction. It hath three membranes. The first is common, which it hath from the peritonaeum about the upper orifice; it is the thickest of all those which spring from the peritonaeum, the fibres of it are straight. The second is fleshy, and the fibres of it are transverse, under which a few oblique and fleshy lie. The third is membranous, endued with all kinds of fibres, the strait are most conspicuous and plentiful, to embrace the food firmly, until chylification be perfected, as the second membrane hath oblique to expel the chylus. It hath also two orifices. Its orifices. The one is in the left 1 side, called sinistrum wider then that in the right, that meat not well chewed might the better pass; It is called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, Cor, from whence the pains which happen in it are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because there is a great consent between it and the heart, by reason of the twigs of nerves, which proceed from the same branch, which do spring from the sixth pair communicate to both, so that one being affected primarily, the other must suffer by consent. This hath orbicular fibres, that the meat and drink being once received within the capacity of the stomach, it might be exactly shut, lest fumes and the heat should break out, which might hinder concoction. The other by the Grecians is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, janitor, or doorkeeper, because it as a Porter doth make way for the Chylus to descend to the duodenum: It is not wide as the other orifice, because it was only to transmisse the elaborate Chylus: wherefore besides its transverse fibres, it hath a thick & compact circle representing the sphinter muscule, that it might the more easily open and shut. It hath veins, first from Its Veins the trunk of vena porta, and this is pytoricus ramus, or from the branches of the same: wherefore from ramus splenicus it hath gastrica, from whence Coronaria springeth; Gastroepiplois sinistra, & vas breve, from the ramus mesentericus. before it be divided it hath Gastroepiplois dextra. It hath Arteries from Its arteries. ramus coeliacus, which do accompany every vein. It hath many Nerves from the sixth pair, which with the gula passing through the midrife cross one another; for the right sinew doth compass the left and fore part; but the left, the right and hinder part of the stomach. So that the upper part of the stomach is of an exquisite sense. These three vessels pass between the common and proper coats, and end in their orifices in the internal membrane. It is the seat of hunger, The cause of hunger. and soon doth feel the defect of aliment: for blood being spent in the veins, upon the nourishment of the body, the fibres of the internal membrane of the stomach are contracted, and so this pain which is called hunger is caused. The action of the stomach It's action Chylus. is Chylification: now Chylus is a white juice reasonable thick like Barley cream, wrought by the faculty of the stomach out of the aliments. This is chiefly elaborate by the heat of the stomach, yet the adjacent parts putting to their helping hands; as in the right side, the liver; in the left, the spleen: above the midrife, below the guts, before the call, behind the trunks of vena cava and the aorta. This heat of the stomach is temperate, and somewhat moist, that this concoction might resemble boiling. Of figure, it is round It's figure. moderately, partly that it should not take too much room, partly that it might receive much. It is somewhat long and hath two orifices higher than the bottom, lest fone should have been in the bottom, the aliment unconcocted should have issued out of it. CAP VIII. Of the Intestines or Guts. THe guts are called The etymon. in Latin Intestina, in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. They begin at the Pylorus, and end in the fundament. They have a round figure, The figure. that they might contain sufficient nourishment. They are of a membranous Their substance. substance, that they might readily constriction and dilation. In length they are six Their length. times as long as the whole body. They have three coats, Their coats. one common from the Peritonaeum, but mediately; for in the duodenum, and that part of the colon which cleaveth to the stomach, it proceedeth immediately from the lower membrane of the cawl; but in the jejunum, ●leum, the rest of the colon, and the thick guts it proceedeth from the membranes of the mesenterium. They have two proper, to retain, and expel readily; The outermost is membranous, the innermost nervous, although it seem to be fleshy, by reason of the crusty substance, with the which it is lined; which is framed of the excrements of the third concoction of the guts themselves. It is also glazed with a mucous substance, which is nothing else but an excrementiticus phlegmy substance, bred in the first concoction: This furthereth the expulsion of the faeces, and hindereth excoriation, which might be caused when sharp humours pass thorough them. This internal membrane The fibres. in the small guts hath oblique fibres, but the external transverse, because these are appointed for the retention and expulsion of the chylus. But in the thick guts, the inner membrane hath transverse, but the outer hath oblique and strait, because they are appointed for the expulsion of the excrements: The inner membrane of the small guts is full of wrinkles, to stay the chylus from passing too soon. Between the common coat and those which are proper, the vena & arteris Mesaraicae march. The veins flow from the Their veins. porca, although not from the same branch: For the duodenus surculus is sent into the duodenum, and the Haemorrhoidalis, to the left part of the colon, and the whole rectum, as the dexter mesentericus is sent to the jejunum, caecum, ileum, and the right part of the colon. Epiplois postica, is inserted into the middle part of the colon, which marcheth transversly under the stomach; besides these a sprig from the ramus epigastricus of the vena cava is sent to the intestinum rectum, which maketh the external haemorrhoidal. The Arteries spring The Arteries. partly from ramus Caeliacus, partly from both the mesentericae, to the duodenum, and the beginning of jejunum, a sprig is sent from the right ramus Caeliacus: but to the rest of the jejunum, to ileum, caecum, and the right part of Colon mesentericus superior: to the left part of Colon, and to the intestinum rectum, mesentericus inferior is sent. At the last, epiplois postica, which riseth from the lower part of Arteria spleaica, which is the left branch of arteria caeliaca, is sent to the middle part of Colon, which lieth under the stomach. Nerves they have from The Nerves the sixth pair: the duodenum hath small twigs from the stomach, which go to the Pylorus. The other guts have very many, which spring from the branch, which is bestowed upon the roots of the ribs: but the intestinum rectum, about the podex hath four twigs from the fifth conjugation of those which spring from the os sacrum. This is the cause why so great pain is felt in the Colon, & rectum, when they are ill affected. The guts have fat The fat. without, and not within. The guts are of two The differences of the guts. sorts; for they are either thin or thick. The thin which have The thin. thinner membranes are in number three. 1 The first is duodenum, because it is thought to have twelve inches in length. It doth pass directly under the stomach to the beginning of those guts which begin to be gathered by the mesentereum, for this is tied with it. 2 The second is jejunum, or the hungry gut; for in dead carcases it is for the most part found empty; partly by reason of the multitude of the veins, partly by reason of the acrimony of the choler, which proceedeth pure from the liver. In length it is 12. hands breadth and three inches, and as broad as the ring finger. The internal membrane is longer than the external; for it hath innumerable orbicular, and transverse wrinkles to stay the chylus. It beginneth on the right side, under the colon, where the dnodenum endeth, and the guts begin to be wreathed, and filling almost the whole umbilical region, it endeth into the ileum: of all other guts it hath greatest store of veins and arteries; and by these you may find the circumscription of it. Meatns biliaerius is inserted into the beginning of this gut which sendeth choler from the gall, which pricketh the guts to hasten expulsion. 3 The third is Ileum, it hath thinner membranes than the rest of the tenuia. It is seated under the navel, and filleth both the Ilia. It is the longest of all the guts, for in length it containeth 21. hand-bredth, but it is the narrowest of all, for it is but an inch in breadth. It hath fewer wrinkles than the jejunum, and lesser, which about the end of it scarcely appear. It beginneth where both smaller and fewer veins appear, and endeth about the place of the right kidnie, where it is joined both with the intestinum coecum, & colon. The external coat of the tenuia intestina is more thin and fleshy than the internal. It hath transverse and orbicular fibres, with a few strait to strengthen the transverse. The internal coat it hath partly strait, partly oblique fibres. Yet fewer strait than the crassa intestina have. These guts have a motion inch as worms have when they crawl, or leeches when they suck, to draw downward the chylus: for it is not in our power to send this away, as we do the excrements. The crassa intestina have not this motion, and by reason of this motion the upper part of the gut may be wrapped in the lower, which causeth the sickness called Ileos' or convolvulus. Now follow the Intestina The thick guts. crassa, the great guts, they are three in number also. 1 The first is called Coecum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the blind gut, because one end of it is shut, so that at the same orifice the chylus passeth, and returneth. In man it is like a thick round worm coiled together. It is bigger in an infant than in a man, four inches in length and one in breadth. It is not tied to the mesenterium; but being couched round, it is tied to the right kidnie. In sound persons it is always empty. In four footed beast; it is always full of excrements. Apes have it larger than a man, Dogs larger than Apes; but Coneys, Squirrels and Rats, largest of all, if you consider the proportion of their bodies. 2 The second is Colon, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉: because it detaineth the excrements. It hath it beginning from Ileum & coecum, and mounting up by the dextrum ilium, when it comes to the liver, it passeth transversly under the stomach to the left ilium, and from thence to the beginning of os sacrum. It is tied first to the right kidnie in the right side, by the external membrane, then in the middle to the bottom of the stomach, and at the last unto the left kidney. In length, it is of seven hand breadth, and seven inches. It is the broadest of all others, that it might contain all the excrements. It hath cells, which spring from the internal tunicle of it; These cells are kept in their figure, by a ligament half an inch broad, which passeth thorough the upper and middle part of it all alongst; this being broken or dissolved, the cells appear no more. Their use is to hinder the flowing of the excrements to one place, which would compress the parts adjacent. It hath a value where it is joined with ileum, like to the Sigmoides in the Sinus of the heart. This value so stoppeth the hole which is common to the ilcon and colon, that flatuosity cannot ascend to the Ileum, much less excrements regurgitat. If one would find this cut, let him pour in water into the intestinum rectum, and hold up the guts. The water will stay when it is come to the value, if it be found. If this value be relaxed by sickness, excrements may regurgitat, and expelled by vomit and clysters, also come to stomach. The third is Intestinum rectum, the strait gut; it hath its beginning where the colon endeth, & endeth where it maketh the anus: it is of a 〈◊〉 in length, not so wide as the colon, the muscle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, is at the end of it: It hath thick and fleshy external coats, and so a solution of unity in it may the sooner be united. It hath many transverse fibres, few oblique, and some strait. It hath veins not from Porta only as the rest; but from the trunk of the cava descending also, which make the external Hemorrhoidall. The guts have a threefold use, for first they all concoct the Chylus sent from the stomach better. Secondly, the small guts digest the Chylus. Thirdly, the thick guts expel the excrements. CAP. IX. Of the Mesenterium. THe substance is membranous, First, that it might be light, and should not press together the vessel by its weight; Secondly, that it might be extended into all dimensions, by reason of the fibres; Thirdly, that between the membranes it might the more readily gather fat. It is of a circular figure, which is most capable, that it might answer the length of the guts, and keep them within a small compass and place likewise. It is framed of two proper membranes, one above another, strong enough, and one common, between which & the proper the vessels pass safely to the guts. The veins are called Mesaraicae, these spring from ramus mesentericus, dexter & sinister branches of the Vena porta. It hath also two arteries, the one superior, the other inferior branches of the arteria mesenterica, which pass as the veins do. As for the nerves, it hath two on each side, springing from the branches of the sixth pair, which go to the roots of the ribs; others it hath from those which spring from the spin lis medulla, between the first, second, third and fourth vertebra of the loins. That the vessels might pass safely without ruption, Nature hath placed glandules between Glandules. the divarications of the veins and arteries. The biggest of these The biggest. is about the centre of the mesaraeum, where the distribution of the vessels beginneth. If this become scirrhous, the extenuation of the whole body ensueth, because the passing of the chylus is hindered: lean persons have larger glandules than the fat, because the fat doth sufficiently guard the distribution of the vessels, and preserveth the heat of the vessels. The arteries bring spirit; but the veins do bring both the chylus to the liver, and nourishment to the inner parts; but not at the same time: As we take breath by, and let it out by the same instruments, but not at the same time: see Galen 3. facult. not. 13. & 4. de us. part. 14. So at one time the liver draweth from the belly, and at another time the belly from the liver. When the guts are full, the chylus is sent to the liver; but when they are empty, they draw nourishment. It hath two parts, Mesaraeum, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quas! 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. The first tieth the small guts together; the second the thick. The Mesaraeum is in the The bigness of the mesaraeum. circumference 3. yards, but a span in breadth. It springeth from the It's beginning. ligaments of the vertebrae of the loins, by two roots; the largest about the first vertebra; the other lesser, about the third. It was fit that it should be tied strongly to these ligaments, lest it might have been torn by violent motions, or be pulled from thence by the weight of the guts being full. And as plants draw their nourishment by their roots from the earth, so living creatures which have blood, draw their nutriment from the guts, by the mesaraick veins. Wherefore lest they should suffer ruption, Nature would have them to pass safely between membranes. The use of it then is to carry safely the vessels which pass to the guts. It is tied before to the small guts; but behind to the first and third vertebra of the loins, from whence it springeth. It is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 & 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 is that by the Mesocolon. which the thick guts are tied together. Hippoc. 6. Epid. & Galen. 4. Aphor. 6. make mention of this. It is tied in the right side, to the right part of the Ileum; but in the left side to the left part of Ileum, and the muscle Psoas: before it is tied to the colon, & rectum intestinum. CAP. X. Of the venae lacteae. THis is the opinion of all the ancient and modern Writers, concerning the mesentery, and the mesaraical, if you except Caspar Asellius, who by his diligence found these veins, which he calleth lacteas, because they contain Why so called. a white juice, which is nothing else but the chylus elaborate, which they carry from the small guts to the liver. Their beginning seemeth Their beginning. to be in the Pancreas, for there they all meet, and are strangely implicate and twisted together: from thence they pass upward to the liver, and downward to the small guts: so that the Pancreas is a more excellent part than it hath been hitherto taken by other Anatomists: and as the mother's blood before it be sent by the vasa umbilicalia to nourish the Infant, is first committed to the placenta uteri, to draw from it all impurity: so than these venae lacteae, discharge their impurities before they carry the chylus to the liver in the Pancreas. They are inserted into the small guts, Their insertion. and have nothing to do with the stomach. They pass into the capacity of the guts, and end in the wrinkled crust, with the which the internal membrane of the guts is lined with their spongious heads like to Leeches, by the which they draw to themselves the chylus. From the small guts Their progress. they march between the two membranes of the mesenterium, sometimes severed from the other vessels, sometimes joined with them, sometimes directly, sometimes over-riding them, making a Saint Andrew's cross thorough the glandules, until they come to the Pancreas, where they are inexplicably twisted one with another: from thence having greater branches, they pass by the sides of vena porta to the cavity of the liver, where they are spent by ending there by small twists: and so it is most likely that sanguification is performed by the substance of the liver, and not by the veins: the grosser part of it being sent to the branches of vena porta, and the subtlest to the branches of vena cava; They differ from the The difference between them and the ordinary mesaraical veins. ordinary masaraicall veins; First, in bigness, for these are bigger, but those are more in number, for they are twice as many: for more chylus must be sent to the liver to make blood of for the nourishment of the whole body, than blood for the nourishing of the inward parts only. Secondly, the values Their values. which are seen about the end of these, are placed from without inwards, but of those from within outwards. The reason of this diversity is this: the venae lacteae suck the chylus from the guts which ought not to return, but the ordinary mesaraical send blood, and sometimes excrementitious humours, which ought not to come back again. If you would find How to find them out. out these veins, you must feed a dog with milk, and five or six hours afterward dissect his belly; then by stretching the mesentery you shall perceive them. That the ancients did Why the Ancients did not find these out. not find out these veins, the cause is, either because they dissected beasts after they were dead, or after that the chylus was distributed, or they did presently take a view of the mesentery; but made some stay about the inspection of some other part. They have no trunk, Why they have no trunk. because they were to end in the liver, and to go no further. From this part many diseases spring; first, because it is composed of two membranes, having innumerable veins and arteries, and so it may contain many impurities; secondly, because it hath many glandules, which as a sponge imbibe superfluities. CAP. XI. Of the Pancreas. IT is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. It is the biggest glandule of the whole body, and very red, like unto soft flesh, from whence it hath its name. In figure it is oval, three or four inches in length. It is placed in the left side towards the spleen; above the stomach resteth upon it: below, the membranes of the peritonaeum lie, unto which it is firmly tied. It doth keep within itself ramus splenicus, the left branch of arteria coeliaca; the nerves which pass from the sixth pair to the stomach and the duodenum. It hath a membrane from the peritonaeum, by the which it is covered and holden up. It hath three uses. First, it stayeth the liver lest it being distended by too much meat and drink, should be hurt by the hardness of the vertebrae of the back. Secondy, to keep the vessels passing through it, from ruption. Thirdly, to keep these same from compression, when the stomach is to much stretched by meat and drink. CAP. XII. Of the Liver. Now follow the parts appointed for sanguification, whereof the Liver is the chiefest. THe substance of the liver seemeth to be a red fleshy mass. In the first formation of the birth, it is framed of blood wizing out of the veins, and there coagulating about them. The substance of the liver is so set about the branches of the vena porta & cava, that it filleth up all cavities and doth firmly stay them; keeping them open from pursing together, and in comely order that they be not confounded. It is the thickest and heaviest of all other entrails. It is bigger in man than any other living It's bigness. creature, if you consider the proportion of his body; for it was fit so to be, seeing man was to have greatest store of blood, lest spirits should fail in performing the functions of the soul, wherewith man is most copiously furnished. Besides, seeing he hath but one liver, the bigness was to recompense the number: we may guess of the bigness of it by the bigness of the fingers. It is covered with a very thin membrane, which springeth from the second ligament of the liver, which cleaveth firmly to the substance of the liver. If it be separat at any time by a waterish humour issuing out of the vessels from the fleshy substance, waterish pustulls by the Grecians called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, are engendered. If these do break, the water falleth into the cavity of the belly, and causeth that kind of dropsy called ascites. It hath veins as well from the cava as the porta. The branches of the Its veins. cava are distributed for the most part thorough the gibbous part; but those of the porta, into the hollow part: yet so that the branches of both are joined by inosculation to deliver the purest blood to the vena cava, for the nourishing of the vital parts, and the grossest by the branches of the porta, or the nourishing of the natural. There seemeth to be three times more of the twigs of the porta, than of the cava within the liver. Amongst the midst of the branches of the porta, some little veins march; which afterward be coming one twig, end in the vesicula fellea, that the bilious humour may be sent to it, before the blood enter into the vena cava. It hath only few arteries, Its arteries. which springing from the right branch of the coeliaca end in the hollow part of the liver, where the vena porta cometh out. It hath two nerves, but Its nerves. very small, because it hath but a dull sense. One cometh from the branch which is sent to the upper orifice of the stomach; the other from that branch which is dispersed thorough the roots of the ribs of the right side. As for the figure of it, It's figure. it is almost round, the upper part is arched and smooth; and so framed that it might not hurt the diaphragma. The lower part is hollow to receive the stomach, which is of a spherical figure. In the upper and convex Its ties. part, which is distant but one inch from the diaphragma, to give way to it when it is dilated in breathing, and to the stretching of the stomach, it is tied first to the diaphragma, by a ligament membranous, broad, and strong, which springeth from the peritonaeum, where it covereth the midrife in the lower part. It passeth transversly by the liver, to the hinder parts, by this ligament; it is stayed from falling down. It is called the suspensory. Secondly, in the fore part it is stayed by two ties; by the first it is tied to the mucronata cartilago, to hinder it from falling to the back parts, when we stretch our back: This ligament is broad, double, and strong; and springeth from the peritonaeum, and giveth the liver its coat. Into this coat the 2. sinews are implanted according to Galen, lib. 3. de loc. effect. cap.. 3. and not into the substance of the liver, so that according to Galen, 4. de us. part. cap. 13. it hath but a dull feeling, such as plants have to embrace that which is profitable, and to leave that which is unprofitable. By the second it is tied to the navel; this is the umbilical vein, which when the infant is borne leeseth its hollowness, and becometh a ligament. This stayeth it from being pulled upwards. Thirdly, it is tied to the short ribs, by small fibres, to keep it steady. In the hollow part it is tied by the mesenterium, to the ribs by the vena cava. It differeth from the Its differences from the liver of beasts. liver of beasts, in that it hath seldom any lobes, yet the hollow part of it hath a fissure or chink, wherein the umbilical vein is implanted, and two small bunchings out in the right part where the vena porta marcheth out, which Galen calleth 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, gates. Besides these there is A little lobe. a little lobe of a softer and thinner substance, than is the rest of the liver, and is covered with a membrane: It is tied to the omentum by this lobe, by the which Spigel. de human. corp. fabric. lib. 8. cap. 12 thinketh that waters may be discharged out of the liver into the cawl. It is placed in the It's situation. lower belly in the right side covered with the ribs for safety, and in the middle of the trunk of the body to send blood equally to the upper and lower parts. The stomach is cherished by it, and the spleen; But because it is a more noble part than the spleen, it is placed in the right hypochondrium. The proper action of It's action. it is not only to further sanguification, perfected in the veins, as all ancient Anatomists aver; but to sanguify the chylus, carried to it by vena lacteae, as Asellius hath proved. One thing is to be noted, A note. that the substance of the liver, in the convex part, where the vena cava is lodged, is softer than that which is in the hollow part, where the vena partae is: for there it may be more easily separate from the vessels, than here; and not without cause: for the roots of vena portae aught to be stayed by a harder substance, that they be kept wider; but the roots of the cava with a softer, that they might the readier be filled, stretched, and slacked. CAP. XIII. Of the vena portae. SEeing the roots of the veins which Nature harh appointed to furnish blood, the nutriment of the body, have their roots in the liver: Having discoursed of it, method doth require to set down the doctrine of them. Although there is but The veins of it. one artery to impart life, yet there are two veins, the vena portae & cava. Because come require a grosser blood for nutrition, as those parts are, which serve the nutritive faculty, which are, the liver, the gall, the stomach, the spleen, the p●●●●us, the quaesitum, the guts, and the mesentery. For unto the rest as the kidn●ies, bladder, and those which are appointed for procreation, the vena cava sendeth branches. It is fit to begin with the vena portae, because Vena portae. it goeth no further than to the parts contained in the abdomen, and not to all those neither. It is so called because Why so called. it seemeth to enter into the liver, by the two fleshy bunches, called portae, gates. This doth differ from How it differeth from vena cava. the vena cava. First, in substance; for the substance of this is thicker and blacker, because it is nourished with thick and black blood; but that of the vena cava, is whiter and thinner, because it is nourished with a thinner and redder blood. Secondly, the substance of the vena portae is harder than that of the cava: which ought to be softer, because it ought to be more apt for dilatation and constriction; first, because it containeth a more movable blood; partly because its thinner, having much serosity mingled with it; partly because for the most part the branches of it are accompanied with the branches of the great artery, whereas the branches of the porta are far enough off, if you except ramus splenicus. Thirdly, the trunk of vena cava is larger than that of porta, because it nourisheth more parts, as hath been said. Fourthly, the porta hath more roots within the substance of the liver than the cava. The roots of the vena portae and cava are joined by the unition called Anastomasis How inosculation is performed. or inosculation. This is performed by two ways: First, when the ending of one doth meet with the end, of the other: as the epigastricae venae meet with the mammariae in the lower side of the muscal recti. Secondly, when one branch resting upon an other, do cleave together, having a hole in the middle. This inosculation is seen in the roots of the vena portae, and the cava. One thing is to be noted, A note. that there are many of the twigs of the vena portae, which touch not those of the cava: Because the purest part of the blood was only to be carried to the vena cava, and the thickest, to remain in the vena portae. By reason of these Anastomases, in famine nourishment is sent from the habit of the body, by the vena cava, to nourish the internal parts. Bauhin affirmeth, that there is a common conduit to the roots of vena portae & cava, which in it cavity will receive a small probe. In these veins, besides blood, excrementitious humours are also contained in diseased persons, which sometimes are sent from the whole body by the vena cava into the guts, & sometimes communicate to the vena cava by vena portae. How the inosculation of these veins is found out. To find out the radication and inosculation of these veins, you must boil the liver until it become soft, & so with a wooden or bone knife separate the substance from the vessels; for a sharp knife is not fit. Now to come to distribution The distribution of vena portae. of vena portae, i hath parts. 1 Radices, the roots. 2. Truncus, the trunk. 3. Rami, the branches. 4. Surculi, twigs. As for the roots, first Its roots. from the circumference of the liver, small capillar veins march towards the inner part of it, and by combination becoming greater, they make up five branches. These about the middle of the hollow part, yet towards the back joining together make up one root, which at the last coming out of the liver, about the eminences, called portae, fame that trunk which is called Vena portae. This trunk parting a Its branches. little from the liver before it be severed into branches, it putteth forth two twigs, the one being small, and springing from the upper and fore part of the trunk, as soon as it parteth from the liver, is inserted into cystis fellis, about the neck of it, and spreed by innumerable twigs, thorough the external coat of it. Vesalius affirmeth that there be two of these twigs, from whence some call them cysticae gemellae: But this is a matter of no great moment. This twig may be called surculus cysticus, or Vesicalis. The second twig is bigger, but lower. This springeth from this same forepart, yet towards the right side, and is inserted into the bottom of the stomach: from hence it sendeth many sprigs toward the hinder part of it towards the back. It may be called pistaricus more properly than gastricus, seeing there are other branches which are called gastrici. Having sent forth these 2 twigs, the trunk passeth down, and bending still a little towards the left side, it is parted into two remarkable branches; whereof the one is called sinister or the left, seated above the right, but lesser: the other is dexter, or the right, lower than the left, yet larger: the left is bestowed upon the stomach, the omentum, a part of colon and the spleen: the right is spread through the guts and the mesenterium: the left is called vena splenica, but the right vena mesenterica. The vena splenica hath Branches of Vena splenica. two branches before it come to the spleen, the superior and the inferior. The superior is called gastricus or ventricularis. This is bestowed upon the stomach, the middle twig conspassing the left part of the orifice of the stomach like a garland, is called coronaria: from the lower branch two twigs do spring the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 this doth send other twigs to the right side of the lower membrane of the omentum, and to the colon annexed to it. This is called epiplois, or omentalus dextra: the other is spent upon the lower membrane of the omentum which tieth the colon to the back, and upon that part of the colon, it is called epiplois, or omentalis postica: when the ramus splenicus hath approached to the spleen, it doth send our two other twigs, the uppermost and the lowermost: from the uppermost vas breve springeth which is implanted in the left part of the bottom of the stomach commonly: from the lowermost two twigs issue. The first is called gastrve piplois sinistra, this coming from the lower part of the spleen towards the right side, is bestowed upon the left part of the bottom of the stomach, and the upper and left part of the omentum. The second springeth most commonly from ramus splenicus, but seldom from the spleen; and passing along according to the length of the intestinum rectum, it is inserted into the anus by many twigs. This is called Haemorrhoidalis interna, as that which springeth from the vena cava is called baemorrhodalis externa. Now followeth vena. Vena mesenterica Mesenterica, or the right branch of vena fortae; before it be divided into branches, it sendeth forth two twigs. The first is called Gastroepiplois sinistra, this is bestowed upon the right part of the bottom of the stomach, and the upper membrane of the call. The second is called Intestinalis, or duodena: It is inserted into the middle of the duodenum, and the beginning of the jejunum, and passeth accordin gtohe length of them. This branch as soon as it passeth from the back, it entereth into the mesenterium, and passing between the membranes of it, sendeth forth those mesaraical veins, which send nourishment to the inward parts. It is divided into two branches, to wit, Mesenterica dextra, & sinistra: Mesenterica dextra, placed in the right side, sendeth a number of branches to feed the jejunumcaecum, and the right part of the colon, which is next to the kidney and liver. It hath fourteen remarkable branches, but innumerable small twigs. One thing is to be noted, that the greater branches are supported by the greater glandules, and the smaller by the smaller glandules. Mesenterica sinistra passeth through the middle of the mesenterium, & that part of colon which passeth from the left part of the stomach, to the intestinum rectum. The chief use of the The uses of it. vena portae is to nourish the parts which are appointed for nutrition with thick and feculent blood: It ought to be thick, that it might be the hotter; for heat in a thick body is more powerful. The second use is to further the sanguification of the liver. CAP. XIV. Of the Vena cava, dispersed within the trunk of the body. WIthin the trunk of the body, the vena cava hath two trunks; one called ascendens or going up, the other descendens or marching down. The ascendens passing through the nerves part of the Diaphragma, it marcheth upward undicided, until it come to the jugulum: yet by the way from its sides it sendeth two twigs. The first is Phrenica, 1 this is inserted into the midrife and heart, from ●ence springeth the coronaria vena which compasseth the basis of the heart as a garland. The second is vena sine 2 pari, so called, because it hath not a fellow in the left side as other veins have. It doth spring about the fifth vertebra of the breast from the hinder part of the vena cava in the right side. This going down, it marcheth towards the Spina: when it is come The branches of vena sine pari. to the eighth or ninth rib above the Spina, it is divided into two branches, to wit, the right and the left; the left is inserted most commonly in the middle of the left emulgent vein. By this branch blood, on waterish or purulent matter may be discharged by urine; the right twig is implanted either into the trunk of the cava, or into prims lumbaris. This being done, the vena cava ascendeth up to the jugulum being strengthened by the mediastinum and the glandulous body called thymus. Here the vena cava is divided into two remarkable branches, from whence those veins spring which are sent to the head, to the arms, and some muscles of the abdomen. One passeth to the right side, the other to the left; the one is called subclavius, because it marcheth under the cannel bone with in: The other is called The branches of ramus subclavius. axillaris when it is come to the arm pit, from the upper part of the ramus subclavius two remarkable branches proceed: the internal and external jugular, in man the internal is biggest, but in beasts the external. 1 The internal jugular cometh out about the articulation of the cannell bone with the sternum; then it joineth itself with the soporall artery, and the recurrent nerve, and with it hinder and greatest branch accompanied with the soporall artery, it entereth with the cranium at the hole of the occiput, by the which the sixth pair of nerves commenth down, it entereth into the first and second sinus of the dura matter. The external jugular 2 mounteth up to the ear under the skin, and the quadrat muscule which pulleth down the cheek alongst the neck: from this branch spring the veins which are opened under the tongue. From the lower part of ramus subclavius, spring four branches. Sprigs springing from the lower part of ramus subclavius. The first, Intercostalis superior, one on each side; it is small, and cometh out about the root of the bifurcation: then passing down by the roots of two ribs, it bestowed twigs upon the distances of these two ribs. The second is Mammaria, this marcheth forwards towards the upper part of the breast bone: than it goeth down by the sides of it, and when it is come to cartilege mucronata about the sides of it, it cometh out: from thence it passeth strait ways under the right muscule to the navel, where by an anastomasis it is joined with the spigastrica ascendens: from hence cometh that great consent between the matrix and paps. The third is Mediastina, because it is bestowed upon the mediastinum, together with the left nerve of the diaphragma, according to its length. The fourth is Cervicalis, or Vertebralis. This passing thorough the holes of the transverse processes of the vertebrae of the neck, is bestowed upon the muscles of the neck which are next to the vertebrae. CAP. XV. Of the Gall. THe Gall, called in Latin Vesicabiliaria The description of it. or Folliculus sellis, is a dissimilary part, in figure representing a pear, hollow, and appointed to receive the thin yellow choler. It is about two inches It's bigness. in length. By its upper part it is It's connexion. tied to the liver, which doth afford it a hollowness to receive it; but the lower part, which hangeth without the liver, it resteth upon the right side of the stomach, and the Colon, and doth often die them both yellow. It hath two membranes, Its membranes. the one common, which is thin and exterior, without fibres. This springing from the membrane of the liver, it only covereth that part which hangeth without the liver; The other membrane is proper. This is thick and strong, and hath three The fibres of the proper membrane. sorts of fibres, the outtermost are transverse, the middlemost oblique, and the inner most strait. This membrane is larder and thicker in the neck; but thinner in the bottom. Within it hath a mucous substance, engendered of the excrements of the third concoction of the membrane, to withstand the acrimony of the choler. It hath two parts, the The parts of it. neck, and the bottom. The neck is harder than the bottom, and higher in situation. It from the bottom by degrees growing narrower and narrower, at last endeth in the ductus communis, or the common passage of the choler, to the beginning of the jejunum. This elongation of the neck of the vesicula fellea, is called meatus cysticus, because it springeth from the cystis. The choler is carried How the choler is carried to the gall. to the neck of the cystis, by many small veins near to the roots of the vena portae about the midst of them, and is discharged into the cavity of it about the upper part. The meatus cysticus Its values. hath three values looking from without inwards to hinder the recourse of the choler to the liver. The other passage Meatus hepaticus. which carrieth the thick and corrupt choler, as that which is called vitellina, aeruginosa, porracea, etc. is called meatus hepaticus; because it passeth straightway from the liver to the ductus communis. This passage hath no What beasts have this passage only. values, both these discharge their choler by the common passage into the beginning of the jejunum, when the small guts are discharged of the chylus. Beasts which want the vesica fellea, have this meatus hepaticus, as Hearts, Hinds, and fallow Deer, and those which have a whole hoof. The meatus hepaticus passeth thorough the roots of the vena cava, by innumerable branches, which being gathered together become one branch and being united with the meatus cyslicus make up the communis ductus, which is inserted into the beginning of the jejunum obliquely between the two membbranes of the intestine about the distance of two inches before it perforat the second membrane. The vesica fellea hath for nourishment called cysticae gemellae. For life it hath sprigs Its vessels. of arteries proceeding from the Caeliaca. To afford sense it hath a small thread like a sprig of a sinew from the sixth pair. Many times stones are Of the stones in it. found in it, but they being lighter than those of the bladder, swim above the water. The use of these two The use of the passages. passages, is to draw all superfluous choler from the chylus, and to turn it into the guts, where it affordeth benefits to nature: For first by its sharpness The uses of the choler. it moveth the intestines to turn out the terrestrial excrements in due season. 2 Secondly, by reason of its thinness it doth cut and cleanse the small guts of phlegm, which there is plentifully bred. 3 Thirdly, by reason of its dryness it hindereth the increase of putrefaction. 4 Fourthly, it furthereth concoction in the intestines by increasing their heat: nevertheless, naturally there can be no passage to carry Why choler is not carried to the stomach. choler to the bottom of the stomach. 1 For first, by reason of its acrimony it would corrode it. Secondly, it would 2 cause the crude nourishment to pass into the duodenum. Thirdly, it would procure perpetual vomiting. 3 If it fall out that choler be carried to the bottom of the stomach by any passage than this, the party vomiteth choler, and is termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, but if it be inserted into the end of the jejunum, then bilious dejections follow: and such a one is termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. One thing I would A note. have you observe; that the porus biliarius passeth by a strait course to the ductus communis, and not to the vesicula fellea, which thus you may show: put a cathaeter into the neck of this passage near the liver, the guts will be blown up, and not the vesicula. Again, put the cashaeter into the common passage, and both the cystu fellis, and the meatus chelidochus will be blown up. If you would find How the values are found out. out the three values of the vesicula fellea, press the choler with your fingers from the bottom towards the neck: whre you find the choler to stay, there the values are. CAP XVI. Of the Spleen. THe Spleen or Milt in English, in Greek is called Splen, and Lain in Latin. The substance of it is flaggie, It's substance. loose, and spongious, netlike, which is the cause that it may imbibe much superfluity, and so become exceedingly swelled. This substance is covered It's membrane. with a membrane borrowed from the peritoneum, which is inserted first into the strait line of the milt, and then covereth the whole Spleen: It is thicker than that of the liver. First, because it hath a loser substance. Secondly, because it hath more arteries which require a strong membrance to defend them. The staight line is in the hollow part, where the vessels of the Spleen do enter into it. In Infant's new borne Why it is red in Infants. it is of a red colour, because they have been fed with elaborate blood: but in those of a ripe age it is somewhat blackish, being boiled, it representeth clareth wine. In man it is bigger, thicker, and heavier, than in beasts; for it is six inches in length, three in breadth, and one in thickness; yet according to Aristotle, 3. histor. animal. 16. a convenient little one is better than a big one. In figure it is somewhat It's figure. It's seat. long like an Oxestongue, It is seated in the left hypochondrium: So Hippocrat. 6. Epidem. calleth it the left liver, and Aristot. 3. part. animal. 7. the bastard liver, but is seated somewhat lower, because it was to draw the terrestrial part of the Chylus, before it come to the liver by ramus splenicus, that the blood may be made thinner, and purer, for such blood causeth men to be wiser. 2. the part. anim. 2. It is all couched within and under the short ribs; so that in healthful persons it cannot be felt; only if it be inflamed, a pulsation may be felt. It is tied to five parts, It's connexion. to the midrife and left kidney by small membranes, by it hollow part which giveth way to the stomach being distended to the upper membrane of the omentum, and to the stomach by vas breve. In its arched part it is tied to the back, so that dints remain in it by the impression of the ribs. It hath veins for nourishment from ramus splenicus; Its vessels. for life it hath arteries from ramus caeliacus sinister: but five times more than veins; for great heat is required for the elaboration of thick blood. These vessels enter into the spleen where the strait line is in the hollow side. They join often by anastomosis. The arteries besides life afford unto the The uses of the arteries of the spleen. spleen two benefits. 1 First, they increase the natural heat of it, that it may the better concoct the grosser part of the Chylus which is sent unto it by the ramus splenicus. Secondly, they further the expulsive faculty of it. Now the spleen sendeth By what ways the spleen sendeth it superfluities to the kidneys. its superfluities to the kidneys by two ways. First, by returning of 1 them by ramus splenicus, to the vena portae, and from thence to vena cava, from whence they are sent to the emulgent veins. Secondly, by a shorter 2 passage they are sent from arteria caeliaca to the aorta, and from thence to the kidneys by the emulgent arteries. Last of all, it hath small twigs of nerves from the sixth pair, which are bestowed upon the investing membrane, but are not communicate to the substance: wherefore it must be but of a small and dull feeling: so that the pains which sundry ascribe to the spleen, are to be referred to the adjacent parts. The use of the spleen, as also of the liver, The use of the spleen. is to further the elaboration and concoction of the Chylus: for it is a bastard liver according to Arist. 3. de Hijtor. animal. 7. The sanguification of How the sanguification of the spleen differeth from that of the liver. the spleen differeth in two points, from that of the liver. First, in the material 1 cause, for the spleen maketh gross blood of the more carthy part of the Chylus; but the liver far purer of the thinner and more benign part of the Chylus. Secondly, it differeth in the final cause: for 2 the liver sanguifieth to afford nourishment both to the vital and animal parts, but the spleen only to maintain the natural parts, and not all of them neither. Nature would have Why the natural parts are nourished with gross blood. the natural parts to be furnished with gross blood by the branches of vena portae, partly to increase their heat; for heat in a thick body is stronger; partly to afford them nourishment answerable to their substance, for it is thick. CAP. XVII. Of the kidneys. THe kidny is called Their denomination. in Latin Ren, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to flow: because the serofity of the blood doth flow thorough the kidneys, to the ureters, and from thence to the bladder. They are in number Their number. two, not so much for the poising of the body, as for their use and necessity; that one being stopped, yet the cleansing of the blood might be performed by the other. They are seated in the Their places. loins under the liver and spleen, and rest upon the muscles called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which move the th'eighteyght about their heads; under the which large nerves are couched. Which is the cause that a big stone being in the kidny a numbness is felt in the foot of that side; the muscle 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 being pressed down by it. They lie behind the guts. The right kidnie hath the coecum; but the left the colon above it. In man the right kidnie is lowest, by reason of the greatness of the liver, and bigger also than the left; yet it is not so fat as the left, by reason of the vicinity of the liver, whose heat hindereth the increase of fat. In figure they resemble Their figure the asarum leaf or kidnie bean, towards the loins they are gibbous, but hollow towards the guts. As for their connexion, Their connexion. by the external fat membrane they are tied to the diaphragma, and the loins: By the emulgent vessels to the vena cava, and the aorta, and by the ureters to the bladder. They are in length about five inches, Their bigness. in breadth three, and in thickness one; yet they are somewhat broader above than under. They are smooth in the gibbous part, but unequal in the hollow part, to let in and out some vessels. The parts are two, to Their parts wit, the external and the internal; The external are the membranes; these are two. The one is common Their membranes. and external, borrowed from the peritonaeum; within the reduplication of which, the whole kidnie is lapped; and therefore it is called renis fascia. This membrane is compassed with copious fat; so that the kidnie seemeth to be the fattest of all other entrails, according to Aristotle 3. Histor. Animal. 17. Although each one be exceedingly fat; yet some part of the kidney will remain uncovered about the middle. This fat about the kidnie The uses of the fat of the kidneys. hath a threefold use. First, it is instead of a pillow. Secondly, it receiveth as a sponge the excrements. Thirdly, it furthereth and keepeth in the heat. Before you deprive the kidneys of this tunica adiposa with your nails, about the upper part of the kidnie you are to observe a large glandule, which hath a sprig from the emulgent vein and artery, Renes succenturiati. for nourishment about the middle of it. In figure it representeth Their figure. a half moon, and is not unlike a kidnie; from whence it is called ren succenturiatus. There is one on each side in the upper part of the kidnie resting upon the tunica adiposa. It is strongly tied to Their connexion. the septum transversum. The substance of it is more flaggy than that of the kidnie. It hath nerves from Their nerves. the plexus retiformis, or netlike texture, framed of the twigs of nervus costalis, and stomachicus. It seemeth to be framed, partly to fill up the vacuity which is between the kidneys and the diaphragma: partly to be a pillow to the stomach, in the place about the emulgent vein and artery. The second membrane The proper membrane of the kidneys. is that which is internal and proper. This springeth from the common coat of the vessels which enter into the kidneys; for as soon as the vessels approach to the kidny they leave their external coat. It can hardly be separate from the substance of the kidny. The internal parts The internal parts. are those which are contained within the proper membrane. In these sundry things are remarkable. First, the colour of The colour of them. the kidny, which is very red. Secondly, the substance Their substance. of the kidny, which is thick, hard, and compact as the heart almost, but not so fibrous. Thirdly, the dispersion The emulgent vessels. of the emulgent vessels throughout it; first they enter by pairs into the hollow part of the kidny. Then each branch is divided into four or five lesser branches, and these again into lesser, until at the last they become capillar. These being spread sundrv ways thorough the substance of the kidny, towards the gibbous part at last they end at the tops of the Carunculae papillares, or teat like fleshy substances, into the which they pour the serosity of the blood, that it may pass thorough the tubuli or water pipes, to the infundibulum. The fourth is that which is called pelvises or infundibulum, the tunnel, which is nothing else but the ample cavity of the ureter within the kidnie. Fifthly, the tibuli or fistulae ureterum, the water pipes of the ureters offer themselves which are most commonly in number ten; four in each end, two being still joined together, and two in the middle according to the number of the carunulae papillares. These are placed in the arched part of the infundibulum. Now the ends of the pipes about the infundibulum are called cribrum or the sieve. These water pipes proceeding from the infundibulum become a little wider, and end in the gibbous part of the kidny, with a wide round mouth receiving the carunculae papillares, by the which their mouths are stopped, and the watrishness of the blood issueth out into them, as milk out of the teats. Sixthly, Carunculae papillares are to be considered. They are small fleshy bodies, somewhat harder than the substance of the kidny, resembling the teats of women's paps, from whence they have their denomination; they are of the bigness of a pease somewhat broad above; below round. If you divide them thorough the middle, you shall perceive a smooth hairelike passage from the top to the end. They are in number answerable to the number of the tubuli, which receive them. To find out these parts before named, you must How these parts are to be found out. divide the kidney in the hollow part, putting a thick probe into the pelvis. Incision being made to the infundibulum, first you shall see the tubuli, than the Carunculae papillares. The kidneys have two sorts of veins. Their vessels. First, the two called adiposae, because they are spread through the tunica adiposa, and are covered with the fat, and afford matter for the fat. The right of these springeth from the emulgent vein; but the left from the vena cava. Secondly, the two emulgentes, so called from their action. These are large, and spring from the trunk of the vena cava descending between the first and second vertebra of the loins. These being carried transversly are implanted into the hollow part of the kidneys, being divided into two branches. The left is somewhat higher, as also the left kidney; but the right is somewhat longer. It hath a value to hinder the return of the serosity to the trunk of the cava. Fallopius was of this How matters gathered in the cavity of the breast are discharged into the ureters. mind, that a branch of a vein passeth from the vena sine pari to the left kidny, by the which quitiour and water may be discharged by urine. But it is more probable, that these matters are first drawn in into the trunk of the aorta, by its inconspicuous pores, and from thence sent to the kidneys, by the emulgent arteries. These are in number The arteries 2. one in each side, which accompany the veins, to the kidny slope ways. Whither when they are come, they are divided in two branches, whereof the one is implanted in the lower, the other in the upper part of the hollow part of the kidny. The nerves on each The nerves side spring either from ramus stomachicus, and that is but one and small, and is spread thorough the proper coat; from hence ariseth the consent between the kidneys and the stomach. So that vomiting is troublesome in nephritical diseases. One may think that nature hath afforded arteries larger than was requisite to afford life to so small bodies, as the kidneys are: But it was fit so to be, for the passages were to be parent, which were to discharge the heart and arteries of serosity. The artery lieth between The place of the artery. the vein and the ureter; partly to hasten the blood to the kidney; partly speedily to discharge the watrishness. The veins and arteries are not joined with the water pipes: for if you put a catheter into the ureter by blowing the vessel will not swell. CAP. XVIII. Of the ureters. THe ureters, in Latin meatus urinarii, are called in Greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, either from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to piss, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because they keep the urine. There is one in each Their number. side. They are white vessels, Their substance. like to veins, yet they are whiter, thicker, and more nervous. They reach from the kidny to the bladder. They have two coats, Their coats. the one common from the peritonaeum, the other proper, from the external or common coat, it hath capillar veins and arteries. It hath few oblique Its fibres. fibres, but most strait. It springeth from the bladder; for it cannot be severed from it easily, as from the kidneys. Yet it differeth from How the ureter differeth from the bladder. the bladder in two things. First, in that the bladder hath three coats, but it only two. Secondly, the bladder hath all sorts of fibres, but the ureter hath most strait, few oblique. They are inserted in the back and lower part of the bladder not far from the muscle sphincter, between the two proper coats of it about the length of an inch. This insertion is oblique Why the insertion is oblique. to hinder the regurgitation of the urine, when the bladder is either compressed, or distended with urine. Although the ureter doth not ordinarily exceed in compass a barley corn; yet when stones do pass, it becometh sometimes as large as a gut. CAP. XIX. Of the bladder. THe bladder is seated It's place. in the hypogastrium, in the place called pelvis. Of substance it is It's substance membranous: becanse it was to admit large stretching. The membranes of it Its membranes. are three. The first is from the paeritonaeum: for it is lapped within the reduplication of it. The second is thicker and endued with many strait fibres, which Aqua pendens will have to be a muscle serving for the compression of the bladder, as the sphincter serveth for constriction. The third and innermost is white & bright, of exquisite sense, as they can witness who are troubled with the stone. It hath all sorts of Its fibres. fibres. Within it is covered with a mucous crust, It's crust. an excrement of the third concoction of the bladder. This doth mitigate the acrimony of the Urine. It is perforat in three It's perforation. parts, to wit, in the sides where the ureters are to let in the urine, and before to let out the urine. The bladder hath two Its parts. parts, to wit, the bottom and the neck. Both these in figure It's figure. represent a pear. The bottom is upholden How it is upholden. by the navel: First, in the middle by the ligament called urachus, which is the cause sometimes that they who have a great stone in the bladder, complain of great pain about the navel. Secondly, by the umbilical arteries dried laterally. If the bladder were Why man's bladder is snspended. not suspended, a man going strait up the bottom of the bladder would compress the neck, and cause difficulty in making of water. In man it lieth between It's heat in man and woman. the os pubis and the intestinum rectum. In women between the neck of the matrix and os pubis. The bladder of man differeth from the bladder How the bladdes of man differeth from the bladder of beasts. of beasts in two things. First, the bladder in man is couched within the redoplication of the peritonaeum, but in beasts it is loose, and only is tied to the intestinum rectum. Secondly, the bladder of man hath fat without; but the bladder of beasts none. In it stones are Why stones are engendered in it. promptly engendered, because the heat of it is compact: So red hot iron burneth worse than the flame of fire. There is a great consent between the bladder Why there is a consent between the bladder and kidneys and kidneys. So that in diseases of the kidneys, difficulty in making of water sometimes happeneth: The causes of this consent are two. First, the communion of office, for both serve for the excretion of urine. Secondly, the similitude of substance; for both the inside of the kidneys, and the bladder are membranous. One thing is to be noted, An observation. that a bladder is bestowed only upon such creatures as have bloody lungs, and the hotter Why the bladder in man is big. the lungs are the bigger the bladder is. So man according to his stature, hath of all living creatures the biggest bladder. According to Aristot. lib. 1. Histor. Animal. Because the bladder is of a cold temperature; therefore in deadly diseases of it, sleepiness oppresseth the patient, according to Hippoc. 6. epidem. In the neck only the The muscle sphincter. muscle sphincter doth offer itself to be considered: whereof read in the doctrine of muscles. It hath veins and arteries Its vessels. called Hypogastricae, implanted on every side of the neck, which are immediately divided into two branches; whereof the one is bestowed upon the bottom; but the other upon the neck. It hath remarkable Its nerves. nerves; partly from those of the sixth conjugation, which pass by the roots of the ribs, partly from those which spring last from os sacrum. The use of the bladder is to contain the urine, like a chamber pot, until the time of excretion come when the bladder is full. CAP. XX. Of the generation of blood. FIrst of all every nourishment receiveth a preparation in the mouth. If it be solid, it is chewed by the teeth, from the mouth by swallowing, it is turned to stomach. It being embraced How the Chylus is made. by the stomach, and kept for a while, is turned into chylus, partly by the specricall heat of the stomach itself; partly by the heat of the adjacent parts, but chiefly of the liver, spleen, and cawl. The chylus being made light by concoction it riseth up, and passeth to the pylorus, and procureth the opening of it. This being opened the stomach by its transverse fibres, thrusteth the chylus into duodedum. From hence it passeth more and more downwards by degrees. The wrinkles of the small guts hinder the sudden passage of it, to procure an equal concoction of all the parts of it. In the mean time the venae lacteae draw from the small guts, whatsoever is alimentary of the chylus. While the chylus thus passeth to the liver, and is come to the diverication of the vena portae, the spleen by a natural faculty by the ramus splenicus, draweth to itself the thickest and most terrestrial part, yet the purest only may come to the liver. When the chylus is come to the liver, the choler is sent either by meatus cysticus, to the gall, or to the jejunum by meatus hepaticus. The blood being perfected, the grosser part is carried by the branches of the vena portae, and the splenicall to the nourishment of the parts appointed for nutrition; but the purest part is carried to all other parts for their nutrition; and because much watrishness is mingled with the blood, that it may pass without difficulty by the narrow passages of inosculations to the vena cava (seeing the serosity is unapt to nourish) it is sent by the emulgent veins and arteries to the kidneys, and from thence by the ureters to the bladder. CAP. XXI. Of vasa praeparantia in Man. HItherto we have handled the parts appointed for nutrition: Now it followeth to run thorough the parts ordained for generation to continue man kind. The genitals are of The differences of the genitals. two sorts; of the male, and female, and so it was requisite for procreation; for this action requireth an agent and patient: seed and menstrual blood. The first is the palace of the plasmatick spirit. The second asfordeth supply of matter to the spirit, to draw out the admirable frame of the regions and parts of the little world. In man some of these The parts of the genitals in man. parts afford matter for the seed, to wit, the four vasa praeparantia: some elaborate this matter, the corpus voeri coesum: some make the seed fruitful, as the stones; some carry the seed back again, and make it pure, as those which are called vasa deferentia: some contain the seed, and an oleaginous matter, as the vesiculae seminalis, and the prostates; some discharge the seed into the matrix: This is done by the penis. Vasa praeparantia, Vasa praeparantia. which prepare matter for the seed, are of two sorts, veins and arteries. The veins are two. The right springeth from the trunk of the vena cava, a little under the emulgent. The left proceedeth from the emulgent. The arteries spring The arteries. from the trunk of the aorta; these vessels being a little distant one from another, are tied together by a thin membrane, which springeth from the peritonaeum, and meet often by the way by inosculation. These vessels are greater in men than in women, and the arteries are bigger than the veins: because much heat and plenty of spirits are required for the seed. They enter into the groin obliquely carried together with the muscle cremaster, between the two coats of the peritonaeum. In curing of a rupture by incision, if the muscle cremaster do fall out to be bound by the ligature, spasmus cynicus ensueth. These vessels do end The ending of the vessels. about the beggining of the testicles, and from hence are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and make up that part which is called corpus varicosum, paraslaca, & plexus pampiniformis. From the stones to it many small fibres pass. The corpus varicosum is Corpus varicosum. framed of the twisting of the vasa praeparantia; which maketh a long, thick, glandulus, but hard welt without any remarkable cavity, which passeth to the bottom of the stone, and from thence to the vas deferens, where it endeth. Here the venal and arterial blood being elaborat in these admirable windings, is further prepared, a quality being imparted from the seminificall faculty of the stones. CAP XXII. Of the stones. THe stones in Latin are called Testes, because they testify one to be a man. They are glandulous Their substance. bodies, flaggy, soft, and white, without any cavity, full of small veins and arteries, such as are not in any part of the body. They are in number Their number. two, and therefore in Greek are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. Their figure is oval, Their figure the right is hotter, and better concocteth the seed. Wherefore by Hippocrat. it is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, a begetter of the male. The left stone is more full, and hath a bigger vein; yet the seed, which is there eleborat, is more waterish and colder; because it proceedeth from the emulgent, and is called of Hippoc. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it begetteth the female. In the stones there are to be considered their coats, substance, and use. Their coats are four. Their coats First, bursa seroti, and it is nothing else but the skin covered with the cuticula: And because it cleaveth firmly to the Membrana carnosa under it, so that they seem to make but one coat, it cometh to pass that in cold, it doth contract itself, and becometh wrinkled. In the lower part it The line. hath a line according to the length, whereby it is divided into the right and left side; this line is called sutura, or a seam. The second is called by Rufus, dartos, because it may easily be flayed from the tunica vaginalis; by the ancients it was called erithroides: because it appeareth to be red be reason of the fleshy fibres wherewith it is interlaced. This ariseth from the membrana carnosa; which here is more thin and subtle than else where, and stored with veins and arteries. The third is elythroides or vaginalis: because it containeth the stone as a sheath. It is a thick and strong membrane, having many veins. In the outside it is uneven, by reason of the fibres, by the which it is tied to the dartos; but in the inner side it is smooth. This is nothing else but the production of the peritonaeum. The fourth is 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the nervous menorane, called albuginea form its colour; It is white, thick, and strong, framed of the external tunicle of the vasa praeparantia. It is immediately wrapped in the stone, between these two the water is contained in Hernia aquosa. The substance is described in the beginning of the chapter. Each stone hath one muscle called cremaster, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, which is to hold up; because it pulleth up the stone in the act of generation, that the vesses being slacked, may the more readily void the seed. This muscle is nothing else but the lower part of the oblique muscle, ascending near to os pubis, which outwardly wrapping the production of the peritonaeum, is carried to the stone. These muscles in sickness and old age become flaggy, and so the scrotum relaxeth itself, and the stones hang low. The uses of the stones are three: The first is to elaborate the seed by reason of the seminificall faculty resident in the parenchyma of the stones; for they turn the blood, which is brought by the vasa praeparantia into seed, for the most part; the rest they reserve for their own nutrition. The second is, they add heat, strength and courage to the body, as gelding doth manifest; by the which all these are impaired. Thirdly, they receive the superfluous humidity of the seed, by reason of their glandulous substance. CAP. XXIII. Of the vessels that carry the seed, and those that keep it. VAsa deferentia, the vessels which carry the seed, in colour they are white, in substance sinewy, having an obscure hollowness; from hence they are called meatus seminales. They spring from the lower end of the parastatae. These mount up by the sides of the Vasa praeparantia. When they are come within the cavity of the belly, they turn back again, and pass to the backside of the bladder: between which and the intestinum recta they pass until about the neck of the bladder, being somewhat severed, and at last being joined together, but not united, are inserted on each side in the glandulous bodies called prostatae. Before they come thither Vesiculae seminales. they are joined to the Vesiculae seminales; These in figure represent the cells of a pomegranate or honey comb. These contain an Their substance. oily and yellow substance; for they draw unto themselves, that which is fatty in the seed. They are more in number, that the oleous substance should not forcibly and plentifully be poured into the urethra; but should gently and slowly pass from one unto another by windings, and at last be poured into the conduit of the yard by a hole which is shut up with a fleshy substance, partly to stay the involuntary effusion of it, partly to hinder the regurgitation of it. It being poured into the urethra chiefly in the time of carnal copulation, doth moisten it that it shrink not, and suffereth not it to be offended by the acrimony of the seed or urine. The Vasa deferentia passing by these, go to the glandules called prostatae, by the which they are compassed. When they are come to The use of the caruncule in the urethra. the urethra a caruncule as a value is set before the orifice of each of them: partly to hinder the coming of the urine into them; partly to hinder the involuntary effusion of the seed. Under and by this caruncule The holes by the which the seed passeth to the urethra. on each side there are three holes thorough which the seed passeth into the urethra. These holes are discerned easily in a gonorrhoea inveterat; although not so easily in a found person. The seed doth pass thorough these inconspicuous passages, as quick silver thorough leather, by drops. The seed having been made subtle and spirituous by sublimation thorough the vasa deferentia ascending is able to pass thorough in conspicuous passages. Prostatae or glandulae seminales, Prostatae. are glandulous bodies, placed between the neck of the bladder and the intestinum rectum. Although there is no conspicuous passage, by the which the seed passeth into the urethra: yet the thick membrane which wrappeth in the prostat where it leaneth upon the urethra, is thinner and hath many pores, which are dilated by heat in the act of generation, and may be seen in an inveterate gonorrhoea. A continual dilatation of these procure an uncurable gonorrhaae. The sphincter of the bladder compasseth these glandules. In drawing of a stone, if these parts be torn, the party becometh barren. The distance between the root of the cod and the podex is called perinaeum: Perinaeum. because it is still moist with sweat. The Pubes, scrotum, & perinaeum Why these parts in man are hairy. in men, are furnished with hair: because glandules are placed there, which receive plenty of superfluous moisture: a part whereof they send to the skin for the generation of hair. Why corrupt seed is worse in a woman than in a man. If the seed chance to be corrupted in man it causeth not so fearful symptoms as in a woman: because the seminary vessels are without the hypogastrium in man; but in woman within. CAP. XXIV. Of the Yard. IT is called in Latin Penis à pendendo, The description of it. because it hangeth without the belly, and it is an organical part, long and round; yet somewhat flat in the upper part, seated about the lower part of os pubis, appointed for making of water, and conveying the seed into the matrix. It is framed of such a substance as might admit distension and relaxation. The parts of it are either Its parts. common or proper. The common are three, the scarf skin, the skin, and the membrana carnosa. It hath no fat, for it Why it hath no fat. would have hindered the stiffness of it. The cuticula is of a The cuticula & culis. reasonable thickness: The skin is somewhat thick, flaggy when there is no erection; but stiff when there is. The membrana carnosa The membrana carnosa. is somewhat sinewy. The proper or internal The internal parts. parts are these: The two nervous bodies, the septum, the urethra, the glans, four muscles, and the vessels. The two bodies are The two bodies. long, hard, and nervous. These within are spongious, and full of black blood. The spongious substance seemeth to be a net like texture, framed of innumerable twigs of veins and arteries. This black blood contained in these lateral ligaments, being full of spirits waxen hot by the sting of Venus, doth distend the parts. These two lateral ligaments Their beginning. where they are thick and round, spring from the lower part of the share bone. In their beginnings, they are separate one from another, and represent the two horns of Pythagoras his IN, that the urethra may pass between them. But as soon as they Septum lucidum. come to the joining of the share bone, they are by the Septum lucidum everted. It is nervous and white. It ariseth from the upper part of the commissure of the os pubis, and upholdeth the two lateral ligaments and the urethra as a stay. The like is found in women to uphold the cunnus. Under these lieth the urethra. It is of a substance nervous, The urethra thick, loose and soft, like to that of the lateral ligaments. It beginneth at the neck of the bladder: yet it doth not spring from it, but is joined to it only, and so passeth to the glans. If you boil the bladder and it, it will separate itself from the bladder. It is framed of two It's frame. membranes, the one is internal with the which the glans is covered, it is bred of the thin membrane, which covereth the nerves of the prick. It is of an exquisite feeling, that it might feel the acrimony of the seed, and cause pleasure; chiefly in that part of it, which lieth between the prostates. The external is fleshy and hath many fleshy transverse fibres. The middle substance is fungous and full of black blood, that it might suffer distension and relaxation with the lateral ligaments. At the beginning of it Its muscles. there are three holes, one in the middle largest, and two lesser, in each side one, from the passage, which is sent from the vesicula seminales, to the urethra. The muscles are two in each side, and so four in all. Of these collateral muscles, the one is shorter and thicker, and springeth from the appendix or knob of the coxendix. under the beginning of the lateral ligament, and ascending obliquely, is inserted into the same, a little below the beginning of it; this serveth for erection. The second is longer and smaller, proceeding from the sphincter of the anus fleshy. This passeth strait under the urethra, and is inserted about the middle of it, in the side of the prick. These two muscles dilate the lower part of the urethra for miction and ejaculation of the seed. As the first muscle is termed erector, so this is called accelerator, or hastener. This hath a substance agreeable with that of the penis: for this in erection is drawn towards its beginning, and the erection ceasing, it becometh lank. Glans is the extreme part; Glans. it is somewhat round compassed with a circle as with a garland. It is soft, and of an exquisite feeling, by reason or the thin skin, with the which it is covered. About the root of it, where it is joined with the nervous bodies, there is a little pit. In the which if any sharp humour be lodged, as in gonorrhaea virulenta, great pain is caused. The Glans is covered with praeputium, the fore Praeputium. skin; it is framed of the reduplication of the skin. The ligament by the Fraenum. which it is tied to the glans in the lower part of it, is called fraenum the bridle. Of the vessels, some The vessels are cutaneous, some pass to the inner parts of penis. The Cutaneus veins and arteries spring from the pudendae; these entering at the root of the prick they pass by the sides towards the back of it, and are conspicuous enough. The vessels which bestowed upon the inner parts of Penis, come from the Venae and arteriae hypogastricae, about the roots of the lateral ligaments. Here the arteries are remarkable, which are wonderfully dispersed thorough the body of the penis: for the right artery is bestowed upon the left side, and the left upon the right side. It hath two sinews Its sinews. from the os sacrum. The lesser is bestowed upon the skin: The largest mounting up under the share bones to the root of the yard, between the lateral ligaments, it is bestowed upon the muscles, the rest of the body of the Penis and the glans. Of the Genitals in Woman. CAP. XXV. Of the Cunnus. THe Genitals in a Woman have four distinct parts; to wit, the Cunnus, the matrix, the stones, and the spermatick vessels. Cunnus is that part The particles of the Cunnus. which offereth itself to the sight before section. In it eleven particles are remarkable. 1 1. Pubes, that particle where the hair doth first bud out; which ordinarily falleth out the fourteenth year of a woman's age, the upper part of this which buncheth out, and is most hairy, is called Veneris mons. 2. Is Rima magna, the 2 great chink; it beginneth at the os pubes, and is but an inch distant from the anus. Wherefore it is larger than the cavity of the neck. 3. The Labia or lips, 3 by these the internal parts are covered, as the tongue and teeth by the lips. These are framed of the common integuments of the body, these have pretty store of spongious fat. 4 4. Are the Alae, or Nymphae, the wings, these appear when the lips are severed: These are two productions framed of a soft and spongious flesh, and the reduplication of the Cutis, placed at the sides of the neck: Being joined above, they compass the Clitoris. In figure and colour they resemble the comb of a Cock. 5 5. Is Clytoris, this is a nervous and hard body: within, full of a black and spongious matter, as the lateral ligaments of the yard. It is framed of three bodies. The two lateral are ligaments and spring from the internal knob of the Ischium. The third is between these, this ariseth from the joining of os pubis; at the end of it is the glans, which hath a superficial hollowness, and is covered with a very thin skin, as a Praeputium, which springeth from the joining of the Nymphae. And as it doth represent the prick of a man, so it suffereth erection, and falling; It may be called a woman's prick. In some women it hath been as big as a man's. 6 6. Under the Clytoris above the neck a hole is to be seen, by the which a woman maketh water. 7 7. After the Nymphae four caruncules resembling the leaf of the myrtle shrub, are to be seen: Whereof that which is uppermost, is largest and forked, that it might receive the end of the neck of the bladder, the other is below: The other are on the sides. All four keep back the air, and all other things, from entering into the cavity of the neck, and by tickling the genital of man cause the greater delight. In women which have not borne children, they are most conspicuous. These caruncules are framed of the reduplication of the fleshy neck of the genital. 8. Behind the caruncules 8 appeareth a cavity in the lower part of the neck of a reasonable largeness, framed by nature to stay the seed poured into the neck from too quick slipping out. 9 9 In Virgins these caruncules are joined together by a thin and sinewy membrane interlaced with small veins, cleaving orbicularly to the sides of the neck, having a small hollowness in the middle, which will receive a pease, by the which the menstrual blood passeth: Sometimes it is hollow like a sieve, it is called hymen. 10. Behind these caruncules 10 and the hymen appeareth a chink, under the orifice of the bladder between the two wings, which is the entrance into the neck. 11. Now the neck is 11 nothing else but that distance, The neck. which is between the Cunnus, and the mouth of the matrix. In women of an ordinary It's length. stature, it is eight inches in length. The substance of this It's substance. part is hard, without, fleshy; within membranous, and wrinkled like to the inner skin of the upper jaw of a cow's mouth. First, to cause greater pleasure in the act of generation. Secondly, the better to retain the seed. Thirdly, to admit the greater dilatation in travel. The neck is seated in It's seat. that cavity of hypogastrium, which is called pelvises, between the bladder and intestinum rectum. It hath two membranes; if you cut them transversly, you shall perceive between them a spongious flesh: such as is found in the lateral ligaments of the Penis. This causeth it to swell in the act of generation, innumerable sprigs of veins and arteries affording plenty of spirits. The hypogastricall Its vessels. veins are inserted into the neck of the matrix: from thence passing to the mouth of the matrix. As soon as they come to be implanted into the substance of the uterus, they lose their own coats, which are bestowed upon the first membrane of it. From thence by small pipes (such as are found in sponges) but wreathed blood is carried to the matrix: by these veins the terms issue into the neck of the genital. A large branch passeth from arteria hypogastrica to the neck. A sprig of it, but wreathed is communicate to the resticle, passing thither between the two membranes of the body of the matrix: This sprig is wound to hinder it from ruption, when the matrix is enlarged, a woman being with child. CAP. XXVI. Of the Matrix. THe Matrix was appointed by Nature to be the field of nature, to receive the seeds of man and woman for the procreation of man, and the continuation of mankind. It hath two parts, os uteri, The parts of it. the mouth of the matrix, and fundus the bottom. The mouth is a hole The month of it. at the entrance of it, which like a mouth may be dilated, or pursed in: this entrance is but a transverse line, which when it is exactly opened becometh round. This orifice, although in the act of generation it may be so dilated, that it will receive the glans of a man's genital; yet after conception it is so closely shut, that it will not admit the point of a bodkin. When a woman is delivered, it so openeth itself, that it maketh way for the infant, be it never so big. In those who have been mothers, it is like to the mouth of a whelp. The cancer of the matrix most commonly beginneth here, because it is somewhat fleshy: within this orifice a long knobby substance is placed, to help the shutting of the orifice the more exquisitely. About this knobby substance, small holes are to be seen, which seem to be the ends of the ejaculatory vessels. It's figure. In figure it is like a pear or a cupping glass. In Virgins even of a It's bigness. big stature it exceedeth not the bigness of a walnut. But in those who are with child, it doth dilate itself into that capacity, as is able to contain the child. It was to be small, because Why it is small. the seed in quantity is but little, which it ought to embrace and cherish. It hath no distinct cells No distinctcelles in it. as the matrix of a beast hath; only a line, as in the tongue and cod, doth separate the right side from the left. In length from the orfice to the extremity of the bottom, it is thought to be three inches. The internal superficies is rough the better to keep the seed. The matrix is framed It's frame. of two membranes, the external springeth from the peritonaeum, and is the thickest of all other, that spring from it. It is smooth and slippery if you except those parts where the spermatick vessel enter into the matrix, and where the ligaments go out. The internal membrane is full of small holes, where the matrix covereth the intestinum rectum. When the courses flow, they are easily seen; but not when they cease. The Ancients did take these to be the mouths of the veins and arteries. And because they resemble Acetabula. in figure the measure appointed for the selling of vinegar, they called them Acetabula or Cotidones. By these holes the menstrual blood issueth. Above at the sides of Cornua uteri. the external membrane two little bunches, such as are seen in stirks or hayfers, when the horns begin to bud, are to be marked. They are called cornua uteri. For nourishment it Its vessels. hath both veins and arteries. Of these the veins are The veins. bigger than the arteries: the veins spring from two branches on each side: one branch cometh from the vasa praeparantia: this doth descend, and is spread thorough the whole matrix: but chiefly thorough the bottom: and seeing the sprigs are implanted in each side, the right are coupled with the left by inosculation. The other branch which cometh from ramus hypogastricus, doth ascend from the lower parts, and is sent partly to the orifice, partly to the bottom. These are larger than those which spring from the vas praeparans. Both these being dispersed thorough the substance of the matrix are united by inosculation also. Some will have the menstrual blood to flow from the twigs, sent from Ramus hypogastricus when a woman is with child: being persuaded by the Aphorism of Hypocrates lib. 5. Aphor. 51. that nothing can flow from the cavity, the orifice being so shut that it cannot admit the point of a bodkin; but the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, signifieth only connivens, or shut together, as the eye lids are. And although in the first months the orifice be exactly closed; yet when a woman is great with child the orifice gapeth a little, and is shut with a mucous seminal substance, which doth repel the air, and lubricate the orifice in the delivery. It hath arteries also, Arteries. which spring from the preparing arteries, and from the hypogastricae, as the veins did; these accompany the veins, and are distributed as they are. The sinews first do The sinews spring from the sixth conjugation: they are small, and are bestowed upon the bottom: then from the pares which spring from the os sacrum. These are bestowed partly upon the lower part of it, and partly upon the Cunnus. These are larger, because in the act of generation great delectation is required. By these vessels, arteries, veins and nerves, the matrix hath a consent with all the rest of the body. And although the veins, and arteries seem to be small in women which are not with child; yet in those who are with child, by the affluxion of blood, they will sometimes become as thick as a finger. Yea in such the matrix which otherways is membranous, as hath been said, becometh in the last months thicker and softer: so that about the upper part of the bottom, unto the which the placenta uteri is tied, it becometh almost two inches thick. The matrix is only tied to the adjacent parts laterally: Iti connexion. for above, fore, and after, it is free that it might admit dilatation, and descend or ascend in the act of generation. Now the ligament Its ligaments. are in number four. The two uppermost broad and membranous are nothing else but production of the peritonaeum, which tie the matrix to the ossa ilii. They are loose and soft, that they might admit dilatation with the matrix, when a woman is with child, and constriction when she is not. These carry the vasa praeparantia and deferentia to the matrix, and lap up the stones: they represent the wings of a bat, or the sails of a ship spread abroad. These keep the matrix steady in its own place, that it neither ascend not descend. The two lower ligaments are nervous, round, and hollow; they spring from the sides of the bottom of the matrix, near to the vasa deferentia, which they touch; they go down to the groynes, by the production of the peritonaeum strengthened by glandules: And being dilated like a membrane, they bestow one part upon the clytoris: The residue passeth to the knee, in the inside of the thigh by the Membrana adiposa, this is the cause why women after conception feel pain in the inside of the thigh. These ligaments ferve not only to stay the matrix, but because they are hollow, by them noisome humours of the genitals are sent to the glandules of the groins. So after impure copulation, the seminary vessels being infected, the contagious humour, by these ligaments is sent to the groynes: from whence arise bubones venerei. CAP. XXVII. Of the stones and the seminary vessels. WOMEN have stones as Men The differences between the stones of a woman and of a man. have; but they differ in eleven things. 1. In situation, for they are placed not without the hypogastrium, as in men; but within it: that they might be the hotter and more fruitful. 2. In quantity, for they are lesser. 3. In their frame, for they are composed of five or six bladders, which make them uneven: whereas the stones of men are smooth: these bladders contain an humidity like to whey; but it is thicker. 4. The stones of women have no cremasters; but are stayed by the broad lateral ligaments, called the bat's wings. 5. They have no prostates. 6. They differ in figure, for in man they are oval; but in woman flattish. 7. They have but one membrane; whereas man's hath four. 8. In substance, for they are more soft and flaggy than in man. 9 In temperature, for they are more cold than man's stones: and contain a thin and waterish seed. 10. In women they are tied to the sides of the uterus by the two upper ligaments, which are loose and membranous. 11. In women which are not with child, they are placed above the matrix, two inches distant from it. The seminary vessels Its veins. preparing, are four, two veins, and so many arteries. The vein of the right side springeth as in man, from the trunk of the vena cava under the emulgent; but that of the left side springeth from the middle of the emulgent of the same side. Both the arteries spring from the descending trunk of the great artery. Its arteries. These veins are not united as in man, before they come to the stones, but are divided into two branches. Whereof the greater being stayed by the membranous ligament, is carried to the stone; but the lesser endeth in the bottom of the matrix in the upper part, for the nutrition of the matrix, and the embryo. These vasa preparantia The difference between these and those in men. differ from those in men in these things. First, they are shorter than in man, by reason of the shortness of the passage: but they have more wreathe where they make corpus varicosum, about the stone, that the seed may be the better prepared. Secondly, they pass not whole to the stones as in man; but are divided in the mid way, as hath been said. One thing is to be noted, An observation. that the spermatick veins receive the arteries as they pass by the sides of the uterus, that the blood might be the better elaborat: for if you blow up the vena spermatica, both the right and left vessels of the matrix are blown up. From hence you may perceive the communion of all the vessels of the matrix. The Vesa deferentia Vasa deferentia. spring from the lower part of the stones. They are firm, white, and nervous. They pass by the membranous ligament to the matrix, not strait, but wreathed; that the shortness of the way might be recompensed with the multitude of windings. near the stones they are somewhat broad. When they have marched a little, they become narrow, and about the matrix they become broad again, and end in the cornua & capacity of it. Amongst these vessels the last to be considered is Tuba Fallopiana. Spigeltus Tuba Fallopiana. calleth it Vas coecum, lib. 8. cap. 20. because it hath but one orifice, as the intestinum coecum annexed to colon; this springeth from the cornua or bunches, and resembleth the end of a trumpet, and passeth obliqaely, over against the stone carried by the membranous ligament, and compasseth the stones: but it neither proceedeth from the stones, neither is inserted into them: And as in its beginning it is open; so in its ending it is shut. Riolan will have it to be the end of the ejaculatory vessel, ending within the matrix. He observeth that within it is to be seen a long, white and sinewy body, which he will have to be the continuation of the ejaculatory vessel. He noteth also that a small sprig doth pass but wreathed from the ejaculatory, by the sides of the uterus to the orifice: by the which women with child spend their seed in the act of generation; which Spigelius denieth in the cited place, and checketh Laurentius for affirming such a passage. THE SECOND Book of the Breast. CAP. I. Of the common containing parts of it. HItherto then of the lower belly, the seat of the natural spirit, and of the parts appointed for nutrition and procreation: Now it followeth that we handle the middle cavity the seat of the vital spirit, which containeth those parts appointed for the cherishing of the natural heat, the distribution of the same to all other parts of the body, and the cooling of it, if it exceed the natural degree. This ventricle is seated in the middle, The situation of it. between the uppermost, which is the head, and lowermost, which is the belly: for it was fit, that it should be so, that the heat passing thorough all, and bestowing life should equally be bestowed upon all the parts of the body. It is severed from the The limitation of it. head by the neck; from the belly by the midrife. It is bounded in the forepart by the brestbone, and cartilages. In the sides by the ribs: Behind by the vertebrae of the back. The figure of it is oval, The figure of it. somewhat flat before and behind, whereas in beasts it is somewhat sharp: So that only man lieth on his back. The substance of it. It is partly bony, partly fleshy, that it might admit motion, and yet not styfle the heart; the fleshy parts being suspended by the bony. The fore part of it is The parts of it. called sternum, the sides costae, and the hinder parts dorsum. The parts whereof it is composed, are either containing or contained. The parts containing are either common or proper. The parts containing The common containing parts. common are in number four, Cuticula, Cutis, Pinguedo, and Membrana carnosa. The scarf skin, and 1.2. Cuticula. skin of it do differ from those in the belly: for it is hairy under the arm pits, and above the pit of the heart: the skin of the back is both harder and thicker, and so is less hairy. Secondly, the skin of the back part is of an exquisite feeling: first, because many twigs of sinews are bestowed upon it from the Nervis, proceeding from the spinalis medulla: secondly, by reason of the muscles of the breast placed there, which have many tendons, and so are very sensible. As for the fat, it is 3. Pinguedo. not plentiful here as in the belly: first, because the natural heat here is sufficiently preserved without it: secondly, because it would have hindered the motion of the breast. Only here it is somewhat yellowish. The Membrana carnosa 4. The Membrana carnosa. here in the forepart of the neck is more fleshy than in other parts, chiefly where the musculus quadratus is framed, which pulleth down the cheeks and lips. CAP. II. Of the Dugs. THe proper containing The parts of the breast. parts are either external or internal. The external are in number three, the dugs, the muscles, the bones. The internal proper containing parts are three in like manner, the pleura, the mediastinum, and the pericardium. Dugs are granted to both the sexes, in men The paps of men. they are framed of the cutis, the membrana carnosa, fat, and the nipple, and serve only for beauty, and are called mammillae. If in man a whitish substance representing milk, be found in the nipples, which hath been seen, as witnesseth Aristotel. 1. Histor. Animal. 12. it is unprofitable, and unapt to nourish. The paps in women besides these parts, The parts of the paps in woman. have remarkable vessels, glandules and pipes, to contain the milk perfected by the glandules. The glandules are The glandulous bodies. many, not one; that the milk might be the better elabored. There is placed above the rest, one somewhat bigger under the nipple. Between these are placed innumerable veins and arteries, which receive blood from the matrix the material cause of milk. When these are full of blood, the milk is made by the property of the substance of the glandulous bodies, and their temperament. The milk perfected is sent to the tubuli lactiferi or conduits of milk, these end in the nipple. The veins are of two The veins. sorts, for some are external, some internal. The external spring from the axillar branch, and are placed under the skin, which covereth the dugs to nourish it, and are called Thoracicae superiores, or the uppermost breast veins. The internal or inferior called mammariae, spring from the rami subclavii. They are in number two, whereof one doth match downward strait by the sides of the breast bone. When they are come to the macranata cartilago, they pass out of the breast, and go downward by the lower part of the musculi recti. When they are come to the umbilical region almost, they are joined with skin, by sundry inosculations, with the venae epigastricae, which meet them there. These venae epigastricae, spring from the external ramusiliacus, and by a strait way pass upward under these muscles. From this same branch, spring the vena hypogastricae which are inserted into the neck and bottom of the matrix. There are arteriae mammariae The arteries. in like manner, which spring from the rami subclavii, and go down to the navel. Whither when they are come, they are united by inosculation with the Arteriae epigastricae ascending. They have nerves from the fourth intercostal nerve, Nerves. which about the middle of the rib, perforating the intercostal muscle, is divided into four branches, which are sent afterward to the pectoral muscle, the thicker passing to the nipple. Between these glandulous The fat. bodies and vessels plenty of fat is placed to procure smoothness & equality to the paps. If this be wasted either by sickness of old age, the dugs become flaggy. The paps are of figure The figure of the dugs. round; both, that they should be more capable of milk, and less subject to brufing. In number they are Their number. two, that if one should fail, the other should supply the defect. In Men, Women, and Their situation. Apes, which carry their young ones in their arms, they are seated in the breast: 1. That the mother should take pleasure by beholding the child. 2. That by the talking of the mother, the child should learn to speak, and be endued with reason. 3. That being near to the heart, they should receive plenty of heat. 4. For beauty. 5. For convenient giving of suck, for the child cannot presently go when it is borne; but must be borne in the arms and applied to the teat. 6. For the commodity of the act of generation. 7. For the defence of the vital parts. 8. For the incitation of lust. 9 To be a receptacle of excrementitious humours. So women are often troubled with cancers. The nipple is placed in Of the nipple. the middle of the dug, where the milky conduits end. It is a round body standing out, that the infant may take hold of it with the lips. It is of a fungous' substance, that it may admit distension and contraction. It hath many holes: which appear when the milk is pressed out. It is rougher than the other parts of the dug, that the infant may the more firmly hold it. It is of an exquisite sense, that the nurse should find some pleasure, when she giveth suck: It is framed of the reduplication of the skin. Now the milk which What milk is. is drawn thorough the holes of it by the Infant, is nothing else but a white liquor, engendered of the venal and arterial blood, sent from the matrix, and altered by the glandules of the dugs; in taste pleasant, which is easily cincocted by the stomach, and doth speedily and plentifully nourish. As for the muscles, they are set down in the Treatise of Muscles, Cap. 15. The bones, which were said to be the third proper external containing part, are set down in doctrine of bones. CAP. III. Of the proper internal containing parts. THese are in number three, the Pleura, the Mediastinum, and the Pericardium. The Pleura hath its denomination from the ribs, under which it is placed, and so it may be termed in English the costal membrane. It is a membrane, It's substance. white, thin, hard, resembling the Peritonaeum Spigelius de human. corp. Fabr. lib. 9 cap 3. will have it to be thicker and stronger than the Peritonaeum, contrary to the opinion of Riolan, who affirmeth the Peritonaeum to be thicker and stronger; because it is appointed for the sustaining the weight of the guts. It is every where double: the inner part is Its parts. thickest, smoothest, and as it were bedewed with a waterish humour, that it should not hurt the lungs by its roughness: This waterish humour doth spring from the vapours raised from the blood condensed, by respective coldness of the membrane. The outer part is thinner, yet rougher; that it should cleave the more firmly to the ribs. As for its figure, without It's figure. it is arched, within hollow: Above it is narrower, below broader, chiefly towards the sides: From it spring some sinewy fibres, by the which the lungs are tied to it. If these be too straight, the motion of the lungs is hindered, and so an uncurable difficulty of breathing procured. Above it is perforat in Its holes. five places, to give way to the vena cava, and the aorta ascending, the gula, the windpipe, and the nerves of the sixth pair. Below where it covereth the midrife, it is perforat in three places, to give way to vena cava, and the aorta descending, as also to the gula. It is framed of the It's beginning. membranes, covering the spinalis medulla; for those joining with the sinews of the breast, growing broader, produce it. It hath veins and arteries The vessels. for nourishment and life, and nerves for feeling. On each side it hath Veins. 12. veins; whereof the two uppermost spring from the higher intercostal branch, and the ten lower from the vena sine pari. Some many arteries are in like manner; Arteries. whereof the four uppermost proceed from the superior intercostal, and the inferior eight, from the hinder part of the aorta, descending. It hath twelve nerves Nerves. in like manner; whereof the fore branches which spring from the vertebrae of the breast, are bestowed upon the forepart; but the hindermost branches are bestowed upon the muscles, which are placed upon the back. These vessels are placed The seat of the vessels and the pleurisy. between the duplication of the pleura, and the pleurisy itself is not seated in this place only; but between the pleura also, and the intercostal muscles. It Its uses. hath two uses: First, to wrap in all the vital parts: Secondly, to defend them from all external injuries. The second membrane Of the Mediastinum. is the mediastinum because it standeth in the middle of the breast, and divideth the right side from the left. In hath not only a duplication as the pleura hath, but is double also; for one is in the right side, the other in the left. They are united according to the longitude of the verteurae of the back; but severed towards the sternum. In the cavity between Observation these parts of the mediastinum, one may be deeply wounded, without any great danger of death. Such a wound you shall easily discern; First, if small store of blood issue out. Secondly, if no breath come out. This cavity is seen when the Cartilago xiphoides is removed. In the dropsy of the lungs, and when corrupt mattet is gathered, the sternum here may be tripaned. The substance of it is It's substance. membranous, yet thinner and softer than the pleura. The inner side towards the lungs is smooth, and hath fat about the vessels; but the exterior is rougher, by reason of the fibres, by the which it is tied to the pleura. It reacheth from the It's largeness. throat to the midrife. As for its vessels, veins Its veins. Its arteries. and arteries, it hath from those called mammariae, but small, and from vena sine pari. It hath one special vein called mediastina, which springeth from the lower part of ramus subclavius. The nerves called stomachici Its nerves. pass by the reduplication of it. It hath three uses: First, it divideth the breast and lungs in two parts, that one being wounded the other should be safe. Secondly, it holdeth up the pericardium firmly, wherein the heart is contained, that it should not rest upon the backbone when we lie upon our back, or that it should fall upon the breast bone when we bend ourselves towards the ground, or touch the ribs when we lie upon our sides. Thirdly, it giveth a safe passage to the vessels which pass by it. The third proper containing Of the pericardium. part is the pericardium, so called because it compasseth the whole heart, whose figure it hath, for it is pyramidal. It is so far distant from the heart, as is sufficient to give way to the motion of the same, and the containing of the waterish humour. It hath two membranes: Its membranes. 1. Outer from the mediastinum, it is It's connexion. tied before and behind to the pleura; from It's beginning. whence both the mediastinum and pericardium originally spring. 2. Inner from proceeding from the external tunicles of the vessels of the heart: for within the pericardium the vessels lack their common tunicle, it having been spent upon the pericardium. The external membrane is fibrous; but the internal is slippery, but firm and thick. The motion of it is secondary from the heart. It leaneth more to the It's situation. left side than to the right, and more to the fore than back part. It cleaveth so firmly to the nervous circle of the midrife, that it cannot be separate from it without renting, to direct the motion of the heart. It is perforat in five Its holes. places. In two for the entering in, and passing out of the vena cava. In three for vena arteriosa, and arteria venosa, and the passing out of the aorta. It hath small veins Its vessels. from the phrenicae, the axillar. No arteries appear, because it is near enough to the heart. It hath two uses: Its uses. First, to keep the heart in its own place, whether we bend our body backwards, forward, or to either side. Secondly, to contain the waterish humour, which is sundry ways profitable: for first, it tempereth the heat of the heart: Secondly, it moisteneth the same: Thirdly, it maketh it slippery: Last of all the pericardia defendeth the heart as an armour from all external injuries. The waterish humour The waterish humour in the pericardium. which is contained in the pericardium, is like urine: yet not sharp or saltish. If it be thock and slimy, is causeth the heart to be hairy. If it be too copious, it causeth the painting of the heart, which is cured by phlebotomy. It is too plentiful in those who have obstructions of the mesaraical veins, liver, or spleen: for in such the thinnest part of the chylus only is drawn for nourishment, and so the blood becometh waterish. Some think it to It's generation. proceed from a seminal aquosity, even from the first generation: as the air within the ears is from a flatuous. Others think that it is engendered of vapours raised from the blood, and waterishness of the veins and arteries of the heart, and condensed by the respective coldness of the membrane, and by his means the peritonaeum and the pleura seem always bedewed with moisture. It seemeth that the first beginning of it is a seminal humidity, and that is maintained afterward by the vapours. Sometimes also there The bloody water in the capacity of the breast. is contained in the capacity of the breast, a bloody water to moisten, and temper the heat of the lungs. It is caused partly of the vapours raised from the vessels, partly of that portion of drink, which passeth to the lungs: and by reason of this, water and blood did flow from the side of our Saviour, pierced. CAP. FOUR Of the trunk ascending from the Vena cava. NOw the parts contained in the breast, are either vasa or viscera, the vessels or the entrails. The vessels are in number four, the vena cava, the vena arterialis, the arteria venosa, and the aorta or arteria magna. The first is the The Vena cava. vena cava or magna, because the hollowness of it is great. It hath its beginning from the liver. The orifice of it is three times as large as that of the aorta: being received by the right care of the heart, it is expanded into the whole right ventricle of the same. About the orifice of it Its values. are placed three values called trifulcae or tri●uspides: because arising from a large foot, they end into a narrow top representing barbed arrows. Their situation is from without inward, so that the blood may be let in, but not return. They proceed from a membranous circle, annexed to the orifice: They cleave to the septum of the heart, towards the point of it be strong fibres ending in round caruncules. If you would see these as the rest of the values, cut transversly the ventricles of the heart near to the basis, and then they will appear. It hath two trunks, The trunk ascending. one descending, and this is that which is caused of a number of small veins, appearing in the hollow part of the liver, which meet about the middle of it in one trunk still decreasing in number, and increasing in bigness. The other ascending, this is procured by a number of small veins, springing from the convex part of the liver, which end in like manner into one trunk about the middle of it. This is bigger than the descending, because all the upper parts are fed by this only; whereas most of the parts contained in the abdomen, are nourished by the vena portae. Although it be not The lateral sprigs of the trunk ascending. divided into branches until it come to the throat; yet it doth send forth sundry sprigs from the sides. The first is called phrenica, 1. Phrenica. one in each side It is inserted into the diaphragma, which is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, by a number of twigs, and from thence it bestoweth twigs upon the pericardium, and mediastinum. The second is called Coronaria, so called because like a garland it compasseth the basis of the heart. It sendeth sundry twigs to the outer parts of the heart; but chiefly to the left: because it needeth greater store of nourishment, by reason of its stronger motion. This hath a value which hindereth the return of the blood, to the vena cava. This springeth from the cava, before it enter into the heart, and the blood is somewhat thick, and not attenuat in the ventricles of the heart; for the substance of the heart, being hard, and firm, was to be nourished by blood somewhat gross. The third is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 3. Vena sine pari. or sine pari, without a mate, because it hath not a fellow as other veins have in the left side, if you except those beasts which chew the cud. This springeth from the cava, as soon as it is come out of the pericardium. It passeth out of the hinder and right part of the vena cava, about the fifth vertebra of the breast. It doth not descend strait way: But coming a little forward, it returneth towards the spina. When it is come to the eighth or ninth rib above the spina, it is divided into two branches, to wit, the right and the left: Then passing by the division of the midrife, which is between the two productions of it, they are spread thorough the abdomen. Of these two, the left is inserted into the left emulgent. By this way Fallopius By which way matters in the breast are discharged. will have waterish, purulent and bloody substances to be discharged, which sometimes are contained in the breast; while these branches march downward: In each side ten sprigs bud out, which march thorough so many distances of so many of the inferior ribs. In the lower part of the rib, there is a groop to receive the sprig. Wherefore when you make incision in an empiena, come not near to this part. From this vein other small twigs also proceed; which afford nourishment to the spinalus medulla. These are called costales inferiures, or the lower intercostals. The vena sine pari thus being framed, the cava ascendeth to the jugulum, strengthened by the media stinum and the thymus; which is placed in the uppermost part of the breast. Here the vena cava The divarication of the vena cava. is parted into 2. remarkable branches: From whence all those veins spring, which are sent either to the head or arms. One branch marcheth to the right, another to the left side, while they remain within the breast, they are called subclavii, because they march under the cannell bones; but when they are come to the arm pit, they are called axillares. Before they come to Sprigs proceeding from the cava within the breast. the arm pit, sundry sprigs spring from them. The first is intercostalis superior, 1. Intercostalis superior . this ariseth from the root of the divarication, and passing by the roots of two ribs, bestoweth twigs upon the distances of the two upper ribs, as the vena sine part did: there is one in each side. The second is called mammaria; 2. Mammaria. this marcheth forwards towards the upper part of the bone of the breast. From thence it goeth down by the sides of it, and when it is come to the cartilago mucronata, about the sides of it, it passeth out of the breast, and marcheth by a strait way under the strait muscles to the navel, where it is joined with the vena epigastrica ascendens by inosculation: which is the cause of that great consent, which is between the paps and the matrix. This before it leave the breast, it bestoweth one branch upon the cartilaginous distances of seven of the costae verae, where the sprigs of the vena sine pari end. From these branches proceed some other remarkable twigs, which are bestowed upon those muscles, which are seated upon the breast, and the dugs. The third is called Mediastina, 3. Mediastina. because it is bestowed upon the mediastinum together with the left nerve of the midrife, according to the length of it. The fourth is called Cervicalis or vertebralis. 4. Cervicalis. It is large in each side, marching upwards obliquely towards the back part, it cometh to the transverse processes of the vertebrae of the neck, where passing thorough the holes of them, it bestoweth branches upon the muscles, which lie above the vertebrae. The fifth is called Muscula inferior, 5. Muscula inferior. because it is spent upon the lower muscles of the neck, which stretch out the neck and head. The sixth is the internal jugular, 6. The internal jugular. this ariseth where the cannell bone is articulate with the sternum. This joined with the nerve recurrent, and the soporall artery, marcheth by the side of the windpipe, to the throat. The seventh is the external jugular, this marching up under the skin, and the qoadrat muscle, which pulleth down the cheeks, cometh to the ear. This in beasts is bigger than the internal: otherwise than it is in man. CAP. V. Of Vena arterialis, and arteria venalis. THe second vessel in the breast is Vena arterialis. Vena arterialis. It is a vein from its office: for it carrieth natural blood to the lungs by the right side of the wind pipe: It is called an artery, because the coat of it is double, not single as that of veins. It doth spring from the upper part of the right ventricle of the heart, and is implanted into the substance of the lungs by the right side of the windpipe. The third vessel is arteria venalis. Arteria venalis. It is called an artery, because is carrieth arterial blood; but a vein, because it hath a single coat as a vein. It ariseth from the upper part of the left ventricle of the heart, and is implanted into the substance of the lungs by the left side of the windpipe. The Vena arterialis The values of these two vessels. hath three values called Sigmoides, from the figure of the great sigma, which answereth the Latin S. the figure is this C. They look from within outwards, to let out the blood; but to hinder the return of the same. The Arteria venalis hath two values called mitrales, because they are like a Bishop's Mitre. They look from without inward, to let in blood carried from the vena arterialis. They are bigger than those of vena cava, and have longer filaments, and to strengthen them many fleshy snippets are joined to them. It hath two values only, that the fuliginous vapours might the more readily be discharged. It hath also but a single thin coat, partly for the same purpose, partly because the blood sent from the vena arteriosa is cooled by the bronchia of the lungs before it entereth into arteria venalis it needeth not so thick a coat as an artery, and because veins only carry in blood, and arteries carry out, therefore arteria venalis is placed in the left ventricle, and vena arterialis in the right. Both these vessels not far from their beginning, are divided into two branches, whereof the one passeth to the right part of the lungs, and the other to the left; and each of these is subdivided into other branches, until at the last they end in small threads. The greater branches accompany one another, so that the vein still marcheth with the arteriae joined together by many inosculations or anastomosis. Between them the branches of aspera arteria march. These vessels are great, because the lungs by reason of their perpetual motion require much nourishment. First, the blood is How the blood is carried to the left ventricle of the heart. carried into the lungs by vena arterialis, and from hence to arteria venalis, by sundry anastomosis, and from hence to the left ventricle of the heart. Where being made spirituous, it is sent by the aorta, to impart life to the whole body. One thing is to be noted, that no air in its proper substance is carried to the heart: for the blood contained in these two vessels, is sufficiently cooled by the bronchia passing between them. The blood is cooled, How the blood is cooled. First, by staying in the lungs while it is in passing. Secondly, by touching the bronchia cooled by the attraction of fresh air: And thirdly, by the continual motion of the lungs. One thing is to be noted, that in arteria venosa a little below the values there is found a little value ever open. It being removed, there appeareth a hole, by the which the blood passeth freely from the vena cava to it, and returneth by reason of this anastomosis; that the blood in the veins may be animat. CAP. VI Of the great artery, and first of the trunk ascending of the same. THe fourth vessel is the great artery called aorta; because it receiveth the air. It springeth from the upper part of the left ventricle of the heart, where it is largest and hardest. Before it come out of Coronaria arteria. the Pericardium, it sendeth two small twigs, from each side one: which compass the basis of the heart like a garland, and send down according to the length of the heart other twigs: These are called Coronariae. These twigs are more in number, and larger about the left ventricle than the right, because it requireth greater plenty of nourishment, by reason of its stronger motion, which digesteth much blood. It is placed between The situation of the aorta. the wind pipe, and the vena cava, tied to the mouth of the stomach, passing under the trunk of vena arteriosa upward, Its trunks. when it hath pierced the Pericardium, it is divided into two trunks; whereof the one is called truncus ascendens, the ascending trunk: The other descendens, the descending. Of these two the descending is largest, because it ministereth life to more parts. This ascending trunk The branches of the trunk ascending. before it pass to the arms, is divided into two branches, whereof one passeth to the right, the other towards the left arm; they are called subclavii rami, because they march under the canell bones. When they are gone out of the breast, they are called Axillares. From both the lower and upper part of both these branches, sundry sprigs do spring. From the upper part From the upper part. proceedeth intercostalis superior, which bestoweth twigs upon the distances of the uppermost four ribs. From whence others are sent to the adjacent muscles and the spinalis medulla. 1 From the lower springeth From the lower part. that branch, which is called Cervicalis, but more fitly Vertebralis; for it springeth behind where the vertebrae; from thence marching upwards it bestoweth twigs upon the spinalis medulla, which enter by the passages, by the which the nerves, as also upon the muscles, which are placed in the hinder part of the neck, and at the last entereth into the Cranium, by that hole, by the which the spinalis medulla descendeth from the brain. This with its fellow when it is come to the sell of the wedgelike bone on each side of it, between the first and second pair of sinews, having been divided, cause Plexus choroides. 2 The second, the Arteria mammaria, which accompanying the Vena mammaria is joined with the epigastrica arteria, ascending by inosculation about the navel. 3 The third is that called Muscula, and is distributed upon the muscles of the neck. 4 The fourth is the Soporall, one on each side; so called, because if they be stopped, sleep doth immediately follow. These soporall arteries when they are come to the throat, they are divided in two branches, to wit, the external, which is lesser, and the internal, which is larger. The external bestowed twigs upon the muscles of the face, upon the roots of all the teeth of the lower jaw, having entered into the cavity of the mandible, and going out upon the chin. The internal branch when it hath about the throat, it hath bestowed twigs upon the tongue and larynx, about the lower part of the skull, it is divided into two branches, whereof the lesser and hindermost accompanying the branch of the internal jugular marcheth toward the hindermost part of the skull, and entering at the second hole of the noll entereth into the hollowness of the dura matter. The foremost and the largest, when it hath entered into the cavity of the skull thorough it proper hole in the parietall bone, and is come to the sell of the wedgelike bone, it maketh rete mirabile, which in beasts is large, but in man very obscure. CAP. VII. Of the descending trunk of the aorta. THE descending trunk of the aorta about the fifth vertebra of the breast bending towards the left side marcheth downwards towards the last vertebra of the loins. In this march it sendeth forth sundry branches, which are these: 1. intercostal inferior The branches of the trunk descending. arteries in number eight. 2. Phraenicae two. 3. Caeliaca one. 4. Mesenterica superior. 5. Emulgentes two. 6. Spermaticae two. 7. Mesenterica inferior. 8. Lumbares. The inferior intercostal 1. The Inferior intercostals. arteries, accompanying the veins and nerves of the same denomination march according to the length of the lower part of the ribs, where there is a hollowness to receive them, and in the true ribs end where the cartilages begin; but in the short ribs they go a little further, even to the sides of the lower belly. These send sprigs by the holes of the nerves to the marrow of the back, and to the muscles which rest upon the vertebrae of the back. These not only afford By what way quittour and water is sent from the br 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉. spirits and blood, to the intercostal muscles; but carry also quittour and water gathered in the cavity of the breast, sent by the trunk of the aorta to the bladder, by the emulgent arteries, according to Spigelius lib. 6. cap. 4. whereas Fallopius will have these m●ters to be sent by vena sintpari; but this a shorter way. Phrenicae are two, 2. Phrenicae. one on each side: they spring from the trunk as soon as it is come out of the cavity of the breast, and being spread into many twigs, whereof the most are bestowed upon the lower part of the midrife, where the vertebra of the back are; and some also upon the upper part, which afterward pass to the pericardium, where it cleaveth to the midrife. Caeliaca is one, so called 3. Caeliaca. because it sendeth twigs to the stomach. This springeth from the forepart of the trunk. This bestoweth branches upon the stomach, liver, gall, call, the duodenum, the beginning of the jejunum, to a part of Colon, to the Pancreas, and spleen. Mesenterica superior doth arise a little below the caeliaca, accompanying the vena mesaraica. It bestoweth many twigs upon the hungry and ilium gut, as also upon that part of Colon, which lieth between the hollow part of the liver, and the right kidny. So that this branch is bestowed upon the upper part of the mesentery. 5 The Emulgent arteries are two; the right and the left. They spring from both the sides of the trunk under the former, where the first and second vertebra of the loins are coupled by a ligament. The left is lower than the right. These when they are come to the kidneys are divided into two branches, which are inserted into the cavities of the kidneys, and by innumerable small twigs are spent upon the substance of the kidneys. The use of these, besides the common, is to discharge the serosity of the arteries, whereof they have great store. 6 Spermatica or seminales, the Seminary; they are in like manner two, which spring from the forepart of the trunk. The left artery doth not spring from the left emulgent artery as the vein doth. These marching downward, accompany the veins of their side. In men they are carried to the stones by the productions of the peritonaeum; but in women when they are come near to the stones, they are divided in two branches, whereof the one is bestowed upon the stones, and the other upon the bottom of the matrix, in the sides of it. Mesenterica inferior, it 7 springeth about the os sacrum, from the trunk a little above before it sendeth forth the rami iliaci. It is bestowed upon the left part of the Colon, and the rectum, and accompanieth the Hemorrhidicall veins to the anus. Lumbares rami, the 8 Loin branches, in number four; They spring from the backpart of the descending trunk of the aorta. These pass to the vertebrae of the loins, and their marrow by their holes, as also to the adjacent muscles. Some things here offer themselves to be observed. 1. That when either the colic is changed into the gout, or contrariwise the gout into the colic; if the lest happen, than the humours are sent from the crural arteries to the trunk, and from thence to the mesenterical branches of the arteries; and from thence to the guts. If the first happen, than the humours pass the contrary way, Read Hip. 6. Epid. Sect. 4. 2. If the colic turn either to a palsy, or falling sickness, as it may fall out, according to aegenet. lib. 3. cap. 43. then the humour doth return from the Colon by the mesenterical arteries, to the trunk, and from hence to the Lumbares, which being filled compress the adjacent nerves: from whence difficulty of going ensueth; which may be called an imperfect palsy. If the falling sickness be procured, the humour is sent to the groin arteries, and thence to the brain. 3. Clysters may purge the whole body: for the clyster moistening the whole Colon, may by the twigs of the arteries draw noisome humours from the trunk, and when purgation is caused by anointing the navel (which often falled out in using the unction for the pox,) or vomiting by ministering a clyster, wherein white hellebore is, first the arteries draw the force of the medicaments, and this same faculty againt doth purge by the arteries. 9 Arteriae sacrae, or 9 those branches which go to the os sacrum. They spring from the lower part of the trunk, before it sendeth out the Rami ili●ci. They are somewhat large. They marching downward, and leaning upon the os sacrum, enter into the holes of it, and so pass to the marrow and hinder part of the same. By these the matter which causeth the colic may pass to procure the palsy of the legs. Iliace arteriae, these arising 10 below the former about the lower vertibra of the loins, and mount above the vein, lest it should be hurt by the hardness of the os sacrum, in their continual motion. They being in number two large branches, called Arteriae iliaca or flank arteries, and marching downward to the thigh obliquely they represent the Greek Y. inverted. These a little below the division of the trunk are subdivided into two branches, to wit, the internal or lesser Iliaca, and the external or greater. The internal hath two branches: The one is called Glutaea, and with a vein of the same denomination, and is bestowed upon the muscles, which make up the buttocks: The other is called Hypogastrica. This is large, this being carried directly to the lower part of the os sacrum, in men it bestoweth twigs to the bottom and neck of the bladder, and to the strait Gut; but in women wherein it is larger, it sendeth plenty of twigs upon the bottom and neck of the matrix besides the former parts. The external or greater hath two branches. The first is called Epigastrica. It springeth from the outer part of the artery a little before it pass thorough the Peritonaeum, and turning upwards it mounteth upwards by the inner side of the strait muscle of the belly: and about the navel it is inosculat with the arteries descending. The second is called pudenda, this is but a small branch, and when it is come out of the Peritonaeum, it passeth obliquely by the joining of the os pubis, and is bestowed upon the skin of the secret parts. One thing is to be noted, A note. that the Arteria umbilicalis springeth from the internal Iliaca, and going alongst the great artery, is firmly tied to the bladder by strong membranes. When the child is in the belly, it is hollow; but without hollowness when the infant is come. About the orifice of The values. these vessels. II. values are to be seen, if the ventricles of the heart be dissected transverse near to the bajis. Of these some are called trisulcae, and resemble a barbed arrow, some semilunares or Sigmoides, because they resemble a half moon, or the Greek leetter called C. Those bend inwards, because they are set before the vessels which carry in blood. These bend outward, because they are appointed for the vessels which carry out the blood. The Vena cava hath three Trisulcae; but the Arteria venosa two. The Aorta, and vena arteriosa have three Sigmoides. So much then concerning the vessels of the Breast: now follow the entrails. CAP. VIII. Of the Heart. OF these there are four: the Heart, the Lungs, the Windpipe, and part of the Gullet. In the explication of the heart; First, the Swadler is to be considered, and then the substance of the heart itself. The Swadler, called Pericardium or Capsula cordis, is a membrane wrapping in the whole heart, having the figure of the same, having such distance from the heart, and to contain the waterish humour. It is perforat in five places for the coming in, and going out of the vena cava, and for egress of the other three. The substance of it is thick and firm. The outer superficies is fibrous; but the inner, smooth and slippery. It is tied to the Mediastinum, and adjacent parts by sundry fibres. It doth cleave firmly to the sinewy circle of the midrife; but not so in dogs. It hath its beginning from the tunicles, which compass the vessels which proceed from the pleura; for between the heart and the pericardium, the membrane from the pleura is wanting. It containeth a waterish substance, not sharp for the refrigeration and humefaction of the heart: As in the cavity of the breast a moisture is found like water and blood, mingled together. So from the side of our Saviour pierced, water and blood did flow. The Pericardium hath veins from the phrenicae and axillar. No arteries appear; because it is near enough to the heart. It hath small nerves from the left recurrent. As for the heart, the substance of it is compact and firm, and full of fibres of all sorts. The upper part is called hath a small nerve from the sixth conjugation for feeling; but not motion, for it moveth of itself: of all the parts of the body, it is the hottest; for it is the well spring of life, and by arteries communicateth it to the rest of the body. The heart hath two motions, Diastole, and Systole. In Diastole or dilatation of the heart, the conus is drawn from the basis, to draw blood by the cava to the right ventricle, and air by arteria venosa to the left ventricle. In Systole or contraction, on, the conus is drawn to the basis. First, that the vital spirit may be thrust from the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta. Secondly, that the arterial blood may be thrust into the lungs, by arteria venalis. Thirdly, that the blood may be pressed to the lungs, in the right ventricle by vena arterialis. The parts of the heart are either, external or internal. The external are the ears. The ears are annexed to the firm substance of the heart about the basis of it, before the mouths of the vessels. They are of a nervous substance for strength, yet thin and soft, for the easier contraction and dilatation: the left is thicker than the right. When they are distended, they are smooth; but being contracted they are wrinkled. They are storehouses of the heart: for they first receive the air and blood, lest they immediately rushing into the heart might offend it, and they strengthen the vessels. These ears are two in number: the right which is greatest, this is before the vena cava, and the left the lesser, before the arteria venosa. They are called ears not from the office of hearing, but from the likeness; they representing the figure of an ear. Death approaching, when the heart is immovable, they move; so we see that a small gale of wind, which moveth not the tree moveth the leaves. The internal parts of the heart are the ventricles or cavities, and the septum. The ventricles are in number two, the right and the left. The right is larger than the left, yet the left hath thicker sides, and within is more unequal than the right. The right ventricle receiveth blood from the vena cava, to be sent by vena arteriosa to the lungs, and reacheth not to the conus. The left ventricle is not so wide as the right: yet the fleshy circumference is thrice as thick as that of the right. It doth elaborat the vital spirit of the blood and air drawn in by arteria venosa. The septum, so called because it separateth the right ventricle from the left, is that thick and fleshy substance set between the two cavities. Riolan will have the matter of the vital blood to pass thorough the holes or porosites of it, from the right to the left ventricle, but that hardly any instrument can show them: First, because they go not strait, but wreathed. Secondly, because they are exceeding narrow in the end. He affirmeth that they are more easily discerned in an Ox heart boiled. CAP. IX. Of the Lungs, Windpipe, and Gullet. AS for the lungs, the substance of them in Infants, whilst they are in the womb, is red and compact; but after birth because they begin to move with the heart by heat and motion, this substance beginneth to be more loose and spongious, and of a pale yellow colour, that they may the more easily rise, and fall to receive the air, and expel superfluities. The substance of the lungs is covered with a membrane communicated by the pleura: for the vessels as soon as they enter into the substance of the lungs, they leave the coat which they borrowed of the pleura, and leave it for covering of the lungs. This membrane is porous, to give way to impurities, contained in the cavity of the breast, to pass thorough the loose substance of the lungs, to be discharged by expectoration. When the lungs are blown up, they fill the whole cavity of the breast. In figure they are like to an Ox's hoof. The outer part is gibbous; the inward hollow: the lungs are divided into the right and left part, each of these hath two lobes, seldom three, with the which as with fingers they embrace the heart. Nature hath ordained this division, that if one side of the lungs should be hurt, the other might discharge the office. The lungs and breast are divided by the benefit of the mediastinum, which is a double membrane framed of the pleura; for the pleura beginning at the back, passeth to the sternum by the sides: when it is come to the middle of the sternum, it directly from thence passes to the back again. The cavity which the reduplication of the pleura leaveth here is above wider, but towards the back narrower and narrower, until the membranes be united. Penetrating wounds going no further than this cavity, are not deadly. The mediastinum is softer than the pleura. The lungs are joined to the sternum by the mediastinum, behind the vertebra of the back: towards the sides to the pleura by fibres sometimes they are tied, which causeth difficulty of breathing. It is joined to the heart by vena arteriosa, and arteria venosa. The lungs have three vessels, vena arteriosa, arteria venosa, and trachaea arteria: these two marching together have between them inserted a branch of the trachaea arteria, carrying air to cool them. On this is to be noted, that the vessels of the lungs differ from those in other parts of the body: for the veins have the coats of arteries, that no alimentary moisture should breathe out: and the arteries have the coats of veins, that the vital blood might the more speedily pass, with the fuliginous excrements, and the pure air come in more plentifully. The lungs have no faculty of themselves to move, but follow the motion of the breast, to shun vacuity; for when the breast doth dilate itself, the lungs are filled with air and raised up; and when the breast contracteth itself they fall. That the lungs follow the motion of the breast, this experience showeth: Let one receive a penetrating wound in the breast, if the air enter in, the lungs cannot move, because the vacuity of the breast being filled with air, the motion of the breast ceasing, the motion of the lungs ceaseth also. A few twigs of sinews come to the membrane; but none to the substance: for they might have caused pain in the motion of the lungs. CAP. X. Of the Windpipe. THe third entrall contained in the breast is trachaea, or aspera arteria, fistula and canna pulmonis, the windpipe. It is a pipe by the which the lungs as bellowes draw the air, for the refreshing of the heart, and send out fuliginous vapours, turned out from the heart by arteria venosa. The substance of it is cartilaginous, because by it living creatures cause their noises, and soundings, and so it must have been hard; yet not so hard as a bone, because the motion had been painful. It is not framed of one whole piece, for than it would have remained still in one positure, and could not have suffered contraction and dilatation. Wherefore it is made up of sundry round cartilages, which are tied together by ligaments, which in men are more fleshy, is beasts more membranous. The fourth part of these cartilaginous rings towards the gullet is wanting, and is supplied by a membranous substance, that swallowing of solid things might not be hindered. It consisteth of two parts: the upper is called larynx, the lower bronchus; because it is bedewed with some part of the drink: for if you give to a dog saffron dissolved in milk, if you presently kill him, and open the lungs, you shall find some part of this mixture. The branches of the windpipe disseminat thorough the lungs, as placed middle between vena arteriosa, which is in the hinder part, and arteria venosa, which is in the forepart: which are joined by anastomosis or inosculation. It is girt with two membranes. The externallis thin, and cleaveth fast to the ligaments of the rings, and guideth the recurrent nerves thither. The internal is thicker, and precedeth from the membrane, which covereth the roof of the mouth. This being strong, is not so easily offended by salt rheums, and shin liquours. It is very sensible, that it might be the more easily moved to send forth things offensive. It is also bedewed with an unctuous humour, to withstand the injury of sharp things, and to cause the voice to be more pleasant. So if salt rheums bedew this membrane, the voice becomes hoarse; if this humour be dried in fevers, squeaking. Larynx is the upper part of the windpipe. When the gullet bendeth downward in swallowing, this starteth upwards to give way to swallowing; it hath five cartilages. 1. Scutiformis, or buckler-like, for within it is hollow, but without embossed. That part which sticketh out is called Pomum Adami, Adam's apple. 2. Annularis, because it is like a Turkish ring, and compasseth the whole larynx: In the hinder part it is broad, and thick. 3. And 4. Guttalis, because it resembleth that part of the pot, which is called gutturnium. These two being joined together, make the chink, which fashioneth the voice. This chink is called glottis, or lingula, the little tongue. 5. Is Epiglottis, being set above the glottis; it shutteth it. It is of a soft substance resembling a tongue, or the leaf of the woodbine, and on every side bound with a membrane, proceeding from the mouth. The Larynx hath veins from the external jugular, arteries from the Soporall, and nerves from the recurrent branches of the sixth pair. The glandules of the larynx are either superior or inferior. The superior are two, one on each side of the uvula or gargareon, which are called vulgarly amigdalae or the almonds; these receive humidity from the brain, which they turn in phlegm to moisten the larynx, throat, tongue, and gullet, and to be a mean for tasting: for tasting cannot be performed without moisture. They are seated about the root of the tongue, covered with the skin of the mouth, and receive veins from the jugulars. The inferior are in number two, one on each side of the lower part of the larynx, they are fungous, and larger in women than men. The larynx is framed for the voice, the remote instruments of the voice are the breast and lungs; the nearer, either prepare, as the windpipe; or help, as the sinews and muscles; or keep it, as the throat and mouth; or immediately form the voice, and that is glottis, for the air being blown out forcibly by the lungs, it beating upon the chink, shut reasonably, procureth the voice. CAP. XI. Of the gullet. OEsophagus or gula, the gullet, is that part by the which as a funnel, meat and drink are turned down into the stomach. It is framed of three tunicles. The first is very thin, and appeareth destitute of fibres; this it hath from the peritonaeum, common also to the stomach; the other two are proper: whereof the middlemost is more fleshy, thick and soft; it hath strait and long fibres. The innermost is more sinewy, and harder, the fibres of it are transverse and circular. Veins some it hath from ramus coron rius, or round branch of the porta, and some from cava. Arteries it hath from the caeliaca, and the truck descending of the Aorta. Nerves it hath two sprigs of the sixth pair It is joined with the throat and larynx by the skin of the mouth which is communicate to it, and the stomach: to the spondils of the back, the windpipe, and the parts adjacent by membranes, which arise of the ligaments of the back. To the hinder part a glandule groweth to cause more easy swallowing by moistening the part. It hath four muscles. The first is the circular called by Galen, Sphincter, whereof we have spoken. The second and third are but small ones, seated in the throat, and proceeding from the palate of the mouth, are implanted into the beginning of the gullet. The fourth proceedeth from the inner part of the chin, & is inserted into the gullet. In swallowing, than first of all the circular muscle purseth itself, from whence it cometh to pass that the oblique fibres of it, which pass from the gullet to the windpipe, are made transverse, and so the larynx is lifted up, and the gula goeth down. So that as this muscle doth embrace the which is to be swallowed, and beareth it down; so the fourth seconding this, doth receive it and send it further towards the stomach, that it returneth not. About the top of the breast, there is a glandulous body, spongious, white and soft, called thymus and lactes: In a calf a dainty morsel. It holdeth up the branches of the vena cava, and aorta ascending; Which pass to the arms, and saveth them from touching the bones. CAP. XII. Of the neck. THe neck, cellum, joineth the breast and head together. It is long, to help the voice: so those living creatures which make no noise, have no neck, as fishes; but those who have a long neck, make a huge noise, as geeses and crane's. The inner parts are the vessels which pass to the head, the windpipe, and the gullet with others. The outer are the parts common of the body, and the muscles of these, I will speak in the discourse of muscles. The parts remarkable in section are these. 1. The soporall arteries. 2. Internal jugulars. 3. The recurrent nerves between these. 4. The larynx or wind-pipe-head, framed of five cartilages. 5. Glottis the chink of it. 6. Epiglottis the cover of the chink. 7. Wula, which is a red, fleshy, and fungous substance. It is covered with the reduplication of the skin of the roof of the mouth. 8. Gula or favus, the mouth of the stomach. 9 Tonsillaes, the almonds, these moisten the mouth for chewing, and tongue for tasting. The description of the recurrent nerves, you shall find where the sixth conjugation of nerves, proceeding from the brain, is set down, cap. 3. of the head. THE THIRD Book, of the uppermost cavity of the body, the Head, Caput in Latin. CAP. I. Of the Brain. Fig. III. The Scalp hath four parts. 1. Sinciput, the forepart beginning at the forehead, and reaching to the coronal suture. 2. Occiput, the hinder part possessing the di●●●●ce between the future Lambdoides, and the first vertebra of the neck. 3. Vertex, the crown, that which is between the former two, somewhat arched. 4. Tempora, the temples, which are the lateral parts, between the eyes and the ears. The parts whereof the scalp is framed, are either containing or contained. The parts containing are either common or proper. The common are the scarf skin, the skin, the fat, and membrana carnosa. The proper are either soft or hard. The soft are two: the muscles and pericranium. Of the muscles we will speak in their proper place. Pericranium is a membrane thin and soft, proceeding from the dura matter, passing thorough the future's of the head, covering the scull. The hard containing part is the scull. Look for it in the Treatise of Bones. The parts under the skull contained, are the meanings, the membranes, which wrap the brain, and the brain itself. The membranes are two. The first is called dura meninx or dura matter, the hard membrane, it doth loosely lap in the whole brain and there is some distance between it and the skull, to give way to the motion of the brain. It hath two membranes. That next to the skull is harder, rougher, and of less sense, because it was to touch the skull. The inner is smooth, whiter, and bedewed with a waterish humidity: It seemeth to spring from the lower part of the skull, because it cleaveth fast to it. It is tied to, with the pia matter and the brain by the vessels: but to the skull by small fibres arising of itself, passing thorough the sutures, and framing the pericranium It is fourfold where it parteth the cerebrum from the cerebellum. In the crown of the head, where it parteth the brain into the right and left part, it is doubled; and because this reduplication in the hinder part is broader, and forwards becoming narrower representeth a sickle, it is called falx. By these foldings the Sinus or ventricles are framed, which are receptacles of plentiful blood and spirits. They are in number four. The first and second begin about the balsis of the occiput at the sides of lamb doides, where the veins and arteries discharge themselves. The third is long, and passeth to the nose, and is framed of the former two joined together. The fourth is short, and between the cerebrum and cerebellum goeth to the penis: This ariseth where the former three meet. This beginning is of some called Torcular. From hence veins do pass for the nourishing of the brain; for from the sinus, veins creep upward to the cranium, and by the future's to the pericranium, and downward to the pia matter, cerebrum, and cerebellum. These veins cleave by a thin tunicle to the sides of the sinus; seeing these cavities have pulsation, these veins supply the office both of veins and arteries. These contain great plenty of blood, seeing the brain being large, and in continual lacketh much nourishment. The great bleeding at the nose happens by reason of the third sinus opened. Pia matter or dura meninx immediately wrappeth and keepeth in the brain. Whereofore it is thin, soft, and of exquisite sense. Cerebrum or the brain, is of a substance moist and soft to receive the impression of similitudes: for it is the place of imagination and memory. The life is not in the whole body, of colour it is white. It hath the figure of the skull. In the forepart it hath bunchings out, called precessus mammillares. In the upper part it is full of foldings, as the guts have, to carry safely the vessels. In weight it containeth 4. or 5. lib. and is as big again as an Ox's brain. The parts of the brain are these, the outer, and the inner. The outer of a grayish colour, or between white and yellow, is of a softer substance, and compasseth the inner. The inner is more solid and whiter, called Corpus callosum. This hath two parts: the one is somewhat round which hath the figure of the skull: the other is that which proceedeth from it. In the large round part, the three ventricles are contained. The other proceedeth of the round, and containeth the fourth ventricle called calamus scriptorius. In this ventricle the animal spirit seemeth to be made, for it is pure and clean; but the other ventricle, full of impurities, having under them the glandula pituitaria, for evacuation of them. The brain is the tower of the sensitive soul. In contraction it sendeth the animal spirits into the nerves dispersed thorough the whole body: by the which it communicateth the faculty of feeling and moving. In dilatation it draweth the vital spirits from the soporall arteries, and the air by the nostrils, so that the matter of the animal spirit is arterial blood, furnished with the vital spirit and air. It may ●e thought that the animal spirit for sense, is contained in the outer are softest part of the brain but for moving in the inner more solid and white part. The brain hath five branches of veins, from the internal jugulars: whereof some enter into the ventricles of the dura matter, others are spread thorough the meanings, and the substance of the brain, out of the cavities of the Dura matter. It hath four arteries from the soporals, and those of the neck. The portions which proceed from the inner part of the brain are cerebellum, and spinalis medulla. Cerebellum or the little brain, is composed of two round lateral parts, making up as it were a globe, it hath two wormlike processes, one is seated at the forepart, the other at the hinder part of it, to hinder the obstruction of the fourth ventricle, by the compression of the cerebellum. The Spinalis medulla is of a harder substance than the brain. It is divided into two parts, the right and the left, as the brain is: which are severed by the dura matter immediately wrapping it, so that the palsy sometimes invadeth but one side. About the sixth and seventh vertebra of the breast, it beginneth to be separate into diverse twists, which ending into small hair like substances, represent a Horse-tail. This will appear if the marrow of a beast or man newly killed, be put in water, & suffered to stand for a while. It is compassed with 3. membranes: The next to it is from the pia matter, the middlemost from the dura matter, and the outmost from the ligament which bindeth the forepart of the vertebrae. One portion of the Spinalis medulla is within the skull, four inches in length, above the great hole of the occiput; from whence all the sinews spring, which are ascribed to the brain: the other is without the skull, from whence the 32. pair do spring. CAP. II. Of other parts to be seen in the Brain. BEsides those parts named, sundry others are to be showed: whereof, 1. Is Rete mirabile, so called from the wonderful knit of the twigs of arteries, proceeding from the soporall about the basis of the brain at the sides of the sell of os sphaenoides: In this is the first preparation of the animal spirit. 2. Glandula pituitaria so called because it receiveth the thick pituitous excrements from the ventricles by the infundibulum, and so is placed at the end of the infundibulum in the sell of the sphaenoides. It is harder than ordinary glandules; above it is hollow, below round: It is covered with the pia matter: the excrements which come to it sometimes it turneth down to the palate of the mouth: sometimes it suffereth to slip down by the holes, seated in the lower part of the cranium. By shutting the infundibulum it keepeth in also the animal spirits. 3. Septum or Speculum lucidum divideth in the upper part the ventricles: It is loose and wrinkled, but if spread out it is clear: some will have it to be a reduplication of the pia matter, some a thin portion of the brain itself. 4. Fornix or testudo is the lower white part, where the ventricles are joined. It is triangular and under the corpus callosum. 5. Nates are the two portions of the roots of spinalis medulla, proceeding from the cerebellum: these are uppermost and largest. 6. Testes are the two small portions proceeding of the roots from the brain: these are lowermost. 7. Vulva is the long chink between the prominences. 8. Anus, is nothing else but that space which is caused of the meeting of the four trunks of the spinalis medulla. 9 Glandula pinealis or penis, so called from the figure: for it is like a seed of the pine apple, or a little prick: it is set about the beginning of the hole, which passeth from the middle ventricle to the fourth. It is of a substance somewhat hard, and is covered with a thin skin. 10. Plexus choroides vel reticularis. It is a texture of small veins and arteries placed between the fore ventricles, and the testudo or fornix. As the animal spirit is first prepared in the rete mirabile, so it is more elaborat here, and perfected in the fourth ventricle: but kept in the whole brain, as in a storehouse. CAP III. Of the seven pairs of sinews. BEfore I set down these pairs, I advertise you of one thing: that all the sinews of the body spring from the spinalis medulla as it is rooted within the skull, or extended to the spina, and not from the brain. The first pair is made up by those which are called optici or visorii: so called because they bring the optic spirits to the eye. They spring from the nates, they meet about the sell of os sphaenoides: not by simple touching or intersection, but by confusion of their substances, and mutual penetration. Then being divided, they pass to the centre of the eye: these are big, thick, and soft. The second pair is framed of those called motorii oculorum, this pair springeth from the innermost part of the beginning of the prolongation of the spinalis medulla. In the beginning it is like to one cord: which is the cause that when one eye moveth, the other moveth also. This pair is lesser and harder than the visorii: It accompanieth them. This together with one branch of the third pair which passeth to the jaw, passeth thorough the long hole, not the round; and is inserted into the muscles of the eye and eyelids. The third pair is made up by those called gustatorii, because the twigs of this pair being carried to the membran of the tongue, cause the sense of tasting. This pair proceedet from the root of spinalis medulla. As it ariseth it is divided into two large branches, whereof one is carried to the orbit of the eye, by the hole of the second: The other being carried out of the skull, by the holes of the lower jaw bestoweth twigs upon the muscles of the lower lip, and every tooth. The fourth conjugation beginneth about the place of the former but being less and harder, accompanying the other, and passing thorough the same hole, is implanted into the membrane of the palate of the mouth; this serveth also for tasting. The first conjugation, the auditorii make up: this pair beginning somewhat below the other, it marcheth by the sides of the basis of the brain, and entering into os petrosum, is divided into two branches; the greater being inserted into the end of cochlea or the hole of hearing, is the instrument of hearing. The lesser being carried down to the first and second vertebra of the neck, it sendeth twigs to the proper muscles of the larynx: from hence ariseth a dry cough sometimes when we pick our ears somewhat deeply. The sixth pair is called vagum, because it bestoweth branches to sundry parts: & amongst the rest to all the parts of the belly, which require sense. For these being soft parts, did not require hard sinew from the spinalis medulla. It riseth a little below the former, each filure being straightways united; it passeth out of the cranium, by the hole of the back part of the head, by the which the internal jugular entereth: then going down by the sides of the windpipe, above the throat it is divided into two branches, whereof the one is bestowed upon the upper muscles of the larynx, the bone of the tongue and throat. The other marching further, is separat into two branches, to wit, the right and the left; each of these have branches; the Recurrens and Stomachicus. The recurrent are called also reversivi or recursivi, and vocales, because they descend and ascend again, and being cut, hinder the voice. The right is wound about the axillar artery, as about a pulley: The left about the trunk of 2the aorta descending, afterwards doth mount up to the beginning of the muscles of the larynx. The seventh conjugation, which moveth the tongue, is the hardest of all: it hath it beginning, where the cerebellum endeth, and the spinalis medulla beginneth. In its beginning it hath diverse sprigs, which afterward are united, and passing thorough it own oblique hole, is annexed to the former pair; not mingled by strong membrans for safety. Then being severed it sendeth most of its twigs to the tongue; but fewest to the muscles of the larynx. To these 7. two more may be added. The first of them beginning from the side of the beginning of the spinalis medulla by a small twig, marcheth forwards between the second and third conjugation; and by the hole of the second conjugation; on passeth to the orbit of the eye, and is spent upon the muscles which draw the eyes upward. The second conjugation may be called Olfactoria, the cause of smelling. The finews of this pair slip out of the brain about the cell of os sphaenoides. Then to these are annexed processus mammillares or papillares, teat-like processes: They are in number two, and are white, soft, broad, and long, bigger in beasts of exquisite smelling than in man, as dog's. These are instruments of smelling, and not the nose, or the inner tunicle of it. CAP. FOUR A new way to find out the parts within the skull. BY lifting up the brain, and beginning at the lower part, first appeareth the beginning of spinalis medulla yet within the skull. The cavity of this is called calamus scriptorius. To this cerebellum is annexed. These being seen about the conjunction of the optic nerves there appeareth, 1. Retemirabile. 2. Glandula pituitaria. 3. Infundibulum, whose top is called pelvises. Septum luciduduos primos ventricule dirimens. Fornix sivet to studo corpori calloso conjuncta, above the third ventricle. Nates are two round knobs of the roots of spinalis medulla which spring from the cerebellum, under these is anus. Testes are two small prominences of this same medulla, as it riseth from the brain. These are lower, and smaller; the other are higher, and bigger. Vulva, is a long pit between the eminences. Plexus ●horoides or reticularis, it is a frame or twisting, made of small veins and arteries between the four ventricles, and the testudo. At the beginning of the hole which passeth from the third ventricle to the fourth, Glandula pinealis or penis is seated. CAP. V. Of the face, and first of the parts containing of it. I Have spoken of that part of the head which is decked with hair. Now am I to speak of that part which is not altogether garnished with hair: In Latin it is called fancies, because it causeth one to be known: and Vulius, because it discovereth the will. The face beginneth, where the hair ceaseth to grow in the head, & reacheth in the end of the chin. The upper part is called from the forehead, because it bewrayeth the mind which in Greek is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉. According to the order of dissection it is divided into the parts containing and contained. The parts containing common, are the cuticula and cutis. It hath no membrana carnosa, nor fat; but only between the muscles. The two muscles of the forehead, about the eye brows are thickest, and seem to be united: but above they are a little separat. The sides adhere to the temporal muscles; and because the skin doth firmly cleave to them, therefore the eye brows, and skin of the forehead are movable. Of the second proper parts, the bones, they are set down in the doctrine of bones. The parts contained are the four instruments of the senses, to wit, the eyes, the ears, the nose, and mouth, wherein is the tongue the organ of tasting. CAP. VI Of the outer parts of the eyes. THe eye in Latin is called oculus, because it is hid within the eyelids. The hole wherein the eye is placed is called capsa, or cava, but barbarously orbita: for this is nothing else but the print which a wheel moving leaveth in dirt or dust. The eyes are in number two, that if one should be lost, yet we should not be blind. The parts of the eye, are either external, or internal. The external are in number one, the eyebrows, the hairy arches where the forehead endeth, the seats of disdain and pride. Each eyebrow is framed of the skin, the muscle, fat, and hair. They are in figure oblique, the end towards the nose is called cap●● or the head: the other towards the temples is called cauda or the tail. 2. The eyelids, palpebrae. They are framed of the skin, the musculous fleshy, the pericranium, and the grasely welt. The hairs in them are called cilia: they hinder the falling of small bodies into the eyes; those in the upper eyelid turn upwards, those in the lower eyelid downward. In man the upper eyelid which moveth, is biggest; but in birds the lower is largest. 3. The corners of the eye. The larger is towards the nose, the lesser towards the temple. In the larger corner the glandula or caruncula lachrymalis, the fleshy glandule is placed (which stayeth the involuntary shedding of tears) before the hole which passeth into the nose. The fistula in it is called aegylops. CAP. VII. Of the muscles of the eye. THe inner parts of the eye are six in number; the Fat, the Glandule, the Muscles, the Coats, the Humoun and Vessels. The fat is placed about the eye for three causes First, it defendeth the eye from cold. Secondly, it keepeth it from the hardness of the bone. Thirdly, it filleth up the distances of the muscles to further the quick motion. The Glandule is seated in the upper part of the outer corner, and lodged in the fat, still full of a dewy substance, wherewith the eye is moistened to further the nimble motion of it. The muscles of the eye are in number six, whereof four are strait, and two oblique. 1. Of the strait, is attollens or superbus, in the upper part. 2. Opposite to this is called deprimens or humilis. 3. About the greater corner, is called adducens or bibitorius. 4. Is about the lesser corner, and is called abducens or indignatorius. All the straight muscles proceed from the brims of the bone, making the hole for the optic nerve, and cleave fast to the cornea, by a broad and thin aponeurosis. The first of the oblique is called superior, or trochlearis. It riseth near the hole of the optic nerve, it endeth in a small cord, which passeth thorough the cartilago trochlearis, or pully-like cartilege, and endeth obliquely in the upper part of the cornea, it draweth the eye towards the bigger corner. The second of the oblique is called obliquus minor, or gracilis, and tears, and brevis: it ariseth about the chink joining the two bones of the mandible, and passing from the greater corner transversly compasseth the eye, and almost meeteth the tendon of the other oblique muscle in the upper part. It draweth the eye towards the lesser corner. When all the muscle move alike, they keeps the eye immovable The oblique muscles sorowling of the eye are called amatorii, and circumactores. CAP. VIII. Of the tunicles of the eye. THe tunicles of the eye are accounted six. 1. Conjunctiva or adnata, so called because it cleaveth fast to the eye, and the eye is kept firm by it within the orbit, that in violent motions it be not thrust out. It covereth the half of the eye circularly. 2. Is cornea, so called because it is like a lantern horn in firmness and brightness. In the hinder part it is thick, and dark, towards the forepart it groweth thin, that it may be the more bright. As the conjunctiva proceedeth from pericranium; so this springeth from the dura matter. 3. Is uvea, because it is like to the husk of a grape, which is smooth without, and rough within. This is of sundry colours, that it might represent to the crystallinal colours. The inner side is very black, that a weak light might the better be seen by the crystallin humour: for light in a dark place shineth more brightly. This blackness is only the excrement of blood. This membrane covereth not the whole eye, as cornea doth; but being hollow in the forepart, doth make the pupilla, so called from pupula: because when we behold ourselves in the apple of ones eye we seem babes. It is nothing else but the hole of uvea. The circle about the pupilla is called iris, from the diversity of colours which it hath. From this circle proceedeth the dilatation and constriction of the pupilla. The going and coming of the light, causeth these motions. If you boil an Ox's eye you may separate the iris from the uvea, with the point of your knife: from this circle under the uvea, small threads spring, compassing the waterish humour: which being let out, these threads vanish away, and are dissolved, the circle remaining. Beneath in the compass of the uvea, by reason of these threads, a cataract groweth. This texture of filaments, is called by some tunica ciliaris; but improperly: and by some interstitium ciliare. These filaments are so called, because in figure they are like to the hairs of the eyelids. 4. Is membrana pupillaris, the membranous circle compassing the pupilla: for first it may be separate from the uvea, as hath been said: secondly, it hath it peculiar fibres: thirdly, it hath its peculiar motion, whereby the pupilla is dilated in clear light, and contracted in obscure. 5. Is tunica cristaloides, which is nothing else but a membranous congelation, covering the forepart of the crystalline humour: It is very thin and bright as a looking glass, that in the superficies of it, the visible forms might appear as in a looking glass. 6. Is aranea or retina because it resembleth a Spider's web or net: this is nothing else but some filaments, wherewith the vitreous humour is interlaced, and kept together. These filaments being by incision much separated, the vitreous humour runneth as thin water. CAP. IX. Of the humours of the eye. THe humours of the eye are in number three. 1. Is Humour aqueus, the waterish humour. It is not only set before the crystallin humour; but it compasseth also the vitreous humour round about: for if you cut the eye in the hinder part, it runneth out no other ways, than if the forepart were incised. Where it is placed before the crystallin humour, it is a defence to it, to weaken the brightness of the external light by hindering the sudden entering of it. And it is as a spectacle to it, to represent to the crystallin the species visibiles. Although it be a spermaticke part, yet part of it in man may be let out (as we see in the cowching of a cataract) without any great hurt to the sight. In a chicken if it be let out by pricking, it will be repaired in fifteen days. 2. Is Humour Crystallinus, the crystall-like humour: it is of a compact waterish substance, somewhat plain before, that some space might be for the receiving of objects; but round behind where it sticketh in the vitreous humour. It is seated nearer to the pupilla, that the sight might be more clear and full. 3. Is Humour vitreus, so called, because it is like to molten glass. In quantity it doth exceed the other two: that it might afford nourishment to the crystallin, the chief instrument of the sight. First, it is like a soft pillow to the crystallin. Secondly, it stayeth the visible formers which might escape the crystallin, and so it is placed hindermost. Last of all the vessels of the eye are to be touched: The veins external appointed for the nourishment of the eye, proceed from the external jugulars: The internal from plexus choroides. The arteries external spring from the external branches of the soporall on each side: the internal proceed from rete mirabile. There be two nerves appointed for the eye: one serveth for sight, called opticus; the other for motion, called motorius: whereof sufficiently hath been spoken before. CAP. X. Of the ear, and first of the outward ear. IT hath two parts, the outer part called Auricula, and the inner cavities with their furniture. Of the Auricula, some parts are common, and some proper. The common are Cuticula, Cutis, Membrana nervea, Caro, and Pinguedo in the lobe. The cutis is tied to the cartilege by a membrane: in the lobe it is more fleshy and fatty, in the rest of the ear between the skin and cartilege, there is but small store of fat. The proper parts are the muscles, veins, arteries, sinews, and the cartilege. The muscles of it are either common or proper. The common are three. 1. Is a part of the frontal muscle, which rising from the end of it, and passing above the temporal muscle, is inserted in the upper part, to draw it upward. 2. Is a part of the cutaneous muscle, ascending to it above the parotides, to draw it down sideways. 3. Is a portion of the occipitall muscle, reaching to the ear, and implanted in the back part of it to pull it backward. It hath but one proper muscle proceeding from the processus mammillaris. Which lurking under the ligament of the ear is inserted in the root of the ear, to pull it backward. The last proper part of the ear, is the cartilege. If it had been bony it had been subject to breaking; if fleshy, it had not been so sit to beat back the sound: this cartilege is tied to os petrosum, by a strong ligament, which riseth from the pericranium, towards os mammillare, to stay it up: in man the ligament is but one and continual; but in beasts there be two or three, according to the bigness of the ear. The veins come from the external jugulars: The arteries from the carotis or soporall: The sinews from the second pair of the neck. It is here to be noted that a branch of the soporall passeth by the antitragus of the ear, to the upper jaw, from whence the vital spirit is carried to each tooth. In horrible tooth-aches, if this branch be cut a sunder, immediately the pain ceaseth, the sharp humour being intercepted. The outward ear is always open, because we have ever need of this sense. It is a beauty to the head, it is a defence to the brain, by mode rating the sounds, that they may gently move the tympanum, and it gathereth the sounds dispersed in the air. CAP. XI. Of the four cavities of the ear. ALl those four cavities are seated in ospetrosum. The first is called meatus auditorius, the passage for hearing. It hath turnings to hinder the violent rushing in of any thing to the tympanum. It is oblique, that the vehemercy of a strong sound might be moderate: It is lastly narrow to hinder the going in of small creatures. Wherefore it hath also hairs and earewax, to be as limed twigs to entangle them. It marcheth obliquely upward, that if anything should go in, it might the more easily return, or be brought out: it endeth at the tympanum. This membrane is very dry, that it might give the better sound. It is thin and clear, that the sounds may the more readily be sent to the internal air. It is strong, that it might be the more able to resist external violence. It hath a cord, for strength and stretching, no other ways than the military drum. The second cavity, is called by Vesalius pelvis, the tunnel of the ear; and by Fallopius concha, the perwinkle from its figure. The furniture of this cavity serveth for three purposes: for motion, for transmission of the sounds, and for expurgation of the excrements. For motion the three little bones, the ligament, and muscles do service. The three little bones are these, malleolus, incus, stapes, having their names from the likeness of other external things. Malleolus or the little hammer is somewhat long and cleaveth to the tympanum by the ligament. The second is Incus the anvil, not only for the figure, but for the use also; because like an anvil it receiveth the strokes of the malleolus moved. The third is Stapes, the stirrup. It is in figure triangular. In the middle hollow, to give way to the passing of the air to the labyrinth. These cleave together on following another in order. These little bone serve for uses. 1. They strengthen the tympanum that it be not torn by the violence of the air. Therefore the hammer with one of the feet of the anvil, lean upon the drum. 2. That these beating against the tympanum, might the better deliver the sound to the auditory sinew. 3. That these bones being shaken and beaten against the drum, might frame the diversities of sounds, as the teeth, the distinction of words and letters. These bones have neither cartilege nor marrow. 2. They have no periostium. 3. In Infants they are as big and perfect as in men. 4. They are paced up by a ligament the second instrument for motion, that being shaken by the internal air moved by the external, the sharper sound might be caused: of the instruments appointed for motion, the muscles are the last. Whereof the one is without the drum above in meatus auditorius, whose tendon is inserted into the centre of the tympanum, against the which, the malleolus is inserted, to draw it outward together with the hammer. The other is within the drum in os petrosum, inserted by a double tendon into the hammer to draw it back. near the tympanum above, a narrow hole appeareth, which is an entrance to a cave, having many partitions not unlike to the honey combs. This is full of internal air. About the end of this cavity directly against the tympanum, there are two perforations called fenestellae, or little windows: whereof the one is oval, the entrance to the labyrinth: the other lesser, the beginning of cochlea. Last of all, there is in this cavity a small cartilaginous passage from the ear to the palatum: to purify the internal air. This cavity hath a value, that there might be egress, but no regress. The third cavity is called labyrinthus, having sundry windings, from whence it hath its name: all which return to this same cavity. There are six semicircles in this cavity. The end of these windings is to cause the air passing thorough narrow slreits to make the greater sound, or to mitigate the sound, which was redoubled within the pelvis as an Echo, by passing thorough these circulations. The fourth cavity is called cochlea, or the wilke of the ear, from the figure: because it hath three, sometimes four wreathe; within these there is a chink by the which the sound passeth to the brain and the bilious excrement falleth into the ear. Hearing is thus caused. First, the air received in the first cavity, doth gently move the tympanum, which being shaken tosseth the three small bones joined to it; then the kind of sound is impressed into the internal air, which having the quality of the sound, and circular by the windings of the labyrinth, to make it pure is conveyed thorough the cochlea, and delivered to nervus auditorius, that the animal spirit may present it to the common sense, the judge of all species and forms. CAP. XII. Of the Nose. THe skin cleaveth so fast to the muscles and cartilages, that it can hardly be severed without renting. The muscles are seven: whereof one is common and six proper. They only move the cartilages of the nose. The veins come from the enternall jugular. The arteries from the soporals, and the finews from the third pairs. The bones of the nose are in number four: the cartilages five: the inner membrane which covereth the sides of the nose proceedeth from the dura matter, passing thorough the holes of the ethmoides. The muscles membrane, draweth in the nostrils. The hair's strain (as it were) the air, and keep out infects. From the red and spongious fleshy portions, with the which the distances of the spongious bones are filled, the polypus springeth. The upper part of the nose which is bony, is called dorsum nasi: the ridge, spina: the lateral parts, where the cartilages are, are called alae or pinnae: The tip of the nose, globulus, orbiculus, and pyrula: The fleshy part next to the upper lip, columna. The uses of the nose are eight. 1. By it the air is taken into the brain, for the generation of the animal spirits. 2. The lungs draw in by it the air, for the refreshing of the heart, and the generation of the 〈◊〉 tall spirits. 3. That by it smells might be carried to precessus mammillares. 4. By it the brain dischargeth excrements. 5. It furthereth the speech. 6. It beautifieth the face. 7. It parteth the eyes that the one should not see the other: which would have hindered the sight. It is a defence into them also, and staigth the visible species. 8. By fleering up it expresseth anger: and in the Hebrew tongue is taken for anger. CAP. XIII. Of the Mouth. IT is called Os, from the letter O: In pronouncing of which it openeth itself. The mouth that serveth for breathing: Secondly, for receiving of food: Thirdly, for speaking and last, to discharge the excrements of the brain, lungs, and stomach: It beginneth at the lips, and reacheth to the throat. The parts of it are either external or internal: the external are labia or the lips, from lambo. They are in number two: to wit, the upper, and lower; they have to further motions, thirteen muscles, whereof eight are proper, and five common to the cheeks and lips. The lips are of a fungous' substance; the skin doth firmly cleave to the muscles. They are covered within with a tunicle common to the mouth and stomach. And from hence cometh the trembling of the lower lip before vomiting. The lips serve first for the conveniency of eating and drinking. Secondly, for the beautifying of the face, if they be well fashioned. Thirdly, to contain the spittle in the mouth: Fourthly, to keep the gums and teeth from external injuries. Fifthly, to keep the gums and teeth from external injuries. Fifthly, to serve for the framing of the speech. Sixthly, to serve for kissing. The conjunction of the lips make the lateral parts of the mouth, which are called buccae, the cheeks. The inner parts of the mouth are these. 1. Gingivae or the gums. They are fleshy, destitute of motion, to keep the teeth in their sockets. 2. The teeth, which are bony, both to chew the meat, and to fashion the speech: each tooth hath two parts; one without the gum, called Basis; the other within, called Radix, or the root. The root below receiveth a little vein, artery, and nerve. The incisores and canini have but one fang: The lower molares have two fangs; but the upper molares, three. In children from the seventh month, until two years be complete, twenty teeth come out, now one, then another. Of these teeth some are called incisores; the first fore teeth in number four in each gum: some canini adjacent to these, on each side one. The rest are called molares. 3. The third internal part of the mouth is palatum, or the roof of the mouth: It is vauted, that the air being repercussed the voice should be the sharper. It is wrinkled and rough above the bone, that it might more firmly cleave to it, and it might the better keep the meat, while it is a chewing. 4. And 5. Of the almonds, and uvula, I have spoken in the discourse of the neck. 6. Of the internal parts is the tongue, in Latin called Lingua à lingendo, from licking. The flesh of it is spongious, that it might receive the qualities of the sapours, and judge of them. In figure it is pyramidal. The tunicle with the which it is covered, proceedeth from the dura matter. Veins it hath from the external jugulars. Under the tongue they are called ranulares, from their colour. The arteries come from the carotides. Sinews it hath from the third and seventh pair. The muscles which move it are six. It is divided into two parts by a line going along it, and so in hemiplegia, only one half may be affected. Of the ligaments, the lower is called fraenum, and franulum. If it be extended to the top of the tongue, it hindereth sucking in children: and from this they are said to be tongue-tied. In this case the ligament is to be cut. The tongue hath four uses. 1. It is the instrument of tasting. 2. It uttereth the speech. 3. It helpeth chewing by gathering of the meat, and tossing it to and fro, and turning it down to the stomach. 4. It serveth for licking. The fourth Book. A description of the veins, arteries, and sinews of the Limbs. CAP. I. Of the veins of the Arme. RAmus subclavius, or the branch of the vena cava, ascending under the cannell bone, when it is come to the armepit, it is called axillaris; and it parteth itself in two veins, the cephalica, and basilica. The cephalica in beasts doth wholly spring from the external jugular; but in man it receiveth only a spring from the external jugular. Wherefore in diseases of the head, it is not without cause opened. It passeth thorough the upper and outward part of the arm, to the bending of the elbow: where it is divided into two branches; of the which one, joining with a branch of the basilica, makes the mediana. Wherefore the slope branches, which usually are opened about the bending of the elbow, are only branches of the cephalica, and basilica, which meeting make the median. The other branch of the cephalica marching, according to the length of the radius, reacheth to the hand, thorough which it is spread; but chiefly that part which is between the ring finger and the little finger. There the Salvatella is placed, which is to be opened in melancholy diseases. The basilica passeth thorough the inner and lower part of the arm, accompanied with the artery and nerves. About its beginning it maketh the thoracica, which having three or four sprigs, and passing under serratus major, and the subscapular muscle, it is tied to the upper intercostal, and about the spina dorsi is inosculat with the twigs of vena sine pari. Basilica about the bending of the elbow is divided into that which is called subcutanea, and that which is called profunda. Profunda the deeper, is annexed to the artery about the bending of the elbow, not under. Then passing between the focils it is carried to the hand by the outer part of the ulna. The subcutanea or the shallowest branch near to the bending of the arm, being turned off to the outer part of the ulna by the length of it, it is carried to the hand. The Modiana passed to the inside of the hand by the middle part of the ulna. CAP. II. Of the arteries of it. RAmus subclavius so called, as that of the vena cava, when it is come to the armpits, it is called axillaris. It accompanieth the basilica: for there is no cephalical artery. near to the arm holes, it yieldeth that artery, which is called thoracica, from thence being carried to the bending of the arm, it is parted into two branches, which pass to the inner side of the hand: for the outside of the hand hath neither muscles nor artery. The one of these resting upon the radius, is that which is felt about the wrist. The other marching by the ulna is with its fellow spread thorough the hand. CAP. III. Of the sinews of the Arme. OUt of the perforations of the four lower vertebrae of the neck, and of the first two of the back, six sinew: spring, which by the muscle called scalenus, are carried under the cannell bone to the armepit, where they are twisted together; from these the four uppermost accompanying the basilica and the artery under the deltoides muscle, are scattered thorough the inner side of the arm. The fifth and sixth, turning up under the rotundus major, are inserted into the hinder muscles of the shoulder blade. Four remain which passing along the arm, are spread into the elbow and hand. 1. Being carried under the inner side of the biceps doth join itself with the cephalica. 2. Being undivided and thicker, goeth down to the bending of the elbow, being covered with fat, and there is under the artery and the basilica; but about the wrest it is above the vein. About the wrest it is divided into ten branches, imparting to every finger two sprigs, which pass along the sides. 3. Being entire also, is carried all along the elbow by the wrist to the little finger: where divided into four twigs, it is bestowed upon the outside of the hand. 4. Being thickest of all is carried from the artery and veins by the back side of the arm to the radius; where being joined with the Cephalica, it endeth at the wrest. CAP. IU. Of the veins of the Foot. THe crural vein sendeth a branch to musculus triceps called Tschia, and is divided into four branches: of the which two are in the inside of the thigh, and so many in the outside. The one of the external is sent to the fat of the thigh, the other passing according to the length of musculus suterius to the ham, and from thence to the inner ankle, maketh the saphena. Of the inner branches the one lying high is joined with the crural artery, and passing thorough the outside of the ham, is carried to the outer ankle: the other lying deeper, as it passeth bestoweth twigs to the adjacent parts, and about the ham, maketh the poplitea; from thence being carried between the focils by the chink of the inner ankle, is bestowed upon the sole of the foot, as the saphena was upon the outward parts. The veins have values within like to a half moon; without they are like knots: they are most commonly two together, one on each leaving some distance between, partly to strengthen the coats of the veins, partly to rule the motion of the blood. The arteries have no values in their progression, that the vital spirit may speedily as the beams of the Sun pass to the furthermost parts. CAP. V. Of the arteries of the Foot. ARteria cruralis or the crural artery, a little below the groin doth send two branches thorough the muscle triceps to the gloutii, or muscles of the buttocks. Afterward it sendeth two to the forepart of the thigh; then undivided, it passeth to the ham; where it is divided into two branches, whereof the one passeth by the side of the outward part of tibia above the muscle peroneus, and is bestowed upon the upper part of the foot: The other entering into the solaeus, and passing to the pterna, is dispersed thorough the sole of the foot. The saphena is not accompanied with an artery, and the nerve is not very near unto it, so that it may be safely opened. CAP. VI Of the Nerves of the Foot. FRom the three lowermost vertebrae of the loins, two sinews spring in the forepart of the thigh, severed first, and then being united, pass to the groin. There it is divided into five branches, compassed with a membran, which dispersing themselves on every side into the muscles of the forepart of the thigh, even to the rotula, there being cannot be discerned, unless the muscle psoa be rend; within the which they lie hid. Then besides these you shall see another small nerve passing the oval cavity of os pubis, to be spent upon the triceps. Thorough the back part of the thigh, a great and thick nerve passeth, framed of three, which spring out of the three upper holes of os sacrum, and being carried by the sinus of os isthium, thorough the inner and back muscles of the thigh, to the ham, there it is parted into two branches. The one goeth down by the belly of the tibia unto the pterna, bestowing twigs as it goeth, passing by the chink of the inner ankle to the sole of the foot, it is severed into as many branches as there are toes. The other branch marching upon the perone, is carried to the instep of the foot by the outer ankle. By reason of this great nerve, they who are troubled with the sciarica, find pain not only about the joint of the thigh; but in the leg also, and foot. About the beginning of this nerve, another issueth out of the third hole of the os sacrum, and being carried above the ridge of the os sacrum, it brancheth itself into the muscles of the buttocks, and those which bend the tibia. CAP. VII. Of the nerves of the spinalis medulla. IF you invert the brain, you shall perceive 4. roots of the spinalis medulla, 2. from cerebrum, & so many from cerebellum: these joined together make it up. It is of the like substance with the brain, but besides the two membranes, wherewith the cerebrum is compassed, this hath a third strong and nervous, proceeding either from os occipitis, where it is joined with the spondils; or from the ligaments of the vertebrae; this strengtheneth the spinalis medulla, and keepeth it from tearing in violent motions. From the beginning to the end it groweth narrower and harder, so that when it is come to the end of dorsum, it endeth in small threads like a horse tail, that no danger should be in that part where the whole spina is bended. The nerves of the spinalis medulla, are framed of sundry filaments twisted together, and covered with a thin membrane; and as they come out of the holes of the backbone nature doth compass them with a thick and firm substance, which so firmly clip the fibres of the sinews, that they cannot be severed. Beside the sinew cometh not out of that hole, directly opposite to its beginning; but out of the lower. And when it hath passed thorough this hole, it doth not enter presently into the rib, which is next; but into the lower. Which when it hath touched being divided, it turneth the lesser twig towards the spina, and the greater towards the forepart. Out of this spinalis medulla twenty eight pairs of sinews spring, seven from the neck, twelve from the back, five from the loins, and four from the os sacrum. The first Conjugation of the neck, doth not spring from the sides of the spina as the rest; but from the fore and hinder part, and cometh out between the occiput and first vertebra. The fore branch is bestowed upon the muscles of the back side of the head, and the muscles of the vertebra of the neck. The second conjugation, by the hindermost branch turned up, ascendeth to the skin of the head, the ears, and the muscles, but by the foremost branch it is carried unto those muscles which are common to the second spondyl, and the occiput. The third conjugation sendeth its foremost branch to those muscles which bend the neck: but the hindermost to the muscles which raise up the neck and head. The fourth conjugation sendeth its lesser, and hindermost branch to the muscles of the neck; but the foremost and largest to the muscles which lift up the shoulder blade and the arm. The fifth conjugation with it lesser twig turneth to the hindermost muscles of the neck: and with the greater joineth itself with the twigs of the fourth pair. The sixth pair by the lesser and hindermost branch passeth to the hindermost muscles: but with the foremost and biggest to the arm, and the diaphragma. The seventh with the greater branch passeth to the arm, but with the lesser to the hindermost muscles. As for the nerves of the back, each of them hath two branches; one lesser, which is sent to the muscles of the back, and one greater, which is bestowed upon the intercostal muscles. One thing is to be noted, that the sinews which proceed from the vertebrae of the short ribs are bigger than those which are communicate to the upper intercostal muscles. Those about the middle of the rib, are divided into two twigs, whereof the uttermost is carried outward; but the innermost inwardly along the rib. These nerves were to be biggest, because they are distributed both to the muscles of the belly, and to the parts contained in it. As for the nerves of the loins, each pair of these hath anterior and posterior branches, which are spent partly upon the muscles of the loins, and hypogastrium; partly upon the legs. The lumbares nervi or sinews of the loins meet, and are mingled with the costales. Whereby it cometh to pass, that the parts which are contained within the peritonaeum, have their strength from the spinalis medulla, as their sense from the brain: for according to Galen, cap. 5. lib. 16. de us. part. the costal nerve is a sprig of the sixth conjugation. As for the nerves of os sacrum, the first pair hath two branches, as those of the loins, to wit, the anterior and posterior; but the rest of the pairs before they come out, are double on each side: and on each side one nerve marcheth forward, and another backward. The uppermost three, which are anterior, go to the leg: The two lowermost passed to the muscles of the anus and bladder. Fig. IU. Fig. V. Book V. Of the Bones. CAP. I. Of the nature of a Bone. Four causes concur to the perfecting of a bone. First, the efficient cause is the ossifick faculty of the spirit; unto whom the natural heat ministereth. Secondly, the material cause is twofold; the one is of generation, the other of nutrition. The matter of generation is the seed, which doth consist of a thick humour and the spirit. The matter of nutrition is double, the remote is blood, with the which all parts of the body are nourished: The immediate cause is the marrowy juice in the spongious bones, and the marrow itself, which is contained in the cavities of big bones. In the small cavities of the smaller bones, the marrow is white; but red in the ample cavities of the large bones. The marrow is not covered with a membrane, as the marrow of the back: and therefore it is unsensible contrary to Parrey. By the small holes in the ends of the bones, the veins and arteries enter, but no nerves: for they only feel by the How bones feel. benefit of the periostium. Thirdly, the form of 3 the bone is twofold, the essential is its dry and cold temperature. The accidental is its figure, which for the most part is round or flat. Fourthly, the final cause is double: The general is that which serveth the whole body, & it is threefold. 1. Is to establish the soft parts. 2. Is to give figure to the parts. 3. Is to further the motion of the body. The special is that which is proper to every particular bone. Of the premises such a description of a bone may be gathered. A bone is a similary The description. part most dry and cold, unflexible, compacted of the thickest part of the seed by the spirit; the natural heat concurring to afford stableness, and figure to the whole body. CAP. II. An enumeration of the bones of man's body: and first of the bones of the Head. ALl the bones of the body of man belong either to the head, the trunk of the body, or to the limbs. The bones which make up the head united are called Cranium, from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a helmet, because as a helmet it defendeth the brain. It is also called calva, and calvaria. The bones of the head are either proper or common. The proper bones are in number six. 1. Os frontis, coronale, inverecundum, os puppis, the bone of the forehead, it reacheth to the coronal future above. There are two cavities in this bone, between the tables above the eyebrows. Wounds in these hardly admit cicatrisation. This bone hath three holes, one internal in the scull, above the spongious bone, two outward about the middle of the eyebrows, to give way to the sinews, which pass to the forehead. 2. And 3. are called ossa syncipities, vel verticis, to other, parietalia, arcualia, bregmatis. 4. Os occipitis, basilare, os prorae, os memoriae, os pixidis, to the Gracian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the noddle. It is the thickest of all, and hath five holes. One big near the first vertebra of the neck. The other four serve for letting out of sinews, & letting out of veins & arteries. 5. and 6. are ossa temporum petrosa, parietalis. These have six holes. The two external, which make the passage to hearing are biggest, the rest are small. Within the passages of hearing are seated three bones on each side; Malleus, incus, stapes: The hammer, anvil, and stirrup. Os jugale or Zygomatis placed under the eye, is no several bone, but is framed of the processes of two bones, to wit, petrosum, and the maxilla united by an oblique suture. The bones common to the head and upper jaw, are two. 1. Os spoenoides, cuneiforme, or wedgelike bone, to others paxillare, os colatorii, palati, basilare. It hath sundry holes for vessels to pass. 2. Os spongoides, spongiosum, spongiforme, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, cribriforme, or Cribrosum, the spongious or sieve-like bone. It filleth the cavity of the Nostrils. The Jawbones are two, the upper, and the lower. In these are placed the sockets for the teeth, called alucoli, loculi, fostulae, praesepiola, mortariola. The upper Jaw is framed of 11. bones, five on each side fellows, and one without a fellow. 1. Is almost triangular, it maketh up the lower part of the orbit of the eye, the lesser corner, a part of the os jugale, and mala. 2. Maketh up the greater corner of the eye from whence there is a hole that passeth to the cavity of the nostril. This bone is small, thin, clear, slightly cleaving to the other: So that it is seldom found in skulls digged out of the ground. Here fistula lachrymalis is seated. 3. Maketh up the greatest part of the roof of the mouth, and the arched part, wherein the teeth are inserted. 4. With his fellow maketh up the bony part of the ridge of the nose. These two are severed by a suture. Within they are rough to receive the cartilages; within these there is a bone cleaving to the process of the spongious bone, dividing the nostrils: it is called septumnarium. 5. Is placed at the end of the palate of the mouth where the holes of the nostrils pass to the throat. To these Columbus addeth a tenth. He will have it to be like unto a plough, and to disjoin the lower part of the nostrils. Of the lower jaw. The lower Jaw hath but one bone. It resembleth the Greek letter 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or a bow. It hath two holes, the one is more backward and larger: thorough this pass some nerves from the fifth pair to the roots of the teeth, as also a small vein and artery. The other is more outward, not so round; thorough the pass some sprigs of the sinews to the lower lip. You may pass thorough these holes a bristle. CAP. III. Of the Teeth. THere be three ranks of teeth. Those of the first rank are called incisores incisorii, cutrers, and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because they show themselves when we laugh; there be most commonly four of them in each jaw, they have but one fang, and so easily fall out. These first make way out of the gums; because the tops of them are sharpest. Those in the second rank are called canini or dog's teeth, from their length above the rest, hardness, and sharpness. In each jaw there are but two, on each side of the grinders one. They are called oculares, or eye-teeths, not that they reach to the orbit of the eye: for they mount not higher than the nostrils; but because sprigs of the nerves, which move the eyes, are carried to them. These in the third rank are called molares, grinders, because like mills they grind the meat. Most commonly they are twenty in number, five in each side of every jaw. Of these the two hindermost are called genuini, and denta sapientiae, because they show not themselves until man come to the years of discretion, to wit, the 28, 30, yea even to old age itself. In some they never appear. Those of the upper jaw have more fangs than those of the lower. First, because they hang. Secondly, because the substance of the upper jaw is not so firm, as that of the lower. The teeth come out in man the seventh month, and sometimes more slowly, but in beasts sooner, because they are to eat solid meat. Of these teeth ten in each gum, to wit, the four grinders, the two dog's teeth, and four grinders, do cast. The fore teeth cast the four, five, and six year of the age, the hinder flower. The teeth as they are worn by use, so they grow again, until the decrepit old age: for if a tooth fall out, and grow no more, the tooth answering it groweth logner: Nature labouring to fill the space of the lost tooth. As concerning the feeling of the teeth, first of all, they rather receive the impression of the first qualities, to wit, heat and cold, and rather of cold than heat, contrary to the fleshy parts. Secondly, not the whole tooth; but the inner part towards the root, which is more soft by reason of the sinew in the cavity of it, and the membrane. The hard outer part is insensible. CAP. IU. Of the bones of the trunk of the body. THese may be divided into those which are seated between the bones of the head and the rump bone, and those which are placed between the last vertebra of the spina and the thigh bone. Those which are seated between the head bones, and the rump bone, are either anterior, lateral, or posterior. The bone in the forepart is called os pectoris, the breast bone, and os ensiforme, because being long and broad, and ending into a pointed cartilege, it representeth the daggers of the ancients. It is called also sternum, because it is laid above the ribs, and leaneth upon them. It is composed of three parts. 1. Is the highest bone, large, thick, plain, yet unequal, above arched, resembling the pummill of the dagger. It is called by some jugulum, and superior furcula. It hath two cavities. 1. Is in the upper part, to receive the tops of the cannell bone. 2. Is within, about the middle, to give way to the windpipe going down. The second bone is narrower, and hath sundry cavities for the receiving of the grissels of the ribs. The third is broader, and endeth into the cartilege, which is called Cartilago, 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or sword-like cartilege, and mucronata, because it is pointed. The pit, which here appeareth outwardly is favea or scrobuculus cordis, the pit of the heart. The bones of the sternum are distinguished by transverse, and are joined together by cartilages. The ribs are in number 12. whereof some are called vera, genuinae, legitimae, lawful, and ribs indeed: because they are more arched, and reach to the sternum: Some are called nothae, spiriae, adulterae, illegitimae, short or bastard ribs. The true ribs are in number seven, they are round and bony where they are joined eith the vertebrae of the back; but grisly and broad where they are joined to the breast bone. In the lower part they are hollow, to receive a vein and an artery. In making incision there to discharge quittour out of the cavity of the breast we must shun this part. The inner side is smother than the outer by reason of the pleura. The bastard ribs are in number five, so called because they are short less arched, touch not the sternum, and are softer They only are joined with the vertebrae of the back, and end in long cartilages, which turning upwards cleave together, except the last, which cleaveth to none, to give way to the liver, spleen, and upper guts. All the short ribs give way to the distension of the belly. The bones of the back part of the trunks joined, are spina dorsi: so called because the hinder part of it is sharp. It reacheth from the head to the rump bone. It is composed of 24. verterae 7. of the neck, 12. of the back, and five of the loins. Every vertebra is hollow within to receive the Spinalis medulla, and at the sides to give way to the sinews. The first two vertebrae of the neck are joined to the head by ligaments. The first is called Atlas, because it stayeth the head. It hath no spina. The second is called the turner because a process like unto a dog's tooth round and long rising from it, and inserted into the first vertebra, is the cause that the head and first vertebra, turn about it. If a luxation fall out here, it is incurable. The third vertebra of the neck is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, the rest has no names. The vertebrae of the back are in number 12. receiving so many ribs: these are full of holes, but small to give way to the nourishing vessels. The process of the eleventh is strait, and the twelfth is called the Girter. The vertebrae of the loins are five. These are more apt to move, than those of the back, that we may the more easily bend ourselves towards the ground. Now the bones which are between the lowest vertebra of the loins, and the thigh bone are in number three. 1. Ossacrum, the great bone, the stay of the back; it is triangular, broad and immovable: smooth, and hollow in the forepart; but bunched and rough in the hinder part. It is framed of five bones called vertebrae, not for that they serve for motion as the vertebrae, but because they are like to them; in aged persons they seem one bone, but in children they may be separated. The holes in this are not in the sides, but before and behind, which are greater, because the sinews that pass are greater. 2. Is Os coccycis, the cuckoos bill, from the likeness of it, or the rump bone. It is framed of three of four bones, and two cartilages. The connexion of it is loose. In men it is bend inward to stay the intestinum rectum; in women outward, to make way in the time of birth. 3. Is Os coxae or innominatum. It is at the sides of os sacrum, and is framed of three bones os ilii, pubis, and ischii joined together by cartilages, until the seventh year; In aged persons it seemeth one bone. Os ilii, so called because it receiveth the small gut called ilium, it is the first part uppermost and broadest, joined to os sacrum by a strong membranous ligament, although a cartilege go between. The unequal and semicircular circumference of it, is called spina: the inner part hollow and broad, is called costa: The outer part having unequal lines, is called dorsum. This is more large in a woman, than in a man. Os pubis or pectinis, the share bone; it is the fore and middle part. The two, being one on each side, are joined with a cartilege more loosely in women, so that in the time of birth they gape, and give way to the infant. These with the os sacrum, make that cavity with is called pelvises. Wherein the bladder, the womb, and some guts are contained. Ischion or coxendix is the lower and outward part of os coxae, wherein is the cavity which receiveth os semoris. The cartilagineous process of this bone is called supercilium. The ends of this bone are further a sunder in women than men, and so the pelvis is larger. CAP. V. Of the Cannell bone, and the shoulder blade. THe bones of the trunk are either those of the arms or of the legs. The bones of the arm are either above the joint of the shoulder, or under: above the joint are two. 1. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because they shut the breast, and like a key lock the shoulder blade, with the breast bone. It is also called ligula, the binder, os furcale, or furcula superior, the upper bended bone, the cannell bone. These two bones, one in each side, are seated at the top of the breast bone transversly. In figure the represent the great Roman S. for they seem to be framed of two semicircular bones; but placed one opposite to another. Towards the throat they are arched; but below hollow. 2. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, because it maketh the broadness of the shoulder; the barbarous authors call it spatula, the shoulder blade. It leaneth upon the upper ribs, towards the back. It is almost triangular. The outer part is arched: the inner hollow. That part of the shoulder which is joined with the clavicula is called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, or humeri mucro, the point of the shoulder. The adjutorium is jointed in the superficial cavity of the neck of this bone. CAP. VI Of the bones of the Arme. THe arm hath three parts, the shoulder, the elbow and the hand. The shoulder hath but one long, round, and strong bone, called os humeri, the shoulder bone. The upper part of it is jointed with the shoulder blade, but the lower part with the two bones of the elbow. The Elbow hath two bones. 1. Ulna, the yard, because we measure with it. In the upper part it is joined with the lower part of the shoulder bone: In the lower part it is articulate with the wrist, by a cartilaginous substance. The barbarous authors call this bone focile majus, the greater focil. 2. Radius, the small bone, called by the barbarians focile minus, the small focil. In the midst it is a little parred from ulna, between which there is a small ligament. Above the ulna receiveth Radius but below the Radius receiveth ulna. The upper part of this bone is joined with the outer process of the shoulder bone; but the lower part is joined with the wrist bone at the greatest finger. The upper part of this bone is smaller than the lower, quite contrary to the frame of the ulna. The hand hath 3. parts. 1. Carpus, by the Arabians Rasetta, the wrest bone. It is framed of a cluster of eight bones, which have no proper names; yet differing in bigness and figure. They are so tied with strong ligaments arising from the processes of ulna, and radius, that they seem but one bone. First, they are cartilages, & afterward become spongious bones. Of these bones four are above jointed with ulna and radius: but the lower four are joined with the bones of Metacarpium. Here you are to observe the ring-like ligaments appointed for the safe carrying of the tendons of the muscles, which move the fingers. The inner strengtheneth the tendons which bend the fingers; but the outer the tendons which extend. 2. Metacarpium, the distance between wrist and fingers. This hath five bones reckoning amongst these the first of the thumb. These bones are joined with the bones of the wrist by ligaments, but with the fingers by articulation. They are within hollow, and contain marrow. About the middle they are a little parted, to give way to the muscles called Interossei. The fingers have fifteen bones, for in each finger there are three. And although the first bone of the thumb hath been reckoned amongst the rasettae, yet because it hath a more pliant articulation, it serveth for the first bone of the thumb. In the bones of the fingers, the first is bigger than the second, the second than the third. About the joints they are thicker; the knobs there are called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, and nodi. In the inside of the fingers, there are ligaments pipe-like, by the which they are united. The points of the bones towards the nails have no processes. CAP. VII. Of the bones of the Legs. THe Leg as the arm hath three parts: the thigh, the shank, and the foot. The thigh hath but one bone, which is the biggest and longest of all the bones of the body. The forepart is somewhat arched. Above it is articulate with the coxendix: and it is kept in by a round ligament. The neck of this bone hath two processes for the insertion of muscles. Rotator magnus & Parvus, the greater and lesser rowler: It is articulate below with the tibia, for the strengthening of this joint, that the thigh bone may be kept in the forepart, there is appointed a bone. It is called Mola rotula patella, the whirle-bone. In children it is grasly. It resembleth the boss of a bucklar: for it is bunched without, and hollow within, where it is lined with a cartilege. It is strengthened by the tendons of some of the muscles of the thigh, unto the which it cleaveth. The shank hath two bones. 1. Tibia, focile majus, canna major, the greater focil. In the upper part it hath a process, which is received by the hollowness of the thigh bone. It hath also two long cavities for the receiving of the two prominences of the thigh bone. To make these cavities deeper, there is joined by ligaments a movable cartilege, soft, slippery, and bedewed with an unctuous humour. It is called cartilago lunata, the moon-like cartilege. These cavities are separat by a knob; from the top of which ariseth a strong ligament, which is fastened to the cavity of the thighbone. The sharp forepart of this bone is called spina. In the lower part of this bone there is a process without flesh, which maketh the inner ankle Malleus internus. 2. Perone fibula, or brace, because it seemeth to unite the bones of the shank, focile minus, the small focil, cann●s minor sura; The upper round part of this bone reacheth not to the knee, but the lower part reacheth further than the tibia. In the middle these two bones are parted to receive muscles which move the foot. The fleshless appendix of the lower end, causeth Malleolus externus, the cuter ankle. The Foot hath three parts. The first is that which reacheth to the bones articulate with the toes, called pedium seu taulus: the second comprehendeth the bones articular to the toes called metapedium or metatarsus: the third comprehendeth the bones of the toes. The bones of pedium are seven. 1. Talus, os balistae. It is articulate with the appendix of tibia. It receiveth the top of Os calcis. 2. Calx, calcaneu, the heel-bone, it is the greatest and thickest of the bones of the foot. It is joined to talus, and os cubiforme: into this the great tendon, composed of the tendons of three muscles of the shank, is inserted. 3. Scaphoides, naviculare, the boatlike bone, it is joined with Talus, and the three hinder bones. 4. Cuboides, ostessarae, it is larger than the rest. It is set before the heelebone, and is joined to it. The other 3. are called Cuneiformia, wedgelike bones. They are joined with the naviculare. Motapedium hath five bones joined to the bones of pedium. The bones of the fingers are fourteen, because the great toe hath but two bones: they answer those of the hand. Of the seed bones. These are like to the seeds of sesamum, and therefore are called sesamoidea or sesamina: they are round and somewhat flat. They cleave to the ligaments under the tendons. They are reckoned to be twelve in every hand and foot: but it is hard to find a certain number of them. The two which are found about the first joint of the great toe are most remarkable. Two are found in the ham about the beginning of the two first muscles, which move the shank. They are found also in the carpus, metaoarpium, pedium, and metapedium. CAP. VIII. Of the sundry ways by the which the bones of man's body are coupled together. THey are coupled either by jointing or growing together. Jointing is either for manifest or obscure motion. The jointings which serve for manifest motion are three. 1. Enarthrosis is when a large head of a bone is received into a deep cavity, as the thigh bone with the hipbone. 2. Arthrodia, is when the cavity which receiveth is shallow, and the head of the bone flat, such is the articulation of the lower jaw with the temple-bone. 3. Cynglymus, is when the same bone receiveth, and is received. This falleth out three manner of ways. 1. Is when a bone is received by a bone, and receiveth the same. This is seen in the articulation of the shoulder-bone with the elbow-bone. 2. Is when a bone receiveth one bone, & is received of another. So in the spondils of the back: for the bone in the middle receiveth the upper, and is received by the lower. 3. When the process of the bone being long, and round, is inserted into another bone, and so is turned about in the cavity, as if it were an axle tree: so is the second vertebra of the neck with the first. Articulation for obscure motion may be observed in the joining of the ribs with the spondils, and in the bones of the wrist and ankle. Bones grow together either without some middle substance, or with it. Without some middle substance they are coupled three manner of ways. 1. By a line, as the bones of the upper jaw and nose are coupled; this is called, harmonia. 2. By a suture as the bones of the scull are united. 3. When one bone is fastened within an other as a nail in wood: this is called, Gomphosis, and so are they fastened in the gums. If bones grow together by a middle substance, it is either by a cartilege, this unition is called synchondrosis, so are the share bones joined; or by a ligament, which is called synneurosis, and so the thigh bone is joined to the hipbone; or by flesh which is termed syssarcosis, and so is the bone of the tongue joined to the shoulder. CAP. IX. Of a Cartilege. A Cartilege is a similary The description. part dry and hard, yet not so as a bone, flexible, which a bone is not, framed to stay the soft parts, and to repel the injuries of external hard bodies. 1. Then it stayeth the soft parts. 2. It defendeth them. 3. They cover the ends of the bones, which have a loose articulation. 4. They knit bones together: as is seen in the share-bone. The differences are taken first, from the figure; so the cartilege of the brestbone is called ensiformis, and those of the Larynx sigmoides like C. 2. Some are solitary not joined with other bodies, as those of the ears and eyelids: some are joined, as most of the rest. 3. Some still continue cartilages, some degenerate into bones: as in women, the cartilages of the ribs, which lie under the breasts: for these growing very big, they become bony, the better to hold them up. They are in sundry parts of the body. 1. In the head there are four, to wit, of the eyelids, nose, and ears; and the trochlea of the eye. 2. In the breast there be three, to wit, the cartilages of the larynx: the small pipes of the windpipe, dispersed thorough the lungs, and cartilago ensiformis. 3. The long ribs are joined to the sternum by cartilages. 4. The vertebrae of the back are joined together by cartilages. Last of all sundry are seen in the articulations, which are loose, and in the conjunction of bones. CAP. X. Of a Ligament. A Ligament is a similary part without feeling, in substance mean between a cartilege and a membrane appointed firmly to knit the joints. Of the ligaments some are membranous (such are those who environ the joints;) some cartilagineous, as those which are between the joints, as is seen in the articulation of the thighbone with the coxendix. Ligaments are to be found in diverse parts of the body. 1. The bone of the tongue hath two strong ligaments, one on each side. Besides on each side it hath round ones by the which it is tied to the adjacent parts to stay it in the middle of the mouth. Secondly, the tongue hath a strong membranous ligament in the lower part about the middle of it. About the end of it the fraenum is to be seen, which if it come to the foreteeth, it hindereth the motion of the tongue and speech. Children being so troubled, are said to be tongue-tied, and must have it cut. 3. The ligaments which tie the vertebrae of the breast and loins, the ribs with the vertebrae, and the ribs with the brestbone, are membranous. 4. Sundry are to be seen in the belly. The first tieth the os ilium to os sacrum. The second tieth the os sacrum to the coxendix. The third joineth the share bones, and is cartilaginous. The fourth compasseth them circularly, and is membranous. The fifth compasseth the hole of os pubis, and is membranous. 5. In the arm these appear. 1. Five tie the adjutorium to the shoulder blade. 2. The bones of the elbow, ulna and radius, are tied first one to another, secondly to the shoulder-bone, and thirdly to the wrist, by membranous ligaments. 3. There are two annular ligaments, which being transverse, direct the tendons which pass to the fingers. They are two. One in the outside for the tendons of the extending muscles; the other in the inner side, for the tendons of the contracting muscles. 4. The bones of the wrist, back of the hand, and fingers, have membranous ligaments. 5. In the leg these may be found out. First, the thighbone is tied to the Coxendix, by two ligaments. Secondly, the lower end of it is tied to Tibia and Fibula by six ligaments. Thirdly, the Tibia is joined to the Fibula, by a membranous ligament. Fourthly, tibia and fibula are joined to the ankley by three ligaments. Fifthly, the ankley is tied with the bones of the foot by five ligaments. Sixthly, the bones of the instep and toes are tied with such ligaments as those are which are seen in the hand. An Explication of some terms which are found in anatomical authors in the doctrine of bones. COtulae, or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉, not Cotyledones, acetabula, are called deep cavities in the articulations of the bones. If the hollowness be shallow, they are called glenae or glenoides, from the form of the cavities of the eyes, which appear when the eyelids are shut. Epiphysis, appendix, adnascentia, additamentum, is called a bone which groweth to the end of another bone. It is of a spongious substance, and at the first gristly for the most part; but in time groweth bony. It may be seen in the shoulder blade, both the focils of the legs both at the knee and foot, and in the thighbone where the rotator magnus is. Apophysis, in some bones caput, in some Cervix, in some Tuberculum, in some Spina, in some mucro, is a part of a bone not added, but bunching out above the smooth superficies. It is also called Ecphysis, processus, productio, extuberantia Supercilia or labra, are called the upper brim● of the cavities of the joints. As for the number of the bones of the body of Man. COmmonly they are holden to be 246. according to this distich. Add quater denis bis centum senaque, habebis quam te multiplici condidit osse Deus. The head hath 8. The upper Jaw 11. The lower Jaw one. The teeth are 32. sometimes 28. The spina hath 24. Os sacrum hath most commonly 5. The ribs are 24. The brestbone is composed of 3. The cannell bones are 2. The shoulder blades are 2. The flank bones are 2. In the arms there are 60. In both the feet 64. Os hyoides of the tongue 1. The small bones of the ears 6. The two great toes have four great seed bones. The number of the small feeed bones is uncertain. If with some Anatomists you reckon twenty four small seed bones in the two hands, and so many in the two feet, besides the two great ones of both the great toes; If you add in like manner the two small bones in each ham, and the eighth bone in each hand, between the Carpus and metacarpium, and the bony substance annexed to the cuboides in both the feet in old persons, you shall have fifty four more, which being joined to 246. make up 302. expressed thus: Ter centum & binis compactum est ossibus istud, Quod cernis corpus; non est quod plura requires. If you find one more, that breaks no square. FINIS. The explication of the first Figure. 1. The hairy scalp. 2. The forehead. 3. The ear. 4. The eyes. 5. The nose. 6 The mouth. 7. The chin. 8. The temple. 9 The cheek. 10. The arm. 11. The hand. 12. The breast. 13. The sides. 14. The belly. 15. The genitals. 16. The thighs. 17. The knees. 18. The legs. 19 The feet. The explication of the second Figure. 1. The back part of the head. 2. The shoulder. 3. The elbow. 4. The back. 5. The buttocks. 6. The hams. 7. The calies of the legs. 8. The ankles. 9 The insteps. 10. The heel. These two Figures are to be placed as they stand in order immediately after the Title before the first Chapter. The explication of the third Figure. 1. The musculous skin of the head. 2. The muscles of the arm. 3. The muscles of the breast. 4 The muscles of the belly. 5. The muscles of the thigh. 6. The muscles of the legs. This Figure is to be placed before the first chapter of the Treatise of the Muscles. The explication of the fourth Figure. 1. The bones of the head. 2. The bones of chain of the back. 3. The shoulderblade. 4. The ribs. 5. The Os sacrum. 6. The thigh bone. 7. The bones of the knee. 8. The bones of the legs. 9 The bones of the feet. The explication of the fifth Figure. 1. The shoulder-bone. 2. The elbow bones. 3. The bones of the hand. 4. The bones of the back. 5. The heelebone. These two Figures are to be placed in their order immediately before the first Chapter of the book of bones.