A CHROnicle of all the noble Emperors of the Romans, from julius Caesar, orderly to this most victorious Emperor Maximilian, that now governeth, with the great wars of julius Caesar, & Pompeius Magnus: Setting forth the great power, and divine providence of almighty God, in preserving the godly Princes and common wealths.  
Set forth by Richard Reynoldes, Doctor in Physic. Anno. 1571.  
¶ Imprinted at London by Thomas Marsh.    

HONORANDO DOMIno, domino Gulihelmo Cicello, domino Baroni de Burgley, Senatori Regiae Maiestatis prudentissimo, domino suo colendo.  
PErpetuam laudem prudentiae, ac gloriam summae nobilitatis florere in senatu pacis inclita studia ostendunt. Nihil magis arduum in republica optimè constituta existit, quam conciliorum optimorum cursum sic in republica tenere, ut respublica ipsa prae caeteris regum externorum imperijs, pacis ornamentis excellere, & in summo ocio cum dignitate rerum agendarum florere possit. Qui reipublicae praeesse volunt, in medium maximarum rerum certamen, ac in difficilimam orbis totius provinciam deveniunt. Respublica sacra dei summi theatrum est, legibus quasi sacrato dei dono, disciplina prudentum fulta, principum, ac nobilissimorum consulum studiis, ac maiestate tanti numinis altius fundata est. Beatae igitur respublicae quae norint sapientes viros, ac probos esse sua munimenta, non muros aut turres. Si in florentissimo Imperio unquam pacis inclita studia viguere, aut fructus summorum ingeniorum ad egraegiam foelicitatem in senatu regio vllo tempore innotuere: quocunque te verteris animo ac cogitatione, haec nostra respublica beata est, tanta claritudine imperii, tàm rara literatae principis maiestate, prudentia, ac consiliorum magnitudine colenda. Quod in causis regni maximis celsa reginae maiestas, ad universi status foelicitatem dominationem tuam, fama maximarum virtutum, conciliorum, ac literarum celebrem elegit: eosque rarè nobilitatis, prudentiaeque fructus, tam egregiae Reipublicae fabrica in omnes reipublicae partes, et ad exteras nationes, & apud potentissimos reges diffudit▪ Haec splendida tantae reipublicae moles maximis de causis, te tanti honoris tantum senatorem, literarum decus eximium, academiarum patronum, tam fortunata republica ac principe tàm potente dignum consulem admiretur: qnod intra domesticas regni istius parietes, literarum ac pacis divina studia, pura sinceraque religio, prae cunctis regum externorum imperijs in omni felicitate, claritudinis fructus in regnum Anglicanun, populumque sese dispergunt. Maximis de causis dominationi tuae me devinctissimun esse sateor, q●òd ab ineunte aetatè in optimis literarum studiis, maximis tuis sumptibus, ac regalibus colleg●i stipendiis promotus s●m. Tuoque singulari beneficio regiae munificentiae literatos fructus hausi, tum egregio opere Domini johannis Checi equitis torquati, qui aurea naturae fabrica extitit, Illustrissimo principi Eduardo Sexto dum vixerat ad omnem gloriam literarum, & virtutis summum decus, patriae splendor, Philonis ac Platonis nobilia studia literis aequabat, Princeps ingenii fuit ac doctrinae, Anglis universis rarus maximarum virtutum phoenix. Nulla gens prudentiores habet viros, ac magis literatos quam Anglia habet, quae pars orbis, bellorum in omni genere clariores, aut Hectoreo Achilleoque animo promptiores ad fortia pericula Anglis habet. Gentis ac regum Anglorum gloria prima est, exterorum principum nobilitas hiis secunda. Haec splendidissima gentis ac regum ornamenta▪ doctis literarum monumentis posteritati, ad sempiternam & non flaccescentem vllo tempore famam reconduntur. Nihil intentatum Reipublicae ac patriae studiosis esse debet, quod ad Reipublicae dignitatem, regnique incliti gloriam, aut quod ad posteros iuuandos cum utilitate ac singulari virtute profluere possit▪ Sunt plurimi singulares doctrina viri, qui excellentia divini ingenij bona ornamentaque abscondunt, & supprimunt, quibus cum ad maximam gloriam prae caeteris, Reipublicae ac posteris inseruire valeant. Quasi non prodesse tantis ingenij ornamentis Reipublicae, in autoritatem scientiae sit, eruditis illis ac excellentibus doctrina viris. Làbes maxima tantis ingenijs existit, cum in excogitandis bonis, promovenda que vita per doctrinae studia posteris tradenda torpedi, & omni quasi mascula virtute eneruati vitam transigunt, quasi hoc summi ingenij opus sit intra se tam egregia spiritus sancti, doctrinaeque dona, sine ulla re nobili gesta quasi in homunculo aliquo plebeio ac rudi morte perire. Si monumenta doctorum virorum ad illorum perpetuam gloriam nobis posteris redundarunt, profluat à nobis si quae sit claritudinis sparta consequenti nepotum aetati profutura. In quanta nobilitate literarum, virtutis, ingenij, ac maximorum conciliorum pondere, singularis ille vir Dominus Antonius Cookus, eques torquatus, socer tuus in Reipublicae oculis vivit, rarum decus huius aetatis, qui tam praestanti liberorum suorum educatione tantos gloriae fructus hausit: ut reliquis Anglis ille solus docti patris viva effigies, amoris, virtutis, ac verae nobilitatis exemplar unicum suis domi quasi in celeberima academia fulget. utinam in omnibus nobilibus familijs literarum splendor tàm altas verae nobilitatis radices propagasset, qui valeat svorum familiam, genus, ac maiorum stirpem inclitam tanto literarum splendore, generis fama, ac genuina claritudinis gloria suos ornare. In hac maxima nobilitatis gloria, ac singulari laud, reponendus est dominus Gualterus Mildmaius, eques torquatus, quatuor Anglorum principibus potentissimis cum summo splendore inseruiens qui licet adhuc longaevi Nestoris annos non attigerit, ac tantis virtutibus & magnitudine conciliorum in principum negotijs, Methuselah aetate dignus est, ut Reipub. tam florenti vivat, valeat, floreatque tantus ac tantus senator. Magnitudine tantorum beneficio●um obrutus, ac excellentis dominationis tuae status splendore adductus, has Moscouiticas meas lucubrationes in lucem edidi, quae de actis Caesarum omnium ab ipso julio Caesare ad hunc illustrissimun orbis Monarcham Maxim●lianum, longa orationis serie, per singulorum regum familias, ac regias stirpes pertractat, easque dominationi tuae offero animi mei gratissimi munusculum. Has lucubrationes meas Moscouiticas appello, quia dum magno Moscouiae Duci, potentissimo Russiae, Casani, ac Astrachani Imperatori in arte medica inseruiebā, eas ocio dato composui▪ Sed non deero Dominationis tuae voluntati ac petitioni, de omni statu Reipub. Moscoviticae describendo, deque Imperio Casanico, & Astracanico mare Caspius attingēte, magno Russiae Imperatori subiecto. Nihil homini prìuato conducibilius, nihil magistratui, nihil regi, aut Imperatori quicquam utilius esse potest, quàm antiquitatem Rerumpublicarum, & omnium Imperiorum formas, exitum bellorum tam externorum quam civilium, in quiet & summo ocio cum sumina animi delectatiōe, ac voluptate, intueri ac revoluere. Est enim historia speculum principis, imago virtutis, theatrum doctissimum universi orbis, veritatis certissimus index, temporum testis, post mortem vita, memoriae sempiternum monumentum viva Respublica, lex viva, morum doctissima magistra, ad optima, & prudentissima concilia firma pedissequa, prudentiae fons, regum ac potentissimorum monarcharum schola literata, omnium seculorum ac imperiorum sapientissimun studium. Quod in Rerum pub. antiquitatibus, & in diversis Imperiorum formis, long caeteris Graecis praestitit Ulysses, rarum illud Graeciae propter prudentiam & sacrata concilia lumen habitus est. Quod Nestor orationis maiestate, eloquentia, ac in regio senatu maximorum conciliorum pondere, reliquos patricios viros, generis principatuque celsos anteibat, senatus graecorum pater, populi robur, Imperii universi neruus graecis & omnibus barbaris habitus est. Quod graecia ipsa sensit, hiis duobus luminibus extinctis Epaminunda Duce mortuo, dolendam Reipublicae iacturam senserunt Thebae, mortuo pericle Athenae, mortuo Archidamo Lacedemonia luctus dedere. Robur imperii Anglicani firmissimum, ac neruus tutissimus principis nostrae rara maiestas est, omnium maiorum regum splendor, unicum huius aetatis, ac consequentum nepotum dulcissimum decus, cuius celsitudini praecaeteris orbis monarchiss, cum summa tranquillitate in hiis turbulentissimis imperiorum tempestatibus, senatorum tanta prudentia, vultus nobilis, sacratoque numine fulta concilia inseruiunt. Rarum patriae nostrae lumen in regio senatu existit dominatio tua, dum summae eruditionis, verae nobilitatis, ac maximorum conciliorum Nestor, patriae florentique Reipublicae fulges. Vivit ad perpetuam Reipublicae Anglicanae gloriam Dominus Thomas Smithus aeques torquatus, regiae maiestatis nobilis Secretarius, juris civilis, ac omnium prestantissimarum scientiarum. Doctor summus, abstrusae abditaeque, cognitionis uberimun penu, academiae Cantabrigiensis rarum decus, qui Demosthenem eloquentia, gravitate Platonem, concilio Periclem, ac Senatoria prudentia Epaminundam aequare possit. Non sine causa floret Respublica nostra, reliquorum senatorum prudentia, ac summis ingenijs fortunata, quorum si in Republica egregiam conciliorum fabricam dign pertractarem, nullus externorum principum senatus cum regio senatu conferendus, Deo enim Rempublicam edificante concilijs tanti numinis singula agunt. Habet regnum Anglicanun Reginan illustrissimam, dominam nostram Elisabetham, principem rarae maiestatis, prudentia Nestorea imbutam, ac Nestoris annis dignissimam, regalibus virtutibus, literataque praestantissmarum artium cognitione illustrem, pacis ac concordiae nutricem, regni sui exoptatissimam spem foelicitatis, regni Anglicani unicum solatium, imperij robur, populi sui unicam consolationem, maiorum regum, aevique huius unicum Decus. Faxit deus, ut nos tata pietate tàm celso numini inseruiamus, ut aureum tam illustris principis, imperiique seculum diu teneamus.  
Dominationi tuae devinctissimus Richardus Raignoldus.   

AN EPISTLE TO THE Reader.  
SCIPIO that noble captain, and valeante conqueror, continually delighting in seeking wisdom, and assaying profitable enterprises for the common wealth of the Romans, and also for the glory and advancement of his country, in noble feats of arms, striving to be above the rest singular, did continually occupy himself in histories, & in monuments of great antiquity. Whose commendable studies, Marcus Tullius Cicero, in a certain epistle to his brother Quintus, commendeth in these words, Cyrus ille à Zenophonte non ad historiae fidem scriptus, sed ad effigiem justi imperij, cuius summa gravitas ab illo Philosopho cum singulari comitate coniungitur, quos quidem libros non sine causa noster ille Africanus de manibus ponere non solebat; nullum est enim praetermissum in hijs officium diligentis & moderati imperij. Cyrus' that noble prince of Persia, who is set out in the history of Zenophon, although the history written of him, be above that which Cyrus attained to, yet the very lively image of a prince, what he aught to be, and of his state is in those books declared, the gravity and majesty of. Cyrus, with a singular courteous humanity is joined together of that Philosopher, the which books of Zenophon, not without great cause or dope consideration, our noble Africanus would never say out of his hands: For in those books is fully set out the state and royal office of a careful prince and temperate. The example of so worthy a prince of so great wisdom, of so victorious and valeante a conqueror, is of great force to show what great knowledge, wisdom, and profitable learning, what glory is contained in histories to the students thereof. This noble Scipio, being a rare prince for all excellency. The stay of the Roman Empire, a light to all princes, daily occupied himself in reading of histories. octavius Emperor of Rome, did greatly delight in histories, and in all antiquities of learning, who was in love so much rapted & inflamed with the Aeneados of the famous Poet Virgil, as that noble Scipio Africanus, was delighted with Zenophons' works. Alexander the great, whose commendation is above all princes, who as the book of the Macchabees showeth, having great wars in hand, he won many strong cities, and slew many kings of the earth, going throughout the ends of the world, in so much that the whole world stood in awe of him. This Alexander the great, being brought up of that great and most wise Philosopher Aristotle, did chief place his delight in histories, who gave great and princely gifts to all such as by any means profited the common wealth thereby. This mighty prince Alexander, did so much delight in histories and in the books of Homer the Greek Poet, that he would rest his study and mind therein. Which books of Homer he named his pillow, because he would never sleep without them: saying always give me my pillow (meaning those books.) Out of those books he learned many notable virtues, meet for the office of princes, many rare virtues & great knowledge, for all such as shall be governors in the common wealth, great wisdom for captains with the felicity of the mind & rare magnanimity, the noble virtue patience, is there fully set out, meet for all states, with all the calamities of war. Lucius Lucullus, by his great knowledge in histories, brought to the Romans felicity of estate, and perpetual renown in his wars fought against Mithidrates. Thus Marcus Tullius Cicero writeth of him. Lucius Lucullus, percontandis peritioribus, rebus gestis legendis, tantus in omni genere belli extitit ut omnibus quoruncunque seculorum principibus anteferretur. Lucius Lucullus, by diligent inquisition of the best learned, and by reading of histories, was so famous and noble in all points of chivalry, that he aught to be placed before the princes of all ages. Alexander Severus, an Emperor of great glory, and of most noble fame, inferior to no prince in wisdom and learning, by whom the Romans enjoyed a flourishing state and most peaceable government, the fruits of all good government. This Alexander Severus, would never enterprise any thing of any great weight or importance, either in war or peace, but he would send for such as were known to be excellent in histories, to consult and debate with them of such matters: wherein he found a chief treasure of all deep & sage council, a register of all famous acts. Alexander the great, at what time as he overcame Darius' king of Persia, in a place called Arbellis, he demanded of his noble men the nearest and safyst way out of Persia into Egypt, but none could tell him. A certain merchant man the history saith, Homo multarum rerum peritus, a man very cunning in many things, it seemed by his answer he was a traveler in those places & in many other countries. This merchant was by country a Sidonian, who being brought to him, the history maketh no mention of his name, but Lucianus writeth the story. O king (saith the merchant) I am able to promise thee that the way from this part of Persia into Egypt, is but three days journey through the mountains, and so it was proved. Alexander ignorant of the situation of the country, and fearing the merchant to have dissembled with him, of long time believed it not, but in the end the merchants tale was found true, it seemed the merchant knew more by his travail then those Persians' did, of so great force is the worthy knowledge of histories. The knowledge of the situation of countries, regions, and cities, Ptolomeus Euergetes● that worthy prince of Egypt, of whom Galene that noble physician writeth of in the third book De morbis popularibus. This Ptolomeus greatly delighting in histories, and in all kind of learning, commanded as many as arrived at his coasts or countries, to bring to him all such books as were to be found with them of any worthy memory. Those books this king Ptolomeus caused truly to be written out, and the new copies to be delivered to the first possessors, all such books in this sort brought, the king commanded them to be placed in goodly and sumptuous libraries, there perpetually to remain as worthy monuments to be reserved of the posterity. And also this king Ptolomeus, commanded that upon all those books thus brought to him from far countries, to have this title upon them, Ex navibus acceptorum, as who should say, all such books were brought by ship from far places to him. How great was the care of this Ptolomeus towards learning, when he bargained with the Athenians to pay to them. 15. talentes of silver for the books of Sophocles, of Euripides, and of Esculus the poet. He caused a copy to be written out of them, the old books he kept, and restored to them the new last written copies. Thus writeth Galene, Orabat ut quindecim talenta tenerent acciperentque novos pro veteribus quos ipsi dederant, sic Athenienses & argento potiti sunt, & libris. Ptolomeus prayed the Athenians that they would receive of him the. 15. talentes, & the new written copies for the old copies which they gave to him, so the Athenians received at the kings hands much silver and their books again. The rare love of this Prince toward learning, his great care to obtain works, to reserve them to all posterities, and give so great rewards for so small books, showeth a rare and most royal heart to learning. Those tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides, do contain notable histories, wherein king Ptolomeus delighted, a continual study meet for all princes. Great be the commendations of that noble Empress Zenobia, the Empress of the east, she was the wife of valeant Odoacer, for her great wisdom and excellent learning, both in histories, and also in all matters of council. This learned Empress Zenobia, by her wisdom, and great knowledge in histories, excelled in those days and in many ages before, the mighty monarchs of the world. This Zenobia made a Chronicle of all the wars fought in Alexandria. Also she gathered a collection of all the notable wars fought in the east parts. The reading of histories is a study right profitable for all men, for magistrates, for princes a most pleasant and comfortable travel. The knowledge of histories is a spur to virtue, a bridle to repress vice in all that fear God. An history is the glass of Princes, the image most lively both of virtue and vice, the learned theatre or spectacle of all the world, the council house of Princes, the trier of all truths, a witness of all times & ages. After death a perpetual memory of the noble acts of those that here deserved fame, a lively register of the common wealths of all ages, the worthiest schoolmaster of manners, the fountain of all knowledge to know God thoroughly and thyself, a bit and snaffle to the proud & ambitious, the learned school of princes, the book of princes, & their quiet and soft pillow to sleep on, the perfect description of the marvelous works of God, in the preserving of princes & common wealths, a pattern of all common wealths laid before our eyes. King Asueveuerus that mighty king, who reigned from India unto Ethiopia over 127. provinces, so much delighted in histories, that for a perpetual memory of things done. He commanded to be put in a chronicle all things that happened to him. And also that treason which Mardocheus the jew uttered of the kings chamberlains wrought against this Asuerus, of the which treason the king commanded inquisition to be made, the king Asueverus commanded it to be written in the Chronicles before his own sight and the name of him that uttered the treason. This worthy register of fame, being preserved and kept. A certain time this king Asueverus, (not able to take sleep in the night season, through his great cares of mind) commanded the Chronicles and Histories to be brought before him, and the Chronicles were red. In that place of the histories red to the king, Mardocheus the jew was found chronicled, who uttered the great treason wrought against the king, by Bigthana & There's the kings chamberlains, who sought to have laid hands on the king, but they were as all traitors deserved, in like sort hanged up, but Mardocheus who uttered this treason, was extolled to great honour. It was a worthy act of the king to exalt and reward the well doer, and to hang up the traitors disobeying so mischievously God and their prince, seeking to establish their devilish purpose by the subversion of the prince. Proud Haman was brought to confusion, that sought the death of many: who, being above all the subjects of the king advanced, not knowing himself fell into the destruction that he prepared for other. Malum consilium consultori pessimum, The device and counsel of a wicked man to hurt other, turneth to his own destruction. The story saith king Asueverus not able to take rest, commanded the Chronicle to be brought to him, and to be red, it seemeth that Chronicles be pleasant, they put away tediousness, they bring great wisdom to princes, they give knowledge to foresee mischiefs and treasons, & to subvert the wily policies of foreign nations. This noble king Asueverus calleth histories an everlasting remembrance. The acts of wise men are a rule and square for other to direct their council and doings by. This noble Scipio Africanus, showeth to all wise men the deep knowledge in histories, and the great profit of them. Octavius Augustus, Alexander the great, Lucius Lucullus, Alexander Severus, Ptolomeus Euergetes, who were the great princes of the world, by learned histories, in flourishing estate governed, and thereby attained to great wisdom. The worthy Zenobia is to be followed in the great knowledge of histories, and in her great wisdom obtained therein. That wise Solomon Henry the seventh was very studious of histories, and that victorious prince Henry the eight, who was a terror to all princes that had any quarrel against him. The Emperor Charles the fift sought his amity, and Frances the French king afraid to displease him, he was more valiant than Hector, of more noble courage than Achilles, an other Scipio Africanus, or rather if he had minded to enlarge his dominion, an other Alexander, in wisdom and grave council Solomon. These noble princes do show what it is for princes to be learned, and especially for grave council and wisdom in histories. He knoweth nothing that knoweth not histories, and it is the life of beasts to know nothing, the more a man knoweth, the more he excelleth from men & differeth from beasts. If the Empire of the east might in those days glory and rejoice of their Empress Zenobia. What may this our noble island of Britain, and how much rejoice, that almighty God, for the glory and advancement of his church, for the flourishing state of this noble kingdom, hath raised up this our noble queen to sit in the throne & seat of her ancestors, kings from long descent, of most ancient time victorious princes, in the queen's majesties virtuous government, the fruits of godly peace do show itself, whose majesty of princely state, the great power of God upholdeth, in all respects the most fortunates country, God grant that all we English men may acknowledge in what blessed state God hath set us, to be under the government of so virtuous a princess, and most royal queen chosen by God, preserved with his mighty hand, & to his glory upholded to advance his holy name: God grant that we english men may bear in mind in what blessed state God hath set us, all such as are unmindful of this blessed government, are unmeet burdenes to tread on earth, meet to draw in yoke and miserable servitude with the barbarous Scythians, or in slavery with the bloody Turks. Marcus Tullius Cicero writeth a notable sentence, meet to be put in golden letters, to be red of all good subjects against rebels, or maintainers of rebellion.  
Sic sentit senatus, sic populus Romanus nullos unquam hostes digniores omni supplicio fuisse quam eos, qui hoc bello contra patriam arma ceperunt, quos quidem ego omnibus sententijs ulciscor & persequor omnibus bonis approbantibus. So the Senate of Rome judgeth, & so also the people of Rome at any time that no enemies have been more worthy all kind of punishment or torments, than those who in this wars taken in hand against their own country are become rebellious, making war against the same, upon which workers with the consent of all good men, I do take revengement of, and pursue to the uttermost this talk he had with Brutus a man of great authority: Also the said tully made answer to a certain epistle of this Brutus, which was written to Tully. Vehementer à te dissentio Brute neque clementiae tuae concedo, sed salubris severitas vincit inanem speciem clementiae, quod si clementes esse voluerimus, nunquam deerunt bella civilia. O Brutus saith he, I do greatly disagree from thee, neither do I allow thy pitiful clemency, for wholesome severity doth pass and excel this vain kind of clemency: for if we will be pitiful in such cases, civil war will never cease to the Romans. God always overthroweth the wicked attempts of such domestical vipars, to whom their own devices are their own snares and pit of destruction to fall into.  
As conserning the order of my Book, I do begin with the life of julius Caesar, setting forth with it the great wars between him and noble Pompeie, called Pompeius Magnus: from thence I proceed thorough the lives of all the Emperors, even to Maximilian this noble Emperor which presently raineth, making a full discourse of the great glory, nobility and perpetual fame of the godly Princes, the miserable and doleful fall of the wicked. In this history I note particularly the acts of every one, I do set forth the great providence of God in preserving common wealths, in raising and exalting to government godly princes, in thrawing down tyrants, rebels, and all maintainers of rebellion, how God by his mighty hand overthroweth the persecutors of his church, and all devilish practices, the devil hath his limits and bonds appointed which he shall not pass. In histories, it is set forth of the great alterations from time to time of kingdoms, the changes of Empires, the partition of the Roman Empire for the East, the first being of the beggarly Scythians, the beastly Goths, of the runagate Vandals, & to what power they grew in Europe, and in the end their overthrow by the mighty power of God, the state of the Turks and Saracenes, & of their beginning, of the often taking of Rome, & sacking of it, of the great wars against Milan by the French king, of the great wars in Germany, of the taking of the French king, of the great wars of the Emperor Charles and noble Ferdinando against the Turks, and of the great overthrow of the Turks. I have in the histories setforth the images of the Emperors as they were in the coin of them, with their tittles. I doubt not but the reader shall find it profitable, with many plentiful histories for knowledge necessary, the noble man, the captain, the gentleman, shall find knowledge therein very profitable. God grant us all to fear God, and to obey our noble prince, whom God in most happy time hath to the advancement of his church, and most happy kingdom, raised to govern over this noble and beautiful Island and country of England.  
FINIS.   

A Table containing the principal matters in this Book.  

A.  
Achillas' serving Ptolomeus the king, a murderer of Pompeie. Fo. 12.  
Arthur king of Britain, & his noble acts against the Romans. Folio. 47.  
Alexander Magnus dead. Folio. 14.  
Antipater a friend to Caesar. Folio. 14.  
Ambition Folio. 14.  
Antonius killeth himself. Fol. 15.  
Antonius a revenger of Caesar's death. 16.  
Adrianus his life. 55.  
Alexander Magnus. 43.  
Aurelia Caesar's mother. 1.  
Antonius a revenger of julius Caesar's death. Fo. 1.  
Apollonius Molo. 2.  
Ambition his force. 2.  
Albinus his end. 67.  
A godly admonition to all Englishmen, to avoid discord and treason. 4.  
Aurelia dead. 5.  
Ambition hath no regard of God and nature. 5.  
Antistius Caesar's Physician. Fol. 6.  
A fearful admonition to learn men to beware of treason. 9  
Alexander Magnus. 43.  
amazons and of their doings. Folio. 43.  
Artabanus his acts. 20.  
Antoninus Emperor, sought counsel at spirits for his estate. 72.  
Augustinus de divinatione demoniorum. 72.  
Artabanus king of Persia joineth league with the Romans. 72.  
Artabanus death. 83.  
Artaxarxes his embassage. 83.  
Altarcus' king of Scots. 83.  
The authority of the bishop of Rome not Apostolic. 94.  
Athanasius bishop. 108.  
Ambrose bishop of Millen. 16.  
Attalas his doings. 125.  
Angli Saxoni. 130.   

B.  
BRitanie, and of the acts of Caesar there. 3. 4.  
Britain called sometime Olbion, after Albion. Fol. 3.  
Britain brought to subjection by discord. Fol. 4.  
Brutus made second heir to julius Caesar, yet a traitor to Caesar. 8.  
Brutus' his conspiracy. 14.  
Brutus commandeth Strato his man to murder Brutus himself. 15.  
Blazing stars what they signify. 38.  
Babilus an Astronomer prophesying upon Nero. 38.  
Belisar of his noble acts 142   

C.  
Caius julius Caesar. 1.  
Caius Marius. 1.  
Caesar's education. 1.  
Cossutia Caesar's wife. 1.  
Cornelia. ibidem.  
Caesar for fear of Silla hideth himself. 2.  
Caesar quaestor. 2.  
Caesar's dream. 2.  
Calphurnia Caesar's wife's dream. 2  
Caesar's conquering of the germans and of the French men. 3.  
Caesar's consideration before he would enter on the britains. 3.  
Caesar's talk with merchants. 3.  
Caius yolusenus Ambassador to the britains. 4.  
Comas Atrabas second Ambassador to the britains and put in prison. 4.  
Cassibelan king of London. 4.  
Caesar's entering into Britain by treason. 4.  
Caesar's conquering of the britains, commended at Rome above all his acts. Folly, 4.  
Caesar's means to honour. 5.  
Caesar's taunt to Spurina. 8.  
Civil war worst of all wars. 8.  
Cavetousnes the overthrow of common wealths. 85.  
Carolus calvus & his life. 87.  
Courageous warriors. 8.  
chivalry the best precept of it. 90.  
Cyprian his conversion 94.  
Charles the great 104.  
Counsel of Nice. 105.  
Coil Duke of Colchester father to Queen Helena. 100  
Constantine the great his life. 104.  
Christian doctrine with their foundation. 109.  
Cosroe slain of his own son. 106.  
Carolus Martellus his acts 175.  
Commodus his life. 62.  
Caesar after his death honoured as a God. 8.  
Cyrus' charge of his funeral. 9  
Caesar's opinion what death was best 9  
Caesar's proposition with Caesar's conclusion to it. 9  
Caesar's Image why it is pictured with a star. 9  
Caesar's answer to the Senate's decree. 10.  
Cratippus answer to Pompeius' proposition. 12.  
Cornelia Pompeius wife, & her calamity. 13.  
Cato his death. 14.  
Cassus the first author of Caesar's death. 14.  
Cicero his death. 15.  
Cleopatra her death. 19  
Common wealths compared to a Garden. 47.  
Coccius Narua his government. 54.  
The cause and first original of nobility. 24.  
Covetous officers compared to flesh flees. 28.  
Caius Caligula his government. 31.  
Claudius' Tiberius his beastly life. 33.   

D.  
Dwina a flood in Russia that is. 1●000. miles long. 83.  
Desperate soldiers. 90.  
The death of one wise counsellor, is a plague to a whole realm 91.  
Discord of Christians is a strength to infidels. 108.  
Death of many tyrants. 117  
Dolabella an enemy to Caesar. 2.  
Discord a plague to the strongest forts & kingdoms 4.  
Dover builded of Caesar 6.  
A decree of the Senate against Caesar. 10.  
Domitius Nero his life. 36.  
Darius' killed by Bessus 43.  
Domitian his beastly life. 53.  
Didius julianus his beastly life, and end. 65.  
Digest and Code volume brought into a brief by justinian. 155.  
Dukes and their beginning 157.  
Devils, tyrants and wicked men, have their limits appointed. 163.   

E.  
ambassadors aught courteously to be used. 84.  
Embassages why they were ordained. 84.  
Eloquence of great force. 132.  
Example most rare of a son towards his father. 138.  
Elius Cinna murdered for Cornelius Cinna. 9  
Example of ingratitude. 12.   

F.  
Foelix a noble man with Claudius Tiberius▪ 34.  
Forgetfulness of Tiberius after his murders. 35.   

G.  
The government of Rome left to Lepidus, in Caesar's absence. 10.  
The great deliberation of counsellors, and care, in princes affairs. 19  
The godly princes blessed of God. 39  
Galba the death of Nero by usurping. 39  
Galba of a noble house.  
Galba killed of Otho. 39  
Godly princes with their government. 45.  
God's secret counsel in kingdoms. 72.  
Gawishe apparel. 76.  
The government of women marvelously upholded of God. 80.  
Galerius Armentarius. 103.  
God's wrath against heretics. 109.  
Goths from whence they came 116.  
Gensericke his acts. 134  
Gensericke his death. 137.   

H.  
Heliogabalus a king, a man, a priest and a God. 76.  
Heliogabalus his beastly life 78.  
Helena queen of England 100  
Heraclius his life, & of the Turks their original. 167.  
Honourable estate a most happy state to godly magistrates. 3.  
Herodes dissimulation with Cleopatra. 17.  
Henrye the v. of his nobility and royal state 42.  
Henrye the vi. of his calamity.  
Henrye the seven. viii. ibidem of their worthiness and royal estate.   

I.  
julia Caesar's aunt. Fol. 1.  
julia Caesar's daughter. 2.  
julia dead. 5.  
justinian of his worthiness. 145.  
Ignatius commendation of Caesar. 7.  
james king of Scots brought to London dead. 41  
james king of Scots, his posy and sentence written in gold and found about his neck he being dead. 41.  
james king of Scots his Prophesy of his return home deceived him. 41.  
The I'll of Wight subdued by Vespasian 51.  
Ignorance the mother of superstitious devotion. 111.  
jovian his life, 114.  
Irene her beastly life. 176.   

K.  
Kings & wisemen why they be ordained. 505.  
A kingdom small well governed. 6.  
King Zerxes cowardly retireth. 80.  
Kings fostered up of God upholded, defended, and created 5.  
Kings in the secret counsel of God, geeven to lands & kingdoms 53.  
Kings raised from poor cottages to rule. 33.   

L.  
Lodovicus & his acts. 172.  
Lotharius his life and acts. 176.  
Lucius Caesar. 1.  
Lucan the Poet upon the wars of Pompeie. 5.  
The long life of a stage to the which Caesar gave a colour. 6.  
A letter delivered to Caesar of the conspiracy. 8.  
Lucretia. 16.  
Livia Octanius wife 22.  
Lactantius Firmianus saith that an Epistle was wrote to S. Paul by Seneca. 56.   

M.  
Macrinus his beastly life 72.  
Men of low degree promoted are contemned of the base multitude, though they be never so godly & wise. 72.  
Macrinus death 76.  
Mesa her commendation worthy perpetual memory, for the government of a woman. 80.  
Marriages allowed in Priests 105.  
Mauritius his end 164.  
Mahomet his Proclamation to his people, with the doctrine and original of the Turks. 168.  
Moscovites their Sabbath day & fond ceremonies. 177.   

N.  
Naera and Car mion, Cleopatra her maids 23.  
Noble houses and their descente. 36.  
Numa Pompilius his acts. Folly 1.  
nobility and warlike stomachs of the britains. 4.   

O.  
Octavia Caesar's sister's daughter. 3.  
octavius Emperor at the birth of Christ. 10.  
octavius married. 16.  
octavius answer to Ptolomeus picture. 18.  
octavius saying of Rome 20.  
octavius wives. 21.  
octavius mother dead. 21.  
Otho killed himself 44  
Offices bought with money do show an ill magistrate to follow. 64.  
Odenatus his noble acts. 96.  
Orimasda his acts & lamentable end. 160.  
The Oration of a Roman full of persuasions to beat down the pride of a tyrant or any proud person, that knows not himself nor God. 161.  
Oicomenicos in double signification. 163.   

P.  
Pompeia Caesar's wife. 2.  
Plato his saying of traitors. 3.  
Pompeius' death, & Caesar's. 10.  
Pompeie in misery flying to a false friend. 5.  
Pompeie traitorously slain. 5.  
Plutarcke his commendation of Caesar's & description. 7.  
prophesies doubtful, prove true many times. 8.  
Pompeie flieth into Egipte, 12.  
Ptolemy king of Egypt false to Pompeie 12.  
Pothinus an Eunuch, a murderer of Pompeie 40  
Pompey took Jerusalem 12.  
Ptolomeus dead. 13.  
Proclamation for the murderers of Caesar. 17.  
Prophesy of octavius birth 21.  
Pilate accused of the jews and sent to Rome. 28,  
Phalaris with many other tyrants, and their end. 44.  
Persecutions of the Christians the third time in Traianus days. 55.   

Q.  
Quintilius Emperor slain of his soldiers. 97.  
Quintus Ligarius one of the murderer of Caesar. 10.   

R.  
The race of kings from mean cottages first73.  
Richeses not in admiration with the wise. 73.  
A remedy to avoid plagues 91.  
Rochester builded by julius Caesar, & other forts as I have declared: read Lidgate thereof, in his book of division. 6.   

S.  
Succession of kingdoms in the secret counsel of God. 20.  
Sin the fall of kingdoms.  
Silla why he resisted Caesar. 2  
Silla dead. 2.  
The stay of a whole realm upholded sometime by one wise man. 97.  
The strong forts of a prince is the love of his subjects 14.  
Spurina his prophecy of Caesar with his taunt▪ 8.  
Seneca put to death of Nero. 37.   

T.  
Titus Vespatianus his life. Fol. 50.  
Troynovantes traitors to Britain to let in Caesar 4.  
Thyes●es & Atreus with many other cruel tyrants 5.  
The tower of London builded of Caesar. 6.  
Tiberius' folly. 26.  
Tyrant's have an ill end, 32   

W.  
Wars of Caesar & Pompeie 10.  
Wars of Charles the fift with king Francis, against Millen & other Cities.  
Wars of the germans.  
Wars of the Turks, and their overthrow by Charles and Ferdinand, and so thorough the life of Charles.  
wars most co●ragiouslye fought of the noblest Princes in the life of Charles.  
Why wars are to be moved, when, and upon what occasion. 19  
War hath always two companions, pestilence & hunger joined with him. 19   

V  
Vespasian his acts. 45.  
Vitellus his life and end. 44.   

X.  
Xenophon his works a continual study to Scipio. Folio. 1. in Epist.   

Immandrubalus, read for it Theomantius. Folio. 4.   
The end of the Table.   

Faults escaped in the Printing.  

In the latin Epistle Egergiam, read Egregiam.  
In the latin Epistle Aeques, read eques.  
In the English Epistle quindecim. read quindecem.  
Asueverus, read Ahasuerus.  
magnaminitye, read magnanimity.  
Odoacer, read Odenatus.  
Cussulia, read Cossutia. Folio. 1.  
calling, read to that calling. Folio. 1.  
Immandrubalus, read Theomantius. Fol. 1.  
Caesar non patitur, read Caesar ve priorem non patitur. Folio. 5.  
Tolomeus, read Ptolomeus. Fol. 5.  
Mecum, read Moechum. Fol. 7.  
sumpisti, read sumsisti. Folly 7.  
mutium, read mutuum Fol. 7.  
repentinun in opinatunque, read repentinum in opinatumque. Fol. 10,  
Periodo, read periodos. Fol. 12.  
Plyas, read Ptyas. 17.  
Deatherica, read de theriaca. Fol. 17.  
Apolinis, read apollinis. Fol. 20.  
Cani, read Caij, 20.  
Potentia, read potentiam. 29.  
Chronicarum, read Chronicorum. 183.  
Caspar, read Gaspar 183.  
Henrye the second, read Henrye the third. 192. wape, read way. 228.    


CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR.  
CAIUS JULIUS CAESAR the son of Lucius Caesar, and Aurelia was borne at Rome, in the consulship of Caius Marius, and Lucius Valerius Flaccus, in the Ideses of the fift month, the which month at those days was called Quintilis, 
Antonius.  but after the death of julius Caesar, it was called july, by the commandment of Antonius, 
The education of julius Cesar.  who was a revenger of the death of julius Caesar. As concerning the education of Caesar, he was brought up under the government of his mother Aurelia, she being the daughter of Caius Cotta, he wanted not also to be well trained up according to the council of julia his Aunt by the father side, his great virtues manifestly showed, that his education was singular, his gifts of nature rare, worthy to be compared with any other, his excellency in all respects was such that in Rome the like was never. 
Lucius.  In the xvi year of his age, Lucius his father died, 
Flamen Dialis.  the year following he was chosen Flamen Dialis, which is an office of priesthood, of it the Chronicles of ancient times do show, that Numa Pompilius, was the first that ordained that office of Flamines, 
Numa Pompilius.  the cause that moved Numa Pompilius thereunto was this, that kings not long before the days of Numa did take upon them the office both of kings and priests, 
Priamus Agamemnon.  as it is noted of Priamus king of Troy, of Agamemnon king of Micene, and of many Princes, as Homer, Euripides and Sophocles, do show. The which two offices kingdom and priesthood, many princes after those days enjoyed together. The Greeks, the Egyptians, 
Numa.  and the Persians', used that manner. Numa ordained four chief Flamines, who continually addicted themselves calling, and kings unburdened themselves of that superstitious priesthood. 
An ancient religion.  All this was to want nothing that should appertain to the most holee veneration of their fond ceremonies, and glorious superstition of their Gods. This was their religion, 
Flamines.  as they had divers Gods, so every God had a divers Flamine. jupiter their chief God, had but one Flamine to serve him. Romulus, after his death being the first king of the Romans, had also but one. These Flamines differed much in vesture one from an other: 
Cossulia.  Thus much as concerning Caesar in that office of Flamines. At this time julius Caesar married Cossulia, 
Cornelia.  but Cossulia no long time remained with him, 
Cinna.  being divorced from him, whether by desert or otherwise, no Chronicle showeth. After her divorce, Caesar married Cornelia the daughter of Cinna, 
julia.  this Cinna had been in Rome four times Consul: of Cornelia he begat julia his daughter: Silla Dictator, resisted that marriage, yet the ennemitie of Silla could not withdraw Caesar's love from Cornelia: Caesar loved his Cornelia so well, that by marrying of her, 
Marius.  he was deprived of his office of the Flamines. Also he lost her dowry and heritage, which of right by her fell to him. The ennemitie of Silla made Caesar to favour Marius. 
Envy of noble peers.  This Marius was such an enemy to Silla, as Silla and Rome, in all calamities felt, such is the envy of noble Princes, that they join themselves in amity, kindred and alliance, rather where they may assure themselves of stay and strength then for any good affection they bear one to an other. 
The trouble of Cesar.  At this time Silla bore such authority and sway, that by the marriage of Cornelia, Caesar was compelled to fly from his sight, a quartain ague them mastering him, often times for fear he was enforced to change his abiding places, & many times to bribe the privy searchers. The heavy displeasure of Silla was mitigated by the humble intercession of the virgins of Vesta. Marcus Emilius, and Caius Aurelius Cotta his kinsfolk, did all so appease the wrath of Silla, long it was ere that cankered ennemitie ceased. It should seem that Silla feared Caesar much, as his talk to those that made suit for him showeth, where he saith. 
The cause why Silla resisted Cesar.  He whose safeguard ye seek so entirely, intime to come willbe an overthrow and destruction to the nobility of Rome, the which estate of nobility was by Silla supported against Marius. At in Caesare uno, multos videbat inesse marios, 
Caesar.  but in Caesar alone he saw many, Marian's to be contained. As yet fortune frowned upon Caesar, 
The envy of the mighty.  great authority, & the lofty countenance of his better friends kept his virtues couched, wisdom nothing prevaileth where the enmity of mighty princes contrarily affecteth, and where will ruleth and fantasy only leadeth. Authority kept under Caesar, who for sack of living went into Asia, and there he served Marcus Thermus Praetor, 
Cesar driven to seek adventures.  with whom Caesar was of long time brought up, this was the first time that Caesar enured himself to warlike enterprises. Marcus Thermus knowing the wisdom of Caesar, and his subtle politic head, sent him into Bithynia, to prepare a navy of ships. After this he bore office under Servilius Isauricus in Cicilia, but that continued a short season, for immediately after the death of Silla was bruited through out all parts, and was certainly known unto Caesar to be true, 
The death of Silla.  he returned speedily to Rome. This Silla while he lived, was a cruel enemy to Caesar. Now conceived Caesar a certain assurance of aspiring unto some great preferment through a new division begun at Rome by Marcus Lepidus, 
Caesar.  which division pacified, 
Dolabella.  Caesar and Dolabella fell at variance, but Caesar not able to match with the partakers & confederates of Dolabella, departed to Rhodes, where he became a diligent hearer of that great learned man Apolonius Molo▪ an Orator most famous, 
Apolonius Molo.  through whose instructions Caesar became excellently learned, and during his life, favoured the learned. But Caesar not contented to live a studious life, made war against Mithridates, 
Mithridates.  whose forces he vanquished, and settled the state of those countries in quiet, After this he was chosen at Rome a Tribune, in the which office Caesar bore himself very wisely, them he enjoyed the Questorship, 
Cornelia.  in his Questorship Cornelia died, & his Aunt julia, who in a funeral oration were greatly commended, and their progeny highly extolled, not long after the death of Cornelia he married Pompeia, 
Pompeia.  this Pompeia was the daughter of Quintus Pompeius, and niece to Lucius Silla,. In that Caesar was Questor, the one part of Spain called Bethica, was under his jurisdiction. Where Caesar making his abode came upon a certain time to Gades in the end of this Province, called Bethica, where there was a temple of Hercules most sumptuously builded, in which temple Caesar espied the image of Alexander the great, 
The ambitious mind of Cesar.  which he very welvewed, & mourned in heart, as though he had conceived some inward grief, for that his acts as yet were nothing like to the doings of Alexander, 
Alexander.  or rather because no famous thing had been achieved of him at those days in the which Alexander had subdued a whole world. After this Caesar inflamed with ambition purposed in his heart to attempt great things. In the same city Caesar dreamt on a night as he slept in his bed, 
A strange dream of Cesar.  that he enforced unto incest lust his own mother, which dream he opened to the interpreters, who interpreted, that Caesar by this dream should be a conqueror over many countries, for by his mother (they said) was signified the earth, which is the mother of all things. 
Artemidorus.  Artemidorus writeth at large of the interpretation of dreams, both Galen & Hypocrates in their books do declare their grounded arguments upon the same, 
Galen.  saying, 
Hippocrates.  when the body doth rest, the mind moveth, and purifying the parts of the body governeth the whole house, and the mind maketh perfect all the actions of the body. For the body sleeping hath no understanding, fealeth not, careth not, perceiveth not: to be brief, all such things as the body sleeping cannot do, the mind waking executeth, and seethe visible things, or heareth things that are to be heard, she goeth, she toucheth, she is sad, she perceiveth, and understandeth: finally, what thing soever is like to happen unto the body, that is understood in sleep of the mind, with many more arguments, showing the secret divination of them. But as concerning julius Caesar daily more and more he was incensed to climb to dignity, 
Ambition.  he made very great suit and labour to have the government of the provinces of Egypt, but that suit prevailed not, than he sent unto the high priest no small gifts for the obteinement of his suit, of such force is money, to lead affection, for that which honour oftentimes cannot get, money & gifts procure, & that which virtue meriteth, is decided by friendship. Although Caesar stood in choice against two mighty persons for this government, yet money and large gifts made him superior. Thus Caesar by process of time, ascended from honour to honour, from dignity to dignity, and was chosen Praetor, 
Praetor.  but from that office he was upon certain causes removed, and at the last restored thereto again, not long after this, 
Consul.  he was made Consul with Bibulus, but Caesar ruled all things. At that time Caesar married Calphurnia, the daughter of Lucius Piso. This Piso succeeded Caesar in the consulship. In this season julia, Caesar's daughter, whom he begat of Cornelia, did marry Cneius Pompeius, for Servilius Scipio her first husband, was put from her, now Caesar made himself strong by marriages, their friendship covered many friends, their linked amity caught at a beck great & mighty supporters, 
Strength in marriage.  by united friendship rose the magnificent estate of Caesar, honour now changed Caesar, many noble acts were done of him in his consulship, much contention & great debate, arose on every side, fortune favouring Caesar, 
Friendship plentiful in prosperity.  he lightly purchased many friends, but yet there were no small number of those outward friends, cloaked enemies, as the end showed. Honourable estate is a most happy thing to those magistrates that fear God, & in that fear know themselves, 
Honourable estate.  for in that estate what noble virtues may they exercise, what compassion, how great wisdom, what justice, what clemency may they minister? as they may be the upholders of virtue, so many they be the destroyers of vice, the sway of a whole Realm dependeth sometime on the head of one wise magistrate. 
A good magistrate.  As Caesar grew in power & strength through friends, so outwardly he assayed by martial attempts to possess the signory over many regions, he subdued the Germans that inhabited beyond the river Rhine, and made a bridge over it, he conquered the French men, than he set on this our island of Britain, a people very warlike and fierce, who through discord and division among themselves, fell at length into the hands of Caesar, 
Division in Britain brought servitude.  and for a certain time paid tribute unto the Empire of Rome, and gave them hostages. The whole manner of Caesar's entering was thus. When julius Caesar had ended his mighty and perilous battles, 
The coming of Cesar into this Island.  about the blood Rhine, he marched into the Realm of France: at the same time repairing with a French multitude, his legions, but the chief cause of his war in France was, 
The time.  that of long time, he was moved in mind, to see this noble Island of Brytane, whose fame for nobility was known and bruited, 
The person.  not only in Rome, but also in the uttermost parts of the world. julius Caesar was wroth with them, 
The cause.  because in his war which he kept in France, 
The fame and glory of Britain.  the fierce Britain's aided the Frenchmen, and did mightily encounter battle with the Romans: whose prows and valiant fight, slaked the proud and lofty stomachs of the Romans, and drove them to diverse hazards of battle. But Caesar as a noble warrior, preferring nobility and worthiness of fame, 
The prows of julius Cesar.  before money or cowardly quietness: ceased not to enter on the fierce Britain's, and thereto prepared his ships, the winter time following, that assoon as opportunity of the year served, he might pass with all power against them. 
The manner how.  In the mean time, Caesar inquired of the merchants, who with merchandise had access to the Island: as concerning the quantity and bigness of it, the fashion and manner of the people, 
Caesar's communication with the merchants, as concerning the land of Britain.  their laws, their order, and kind of government. As these things were in all points unknown to Caesar, so also the merchants knew no more than the places bordering on the sea side. For, the Britons fearing the traitorous & dissembling hearts of alients, politicly repelled them by this means: 
The war & politic government of the britains alients in time traitorous.  For no stranger was suffered to enter from his ship on the land, but their merchandise were sold at the seaside. All nations sought to this land, the felicity of it was so great, that the Greeks knowing and tasting the commodity of this Island, called it by a Greek name Olbion. 
britain some time called of the Greeks Olbion.  which signified a happy and fortunate country, though of some after it was called Albion, time so changed the first letter, as at this day Ebrancke now called York London is called for the town of king Lud. Caesar thereupon before he would march with his army against the people of Britain, 
Caius Volusenus, Ambassador to Britain.  sent Caius Volusenus a noble man of Rome, a valiant and hardy Captain, as Ambassador to the Britain's, who as he thought by his Embassage, should know the fashion of the Island, the manner of the people, and their government. But as it seemeth, the Ambassador was not welcome: for, he durst not enter from his ship to do his masters Embassage, so that Caesar could know nothing by him. Yet Caesar not so contented, sent an other Ambassador, a man of more power, stomach, & more hardy, Comas Atrebas by name, 
Comas Atrebas, second Embassadous from Cesar.  who would enter as an Ambassador, to accomplish the will & expectation of Caesar, Comas Atrebas was so welcome, that the Britaines cast him in prison: Embassages were not common among them, nor the courteous usage of Ambassadors known at those days. All these things, made Caesar more wroth, and desirous to assay the uncourteous Britain's. 
Cassibelan king of London, at the arrive of Cesar Cassibelane a worthy prince  In those days Cassibelan was king of London, this Cassibelon was a prince of high wisdom, of manly stomach, and valiant in fight: and for power and valiantness, was chosen of the Britons, chief governor and king. Dissension and cruel war was among them, through the disagreeing of diverse kings in the land. The Troynovauntes, envied the state of Cassibelan. The son of Immandrubalus, hearing of the coming of Caesar, 
The Troinovantes by treason let in Cesar.  did fly traitorously to Caesar: The Troynovauntes favoured Immandrubalus part, & thereupon promised, as most vile traitors to their country, an entering to Caesar, & to do him service and homage, who through a self will, & private favour of one, sought the ruin of their country, 
Domestical treason.  and in the end, their own destruction. But Cassibelan gave many overthrows to Caesar, & mightily encountered with him, so invincible was the part of Cassibelan: that by treason of the Troynovauntes, not by manhood of Caesar's power, entering was given. What house can stand, wherein discord doth broil? 
Treason a confusion to the mightiest dominions.  What small power is not able to enter the mightiest dominions or regions: yea, to overcome the strongest fortress, treason opening the grate, treason giving passage. Although Caesar by treason entered, (so Caesar writeth): 
Treason.  Yet the fame of Caesar was more commended, for his enterprise into Britain, & victory there gotten: then for all his conquest, either against Pompeie, or any other nation. For in a pillar at Rome, 
A sentence graven of Britain, in the commendation of Cesar.  this sentence was engraven: Of all the dominions, cities, and regions, subdued by Caesar, his war attempted against the fierce Britons, passeth all other. After this sort as you have heard, Caesar entered our Island of Britain by treason. But let all good English hearts beware of division and foresee the plague that falls even upon the divisers consider the nobility of this our goodly Island, the noble princes in their government, the great felicity of this land and people above all other nations, and now presently the fruits of most godly government which we reap of this present state of so noble a prince, of so great wisdom, of so singular learning, of so manifold and rare virtues, by whose blessed government we have lived in peace only of all other nations, from her majesties first government: if Marcia that noble queen sometime of this Island governor, be cronacled for wisdom & noble acts. if queen Helena of this land governor, sometime the mother of Constantine the great Emperor of Rome, be commended in histories yet in no part for learning and nobility she can be equal with this our noble governor, who with all lenity proceedeth in law and with justice holdeth over her people the sceptre. Though of late certain vipers, not contented with so blessed state, have seditiously sought by martial attempt in open armour to subvert so worthy government: But as all rebels have the fruits of their enterprise to be their own shame, destruction, and perpetual ignomini, so God who createth princes, and keepeth them in government, hath heaped due plagues upon their treaterous attempts, & subverted their purposes of whom this saying of Plato in his books of government may be verified, Quipatriè hostis est sibi pessimus as who should say, who so seeketh a mischief to his own country, on himself chief the ruin falleth, that state in no part declining, & therefore both Homer and Plato, considering the great majesty of princes, entituleth them with these names Agos Andron Diotrepheas Poimenas' that is governors of men, fostered up by the tuition of God the shepherds of his people, and as the wise Philosophers writ, Reges & sapientes fiunt à potentibus causis ideo talium ut potentes sunt, necessario valide sunt cause: kings and wise men are placed in government to do some great enterprise and marvelous facts, and therefore the causes must be great & marvelous, why those should be mighty, as who should say, God hath created princes and wise men to some marvelous purpose, and the end whereunto God hath appointed them shall never be frustrate: let traitors surmise what they will, & give what attempt they dare for the prince is Gods anointed. Immediately after the same time that he warred in Britain his mother Aurelia died, 
Auraelia.  than julia his daughter died, & not long after, his niece begotten of his daughter julia and Pompeia, 
julia.  As Caesar got honour upon honour, so he spared no princely liberality, for of him were commonly given great offices, large fees, by which means he purchased more to his advancement, than by any other way. For his liberality and the continual preferrment of those that deserved well, wan him greater numbers of most valiant soldiers, with invincible courages, that remained loyal & faithful unto him, as long as they lived, then did his legions. 
Caesar's way to honour.  Caesar then by all means sought the favour of all people, and most of all his study was to link himself in mighty kindreds & honourable alliances, whose estates were most dreaded, and whose friendships harboured most friends, as with Marius & Pompeie. 
The strength of noble peers  And thereupon to keep the kindred which was between Pompeie and him, though his daughter julia was dead, 
julia.  whom Pompeie had married, he procured Octavia his sister's daughter to be married to Pompeie, and that he on the other side conditionally should marry Pompey's daughter, and so it came to pass, that where as Pompey's daughter should have married Faustus Silla, 
conditional marriages.  now Caesar marrieth her, so honour maketh marriages, & hope of strength and authority, by friends lynketh in noble houses cross marriages, and many times that are unlawful, all this yet notwithstanding, wars fell at last between Pompeie and Caesar, marriage was made of friendship, now ambition of Pompeie and Caesar, regardeth neither friendship nor marriage. 
Ambition.  Quia Pompeius parem, Caesar non patitur. For now Pompeie will have no mate, 
Pompeie no mate.  nor Caesar cannot suffer a superior. Lucan the Poet writeth at large of the wars between Pompeie and Caesar, 
Cesar not superior.  which were to long to write of, but in the end Pompeie had the overthrow, and desire of glory, or the possession of kingdoms in ambitious persons, knoweth neither God, nor obeyeth nature, it maketh enemies friends, and friends enemies, the father hunteth for the death of the son, the son likewise for the father's death, desire of kingdom in ambitious persons, neither regardeth God, nor nature, the most cruel facts of Atreus and Thyestes, for kingdoms sake are not unchronicled, the cruel hatred of Eteocles and Polinises, & the slaughter committed by them, is well known to those which read Euripides, 
Honour dissolveth marriages.  Seneca, & Sophocles, for in them they shall see the bloody and mischievous acts committed by noble pears: so you see in Pompeie & Caesar thoroughly on every side, that where as marriage was made to the great increase of honour and friendship between them, now they are become enemies and mortal foes, that hath honour caused. Where is the marriage become now that was between Pompeie and Caesar, julia is dead whom Pompeie married, yea, the friendship died also, Caesar had then Pompey's daughter to wife, 
Honour knoweth no kindred in tyrants Pompeie driven to flight.  honour biddeth Caesar not care for that, now there is no kindred, for honour knoweth no kindred. Pompey being driven to flight, set unto Tolomie king of Egypt, requesting him of aid & secure in this his extremity & need (in recompense of the great friendship and courtesy which his father had received before time of him) the king sent him word that willingly he would do for him, as much as he desired, (but unto the miserable that are fallen from high dignities into adversity, rarely is faith observed, and little helpeth old friendship) for as Pompeie was passing in a small boat toward the shore to find the king Tolomey, he was by his commandment slain before he came to land, of Septemius and Achilla, who hoping by killing of him to purchase the friendship of Caesar. Who now being come unto the shore, and entering Alexandria, had suddenly presented unto him the head of Pompeie the great, which he in no wise would behold: but looking upon the ring of Pompeie, he wept for compassion of him, unto whom the same once appertained, considering the end of the felicity and greatness of Pompeie, who with honour and fame had thrice triumphed, and had been as often Consul in Rome, and had so many years had the government of the common weal, and had been the greatest cittezen that ever was, and had also obtained so many victories and dignities, Caesar thereupon as Euripides saith, had this saying in his mouth, law and right is to be broken for dominions sake, for Caesar being accustomed to command, could not sustain to be without an host.  
If law and right be made for nought, 
Caesar's sayings meet for a tyrant.   
Let kingdom the inflame,  
Else right and law be in their force,  
And lust to dread the same.  
Large are the bonds of small kingdoms, 
A small kingdom.  which thoroughly do maintain justice, with a true and godly religion, which breadeth obedience and love in the hearts of subjects, for neither the strong walls, nor the infinite number of people, nor huge troops of horses, neither the large and mighty dominions, do make the prince invincible, 
Love maketh a prince invincible.  but the love of the subjects indissolublie knit and of a pure zeal vowed unto the prince's service, for what safeguard was the infinite host of Xerzes' which he brought into Grece? 
Xerxes.  was he not fain to fly away alone, he was neglected abroad, contemned at home, and died in the end sorrowfully. Caesar made him strong not only by marriage, but by all other means, he made the most part of the Senate to be his friends, other some by gifts he alured thereto, 
Caesar's ●●●nes to honour.  some of their own will & affection were drawn thereto, all manner of persons of what estate & condition so ever they were, persons guilty of great crimes, prodigal and youthful persons were aided and supported by him, none he excluded, but such as well he durst not or wear to beggarly, for those he would say. Civil war had need of such as they war, whom either spoils might help from their miseries, or present death shorten their calamimities. As at Rome Caesar sought friendship and amity so with foreign Princes, on all sides he ceased not to procure favour. Caesar was now grown to that dignity, and so dreaded, that without the knowledge of the Senate, or consent of the multitude of the Romans, he would aid foreign Princes with men of war, 
The subversion of Cesar.  at their calling and his appointment a meruailoos matter to behold the doing of Cesar in all provinces and countries, 
Many princely monuments erected by Cesar.  where he came, who ever erected some famous monument, which remaineth at this day not only in Italy, France, Spain, but also in the mighty cities of Asia and Greece, and in this our Island of Britain, divers holds and forts were made by him, as Dover, Canterbury, Rochester, the Tower of London, Chichester, the castle of Excestor, and Salisburye. Ricius Patricius noteth in his book, entitled de Regibus Galliae, of the kings of France. That Caesar being about the Forrest of Arden, 
Cesar gave a collar to a Stag.  took a Stag, and caused a collar to be put about his neck, with these words, Caesar hoc me donavit, Caesar gave me this. That Stag was not killed three hundredth year ago, it should seem that this was done of Caesar in no other respect but that the long continuing age of that beast might be known, which before that time none or very few hearing of it, 
Rodericius Patricius.  would believe to be true. All men now became astonished at Caesar's acts, they were so princely, and all his doings so famous, and so prosperously success fell to him, 
Curio.  for in all foreign wars he felt no sinister fortune, 
Caius Antonius.  but by his deputies of the which Caius Curio, died in Africa, Caius Antonius in Illiria, fell into the hands of his enemies, and so Caesar triumphed with praise among the Romans. 
Scipio.  He had to do against Scipio, whom be over came with Pompeie, 
Pompeie.  and his sons. France felt his victories, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, Spain, Suevia, Germany, 
Caesar's victories.  Pannonia, Helvetia, Allobroges, with many more, which were tedious and overlong to recite, so moche in all places and regions his fame rose. In matters appertaining to the civil law, he was a man of profound knowledge, in judgement severe, but in all things he proceeded according to truth and equity, the mighty volumes of the civil law were brought into a certain order of brevity by him, 
The civil law corrected by Cesar.  who explicated the most necessary points and causes of the same, & as the manner is, every Emperor by augmenting decrees and statutes have much enlarged it again. justinian long after Caesar's days brought the Code, 
justinian.  the Digest, and the Pandecte into a more brevity by the help of Tribunianus, Doritheus and other, Caesar did so much favour learning, that he augmented plenteous store of many goodly antiquities both in Greek and Latin: for Marcus Varro had charged of Caesar, 
Varro.  to get in all places the most goodly monuments that were to be found in the commendation of learning. Ignatius that famous learned man writeth in this manner of julius Caesar saying, 
Ignatius commended Cesar  in him no excellent quality lacked that was meet and requisite for any noble parsonage, in him there was counsel, eloquence, great and profound wisdom, valiant strength of body, a constant head, expert in knowledge of Martial attempts, and also in the most excellent arts and sciences very noble, he was endued with a most liberal heart, where with he purchased to him the hearts of the people, 
Caesar's commendations.  by the which virtue he stepped from a mean estate, to bear the chief stroke and regiment in the world. 
plutarch upon Cesar.  Plutarcus entreating of the life of famous Princes and governors, noteth this julius Caesar to be a man of a goodly parsonage, of stature taule, in colour white, whose body no delicateness of princely fare could make groose or fat, 
Caesar's parsonage.  his eyes in colour black, his head was so distempered that often he was pained with the head ache, in his life time twice or thrice the falling sickness tormented him, 
Cesar taken with the falling sickness.  his hears of his head so thin, that baldness continually increased more and more, although by medicine he spared no cost to remedy that imbecility of nature, 
Caesar's concubines.  diversly he was spotted with adultery as with Posthuma the wife of Servius Sulpitius, with Loliae the wife of Manlius Gabinius, with Tartalin the wife of Marcus Crassus, 
Lolia.  with Musia the wife of Cneius Pompeius, above all with Saruillia the mother of Marcus Brutus, in foreign Countries where he came, the like crime of adultery followed him, for of his men of war he was openly taunted for those vices, 
Tertalm.  in these words. Vrbani seruate uxores, 
Musia.  quia Mecum caluum adduximus auro in Gallia stuprum emisti, hic sumpisti mutium. Full happy had Caesar been if the Chroniclers of ages & time could not but speak well of him in all points, 
Seruilia.  the secret doings of Caesar as they were not unknown to God, so they passed not in oblivion to the world, that which for fear men than speak not in the life of Caesar, 
The secret doing of princes unknown to the posterity.  fame afterward everlastingly bloweth abroad, and he as he was remaineth chronicled. A marvelous and hid secret providence of God, that in no age it hath been seen, but godly Princes have always been commended, 
The providence of God in Princes.  the wicked as they were Chronicled, therefore Princes have need to be very ware and circumspect in their government that the subject may rejoice of the acts of the Prince, the enemy not to laugh at it, nor the Chronicles of the posterities in writing or monuments of antiquities to note their follies lest that may be said which Homer noteth of the Greeks. 
Why Princes aught to be ware in government.   
The ancient time may well record,  
most filthy to behold,  
Their works which ugglye showed in shape,  
whose state desert enrolled.  
For all this Caesar was of diet temperate insomuch that his enemies would report of him, and the which also Marcus Cato would say, of all Princes Caesar alone came to destroy the common wealth sober. hereupon the Senate sought Caesar's death, 
The cause of Caesar's death  because he sought to aspire to a fool regiment, their Counsels were taken now by two and three, and so by many heads, through which means pryvilye they wrought their foul consultation, which ended a most detestable conspiracy, their treason had the more speedy success because the commons for the most part grudged at the fool estate of tyranny which Caesar sought for, 
Tyranny.  the commons openly spoke ill of that estate, and desired instantly patrons and defenders of their ancient liberties, divers bills were cast up in the place of the Senate assembled, against that estate, which Caesar hunted at, many means were sought to declare the full mind and purpose of the Romans: Certain men under the Image of Brutus a famous Senator and Consul of Rome cast these words: 
Brutus.  utinam viveret Brutus quia reges eiecit, & Consul primus factus est, I would Brutus were a live because he banished tyrants who was made the first Consul. Under the Image of Caesar this verse was tituled, Hic quia Consules eiecit Rex Postremus factus est. 
Caesar.  Caesar because he put down the state of Consuls was made the last king. The number of the conspirators that were against him were 60. 
Tyrant.  & more, the chief of the treason were Caius Cassius, 
The number of the conspirators.  Marcus Brutus, Quintus Ligarius, Decius, Marcus Spurius, Attilius Cimber: these chief conspirators were long in consultation in what place they might have best opportunity and sleight conveyances to murder him, some sought means that in Campo Martis a multitude being gathered he might be cast down the bridge suddenly, other devised other practices. When the Senate should be gathered in the Ideses of March in the court of Pompeie, 
What marvelous things happened before the death of Cesar.  a little before Caesar's death many strange things appeared and wondered. At Capua certain monuments were cast down through covetousness which were erected unto the honour of the dead with certain pooses written upon them among which there was in one monument a table of brass found whereon were graven these Letters.  
When the bones of Capis should be cast up and uncovered, 
A prophecy of Caesar's death.  it would follow that he which should be of the progeny and line of julius, should be murdered by the hands of his near kinsfolk, and forthwith italy should be plagued with many calamities This Capis was the father of Anchises, and grandfather to Aeneas this was not unknown in Rome nor hid from Caesar, this was the first foreshow of Caesar's death. This one thing is written for a troth of Cornelius Balbus a very familiar friend of Caesar that soon after the same time, 
Cornelius Balbus.  a little before Caesar's death, a goodly race of horses which Caesar had consecrated holy to Mars, in passing over the flood Rubicon were seen to go without a keeper, 
Another forshowe of his death.  which horses he did know certainly afterward never eat meat, but wept much. Spurina a soothsayer warned Caesar by a strange sight which he saw in a sacrifice that Caesar should beware of one danger which would not be finished or the Ideses of March were passed. 
The warning of Spurina to Cesar  The day before the same Ideses, 
The Ideses of March.  a certain bird named Regalis, a kings bird, having a bay bough in the mouth, flying into the court of Pompeie, was torn a sunder of many other fowls pursuing the same fowl from the next wood. 
Regalis.  The night before Caesar was murdered: 
Caesar's dream.  He dreamt that some time he was carried above the clouds flying, and some time to be hand in hand with jupiter, Calphurnia Caesar's wife dreamt that she saw in a vision the top of her house to fall down, 
Caesar's wives dream.  & her husband to be wounded through his body being in her bosom, and suddenly the doors of the chambers opened of themselves. What with these things and his crazed health, Caesar was long in doubt whether he might at home tarry and so put of and delay all such things as he was before determined to consult upon with the Senate. Now mark how his death was procured and furthered, 
Decius Brutus  Decius Brutus the chief traitor and means of that conspiracy, exhorted Caesar that he would not break of, or make frustrate so goodly and great assemble now looking for him. See what misfortune hung over Caesar, a certain man of good will meating Caesar gave into his hands a little scroll which uttered the whole treason, but Caesar not perusing the contents thereof, held it in his left hand mingling it with other writings, Caesar at the same time entering the place where he was murdered, perceived many sacrifices to be offered of Spurina, but Caesar setting light by that religion, 
Man purposeth and God disposeth.  and accounting Spurina as false of his prophecies, because the Ideses of March were come without harm (as he thought,) he said to Spurina: the Ideses are come; but Spurina answered, 
Spurina.  but they are not yet past, not doubting any mishap placed himself in his seat, the conspirators gathered about him by and by, And one who was of the conspiracy approached near, as to demand some thing at his hands, unto which demand Caesar giving ear, all the conspirators compassed him very straightly on every side. 
Caesar's saying.  Then Caesar foreseeing what would happen to himself made an exclamation and said this is violence. Then Cassius wounded him beneath the neck, Appianus saith that Cassius wounded Caesar on the face, other some in one place, and some in another, Caesar being so wounded and on every side seeing many more weapons drawn to wound him with, took part of his gown in his right hand, and covered his head therewith, and with his left hand he drew down the skirt thereof, even unto his slippers, and so with all seemliness fell down dead, all parts of his body decently covered, and so having received three and twenty wounds yielded up his ghost, 
Xxiii. Wounds  none of his wounds was mortal as the Physician Antistius judged, but a thrust which he had in his breast. 
Antistius.  At the first stroke he gave a sigh without any word, but when Brutus whom he had substituted his second heir began to set upon him, Caesar then spoke this last word, what thou my son? 
Beastly ingratitude.  As who should say if thou whom I loved, do seek this villainy, If thou whom my deserts moved to bear entire affection toward me, hast so ill rewarded my benefits bestowed upon thee, what may I look for at other men's hands, whom neither benefit hath moved, nor desert constrained? 
Ceasar dead.  When Caesar was murdered every one that murdered him fled away, their ill conscience wounded them, and their good deserts caused them to retire into starting holes, Now he lieth alone undreaded, whom many feared, & obeyed, he lieth without honour, that all people, Princes & Regions for virtue dreaded, and for worthiness honoured.  
Three of his servants carried him home being dead of all these wounds. The mind of the conspirators was to cast the body of Caesar dead into the flood Tiber, and to do many  

The wars of Pompeie and Caesar, both Romans.  
THe thirty year after the death of Silla, bloody & civil wars was moved between Pompeie, & Caius julius Caesar, the which rose upon this occasion, Caius julius Caesar sought to have himself made Consul he being absent from Rome before he would depart out of France, for Caesar led with this consideration, thought that if he should return to Rome a private man without the dignity of the consulship, that his enemies would accuse him, and also seek to overthrow him, so fearful is the state of the mighty and ambitious persons, to fear their state and continuance, wherein Caesar should not only seem to fear many, but also to offend many, and the commonalty of the Romans at the demand of the Tribunus Pompeie being Consul agreeing to it, commanded a consideration to be had of Caius julius Caesar in this petition, after that the enemies of julius Caesar were exhorting thereto, that in no case they should suffer any such thing, whereupon Lentulus, & Marcus Marcellus being consuls, a decree of the Senate was made, 
The decree of the Senate.  that Caesar must dismiss his whole power before a certain day appointed of that Senate, if Caesar would not, then should it be manifest to the Romans, that he pretended mischiefs against the common wealth, whereupon the enemies of Caesar linked themselves to noble Pompeie, such as were the friends of Caesar were against this decree of that Senate, certain Tribunes, Marcus Antonius, Quintus Cassius, Curio, they sought earnestly that the benefit before promised should not be taken from Caesar, forthwith the Senate made this decree, that the Consuls should foresee and other Magistrates, that the common wealth of the Romans take no hurt, thereby, this form of words the Senate used as often as they gave commandment to the Consuls as against seditious persons to move war, hereupon the Tribunes departed out of the City to Caesar, forthwith France, their province is appointed to Lucius Domicius, & a general muster is had throughout all italy by the Cousuls and by Pompeie. Caesar showeth that he is contented to refer the judgement of this his state to the people, and Marcus Tullius Cicero did propound equal conditions of peace and quietness for them both, that both Caesar and Pompeie should dismiss and say down their army, 
Cicero,  and that Pompeie should for quietness sake go into Spain his province, and Caesar on the other side should be made Consul at Rome. Caesar would receive these conditions, but the friends of Pompeie were against it. 
Caesar.  When Caesar saw the cruelty of the Senate against him on Pompey's side, and also did certainly know the general taking up and mustringe for men of war against him, than he thought that cause to be just to defend himself from violence by force of arms, and with all hast he brought his army near to the City of Rome, the coming of Caesar being known, the consuls and Pompeie fled out of italy and passed into Epirus to the City Dirrhachium, 
Consuls.  where they did gather out of Greece and Asia as great a power as they were able. 
Pompeie.  This was the beginning of that war between Pompeie and Caesar, by these civil wars, the ancient form of regiment among the Romans was changed, which slode by Consuls of long time, after this among the Romans they had the government of one, as in a sole kingdom. Caesar before he came to Rome made haste to take Pompeie. who at that time was at Brundisium, Caesar did besiege the same City but Pompeie went away by night privily, the inhabitants of Bruudusium gave up themselves to Caesar, after this Caesar went to the City of Rome, & in the Senate declared that of necessity he was compelled to make this defence. He promised the Romans that he would not follow the cruelty of Sylla & Marius, 
The dissimulation of Cesar.  he exhorted that whole Senate, that they would govern the common wealth with him, and willed them to send Ambassadors to Pompeie. Caesar did innovate nothing at Rome or made any new alteration, but hasted himself to the army of Pompey which was in Spain, He commended the government of Rome to Lepidus in his absence, and italy to Marcus Antonius. Caesar a few days after went into Spain, and in Spain he forced the host of Pompey thorough lack of victuels & for famine to yield, and so he joined to him the Spaniards, after this he took Massilia, 
Massalia.  a most renowned City and commendable by force of arms, an old ancient habitation of the jews: this Massilia was a friend to the Romans. In the mean time Lepidus had obtained at Rome that Caesar might be made Dictator: 
Lepidus.  After this Caesar returned to Rome and gathered together an assembly of the Consuls and Senators, in the which assemble, he did ordain many Laws and decrees profitable for the common wealth, and took order for corn and grain to be brought to the City of Rome as the Dictator giveth order, he made himself Consul, and Saruillius Isauricus with him, and after the eleventh day, he left his Dictatorshippe, being content with the ordinary name of the Consul, and then he commanded the City of Rome to be governed by Saruilius being Consul at that time. 
Saruilius.   
Whereas many troubleous and seditious Citizens thorough hope of new laws to be made, had gotten great treasure of other men's, & he ordained laws Do omytionibus & usuris, he made that the value of things should remain all one as they were before the wars, and many other notable things he devised for the common wealth, and Saruillius being Consul, defended those things of judgement. afterward this Saruillius banished out of the City Celius the Praetor, which Celius stirred up the people with a certain hope of new laws and change of government against Caesar to raise a seditious tumult. 
Celius.  Celius linked himself with Milo, 
Milo.  Milo gathered a great company of ronagates to come to Rome, but both Celius and Milo were killed in their enterprise in the 700. year of the building of Rome, v. months Caesar being Consul, sailed into Epirus against Pompeie, and when Pompeie was at Dirrhachium, Caesar marched with his power to him, and there made divers Castles and holds to enclose Pompeie, although in often skirmishes Caesar's men of war had the upper hand, yet in one great battle Caesar, 
Caesar's soil.  was overcome in the which Caesar lost 900. men of war, from thence Caesar departed into Thesalia, by reason of famine and scarcity of vittuels, was compelled to seek a more plenteous country for his provision. 
Pompeie.  Pompeie pursued Caesar being puffed up with hope of victory for his success at Dirrhachium, Pompeie coming into Pharsalia, and being but a German mile from Caesar, in that part of Thessalia overcame Pompeie, and there were killed in that battle 1500. men, and took prisoners 2400. the cause that so many prisoners were taken, was Caesar himself, for Caesar (the enemies scattered and retyringe) cried out miles parce civibus, thou man of war favour Citizens, by this means they yielded themselves voluntarily: mercy is a singular virtue in such extremity of battle to give life to many, 
Mercy a singular virtue.  it winneth the enemy, and honour perpetual to the Captain. Pompeie flying came to Larissa, from thence he sailed to Mitelenie, where Cornelia his wife did make her abode, Pompeie turned to the lodging of Cratippus the Philosopher, not entering the City, with whom when he had made his complaint of fortune & disputed with him to know whether the world were governed by counsel and providence, 
Caesar.  which be doubted of, because he was overcome of Caesar, 
Pompeie.  his part being the juster. For Pompeie defended Rome and the liberties of Rome, Caesar usurped to a sole state to change the state of Rome, 
Cratippus.  Cratippus made answer: Fatales esse Imperiorum periodo & iam converti Romanam rempublicam in monarchiam. The course of kingdoms and continuance is fatal, and now the common wealth of the Romans is to be turned into a Monarchye. Pompeie thinking with himself that he might have in Egipte faithful harbour, 
Man purposeth and God disposeth.  and that there he might gather a new power, repaired thither. In Egipte because Ptholomeus the young king being vurype of years to govern himself, was stayed with the connsayle of others, neither any thing passed without the sufferance of his counsellors, hereupon Pothinus his eunuch, & Theodotus Chius the Schoolmaster of the young king Ptolomeus, and Achillas who was liefetenaunt of his army, did long consult whether Pompeie were to be received or not, and this question being thoroughly disputed and debated on every side, Theodotus won them to his persuasion, 
Theodotus, Achillas.  that Pompeie should be killed, urging them with this saying: a dead man cannot bite, than Pothinus uttered a sentence out of Lucan the Poet. Exeat aula qui vult esle pius, nulla fides unquam miseros elegit amicos, and he accused Pompeie, who when the Senate of Rome would have Egipte to be quiet, Pompeie by his retire thither doth bring in fire brands of debate and war. Upon this they being persuaded unto so evil a purpose: took order that Achillas the liefetenaunte of the kings army, 
False friends.  and Septimius a tribune of the people, were sent out to murder Pompeie, this Septimius was sometime a Centurion in the army of Pompeie, Septimius saluted first Pompeie in the lattaine tongue, and then Achillas greeted him in the Greek tongue, and willed him to come forth of his own ship where he was, with his wife and his children, and to enter into the kings ship, Pompeie fearing no evil towards him, went into the kings ship with one trusty man: and going out he spoke these Verses of Sophocles: Who so traveleth to any Prince, although he himself be a Prince of high estate, yet is he at the will and commandment of that other Prince, though he entered a free man of his own will and pleasure. Pompeie knew Septimius & spoke unto him, and reading a great Oration in the which he did welcome Ptolomeie, Septimius at unwares thirst Pompeie thorough the body with his sword, and then Achillas and other thrust their weapons in him falling, 
The death of Pompeie.  noble Pompeie in this lamentable end sheewed no deformity of countenance, but giving a great sigh, wrapped his head in his garment which he wore on, immediately Pompeie being thrust thorough and killed, Septimius cut of his head, these things were done with great speed betwixt Caesar and Pompeie, for Caesar being Consul came into Epirus in the month of january, the battle fought in Pharsalia was ended the same yerre in September or a little before. Pompeie was killed the first day of October, being of age nine and fifty years, he was borne the last day of September, this was the end of noble Pompeie who achieved many goodly enterprises, profitable to his country before the civil war began and unto this lamentable end, fortunate for worldly glory, for his virtues a mirror to many Princes, beloved of all men, this was that noble Pompeie that took Jerusalem that famous City at the feast of Easter, 15. years before the civil wars began between him and Caesar, 
Pompeie.  this was that Pompeie that restored the dignity of the hieghe priests to Hircanus, and brought Arestobulus with his two. sons Antigonus and Alexander, to Rome captives: what beastly ingratitude was this, Pompeie to be murdered of the young king Ptolemy by a false train and guile, whom he had restored before into his kingdom. 
beastly ingratitude.  Of all examples this is most notable which placeth before all men, to fly beastly ingratitude, it giveth admonition to all men, to noble men and Princes, to ponder the mutabilitye of fortune, and to beware, but also to know that the like calamities falleth to wise men and Princes, as to meaner persons, as God disposeth so policy and counsel giveth place in all estates, 
Man purposeth and God disposeth.  as the secret counsel of God determineth, man only purposeth and God disposeth. No man is so wise that he can be able to foresee what will happen: neither doth it lie in man's power to prevent and put of any calamity or mishap that may fall, all that Caesar could object against Pompeie was this, that Pompeie was not of necessity moved to make that battle, he doth rather accuse other than himself. Immediately God showed vengeance upon those murderers of Pompeie, as soon as Caesar came into Egipte, 
Caesar.  in the month of October he commanded all the murderers of Pompeie to be killed, so God punished by his heavy wrath bloodshed. 
The end of the murderers of Pompeie.  Some Histories do record, that the murderers of Pompeie hoping to receive some great reward at Caesar's hand, brought the head of Pompeie to Caesar, Caesar considering their false hold and wily train in murdering of so noble a parsonage hanged them up. Other Histories record that they went about to murder Caesar as they did Pompeie, but how soever their pretence and purpose was, death was their reward. The end of king Ptolemy who was privy to the murder of Pompeie was lamentable, 
Ptolomeie.  for he was drowned in the Sea, at what time as Caesar drove the army of the Egyptians to retire to Alexandria. Theodotus schoolmaster to king Ptolemy, escaped not the vengeance of murder, for a few years after, Brutus caused him to be hanged upon a gibbet, 
Brutus.  at what time as Brutus possessed Sardes. After the death of Caesar lamentable was the state of Cornelia the wife of Pompeie, who with great grief of mind, 
Cornelia.  saw the murder of her husband with her children being in the same ship that Pompeie was before, immediately she was constrained to fly with her children into Cyprus, from thence she sent her two sons to Scipio and Cato her friends, being constrained by her great calamity to seek friends. Her eldest son Cneius Pompeius in Spain four year after the wars of Caesar & Pompeie, was overcome in a great main battle, and retyringe was taken of Caesar's soldiers and murdered, her other son Sextus Pompeius lived after, who made great wars against Augustus and Antonius, 
Sextus Pompeius.  after the death of Caesar he held Dominion in Sicilia, he was Lord of those seas, he brought his power into Bythenia, and held Dominion in Nisia and Nicomedia, but afterward being deceived of Ticius a chief Captain of Antonius to whom he yielded himself, was killed of him traytrouslye against the law of arms, thus was the end of the noble sons of Pompeie, the father died in Egipte, the elder son in Spain, and the younger in Asia: These lamentable examples giveth warning to the ambitious to fear God, to beware and circumspect in the lofty state and high dignity of fortune, 
Ambition.  for honour and glory are not perpetual, the wisest Princes, the noblest and valiants Conquerors, have been deceived of their state at a sudden, whose lamentable falls, no counsel could put of, neither strength of arms could defend, 
Alexander.  or uphold. Alexander the great fell he knew not how, 
Cato.  noble Scipio and wise Cato died a lamentable death, 
Scipio.  Pompeie was deceived of his hope, 
Pompeie.  and Caesar thereof by ambition frustrate, 
Caesar.  the best lesson for Princes is to fear God, for all kingdoms saith Plato and most flourishing, are like unto young age, which in time will grow feeble and weak, which no wisdom, 
Plato.  no art, no counsel can put of from them. Caesar after his wars fought in Pharsalia being Consul the same year, in the month of October he came to Alexandria, where he being vacant from all marshal affairs, did hear the reading of the learned Philosophers, at the same time, certain that were the cause of Pompey's death, raised a new power against Caesar, but Cesar put them all to flight, and vanquished them. In the same war Cesar was much aided by the counsel and faith of Antipater, 
Antipater.  who was the father of Herode: Wherefore Cesar gave unto him all Indie to be in his Dominion and possession. In the mean time at Rome Calenus and Vatineus succeeded Cesar in the consulship, 
Calenus.  in the year of the first building of Rome 706. & that Cesar might have the name and title of a lawful magistrate, 
Vatineus  he was made Dictator of Marcus Antonius being absent, 
Dictator.  and returning to Rome the same year he remained there a five months. The next year after which was in the 707. year of the building of Rome, Cesar was made the third time Consul with Lepidus, 
Consul. 3.  the same year in Aphrica he had great wars against the friends of Pompeie that remained, but he overcame them at the length, there Petreius killed king juba and himself, 
Petreius.  Scipio and Cato killed themselves, 
Scipio.  Aphranius as he came into the power of Cesar was killed: 
Cato  After this Cesar returned to Rome, in the .708. year of the building of Rome, and was created Dictator the third time, for 10. year and made Consul that fourth time without a companion, all laws lay now in his power to be governed, his word was the voice of the whole Senate, he appointed all offices and their continuance. In y 709. year of Rome in the month of April, he fought at Munda with the sons of Pompeie, with great peril of his life, 
The peril of Cesar.  when he did make the first assult upon his enemies, 200. darts were cast against him, and late in the evening he won the field, and murdered of his enemies 30000. Spain being in his possession, and all provinces being quieted, he returned to Rome in the month of October, where new honours were geeven to him, he was made Dictator and Emperor for ever, 
Dictator.  Et sacro sanctus: and that all Magistrates should swear to his doing what he did, so a sole Monarch was geeven to him of universal government, 
Caesar's ambition.  at the same time he made laws which he called Leges julias' of his own name: And he did ordain the year by art of astronomy, sheewinge the course and motion of the Planets which the posterity observeth: this rule did Cesar learn of that great learned man Sosigenes, whom Cesar brought from Alexandria to Rome, of whom he learned great knowledge in that art, by this knowledge many notable things be observed in the common wealth, not only by the order of the year and course of planets times and seasons, but also for judicial matters, 
The use of a astronomy.  Histories, and contracts, for planting, plowing, sowing, sailing, and for giving of medicine, these notable fruits of astronomy from ancient times, the Egiptianes', the Chaldeis and the Greeks, the Romayves have from ancient times to the posterity observed the end of Pompere, the History hath set forth, and now the like change of fortune hath caught Cesar, whose reward for ambition was death. 
Ambition.  Ambition in the lofty minds of those that neither fear God, nor know themselves, creepeth as a canker and filthy leprosy, destroying all parts, and corrupting the same: For Cesar seeked a sole regiment not content with his lofty state, but such as liked him: Whereby Cassius seeking to be Preator and not obtaining the same, 
Cassius.  was the first author and cause of Caesar's death. This Cassius took counsel with Brutus and with other to attempt this murder, 
Brutus  and the authority and favour of Brutus which was great in the common wealth of Rome, linked to him many other conspirators, the conspiracy was wrought in the Ideses of March julius Cesar in the court of Pompeie, was killed of Brutus and Cassius, 
Caesar's death  and many other that were conspirators to that murder, being sticked in with xxiii. wounds: the end of this great Prince and Emperor, is among all examples a rare glass for all men to look upon, consider his dignity of state, his great wisdom, his policies & grounded knowledge in all points of chivalry, forget not the mutabilitye and fall of him, the ingrateful hearts of them that murdered him, for the most part of them that murdered him rose by julius Cesar unto honour and power.  
Cesar being dead, peace and quietness could not be maintained, although Cicero and other Senators went about to make peace, for immediately the next day after Caesar's death, a decree was propounded of the Senate, 
A decree.  that all offences past should be remitted, and the death of Cesar to be forgotten utterly, because otherwise the state of the common wealth would be altered and new fire brands of war kindled, but nothing what they purposed came to pass, For immediately the Senate to over throw Antonye, they joined to them Octavius Cesar who succeeded afterward. Octavius Cesar, Antonius, and Lepidus, were in league together the same year, that Cesar was murdered in the month of December, great was the wrath of God against all the murderers of Cesar. Mar. Tullius Cicero, who was an umpire between Pompeie and Cesar was murdered in the month of january being 64. years of age, 
Cicero,  his head being cut of, with his right hand, and put upon the place of pleading which was called Rostrum. Antonius and Octavius, pursued Brutus and Cassius, 
Cassius.  Cassius killed himself, 
Brutus  Brutus afterward commanded himself to be murdered of Straton, at the length dissension arose between these iii Octavius Cesar, 
Octavius.  Antonius, and Lepidus, for Antonye hoping to obtain a sole Empire, brought out of Egipte a great host to Rome, 
Antonius.  Octavius met him with another power and chased him to Alexandria, and there being compassed in of Octavius, 
Lepidus.  and having many foils in battle, and hearing a false rumour that Cleopatra had killed herself, he forth with murdered himself, this was done in the .56. year of his age, in the 2. year after the death of julius Cesar. 
Cleopatra.  How Cleopatra killed herself who was queen of Egipte and concubine of Antonius, shallbe declared in the life of Octavius.  
It is worthy consideration to ponder these lofty and ambitious Princes, how eachone, hoped by the fall of the other to aspire, to a sole Regiment, and proud lofty state, but ambition in some one, always broileth, to aspire the like, so the state of usurpers is never quiet neither steadfast, without continuance many feigned friends, as it appeared in Pompey, and Cesar, Antonius, Silla, Marius, each one trusted and they were deceived, so ponder you the state of these two mighty personnes Pompeie and Cesar: each one feared the other, and each one hoped to aspire above the other, Pompeie caught his end vnloked for, and Cesar for all his wisdom and policy, suddenly fell he knew not how.  
Thus ye see the state and end of these two lofty persons what they purposed, God otherwise determined, all power is of God, the state of mighty Princes, their continuance, their end, resteth, only in the secret counsel of GO. (⸫)    

OCTAVIUS.  
AFter julius Caesar was thus murdered, whose death the most part of the nobility rejoiced at, 
The cause of Caesar's death  because such an one was taken away whom for his ambitious mind to dominion they did cut of, for they feared greatly his cruel and tyrannical regiment, and many of them envied his success, & fortunate estate, other some his virtues, so that their diverse affections in one were linked, to pluck Caesar from his throne. 
No trust in a kingdom for a tyrant.  Nobility deceived Caesar who by death sought to extinguish that hope which Caesar hunted at. All his adversaries appeared as they were, open enemies, nobility beguiled Caesar, 
Caesar.  and all friendship left him. Now Caesar is dead, and his enemies live, and whom they would not they after obey, and of whom by Antonius' procurement the violent end of Caesar was so revenged, that none of them saw any quiet time of rest, 
Murder not unpunished.  for God had raised such an one, as bolted out the murderers, for as the fact was horrible to destroy so noble a governor, even so their end was most lamentable, 
Man may purpose, but God disposeth.  and whereas they thought to cut of all hope and practise of sole regiment: the Romans never after saw but a sole regiment, certain it is that before the time of Tarqvinius Superbus, 
Tarqvinius.  kings held a sole regiment, which Tarqvinius ravished the most beautiful Lucretia Collatinus wife. 
Lucretia.  After Tarqvinius was banished and his stock, the name of kings was banished, and that form of regiment changed, not that, that estate of government was ill, but because their Princes placed in that sole and excellent estate, 
Prince's tyrants.  after their will and lust ruling, of reason and all moderation neglected, tyrannical and outrageous facts were committed by them. This was the cause that, that estate of government was dissolved, and changed through the evil manners of Princes, of such force is sin to throw down a Prince from his seat, 
Sin the fall of kingdoms.  to expel him from his kingdom, and thereby to altar the quiet & fortunate estate wherein that Romans stood wholly, and because their Princes ungodly governed, & in all their enterprises tyrannically proceeded. After kings, two Consuls succeaded, 
Consuls.  which yearly were chosen, they were of Majesty like unto kings, but of no continuance, because if their government should not be with equity, or at the least not tolerable, the office sone ceased, which bridled many in their affections, and cut of from many their bloody cogitacious in diverse purposes. 
Caesar's ambition.  Cesar by ambition moved to establish in him a sole regiment, died in his ambitious enterprise as it is before declared. After julius Caesar's death, Octavius succeeded in a sole regiment, 
octavius Emperor at the birth of Christ.  who reigned at the birth of our Saviour Christ. Then there was an universal peace over all the world. Octavius caught the imperial seat in the 722. years after the building of Rome, 
Rome. 722. years builded before Octavius reigned.  which was the year after the banishment of kings 480. this was a strange manner of government in the eyes of the Romans that whereas they detested the sole Regiment of a king now they have a sole Regiment of an Emperor, 
Consuis continued. 480. years.  Octavius was the son of Octavius, this Octavius being a Senator, his mother's progeny came by lyniall dissent from Aeneas, by the noble house of julius, who by adoption of Caius julius Cesar his great uncle succeaded. Octavius by his famous acts and large victories was tituled Augustus, some refer the original beginning of Octavius to rise at Velitre a famous town in italy, 
emperors hath continued a 571.  which descended from Tarqvinius priscus, a king of the Romans, whose progeny was always in honourable estate. octavius father from his young years was had in great estimation, a man of great substance and wealth, and enjoyed an honourable estate, whose doings were always directed to justice and upright dealing, namely to assay that which he enterprised, 
octavius his father.  he died suddenly as he came from Macedonia, this his son Octavius being but four years of age, 
Octavia maior.  he left behind him two daughters Octavia maior and Octavia minor. As concerning the time that Octavius was borne, 
Octavia minor.  it was in the consulship of Marcus Tullius Cicero, and Antonius, in the ix. kalends of October somewhat before the son rising. Four times civil wars was fought of him. The first was against Marcus Antonius at Mutina, 
Brutus  the second was against Brutus and Cassius at Philippos a City in Macedonia, 
Cassius.  the third against Lucius Antonius who was famished to death of Octavius, 
Lucius.  so hard he was besieged at Prusia: the fourth war was fought against Sextus Pompeius which Pompeius he overcame about Cicile in war by Seas, 
S. Pompeius.  after that he overcame the son of Cneius Pompeius. 
G. Pompeius  As concerning the multitude of those which conspired Caesar's death, proclamation was made, that who so could bring the head of any one of them that conspired Caesar's death, 
A Promaclation for the murderers of Cesar.  should receive great sums of money, there was not one left almost but money brought his head, so faithful were all these Promoters and privy searchers to ply their business, for money made them true searchers some were hid in filthy prives, some conveyed in feether beds, 
The state of the conspirators.  some killed themselves, many faithful servants clothed in their masters apparel were murdered for them, but all had one end, and that in three years space: neither their former dignity saved them, nor the power whereon they stayed themselves. 
Murder.  Octavius never ceased till he had rooted out the whole race of the conspirators: 
Cicile.  Cicile felt his wars, 
Alexandria.  Alexandria was long besieged, 
Antonye  where unto Antony and Cleopatra fled for fear, 
Cleopatra.  who was in the end apprehended and there put to death. Antony sought to get the conditions of peace at octavius hands, but Octavius did not thence departed until he saw the dead body of Antony, 
Antonye.  with whom Cleopatra was buried, 
Cleopatra.  Antonius harlot in a sumptuous Tomb, which was begun long before of Antony to be his Sepulchre. But Cleopatra sought means in her life time to aspire to Herodes kingdom very desirous to have some accusations against him, for she knew Antony would be moved upon a light occasion to believe her. Cleopatra bore feigned friendship to Herode, 
Herode.  and Herode recompensed her with the same, for Herode sought means to kill her because by subtle means, she sought to spoil him of his kingdom, but by counsel of his friends he was prohibited they knowing what horrible murders she had done of many Princes and noble men of all countries where she came, but Herode was compelled with great treasures to pacify the bloody purpose of Cleopatra and dissembled her mischiefs. 
Herode.  In the end Antonius and Cleopatra came to a violent end, as concerning the death of Cleopatra how she wrought her own death, 
Galen.  Galen showeth very excellently in his book Dea therica ad pisonem the eight Chapter: when Octavius the Emperor overcame Antony, he was purposed to take Cleopatra alive, and to bring so royal a person to Rome in triumph, when Cleopatra understood the mind of Octavius the Emperor, she thought it more honour and renown to her to dye a queen though she killed herself, then to go to Rome in triumph at the will of other, a captive, a spectacle, a laughing stock to all that world, whereupon she sought the way to murder herself, 
Cleopatra.  she called to her the ii faithful maids she had, Naera and Carmion was their names, who always served to the adorning and decking of her body, the one of them folded her hears, the other to pair her nails: she commanded that they should bring unto her a certain Serpent called Plyas covered with fig leaves and vine leaves whereby she thought to deceive the keepers and watch men, and she made a proof of poison of her two gentle women Naera and Carmion they not knowing of the poison as soon as she saw the poison to take effect suddenly upon them, she applied the same unto herself, some writ that she applied two. Serpents unto her breasts and so died of them, some writ that she made a long and deep wound upon her arm first with her teeth, and then the poison taken of the Serpent, she put it in a cup, and so the poison with his infected quality, destroyed her suddenly: Cleopatra was found with her right hand to hold upon her head a princely Crown, 
Cleopatra, her death.  that in her death she might appear a Queen to all that beheld her, her death being known to Octavius the Emperor he wondered at the love of the gentle women that died with her, and her stout courage in preferring death before a servile life. 
The ii sons of Fulvia  At the same season he put to death the ii sons of Antony begotten of Fulvia, also Cesarion whom Cleopatra did vaunt to have borne of julius Cesar, diverse he spared. Octavius being in the country of Egipte and by good occasion offered, 
Alexander's picture reverenced of Octavius.  saw in a certain place the picture of Alexander the great, as conninglye as art cowl devise pictured, whose body seen with a Crown on his head, the place decked with pleasant flowers, Octavius made obeisance to it, this being done: Octavius was demanded if he would see the picture of Ptolemy? 
Ptolomes' picture neglected.  Octavius made answer my mind was to see a king & not the dead, meaning that Ptolemy in comparison of Alexander the great for his mighty conquest was as the dead to the living. 
octavius answer upon Ptolomes' picture.  Ptolemy although his picture was in comparison contemned to Alexander, yet he is not swallowed up in oblivion. 
josephus.  josephus a famous Historiographer and Eusebius also do Chronicle with much commendation this Ptolemy, 
Eusebius.  Princes famous are not buried in oblivion, 
Godly Princes.  the wicked are with the godly to all posterities Chronicled, the good Princes are never forgotten nor the wicked out of memory, the one for fame that other for ignomini, 
Wicked Princes.  as Octavius grew in magnificence in glory, and more large Dominions, even so the malice of many men puffed up with envy, wrought treasons against him, such is the estate of Princes though they have Dominion over many, 
Princes live to all posterities.  they are envy of many, which oftentimes seeketh the decay to the estate of Princes, factious heads never contented with any estate, 
Ambition of factious heads.  cause innovations, ambitious heads imagine new devices to augment their proper estate, ambitious heads surmise treasonnes, ambitious heads always being vain glorious do apply and settle themselves to all vanities, with ambitious heads the care of private lucre, honour and wealth is their only study, and their pretenced purpose, with ambitious heads, 
Lightness.  the common wealth is least thought of, well willing hearts never desire innovations, 
Constancy.  constant heads, in mind and state quiet do always continued, in a most goodly harmony directing their deeds and acts to the advancement and honour of the common wealth: And therefore Alcibiades whom Thucydides setteth forth with great commendations, noteth these two singular points to be placed in all men, who do embrace with earnest love and sincere affection the prosperity of the common wealth: that he be of force and power to tame and subdue pleasure: over money to be Lord and master: to make money to serve him, and not that his treasures, secret, and unknown mines of flotinge wealth, should make him captive, and bondslave to unsatiable affection, 
Two properties meet for magistrates.  he serveth, and obeyeth, who followeth affection: He only ruleth whose acts in well doing temper and bridle affection. Many treasons by these means were conspired against Octavius, which were for the most part detected and opened before they caught their purpose: 
Lepidus.  as of Lepidus, of Varro, 
Varro.  of Murena, of Scipio with many other, yea and sometime of mean persons, 
Murena.  who thought to have destroyed Octavius and the whole Senate. 
Scipio.  As concerning his martial enterprises in foreign Regions, two fields were fought of him in his own person, 
Dalmacia.  as concerning his wars in Dalmacia he was but of tender years at that instant, and in that same he was stricken with many wounds: he caught a stroke upon the knee: in another battle he was wounded upon the thigh, & both his arms were hurt by the fall of a bridge, many other wars he took in hand by his deputies or ambassadors, also he was not far from the wars fought in Pamnonia, 
The victories of Octavius.  Germany and Cantabria were brought under his subjection: Aquitania & Dalmacia with all Illiria, what Nation did he not bring under his subjection? to note orderly by Histories what Nationes he over came, and what mighty Kings he vanquished, to show also how far the fame of his virtues reached whereby the stout and proud heart of his enemies the lofty and haughty stomachs of the mighty monarchs yielded themselves, being ravished with his virtuous success which fell unto him on every side, and how the Romans loved him, and foreign Regions dreaded him, & were in admiration of him, how he removed the germans that inhabited behind the river Albine of the which number were the Suevianes, and Sicambri who had yielded themselves, and how he brought them into France and caused them to inhabit near the borders of Rhine, and how many Nations besides being full of disturbance he made at his beck to obey as my skill at full to describe them is not able, or a great volume is not sufficient to contain them. 
Arare prince.  How happy had the Roman Empire been if so quiet a Prince, or if the rare virtues of so virtuous a governor had continued among them, than so infinite hosts and multitudes of men had not been devoured of so many ambitious heads in the civil wars, what Prince is there not? except he be a rare Prince in disposition from other, 
Arare prince.  but that a slight device or toy maketh a just quarrel to war as the Prince affecteth or as counsel persuadeth, all matters in the common wealth take effect, 
The fortunate kingdom.  the quiet and fortunate kingdom enjoyeth the quiet and happy Prince, 
Rash heads.  for rash heads to prove adventures feeleth the smart of their devices, 
Many calamities of wars.  long consultation brought happy success & steadfast estate. Wars have devoured many, whom if affection to live at home had bridled them, they might have enjoyed living, the fatherless, the father's slay, the widow her comfort, many rich houses not spoiled, many a City and town in their former and ancient estate should have continued, which thereby are decayed. As God permitted the earth which gave from her so many shapes of bodies of life and conditions so contrary, being carried into all wickedness, to be meet burdens to tender that to earth which earth once gave & yielded up so wars bring death, 
War, oblivion grave.  and death in the grave oblivion, the people are gone, the grave unknown the wars Chronicled, and their calamities not out of memory, great aught the deliberation to be of them which tendereth the affairs of the Prince for that which one deviseth, many feeleth and tasteth be it good or bad, 
Why great deliberation ought to be had in the affairs of the Prince.  else that cometh to pass which the Greek suttered of their Princes.  
Quicquid delinquunt Reges plectuntur achivi:  
What Prince doth lust to frame at will by counsel, or decree:  
the silly soul the subject mean shall feel like state to be.  
But where wars are justly to be moved, 
Why wars are to be moved.  as to repress foreign enemies or civil commotions, there the Prince justly resisteth wars, and the subject aideth the Prince, for so Bellum suscipiendum est ut in pace vivatur, wars are therefore to be enterprised and taken in hand, to make peace, and quietness, but who so without a consideration to repel great injuries, not to defend their country, nor to save the prosperous estate both of the Prince and the universal multitude do move wars, those seek not peace but make as it were Seminarium multorum bellorum et calamitatum, a sowing of seed of infinite wars, 
War.  and no lack of calamities: for war is always linked with these two companions Loimos kai Limos pestilence & hunger, that which war cannot do, famine and pestilence will do, so it may be said truly, that which was spoken of the Greeks.  
Not Mars alone in fury great,  
with bloody hands doth spill:  
But death and famine work distress,  
that Mars might have his fill.  
Octavius thereupon considering the great calamities that happened by wars, sheewed his mind to be so far from that desire, that he caused certain Princes to take an oath in the Temple of Mars that none of them should break the oath which they had made: that this was his accustomed saying, desire of wars was a token of a boasting and craking head, and of a light brain, by unknown adventures, and hazard of battle to throw headlong down the quiet estate of City and country, for an ambitious glory of a Laurel crown, as a man would say, for a few unprofitable leaves who so without just cause moveth battle, 
War without just cause  is like unto one that fisheth with a great golden houke, which being broken the pray gotten is nothing. Some do think that this Emperor Octavius had so great care to his common wealth, 
The great care of Octavius toward the common wealth.  and that so great was his study and travail in well doing, in planting justice, in upholding virtue, and repressing vice, whereby his cares of mind grew so great, his dangers of life so many, that he was divers times minded to tender up that dignity of high estate, but he altered his mind in considering more deeply, that in leading a private estate, he should not be with out danger, and also he saw that at that present leaving that state of government, it would be ruled by many governors, 
Ambition.  whereby Octavius a most godly Prince foresaw what factiones might arise, what division by parts taking, what tumults might follow and uproars, no man bearing with an others estate, but each one clyminge, who may be best and of highest power to command, to rule, not to be ruled, to rule the will of other at commandment: wherein it seemeth that Octavius preferred for worthiness and happiness of continuing estate, 
A Monarch the best state.  a Monarch according to the saying of Ulysses the wise Graecian.  
Multorum principatus mala res est, 
Homer's Verse.  Rex unicus esto.  
Where many pears as right do hold▪  
one land to rule at will:  
There feeble state doth smart their lore, 
One governor best in a kingdom.   
and deadly Mars that kingdoms spill.  
This Octavius desired that it might be said of him, the common wealth of the Romans to be preserved from all peril of dangerous estate by him, and this to be the fruits of his travail, that I may (quoth he) be called the Author of the best estate, 
The request of Octavius and of all good Princes.  & at my death to carry with me the hope, that the common wealth to many ages may remain in that good estate wherein I left it, such was the great care of the good Prince Octavius as it aught to be of all good Princes, for as husbandmen, they plant for their posterity, and as the saying is of law makers: 
Laws.  Leges posteritatem spectant, laws be made for the posterity, though they were decreed presently: 
Government.  And according to godly laws, Princes ought to frame their government, that the posterity may speak well thereof, 
Rome.  & take advancement thereby. The City of Rome before octavius days, was but of mean and slender building, without the beauty of goodly houses, sumptuous Palaces, and gorgeous Temples, but he with all ornature and beauty builded the same, and made it fenced from the overflowing of the flood Tiber, and from all casualties of fire. Octavius used this saying of Rome, 
The saying of Octavius upon Rome.  that is: he might worthily glory of Rome, since that he had left it builded of Marble stone, which he received but builded of tile, and mud walls, many famous monuments he builded as Forum et Edem, Martis Vltoris, Templum Apolinis in Palatio edem tonantis in Capitolio, 
Sumpteons' buildings.  he made also a great and sumptuous library plenteous with all manner of excellent books of Greek and latin & other languages, 
Monuments of Octavius.  many other worthy monuments he erected of fame, as Porticus Basilij, Lucij, & cavi Porticus, Livij & Octavi, Thaeatrum divi Marcelli, with many other goodly monuments of fame. Octavius did not erect these monuments of fame only for his commendation, but also to move many other noble pears and Princes, that every one according to his abillitye would endeavour himself to beutifye and adorn the City of Rome either with new monuments, or to repair monuments which are in decay, or other famous works which in time are weakened and made feebell from the foundation, 
The monuments at Rome.  for many goodly works were then erected whereof Rome daily showeth some fallen, many broken down, some from the foundation lifted and carried away: as the house of Homer, the house of Diana which Asinius polo builded, the house of Saturn, the notable monument of Agrippa: Many goodly laws Octavius did decree and make as the Digest and the Pandect: 
Laws.  and the Code doth show, certain laws he did amend and correct. On all sides, both Rome and all provinces, yea the whole jurisdiction of the Roman Empire was so excellently governed, 
Pater patriè, the title of virtuous Princes.  that they gave unto him this title and name Pater patriè, that is, the father of the country. octavius being but a young man, had the daughter of Publius Saruilius Isauricus to be espoused to him, but that brake of, & then married Claudia the daughter of Fulvia, begotten of Publius Claudius, 
Claudia.  he was married but a while to her, such was the disagreement between Fulvia his mother in law and him, he left her daughter undeflowered and untouched, after that he married Scribonia who was married before to two Consuls, 
Scribonia.  but Scribonia was divorced from him, her manners were odious, and being wearied with her conditions left her, and soon after got to his love Livia Drusilla, her he loved and that continually the whole time of his government Octavius had by Scribonia, 
Livia.  julia his daughter, but of Lyvia he had never a child, of whom earnestly he wished to have some fruit of her body, she was with child but untimely it perished: Octavius caused julia his daughter to be married to Marcellus his sister's son being but passed a little the limmettes of childhood, 
julia.  he being but newly married died, 
Marcellus.  after whose death he married her unto his friend Agrippa, 
Agrippa.  who also died before her, but left behind him v. children iii sons, and ii daughters of the which sons the ii eldest died, then to establish a quietness in the Empire, he adopted the third son, who was named Agrippa, but his manners and conditions were so wicked and odious unto Augustus that he revoked the adoption, 
Tiberius  and for his child did adopt Tiberius his son in law, as concerning his daughters they were so wicked, that he uttered of them the Verse of Homer: I would they had never been got or that they had died unmarried. As concerning Octavius how he governed and to show what worthy victories he had got, what mighty kings became tributory to him it were a worthy matter to speak of, but to make a full discourse how, when, where, how happily he governed the most eloquent shall want means to utter, and set forth so worthy a Prince, 
Octavius.  so fortunate a Captain, so wise a counsellor, and so victorious an Emperor, not for lack of matter but his worthiness shall subvert the order, argument and disposition of the most eloquent, for even before he was borne many things were foreshowed of him to succeed, 
Suetonius.  for Suetonius Tranquillus in his History showeth: Quod prodigium Rome factum est, 
Prodigium,  Quo denuntiabatur naturam parturire Regem Romanorum, a wonder happened at Rome, whereby was sheewed Octavius being borne, that nature did bring forth the king of the Romans, many other things happened which were to tedious, & to long to recite, & as concerning his mother's dream before he was borne this it was, 
The dream of Accia.  she dreamt that her bowels were carried up to the stars, & spread over all the earth, and up to the climate of the Heaven, 
The dream of octavius father.  his father dreamt that the beams of the son rose upon the womb of his wife. The same day that Octavius was borne, the Senators of Rome sat upon the treason of Catelin whereupon octavius mother at that time traveling, 
Catiline.  his father did somewhat absent himself from the Senate house, 
Vigidius.  the cause being known, Vigidius considering the instant of his nativity, he being a famous man in the Mathematical sciences said: Dominum terrarum orbinatum, a governor of the earth to be borne, many probable conjectures, do arise in calculating and domifyinge, but so many foolish errors as that they which seem to tell other, of their fortune and state to come, are most ignorant of their own, and none more feel the vanity thereof, than the vain calculator. 
The death of Octavius.  He died the fourtenthe day of the kalends of September, the ninth hour of the day, in the forty and six years of his age, 
The lamentation for the death of Octavius.  Octavius being dead great lamentation was made for him of all the Roman kingdoms and nations far of, the mighty Princes mourned for his funeral, 
The death of noble Princes.  all that knew him mourned, and those that never saw him full bitterly lamented, such was the worthiness of his so noble government. Tiberius who succeeded in the Empire after him was advanced by this Emperor, 
Tiberius.  his government was called Aureum seculum Augusti, 
Aureum seculum.  the golden world of Augustus: Drusus the son of Tiberius commended with eloquent Oration this Emperor: this done his corpses was carried on the shoulders of the Senators in an appointed place, 
Octavius.  and there consumed to ashes, great was the pomp, & no small lamentation in the funeral of so victorious a Prince, who in time governed many Nations, now he giveth place to dust. How many rejoiced of him living so many lamented his departing, 
Fame after death preserveth Princes in memory.  his fame so remained, as neither death ugly, nor time ancient, or envy malicious might ever let fame abolish, such is the fame of the worthy, & virtuous: & of the Godly Princes, 
The fruit of good life.  this only is the fruit, else vain is their glory, 
Noble fame the fruit of kingdom.  their acts base and mean, whom no worthiness can save from oblivion, neither whom a perpetuitye of noble acts cannot bless, he died in the consulship of Cneius Pompeius, and Sextus Apuleius: He left his Realm in great quietness, and also in great felicity, great were his victories, and his large Dominions, his peo-people not to be numbered, 
What loss the Romans had by the death of Augustus.  they lost fortunate Augustus when he died, Rome lost her father, the golden world, and of Augustus a victorious Prince. ⸫   

TIBERIUS.  
Divers opinions were spread of Octavius death, 
Tiberius.  some thought one way, other some another, much it was to be lamented, so good an Emperor to fall into the hands of so unnatural a wife. After octavius death Claudius Tiberius the son of Livia succeeded, 
Livia.  being the step son of Caesar Octavius: the means whereby he succeeded was subtly compassed by many sleights, and wily policies of his mother Livia, but the chief cause that he succeeded was this his famous acts and nobility in the late emperors affairs, caused both the Senate and the universal multitude of the Romans, with earnest affection, & most willing hearts to created him Emperor: 
Tiberius' manners changed.  but as soon as Tiberius was in the dignity placed, both the Senate and the universal multitude of the Romans felt him a chaungelinge in all his doings. Whereas before virtue and nobility in him spread great glory and renown to the common wealth of the Romans, now ugly vices, his monstruous life in government. over whelmeth that fortunate estate, 
The fortunate Region.  his virtues did not so much good as his vices hurt, most fortunate is that Region wherein by long continuance, and by long descent Godly Princes remain successors famous. 
The godly Prince.  For, what the godly Prince procureth in his government, the wicked Prince dissolveth, marreth, and pulleth down, so brittle is the estate of kingdoms, 
The wicked Prince.  so unsted fast the form of common wealth, because at the manners of the Prince, the kingdom either riseth or falleth, 
One Prince many Dominions.  so much the life of one, the manners and conditions of one, frameth many mighty Dominions: As this Tiberius who if he had continued in his former doing, had been numbered among the most excellent Princes, but now high estate of dignity setteth out Tiberius in his proper conditions, 
Tiberius in his colours  in his natural disposition, that which he seemed, is now changed to another hew with his estate, his manners, and conditions be also altered: now cruel and bloody facts, most beastly life, burst out in him to utter what he was: for certain it is the Romans never looked for these things at Tiberius' hands, so difficult a matter it was to judge thoroughly what he will prove in government, because that free state in him being commonly after will and lust, 
Why it is a hard thing to judge of the Prince.  did utter in doing secret and hid cogitations of his tyrannical mind, with the perfect dispositions & natural inclinations of a tyrant: as it appeareth by many Princes, which in like sort governed as this Tiberius, 
Nero.  Nero, Commodus, Bassianus, that this Emperor Tiberius might thoroughly be known: 
Domitianus.  I will orderly proceed to show what he was, 
Commodus.  his stock had beginning at a certain town of the Sabines called Regilis, 
Bassianus.  from the which his ancestors fled to Rome: 
The beginning of Tiberius' stock.  Rome then being but new builded, so is referred the beginning of his stock to Appius Claudius, and that he was of that descent: which time was in the sixth year after the banishment of kings they that descended of this race or progeny were called Neronis. 
Appius Claudius.  Quia lingua Sabinorum Nero strenuous appellatur: 
Neronis.  Because in the Sabyne tongue Nero by the true Etymology and interpretation is named strong or stout, there were two houses: una plebeia, 
Plebeia.  but yet very worthy: the other pulchrorum, which were of the order of the Senators, 
Pulcrorum.  of those which descended of the families called Claudij, many famous acts remain, and contrariwise acts not registered with noble fame, sometime endueeth to noble houses & long auncientrie, not like discente of worthiness nor equal desert, but for their evil government, ignominy and reproach, though the wicked, want that true renown of honour, 
True nobility.  which for virtues sake was attributed unto their ancestors, yet they account themselves of the same with discente of equal worthiness of blood, and title of long auncientrye, but it is neither the blood, nor the bones of their ancestors, long titles from many discentes, 
Noble arms  nor noble arms which from most ancient time have been in price that can make any one, wanting the like renown of his noble house, or the virtues of his predecessors to claim like honour, 
True nobility.  or to enjoy like title and arms: For the unworthy gentleman most of all neglecteth that, which his noble progenitors attained unto, who were made worthy by virtue, 
Virtue first createth nobility.  and fame: fame gave it them to claim, where is then the title? what can be their claim? when there is no spark of desert that respecteth the renowned merits of their auncientrye. 
Descent of noble houses.  If descent of nobility should fall out, as merit & singular virtue did crave, than were rare all the true and perfect nobility, only prudent nobility, 
Learned nobility.  learned, full of counsel, gravity, modesty, temperance, abundance in all knowledge, meet to administer and execute the laws, yea for as fame first taught nobility by merit, 
Fame.  so lack of like worthiness, doth abase and make them unworthy to enjoy like claim of nobility. 
True claim of nobility.   
Read the Oration of Marius as concerning nobility in Sallust, entreating upon the wars of jugurtha, and as concerning Appius Cecus, 
Appius Cecus.  Appius the blind, whom Tulli maketh mention of, in his Book de senectute: Appius Cecus made the league which should be concluded with Pyrrhus, 
Pirrhum  most shameful to the Romans' to be finished. Claudius' Caudex was the first among the Romans that passed the seas with a great navy, 
Ciaudius Caudex.  and expelled the Carthagimanes from Cicile, 
Claudius' Nero.  Claudius Nero overcame Hasdruball marching out of Spain with a great power, before he joined his power with his brother Hannibal, with many other famous acts of that ancient house, 
Hannibal.  which were to long to entreat. Tiberius came of this house and progeny by the mother's side, for his mother came from Appius the fair, 
Appius pulcher.  his father's progeny came from Nero the father of Tiberius, who was sometime treasurer to julius Caesar in his wars fought in Alexandria, he was besides the chief of his Navy, his excellency in his Prince's affairs was such, that the great renown of his victories was much furthered by him, his secret policies in the emperors affairs, his wisdom, his faithful service merited much estimation with julius Caesar. 
Tiberius.  Tiberius' being well liked of Octavius the Emperor, was given unto him of his father in adoption. Immediately after that Tiberius father died, 
Drusus.  leaving behind him two sons, this Tiberius and Drusus, this Tiberius was borne at Rome, at such time as Marcus Emilius Lepidus, and Mucius Plauca were Consuls, he had then to wife Agrippa, the daughter of Marcus Agrippa the nice of Pomponius Atticus, sometime a king of the Romans. 
Agrippa.  Agrippa did not long time continued with her husband Tiberius, for she was at the length put away great with child. 
Forced marriage.  Tiberius at those days being enforced thereto to take julia the daughter of Augustus to wife. So matrimony was made by policies, linked and relincked, 
Marriages for honour.  not as godly affection did lead, but as hope of honour moved, so marriages were made, often under pretence of amity, & adulation of poisoned hearts, deep and cloaked emnities lie lurking, which time uttereth afterward. This was the policy of Livia that wicked Empress, she having further fetch to bring thereby the estate of the Empire, to her sons hands. 
julia.  julia was hated of Tiberius for her conditions, she was proud, lofty, disdainful, wrathful, geeven to all voluptuousness, light of countenance, light of chastity, & fruitless of good manners, abundant in bloody imaginations, cruel in her purposes, soon turned to folly, constant and steadfast to wickedness. 
Agrippa.  Agrippa pleased the eye of Tiberius, she in manners contented him, she was beautiful, sober, discrete, of goodly parsonage, chastity possessed her whole body and an humble look, not proud, gentle, full of courtesy, pitiful, so adorned with virtue, 
The fruits of honest life in women.  that her breast was a pure fountain of virtues, of years tender, a matron in manners, excelling in all goodly qualities, Her virtues sheewed what she was, & time uttered her chastity. julia leading a wanton life, in the end uttered her folly, which being known a divorce ensued thereof. Tiberius as he unwillingly caught her, so willingly he left her▪ 
The fruits of forced marriages.  friends, authority, and money made the marriage, her vices did undo that which Tiberius in heart well wishing could not do, until such time as her naughty life could merit no pardon, nor friendship make any excuse. Octavius was much plagued with his daughters of whom he was so ashamed through their folly and wicked life, that he would title them by many monstrous names, and would wish that they had never been gotten, or died unmarried. Now as concerning Tiberius, divers strange things happened which foresheewed that the estate of the Empire should come to his hands, 
Scribonius.  for Scribonius a famous man in the Mathematical sciences, grounding his knowledge upon his calculation in the judgement of astrology, said: that Tiberius should succeed next in the Empire, but without a Diadem: and so it came to pass an Astronomer, otherwise called Thrasibulus, 
Thrasibolus.  excellent in the like faculty but every thing not happening in all points to Tiberius as he prophesied. In a rage Tiberius was like to break his neck suddenly: which mishap towards him if Thrasibulus had foreseen by his own calculation, he would not have been present in that peril, 
The uncertentye of Astrologye.  but they uncertain of their own estate do make a certain calculation of other men's, and not able in deed to withstand perils, do yet boast of their faculty and science as though it preserved them, 
The estate of all those which cast nativities.  wherein every one of them is deceived & do fall to many undoinge: & they which can domify to all felicity for other a bore & needy estate, their own devices have wrapped them with many miseries, such is their vain glorious calculation, so deceitful is their art, and so vain is their knowledge, replenished with illusions, and such is their vain study, 
The casting of Nativities.  deceitful inventions, subtle illusions, conjectural practices: which Theodoretus a most famous writer in his book of questions upon Genesis, condemneth as vain, 
Theodoretus in questione 1●. Genesis.  most wicked & detestable in these words: As concerning the vain contention upon a calculation, cast upon the nativity of any man, 
Pythagoras.  neither Pythagoras nor Plato, 
Plato.  nor the stoics have received any such kind of science: 
stoics.  Who then having their faith in the holy Scriptures: will not receive these things not only as wicked but as vain and foolish. Thus much as concerning that part of astrology, or the calculation upon the nativity of any man, how wicked, foolish, and impious it is. As concerning the things which did foreshow Tiberius' success in attaining to the Empire, this was one, 
A foreshow of Tiberius to succeed in the Empire.  at his return to Rome Tiberius being at roods, an Eagle never seen before in that coast, fate upon the place where Tiberius lodged, with many other tokens: whereupon a conjecture was taken, the Empire to fall to Tiberius' hands. At that instant when Octavius the Emperor was at the point of death, 
A manner of foreshow among the Romans.  but of perfect remembrance: he caused Tiberius to be called for to common with him, many do think that Octavius never minded to created Tiberius' Emperor, but being ruled by Livia the Empress: 
Livia.  For Octavius could better rule the large Dominion of the Roman Empire, yea the mighty Region of Greece was more in fear of him, than the froward and dissolute mind of Livid, so hard and difficult a matter it is to rule a creature with whom will, lust, and appetite was as a law, and especially where such a one hath authority and stroke to affect and dispose as nature and will listeth to rule above the Prince. Othersome do say that the nobility of heart and courage of Tiberius, his noble acts in the affairs of the Emperor Octavius, moved him thereto, many are the commendations of Tiberius in certain Epistles written by Octavius, in his affairs and business, 
The commendations of Tiberius.  if other Chronicles be searched you shall find the commendations of Tiberius before he came to be Emperor to be very great. This is one of many: Nihil interest valeam nec ne, si tu non valebis: if thou Tiberius do not well, I myself cannot do well: with many words of commendations. divers suspicions were surmised of Tiberius in attaining to the Empire, for the death of Augustus was not known before Agrippa 
Agrippa.  being adopted of Octavius was murdered, which thing comprehended in it a full suspicion, 
devices for kingdoms sake.  that both Tiberius and Livia had used their subtleties, such are the devices many times for kingdoms sake, for true it is, no cruel beast seeketh so egerlye for his prey, as bloody hearts puffed up with ambition, do devise purposes to establish in some security their estate, there is no regard of right, law, nor kindred, noble parentage, the fool and the wise, the coward with the politic person are a like, 
Ambition a bloody beast.  where ambition with strong hands armed doth get mastery, nature, descent, right and law is overwhelmed by ambition in tyrants. The Chronicles are full of such testimonies of ambitious examples, 
jugurtha.  as of jugurtha towards the children of Misipsa, 
Romulus.  of Romulus and Remus, 
Polynices.  brethren of Polynices, 
Eteocles.  and Eteocles brethren, 
Clytaemnestra  of Clytaemnestra and Aegisthus, 
Aegisthus.  & those that succeeded Alexander the great, of Bessus 
Bessus.  towards king Darius, 
Herode.  of Herode against his own son, 
Antonins.  of Antonius Caracalla, 
Henrye the fourth.  against his own father Severus Emperor of Rome: Our Chronicles want not the like devices, call to mind the late days of Henrye the fourth toward Richard the second, and of his nobility: Of Owen Glendoure usurping in Wales against Henrye the fourth, 
Owen Glendoure.  Richard the third against Edward the fourth children, 
Richard the third.  for both they were murdered by Richard the third, 
Ambition.  so strong is ambition to inflame the hearts of the ambitious, to seek innovation against the state of the Princes, to raise from mean to greater, and so with all excess of unsatiable desire from better do mind as just in them kindleth to enjoy the highest throne alone to command, 
Ambition.  not of one City or country, but of large Dominions, and of infinite Regions.  
At such time as Tiberius should take upon him the state of the Empire by the consent of the Senate, 
The dissimulation of Tiberius.  he seemed to refuse it for many dangers hanging over his head, and also because be would be thought free from all suspicion before time surmised: and that he might know his friends from his foes. divers wrought conspiracies against him as Clemens the servant of Agrippa in his masters quarrel had gathered no small strength and power to revenge the murder of his master. 
Scribonius.  Also Scribonius a noble peer began a seditious tumult, besides that his men of war which were in Illiria were at discord, and those in germany were moved to sedition in that their stipend of wages was not equal to the others long he was in that fear, but by little and little he crept out of all mistrust: At the first he detested flattery and flatterers, insomuch that he would not suffer any to call him Lord, though was by estate an Emperor, so great was his dissimulation, 
The dissimulation of wicked men.  for the wicked will seem that they lest desire to be, the covetous many times will show themselves liberal, yea more than liberal, princely in gifts, full of many deceits, 
Adulation.  the voluptuous temperate, 
Covetousuespunc;  the prodigal sparing, the irreligious full of holiness, by process of time his conditions sheewed fourth his hid cogitations, his dissimulation gave an open truth to utter what he was truly: where upon the Romans seeing so great alteration in the life of the Prince, 
The estate of wicked Princes.  his manners so beastly, and his purposes in all respects so wicked, that many spoke freely, more rashly, then wisely, more boldly, then circumspectly, against the beastly life of their governor, the most part thought more than they spoke, the godly and welwilling hearts held their peace, because they feared the law and displeasure of the Prince, other some there were, whom neither law nor displeasure restrained. Read the whole Chronicles of every age, the good and godly Princes were ever for fame and worthyves of Acts commended in their present age, advanced through desert of worthiness reserved from oblivion to all ages, and to all posterities: the wicked Princes as they lived so they remain Chronicled to all ages. The like remaineth of Tiberius, for as he deserved by worthiness, so afterward contrary desert purchased just commendation. This thing was much to be commended of Tiberius before he changed his manners in government, when as he was willed of diverse who bore great authority in many of his provinces, that he should say on his people great & heavy tributes, He wrote again unto them in these words: Boni Pastoris est tond ere pecus, non deglubere. A good sheep heard aught to shear his sheep, 
The godly prince.  but not to swallow them: Good Princes may do to their behoove and commodity take of the subject to the furtherance of his estate, 
The tyrant.  with the common wealth: for therein the good Prince and the tyrant differre, the one regardeth the common wealth, 
The good Prince.  tother his private commodity: for the tyrant liveth to himself, the good Prince to many, & therefore he is loved of many. As concerning the external ceremonies of the jews he prohibited the use of them in all his provinces and all such as addicted themselves to their Religion and ceremonies, and who so therein obeyed not his commandment was in the peril of perpetual bondage. He banished out of the City all such as by gasinge of the Stars foreshowed things to come, after these things, 
Germanicus.  his two sons Germanicus and Drusus died: Germanicus died in Syria, 
Drusus.  Drusus died at Rome for whose death he took so great pensiveness and thought of mind, that he left the City of Rome with all his pleasures, for that all his joy, his delight, and comfort was taken from him, not long after that mishap, an other great misfortune fell unto him: Tiberius being at the City of Anxur otherwise called Terrachina, being in the place of the Praetor not having as yet supped, many mighty great stones fell down from the upper part of that place, by which mishap many of those which were at that banquet and of their servants were crushed to death, and he alone beyond all expectation escaped. At the same time he made a progress through Campania: 
Capua.  he made at Capua a goodly and sumptuous Temple or Capitol, 
Nola.  at Nola he erected a Temple in a perpetual memory, of the Emperor Augustus his predecessor: which was thought to be done for this cause that Octavius died there. After that he went to the Island Capreas a pleasant Island: which was on the one side closed with his rocks, on the other side, the sea closed it in. The absence of the Prince was much desired, by reason of a certain great calamity and misfortune which fell at Fi●enas an old ancient town builded of the Albans, for in that place above twenty thousand men perished by the fall of the Amphitheatrum, he gave over by reason of his foresaid pensiveness for the death of his two sons, the care of his common wealth, he had no consideration of the estate of Spain, and Syria, which was then in the jurisdiction of the Roman Empire, it was without Ambassadors, Armenia was possessed of the Parthians, which Armenia obeyed the Romans until such time as they careless neglected the same. Mesia was spoiled of the Dacians and Sarmatians, France was also over run of the germans, with no small infamy, not only to this careless Emperor Tiberius but to the whole Empire. 
The great care of Princes●  Great aught the cares of a Prince to be, who beareth Sceptre over ma●y, for the great care and ware deliberation, preserveth in fortunate estate his Dominion: whereas the careless life of a Prince, his wanton and dissolute manners pulleth down & destroyeth. It was not without consideration that Homer the famous Poet, setting forth the full and absolute manner of government wrote these words.  
Nequaquam oportet virum consularem, totas noctes somno indulgere, cui populus curae est & tanta reipublicae negotia: A good Prince most not lie all the whole night drowsy who hath a charge over people and kingdoms.  
Tiberius thus giving over the care of the common wealth appeared then as nature inclined him to all beastliness, and folly, undecent for that estate: First he gave himself to excessive riot and quaffinge, whereupon through folly a drunken name was geeven unto him, being called for Tiberius, Biberius, 
Biberius.  as one delightinge in drink, a banketinge Prince, 
Caldius.  a quaffer, he was called also for Claudius, Caldius, for Nero, Mero. 
Mero.  He gave himself to such company as that delighted in the like folly with whom day by day he accompanied himself in banketinge, such were his friends and his delight, and for their great excellency therein he would bestow upon them great offices of great authority, for to Pomponus Flaccus he gave the government of Syria, 
Pomponius  being one of them who procured these kind of follies, he gave also to Lucius Piso, 
Lucius Piso.  the chief office over the City of Rome, he was also in love with Sextus Claudius, who was banished from the Emperor Octavius for his beastly life, 
Sextus Claudius.  such now are his friends and high counsellors. The Prince cannot lack his mates, for as he inureth himself, so many follow & fashion themselves to the doing of the Prince. This Sextus Claudius was an old man, unthrifty, geeven to all beastly pleasures, with Tiberius on a time he made a covenant to give him a sumptuous banquet, if he would sup with him: where many fair maidens served him at the board naked, many other there were in whom he delighted, such especially as could find out new and fond pleasures, strange devices, 
The folly of Tiberius.  beastly pastimes, and such were most esteemed with him as passed other in folly, he made a new office which was called a voluptatibus, rewarding all such as invented delights for the Prince's tooth, 
A voluptatibus.  who furthered therein his estate and heaped by invention, store of such pleasures. The beastliness of this Prince was in all respects such, as that nature abhorreth to utter his conditions: besides this as he suffered filthy life commonly, so openly he both used and allowed it, It may be thought that no folly could be greater, but who so readeth the Chronicles, and weigheth thoroughly his life, shame fastness will prohibit him to bestow his time in reading so filthy matter. After this he behaved himself with all tyranny, not only against Caius Lentulus Augur, but also against Lepida: 
Tyranny.  with all tyranny he used the Princes of Greece, Syria and France, he caused the king of the Parthians, who was expelled from his own country, and flying to the trusty hands of the Romans to be murdered and spoiled of all his riches, 
faith to be observed in Princes.  he was at defiance with Livia his mother, by whom he purchased that authority, he was much grieved with the Senate, in that in acts and decrees, he was called the son of Octavius and Livia, yea such was his hatred toward her, that she being dead, he cruelly handled all those to whom Livia gave charge over her funeral: 
Livia.  his wicked life was such that many wrote against him, and not unworthily, his tyranny passed all other, no day passed without bloudsheddinge, 
A tyrant.  many women and children killed themselves, fearing to fall into the hands of such a tyrant, his cruelty was such that Artabanus the king of the Parthians reviled him in letters, 
Artabanus.  placing before his eyes, his filthy life, his murders, and living not to be named, of which he was ashamed. This is that Tiberius by whom Valerius Gractius was made governor over the jews, the successor of Annius Rufus. 
Pilate.  Pilate was accused of the jews, and sent by Vitellius to Rome, but Tiberius was dead before Pilate came to Rome. 
Isis.  The famous Temple of Isis was destroyed at the commandment of Tiberius, and the Images of Isis' throne in the Tiber at Rome, because of the great mischievous act committed in the Temple of Isis, 
Munda.  against Paulina a chaste woman, by one Munda a young man, to the which fact, the priests of the Temple were privy bawds, the beastly practise unknown to the good woman Paulina: josephus telleth the whole story at large. Tiberius' made Vitellius chief governor underneath him, as the vice Roye in Jerusalem: 
Vitellius.  who wrote letters to Vitellius, to make a league of amity with Artabanus the king of the Parthians, because he feared him, but upon that condition a league to be made, so that the sons of the Emperor of the Parthans be delivered as pledges to Vitellius. Vitellius forthwith persuadeth two Princes with great gifts without all delay to enter battle against Artabanus, king of the Parthians, but they would not move battle against him, but they suffered the Scythians to enter, giving them passage and entry by straits of the Cuspians sea, to invade the country, by whose invasion the whole country of the Armenians was spoiled and wasted, and the land filled with the slaughter of the Parthians, his chief nobles being at that battle fled, the Emperor's son of the Parthians was slain there. With this mean Vitellius by great gifts, had won to him all the Princes bordering upon those parts, to betray Artabanus the Emperor, but as soon as Artabanus understood his falsehood, be fled with a few faithful people, to other Princes a far of, who of themselves prepared a great power and defended his own Dominion, as soon as Tiberius understood that Artabanus▪ was of force to join wars with the Romans, he willingly made peace with him, the league was made at the flood Euphrates, between Artabanus and Vitellius, each of them with a few meeting, Herode made a sumptuous banquet to Vitellius, and Artabanus king of the Parthians: & Artabanus to the full confirmation of this league, gave to the hands of Vitellius his ii sons, Darius and Artaxerxes, with whom he sent many rich gifts and princely, with whom he sent a man of high stature, seven. cubits high, his name was Lazarus, who for his high stature was called a Gyante, the league confirmed, Vitellius departed to Antioch, Artabanus to Babylon returned. Herode false in all his doings to prevent Vitellius, 
Herode.  by letters sent to Tiberius the Emperor as concerning the league confirmed, for unto Vitellius letters, Tiberius maketh answer that he knew long before of those news, by the letters of Herode: where upon great envy & grudge rose between Herod and Vitellius, secret policy of destructin against one another, 
Vitellius.  Vitellius never uttered his malicious intent, but keeping close his malicious purpose and kindled Ire, until such time as opportunity served to subvert Herode, and that was in the government of the next Emperor. Caius succeeding this Tiberius: this was he that put to death that holyman john baptist, and because Herode saw the people to be persuaded by him (his beastly life reproved of the Prophet) he thought it befte to put him to death, for no man durst rebuke Herode, great plagues fell upon Herode & his power. Tiberius' used to give offices for term of life not without great cause removing any officers: Who being demanded why he did so? he made this answer by a fable: There was a certain man wounded, unto whose wound many hungry flesh flees in great number flew & sucked his wound, this being seen of another man that passed by, who lamented the mischance of the wounded person, moved with pity & compassion came unto him, both with helping hand and counsel to ease him, thinking that through weakness, he was not able to drive them from him: but the wounded man answered greater harm and pain will ensue to me if fresh and greedy flies do come to my wound, for these filled with my blood are not so grievous, having their fill of it, but if hungry flies do gather to my wound, 
Covetous officers.  they will with such hungry desire suck my wound, that they will increase a new pain to me, so officers where they be often removed, having no assurance of office nor perpetuitye fearing of removing, they do for their time more greedily hunt for gain, & search more narrowly, the hid and inward bowels of gain●. Tiberius' returning to Caprias, fell sick of an ague whereof in the end he died, who having but two sons and those only by adoption, for Drusus his own son was dead at that instant time, whose son Tiberius had made his adoptive son, and he made Caius the son of his brother Cermanicus his other adoptive son: this Caius was brought up in all excellency of learning, interelye beloved of the people, both for his own virtues, and for his father's noble acts: these three excellent virtues promoted his father Germanicu●, to high dignity: Morun mansuetudo Affabilitas, Humilitas, that is to say, of conditions gentle and meek, easy to be talked with, and humble or lowly, by these virtues, he was in great estimation and honour, both with the Senate and the common multitude, great lamentation was made for the death of Germanicus. Tiberius' the Emperor commanded Enodus to bring early to him those two young children Caius and Tiberius, praying to God that he might see some manifest sign, who should succeed him in the Empire, of these two desirous to leave to his nephew his Empire, but the purpose of man is nothing, the providence of GOD to dispose all things at his will and counsel, yea the mightiest state of Dominions, kings and kingdoms are in his hands, to be created as he seethe cause and time. This was showed to him, the sway of the Roman Empire to fall to him who should come first to him, the next day following, Tiberius knowing this, sent unto the Schoolmaster of his nephew Tiberius, commanding him very earnestly to bring Tiberius his young nephew to him, 
Nephew.  thinking thereby to satisfy the sentence of the oracle which he had uttered, but God contrariwise disposed for the succession of the king. The next day following, Tiberius the Emperor commanded Enodus to bring to him which of these ii young children came first, Enodus departed from that Emperor, Tiberius & found Caius before his tent, 
josephus.  for Tiberius was not as it present being more desirous of his breakfast, Enodus not knowing the secret cogitation and hid purpose of the Emperor Tiberius, come hither Caius saith he, the Emperor thy father calleth thee, and forthwith Caius with Enodus entered in to the Emperor, assoon as the Emperor Tiberius saw Caius (saith josephus:) Tunc primum intellixit maiestatis divinae potentia, et quod non ●it in hominum potestate de imperij constitutione decernere: Then the Emperor Tiberius saw the power of almighty God, & that it is not in man's power to dispose the seat of government, as we may see in all Histories how contrarily to all expectation, those that have been dead in all considerations and respects of hope to the world of enjoying kingdom, 
Succession of Princes in the counsel of God.  have obtained kingdom and triumphed. Tiberius much lamented himself because his counsel, his will and determination was frustrate, which be long purposed, and that in his life time, he was not of power to establish in throne whom he wished, again be saw what peril would happen to Tiberius being put from the succession of the Empire, and the envy against many noble pears against Tiberius the Emperor, Tiberius' much blamed himself in that he made such request and petition to God, 
josephus.  for the succession at his own will, for with great grief of mind he departed his life, yet Tiberius using dissimulation to appease the wrath and envy that might rise between Caius and Tiberius, spoke these words: O my son Caius, although Tiberius my kinsman be nearer to me than you be, yet the secret counsel of God, his ordinance and my decree doth resign and give over to thee: this our Imperial seat, I do request of the that thou bear in mind no evil against any man, that hath been serviceable to me or loved me, neither hurt any man for my sake. I have advanced the only to this state of royal throne, be not unfriendly to Tiberius, somewhat kindred moveth you to that love, and I especially aught to persuade you thereto, in that I have been the chief patron and author of this Imperial seat, and that for my sake you show love to those whom I have loved, and also to have a ●are of Tiberius in that he is your kinsman, and in honouring Tiberius you shall make yourself strong. Nam solitarius quisque amplius periculis patet maxim, cum in tanta rerum celsitudine fuerit constitutus, ad haec quoque quia nec dij impunitum quidquam relinquunt, quod contra faedus naturae fuerit perpetratum. For what Prince soever be without some one assured stay or strong arm near unto him, 
josephus.  he is always in peril being in such lofty estate, neither doth God let go unpunished any thing committed against the law of nature. Tiberius' the Emperor spoke this to make a concord between Caius and Tiberius his kinsman, fearing after his death this subversion of Tiberius, Caius for that time made answer to the Emperor Tiberius very courteously, and promised to do all things that the Emperor Tiberius exhorted him unto, all the Emperor Tiberius spoke with dessimulation to Caius, so Caius with dissimulation requited the talk of the Emperor Tiberius. For assoon as Caius was created Emperor, 
Murder.  Caius killed Tiberius, and Caius not long after was also murdered. Tiberius reigned 22. years. 6. months and three days. The Romans hearing of the death of Tiberius, they were very joyful, but openly they durst not show their joyful hearts, till it was manifest to all men, for much would be given to hear of that tyrants death, the cause why the Romans rejoice of Tiberius' death was great, for he had murdered many of the great Pears & nobles of Rome without cause. His evils were so great, they were not to be borne, no counsel could withdraw his wrath, neither any means pacify his Ire, as he listed so was he without discretion led to all evil, without reason inventing the occasion of evil, 
Tiberius.  beastly & barbarous in all his doings, these were the causes that made Kenas glad of his death, Machias the free man of Agrippa, bringing the first news to Agrippa of Tiberius' death, he declared the death of the Emperor Tiberius, speaking this in the Hebrew tongue: Mortuus est inquit Leo, the Lion is dead. For Agrippa was put in prison of Tiberius, Caius enjoying the kingdom extolled to great honour Agrippa. Before his death diverse things happened, as an earthquake which swallowed up the Tower of Pharus, with many other like things: As concerning his death some think that Caius poisoned him, some say one way, some another, he died in villa Luciana, in the seventy & eight year of his age, the whole time of his government was three and twenty years, he died in the seventeen of the kalends of April: Caius Aseronius proculus, and Caius portius niger being consuls.  
In the xvii. year of his reign Christ our Saviour was crucified of the jews. His death showed what good hearts the people bore to him, some cried throw him into the flood Tiber, many thought the earth unmeet to receive his body, in such sort are wicked Princes loved, their life ceasing, them spoke they freely which before his cruelty had couched in silence, 
Evil life.  his end was as his life beastly in all infamy, the earth unmeet to receive a nature and body so monstruous. Unto Rome was he brought, and there ended the funeral Exequys with joy, whose cruelty all men had felt, and whose beastly life all honest natures abhorred. This was the end of Tiberius. (⸫)   

Caius Caligula.  
CAius Caligula reigned four years, this Caligula was the son of noble Germanicus, 
Germanicus.  the father was not so virtuously inclined as his son Caligula to all wicked rapted: great be the commendations of his father Germanicus, whose death was procured by the Emperor, and by Cneius Piso, which Piso had the government of Syria under Tiberius, 
Piso.  this Germanicus was made by the will of Octavius, to succeed in the Empire as Tiberius did. In fortunate estate had Rome been in, if Germanicus after the death of Octavius had prevented Tiberius, so it came to pass that Caligula succeeded Germanicus, his father being dead, this name Caligula was given him of the men of war, the mother of Caligula to allure the love of the people would sometime show him to the army, this Caligula following the like steps of Tiberius was entirely beloved of all men before he was Emperor, but in the government he was so wicked, that not without desert the fame of him went, that in Rome there came never such a tyrant. 
A sudden change.  Caligula was borne the day before the kalends of September, his father Germanicus, and Caius fonteius Capito being consuls.  
When he came to age he married junia Claudilla the daughter of Marcus Sillanus a noble man, 
junia Claudilla.  this junia Claudilla dying in childbed, he did allure to unlawful lust Enia Nevia the wife of Macron promising her marriage, if he obtained the Empire which after he came to enjoy, 
Pride.  pride gate such mastery over him, that one title or name of dignity contented him not, but he would be called Pius Caesar, Castrorum filius, pater excercituum & optimus maximus Caesar. Now he began to challenge honour, 
Lack of knowledge.  not as a man but as a God, for the which cause he commanded certain of his Gods to be brought out of Greece as jupiter and Olimpicus, whose crown being taken from the head, he put it on his, & would place himself between his Gods to be honoured as a God, he caused a Temple proper to his godhead, 
Pride.  to be erected & Priests to honour him, & also meet sacrifices to be offered, the Image was appareled in the Temple as he went himself, he would seem also to talk with jupiter the God, be defamed his mother, and cruelly used himself and beastly, this Caligula deflowered three of his own sisters, following therein the like fashions in apparel of jupiter, 
jupiter.  whom he followed in apparel, 
Bacchus.  and sometime he went like drunken Bacchus, using Bacchus drunken and beastly dance. This Caligula was so wicked his beastly life in all points considered, that the Historiographers have been in doubt whether it were best to leave any memory of him. But seeing it is profitable to the posterity of all ages following, 
Why wicked Princes aught to be Chronicled.  that they by Chronicles might know the life, manners, and conditions of Princes and governors. For wicked Princes knowing their wicked life to be in perpetual memory, after what sort soever it be, they will thereby be afraid and lead their life more uprightly and virtuously, lest their filthy body dead in grave, should leave like fame to brute their worthiness. This Caligula was the first Emperor that put on his head a Crown or Diadem, 
The Crown first used.  and commanded himself to be called Lord, to entreat at large his beastly life, it were not only ●ediouse to scyte, but a matter to filthy for any, to think that any Prince had spent his days in such beastliness, 
Beastliness.  not unlike to unreasonable creatures, who as they be led by nature, so they obey unto nature, 
Murder.  besides this, horrible was his murders as the Chronicles do show at large: As Suetonius Tranquillus recordeth, such was his cruelty that he would compel the parents to be present at the torments of their children, he burned the Poet Attalina, for a Verse which he supposed privily did not his folly. 
Attalina.  A certain knight of Rome at his commandment being cast to cruel beasts to be devoured, (who in his torment crying out to dye an innocent) he caused him to be brought to his presence, whose tongue being cut out commanded him again to be thrown to the beasts.  
A certain man being called home from banishment was demanded of Caligula how he passed his time in exile? (he answered with flattery,) my prayer was always to the Gods, 
Adulation rewarded with death.  (that as it happened in deed) Tiberius your predecessor might dye, and you to reign after him, Caligula pondering that his banished men might wish in their prayers the like end to him, sent therefore into all the islands where unto they were banished, that every one of them might be murdered, of infinite murders, these are a few to show his cruelty, as he herefte them of their lives, so he spoiled other of goods and lands. This was one thing that might show his cruelty, that to his mother or aunt he would commonly say: Tam bona cernix simul ac iussero demetur. 
Cruelty.  Your necks are at my pleasure be they never so fair. As he passed in beastly cruelty, so also he laboured and endeavoured to extinguish learning, for the works of Homer were by him quite abolished, defending himself by the Books of Plato entreating of a perfit common wealth, 
Tyrant's hate learning.  who expelled poets, Virgil the famous Poet, and Titus Livius a notable Historiographer, were through the contempt of the wicked Emperor almost thrown out of all libraries, 
Virgil.  Virgil he regard not, saying that he was of no wit and less learning, 
Livy.  & Livy because he was tedious and not circumspect in his Histories. This Caligula also under an outward pretence of right sought to abolish all laws and monuments thereof saying: Se effectum ne quid repondere possunt leges preter equum, that he would redress laws and that they should pronounce nothing but right, yet he sought by all means to extinguish learning, these things are but a part to show out of infinite, his abomination, cruelty, despising of God, and contempt of man, many wonderful tokens went before his death, to show his end, a certain expert man in the Mathematical sciences did foreshow unto him his violente death to be procured, he was warned of one who would slay him: whom for fear he put to death, but by another Caligula his death was wrought, 
The dream of Caligula.  the day before he died Caligula dreamt, that he stood in Heaven before the throne of jupiter, and with jupiters' right toe was thrown down to the earth, Caligula was but xxiii. years of age when he died, 
Caligula.  his government continued but three years and ten moves, some writ four years, he was killed by one Kyria and Sabinus with other more, who strake him with thirty wounds, some thrust their weapons through his privy members: In the house where he died no night passed without terrible sighs, until such time as fire had consumed it. (⸫)   

Claudius' Tiberius the son of Drusus.  
Claudius' Tiberius the son of Drusus, was borne in the kalends of August at Lugdunum a City in France, in the country of Aquitania, the same day there was an Altar (as their old manner of superstition was) erected to Augustus: at which time julius Antonius, and Fabius Africanus were consuls, he was called Tiberius Claudius Drusus, this Claudius was brother to Tiberius the Emperor before Caligula, this Claudius was also uncle to Caligula by the father's side, he reigned fourteen years, 
Claudius' Tiberius.  by nature he was vexed with many infirmities, always deceased of body, and ill affected in mind, and as it should seem, the disposition of his mind following the frame of his diseased body, his wit was such that he was more meet in field to be a shepherd, then in place to govern: certain it is as Histories do note, that when this Claudius Tiberius was bruited to be placed in the seat of the Empire, his sister said: Detestata sum tam iniquam populi Romani sortem. I detest (saith she) such abominable and wicked state to fall on Rome, 
Claudius' Tiberius.  his mother was also wont to call him: Portentum hominis, nec absolutum, à natura tantum inchoatum: That is, a wonder and monstruous thing in respect of a man, whom nature had not finished perfectly, but left unperfect: who if at any time she had reproved any for folly, 
Claudius.  she would say he was as foolish as Claudius her son.  
Octavius also writing diverse Epistles to Livia his wife, noted much his folly, none there were that hoped any goodness of him, and yet he was brought up in learning, but neither any education, fear, nor the teacher, could enter into such a monstruous nature, and so untoward a parson, to plant in him virtue, knowledge or excellency, a marvelous matter that such a one in whom neither virtue nor any excellent quallitye, whom nature had framed with conditions monstruous, whom his own kin (for untowardness and wicked disposition) despised and contemned to enjoy such dignity, 
Man purposeth, God only disposeth.  but such is oftentimes the estate of kingdoms and empires that they descend as other possessions and lands do to fortunate fools. 
Rome.  Rome hath smarted by foolish Princes, and by such also as after good education have applied themselves to practise mischiefs, 
The estate of kingdoms.  by such the frailty of kingdoms and mutable estate is known, he raiseth the fool to bear Sceptre, not always the wise, he huffeth to the like estate. Ab armento, a gregario milite, a compedibus, ab horto, that is, from the drove, as Galerius Armentarius, from a base and mean soldier, as Mauricius and Phocas, from a Gardeners son, as Probus, so the estate of kingdoms in time to come is unknown, 
The estate of kingdoms in succession.  when persons so unlikely, so base for dignity, are advanced to bear Sceptre, and to have Dominion, over kingdoms. The secret providence of God reserveth many times unknown persons, and such as in respect of other, the world contemneth to do mighty things, this mighty Empire of Rome, 
The providence of God in kingdoms  caught to rule them a Prince unmanly, without courage or wisdom, who was placed to govern in the Empire being fifty years of age, and for xiiii. years space bore Dominion: who for fear at the first hiding himself was brought forth by certain of the soldiers and saluted Emperor, for in those days the Senators were by force compelled to stand to their election and choice, such a broil their warlike stomachs raised, and their stout courages moved, 
Forced election.  not by reason led, not by counsel, not by good persuasions, but rashly placing whom they wilfully allowed, as it doth appear by many Emperors, who were in the like sort chosen, who many times as they were by their wilful heads created to such estate and dignity, so likewise suddenly displaced, many treasons also were wrought against this Emperor Claudius. For Gallus, Asininus, Stati●ius, corvinus with other moved seditiously against him. Rome also was infected with civil war by Furius Camillus, and Scribonius an Ambassador of Dalmacia: but within the space of five days they were repressed, this Emperor being very young was espoused to Emilia Lepida: 
Emilia Lepida.  He was also betrothed to Livia Medullina, he made a divorce from Emilia Lepida, 
Livia Medullina.  Livia Medullina died on the marriage day: After this he married Plausia Herculanilla, and being weighed of her, 
Plausia Herculanilla.  he married Elia Petina, none of these two liked him, for both were divorced from him, 
Elia petina.  Petina upon light occasion was divorced, but Herculanilla for her spotted life towards him who was suspected to work the destruction of his life, was put from him, after all these he married with like unfortunate estate Valeria Messalina, 
Messalina.  by her in miserable estate was the Roman Empire. In the days of this Messalina, although so foolish a Prince, such a meacock, such a coward of stomach, for want of wit so foolish, for knowledge, so ignorantly governed, yet wanted he not cruelty, moved thereto by Messalina and other, 
Messalina.  who ruled him: all abomination, whoredom, bloudsheding, injuries, took place by his folly: 
The Court of Tiberius.  his wife Messalina made his court and Palace a place of bawdry, of all uncleanness, the wife and servants, ruled to their pleasure, profit, and advancement: no time hath sheewed the like beastly behaviour, as in the days of this Emperor: his evil officers were not without cause glad that their chief Prince, and governor wanted stout courage to bear the stroke & sway in government, he wanted wisdom, learning and knowledge: for in a Prince, stoutness▪ and valiant stomach are necessary to command in, else the multitude lacketh obedience, and the life, manners, & conditions are dissolute of them, a Prince must be both feared and loved, 
Fear.  working with equity and judgement: It was right well to be thought, 
love.  that this Emperor Tiberius foolish and having no regard of the common wealth: that his officers whom he put in office under him would ill govern the Roman Empire with virtue and godliness, but rarely, or never it happeneth in a Region, Country, or common wealth to be sincerely governed where the Prince is not worthily instructed of himself, nor inclined by nature or study, to wisdom, godly policies, & counsel. Their subjects willbe as Princes to raise unto themselves peculiar profit, private advancement, segniorye, & increase of revenues, they wish a continuance of such estate, wherein they with all security may enrich themselves, such were the officers under Claudius Drusus: 
Felix.  as Polybus, Felix, Possideus, and Pallas, Felix who was made liefetenaunte and chief Captain over his Legions. 
Possideus.  Possideus his eunuch was in high reputation with him, as one that was chief partaker of his victoris: 
Polubus.  Polubus was placed in the midst of his consuls, but Narcissus passed them all, 
Narcissus.  who was this emperors Secretorye, for he was master over his lord 
Pallas.  Pallas puffed with pride, by sumptuous apparel which he wore by his office being Praetor, was made so rich that he made his Lord a poor Emperor, whereupon a rumour commonly went on him, and as it were a nipping taunt that Claudius Tiberius could not want treasure, if he might be received into the society of his officers.  
And now as concerning Messalina, 
Messalina.  who was so beastly that she used her adulterous lust openly, for the which abominable fact many good men withdrew themselves, from thence and therefore they were murdered. Messalina kindled with greater cruelty did allure by force noble women of Rome, that were married, and maidens who by her will and commandment were appareled and tired as harlots, and were constrained to do that which nature abhorreth, & shamefastness closeth in silence to utter, if it so happen that any good man or well affected matron did abhor and detest that villainy, 
The beastly life of Messalina.  a crime was forged and cruelty was sheewed without mercy upon their family, wife and goods.  
Messalina ruling Tiberius thought that she might so continued ruling him: but Tiberius knowing her folly murdered her, he made a promise, upon protestation (because so great was his misfortune by marriage) to remain in single life, who if he should marry at any time would not refuse to dye at their hands, but that continued not, for he was immediately alured with the love of Petina. 
Petina.  Lollia Paulina won also his love, 
Lollia Paulina.  but with these he married not. Agrippina won his favour to marry with him, though against the consent of the Senate, incest marriages were permitted by him, because he might the more quietly enjoy her whom many denied, these were his children which he had by his three wives: 
Drusus.  Of Herculanilla he begat Drusus and Claudia, 
Claudia.  of Petina he begat Anthonia, 
Anthonia.  of Messalina he begat Octavia, which Octavia was after married to Nero son to Agrippina his stepsonne. 
Octavia.  In the end of his life by reason of his vexation in sickness he was minded many times to slay himself. 
The qualities of Tiberius.  He was riotous and given to all excess in banke●inge, little sleep sufficed him, very studious in dyceplayinge, and so excelling in the same, that he made a Book of that art, which dyceplaye came first from the invention of the idle Lydians. 
Dyce play.  This Tiberius was cruel by nature, bloody in all his doings, so fearful that he would assay to go to no place but he would send forth spies to search and view the place, 
Mistrust in tyrants.  they also which waited on him were as soldiers in the field armed, such was his fear, light of credit, whereby many were murdered by him, full of forgetfulness, even toward those that he murdered, forgetting what he had commanded to be done of them, as of Messalina being slain through forgetfulness after death he asked for her, 
Forgetfulness.  as he did the like of many other.  
This Tiberius was well brought up in learning, who in no part framed himself to do what good education did nurter him in, he repented him at the last of the marriage of Agrippina having no son by her, he repented that he made Nero his adopted son, long after as it should seem having a foreshow of death, 
Repentance.  he made his Testament: before he finished other things which he determined, for Agrippina his wife prevented him with poison, but his death was not known until such time as Nero the son of Agrippina was known to succeed, he died in the third Ideses of October, Afinius Marcellus, Aulius Auiola being consuls, when he was threescore and four years of age, the fourteen year of his reign. A blazing star appeared before his death, and divers other things happened, and of all estates at that time many died aswell of noble pears, as of other. (⸫)   

Domitius Nero.  
DOmitius Nero was the son of Domitius Enobarbus, Agrippina was his mother's name, 
Agrippina.  which Agrippina was the wife of Claudius Tiberius Drusus the Emperor before whom she poisoned, and murdered his children, to make this Nero Emperor. This Nero was borne ix. months before Tiberius died, in the xviii. of the kalends of Ianuarye, even at the son rising. As concerning his birth strange it was, that whereas Nero being borne, many with friendly greetings rejoiced and saluted his father, but Enobarbus said: Neque quidquam ex se & Agrippina nasci potuisse nisi detestabile, & malo publico. Nothing surely could be borne of him and of Agrippina, 
A prophesy▪ upon Nero  but that which is detestable, and a decay of a public wealth, an ill Prophesy of the father upon his own son, but afterwards Rome felt him, Detestabile, & malo publico, both detestable and a destroyer of the common wealth. Strange things happen of Princes both in their birth and death, 
Why strange things happen in the birth & death of Princes.  and not without cause seeing that on them mighty Regions depend, and as they govern, so the frame sometime of a whole world is ruled, God not without cause in them alone by strange signs and by divers wonders, foreshoweth either marvelous success or monstruous enterprises, and therefore by good reason the good Prince above all other, 
The good Prince.  is beheld and looked at, as a perfect mirror and similitude of God, as by manners so by estate, on the earth as a God ruling. The wicked Prince though in like estate governing, 
The wicked prince.  yet his manners the contrary do work, and contrary success pulleth down his estate, overwhelmeth his kingdom, good things always foreshow of good Princes, of their race, of their government and of an happy continuing estate, monstrous are those which are foresheewed of monstrous Princes, 
A foreshow for Princes.  as the Chronicles do show at large of many. This Claudius Nero the eleventh year of his age, was made adoptive son to Claudius, and at the same instant geeven over to Annius Seneca, 
Annius Seneca.  who was a Senator both wise and grave, singularly learned, whose excellent Tragedies for worthy argument, and sentence, do excel. It is said of Lactantius Firmianus, that Paul the holy Apostle wrote to learned Seneca as concerning Nero, 
Paul.  the first night that he was geeven over to the tuition of Seneca. Seneca the sa●●e night by a vision in a dream saw that Nero did seem in words to command the Emperor: 
Nero.  wherein he noted his beastly behaviour in time to come. Seneca bestowed much care and diligence to frame so monstruous a nature into an excellent parson worthy to rule, 
Seneca.  but education took small effect in him, when opportunity was given that his nature might show freely what he was, for a kingdom being a free estate, giveth many occasions unto the wanton & dissolute natures to follow their inclination, though otherwise the godly, by their tutor's education do altar & turn their lewd affection. Certain Chroniclers do writ that as concerning the government of Nero for five years space, he excelled in all virtues. 
Traianus.  Traianus a godly Emperor after Nero, was wont to say: that there was no Prince like in government to Nero for five years space, a lamentable case that a Prince for government famous, 
Nero.  for life virtuous, and well learned, that so soon in five years space, both virtue & godly life should cease in him, and horrible vices to reign in their places, and whereas before he was a light to all Princes for his government, now a life most beastly changeth him from a worthy man, 
Why Princes aught to live warily.  to a brutish beast, from a Prince and chief governor, to a bondslave, dangerous is that estate and full of peril wherein dignity shall so exalt that, except the governor daily do live warily and circumspectly, oblivion will soon cast him down from knowledge of himself: Such is the brittle estate of kingdoms. All kinds of villainy and cruelty he exercised, 
Nero.  Taverns and quaffinge houses was his delight to haunt, and also to use light company, murdering as many as happened to meet him, being armed with his beastly folly, and being thereby in peril of his life daily, his folly so increased, and his beastly life, that he ravished Ruberia a certain maid professing chastity to Vesta. 
Ruberia.  He would have married Acten who was made of a bond woman a free, 
Acten.  and also would have forced certain Senators by oath to foreswere themselves, and to say that she was descended of a king's blood, but that would not be. Against nature he would have framed Sporus his eunuch out of kind to be a woman, 
Sporus.  and would have married him, whereupon this rumour went, It had been better with the estate of Rome, if his father Domitius had had such a wife, meaning that then this wicked and beastly Nero had never been borne, be deflied his own mother having no consideration of his own kindred neither respect of any other, 
Nero.  in continuance he grew so full of folly, that he himself as Sardanapalus was wont to do that voluptuous Prince of Thassirians, was tired as Virgins are when they marry, and for that cause he called the assemble of the Senate, who as it seemed durst do no other, but give ear unto his folly, and to seem content therewith, by holding their peace, for therein they thought more wisdom to keep secret & as to seem not to know the great folly of so beastly a Prince with whom, godly counsel and profitable persuasions could nothing avail: 
Tyrants.  Besides this he added more beastliness, he used to clad himself with the skin of a beast, and beastly did use that, 
Nero.  which nature removeth from sight, and as he defiled himself with his mother Agrippina, so he killed her immediately, & even as Clytaemnestra murdering her husband, was murdered by her son Orestes, even so Agrippina murdering Claudius her husband, 
Bloody end.  was at the length at the hands of Nero in like sort murdered, 
The secret counsel of God.  so by one means or other God permitteth away and raiseth up those which are least thought of to scourge the wicked, he rewarded very virtuously his Schoolmaster Seneca being a Senator not for any desert in transgressing the Laws of the Roman Empire, but because with chastisement and correction while age and time suffered he did force him to learning and virtuous life, 
Nero.  but now he showeth what a cruel heart, what beastly conditions his childish body harboured, that which the fear of the rod, the awe of Schoolmaster repressed, now the free state of life setteth out in him at large and pictureth him in his own nature & proper conditions, 
Seneca.  the reward of Seneca must be death, because he taught him virtue, and he loved vice: whereupon Seneca finding so cruel a judge, desired his own death, who died in a bathe, his veins being cut: his death was easy though the judgement cruel, no doubt but that Seneca made long protestation, of his travail and diligence bestowed in the education of him: for the which rather there was cause of advancement to honour in Seneca, 
Nero.  then so cruel a sentence to proceed from so bloody a tyrant. No estate of life is so necessary, no state for worthiness so profitable, 
The state of the Schoolmaster.  to all parts of the common wealth as the state of the Schoolmaster is, he being of good life and well learned, for even as good education was the first cause that made brutish people civil, the fierce, meek, the foolish wise, the ignorant learned. 
Education.  Even so continually the same education preserveth men in that good estate to know God, to learn wisdom, and to excel in all excellency of art, where otherwise it could not but follow, that the posterity would be as brutish in time to come, as that these ornaments and gifts of God had never been: 
Learning.  For by learning, the Prince himself, his nobles & peers do know God, and in their estate are taught to rule the populous, rash, and heedless multitude to obey, only by learning politic laws, 
Learning.  godly government, wise & sage counsellors are made: and yet of all estates most thanckelesse is that office, lest accepted and commonly injuriously rewarded. There was no vice to be named that he wanted, as he was lasciviouns so he was prodigal, having no mediocrity in his expenses, 
Caius.  he praised therefore his uncle Caius in that he had riotously spent the innumerable treasures of Tiberius the Emperor in so short space. As he was strange and sumptuous in his apparel, for he never used to wear one garment twice, 
Prodigalite.  so many other things also be received of his prodigality: Moore things of his murders, and also of his beastly pleasures, which to recite would be to tedious, some also of his manners, it is better to cover with silence, than to make manifest to all men by writing. 
Nero.  Domitius Nero married two wives besides Octavia, one was called Poppea Sabina, and also Statilia Messalina who had murdered their husbands, 
Murder.  and them also at length he murdered, and such as were of his kindred he also slew, his insolency was such, that no mean observed, no estate spared, but whom beastly Just affected, 
Tyranny.  them he spoiled of life: He burned also (through folly with his own hands) many houses and streets of the City of Rome, saying the fashion of the houses and the by lanes liked him not, many things were written in latin & Greek, and openly set forth of him in these words:  
Nero altar orestes, 
Nero.  matricida, novus sponsus. Nero propriam matrem occidit. With many other things. At the same time a Comette or blazing star appeared, the which Nero being not ignorant of, what it commonly did foreshow, feared his own estate mistrusted his own life, 
A Comet.  for as Pontanus writeth. Ventorum quoque certa dabunt tibi signa, cometae, illae etiam belli motus feraque arma minantur, magnorum & clades populorum, & funera regum, aquarum significant penuriam. Comets (saith he) do give certain signs of stormy winds, cruel and bloody wars, a slaughter of people, death of kings, and scarcity of water.  
Lucan writing of the wars of Pompeie and Caesar, 
Comets.  showeth in Verse that Comets, Sunt magnorum Regum fatalia signa: Comets (saith he) be the deadly signs of Kings, for immediately after they were seen, Pompeie died, and Caesar died, and the most of the nobility of Rome, as the Histories of those times do note. Of late days after the death of Edward the sixth, in the first year of the reign of Queen mary, a blazing star appeared, but what terrible things hath followed, what change of kingdoms, and what death of Princes? 
Comets.  two Emperors have died since, France lost two kings, many other Regions had by death lack of their Princes, what plagues beside hath happened in other Regions, what bloodshed by deadly hatred of ambitious Princes? As concerning the blazing star, Nero seeking to put the mischief from himself, as soon as he learned of one Babilus (being expert in astrology) that these Comets did signify the lamentable estate of some Princes, 
Babilus.  he thereupon put to death the mightiest and the most noblest in the Roman Empire, 
Man purposeth and God disposeth.  but his policies prevented not death, for immediately after, his lamentable life caught a lamentable death. After that Nero had reigned xiiii. years through his ill government he was neglected, the favour of people declined from him, 
Virtue.  as virtue kindleth l●ue, so vice moveth hatred, 
Vice.  the province of France fell from him, and many other Regions: it was also foreshowed by the Astronomers, that Nero should cease shortly from his estate. Immediately upon that Spain shrank from him and their Captain Galba was usurping: 
Galba.  Which thing as soon as Nero heard of, as a mad man deprived of wit and senses, renting his clotheses, beating himself said: that he was undone, whose lamentable estate many did seek to ease by comfortable persuasions: saying, this was no new and strange thing, for the like happeneth daily to all Princes: but Nero answered the like happened to no Prince, for he living should lease his kingdom. For all this his bloody heart ceased not to work his pretenced mischief, he went about to poison all the Senate in banquets, 
Nero.  to destroy by fire the City, and by cruel beasts to devour them. Night by night, he was troubled with terrible dreams, 
A dream.  in a vision it seemed to him that he governing a ship, the tacle of it was taken from him by violence, and himself drawn of Octavia his wife whom he murdered before into a dark dungeon, another time he dreamt that he was covered with an infinite number of ants: and many other things besides happened unto him terrible both in vision and dreams, his estate afterward declined, his power decayed, there was no friend to defend him, his beastly life, 
The fear of tyrants.  his bloody slaughters vexed his conscience, which put him from all hope, often times he had in mind to slay himself, 
Galb●.  and hide him for fear of Galba, who sought to displace him, what with fear and misery and hunger this new unaccustomed life pierced him, 
Misery.  so that he was compelled for thirst to drink the filthy puddle water, and said with lamentable voice: An haec Neronis decocta, what is Nero come to this to eat of such broth, he wanted his Princely bed, his cloak was his pallet, and straw his pillow. The Senate of Rome did determine that Nero should be whipped to death with rods, according to the old usage of their ancestors, his neck yoked with a fork. Nero seeing himself forsaken of all his friends, at midnight departed out of the City, Ephannius & Epaphroditus waiting on him, with Neophitus and Sporus. This was the end of Nero, trembling he thrust himself through with his own sword, his wicked man Sporus did thrust for ward his shaking hand, and being not all dead a chief Captain of Galba coming to him feigning by words to have come to help him said: 
The saying of Nero.  Sero, & haec est fides: to late (saith Nero) who should a man trust? meaning by Galba who having the chief government under him did shrink from him, and so he died having his funeral without any pomp: when he was but a child, he was excellently trained up in all learning, a good Poet but evillye he used the same, being a wicked Prince was desirous of fame in tytlinge his name to many things. 
Neronius.  He called the month of April Neronius: Rome also he would have called Neropolis, that is, the City of Nero, as at this day Constantinople is called by the name of Constantine Emperor, which is as much to say in Greek as the city of Constantyne. He was without all Religion and fear of God, 
The first parsecution of the Christians.  tormenting cruelly the Christians, putting there to death Peter and Paul. He died the xxxii. year of his age the same day that he murdered sometime his wife Octavia, but Vologesus the king of the Parthians as it seemeth, 
Vologesus.  loved him in his life, when as in death he had more care of him then the Romans, with whom he governed: He sent Ambassadors desiring lysence to erect to him a monument, but all countries and provinces that were in the jurisdiction of the Roman Empire, did so much rejoice of this wicked Nero his death, that they all did put on their topping tank hats, 
The death of Nero.  (which bond men do use to wear when they be set at liberty) and so they triumphed of his death being delivered from so wicked a tyrant. (⸫)   

THis Sergius Galba descended from the noble house of the Sulpitians, who reigned but seven months and seven days, 
Ambition.  being of no alliance or kindred unto Nero, but commonly as courageous stomachs ambitiously minded, do always by divers persuasions move, & procure to subvert the estate of the lawful Prince: Even so the wicked Galba not content with his estate, not by virtue, or good consideration, was moved to seek innovation and change of this estate in Nero, but was wickedly also in heart disposed, of life also beastly, and sought as wicked men do, to catch to himself an estate more mighty, to a name more glorious, & to have a title of greater worthiness, but soon his estate and title fell who so unjustly for ambition sake and degree of honour displaced his master and Emperor Nero: 
Ambition.  Ambitious heads are beaten with stormy blasts, they live and dye ungloriouslye that subvert the estate of any Prince, yea though it be of the most wicked, neither have they security of estate, 
The end of ambitious heads.  or continuance that by false means and bloody facts do ascend to honour: who so readeth the whole Chronicles, even from the beginning of Thassyrian Empire, let him note the Persian kingdoms, and read of the Greeks, and so end with the Romans: way also the Chronicles of other Princes and estates of time: And this shallbe found a truth, a history most certain: Way the Chronicles of France from Faramundus the first king, 
Carolus calvus.  to Carolus calvus, from Carolus calvus to Pipinus, from Pipinus to these days: 
Brutus.  Consider also our noble Island of Britain, from Brutus to Cadwallader, note the estate of the Saxon Princes even to these days, 
Ambition.  and you shall find the like success of kingdom, the like estate of Princes, and fall of ambitious heads.  
Sergius Galba in like sort framed the kingdom to himself, & so in like wise ended it: Galba succeeded Nero descending of a noble house and was borne, Marcus Valerius Messala, and Cneius Lentulus being consuls, in the ix. kalends of january near to Terrachina, he was made the adoptive son to his stepmother, & was called by the name of Livius, which name he kept until he became Emperor, and he was called Lucius for Sergius, 
Lucius.  it is said that Augustus the Emperor, (Sergius being but a child, in the company of other children) saluted him, Augustus taking him by the cheek said: Et tu fili imperio nostro cresce, 
A Prophecy.  And thou son grow up to rule this kingdom, the which thing Augustus knew by this means: The grand father of Sergius in a great tempest of lightning, as his office was in sacrifice, making expiation: an Eagle flew unto him and caught the sacrifice from his hands, and carried it to an oak. Talk then went: Summum sed serum imperium portendi familiae sue: That is, the Empire should fall to some one that shall descend of his family or noble house though long after: his grand father smiling said: 
Mules.  Cum mula pepererit: That is, when a Mule shall have a foal: meaning thereby never: As Aristotle & Plinne, both show causes that by natural course, barrenness is found to be in them: but the Chronicles do show diverse times the contrary, but in manner of a wonder. For Herodotus showeth that at the same time, 
Cyrus.  when Cyrus the king of the Persians' did win the mighty City Babylon, a mule brought forth a foal: At such times as wonders be foreshowed, beasts have brought forth creatures of contrary kind, as at the destruction of Jerusalem many like strange things appeared, a sheep to bring forth a calf, not so strange than a Mule a foal, though commonly nature denieth it. 
Arcadia.  Yet Theophrastus affirmeth that in Arcadia Mules commonly have their foals. Galba bearing in mind the Eagles' flight, 
Fond prophesies among the Romans.  and the answer of his grandfather, did the more bodlye assay that enterprise, because he doubted not of the enterpretation of that wonder. In the end it happened that Galba aspired to the Empire, his education was singular, in all liberal arts and sciences very studious, especially in the civil law. As soon as he came to age and ripe to marriage, 
Lepida.  he took to him Lepida, which Lepida dying and leaving to Galba two children, he remained the rest of his life without marriage, as concerning what degree & estate he passed in Rome by office it were tedious to scite: but nothing was done of him before he came to be Emperor, but the equity, 
Ambition roteth out virtue.  justice, clemency, upright dealing mastered his affections: He ruled Africa and Aquitania, Germany also by his office obeyed him, & noble fame by worthiness then bruited him: but afterward these things ceased in him: for wisdom folly, for virtue vice, for famous acts, ignomy, long he ruled not, and many things happened which foreshowed his death. This Galba was accounted in life a glutton, geeven over wholly to belly cheer, to immoderate excess of eating and drinking, to beastly life so excessively to serve the belly, as beasts, whom nature hath framed, to the earth only living to eat, serving the belly, obeying with lust and pleasure altogether the same. The Emperor Galba was ruled always in all things by the counsel of three whom he entyrelye beloved julius, 
julius Cornelius.  Cornelius, and Celius, in so much that in his Palace and all places else, 
Celius.  these three were called (Galba his schoolmasters) because as it seemeth he would attempt nothing without the counsel and procurement of them: Not doubt but that the Empyye of Rome was in miserable estate when the Emperor was ignorant, 
The happy government in a wise Prince.  how to bear Dominion and regiment: Seldom times they had fortunate success in their enterprises, when the wit, policy, counsel, and sure affiance of the Emperor did depend upon the witty conveyance, and policy of his counsellors, who in his princely affairs, aught to be inferior to no counsellor, in virtue, learning, policy and counsel. In our English Chronicles it is most manifest in Henry the fift his days, 
Henrye the fift.  what fortunate success he had in his kingdom, with what conquest of other Realms, how in glory and felicity, he triumphed against his enemies? the Scots and the French men were overthrown by him: their Realms and Dominions spoiled: 
The wise Prince.  he being Crowned in Paris. This Henry had counsel, wisdom & policy in himself to achieve any enterprise, he was a king over his people, & both dreaded and beloved, and also a counsellor to his counsellors, of a Princely heart, feared without bloodshed, wittily & with a dreaded majesty he answered their Embassages, they more desirous of his absence then coveting his presence, but then afterward in his sons days (which was Henry the sixth) who was a Prince of no courage, 
Henry the vi.  of small policy, in counsel to work and convey, his great enterprises wanted stomach to command: his domestical government was maimed at home, & for lack of courage put out of his kingdom, thrown into the Tower and there ended his life. 
Henrye the seven.  Henry the seventh a Prince of great wisdom, in how great felicity was his kingdom, the Prince himself endued with all counsel, whose breast was full of knowledge: singularly learned, grave, constant in his doings, that his enemies feared him for his virtues, his subjects loved him at home, in all Regions he was commended, and of all famous Princes well liked. 
Henry the viii.  Henry the viii. deserving perpetual fame of memory to whom neither Achilles, Galba, Epaminondas, neither Sarpedon the mighty, neither Caesar, nor Pompeie, for such matters as he for the estate of his kingdom achieved, 
France.  might be compared: For as France recordeth his martial enterprises, 
Scotland.  so Scotland hath not forgot his victories: he in all parts directed his princely heart to virtuous usage, and clemency, with all bounteousness rewarded their nobility, bestowing upon them Princely gifts, 
Scots.  and large pensions, but they falsely misused so royal a heart, like perjured truce breakers, as witnesseth their king jemye, whose bones lieth here, 
King jemy.  a perpetual memory of the same: but sithence that time many like sleights and false conveyances have been wrought of the Scots towards the Princes of this land.  
King jemye might well have be content with his own land, rather than perjured of his sacred oath and promise of a Prince, 
The oath of a Prince.  which aught to be inviolable, in the absence of our noble governor to seek innovation, to make an uproar and move sedition, the Prince being absent: he sought to win all, but he lost his life, he purchased hatred, perpetual ignominy to himself and to his Realm, not thought worthy of burial, 
A Scotishe Prophesy.  his false Prophesy deceived him, Ibis, redibis, non sed in bello peribis: His body being found dead, a fair Agathe of gold was found about his neck with these words in latin: Nulli servire cupiat, qui sui dominus esse possit. He that may be his own man, and live at his own will, let him be a servant to no man: A sentence meet for a Prince. And he that will live of his own, let him not seek unlawful means to spoil from other. 
Galba.  Galba likewise unjustly seeking, (being a subject) to put down his master Nero was at the length (ruling but seven months and seven days) murdered, great was his commendation for warfare, if he had well used himself, great was his praise in government before he was Emperor, whereupon he could not so soon enter his pavilion or tent, but immediately a voice was heard commonly: Disce militare miles, hic est Galba, non Getulicus, learn to be a warrior, for this is valiant Galba not Getulicus which name was given to the last Tiberius, 
Galba.  who was a foolish man without stomach.  
Galba had valiantness and strength of body, but strength of body without wisdom, is as armour to a mad man, as Isocrates writeth thereof to king Demonicus seldom times also valiantness and wisdom are possessed in one body, for both Ajax and Hector wanted the wisdom of Ulysses, 
Wisdom.  and the grave counsel of Nestor: & so did Diomedes also, Sarpedon the mighty, 
Valiantness.  Paris the beautiful, and lusty Troilus. Galba although by nature he was framed to all excellency in feats of war, wisdom & policy, yet lacked he the discretion to govern, 
Galba.  he was murdered at the length at a certain lake called Curcius, of his men of war, who when they ran upon him violently, he said: Ego vester sum, vos mei, I am your governor, & you my people, but nothing persuaded them, certain germans full willingly would have helped him, but they came to late, to whom as it seemeth he showed himself a merciful Prince. Galba being dead a certain mean soldier cut of his head & brought it Otho who usurped upon Galba, and died afterward violently as Galba did, 
Of ambition the fruits.  for he killed himself. Well, the head of Galba being brought to Otho, he gave it to his black guard, who taking it on a spear, carried it about the Tents with mocking and spiteful words, making an exclamation or shout: Galba cupide fruaris etate tua. Galba well have you wished long life and well might you far, which scoff and taunting words rose hereupon, that he being praised of a certain man for his body being in well liking, & of goodly complexion, and though aged, yet lusty and full of strength: Galba made answer, though I be well stricken in age, yet strength faileth me not. This he would speak in his life time. This Galba was of a goodly stature, bald, his eyes somewhat green of colour, houke nosed, his hands and feet crooked by a long joint sickness, he was seventy and three years of age when he died, ruling seven months and seven days. (⸫)   

 
Silvius Otho, a man descended of noble blood, and from the Princes of Hetruria, his grandfathers name was Marcus Silvius Otho, a knight of Rome, his mother was but of mean parents, his father's name was Lucius Otho, whose mother did lyneallye descend from ancestors of high nobility, this Lucius Otho was not unlike to Tiberius the Emperor, for many by Phisiognomye and stature of body, affirmed him to be the son of Tiberius. 
Silvius Otho.  This Silvius Otho, whom now I entreat of as Emperor succeeded Sergius Galba, not by right succession or by merit, whereby he could challenge any such thing, neither yet through any famous enterprise that might inflame the hearts of the wise, and grave Senators towards him, but by the rash and brutish favour of the men of war, who more by will, then by counsel, more by rash and unadvised means, then by witty persuasions, disposed that estate, not being meet for every parson, nor for every one that is by blood noble, since only the worthy in life, the parson renowned by desert of worthy fame meritethe to possess and enjoy, the Sceptre, power, and authority of so high an office. 
The seat of Princes.  So thestate of kingdoms is tossed from the worthy to the unworthy, from noble to base, from base to mean, & from mean returneth again to noble: The child enjoyeth sometime not being ripe of years, the throne and Sceptre of the door heard Prince, and great and mighty things God suffereth to be compassed and wrought in such weak bodies of wit, not ripe for counsel through their tender years, and where as kingdoms have fallen from mighty Princes, unto women, God hath so wrought for them, that the puisante kings in their government have dreaded them, yea large and mighty have been their victories, 
Women.  their titles famous, their name in perpetual memory, so it is that where strength is not looked for, nor stomach by force to command, yet by the providence of God, always the most mighty have given place to the weak, & the furious & courageous Princes have been at a beck, 
Alexander.  ready to serve them, (except Alexd.) Who ever entered so far into India? who did more valiantly in Ethiopia? Who with greater felicity hath assayed so great things? & for success obtained like victories? as Semiramis the wife of Ninus the first? 
Semiramis.  who ruled xlii. years after Ninus, being a woman, in the apparel of a man, causing one kind of attire commonly to be used among all Thassyrians: and as it appeareth by many Histories of great antiquity, no counsellor of Assyria passed her in policy, no means wanted in her to invent, to assay great and mighty things, and so great, as that the posterity following, did wonder of the same, and this present age as things most marvelous do behold them. 
Kingdom.  What be kingdoms? of what force be the mighty Princes, where God giveth not success to their enterprises? 
Alexander.  Alexander was far inferior for wisdom, for policy, for grave and profound knowledge unto julius Caesar, 
julius Caesar.  to Augustus, to Hannibal, and Scipio: yet how inferior were their acts, 
Augustus.  the success of their enterprises, 
Hannibal.  and title of conquest to Alexander? Darius' the wise Prince of Persia to whom God had given wisdom and valiantness, 
Scipio.  contemning the young age of Alexander, 
Darius.  by an Epistle admonished him to leave of his bragging toys & childish boastings: thinking it a thing impossible Alexander to overcome him, he made no account of Alexander, but in the end he was content to give a great part of his? Dominion even unto the flood Euphrates, and his daughter to wife: but Alexander refused the offer, seeking to have Darius' second to him: in the end Darius was put to flight, his kingdom possessed of Alexander, his wife and children taken, & in flight he was murdered, 
Bessus.  not of Alexander, but of Bessus, who was chief under him: finally his estate wholly thus did decline. As concerning the Amazons, 
The Amaz●nes.  how far stretched their kingdom? what mighty cities builded they? and what great conflicts had they with Princes? and what overthrows did they give them? And as they with divers others maruailouslye beyond all expectation have risen suddenly unto great fame, 
Man purposeth, God disposeth.  Dominion and power, through the fall & ruin of other, whom God would not permit longer to govern, even so contrary to the expectation of all men succeeded this Otho Silvius, a man far unmeet, and not thought of the Romans worthy to possess that estate. To make a full discourse of him, 
Otho.  Otho was borne the four kalends of may in the consulship of Camillus Aruntius, and Domitius Enobarbus, even from his first childhood vices had deep root in him, whose wicked and lewd disposition was oftentimes by his father recompensed with sharp correction, who following voluptuousness, led his life with a fine strumpet of Nero's Court, which was aged, in face old withered, and with unpleasant and crooked limbs mastered, by whose favour, acquaintance, and friendly entertainment, he was so acceptable and in such high reputation with the wicked Emperor Nero, as both his manners, his nature, and whole disposition, seemed to be framed as Nero himself was enured. 
Nero.  Nero so well liked the behaviour of Otho, that he made him privy of his secret villainies and counsels, and of the destruction of his mother Agrippina. Otho growing to lusty age bore great envy and deadly hatred against Galba, by whom Nero loss his kingdom and despaired of his life: but Otho Silvius wanted courage and hardy stomach to assay Galba, he hated Galba, 
Galba.  but he dreaded him. Seleucus also a famous man in the Mathematical sciences by a conjectural nativity, comforted Otho Silvius, and procured forward his cowardly heart persuading him not to fear Galba. Quip audaces fortuna juuat timidosque repellit Aude, potenti esto animo. hoc fretus Galba Neronem devicit. For (saith he) fortune exalteth the bold venturour, and repelleth a coward: Galba being courageous, destroyed Nero: and thou proceeding prosperously shalt Galba subdue, Be bold therefore and assay greater things, your nativity also giveth fortunate success: This one thing moved Otho Silvius against Galba, for whereas he hoped to succeed his heir by adoption, Piso was preferred before him, and thereupon immediately he thought in his mind to kill Galba, 
Ambition.  but Galba was well defended, and so waited on, as that cowardly Silvius durst not enterprise or make any attempt, not long after the soldiers of germany conspired on Vitellius side, 
Murder recompensed ● murder.  and daily divers conspiracies were wrought by them to bring down Otho: It was not for the Senators of Rome to make election, where so many legions of wilful heads armed should give the choice, the soldiers fell in contempt of Otho because he was an unmanly Prince, for the History doth note, that if Otho should hear at any time terrible news, of the dalefull and lamentable end of Princes, or of Captains, or mean soldiers, as the lamentable end of Caslius and Brutus and of other, his faint heart sounded, and would be in an agony: He never durst attempt any enterprise against Galba, 
Cowardliness.  but when he perceived him to be as it were vanquished. Vitellius whom they in mind preferred was more childish than Otho, inferior in manly courage. 
Vitellius.  But Otho seeing the whole end of their conspiracy, for fear in the end killed himself: For early in the morning he did strike himself with a dagger under the left pap, and being half alive as the soldiers rushed into him, immediately died, who had his funeral at Veleterna, and died in the xxxviii. year of his age being a man of mean stature, 
Otho.  baulde, weak legged, his face without hear, wanton in look and effeminate: and he enjoyed the seat but four months. This Otho had divers conflicts in battle with the conspirators of Vitellius who next succeeded him: first at Placentia a City in Liguria, afterward he was overcome at a certain town in italy lying between Cremona and Verona, and in the same place, he ran himself through with his own sword. Thus some write that some of his men of war did so entyrelye love him, as that many of them murdered themselves when they saw his dead body. (⸫) (⸫)   

Aulus Vitellius.  
IVlius Caesar died by violent hand, 
julius Caesar.  Octavius succeeded Caesar, 
Octavius.  with all royalty governing, and his funeral likewise solemnized: Tiberius succeeded Octavius, 
Tiberius.  a wicked Prince. Caligula killed Tiberius, 
Caligula.  Caligula was slain by the hands of Tiberius Drusus, 
Tiberius Drusus.  who in his place governed. Nero by the means of Agrippina his mother, who was wife to Tiberius Drusus (whom she poisoned) obtained the Empire. 
Nero.  Galba displaced Nero, who therefore desperately died: 
Galba.  Galba governing, Otho gave him his deaths wound. Otho succeeding: Vitellius in likewise used him, 
Otho.  who usurped but a short space, for his soldiers threw him into the flood Tiber. This Aulus Vitellius came from a noble lineage, 
Vitellius.  his government was short, contynuinge but viii. months, some say that his progeny came from Faunus' king of the Aborigines and Vitellia who was esteemed for a Gods in many places, of this is his progeny said to come, 
Cassius Severus.  either as Cassius Severus sayeth that he was a cobblers son, and he by art a shoemaker: This Vitellius was borne the viii. kalends of October, or as some do say: the seven. Ideses of September, in the consulship of Drusus Caesar, 
A vain inquisition.  and Norbanus Flaccus. His father Lucius Vitellius, desired to know by calculation of his navitye, the proof, the manner of life, the disposition, end and nature of his son, the judgement thereof sheewed a nature monstrous, a parson beastly, and given to all wickedness, a scourge to Rome, a calamity to his parents, 
Petronius.  he married one Petronia a noble man's daughter, by whom he begat Petronius who was blind of one of his eyes, 
Vitellius murdered his son.  which Petronius after he murdered. Petronia his wife dying, he married Galeria Fundana, by whom he had two children, a son and a daughter: his son by nature stutted and stammered. As concerning his government cruel it was, 
Cruelty.  and so cruel as that he delighted not only in the bloudsheddinge and cruel handling of his enemy, but also of his own subjects whom he tormented and miserably used, whereupon this cruel sentence was always used of him: Optime olere occisum hostem, & melius Civem, The savour (saith he) of an enemy slain, 
A bloody sentence.  savoureth best, but of a Citizen better: What could be more cruelly spoken? or what thing can show and utter the heart of a tyrant more manifestly? then that which in this sentence he uttered: whose heart passed in all cruelty, whose life for bloody tyranny God shortened: his reign was but viii. months, unto whom if time, if success, and opportunity had been of long reign left, he would have made full slender the multitude of the Citizens of Rome, and of those in all other places where he by authority held tyrannical government, 
Evil Princes.  such be those Princes, who neither fear God, nor know themselves, 
Phalaris.  the like was cruel Phalaris, Dionysius the tyrant, Thyestes', 
Dionysius.  & Atreus, Antiochus, julianus who was the great Apostata. Nero with Comodus, Decius and Domitianus. Godly Princes who are endued with virtue, who also do bear a tender zeal to their kingdom, country, and common wealth: 
Godly Princes.  do with all gentleness, with all clemency and merciful dealing, entreat their subjects. For cruelty in a Prince is contrary to law, contrary to justice, it maketh him to be hated of his commons, 
Cruelty.  weak against his enemy, and contemned at home. The loving and zealous subject as he loveth heartily, so he defendeth valiantly and stoutly his governor: What be walls? of what force be towers and fortresses, 
Love of subjects.  where lack of heart in the subject worketh faintly? he neglecteth the Prince, an outward friend, but a secret enemy, for surely where love affecteth not the subject, there the Prince and the kingdom is weak, his estate maimed, his common wealth in ruin, his throne and Sceptre falling: 
A weak kingdom.  Such was the estate of Vitellius and also his end, both Claudius Tiberius, Caligula, Tiberius Drusus, Nero, Galba, and Otho with tyranny exercising their government, were hated and detested, and died not only violently, but also lamentably: where contrarily godly Princes dye with perpetual fame of glory and renown, 
Godly Princes.  time forgetteth not their memory, and the posterity commendeth it to allages. This Aulus Vittellius adding no mean to cruelty, had so great delight in tyranny, as that the murders of them was said to delight his eyes, 
Tyranny.  and please his fantasy: as he would, so he commanded, his will stood in all respects for a law: As concerning his adulterous lust with women, it was so beastly and so common, as that shame forbiddeth to writ thereof as for that which he did against nature, it is not to be put in Chronicle. nor commonly to be red, his violente death was prophesied of, whereupon he banished all those that professed the science of Astrologye. After he had ruled viii. months, this wickes' Prince began to be contemned, his name and power weakened, his men of war that came from Mesia, & Pamnonia, & they also that came by sea from jury and Syria, conspired with Vespasianus who after succeeded. Short was the reign of Vitellius more dreaded, then loved, so God at a sudden displaceth tyrants and changeth their seat. 
Tyrants.   
Now Vitellius for all his beastly government, his cursed tyranny, and discente from a noble house, giveth place to Vespatianus, 
Vespatianus.  who from a low and mean estate, ascended with all honour and famous acts unto government, beyond all expectation both in himself, 
Titus.  and his son Titus Vespatianus, who gave the overthrow to the great and mighty City Jerusalem, 
Jerusalem.  their famous and sumptuous Temple he destroyed, as afterward in their lives shallbe delcared. Vespasianus by this means (aided with his men of war) vanquished Vitellius. Vitellius was drawn out by them from his Palace and Court, his hands bound behind him, and now feeleth tyranny, 
Vitellius.  being before time inferior to none in tyranny, whose high dignity now ceased & name undreaded, is mocked with the mean, and of abject persons not regarded: so God leaveth tyrants (who know not him) & they feel the stroke & power of him who giveth authority to the mightiest: for by God only standeth the kingdom of the Prince, his seat thereby flourisheth, and his people through him prospero, he is only the means that kingdoms most brickle, continued not their estate, name or title, and that their progeny endure not, and that is sin the cause. Vitellius without all shame, in this extremity was nothing dismayed, but in the end desperately sought to kill himself, his clotheses were rent from his body, so that he was left half naked, no filth wanted that was not cast upon him, they drew him unto the place from whence the bodies of parsons condemned, were thrown down at Rome, & in that place where he commanded Sabinus the brother of Vespasian to be put to death, 
Sabinus.  so it came to pass that in the same place Vitellius a murderer of other, 
Vitellius death.  was thrust through with many wounds, at the same time his brother and son died, he being fifty and seven years of age, received his end, 
The end of a tyrant.  who tyranniouslye had governed, and shed in that short time much blood. ⸫   

Vespasianus.  
THe Empire of Rome being full of mutabilitye, having no permanent succession: 
Permanent succession, or kingdom of heritage.  as kingdoms which descend by heritage, but many times according to the election of seditious heads and unmeet parsons, unto some one the possession of that place and room was given, 
Kingdom.  which only virtue and worthiness in acts merited. Nam virtus nobilitati locum, 
Virtue.  & regibus solium distribuit: Virtue first gave the title and place to nobility, 
True nobility.  and to kings their seats: For God of whom all excellency is given, from whom all goodness, all pure and sincere holiness floweth and proceedeth, only ordained that Princes should govern the earth, and being as chief under him, might rule the people: and also that they being highest in authority, 
Why kings be most honoured.  in all virtues most excelling, directing their estates and government unto justice and equity, should therefore be accounted as Gods upon the earth, and above all other creatures most honoured, wherefore godly Princes the more that they excel in all integretye, the greater their wisdom is, and moderation of life, the nearer they aspire unto God: The wicked Prince injuriously possesseth that estate of majesty, 
The wicked Prince.  where virtue doth not adorn the seat of the Prince. From Octavius, what beastly governors have held in possession this Empire? how hath the Empire been tossed by the governors? every one of them through ambition and desire to reign, procucured one an others death, not regarding how unjustly and wickedly they obtained the same: 
Ambition.  For rebellion placed Galba, 
Rebellion.  by rebellion Otho obtained, by rebellion Vitellius succeeded, 
Tyr●●●ye.  as their wicked enterprises are known, so their miserable ends remain, as bridles unto all that desire by tyranny to usurp. Vespasianus descending from no nobility of blood, nor from any noble progeny, for the estate of his parents were but mean, yet all Chronicles record the high commendations and great worthiness of this Vespasian, honour and worship followed him in all his enterprises, a zealous heart incensed him to seek the advancement of the Roman Empire, 
Vespasianus.  unto all those things virtue alured him. This Vespasian was borne the kalends of December, in Samis beyond Reatin a small village, which otherwise is called Phalacryne, in the evening, at what time as Quintus Sulpitius Camarinus, and Caius Pompeius Sabinus were Consuls, this Vespasian was but five year old at the death of Augustus, his education and bringing up, was under his grandmother by the father's side, 
Tertulla.  Tertulla was her name. Vespasianus growing to man's estate, joined to him in marriage Flavia Domicilla, 
Flavia Domicilla.  of her he begat two sons, Ti●●s and Domitianus, and a daughter called Domicilla: His wife Flavia Domicilla dying, he enjoyed the company of another, (not by marriage) but otherwise: He greatly affected a gentlewoman named Cenides. This was one detestable vice in Vespasian a governor, otherwise for acts famous, and among the best Emperors for worthiness Chronicled, to serve herein an adulterous mind, which in a Prince is so much the more heinous, as he by estate is most highest in degree and authority. In the days of Claudius Tiberius Drusus, 
Narcissus.  Vespasian being in high favour with Narcissus, chief secretary to this Claudius, was sent Ambassador in great and weighty matters from the Emperor Claudius to Germany: 
Claudius.  His charge and office there finished, he was sent into Britain this our Island called England, who had there mighty conflicts with the britains, for as it seemeth the Romans by an old conquest which julius Caesar had of the britains, as he recordeth himself, and let in by the Troy novantes favouring Mandubracius, 
Mandubratius Cassibelan.  whose father Cassibelan put to death, Caesar thereby entering, & chiefly through division and treason obtained a conquest, 
Caesar's conquest by treason.  as I have declared before in the life of julius Caesar, sithence those days, the Romans making claim and title to this our noble Island, from julius Caesar, have not ceased many times to war on the britains, to enjoy their old claim and title, as it appeareth in all Emperors from julius Caesar's time, for in all their time mention is made of this our Island of Britain, by whom many times the Romans were aided: but at the length the britains content with a Prince and governor of their own, would no longer be under the jurisdiction of the proud Romans, neither the Romans themselves had great encouragement to war on the britains, who resisted them in the days of king Arthur they demanding tribute of this our Island, 
Arthur.  but Arthur valiantly with his courageous men of war in the parts of France, so discomfited the Romans, being a great number of men of war, conducted by Lucius a chief Consul, 
Lucius.  that Lucius was put to flight, and great havoc & bloody slaughters were made on the Romans: Sithence those days neither with force of hand, neither by claim or title, have the Romans challenged any tribute of this Island. As concerning Vespasian whom I spoke of, who had three great conflicts with the britains, 
Suetonius.  Suetonius Tranquillus recordeth, who lived in those days that Vespasian brought into his subjection two mighty Nations, and above twenty great towns, and also subdued the Isle of Wight, 
The Isle of wight.  which lieth near unto this our Island of Britain, which Isle of Wight is now under the jurisdiction of the governors of this land. Vespasianus obtained great renown in many Dominions: Achaia obeyed him, Licia, Rhodes, 
Vespasianus.  Byzantium, Samos, Thracia, Silicia, & other countries, many things were done by him famously in the government of the Roman Empire: who though he were clothed and endued with virtues, most excellent and singular good qualities, yet this one virtue was in him worthy chief commendation, that was to forgive injuries & displeasures wrought against him, 
A rare virtue.  and not to revenge him of them, for although Vitellius the Emperor before him, was a most wicked and cruel enemy to Vespasian, and had unjustly put to death Sabyne, Vespasianus brother, yet notwithstanding that cruel fact. Vespasian after the death of Vitellius caused his daughter (enrychinge her with great dowryes) to be married to one of high estate and dignity. certainly a rare virtue in a Prince in not revenging, the death of his brother so unjustly procured: He was as it seemeth Lord over affections, and a king over rash, cruel, & malicious perturbations, what other in the world placed in such estate, whom the people & laws do obey, having the sword, the law and authority on his side, and under his government would not most cruelly have handled such as were living of his enemies offspring? 
A rare virtue  This Vespasian also with all facility of mind & patience, did bear with the unquietness of his friends, and would reprove their contumelies, 
Vespasianus.  with the quips and pleasant answers, for he was of his own nature framed to all pleasantness of mind and patience. There was a certain man whose name was Licinius Martianus, by this Licinius Martianus, Vespasian was furthered and promoted to the seat imperial: For which friendly desert Licinius Martianus, was become insolent and pro●de: but Vespasian mollified his arrogant and lofyte mind, in the presence of his most friendly saying, 
Ingratiiude.  you are not ignorant that ingratitude in a man, betokeneth great beastliness: for to commit the benefit of any man unto oblivion, 
Xenophon.  amongst the Persians', (as Xenophon saith) was the most heinous crime that might be imagined, so much was ingratitude abhorred, 
Ingratitude most beastly.  because nothing more betokeneth brutishness and beastly behaviour, then to extingnishe society, 
Ingratitude.  friendship, and amity. Ingratitude neglecteth friendship, friendship neglected, society of life must presently be dissolved, and where the society is dissolved, there the conversation of people is cruel, without order & reason, brutish, wild and beastly: but he did not forget his befit, neither the same perished unrecompensed: but what marvel is it if Vespasian did bear that in his friend when as he little weighed and less regarded the perverse sayings of those which pleaded judicial causes, and the stout liberty of the arrogant Philosophers. This Emperor Vespasian in that short time which he governed, brought from decay and ruin the universal world: His mercifulness was such, that by all gentle parswasions, he sought to withdraw all archetyrantes from their cruel and beastly doings, with exhorting them to embrace mercy and pity, those only he would torment and grievously punish, whose cruelty by no means he might molifye: for he thought it a point of singular wisdom to use this lenity, 
Lenity.  where he perceived any hope of amendment, as he judged it rightful to minister the law upon such as were past amendment, 
Rigour.  obstinate, and rebellious against his majesty: for such, as rotten, hurtful, and venomous herbs, 
Rebels.  be extirpated and rooted out from the common wealth: The common wealth is like unto a garden, wherein nature hath planted goodly herbs and seeds, pleasant, necessary, and profitable, in the which also are many weeds, unsavoury, neither necessary, nor profitable which for lack of virtue are cast out when they grow up: even so such members as are the decay ruin and destruction of a common wealth, 
Evil men.  are not to be tolerated, but the law, sword, and authority of the magistrate must cut them of, else a good common wealth, a perfect estate cannot be established: 
Laws.  His laws were with all equity and justice ordained, with the which he greatly profited his common wealth: but chiefly his life was so virtuous, so godly, that many vices were expelled, and every man practised daily to follow in virtue and uprightness of life their Emperor, for in a commonwealth the virtuous life of the Prince chiefly maketh countries of strength and force, 
Laws.  for laws are of their force and strength maimed, except the Prince in godly life, yield to law and authority: 
Authority.  Laws can do nothing without authority, but authority may do much without laws, as divers Princes following their own will, affection, and headdye authority have commanded things without law, who in so doing have dishonoured laws, when they & their authority aught to be under the law.  
This Emperor Vespasian builded up again the Capitolle of Rome, the house of peace, the monuments of Claudius, the like he did in all parts of his Dominions, where the laws of Rome were of force. Also many famous Cities were newly adorned with sumptuous and gorgeous buildings: Also the high ways and common passages, were made in his time of government, for in his time a passage was made through the hills and mountains, 
Tyranny.  by a high way which leadeth from the City which is called Areminum. The tyranny of Princes which afore this Emperor governed, was so cruel, that of many Nations he scarcely found two hundredth remaining alive. 
Vologesus.  Vologesus the king of the Parthians was for fear of his Majesty, driven to make peace with him: Syria otherwise called Palestina, also Cylicia a country in Asia, and Thrachite Comagene being a part of Syria, which at these days is called Augusta Phratensis, all these places and Realms were provinces under his Dominion: Iewrye in like sort was under his Dominion. On a certain time it happened his friends to give him counsel & admonition, to beware of one Mutius Pomposianus, of whom a rumour was raised that he would usurp the Imperial seat: forth with he exalted this Mutius Pomposianus unto great honour, for he made him a Consul, and herein saith Vespasianus: he willbe mindful of receiving at my hands so great a benefit, by the wisdom of Vespasian all the whole Empire of Rome was governed one fashion. This Emperor Vespasian did use much to watch by night in accomplishment of the affairs of his Empire: which ended opportunity was given to talk with him in the morning, while he arrayed and adorned himself with his Princely robes. The greatest part of his affairs ended, he did accustom himself to the exercise of his body, & as soon as he had washed, with much quietness of mind he took his repast. 
Vespasianns.  Very love of this emperors virtues, compelleth me to speak much of him who luckily chanced to the Roman Empire, 
Vespasianus.  the lvi. year after the death of Augustus the Emperor. The cruelty & tyrannical dealing of tyrants, was brought to ruin by this good Emperor, who by the providence of almighty God was given to govern. This Emperor Vespasian being 70. years of age died, who a little before his death talking of grave matters of the common wealth according to his pleasant nature, did also merrily geste. At the time of his death, there appeared a blazing star in Heaven, 
A comet.  which was like unto long locks of hearer. Vespasian the Emperor hearing of that merely said, the appearing of this blazing star doth signify nothing of me, but of the king of the Persians who weareth a long hear, immediately being grieved with the pain of his body, 
The death of Vespasian.  rose up and merely said: it shall become an Emperor, to dye standing on his feet, and so this good Emperor departed his life. (⸫)   

Titus Vespasianus.  
TITUS who also was called Vespasian, Domicilla was his mother's name, she was made of a bond woman a free. This Titus was borne the third kalends of january, 
Caligula.  the same year that Caligula was slain, his education in all singularity, for the knowledge of all Arts and sciences was exceeding, the gifts of body, and of the mind, nature had so exactly framed them in him, as that he was inferior to none, favour, beauty, parsonage, lacked not in him, his memory in things to apprehend and remember was so rare, that few attained unto the like, for wisdom for grave counsel, 
Titus.  and for feats of war, he was passing in the latin and Greek tongues, with all eloquence he excelled, nothing wanted in him that was to any excellency, 
A wise counsaylour.  he was both a wise counsaylour, & a valiant warrior, (which two things do seldom times hap in one parson. 
Valiant captain.  This Titus Vespasian in the time of Claudius Tiberius Drusus, (then Emperor of Rome, came to this Island with his father Vespasian of whom I made mention of before, whose acts there, deserved for worthiness great commendation and reward among the Romans: to read from the beginning of the low progeny, and mean estate of their ancestors, and of their great and mighty enterprises, 
The secret counsel of God.  of their large and mighty Dominions, of their victories & conquests it would seem so strange a wonder that few would believe it: So God raiseth (contrary to the expectation of all men) from a mean and low estate a chief governor, 
The power of God.  to whom so happy success is given, that the noblest have given place. Who so readeth the whole History of josephus, shall find what things were wrought by this Titus and his father Vespasian. 
Jerusalem.  Iewrye and all parts there abouts felt their power, 
Vespasianus.  Titus was at the destruction of Jerusalem, in the second year of the reign of Vespasian: 
Titus.  Vespasian being there himself & Domitian his brother: 
Domitian.  by them was wrought the doleful end & lamentable overthrow of the jews foresheewed of long time by the Prophets, and by Christ himself. A mad man who in the eyes of all men seemed distraught of wit and senses, seven year before the siege, cried in the open streets: We tibi Jerusalem, 
A mad man.  oftentimes repeated, whereat the whole City was much disquieted, sin so abounded in it, and all iniquity even among the clergy and Seniors, 
The temple.  the Temple of God was now become a Tabernacle of unclean spirits, a den and lurking place of thieves, the good therefore looked for justly a plain desolation, the wicked for sinful life, and wicked conscience dreaded the same: This poor silly man ceased not day by day, crying many times: We tibi Jerusalem. The magistrates full of all security, rewarded him as a mad man, oftentimes scurging him, thereby thinking his frantic head to cease this exclamation, but no threatening, neither the rod, nor cruel scourging, neither imprisonment, could 'cause that to cease in him which afterward dolefully did fall upon Jerusalem, 
Jerusalem.  as ye have read, before the lamentable cry of terrible cries he ceased not, until such time as the army of Titus was near the wall: this mad man last of all cried, We tibi Jerusalem & mihi ve, Woe to the Jerusalem and to me likewise woe, and immediately he being stricken, there he died on the wall. Sibilla in a fury, seeming mad, prophesied long before of the estate of all kingdoms, and from the beginning of their fall also, and the end of the world even from Adam: making a full discourse of Rome what should be fall unto it. 
Sibylla.  This Sibilla did close in dark and obscure Verses the destruction of Troy, long before it fell. Of few the poor man's words were regarded, God revealeth oftentimes to the abjects of the world secret things, 
The secret counsel of God.  which lie hid from the wisest, the world regardeth not threatenings prophesied, as they live in all security, so they hope and look for like estate. The Prophets therefore were not regarded because they foreshowed things unpleasant, and troublesome news: The world loveth security, 
Security.  and they like them best that tell them of the like things meet for wordlings. In Sodom and Gomorra, and in tother Cities about them, 
Sodom.  their worldly felicity was so abundant, 
Gomorra.  their soil so fat, and store so plentiful, such security of estate, so contented minds therein, as that the wholesome counsel of the good man Lot was not regarded, their wise heads could not foreshow their dangers & destruction. Lot as one most abject and vile in the eyes of the sodomites, (yet in favour with God) warned and exhorted them to repentance, foreshowed them their plagues, all was lightly regarded, but immediately fire and brimstone consumed the place, with five other Cities, and all the inhabitants, the child perished, and the infant but then borne: In a moment the old and the young fell, the mighty & great personages, the Princes also, the elders and counsellors, five kings tasted with their peers the like destruction, sin so abounded in the place and in all the inhabitors, 
sin..  the child that never spoke, was in that destruction partaker, So ugly a thing sin is in the sight of God, that thereby no kingdom is spared, no estate unscourged, no City free of punishment, where God taketh heavy displeasure to punish. 
The wrath of God.  Mighty empires thereby are fallen, and wealthy Cities made a plain soil, their kings and their people turned into dust are forgotten, forgetfulness for lack of worthiness, rooteth them from memory of fame, 
Virtue.  their virtues are dead, their vices live in perpetual memory. 
Vice.   
As concerning this Titus whom I make mention of, did marry Artisidia, who dying, he took to wife Martia Ful●ia, from whom he was divorced: great things were done by this Titus not only in Jerusalem, but also in all the East parts, his virtues were not so excellent, but his vices for a time were so odious: As that openly Alium Neronem opinabantur & predicabant, for his wickedness they called him another Nero, but afterwards so great was his change as that nothing of vice remained in him, his fame by good desert gate great commendation, his government (though short) was with all equity toward his commons executed, laws by judgement rightly ordered, a father he was and a great patron to the Romans. This Titus died in the xli. year of his age in the Ideses of September, his government continued but two years ii months & xx. days, the death of Titus was with great sorrow and lamentation received, for all countries and provinces bewailed his funeral, 
Titus.  in his life time they called him the delight & joy of their common wealth: their lamentation was so great that it seemed they lost the chief patron, aid, succour and safeguard of the whole world. josephus writeth that Vespasian being in the East parts at the death of Vitellius, the good fame of his worthiness bruited him Emperor so he wan the hearts of all people, all cities made festival days & as their manner of joy was, did solemnize sacrifices, as tokens of great joy the Legions of soldiers which remained in Metia & Pannonia were sworn with great joy to him: Vespasian went from thence to Caesarea, 
Vespasianus.  and came to Betritum where many Ambassadors met him out of Syria and out of other provinces, offering to him Crowns & things of great gratulation. Musianus the great governor of that province by all means furthered him, when Vespasian saw all things so luckily happen unto him, he considered that this Empire could not fall to him, without the great providence of God, and as it were by fatal destiny brought to him, than also he remembered josephus, 
josophus.  who at that present was captive, a godly man and a priest of the Temple, what wonderful things he had foresheewed of him which things in him taking effect, Titus Vespasianus son, being present with Vespasian his father, said. justum est inquit pater una cum ferro, etiam probum josephum solui: And so it followed josephus was delivered, his fetters being bruste went at liberty with Vespasian. After Vespasian had answered the Embassages, he went to Antioch, from thence to Alexandria, he sent into italy Lucianus, with a great company of horsemen and footmen, and passed by Cappadocia and Phrigea, in those parts Antonius' first of all having his third Legion of soldiers, came to him which did remain about Mesia, for he did govern that province and with that power he made haste to make war upon Vitellius. Vitellius sent with a great army Cicinna to meet antony, but at last Cicinna 
Cicinna.  with his men of war, fled to Anthonye favouring Vespasians part, in the end the souldidiours of Cicinna repenting their fact, would have slain Cicinna, but being otherwise advised, they ●●t him bound to Vitellius, but Anthonye pursuing upon them, caused them to retire to Cremona, the which Cremona was spoiled, & all the army of Vitellius, to the number of xxx thousand and two hundredth were slain: 
Cicinna.  Cicinna was delivered and brought to Vespasian, not only commended but highly rewarded. 
Sabinus.  Sabinus the brother of Vespasianus, hearing antony to draw near to Rome, by night took the Capitol: but in the end Sabinus being taken, was brought to Vitellius and slain by him. The next day following, antony coming to Rome, fought with the soldiers of Vitellius in three parts of the City: 
Vitellius.  Vitellius then in this extremity came for the drunk, who was cruelly handled and slain in the midst of the City. 
Mutianus.  The next day Musianus entering Rome with a great army, and all things there set in quietness, did make Domitianus chief governor of the City, until such time as Vespasian his father came, whom they proclaimed Emperor. As soon as Vespasian came to Alexandria, the estate of all things at Rome was declared unto him, Ambassadors came to him from all parts of the world rejoicing of his estate. As soon as all things were quietly settled at Rome, Vespasian did mean to war on the jews, who as soon as winter was done, sent Titus his son with a great power of chosen soldiers, to destroy Jerusalem. 
Titus.  Titus making his passage both by Nicopolis and other places (as good opportunity served him for his soldiers) passed to Caesarea, and there set in order his men of war, he caused the Legions of soldiers to be dispersed in diverse parts, whereby with more fortunate success he might set upon the jews. To resighte the whole History how Jerusalem was taken, the Temple spoiled, and then by fire destroyed, it would rise to a volume: josephus writeth of it at large, and also this is his which is written thereof in a brief. In this manner Jerusalem was taken, in the second year of the reign of Vespasian, the viii. day of the month of September, which had been taken five times before and then spoiled. 
Asocheus.  Asocheus king of the Egyptians first took it, 
Antiochus.  after him Antiochus, than Pompeie, after those Socius with Herode took it, 
Socius.  the king of Babylon first of all by strong hand possessed and destroyed it, in the thousand three hundredth and threescore year after the building thereof, the eight month and sixth day. The first founder of the same was Cananiorum Vinasta, who in their mother tongue is called the just king, he called it the City Jerusalem, the Temple first was builded there, the City before was called Solyma. 
Solyma.  After this David being king of the jews, having expelled the Canaanites, gave the same to the inhabited of his people, which City Jerusalem in the four hundredth threescore and four year and three months, from king David was destroyed of the Babylonians, whose king being a jew, first reigned in the same, unto that time that Titus destroyed it, which was a thousand, a hundredth seventy and nine years after. From the first building of the same, unto the last destruction was two Thousand years a hundredth seventy and seven. josephus resyteth that neither the antiquity of the City, neither the great treasures and riches, neither the fame of it spread in all places of the world, neither the great glory of their Religion cold save it. Thus far josephus writeth of it in a brief, though otherwise he setteth it forth at large, sheewinge the lamentable estate of the inhabiters, the great famine fell on them, that for lack of victuels' women eat their own children, (filthy things not to be eaten) then in this necessity was their fare, the bloody spoils and slaughter the lamentable cry most piteous, 
The fall of Jerusalem.  the terrible things that happened both then and afore, will make in reading the st●uteste courages for pity to lament, such is the estate in time, not only of mighty Cities, but of mighty kingdoms and Princes: 
The wrath of God.  where the almighty God taketh his displeasure, both City, kingdom and Prince feeleth his stroke, they decay where God terribly frowneth.   

Domitianus.  
 
DOmitian the brother of Titus, was after his death created Emperor, who in the beginning of his government, counterfaytinge a virtuous person, was gentle, pitiful, and virtuous: With good success he ended all the wars that were begun, and finished many goodly Palaces in Rome, & builded many even from their foundations, in such sort that in the beginning of his Empire, he purchased a very good fame, and credit of a singular and virtuous person. But after changing his conditions, he became so cruel, so unjust, and so greedy, that he would put to death men for ridiculous or tryflinge matters, to th'end they being dead, he might enjoy their goods: saying, he was their heir. He persecuted the jews, and especially those of the stock of David, because that he had understood that of that stock should be borne a man which should govern the whole world. Also he was a great persecutor of the Christian Religion, 
The second persecution of the Christians.  in such sort that in his rhyme there were martyred many godly men. He vexed all things, not so much as flies could escape him, where upon one of the Court being demanded, who was with the Emperor: he said, there was not so much as one flee. He was a great professor of astrology, and a great friend unto those which professed that science, although he entreated one Astrologian very cruelly, which told him that within short space he should dye. He lived xl. year, and governed the Empire xv. year: And in the end by the conspiracy of Stephen the steward of his house, and of certain other among whom his own wife was one, he was slain in his Palace, of whose death the common people were neither heavy nor joyful, but the gentlewomen and Senators took such contentation thereat, that in the very same day they caused all his Images which were of gold, to be cast down. (⸫)   

Cocceius Narua.  
 
COcceius Narua succeeded Domitianus being 66. years of age, he governed but one year 4. months and 9 days. This Narua was a just Prince and bounteous, he restored all such as were unjustly condemned of Domitian, he seaced the cruelty which was exercised against the Christians, he was very bounteous to the poor and merciful, he made Vlpius Traianus being borne in Spain, his adoptive son: and made him his successor before the assemble of the Senate, and sent to him being in germany, the ornaments of the Empire to Coullen, Narua died son after of an Ague: divers do writ that in the time of this Narua, john the Apostle returned from Pathmose to Ephesus, this john lived after the death of Narua 4. years. This wise Emperor was borne in the City of Narni, neither is it certainly known whether he was an Italian or no, but all authors agreed, that he was descended of a noble progeny, he was created Emperor when he was very old, who in the beginning of his reign had news brought him that Domitian was not dead, (but that was an untrue report, and caused much unquietness. He revoked from exile the Christians, he unburdened the Romans of their taxes, and caused the children of the dead, and of such as were very poor to be nourished, and brought up at his proper costs and charges, to be short he did makye virtuous acts. There was only one conspiracy wrought against him, 
The end of treason.  which gave unto the conspirators a most unfortunate end. In his time were most cruelly slain all those that murdered Domitianus (although he consented not thereto) he adopted for his adoptive son Traian, 
Murder.  because he had no children of his own, unto whom he might commit the Empire. He governed the Empire but xiii. months, and died of choler which he took for the love he bore unto a Senator named Regulus, which choler caused him so extremely to sweat that it killed him, 
Eclipse.  and the very same day that he passed out of this life, there was a great Eclipse of the Sun. (⸫)   

Vlpius Traianus.  
 
VLpius Traianus the adoptive son to Cocceius Narua, caught the Imperial seat after the disease of him. 
Traianus.  This Vlpius Traianus was borne (as some writ) in Spain, in a City adjoining unto Civilla. This Emperor was called Vlpius by his grand father's name by one Traius, his other name was called Traianus, who was was the first author of his father's progeny, or else it may be he was called Traianus by his father who was called Traianus, the time of his reign was twenty years. The government of this Emperor Vlpius Traianus was so singular and famous, for his wisdom, politic government and virtues, that the most famous monuments of writers, can not well and sufficiently set forth the worthy praise commendation and glory of him: 
A rare commendation of a Prince.  this Emperor Vlpius Traianus, took upon him the seat of the Empire at Agrippina: 
Agrippina.  In feats of war, and in all things pertaining to chivalry he was industrious: In judicial matters and controversis of the law with all equity and justice, he tendered the estate of every man's cause, in repairing of his cities bounteous & liberal. In a Prince or governor two things are most requisite and necessary, in peace godliness, in battle and time of war strength and valiantness, 
Things requisite in a Prince.  and both in peace & war prudence and wisdom. The modesty of him was so singular, and such the temperature of his most excellent gifts and virtues, that he seemed to have mingled one with an other, only this fault was in him, 
The third persecution o● the Christians  he gave himself to belly cheer and to persecute the Christians, to the excessive drinking of delicious wines: in the conversation of his life, and in the society thereof most fellowlye toward his friends, 
Traianus manners.  and very liberal. This Emperor Traianus in the honour and memory of Licinius (by whose furtherance he came to be Emperor) builded a place of hot baths, necessary for the curing of sundry diseases. If the praise of this Emperor should in all parts be resighted, it would be a long volume to speak of him: but thus much in few words may be rehearsed, In labour he was invincible and patient, very studious to prefer the best men, and all such as were warlike, he loved the simple natures, and the professors of learning: He was of no great learning, a keeper of justice, an inventor of laws pertaining to Religion, of the old laws a diligent observer, all these virtues and good qualities were so much the greater, because the estate of the common wealth in the Roman Empire before time, had been brought to ruin by many cruel tyrants, and who for the remedy of so great evils, in good time seemed to be given of God. For at what time as Traianus came to the Imperial seat, 
Good Princes.  many marvelous things happened in most wonderful wise, amongst many this one thing was chief: From the top of the Capitol, 
Thus some write.  a crow spoke in Greek words Kailos estal: That is, full happy and fornunate shall Rome be, Traianus being Emperor: Traianus died, and when the body of him was burned, (as the manner of the Romans was at that time his ashes were brought to Rome, and laid in the same place where the ashes were buried of the father of this Traianus, and under the same mighty pillar the Images of him were set up (and as in triumphs they are wont to do) the same day his picture was brought to Rome, the noble order of all Senators going before him, 
The burial of ●raianus.  and his legions of soldiers: At the death of this Emperor Traianus, the great blood Tiber of Rome did overflow his banks, more abundantly than it did in the time of Narua, with greater destruction and damage: also at the same time a great calamity chanced unto the Cities, 
Strange things happen at the 〈◊〉 of Princes.  an earthquake most terrible happened in many of his Regions, and in his provinces a sore infective plague or pestilence did reign. Also in the same Regions arose a famine, and casualtyes by fire. This Emperor Vlpius Traianus, in his life time had politikelye provided, and wisely for the sudden casualties of fire, whereby he eased much the forces and dangers thereof: this was his order, that the height of every house should be but lx. feet and not above, because the plucking down of them should be easy, and the charges after such casualties might be the less. For the prosperous estate and felicity of his government he was called the father of the counsel, his whole life was threescore and four years. (⸫)   

Aelius Adrianus.  
AElius Adrianus (as Eutropius and Eusebius affirm) was by birth, & progeny very noble, he was also borne in Spain and was cousin to Traianus the Emperor. But as other affirm, this Emperor Aelus Adrianus was borne at Adria a City in italy, which bordereth upon Marca Ancona, the sea near adjoining, is called by the name of the place Mare adriaticum. Aelius Adrianus ware the Imperial Crown xii. years: 
Adriamnus.  this Emperor Aelius so much did employ his study in the knowledge of the Greek tongue, & in the copious & abundant eloquence thereof so much excelled, that of many he was named for his exquisite knowledge therein: this is our Grecian. Aelius Adrianus did set forth always the noble arts and studies of the famous Athenians, their laws and manners, not only in versifying, but also in all other arts and sciences, as in music, in playing and singing to the instrument, in Physic, and in all kind of harmony: Besides in geometry, in painting conninglye, in graving, and in all other singular inventions, & artificial doings, he passed in metal, and working in Marble like to the famous Polucletus and Euphranoras' who were most cunning. A rare thing, an Emperor to be so singular and famous in all kind of learning, 
The rare virtues of Adrianus,  upon whom no private government, but the protection of all men, of many Regions, Cities & towns did depend. Every Prince therefore aught to have judgement, knowledge, faculty, and experience in all things that are requisite in a magistrate, but especially such a one, which under God is a chief magistrate of all magistrates, a ruler of rulers, a high judge over judges. 
Ad●ianus.  This Emperor Adrianus was so excellently framed of nature, that nature could never in any one man show a greater perfection, neither at any time hath been found a man that was with so singular qualities, and virtues endued. The memory of Adrianus was so great and famous, that no man might comprehend the manifold virtues in him contained, more over divers places, infinite Regions and countries, desired to behold his picture & stature, his high and weighty affairs could never be extinguished with oblivion: the whole power of his army was known unto him, and furthermore he could recite the names of all being absent, 
Memory.  which was a difficult matter, he was in labour so painful that he in proper person visited all parts of his provinces. In journeying he always marched one foot before his army, and as he restored his towns and Cities, & brought them to a good estate, so he set in every one of them good orders, and sundry occupations, for as he did in the disposing and ordering of his legions in time of war, 
Order.  so in peace some companies he appointed to be Smiths, other Masons and Carpenters that wrought by live, other to be chief masters and overseers over their works, and also ordained all manner of artificers meet for their science, as to make the walls and fortresses, or such devices as served to the building or setting out of any thing, all these practices he divided into certain sorts and companies. This Emperor Aelius Adrianus was a man of a strange nature and condition, of a subtle and wise head, toward virtue and vice diversely affected and inclined, with reason giving arbitrement or judgement, in matters of controversy: for with wisdom and temperance, he would bridle and keep under the violent motions, and sudden perturbations of the mind, and of his own nature he was envious, pensine and sad, at other times, in pleasure lascivious, in the advancement of himself, in extolling his own fame, 
Adrianus.  glory, and commendation insolent: yet with all closeness he shadowed the same: He would appear continent, civil and gentle, loving and courteous, also he would not seem that he was to be, for being inflamed with the hot and burning desire of honour and ambitious glory, yet he would dissemble the same, he was stout to provoke, and ready to shape an answer in weighty and grave matters, in sport and pleasant talk ready and prompt, in nipping talk no verse wanted for verse, 
Adrians.  no sentence for sentence, nor theme for theme, or word for word, whose wit or nature was so singular and pregnant that in all these things it would seem that with deliberation and invention he had devised thereupon. 
Sabina.  Sabina the wife of Aelius Adrian●s, being without all reason or modesty, was cruelly entreated, and with extremity driven to desperation, and to murder herself. For she openly did report and affirm, that Aelius Adrianus her husband, was of mind and manners cruel, fierce and beastly: Furthermore she said she did refrain from procreation and issue of children from him, lest that offspring which might descend from him, should be the destruction of mankind.  
At the last Adrianus was diseased of a dropseye gout, the which disease of long time he bore quietly, the grief thereof encreasinge, and with the pain being made furious he wrekked his anger on the Senate, for he murdered many of them. Many kings and Princes from far of, sought for peace with Adrianus, so much they feared his name, and dreaded his majesty, they sent unto him great and infinite sums of money, whereupon this Adrianus did openly boast that whilst the common wealth was in quiet estate, he gate more than all other Princes, in war and destruction of Realms and Countries. In the common wealth of Rome ●e ordained divers offices and dignities, and likewise in his royal Palace, and Princely Court. In war also he did appoint officers, the which after of long time did remain, some of them were changed by Constantius.  
Adrianus lived 62. years and at the last he died, being pained and tormented in all parts of his body, this grief was so great, that he prayed those that were faithful to kill him, alluring some thereunto by gentle persuasions, and threatening other if they would not do it, 
Sickness.  but there was none that would obey him therein, neither was he of force himself to do it, in the end for his best remedy, through the counsel of the Physicians, he abstained from meat, and drink, and became so weak thorrow fasting, that he died.   

Antonius Pius.  
AFter the death of Adrianus the Roman Empire came to the government of Antonius Fuluius, 
Antonius Pius.  his virtues and godly life caused him to be called Antonye the godly Prince. The glory of the Empire continued with him xx. years: Adrianus the Emperor made this Antonius by adoption his son to inherit after him, for the which he was greatly commended. This Antonius was his wives son by her first husband: In the administration & government of the Roman Empire, his fame for his worthiness flourished so, that many which were under his government did compare him to Numa, 
Numa.  the second king of the Romans. Antonius for the space of xxii. years with high authority governed all his Realms, by him all wars turned into peace and tranquility, 
A fortunate estate of king do●●s.  all kings feared him, and with fear they loved him, all Nations, people, and provinces dreaded him, for his virtues they called him the father & patron of the Roman Empire, but rather a patron then Lord or Emperor, and all with one consent and voice as a God they honoured him: Such was his goodness, as he was so ought all kings, Princes, and Emperors to be: for by virtuous government and godly life, 
Godly life in a Prince.  they shall not only win the hearts of their subjects to love and obedience, but also they shall vanquish and overthrow (with the majesty of the same virtues) their stout and obstinate enemies. Assoon as Antonius began his government, he made presently a declaration of his proper and natural goodness, for he changed not one magistrate unto whom Adrianus had given any office, but did establish them in the same. He gave so much of his own substance before he was Emperor, that he was reproved for the same of his wife Annia Faustina, the daughter of Annius Verus: unto whom he answered, thou must understand, that after I was chosen Emperor, I lost all those goods which being a private person I possessed.  
He never determined to go out of Rome into any country, for he would say that the countries, and people which did follow the Emperor, were grievous and hurtful unto the provinces and countries where they passed. By this circumspect abode, he appeased many rebellious and seditious uproars, both in England, Dacie and Germanye, whereby he obtained great reputation, that in all controversies and debates that happened between Princes, with mutiall assent they always referred the whole determination & agreeing thereof, unto his noble discretion. This Antonius was of stature taule, valiant, and strong. In the morning this Emperor Antonius before he would accupye himself in any public matter of his common wealth, or be in company of his nobles to be saluted, his custom and usage of diet was to comfort his heart with bread, lest with overmuch abstinence from meat his blood should wax could about his heart, & thereby his strength consumed he should be feeble and faint: through which he should not be able to travail and wade, in his public affairs of his common weal, few would take the pains that he did, with so great labour and careful diligence to provide for his house keeping, glory dignity, and high renown followed him, he being void of all ambition, he was nothing spotted with any spice of ostentation, so gentle and merciful he was, that when certain had conspired a treason against him, the Senators moved him to apprehend them, Antonius pacified their instigations and withdrew their intentes, for he said it was not good nor necessary to make any inquiry, to take any such as were desirous to work destruction against his majesty, for so it might hap (said he) a greater number of traitors inhabiting all parts of the world, might understand of how many he was hated and of what noble men, when the age of this Emperor was complete to lxxi. years, 
The death of Antonius Pius.  he died at a village of his own xii. miles from Rome of an ague, withinge three days after it took him. When he had governed the Imperial seat 29. years, (with a perpetual fame, and all memory of honour that might be) Temples were builded, and priests appointed to sign for him, 
As their religion taught them.  & many other solemnities were decreed and ordained: Of gentle nature he so much excelled, that when the mean commonaltye of Rome did unjustly and without cause suspect him to be the cause of a dearth and scarcity of corn in the City, and was cast at with stones of the people, he in that case rather pitied them, than procured their uproar tumult, & sedition to be punished. And when in contempt of him the valiant acts of julius Caesar, and of Hannibal were rehearsed, 
A witty sentence.  he would answer with Scipio, that he did more dearly account the defence of one of his friends, than the death of an hundredth enemies.   

Marcus Antonius.  
MArcus Antonius called Marcus Aurelius, succeeded Antonius Pius in the Empire without any contradiction, he elected for companion and equal governor in the Empire Lucius Commodus, who was adopted with him by Antonius. This Emperor was of nature and disposition right godly, the universal calamity of Rome found him a singular succour and defender: In good time the City of Rome may say that he was borne to be Emperor, else at a sudden the estate of Rome had for ever perished and been prostrate, 
A good Prince.  in all the time of his government battle and mortal war never ceased, for in all the East parts and in Britannye, in italy and France, wars were very fierce, and upon the countries of italy at the same time earthquakes happened, with the which many a City was overthrown, great and mighty bloods overflowed their banks, and drowned both Town & country, few places escaped the rotten and infective plague, their lands and fruits were destroyed with locusts, 
Plagues.  there was no plague or calamity which happened amongst men at any other time, or any kind of misery that ever was hard of, but in the time of his government the like was felt: So God in the days of the Godly and virtuous Emperor sent his plagues, for their offences which long before had transgressed, and neglected his laws. God oftentimes punisheth the posterity and offspring, not only by plaguing them with wicked governors and Princes, but also under the virtuous & most godly, for the abominable life passed and wickedness before committed, God sendeth divers plagues and punishments: 
Good Princes in evil times.  yet he in these miseries & calamities, doth ordain virtuous, grave and politic heads to be over his people, as in these troubleous times the godly and wise Prince Antonius was reserved to bear regiment over the Romans, whereupon many will judge that God by his eternal providence foreseeing the plagues and calamities, that in time to some shall happen and fall upon any City, hath ordained as one by whose power, laws & ordinances, the whole world is governed, to leave such heads and rulers as that by their wisdom, their virtues and politic administration, the grievous plagues of his displeasure might be mitigated and healed, as by remedies for the same ordained. This Emperor in the third year of his reign, had very dangerous war with the Parthians, (a kind of people always very much feared of the Romans) against whom was sent Lucius Verus his companion, who through his surfetinge and other disordered living, 
Lucius Verus.  fell sick by the way, whose slackness caused the Roman legions to receive much damage of the Parthians, with the death of their captain: But after Verus was come with his populous army and valiant captains, the Romans recovered their damages, and gave unto the Parthians and other kings which aided them, many great overthrows. Marcus Aurelius remaining all this while at Rome, did with great diligence and policy govern the same, and very carefully provided all things necessary for the wars: At which time as Eusebius and Osorius do writ, 
The fourth persecution of the Christians  this Emperor caused the Christians to be persecuted, for the which it may be supposed, that God so plagued his subjects & whole Empire, with earthquake, pestilence, famine and wars. After Lucius Verus had ended the wars in Asia, he returned unto Rome, where with all joy he and Marcus Aurelius, triumphed together for their great victories. Aurelius never did any thing without the consent of the whole Senate, for he would say that it was more requisite that he being but one, should▪ be ruled by the counsel of so many wise men, 
The counsel of many heads.  then that so many wise counsellors should obey unto the will of one alone. This Emperor sustained not plagues only by famine, pestilence, wars and earthquakes, but he had a continual plague, which he nourished in his own Palace, which was his wife Faustina, 
Fuastina.  who was (as all authors affirm) dishonest, and above all measure dissolute. After the barbarous Nations had intelligence of the great mortalities which grew daily more and more in italy, (as it were with one consent) all the north regions rebelled against the Romans, against whom with all speed marched Marcus Antonius, and his companion Lucius Verus, who being in the way was taken with an Apoplexi & suddenly died, 
Lucius Verus.  ix. or x, years afore they had ruled the Empire together. 
Cassius.  In this Marcus Antonius days Cassius seeking to usurp to the Empire was slain. This Emperor had two sons, Verissimus and Comodus: Verissimus died very young, but Comodus was brought up with great care and travail of the noblist teachers in learning & virtue: his daughters he married to Senators, who was as well endued with virtue, as titled with nobility: learning increased exceedingly in all parts of the Roman Dominions having so wise a Prince, the example of this governor moved with great force, infinite people to follow his virtues. 
Galene.  This was that Emperor whom Galene the famous Physician in those days noteth to have delighted in the use of treacle, to preserve him from all poison, to whom Demetrius was a Physician while he lived, after whose death Galene made unto him that composition of treacle: To be brief of his wars and great victories, happy success always fell to him in the same. Marcus Antonius being aged and remaining in Pannonia, being grieved with sickness and having present death before his eyes, called the Senators and wise counsellors, 
The wisdom of this Prince.  being moved with the estate of the Roman Empire, and also with the brittle and the dissolute youth of Comodus his son: in the presence of those he gave godly counsel to his son Commodus, exhorting him that the counsel of so godly and grave parsons might rule him saying that thereby both the governor and the kingdom should be advanced to most fortunate estate: he placed before his eyes the example of godly Princes, willing him to follow their steps and virtues, he told him also of the beastly government of other Princes that were wicked, as of Dionysius, Ptolomeus, Antigonus, Nero, Domitianus etc. He showed their lives, 
The godly admonition of Marcus Aurelius to his son.  he resighted also their ends, moving by these examples the green youth and unconstant head of Commodus to godly government. This exhortation ceasing he made a witty oration and a godly, meet for a governor leaving his estate, he exhorted them to be fathers to his youthful son Commodus, and to add by their wisdom a perfect frame of government, to him that was of age to be governed, being as one that was but new borne to counsel.  
Immediately after this Marcus died, when he had ruled the Empire xviii years, living but a day and a night after, for his virtues in government, they called him Parentem probum, other Bonum Imperatorem, and some fortissimum ducem, many called him Continentem moderatumque principem, great lamentation was in all parts of the Roman Dominion, so virtuous a governor to be taken from them. (⸫)   

Aurelius Commodus.  
 
TWo hundredth years were almost passed from Augustus to this Emperor. Fron Augustus who succeeded julius Caesar his great uncle, the government of one in a Monarch prevailed: 
Monarchia.  though in those ii hundredth years there had been many wicked governors, yet from the time of this wicked Emperor Commodus, 
Comodus.  to Gordianus who was the xxviii. Emperor, greater were the troubles & stormy seasons of the Roman Empire in these emperors following then before: for than was the brittle estate of kingdoms seen, 
The troublesome state of Emperors following.  bloody conspiracies to usurp ambitiously, so many calamities, such slaughters of noble pears, a soldier to day, to morrow and Emperor, a Prince fallen from throne that yesterday enjoyed: rashness made choice of Emperors, 
Troublous times.  and money bribed the electors, by the often faule of tyrants, the overthrow of the Empire of Rome many times was like to follow, great were the calamities of those days, the people & kingdom in miserable estate, when such broil and stormy seasons followed. As the manner was this young Emperor (his father Marcus being dead) was brought unto the army to be seen of them, at whose sight they greatly rejoiced, hoping in him the like estate of kingdom and felicity, being so virtuously brought up: to whom he made an oration alluring by all means their love and steadfast faith, by the which Princes have their strongest hold, 
The strongest hold of Princes.  at this present the godly exhortation of Marcus his father was laid up in his breast, the grave counsel of those whom Marcus left fathers to him as yet bridled him, and ruled his doings, dissolute liberty and wanton pleasures were as yet banished from the Court of this Prince, great was the hope of the godly, to have and enjoy a wise and godly governor, the wicked feared that godliness harboring the Prince, their practices (enemies to virtue) would shut them out by little and little, whereupon there crept in even those who sought by pleasant invention and courtly toys to delight the young Prince, 
flattery.  flattery saluted the king, and pleasure followed to banquet with him: 
Pleasure.  at a sudden these two diversly moved and incensed this young Prince from godly exercises, placing before his eyes the noble liberty of Princes, the free life, the voluptuous estate, by authority to command as will listeth to bear authority, their pleasant counsel, toys & fantasies, drew the head of this young Prince to dissolute liberty, his own mind gave him counsel to fancy what liked him: 
Adulation.  grave counsel gave place to adulation, and pleasure was chief gallant to the king, 
Pleasure.  so much flattery and lust draweeths from virtue godly Princes, that very few are found which yield not thereunto, 
The destruction of kingdoms.  so hard a thing it is to put of the plague which pulleth down kingdoms & destroyeth Princes. Commodus pricked forward with these instigations, was desirous to leave the rough and barren country of Pannonia, and to see the pleasures of Rome & delights thereof: whose coming to Rome, was with all joy and princely entertainment received. This Commodus descended from an ancient race of Senators by birth, his mother was called Faustina the daughter of Antonius Pius, nice to Adrian the Emperor, Traian the Emperor was her great grandfather: nothing wanted in Commodus that nature could give, for he was adorned with a most beautiful parsonage, a manly countenance, gravity, learning and wisdom: years only wanted in him, for affecting to be at liberty, his young head began to rule the counsel of the grave: pleasure sheewed wherein he delighted, and then pleasure choosed him mates: the care which he aught in government to have was neglected, 
Pleasure.  how happy had it been for him if he had submitted himself to the tuition of those grave and fatherly Senators, whom his father Marcus had chosen him? Commodus now induced by evil persuasion, 
Perennius.  made Perennius an Italian chief over his soldiers, who perceiving Commodus wholly inclined towards him, suffered the Emperor as lust led him to dispose his life, his counsel ruled the Prince & suffered him to exceed in all wanton pleasures, riot, whoredom and all abomination: This evil counsellor Perennius, 
Ambition.  moved with ambitious desire neglected the Prince, seeking his private advancement: the sage and grave Senators are now put out of place, only Perennius beareth sway to rule the dissolute mind, by whose conveyance ambition so broiled in his breast, that he wrought treasons against Commodus, for his ambition not content with lofty estate, sought to murder this Emperor Commodus: 
Perennius.  but his conspiracy came to light, whereupon he was beheaded of Commodus. Many treasons also were wrought against him, as of Maternus, 
Maternus.  and Cleander 
Cleander.  who in like manner by ambition moved, sought to usurp above the Prince, but their sudden ambition brought them vnloked for a sudden death. At this time a great pestilence fell in Rome which devoured infinite people by infection, great fierce also destroying houses continued many days, and because this Emperor abhorring virtuous life gave himself to all abomination, each one cried out these plagues to fall for the iniquity of their Prince. What greater pride could be then to refuse his name Commodus, commanding himself to be called Hercules the son of jupiter, 
Pride:  and leaving of his princely rob to cloth himself with a Lion's skin: great was the folly of this Prince if it were in all points at large resighted. In the quality of shooting Comodus excelled all men, whom in that gift neither the most worthy archers of the Parthians, neither of the practised Numidians could in any respect be equal, Herodian resighteth at large his excellency therein. Commodus leaving the care of government, gave himself to all dissoluteness, who being counseled of his friends to avoid the infamy & evil fame that his wicked life did procure him, those privily not only he expelled from him, but also sought to murder them: 
Letus.  as Letus and Electus his chamberlains, 
Electus.  with Martia his harlot: Commodus (as his manner was) did use oftentimes the bathinge house, whom at a certain time returning from the same Martia by drink poisoned him, which poison whether it were by force of nature, (or as the manner of Emperors was) by using a preservative against poison, at that instance he was preserved and began to recover, but they that were privy of this treason, (seeing the Emperor beyond their expectation to escape the poison) bribed with great rewards one Narcissus a hardy & stout man to strangle him, 
Narcissus.  who for money accomplished their desire: This end Commodus had for the leading of a filthy and abominable life, after he had ruled thirteen years, whose nobility and goodly gifts of nature, by adulation and pleasure were destroyed, & he by folly subverted. (⸫)   

Pertinax.  
 
COmmodus being dead in this sort as you have hard, the conspirators took counsel how they might conceal the murder: whereupon by night they conveyed his body in a chest as if it had been some other thing necessary to be carried forth by two whom they trusted. The murder as yet unknown, and lest of all suspected, neither search or view was made to know what thing was carried out: but the body of the slain Emperor was carried upon a cart into the field. Martia the harlot of Commodus, with Letus and Electus poletikelye devised for their safeguard, 
Commodus.  considering that Commodus excessively pampered his body with surfetinge, observing no mean but as a most be astlye glutton was destitute of all reason, sobriety never tempered the Prince, but as Sardanapalus or Epicurus, placed all his joy and felicity in that excessiveness, therefore because his disordered life was known to all people, 
Policy.  his continual surfetinge reserved in memory, they bruited abroad that he died suddenly of a disease called Apoplexia: 
Apoplexia.  the which fame was soon believed, 
The death of tyrants.  because each one knew this Prince to be given to all beastliness, the plagues also that fell before time were thought to happen on them for the wicked life of the Prince: the multitude not regarding the sudden end of Commodus life, was most glad thereat, the godly wished for a better estate through a more godly and virtuous governor: the wicked were very glad of a change, each one rather desirous to hear and carry news, then to regard the manner of his death: After this consultation was had amongst the conspirators, no heir being left to succeed in government, a long pause taken, they thought it good to choose out some one whom wisdom, & horeheaded age had caught, thereby hoping for full security of estate, and a deliverance from tyrannical government, amongst many grave & sage pears: 
Pertinax.  Pertinax a noble Senator above the rest appeared, whom Marcus Antonius before used familiarly for his grave counsel, making also great price of him, this also was a great proof of his worthiness, that being a sage, grave and wise man, obtaining great dignities in Marcus Antonius days, a noble warrior a valiant captain, a fatherly Senator preferred unto many high dignities by offices, and being become possessor of great and rich revenues which had fallen to him: 
Pertinax his life.  yet he was in goods and substance poor, well he used the same when virtue dispended his revenues: whereupon he was thought most worthy to bear chief stroke of government, 
Covetousness in magistrates, is the overthrow of a common wealth.  being not covetous and by neglecting his own estate to prefer the state of the common wealth. In the night they went to Pertinax, who fearing to be murdered because of so sudden a coming, the death of Commodus not known: who before had suddenly murdered many Senators, but their coming being thoroughly understood and the writing of Commodus seen, what murders he pretended: 
The act of ●●rantes.  he gave credit unto them, and was content to obey unto their choice: each one was glad that so virtuous a Prince should succeed, great were the numbers of soldiers at these days in the Roman Empire, for continually having wars, they were enforced to maintain garrisons of soldiers to content whose minds, Letus made an Oration to them in this wise: Commodus your Emperor daily surfetinge died suddenly, his disordered life hasted his death, (and as ye know) every one hath some or one impediment to untwine the brittle thread of life, you know his living, ye see his end, 
Commodus. 〈◊〉.  his wilful head obeyed no counsel, he was a banqueting Prince, riot was his mate, and riot hath killed him: who by belly cheer choked, the earth presently hath swallowed up: thus much he said unto them, commending with longer talk Pertinax, whom all men loved, whose virtues they embraced. 
Pertinax.  Pertinax also made an Oration unto them, whereby he might pacify their minds, & win them to obedience. Foreign Princes knowing of the election of so virtuous a Prince sent their Embassages, rejoicing thereat. This Pertinax was an Italian borne, and valiantly showed himself against the Germans, and unto many other Regions in time of his government, he behaved himself as a virtuous Prince and merciful. 
beastly soldiers.  But the number of soldiers prohibited of their old liberties, which they before enjoyed under Commodus, who then lived voluptuously as he did, in working injuries, robbing and spoiling from other like rash heads and warlike stomachs, not bearing the government of so virtuous a Prince, they disobeyed him, and contemned his government, pondering more the restraint of their foolish liberty and voluptuous life, than his godly and virtuous ruling: happy had the Roman Empire been if he had long continued in government, being replete with justice, 
A godly magistrate.  void of ambition, careful of the common wealth, loving learning: oftentimes frequenting the Scoles and disputations of the learned, the base multitude of soldiers void of counsel, full of beastly manners in a tumult rose against Pertinax and slew him in the end, and cut of his head: those that conspired his death enclosed themselves in holds for fear of revenge of their wickedness. This thing pacified, they made Proclamation the Empire to be his, that would give most money for it, julianus hearing at his banquet and feast, that money would buy the Empire, 
julianus.  his wife and daughter with many other perswadinge him with money to purchase that most noble dignity, for that julianus in heaped riches passing all other might the better obtain it: 
Money.  Thus was the Empire, which by virtue and merit only was to be given to Princes, was now bought with money, but no office or dignity purchased with money, 
Bought offices.  can show any hope of a good magistrate: for dignity bought, showeth an ambitious mind, a corrupt conscience, a purpose grounded upon private gain: 
Private gain.  private gain without mediocrity is the mark & end at the which all they shoot at, which procure the same with money, as did this julianus: The good and fatherly Senators bewailed that estate, and all other good men lamented to see so noble an Empire brought to the election of money. The death of Pertinax was much bewailed of the godly, who were not able to bear sway amongst those barbarous Legions of rash & bloody soldiers, whose cruelty was extreme toward so grave & fatherly a Prince, for his head cut of, was carried about as a laughing stock: but the godly Pertinax being dead, the people uttered these words with great lamentation, as long as Pertinax lived we lived in all security, 
Pertinax.  we feared no man, Pertinax was a godly Prince, a father amongst Senators, a defender of good men. The Romans thought themselves fortunate he ruling, 
sin..  but suddenly they lost that jewel, so God for the iniquity of sin, taketh from the earth godly Princes, and in the end he scourgeth wicked governors, 
The power of God.  treadeth down the mighty, and pulleth down the proud, he raiseth out of prison to command the puisaunte, such is the estate of kingdoms, the cause, the time, the person, the continuance of succession unknown, except only to God. (⸪)   

Didius juliaws, and Severus.  
DIdius julianus was borne at Milane, who bought the Empire with money as it is sheewed before, he continued seven months, who in all the time of his government gave himself to all beastliness and wicked life he descended of a noble birth, having great cunning and knowledge in the civil law, who because he could not pay those great sums that he promised in buying of the Empire, the men of war murdered him, for he was beheaded in his Palace, 
julianus.  his head set up before the court of Hostilius, and there as an open spectcle and laughing stock was derided: this was his end, but the Romans being in this estate fansyed an other gonernour called Niger, 
Niger.  at the same time being the lieutenant in Syria, for all Phenitia and all the Region to the blood Euphrates was under his government: Niger was greatly commended in those whom he governed, Ambassadors also came to Antioch, kings and noble Pears resorted from beyond Euphrates rejoicing of Niger his success. Niger thereupon fully hoping to enjoy without resistance the honour of that dignity which he looked for, 
Delay.  somewhat delayed the time: Forthwith the glory of that Empire, 
Severus.  moved a valiant Captain Severus by name, who was not only valiant in strength, but also wise and expert to assay & finish that which he enterprised, his dream also which he dreamt at the choice of Pertinax made him eager to assay his enterprise, Severus with all policy persuaded the whole multitude that he went to revenge the death of Pertinax, Severus was a great dissembler, circumspectly grounding his policies, 
Usurpers.  as those are, who by unjust means seek to usurp: preparation was made on every side, forth went Severus, who at a sudden entering into italy dismayed them so, that thereupon they yielded themselves. julianus hearing of this, 
julianus.  (void of all preparation) despaired of himself, the Romans seeing Severus so valiantly to have success, and all things to go forward with him, accounted julianus a coward, they neglected Niger because he delayed the opportunity given. julianus drawing near to Rome, 
julianus death.  was commanded to be beheaded of one of the tribunes, which thing assoon as Severus heard, he drew toward Rome with more haste, where he sought out the murderers of Pertinax, by commandment expelling them. This end julianus had, 
Money.  his kingdom bought with money continued not, the men of war deceived of their pray murdered him. Niger seeing a mightier to rise, whom also many victories followed with felicity of estate, and having received letters in the which was declared unto him, that Rome was enjoyed of Severus, and that the whole Senate saluted him as Emperor, these things being known to Niger, which before were vnloked for: Such is the favour and strength of brittle kingdoms, so uncertain is the stay of ambitious governors and seats soon removed, now suddenly fortune which laughed upon Niger, 
Prosperity deceitful.  frowneth on him, the mighty armies and garrisons of warlike soldiers fostered in Illiria both by sea and land buskled themselves to bring down Niger, Niger being amazed at this great and sudden blast, seeketh friends, and warneth the Presidents and chief governors of those provinces to see unto his ports, to fortify all those places where the enemy might have best opportunity to enter in, 
Niger his practices.  he sent unto the kings of Parthia, of Armenia, 
Byzance.  & other Princes for aid, he made Bizansium his fort, a City most wealth and great, fortified aswell with men as money. Severus by all means slacking no time as Niger did, forthwith approached to the City of Bizance, because he knew it a City for strength passing other: to withstand his passage Niger sent Emilianus, who fought divers battles with the soldiers of Severus, 
Emilianus.  but in the end Emilianus was by him vanquished, so all things went against Niger, great was the slaughter of Niger his soldiers, none escaped but such as fled: Many battles were also fought between Niger and Severus, but Severus for success prevailed, Niger for lack of men and money, 
Niger.  fled to Antioch for aid, but all this prevailed not, for neither munition, neither valiant soldiers which he had plenty of, did any thing prevail, so hard a thing it is to trust unto lofty estate, or the favour, power, and authority of the mighty, where God raiseth a kingdom, the weak shall chase away the mighty, and the needy rob the wealthy, 
Kingdom.  foolish heads shall subvert the sage and prudent counsels of the grave and wise: 
The secret counsel of God.  no counsel stayeth victory, nor policy putteth of the enterprises of abject parsons where God refuseth the estate. Well so unluckelye all things went on Nigers' side, that neither the favour of the Romans which first chose him, neither strength of men or money prevailed, but the great calamity which happeneth unto the miserable, for he in the end was forced to fly back to Antioch: 
Calamities of war.  great lamentation was made and pitiful shouts for the death of so many soldiers, the child for his father cried alas, the father for his son, the wife for her husband, brother for brother, the friend for friend. Niger then sought an out corner to hide himself in, he that lived in the face of many now hideth himself for fear, one the ruled many, 
The fall of a mighty Prince.  now feareth to be murdered of one, but Niger pursued of Severus horsemen was taken & beheaded of them. These things set in quietness, Severus had but one enemy to assay, Albinus by name, whom also by deceit he murdered: 
Albinus.  then Severus was only, but as concerning Albinus assoon as he heard that Severus did stop the narrow straights and passage of the Alps, he as yet in all voluptuousness leading his life, was suddenly stricken with fear and forthwith he removed his army out of Britain into France, sending letters to the Princes that dwelled by him, 
Albinus.  for aid of men and money, many refused to aid Albinus fearing the success of Severus. When Severus came into France divers skirmishes were made, but in the end Severus pitched his tent near to Lugdunum a City in France in the parts of Aquitania, a City of great wealth of people populous, wherein Albinus closed himself for his safeguard, & sent forth a sufficient multitude to fight for him, valiant was the courage of every soldier, their fight manly, none gave place to other a long season, this doubtful estate of battle continued, at the length Severus (though most manly) was unhorsed, and casting his Princely cloak from him was thereby unknown, assoon as Albinus heard that Severus was in that extremity, he came out of the hold, not as a manly Prince but as a coward the field won, but unlooked for, rescue was made of fresh soldiers to aid Severus: Albinus and his soldiers at a sudden retired being chased of Severus men to the City of Lugdunum the which City they burned, 
The death of Albinus.  and beheaded Albinus and brought the head unto Severus. This Severus most victoriously hath put down three Emperors, julianus, Niger and Albinus: who may be compared with Caesar against Pompeie, who were valiant captains, either with Augustus against Antonye, and the noble sons of Pompeie, either with Silla and Marius in policy or counsel, for he excelled them: And because Albinus had many friends at Rome he sent the head of Albinus thither: commanding it to be hanged up in the sight of all men, & in the same letter wherein he certified the Romans of his success, he wrote in the end thereof these words: Ideo caput Albini publicae in patibulo spectandum mitto, ut exemplum capiant eius amici, quid ipsis patiendum foret. Therefore I do send the head of Albinus in sight to be hanged up, 
A terror.  that his friends may look for the like: Immediately all things set in quiet estate, he marched toward Rome with a terrible host, and with all haste taking his voyage following therein Caesar. Severus entering Rome, all the Romans outwardly rejoiced and the Senate, forthwith he put to death all the favourers of Albinus. Severus was a cruel Emperor, 
Cruelty.  nothing regarding the life of any whom his cruel heart did fancy to murder, in travail and pains he was inferior to no soldier in suffering of cold, heat, hunger, 
Covetousness  thirst, he passed all other in these extremities, in covetousness he went beyond all Emperors, whereupon not content with his estate, ambitiously he sought larger kingdoms, and under pretence to work his heavy displeasure against certain which favoured Niger, he entered against Barsemius, he led his army into the east, he passed also into Armenia subduing Augarus and his kingdom, 
Augarus.  and carried his children with him for hostages, Severus was aided by him with a great number of mighty Archers, he passed from thence to Felix Arabia, 
Arabia.  burning & spoiling the countries, 
Arras.  he laid siege to the City Arras where the Romans were miserably afflicted, and Severus with the great slaughter of his soldiers discomfited left the siege: the men of Arras were noble Archers, whereby Severus nothing prevailed, the men of Arras also used divers policies whereby they poisoned his men, he passed from thence to Parthia to king Artabanus, 
Artabanus.  whom against the law of Arms he entered upon, being in league with him, he spoiled his country, destroyed his people and led them captives away, only the king Artabanus with a few horsemen escaped, 
The law of arms to be kept.  but his treasure and riches fell to the pray and spoil of Severus soldiers, then from thence he passed home to Rome, who caused the whole manner & estate of his conquests, to be set forth in Maps and cards to be seen of all men, Severus being received with all solemnity, quietly settled himself to make his abode there, giving sentence in all controversies of the law, careful in the education and bringing up of his two sons Marcus Antoninus & Geta, 
Mareus Antoninus. Geta.  these two in the absence of their father with all liberty having free passage, to fancy that liked them, their natures were corrupted: Delicijs, victu urbano, spectaculis, study saltationis. That is, with delicious fare, riot, sights, and dancing, and surely where these things be in use, beastly life followeth, because pleasure which destroyeth virtue incenseth them, and where pleasure harboureth, 
Pleasure.  virtue with all sobriety, temperancy and prudent counsel is expelled. Constantinus the great reforming his Court and purging it, expelled from the same Aliatores, 
The rats of Prince's Courts.  saltatores, & adulteros, quia inquit hij sunt Sorices Pallacij. That is, dysers, dancers, & adulterous parsons, saying these be the rats of my Palace: the like also said Priamus, 
Priamus.  Hector, Nestor, and worthy Troilus being slain, these valiant parsonages (saith he) cruel Mars hath slain, but I have left me reproachful children, dross, and refuse full of filthy spots, detestable liars, dancers, & robbers of other. The like we read of Henrye the fift king of England, 
Henrye the v.  who conquered all France, this Prince (as the Histories do note) banished all dissolute parsons from his Court, being sometime a wanton Prince himself, yet receiving charge of kingdom, he gave himself to all wisdom, gravity, & temperancy, his kingdom prospered, 
The wise Prince.  and people flourished, large were his victories in France, virtuous life ruled his commons, and quailed his enemies: A voluptuous Prince is never dreaded of his enemies, 
The voluptuous Prince  he is hated and accounted of little force, the weak Prince being godly winneth by virtue, and procureth thereby the love of his enemy, small are the holds, and weak are the fortresses of the voluptuous Princes, as the Chronicles testify, concerning Antoninus and Geta the two sons of Severus by disposition and nature contrary, continually were at dissension in all games and pastimes, not as children soon ceasing displeasure, but maliciously each one hating deadly tother. 
The destruction of a kingdom.  Severus feared their natural dispositions, lest at any time their malicious hearts should work on themselves mischief. Antoninus 
Antoninus.  was by nature wicked, cruel, beastly, Geta gentle, lowly, & courteous, this Antoninus afterward in his own life shallbe Chronicled what he was. 
Geta.  At that time Severus married Antoninus to the daughter of Plausianus against his will, whereupon Antoninus threatened assoon as Severus his father died, to slay his wife & her father Plausianus, 
Plausianus.  which thing Plausianus hearing of, fearing the cruel head of Antoninus, determined in mind to slay both the sons of Severus, his conspiracy came to light Severus yet living: 
Plausiaws.  This Plausianus had been exalted from poor and needy estate, to great dignity, who not content with his estate sought by ambition, to be above his Lord and masters children, 
Ambition.  the age of Severus moved him thereto partly, and the great & infinite treasures gathered by the spoil of many Regions, and captivity of kings moved him also, but this conspiracy being known to Severus & uttered by Saturninus a Tribune, 
Saturninus.  who should have done that wicked fact, thereunto being hired, Plausianus was apprehended as the History noteth at large, 
Plausianus his death.  and forthwith was beheaded.  
Severus by all means sought to join amity and concord with his two sons, fearing the peril that would follow, and the great calamity on the Romans, these two Princes being at discord, 
Discord.  living with all liberty, flowed in all wanton pleasures and fond pastimes, all which things with their wicked behaviour made Severus a careful Prince, he persuaded them to love, giving them admonitions and fatherly counsel, 
The ruin of kingdoms.  he called to mind before them the great ruin of kingdoms, the fall of Princes, the destruction of noble houses which happened by discord, he bad them beware by them, he showed to them the glory and fame of good kings and Princes, the ignominy and spotted life of the wicked: 
Discord.  discord he said pulleth down in a moment more than concord in many years purchaseth, and advanceth. His great victories and large conquests he said, would soon faule in the hands of other Princes, his two sons being at discord, 
Division.  their division making them weak, would raise strength in other, to pull them down, to spoil them of their riches, 
strength armed with concord.  and to dissolve their kingdoms: strength armed with concord prevaileth mightily, but great armies divided are chased away and lose oftentimes their honour in the field: so much discord prevaileth being in force to dissolve unity, but all this counsel of Severus was in vain: for daily, for living sake, 
flattery.  there crept in those that moved by flattery, division & discord between the two brethren, divers of them Severus put to death, that thus gave counsel to move that broil of discord. 
Britain.  Severus though he were very aged hearing that the britains denied obedience to the Romans, forthwith marched from Rome to war on them, but the britains sought peace, and sent Ambassadors to Severus to purge themselves, but Severus entered on them, they taking the marish ground resisted him, but Severus politickelye devised means to fight with them, 
Getan.  and in the end conquered them, all things set in quiet estate, he left Geta his younger son chief governor there, with a number of wise counsellors to instruct Geta, and to order the Island: The people of the Island knew no use of apparel, 
The manners of the britains.  but they had a hoop of Iron about their neck and middle, which was counted an ornament with them, and a token of great riches: their bodies were pictured and painted with divers shapes of beasts, As Caesar doth note in his Commentaries upon the people of this our Island, a nation very warlike, cruel & bloody. In this emperors days the Christians were persecuted. 
The fift persecution of the Christians.  Crooked age coming upon Severus, and also the gout troubling him, he drew to Rome, age forbidding him any more to war, he sent his son Antoninus as liefetenaunte and chief governor to foreign wars, 
Antoninus.  now Antoninus (minding that he always coveted) sought to be honoured as Emperor of all men, sorry he was that Severus his father lived so long, divers ways he sought by the emperors servants and Physicians to slay him, but none obeyed his counsel: Severus hearing of his sons wicked purposes died more upon thought then sickness, after he had reigned xviii. years. This was the death of that valiant Emperor Severus: 
Severus.  but Charion writeth that Severus coming to this Island, died hear and was buried at York. (⸫)   

Marcus Severus Antoninus.  
Room lost a wise governor Severus being dead, the enemy also and foreign Princes had such an one taken away as they dreaded, who for policy, counsel and all qualities meet for such a parsonage was inferior to no Prince, 
The commendation of Severus.  great was his fame for his noble victories, all italy, France, yea all Europe, Africa and Asia, either dreaded his name or obeyed his government. At the time of Severus death, Antoninus and Geta were in Britain this our Island, immediately they made preparation to Rome to solemnize the funeral of Severus their father: Now began that discord to broil, which long time was in the hearts of these two brethren, for in all their passage to Rome, each one feared other, having together no mutual society, such was the fear of the brother with the brother, both feared treason, the one dreaded to be poisoned of the other, 
Discord.  whereupon severally they took their repast and banquetes, they feared in drinckes and meats poisoning, fear suspected the hearts of these that served them, assoon as they came to Rome their lodgings were severally appointed, 
Discord.  each own feared that the great discord of these two Princes, would work great calamities to all the Romans, and destruction to themselves. As concerning the funeral of Severus, the Romans did celebrated it with all due honour, (meet for so worthy an Emperor) laying his corpses in the place of the Roman Emperors, this funeral once ended, than Geta and Antoninus openly uttered their discord, each one making trains and crafty conveyance to entangle the other. 
Antoninus.  Antoninus being the elder brother, feared Geta his younger brother, Geta (though younger) ambitiously sought by many policies, to occupy the place and kingdom of his elder brother, 
Nature.  nature made them brethren, reason would that concord should have obeyed unto nature: 
Loft estate.  lofty estate depriveth nature of right, kingdoms many times obeyeth not nature, ambition in lofty governors casteth of kindred and grudgeth to have his mate, 
Ambition.  even as Pompeie broked not his like, and as full evil Caesar could bear his superior, so ambition in these two brethren seeketh a sole regiment alone without the other, though discord possessed these two Princes, yet they had subtle heads and flattering tongues, which frequented them, counsel lacked not on both their sides to work mischiefs, 
Adulations  but yet the love and favour of the greater part of the Romans was well affected to Geta, because Geta gave a good opinion of godly behaviour, 
Geta.  in talk and gesture civil, gentle, and courteous, his delectation was in things worthy commendation, the company of the sage and wise delighted him, his virtues gate him love and his gentle behaviour with all men purchased him favour, but Antoninus 
Antoninus.  by nature cruel, exercised cruelty, with tyranny commending: warlike in all his conditions, Ireful, mightily threatening, with fear not with love seeking obedience, even as violent kingdoms lack love of subjects to obedience, so violente governors are more dreaded then loved, 
Violent governors.  miserable is the estate of those Princes, yea the kingdom unfortunate, where discord prepareth mischief, where cloaked hearts ground policies to diminish the estate or deprive the honour th'one of the other: 
Discord.  that that Severus by large victories gate, that which by concord he raised to the advancement of the Roman Empire, now discord in these. two. brothers bringeth defamation, weakeneth their strength, shorteneth their life, pulleth down their kingdom, their discord caused division of countries, for divers Regions were lymitted unto each of them, as all Europe to be in the jurisdiction of Antoninus and Asia was lymitted for the possession & patrimony of Geta: 
Bizance.  Bizance had a great garrison of soldiers for Antoninus, 
Chalcedon.  and Chalcedon a City in Bithynia was the fort of Geta, Antioch and Alexandria the kingly seat for Geta, Mauritania and Numidia belonged to Antoninus, this the Senators of Rome (led with all deliberation) thought good to make this equality between them, the Empress with great sorrow suspecting discord oftentimes admonished them, 
Unity.  and gave them exhortation & as a wise Empress mindful of unity alured them to concord, but her counsel nothing prevailed, daily their discord, hatred, and bloody practices increased, th'one fearing tother, both lived warily from hurt and poisoning because they feared: 
Ambition.  but at the length Antoninus not content with the estate of Geta, nor with the favour wherewith he was affected, thereupon incensed to possess a sole kingdom, at a sudden by violence entered his brother's chamber by night, 
Geta murdered.  and at unwares before his mother beheaded him: Now is the heart of Antoninus seen, now hath discord caught his end which he looked for, then Antoninus (the murder unknown) ran forth making great exclamation crying out for help: said, that Geta with a company entered upon him to slay him, but his strength prevailed and so he escaped, great was the tumult and business of Antonye in this stir than he alured the hearts of the men of war giving them princely gifts, (by which they being overcome) proclaimed him Emperor. Antoninus with an eloquent Oration parswaded the multitude, appeased their Ireful hearts, and asmuch as say in him altered their suspicion. 
Tyranny.  As soon as he was created Emperor and in quietness settled, he murdered all the friends of Geta sparing no age, yea not the infant, so that not one remained on live in the common wealth of Rome, that had any friendship with Geta. Then he made havoc of the Senators of Rome, espetiallye on those who either in nobility or riches excelled, small was the cause, and full light the occasion that procured the murder of any put to death, many noble pears and women also he put to death, as his own wife the daughter of Plausianus, the son of Pertinax, his cruelty was intolerable, that hatred which he bore toward Geta was so great (that he being murdered) yet he ceaseth not to destroy and slay all the chief governors and Presidents of the provinces as friends to Geta: 
Tyranny.  the day time was not sufficient for his murders, but also he bestowed the night seasons in that cruelty, many were his slaughters, and his beastliness intolerable, the barbarous soldiers loved him, both for his prodigality and bountiful gifts, 
Men of war  wherewith their favour was incensed to love him, hope of pray and spoil, 
The warriors life.  leadeth to extreme peril and hazard the accustomed warrior: contrary to that which peace procureth, and furthereth to those which live by peace: Euenso these sons of Mars, do pitch their sure hold in the great calamities of other, and as reveninge fowls do look after pray. Antoninus' wrapped in all monstrous vices, left the parts of Italy, and took his voyage to Danubius, where in all pleasure for his delight he did flow at william. The germans he made friends to him, to aid him in wars he chose out of them those which were of goodliest parsonage to guard him in all points, and in diet, apparel & manners he became a German, and to win the favour of the soldiers to make them the more painful in all travail: 
A great policy.  he digged, he delved many times with his own hands, on foot he travailed bearing burdens, using most slender fare wherewith his commendation entitled him a rare captain. These were rare & singular practices in so noble a pear, which Zenophon noteth in his History, saying that this only is the means for those which in martial feats seek to go beyond other, to be in labour equal to other, and because he would be an other Alexander, 
Alexander.  in all Cities he caused the Images of Alexander to be set up, yea at Rome in the Capitolle and Temples.  
Herodian wrote the History at large, and saith that he in those days with many other, saw divers pictures which in one body had two. faces the face of Alexander and of Antoninus, he went to the Tomb of Achilles honouring him, but above all he commended Silla and Hannibal to whom also he made pictures, he wrought much villainy to the men of Alexandria as the history noteth at large, because they of Alexandria mocked him, in that so vainly he would match himself with Alexander and Achilles, which contumely he not bearing, murdered an infinite sort of them by a guile, after this he sought to mary the daughter of Artabanus king of the Parthians, 
Dissimulation.  showing what strength it would be, the Roman Empire and the mighty kingdom of Parthia to be joined in one, but this was only a guile and train to win Parthia. King Artabanus thought, that unfeignedly Antoninus made that request of marriage, but in the end he had wellnigh destroyed the king, making great havoc with his people. Then Antoninus after that he had murdered the people & spoiled the country, went into Mesapotamia, where he had his delectation in hunting strange beasts, at that time Macri●us and Audentius being liefetenantes of his armies, 
Macrinus.  had the doing of those matters only, 
Autentius.  whereby they were the only rulers. Antoninus' curious in his doings was not content to aspire to the knowledge of humane matters, but also he sought to learn of spirits, and because he feared by other to be murdered, he talked with the most expert soothsayers, 
Vanity.  Astrologians, enchanters and witches, none excelled whom he talked not with to know his estate & end of life, but not content with their answers because they seemed to flatter him, he caused certain to conjure up spirits, to know of them what end he should have, or if any wrought treason to his person or kingdom, among many conjurers Matermanus above the rest excelled, who learned of his conjured spirit, that one Macrinus who bore chief authority under Antoninus, did seek the emperors death, and whether that he learned so of the conjured spirit, 
conjuring.  or that some other for hatred uttered the same to kill Macrinus it is uncertain, 
Macrious.  but the Chronicles do note that Macrinus was in the end the death of Antoninus: Austin writeth a Book De divinatione demoniorum, sheewinge that devils do know of things to come, declaring great proofs of the same. Palingenius writeth also thereof, sheewinge by good argument the same, and herein for a manifest● example is that History of the spirit conjured in the body of Samuel, 
Saul.  who showed that Saul the king should dye in the next battle.  
But now as concerning Macrinus the letters which the coniverer sent to Antoninus the Emperor, came at such time as Antoninus was otherwise occupied, he willed thereupon Macrinus to read the letters: Macrinus reading the letters saw his death that would follow, by the instruction of the conjured spirits, 
Martialis.  but he preventing the matter, persuaded a certain young man named Martialis, to seek aportunitye to murder Antoninus, who at a sudden killed him, being at his privy, but Martialis escaped not, for he was slain of the Germans who were his guard, the murder done, 
Macrinus.  Macrinus though he wrought the treason, yet he seemed by lamentation and outward behaviour sorrowful of the death of Antoninus: for causes there were that might seem upon some private displeasure taken, to procure that murder. Antoninus being dead, the men of war not knowing what governors they might obey (for ii days they were without an Emperor) than they took advisement who were most meet to govern, 
Antoninus' recompensed with blood for blood.  at the first Audentius was thought above the rest meet to occupy that room, for he was a wise and valiant captain, 
Audentius.  long age with great experience excelled in him, but by reason of age he refused the offer, preferring a quiet and private estate, before that dignity, than the Tribunes favouring Macrinus, obtained so great favour that Macrinus enjoyed the same. At the same time Artabanus king of the Parthians to revenge the old injuries, 
Moerinus chosen Emperor.  made preparation against the Romans, whereupon the more willingly they chose Macrinus Emperor, because he was lieutenant in the wars before. Artabanus with a great power came upon the Romans having a great band of valiant horsemen, strong Archers, mighty Camels, their power was great and noble for parsonages. Macrinus made an Oration to the Romans, uttering the causes of Artabanus coming, and to encourage the Romans, he did extol their invincible strength, shewing them also the decay of the Roman Empire if Artabanus prevailed, 
Parthians.  he laid before their eyes the bore and rude policy of the Parthians, he extolled the witty practices and noble enterprises of the Romans, in all Regions their victories and large conquests. After this the host of Artabanus entering on the Romans, his Archers and other soldiers greatly did hurt and made havoc of them, the Romans on foot hand to hand, were more valiant than the Parthians, 
Parthians.  the success that fell to the Parthians, was by their Archers and Camels, from whom many threw darts, than the Romans greatly endamaged by the horsemen of the Parthians, made sharp pikes, privily to be set to annoy the horsemen of the Parthians, whereby many were destroyed, mighty were the wars on both sides, for two days the battle continued until night: the third day also a new they made a fresh battle, where great was the slaughter as appeared by those that lay dead in great heaps, not only of men but of Camels, in this extremity Macrinus knowing that the injuries of Antoninus (being dead) was the only cause that moved Artabanus to war on the Romans, sent Ambassadors to Artabanus the king of the Parthians signifying by letters, that Antoninus the Emperor who was the cause of their injuries, was dead, and now the Empire to be in his hands, and that he liked not the doings of Antoninus, 
The petition of Macrinus  wherefore he promised to give to Artabanus all the captives and spoil which Antoninus had from him, and that willingly he desired to join amity with Artabanus, the letters red, he received the Ambassadors of the Romans honourably, Artabanus was content with the offer, and joined league with the Romans, and shortly after he returned into Parthia, & Macrinus marching with his army out of Mesapotamia went to Antioch. In this sort at large writeth Herodian the true and faithful Historiographer, sudden was the death of Antoninus the wicked Emperor, and at a sudden the choice of Macrinus, rash were the heads of those warlike soldiers, 
A rash choice.  to choose the murderer of their Emperor to govern them.   

Macrinus.  
MAcrinus coming to Antioch (as Herodian writeth) immediately sent letters to the Senate & people of Rome and as it should seem was moved there to, to th'end good opinion might be bruited of him whereby he might win their favour, and possess their loving hearts: and because he was guilty of the death of the Emperor Antoninus, with other of the Tribunes, as afterward time uttered the close conspiracy of their treasons, against their Lord and king (though he were a wicked Emperor) & even as God leaveth no estate unscourged, but for sin and iniquity destroyeth Cities, overwhelmeth Regions, displaceth Princes, so he uttereth in time all treasons, 
Treasons.  as in these conspirators he opened their beastly fact and bloody practice, it is no rare thing, but yet for wonder rare a captive and abject parson to the world (yet in virtue excelling) through the secret providence of God to be advanced unto a kingdom, a wicked Prince in all glory and strength flourishing expelled from Dominion, 
The secret counsel of God in kingdoms.  and the estate translated to an unknown parson, and to a strange nation: O how happy therefore is it a kingdom to possess a godly Prince & a virtuous, God defendeth the estate of such whose kingdom is beautified with a godly Prince, the only cause of the change of kingdoms, 
A godly Prince.  and the overthrow and plague of mighty Regions doth come through wicked governors, for as a good Prince heapeth great glory and felicity to his kingdom, 
The wicked Prince.  so the wicked Prince subverteth destroyeth and pulleth down more in a moment and short time, than the godly governor is able to establish and ordain in a long continuance, so much the life of one chief governor is of force to prevail in kingdoms.  
As concerning Macrinus in his letters to the Senate of Rome, he altogether reproved the beastly life and ungodly behaviour of Antoninus, he advanced his own glory by good success which he aspired to in foreign wars, because he rose from no noble parentage, to defend him thereby from base reputation: which people commonly do bear in mind (a man of mean and low estate promoted to dignity) who better commonly can honour and account of any one though never so base, 
Men of low estate promoted.  being an alien. them of such an one borne in their own country, whose low condition of life unto them is known, although his virtues, & worthiness in acts have extolled him to that dignity. 
The race of noble kings.  The race of many kings is by age out of mind, not known from what poor cottage they descended, time out of mind entitleth them with honour, and age for memory Chronicleth them royal, God by a secret providence hath raised from all estates to bear Sceptres, long descent raiseth nobility to fame, but virtue and valiantness of acts, are only the causes that should make nobility.  
Macrinus therefore to prove himself noble writeth this argument: 
True nobility.  Let no man think me unworthy the place of the Emperor, because from low estate I have ascended, for what is nobility except virtuous conditions, and noble acts do make the parson glorious, for we see daily many who as beasts live unto the earth destitute of all excellency, 
Glorious talk of a tyrant.  without good fame, yea the ignorant to aspire to heaped riches, to honourable revenues, and wealth patrimony, unworthy parsons also to enjoy fortunes flotinge wealth & blessed maintenance, because they are thought to descend from noble progeny: Marvel not therefore if the chief glory of worthy fame requisite for a noble man, happen unto one descending of mean parents, from a mean cottage in a despised body, whom fortune seemed to have cast of, if that in prows & valiantness both in feats of arms, & in all other noble qualities, apt for the defence and government of a country, he flowrisheth more than any other. 
Richeses not in admiration with the wise.  The brittle gifts of fortune are not with wise men in admiration, for fools as beasts without senses according to their own understanding are in admiration of the rich, and place all felicity in kingdom, ponder with ourselves these few examples, what availed the long race of the Aslyrian Princes to Sardanapalus? 
Sardanapalus.  or the nobility of the kings of Lydia to Candaules ': 
Candaules.  or the valiant prows of the whole race of the kings of Persia to cowardly Zerxes? 
Zerzes'.  or the nobility of Commodus, 
Commodus.  who in outward kingdom noble, did degenerate from the true nobility that was in Marcus his father, which Marcus was a wise, noble, godly and valiant Prince: Commodus was a rash, foolish and beastly governor. Whereunto is come the nobility of Severus, 
Severus.  Geta, 
Geta.  and Antoninus, 
Antoninus.  being once in glory, who orderly by succession would claim without just cause the titles of kingdoms? these altogether without descent, without good qualities, entered by innovations to succeed in kingdom: This tale being told to the Senators and people of Rome, he wrote also that he would be ruled in all things with the wisdom of the Senators, & that their authority should moderate the whole frame & order of his government, and he promised that they should live in that liberty, 
Dissimulation  wherein godly Princes before him, had settled the estate of the Roman Empire: As Traian, Vespasian, Adrian, Nerua, Marcus Antoninus, and Pertinax, these letters being red they proclaimed Macrinus Emperor: though Macrinus were at Antioch, all the Romans were glad that cruel Antoninus was murdered, than inquisition was made, 
A just reward for promoters.  the Senators being godly disposed thereto, to search out all promoters, which in the time of the bloody Emperor Antonye, procured the death of many, and also accused their masters before that Emperor and shortened their lives, all such were hanged on gybbets, the common wealth of Rome was throughly purged of all wicked persons, more by the policy and counsel of the Senators then through Macrinus: For Macrinus at the first entering of his government, gave himself from all virtue, living in all pleasure at Antioch, now his private state is forgotten, honour and dignity have changed him, and that great ignobilitye which he reproved in other is forgotten, and the nobility for which he gloried in himself is now lacking, his behaviour waxed proud, his countenance haughty, and manners insolent: now he will not be spoken with in matters of gravity touching a common wealth, pleasure and fond delights drew this voluptuous Emperor from care of kingdom, 
A sudden change.  pleasant flatterers, jesters, dancers, prodigal and riotous persons were his delight and company, the lascivious life contented not the warriors and soldiers, for the pampered life of the delicious Prince and his wanton behaviour, caused him to be contemned, he now renewed the evil examples and tragical parts of Antoninus, 
Wanton behaviour.  which before he so much despised. Macrinus this ill governor raigued a short time, through his wickedness he continued but a year in government, the virtuous life in a Prince hath no cause to fear what the enemy can do, 
Virtuous life in a prince.  neither can the malicious head assure any enterprise. Well, Macrinus was deceived of the Romans, & those barbarous and warlike soldiers, pondered how to place another in that room by murdering Macrinus.  
A certain honourable woman named Mesa the sister of julia, 
Mesa.  mother in law unto Antoninus, (who afterward married the same Antoninus the late Emperor) had two daughters, Semiamira 
Semiamira.  which was mother to Antonius Bassianus, 
Mammea.  and Mammea which Mammea was the mother of Alexianus afterward called Alexander, both these two young men were Sacerdotes solis, priests or dayned to the honour of the Sun, to whom the Phoenicians did build a sumptuous Temple, the Princes also of other Nations thereunto a djoininge, did honour the Sun for a God, the Parthians also (as the Histories note) did the like. Bassianus being in years youthful, of a goodly parsonage, 
Bassianus.  of visenomye very amiable, at such time as the Romans had a garrison of noble warriors in Phenitia, which warriors also making their abode there, resorted many times to that goodly Temple builded to the Sun, where by their often resort, they viewed well the parsonage of Bassianus, whose grandemother was sister to julia 
julia.  the Empress, which julia was mother and wife to Antoninus the Emperor before, they that bore chief authority over the soldiers under Macrinus in Phenitia, seeing that this Bassianus was of noble birth descended (though a priest) The mother also of Bassianus said that he was the bastard son of Antoninus, 
Antoninus.  whether it was feigned of her or not, it is uncertain, but as for the life of Antoninus his beastliness was such, that he spared not his own kindred, not not his daughters, but had with them his pleasure in their tender years, These words being credited that were spoken by the Lady, the soldiers presently determined to make Bassianus Emperor, for that they knew his mother to be greatly enriched with infinite treasures, 
Murder for murder requited.  with whom also they talking, the murder for money was agreed upon. And so desiring to accomplish their promise made for gain, they conveyed Bassianus into their tents & called him by they name of Antonye, clothing him in Princely apparel, preparing all things necessary to repel the enemy, if their fort should be besieged, forthwith it was known to Macrinus what things were done in Phenitia by the bastard son of Antoninus, he had understanding of the whole means of their conveyance, and of the large promise of Mesa, at the first Macrinus regarded not the news, but at the length just occasion was geeven to credit that report, and then he sent forth a chief and valiant captain: 
I●lianus.  julianus by name, to repress those rebels and to deface their rebellion, to pull down the estate usurped by the bastardly priest Bassianus, who leaving his estate of priesthood, 
A priest Emperor.  coveted to be an Emperor. julianus doing Macrinus commandment followed his purpose, assaulted the fort, where the soldiers sheewed on the wall this Bassianus called Antoninus, and great bags of money with infinite sums, which procured the treason. julianus as a valiant Captain, assaying by all means to deface the usurper, and to win the fort, in the end he lost his head, 
julianus.  & in spite they sent it to Macrinus, the men of war which came with julianus fled to Bassianus, than Macrinus made preparation in his own parson to fight against them, but he was fain to fly changing his apparel, and shaving his beard that he might not be known, the soldiers in the mean time fought for their Lord a long time: it was long unknown that Macrinus was fled, but as soon as Bassianus heard thereof, he sent certain to pursue after him, who found him in Chalcedon 
Chalcedon.  a City of Bithynia very sick, where they cut of this head with his son Diadumenus, whom in his life time he created Emperor. Macrinus thus is recompensed with violente death, and for murdering Antoninus the Emperor before, 
Murder.  was murdered by Bassianus called the bastard son of Antony, who ever after he was made priest, was called Heliogabalus. Macrinus ruled but one year, a Prince without care of the common wealth given to voluptuousness and all fond pleasures, thus caught a miserable end.   

Heliogabalus.  
HEliogabalus called the bastard son of Antonye, the son of Semiamira, she being sister to julia the Empress before, which Heliogabalus being a priest: In honorem solis, made to the honour of the Sun, for amongst the Phaenitians) as you have heard) the Sun was counted a God, being but a planet, they did honour the same at the rising & going down, to whom for honour, superstition amongst them had made apriesthode of great renown. 
Helyogabalus by interpretation signifieth a priest of the sun.  This Heliogabalus how he came to be Emperor, the History before showeth in the life of Macrinus, he was but sixteen years of age when he was chosen Emperor, and six years he continued therein: in the end was slain with his mother Semiamira, who procured with great sums the Empire to her son, whom she feigned to be the emperors child. This Heliogabalus immediately upon the death of Macrinus (the army of soldiers bribed with great sums of money) was proclaimed Emperor, 
Semiamira.  though the Senators at Rome had no choice therein, 
Necessities.  for assoon as the Senate heard thereof, of necessity they obeyed the choice, having proof daily that virtue and worthiness created not Emperors amongst them, 
Election. forced.  but as fancy in those warlike stomachs gave election, herein by force they obeyed election, seeing so sudden choice of Emperors by them, and so sudden the fall from their estate through them, cruel and bloody hearts displaced the chosen, and hearts bribed with money made a new election, as Merchandise of cattle and wares they sold the Empire, as money made the Emperors, so money made choice of officers: 
Money.  so great was the calamities of those days in the often change of Princes and officers, that Princes usurped by money and officers by bribes grew wealth, private gain with each one was in steed of a common wealth, 
wealthy officers.  the Empire bore a name of estate, but private gain with each one bore away the mastery. As concerning Heliogabalus after he was created Emperor, remained under the tuition (for lack of wisdom in those tender years) of his grandemother Mesa, 
Privete gai●.  and his mother Semiamira, the estate of the common wealth well settled and in quietness in the East parts, he was counseled (by those under whose tuition he was governed) to make haste to Rome: 
Mesa.  they sheewed him that delay in Niger, folly & tyranny in Macrinus, & unadvisedness in Albinus, was their destruction, than this Bassianus being under the government of other, obeyed what they willed for a season, 
Folly.  the departure of Heliogabalus toward Rome was bruited in all coasts, 
Delay.  the army of soldiers understood the same, forth he passed from Syria, and made his winter abode in Nichomedia, such was the season of that year, that it letted the passage of the Emperor to other coasts, 
Vnaduisednes.  and in the end there he wintered. Though his grandmother and mother, had chief jurisdiction over this priestly Emperor, yet there crept in certain gallants both warily and secretly, whose pleasure was in Courtly behaviour, and all things delectable to delight a Prince, they found favour with Heliogabalus, 
Courtly gallants.  so much their demeans and light toys sank in the head of that young Prince (though his grandmother with other endued with all gravity and wise counsel, used oftentimes exhortacious meet for his estate) but young Princes obeying fancies, and refusing counsel do commonly flow in free passage to vice, where counsel prevaileth not, (pleasure following) fancy beareth rule & weakeneth the strong Prince, 
Pleasure.  & pulleth down the mighty from their kingdoms, whom noble virtues and temperancy hath exalted, the embrasinge of the meanest pleasure hath cast down forts, 
Pleasure.  and demynished the estate of the mighty, virtue harboureth not where vice dwelleth, 
Virtue.  pleasure giveth no abode where vice rangeth, such mates hath the Emperor chosen, as pleasure & vice liked: 
Vice.  those two disposed that frame & order of his household, and in like sort schowled the common wealth, he might well be the son of Antonye, who in beastly behaviour did so well resemble that beastly Emperor Antoninus, his holy priesthood is forgotten, 
Gawish apparel what it betokeneth.  and the devout ceremonies of his strange God, and he as a ruffyne with all sumptuousness in light and gaudishe apparel of divers colours clotheth himself, rybaldrye was affected in all his doings, 
dancing.  dancing was the delectation of the Prince, and therewith followed like pleasures, he despised the vestures and apparel of the Roman Emperors, a new fashion is invented to please this fond Emperor, his apparel was not wholly after the manner of the Phoenicians, but somewhat like the Medes and the Phoenicians, a mingle mangle of both: As for the apparel of the Romans, which the Emperors before used, he would say in reproach: 
New fashion of apparel devised of strange heads.  De lana vilissima confe & as Imperatorum vestes, gresye will (saith he) before clothed Emperors of Rome, & as new fashions for apparel crept in by vain heads, so the sober mediocrite, and virtuous mean was despised, and now fond pride, monstruous vices in all estates flew abroad, rich aught the ornaments to be, & full sumptuous the clothing of Princes and noble pears, when the mean sort, leaving all mean and consideration of estate, as players on a stage, above Princes & Princes mates do cloth themselves, 
Pride.  yea when amongst the mean sort, each one striveth to be a rare gallant, Princes may go as Princes, & as nobility leadeth nobles, and of high estate enjoy their vestures, the mean sort in comparison without nobility, 
The pride of these days.  do match with sumptuousness their nobles, so pride hath brought in sumptuous clothing, wherewith a great and wealthy patrimony that fostered many, lieth all in gay clotheses. Mesa being grandmother to this Hehogabalus, 
Mesa.  was very much grieved with the insolent manners, excessive pride, and garish apparel of of her nephew, moving him to have consideration of his estate, by calling to mind the fall of proud Princes, the decay of foolish governors: she warned him with long and humble entreaty, to use the accustomed rob of the Roman Emperors, 
Pride.  shewing also how light he would seem to the Romans, whose apparel as childish, would be thought & womanly rather then for any man, and much less for a Prince. 
The school of folly.  But Heliogabalus was now throughly schooled of his mates, whereby he despised Senators, and men of gravity and wisdom were put far from him, such was his delectation as in pride, rybaldrye, riot and beastly demeanour. these he embraced as companions, and because he would not enter Rome with his strange apparel to be wondered at, cunning men were searched out: who most lively and artificially could set forth his very visenomye, parsonage & comely stature, the very apparel though light and gawishe, with his priestly rob which he used, the picture also of the Sun, in whose honour he was consecrated priest, he gave also commandment that his picture should be set on high, where the assemble of the Senate should be gathered, and that every one of them to him as a God, should burn incense, and that the Romans before all gods, should entitle him the great God Heliogabalus, 
Heliogabalus, a man, a priest, a great God.  this thing at Rome (as he commanded) was done of the Senators and multitude. Each one toted and looked at the picture, the sight was rare, the folly of a mortal man ridiculous, and worthy to be hissed at, of an Emperor intolerable, no man liked the great folly of that Prince unknown to the Romans, chosen by many of the soldiers, the Romans looked for some singular matter, they wondered a mortal man to fancy a godhead, children laughed in their sleeves, 
Pride.  and old men for fear ducked, as prostrate to honour a man as a God, an Emperor, a priest, and bastard son of Antoninus. 
Wicked governors.  Nevertheless such is the estate of wicked times, wherein ungodly and beastly governors do reign, that for fear each one obeyeth their commandments, Rome receiveth him with honour, and the Senators wish him (faynedlye) long life, full Princely was the Court of this young priest, who in his accustomed priestly apparel entered bearing the estate of an Emperor, feigning with all men a godhead: to win the favour of the Romans, princely were the gifts which he gave to win their love. Forth with in the honour of his God, he erected a mighty, huge and sumptuous Temple, and round about the Temple Altar's, doing thereupon sacrifice of Oxen and sheep, and with incense odoriferous perfumed his God, certain women of Phaenitia playing on cymbals and instruments, did solemnize the sacrifice, the wickedness of him was such, that he murdered all those which rejoiced not at his folly, and all such as reproved and spoke evil of him: secretly this Emperor was desirous of marriage, 
jyranny.  & would have had to wife a noble Lady of Rome, with whom afterward he married, but not continuing with her, he made a divorce depriving her of all dignity and honour. After her he fell in love with a Nun serving the Goddess Vesta, professing virginity, 
A Nun.  which also the laws both Civil and Common, do bind to perpetual virginity, whom Bassianus taking from her holy cell & Temple married, that crime was full reproachful, the fact detestable, wherewith the Senate being grieved accounted it horrible, in those days it was so heinous, & the laws also gave this sentence: A vow broken in virginity the party so offending to be buried quick. The first king of the Romans was borne of one professing that holy virginity, 
Romulus.  his mother's name was Rhea, who served Vesta the Goddess. Heliogabalus answered in these words. Sacerdotis nuptias congruere sacerdoti ob id magis venerandas & augustiores esse nuptias. The marriage of a holy Nun would well agreed to ioyve in matrimony with a holy priest, for where two holy ones be joined in marriage, there the marriage must needs be most holy. This Emperor as it seemeth followed fancy, wherein pleasure ruled marriage, forlong he continued not with her being such a holy one, for her he put from him by divorce, than afterward he married one who descended from the house of Commodus the Emperor, 
Folly.  her also he put from him, than would he needs have the Image of a goddess which was Pallas, 
Pallas.  to be brought to his chamber, that same Image was of great antiquity amongst the Romans, the Greeks when Troy was burned saved the Immage of Pallas, 
Troy.  of the which the Romans attained to have the possession, this goddess he called the wife of the sun his God, this Image was counted of that holiness that no man durst remove it from the place where it was set, such was the superstition of those days in Images and forged godheads of antiquity, 
Superstition.  as in many other age's superstition hath borne such rout, not amongst the simple and princes only, but fancied, upholded, and allowed of the learned, which maintenance of fond gods of devotion in Images, 
Images.  sprung from those that knew not God, and yet maintained as clarkelye as tongue could forge of those, which would seem to hold of a religion pure and profess god, & even as the heathen were in admiration of honouring strange goods by force and bloody practices, grownding a perfit religion upon their gods, even so from time to time there have remained such as have brought in among christians a superstitious devotion of infinite saints, not as merit but as fancy and authority stauled them saints: 
Sibilla. lib. ●.  but Sibyl who perfectly set forth such superstitions calleth them. Deos mortuos, Idola mortuorum. Dead goods, and patterns of the dead: as concerning that matter more largely it shallbe spoken of, 
Irenae.  in the life of the bloody and superstitious Empress Irenae, who for the like superstitiousness practised the terrible persecution upon christians.  
As concerning the last marriage of Bassianus for his god, now he putteth of Pallas as unmeet to match with the sun his god saying. 
A lamentable state when God is neglected of a Prince.  Belligera dea & armata, uxor esse non possit pacifici dei. A wife all in armour and warlike, was an unmeet wife for a quiet god, then as folly grew upon folly he commanded a certain Image which had no name, but because it was found, & no man knew from whence it was, and at that time being full of beauty, 
An old devise of the superstitious.  gorgeous, and sumptuously clothed as a queen, bearing chief rout amongst her she gods, and because the finding of that Image was strange, they said it came from heaven, leaving immortal creatures to visit the mortal, and therefore they called her the heavenly goddess, other histories writ that Dido building Carthage placed her there, at what time as she first erected Carthage the Carthaginians, and Phoenicians, called her the governor of of the stars, 
Folly.  which is the moan, so Bassianus blinded with folly thought it a meet match to marry the Moon and the Sun together, such was his folly led with pleasure, cast from the knowledge of God to do things against God, to the which solemnity he ordained a festival day and a great solemnity for all people of all estates, young and old, tag and rag to see this marriage, he made also a sumptuous temple: it were to long to set forth his beastly manners, his horrible life in all respects, and whereas by nature he was amiable and beautiful he painted his face with divers colours, wherewith his dignity for his beastly life was not dreaded, he was contemned, the love was not so great in the beginning as is now the hatred of those who chose him, so brickle a hold, and weak strength it is for a prince to trust in people or kingdom, 
The virtuous Prince.  the virtuous prince shall never have cause to fear his enemy, to doubt of his kingdom, or to stand in awe of his subjects, all these things wicked princes fear.  
The government of Bassianus being in this sort, his grandmother Mesa feared that by indignation of the men of war, the fall of Bassianus would happen, whereby also she saw that if Bassianus were murdered, her own estate would fall in like peril, yea, to hazard her life, and lease her dignity, whereupon in that extremity, full wisely she commoned with Bassianus and by policy persuaded him to make his Cousin who was the son of Mammea her other daughter, companion with him in the Empire: saying the cause that enforced her to move him thereto was the tendering of his estate, and procurement of his liberty, she extolled therewith his free estate: saying it shallbe meet for you Bassianus to leave the care of worldly things which are far unmeet for your high estate, being holy addicted to the honour of your god the sun, as for Alexianus he shallbe an ease unto you in all your business, 
Subtle coū●●●.  whereby with more quietness and less care lyeu may execute your other affairs, she declared unto him that she sought out no stranger nor aliante to perticipate with him in the kingdom, but his kinsman Alexianus, who with all profit, advancement, love and sincerity, would execute that office: The grandmother Mesa signified unto the men of war, that Antoninus the Emperor before, begat Alexianus of her daughter Mammea, 
Policy.  whereby she knew that the men of war would more fervently love Alexianus, the memory of Antoninus not forgotten: thereupon Alexianus was called also by the name of Alexander, 
Bassianus.  & was entitled Emperor. Bassianus purposed to train his young cousin, to run the race through all beastly pleasures wherein he ranged, but Mesa (as discreet Lady, & grandmother to both) kept back Alexianus from all such villainy, 
Godly education in a Prince.  privily she brought Alexianus up under virtuous governors and teachers, which gave him education, meet for the estate of so noble a parsonage, no excellency wanted wherein his young years was not daily instructed. Then Bassianus full of vice, & flowing in all beastliness, was grieved much at the virtuous education of Alexianus, whose life he would have framed to his own fashion, and thereupon he repented him that he had exalted him to that fellowship in kingdom: Now it was to late to change that which the Romans, the whole Senate and the warriors had decreed, now was the estate of Heliogabalus most weak, the Romans possessing a Prince whom they loved, being learned, brought up virtuously, excelling in all Princely qualities: this wicked Emperor Bassianus thereupon banished from his Court those that furthered this young Emperor to wisdom, and godliness, to learning and other princely qualities: some he put to death for the same cause, he said they corrupted the tender years of his son, he said these are only meet qualities: Principem agitare choros, bacchari & scortari. It shall behove a Prince (saith he) to be an excellent dancer, a riotous parson, & to use many women. Bassianus only promoted to dignity inventors of pleasures delightinge in beastly folly, and all such as be out casts from the Courts of godly Princes, 
Folly.  and from all common wealths: the wickedness of this Prince brought him in contempt of all men, than Heliogabalus seeing all the Romans with the Senate, and men of war to be wholly given to the favour of Alexianus otherwise called Alexander, sought divers times to murder him by divers trains as by poison, but Mesa his grandmother warily prevented by discrete officers to put of all these mischiefs, 
Mesa.  whereby she preserved him: 
Heliogabalus.  also Heliogabalus would openly disclose what secretly he pretended divers times, also he would have deprived his vicegerent of estate, but the men of war not bearing it, delivered this Alexianus otherwise called Alexander from the hands of the Emperor, then in these his extremities, he would have put to death those as traitors, and enemies to his parson, but what is it for a Prince or chief Emperor to stand, being stricken down: for as love created him Emperor, so sin, vice, and beastly government, have cast him from dignity. They apprehended Heliogabalus with his mother Semiamira, drawing their bodies with all spite through the City of Rome, cruelly their bodies were handled, torn in pieces, and at the length cast into the open privyes of the blood Tiber. Thus at large the life of Heliogabalus is set out in history. Six years he governed, his election is well known, 
The death of Heliogabalus.  his end likewise Chronicled, now openly Alexander is chosen, saluted and obeyed for an Emperor, who was always called Alexander Severus.   

Alexander Severus.  
ALexander succeeded Heliogabalus, by the policy of his graundemother Mesa, by whose godly counsel, his tender years were altogether trained up in learning under famous teachers, in the Greek and latin tongues also singularly instructed, 
Godly education.  & as his education was virtuous, so his natural disposition from tender years, gave great proofs of his excellent virtues, for he was gentle, lowly, courteous, and endued with all humanity. The beastly life of Bassianus was the utter decay of his estate, the virtuous behaviour of this Alexander prevailed to purchase unto him the favour of the Romans, as he was virtuously brought up, so he virtuously governed, nothing lacking in him to all nobility & excellency of estate for government, 
The counsel of women in the court of Princes.  if he had not been obedient to follow the fancy of his mother Mammea, who with infaciable covetousness, procured many times things which delighted her greedy purposes, the obeying of her was the decay of this Emperor in the end.  
As concerning the whole manner of his government thus will I orderly proceed, 
Mesa.  his graundemother was called Mesa, sister to julia the Empress the wife of Severus: This Mesa in the days of Severus and Antoninus his son, Emperors of Rome, with great dignity and estimation lived intheyr Court, and so long as Mesa lived with this Emperor Alexander, her dignity was such, and counsel of such value, her manners of so great gravity, and her estimation with the wisest Senators of such credit, her countenance framed with such a majesty, 
A rare singulertye in a woman.  that for a woman so many virtues in one body was strange and marvelous, so God in divers ages to many kingdoms, & to divers common wealths, hath given of that sex and kind such marvelous success of estate, as the mighty frame of many Regions, of populous people, 
The government of women.  or infinite nations, yea the mighty Princes of the world have obeyed their government: for it is not to be supposed (much less to be believed) that men in their estate, do pass and excel women in their government: the most mighty Princes cannot of their own power and proper strength, work any marvelous thing, if GOD give not a strong ground and a steadfast foundation to their kingdoms: oftentimes we see Princes base (in no point worthy to be compared unto noble Ladies adorned with reason and virtue) as the Macedonians, 
The estate of kingdom.  the Meads, the Moors and the Bactrianes to have risen from their base estates, to bear Sceptures over many Regions, and to rule mighty Princes. How mean was the estate at first, when Aemilius uncle to Romulus first king of the Romans governed? even as the estate of small kingdoms have risen by mean persons, in time to run a race in title and long descent from many kings over diverse Nations: so the most noble and virtuous race of women have in many ages obtained marvelous success, to asspyre to mighty kingdoms, 
The government of women.  and to govern many Princes: as the Amazons & Semiramis, the Queen of Halicarnassus, who ruled worthily, & fought more valiantly than durst Z●rzes with all his huge hosts: consider ye the noble acts of Deborah, of Judith against Holopharnus, of Queen Mertia queen of England, & Hester for the jews. The government of this Alexander was under the tuition of Mesa and the other noble Ladies, who altogether directed and disposed the whole frame of his dominion to all excellency, and these noble Matrons being virtuously inclined to tender the state of the Emperor, 
A worthy government.  and the whole jurisdiction of the Roman Empire, with great consideration chose● unto them sixteen Senators being men of gravity, in whose breasts experience of long time had laid up plenteous store of great wisdom, without whose counsel nothing passed to be done, or determined in any matter, such is the care of those who govern kingdoms in all godliness, to proceed with grave and sage counsel of the wisest, of the most expert and godliest affected, 
A godly counsel.  in all affairs couching the common wealth: the time before the government of this Alexander, was with tyranny maintained, as under Antoninus the son of Severus, and under Macrinus and Heliogabalus: now was Rome thought to be in great felicity of estate, when it was thus changed from tyranny, to the best order that might be in a common wealth, for one young head did not rashly determine matters, but door age with long experience, wisdom and godly counsel, 
The best counsel.  which before was contemned, did now bear the sway, and yet in the heart of every Senator, superstition remained in those days of strange Gods, for God was not then known: the estate of such people perfectly knew not God, but outwardly and politikelye to a common wealth governed. Antoninus without any zeal or true knowledge (as fantastical superstition blindeth) both set up, 
Ignorance the mother of this devotion.  and pulled down the Image of his Gods. Alexander (such was the ignorance of those days) renewed the due and proper honour of his Gods, restoring each one to his proper place & devout Tabernacle. Of long time their superstition remained, 
Blind devotion.  their blind consciences was puffed up with blind devotion & invented daily as each one fansyed in Religion of strange ceremonies, the Histories do note that in the days of the government of this Alexander, superstition was upholded with famous men of great learning, for many sage, politic and deep grounded heads, flowed plentiouslyin those his days, many noble, valiant, and rare captains each one in their estate, the one for counsel, the other in arms did endeavour themselves manfully to uphold the estate, and to preserve the Roman kingdom a long season, 
Mesa a rare Lady.  the government of this prosperous estate continued as long as Mesa the graundemother of Alexander lived. For counsel, and deep memory never failed in her crooked age, nor noble courage never ceased in seeking to make perfect a common wealth, till withered age gave up her ghost: her death was much lamented: Rome lost of her a Lady of rare virtues. Alexander was maimed, by her death he lost his chief staff, the mean & strongest ground to establish his Empire though his mother Mammea lived, and well affected in heart to seek the prosperous estate of Alexander her son. 
A perfect token of a wise Prince.  Mesa never enterprised any one thing but by the counsel of many wisemen, and their experience disposed and ruled the same. Mesa being dead, Mammea the mother of Alexander in like sort sought to govern her son being not of years ripe to govern. 
Mammea.  Mesa was led advisedly by counsel of other, but Mammea made her own counsel of force to rule Alexander and other, though at the first she pretended otherwise, this thing was not commendable in Mammea his mother, his education continued altogether in virtuousness, in learning, and all qualities meet for a Prince, she expelled from the Court all such, whose insolent manners, whose proud behaviour, whose beastly folly, might soon corrupt and enure to horrible life her son, being virtuously brought up, so dangerous is the Court of Princes, 
The Court of Princes.  where close, & secret pleasures lurk with haultye looks, strange devices, idleness and all gallant demeanour ranging: most commonly courtly behaviour by all means endeavoureth through courteous civility, and by friendship of the mighty to be most honoured. The Court receiveth all sorts, wherein each one laboureth to excel in that behaviour which the Court commonly favoureth, 
courtly behaviour.  whereupon the mother of this Emperor, pondering the peril of Alexander, and knowing his estate to be subject to many such, who under a certain excellency and singularity of rare qualities, creep into the Court of many Princes: As in the Court of Tiberius, Drusus, Claudius, Nero, Domitianus, Commodus, Antoninus and corrupted those Princes, whereby she saw their estate of government prospered not, their kingdom was weakened, their life short ned, she led with these persuasions, did thereupon take the greater head: for after Alexander came to those years, as that in his own hands the government was wholly settled, amongst many a certain Senators daughter descending of noble blood, was chosen of him in marriage, wherein also he obeyed the counsel of his mother, who though she was commendable in many things in time passed, 
Covetousness and pride.  yet now pride and covetousness possessed her and she not bearing the estate of the Empress to be above hers, challengeth to have that name alone to herself, where upon great dissension fell, and the father of the Emprisse (through the instigation of Alexander his mother was put to death. The mother of Alexander bore such sway, so terrible was her commandment, and majesty dreaded, that she banished from the Court and bed of the Emperor the Empress, unto the uttermost coasts of Africa: Thus was Alexander the Emperor ruled, (who as it seemeth stood in great fear of his mother, not being able by authority to retain with him his wife the Empress, 
Cruelty.  nor to save his wives father from death, 
Pride.  pride only was the cause that moved his mother Mammea hereunto, who against order of estate, law, and right, challenged the sole title of the Empress, the like pride also moved Lucilla the sister of Commodus Emperor of Rome, she being wife to Pompeianus, but first to Lucius Verus, who was associate in the Empire with Marcus her father (that she puffed with pride) accomptinge herself the ancient Empress in Lucius Verus time, disdained now to follow the train of the young Empress, whereupon great mischief was practised. 
Pride.  Now began the manners of Alexander's mother to be had in great indignation, his government much contemned, in that so fondly he obeyed, it should seem great was her authority so to dispose the government of her son Alexander, who many times by just occasion moved thereunto, reproved his mother, the brute and talk of people was so heavy against her, 
Covetousness.  for her intolerable covetousness, wherrewith the estate of the mighty was brought down, and the estate of the poor and inferior sort much decayed. All these things were done against the will and counsel of Alexander, his mother (though covetous) by heaped riches thought to make him a wealth Prince, 
True nobility upholded by liberality.  and for his rare & infinite treasure a rare governor: This in cogitation she minded far contrary to the noble Lady Mesa, who otherwise, in true nobility, in faithful love & sincere affection of his subjects, placed the strength of kingdom, 
Covetousness.  covetousness never harboureth in noble stomachs, but as Aristotle doth say: Omnis imbecillitas facit avaros. Peulinge hearts affecteth covetousness. The true nobility of courage hath not respect to riches without mean, 
True nobility.  or heaped treasures without mediocretye, but as virtue in all affairs shall give out an excellency in using to dispose the same, so this only was the chief cause that there arose reprehension in Alexander, who for the space of xiii. years might be for virtuous government that whole time placed above all Princes: cruelty & bloody facts were most aborted in his government, as it becometh the wise and noblest Princes with lenity and all gentleness to entreat the hearts of those whom they govern, so he with equity and justice ordered the frame of his Dominion, wherewith justice from each one proceeded to give sentence upon laws: in all this time such was the quiet estate of those xiii. years wherein Alexander governed, as that no Chronicle or ancient History can record any time more nobly or with greater excellency governed. If ye consider the antiquity of times and order of all common wealths, from julius Caesar through the whole race of Emperors to those his days, the like quiet estate of the Roman Empire was not known. For many tyrants & bloody governors succeeded in that Empire before the days of this Alexauder, 
Alexander's happy government.  who destroyed for their time the common wealth, they deminished the estate and name of the Roman Empire: The happy days of this godly Emperor Alexander, delivered from all stormy seasons and troubleous times, the miserable estate of Rome, thus long Rome was by him fortunate, though at the length contrary success fell: Kingdoms do not always enjoy a like security of estate, 
Kingdoms.  but many times stormy seasons, and sinister success doth follow in kingdoms. Now at a sudden heavy news was sent him from his deputies, who governed in Syria and Mesapotamia, 
The death of Artabanus.  who in their letters signified, that Artabanus the mighty Prince of Parthia, (who sometime invaded with main host the Romans) was murdered of Zerxes king of Persia, his people slain, and country wasted and spoiled, & in the possession of Artaxarxes king of Persia. The news was the more terrible, 
Artabanus.  because Artabanus who was titled the first of all kings, the great and mighty Prince of the world, who for his dreaded majesty & large conquests wore a double Crown, was murdered. These things made the Romans afeard, 
Artaxarxes.  because Artaxarxes ceased not with the conquest of Parthia, but threatened to assay all the world, to get fame by conquest, 
Cyrus.  he challenged much from Cyrus sometime king of Persia, who first reduced the kingdoms of the Meades, as in one linked unity to the Persians'. This young Emperor Alexander brought up in all security of estate, to whom neither civil war at home, neither foreign enemy did at any time molest, now at a sudden mighty wars are threatened: the letters being red and consideration had on every side through the counsel of his noble Senators, answer were made in these words: 
The saying of Alexander.  A Prince aught to be content with his own Dominion, & not to move any sparkle of war to seek innovation over other Regions, thereby through vain hope to seek after leasings & decay of his own estate, wisely also he admonished the king Artaxarxes, declaring what foils the Persian kings caught at the hands of the Emperors of Rome: he called to mind the great overthrow that Augustus gave them, and what Traian the Emperor did, what Lucius valiantly assayed, and how great an overthrow Severus gave them, 
Alexander's letters.  This was the effect of Alexander's letters to Artaxarxes, sent by famous Orators from Rome to Parthia, they red the letters, they contemned the argument and the Ambassadors: For Artaxarxes the son of cowardly Zerxes, by nature puffed up with vain glory, led with flattery, nothing knowing God, forgetful of his estate, thought by his main host to subdue all the whole world: 
Pride.  At the first all things went luckily on his side, Parthia a mighty Regione gave place to him by conquest, many Regions for fear of invasion, yielded up their Crown and title before they were assayed, neglecting their own and proper governors, all things went with Artaxarxes, fear abandoning munition, they opened the gates of every City, forts not assailed yielded to an unknown Prince, so it falleth out many times unto kingdoms, 
The secret counsel of God.  where God hath prepared a scourge by a foreign Prince, by an unknown enemy to subdue and bring to subjection mighty Nations, so many times ambition reigneth in many Princes, who desirous of more lofty estate, and larger Dominions bring in th'end their own kingdoms and people to ruin, 
Ambition the overthrow of the ambitious.  in seeking larger Dominions. This great success of Artaxarxes amazed Alexander, who continually in his government had security of estate, peace and quietness by sea and by land, whereupon general musters were taken in all the provinces and jurisdiction of the Roman Empire, now noble courages were ready to aid their Prince whom they loved entierlye, and obeyed willingly, each one for sincere heart both lamented and wept for his troubleous estate. Assoon as a great army was prepared of the Romans, noble Captains who had proved divers adventures by long experience in many bloody wars, were appointed to their bands, nothing for munition wanting, than they passed from all coasts to arrive at Antioch, where all things were set in readiness both for men, victuels and money. Alexander as a most godly Emperor abhorring from effusion of blood, even in his enemy sought by all means to put of bloody slaughters in those deadly wars, whereupon he sent another Embassage to the proud and lofty Prince Artaxarxes king of Persia, 
Artaxarxes.  to entreat him to peace, & to will him to concord, but nothing prevailed, he set at naught the Embassage and Ambassadors, who immediately upon that to show his Princely courage and glorious vaunt, sent a new Embassage from himself four hundredth of the mightiest parsonages for stature that hath been seen in Princely robes, 
A proud attempt.  with whom gold and treasure was at will plentiful, with fierce and barbed horses, with bow & arrows armed in their Embassages, to bring terror to the Romans, who by considering of them, might imagine what the main hosts of the Persians' were, 
Ambassadors aught well to be used.  Alexander received the Ambassadors as a good Prince, retaining them Princely: far unlike to his Ambassadors received of the Persian king, the next day following those brave Ambassadors came before Alexander to declare their Embassage, silence being given one amongst them who for wisdom, counsel, gravity & valiant courage, had charge to tell his Embassage before the other, thus he began. The great and mighty Prince Artaxarxes king of Persia, being Lord of Lords & king of kings, 
The Ambassador of the Persians', his Oration.  commandeth the Romans & their governors to departed and give over the title of all Syria, Asia, & all the parts near to Europe, and also to suffer the Persians' to be Lords over Caria and jonia and all those countries which the Mare aegeum and the Isle Pontus separate, which some time the old Princes of Persia, otherwise overmatched with foreign enemies lost by rebellion, who for lack of opportunity, and through divers calamities chauncinge unto their Princes, have hitherto ceased to claim their right. This is therefore to admonish them, lest Artaxarxes moved with just indignation, do destroy them and lead away the rest captives, and as villains to serve him, this was the effect of his Embassage. Alexander the Emperor took great consideration, the whole number of Senators assembled, & consulted what they were best to do therein, they thought it heinous to slay the Ambassadors, for it was against the law of arms they being but messengers, 
Ambassadors aught courteously to be used.  the which like fact the Athenians abhorred from, being moved of all the Greeks to slay the Ambassadors of Corinthe. Achilles also being injuriously handled of Agamemnon received his Ambassadors courteously, for Talthwius and Eurubates lovingly and friendly entertained them with these words: You who are Ambassadors both of God and man are welcome, you are not the cause of this, 
Why Embassages were first ordained.  but Agamemnon your master, and seeing that Embassages were first ordained, not only to join amity with Princes, and to make league, and for the weak to seek aid of the mighty: but also the estate of government, the manners of people, the form and fashion of the best common wealths are known to Princes by Embassages: injuries also wrought by many Princes are prevented, divers conspiracies of foreign enemies are cut of: which things also considered of Alexander, he commanded the Ambassadors to be entertained, giving unto them large revenues in the coasts of Phrigia there to remain perpetually, thus he provided for them, yet contrary to the manners of a good Prince: for Artaxarxes a proud and lofty Prince gave free passage to his Ambassadors to carry home with them their bodies with answer of the Embassage. 
Free course to Ambassadors.  After this Alexander divided his host in three parts, as he thought good, sending one part by Armenia, another by Medea, & the third by Euphrates with the which the Emperor went, who in sundry coasts arriving, much dismayed the Persians', and greatly endamaged them, this strength also had the Romans above the Persians', to have continual aid from other Princes: for the Persian kings at those days gave no wages to their soldiers, but the spoil of wars maintained them, women also bore armour to fight for their Prince. 
Valiant people in the Princes quarrel.  And that Prince is most strong, whose subjects have wealthy estate at home and patrimony to care for, who so fighteth for any Prince, and knoweth that other shall possess the following felicity, they fight but faintly, 
The strong Prince.  because the danger is theirs and the profit for other, but who so fighteth for his country, he doth the more egarlye & manfully fight for his Prince, to the end he may uphold that which he possesseth, and therefore valiant courage assayeth so great adventure as necessity enforceth, for the maintenance of private profit to give great assays. The Persians' did not use as the Romans are wont, to wage their subjects in battle, the Romans did it for that they knew of most strength that people to be, 
Courageous people.  that hath great maintenance and succour in war, as Isocrates noteth in his Oration written to the Athenians.  
As soon as word came to Artaxarxes that the Romans were in divers coasts arrived, he gathered a great number of soldiers and set upon them where they arrived in all coasts, happy success fell on the Persians' side, great slaughters were made on the Romans, wherewith Alexander oppressed, (as with the great grief and heat of the country) returned with great loss of men: and the valiant courages of his soldiers being much dismayed. Alexander returned to Antioch where with Princely gifts given and distributed to his men of war, 
The loving Prince.  he comforted and revived their spirits, and there prepared fresh soldiers, where all care of war for a time ceasing: Alexander in pleasure & princely delights passed the time, thinking immediately upon the dismissing of the Persian army to set upon them. At that instant when he thought to have proceeded further against the Persians', letters were sent him from Illiria from his chief deputy there, wherein he red that the germans were passed beyond the flood Rhine, 
The sinister fortune of Princes some times.  and the flood Danubius, spoiling and wasting the Country and provinces of the Romans committing many slaughters, towns and villages were destroyed: whereupon they requested that Emperor his presence, 
Civil war worst.  this heavy calamity did much dismay the Romans and the Emperor Alexander, yea more than the great misfortune that fell in the former wars against the Persians'. It is commonly seen (such is the wickedness of men) that it is a weak staff for a king to trust to the league and amity of other Princes, 
The league of Princes.  for ambition never ceaseth to assay enterprises, but taketh occasion to fasten adventure, if any pretenced cause may be surmised, as the Thebans did, invading Pelloponesus, Philip into Thracia, Antoninus into Parthia, of king jemye into England. In this misfortune and heavy estate of fierce wars, the rash multitude of soldiers blamed Alexander, because either through negligence and lack of counsel, or by his cowardly heart, the foreign Princes were encouraged to diminish the estate of the childish Emperor and cowardly Prince. After he had set in order all things necessary to resist the seditious uproars of the Persians', he passed over Rhine making a bridge over it, for the ready passage, as Caesar did in his wars against the Germans, these two bloods Rhine and Danubius be thought the greatest under the north, 
Rhine.  Rhine passeth by germany, 
Danubins.  and Danubius passeth by Pannonia: but Volga in Russia is greater, 
Volga.  which is in length four thousand miles and more, and a goodly river, whereupon they pass even to Persia, 
Mare Caspius.  by the Mare Ca●pium next unto it. I may self have passed a thousand miles upon a great river called Dwina in Russia, 
Dwina.  & yet but upon a part of it for a months space, from S. Nicholas to Vologda, 
Vologda.  where the great Emperor of Russia hath a mighty castle. I have also passed over the Volga otherwise called the Rha, 
Rha.  over against the City called laroslave, where it is twice as broad as the Thames at London, & very deep: 
Money.  which at large I will set out in another Book, of the mighty estate of that Dominion. Then Alexander prepared a great number of Moors excelling in swiftness of foot, being noble darters & out of Parthia he had noble Archers, 
Innovation of estate.  which in those days gave most noble and worthy adventures in carrying away the honour of the field. Alexander having his army prepared and ready to encounter with the germans, not desirous of any slaughter, sent Orators to entreat of peace, and because Alexander was fearful of nature and timorous, promised to give unto the Germans what they requested, 
Peace.  knowing that divers Princes have repressed their injurious offers by bribinge them with money: but the Romans in martial enterprises giving place to no Nation, not only reproved Alexander, but also began to deceiver themselves from obedience, fansyinge rashly an other governor, so unconstant are the heads of the rash and base multitude to seek innovation of estate and change of Princes, as fancy leadeth them to refuse now that Prince, through whose virtuous education and godly government, the quiet and prosperous estate, long time flourished in the Roman Empire: those rare virtues are not with them in price, 
Maximinus.  a Prince desirous of peace is contemned, his dignity & counsel derided, bloody wars, spoil and robbing is the mark whereat they shot: thus the Roman Empire by unconstant heads was brought to miserable estate, at a sudden they made choice where fancy led them, and with like consideration displaced the chosen. At the same time there was one a chief captain, who bore chief authority called Maximinus a Thracian, borne of base estate, a shepherd, whose mighty stature of body & stiff sturdines, had advanced him by divers adventures to all orders and degrees of chivalry, who for his excellency & dexterity in feats of war, was the chief to train up young soldiers, of whom by daily familiarity and diligence, with industruous travail, he purchased great favour and earnest love, who also to win their favour used this mean, liberality & great gifts, than all the men of war did contemn & disobey the godly Emperor Alexander, 
A miserable end for so virtuous a Prince.  ascribing to him the evil success of the wars, & to the childish stomach of him following only the advise & counsel of his mother Mammea: treason thereby was conspired to place Maximinus Emperor, and to murder Alexander. Who now but Maximinus, Alexander the godly Emperor is forgotten, now the princely rob clotheth Maximinus, 
Note the end of the usurper.  who as unwilling seemed, by force compelled thereto (as the manner of divers ambitious Princes is noted in Histories) some record that the men of war did threaten to murder him refusing the choice, immediately after by violence they began to set upon Alexander who at a sudden amazed, seeing himself thus forsaken wept, and trembled for fear, he also considering that he had advanced Maximinus from a base shepherd, from the dunghill to be a chief captain, 
A most detestable fact.  reproved his ingratitude and falsehood: & blamed also the other soldiers (who leaving their liege Lord) sought to promote an usurper traitorously. Alexander spoke unto them many things moving obedience, he showed also a full discourse by what lenity many years he governed the Roman Empire: he showed unto them his education from tender years. 
Covetousness the overthrow of kingdom and people.  Some good hearts moved with his Oration lamented his case, and with willing hearts obeyed him, but the main rout of soldiers swarmed to Maximinus, Maximinus only exalted by this good Emperor Alexander, from a base shepherd and base pesante to that dignity, was the destruction of Alexander and Mammea his mother, he left not one alive that favoured Alexander, so deadly is the enmity of those which wickedly aspire, displasinge and murdering whom fancy leadeth. thirteen years Alexander ruled virtuously without bloodshed, laws proceeded with equity, godly was the government he being most godly, he was a rare Prince, of whom greater virtues in other cannot be recited, 
Covetousness aught to be avoided.  only the covetousness & greedy appetite to infinite treasures of his mother Mammea, was the first occasion that extinguished the faithful obedience and sincere love of the men of war.   

Maximinus.  
Maximinus' was of base condition of life a shepherd in his childhood, his parents very poor and needy, but he weary of that base and rustical life, began to apply himself to the exercise (for lack of living) of the art of a soldier, and because nature had made him of parsonage mighty and taule, of strength the valiant, he fansyed in himself, according to his sturdy estate, great advancement, for in process of time being hardy, he assayed most manfully all perils objected to him, the dangers which he passed brought him to great admiration, 
The courageous man.  as it doth all those whom noble fame in martial enterprises upholdeth, for they refuse no danger, the success of their adventures tytleth them with great commendation, they pass those dangers which courages fearful, and hearts timerouse do fly and avoid, the good success which beutifyeth them, bringeth fame and nobility of acts in the eyes of all those which pondereth their practices, 
Fearful hearts.  fearful and timorous hearts never asspire to large kingdoms, splayed conquest, or renowned victories: fortune taketh by the hand the bold and hardy soldier, 
The hardy soldiers.  and maintaineth him in all his enterprises. Thus Maximinus purchasing fame and honour, was promoted by the last Emperor Alexander to great dignity, to rule over many, but in the end with all ingratitude from shepherd exalted by Princely favour, both loved and accepted, in the end was the death of this good Emperor, so great was his ambition to diminish the estate, to deprive of honour and to take away the life of so good an Emperor. This Maximinus being made Emperor, 
Maximinus.  for a time with great liberality purehased to himself their hearts, but after a season being settled in government, 
Alexander.  he was not so gentle as Alexander whom he overwhelmed & with all tyranny slew. Alexander deserved at his hands great obedience, faithful service, but thus hath he rewarded him, Alexander promoted him to dignities, but Maximinus framing divers conspiracies, catched to himself the dignity of his Lord and master, most traitorously he rob him of estate, and spoiled him of life, his mischiefs so ceased not, for he murdered all who either by friendship, 
Tyranny.  alliance or kindred, either favoured, loved or obeyed the Emperor: his great tyranny appeared in the eyes of all the Romans, the change was sudden, Rome thus to be plagued with a detestable tyrant, yet that great tyranny could not repress the talk and brute of the people, 
A hard thing to remove a tyrant.  his tyranny was such in his entering, that each one reproved him, than they lamented the doleful end and pitiful misfortune of Alexander, whose government long they enjoyed in felicity of estate, now say they, abase shepherd, a runegate from his own country, a barbarous Thracian, a right Thracian by nature and bringing up, desirous of bloodshed, practiseth that, which the vile Thracians in their country do, and the more they contemned him with blazing unto all the world, the base estate of his parents, with whom he was brought up: the more fierce he was, for the bloody heart of Maximinus quailed not in all his tyranny, but on sheep, so on men he played the butcher, thinking to place himself in security of estate, 
A butcherly Prince.  and to purchase rest (all those being murdered whom he hunted after) he changed the estate of Rome, he put in and put out offices and officers, his manners contented him whom he promoted to dignity, many for fear fled from his tyranny, many tarried clokinge and dissembling a feigned love, and sincere obedience, they flattered him that in the end conspired his death, 
A just reward for a tyrant.  they in all points obeyed him that wished him feignedly long life, such is the estate of tyrants, who thinking themselves by authority mighty, in the heart of each one accursed and detested, whose death they wish and seek after rather then long life, in the end his tyranny provoked many treasons, many also were accused before him of divers conspiracies, none escaped against whom accusation was brought before him, also he was brought to extreme peril by treason, passing over a bridge into germany, but that conspiracy came to light, the authors thereof taken and put to death, the tyranny of Maximinus was so great, 
Tyranny.  that the barbarous soldiers conspired his death many times. There was one ambitious parson (who as the History noteth) was enforced by cruel means to usurp, whom one that seemed to be his friend murdered, and brought his head to Maximinus, thinking thereby to obtain great prefermente with the love and favour of the Prince: for although Maximinus had great cause to rejoice to see his enemy slain, yet in like sort he recompensed with death him that brought his head, judging that same parson a chief author of the conspiracy, who also was thought to have done the murder only for hope of preferment, no love and sincere affection leading him thereto. julius Caesar likewise recompensed those, which upon hope murdering Pompeie thought at Caesar his hand to be thanckefully rewarded, but Caesar knowing the great trust that Pompey put in them who murdered him, being neither by oath nor allegiance bound to Caesar, but friends to Pompeie, whose cloaked hearts well viewed and dissimulation towards so noble a governor uttered, death for honour and reward at Caesar his hand, they received their deadly fact, which worthily purchased them a deadly doom. These conspiracies moved Maximinus to greater cruelty and more detestable tyranny, it increased rather then diminished in him, though he was at that instant oppressed with great wars against the germans, against whom when he had prepared noble warriors & most worthiest captains, he entered upon their territory in the Harvest time, destroying their Harvest, their Towns and villages were quite burned, this one thing the men of war commended in Maximinus, that with large & mighty spoils he fed continually the soldiers, 
The barbarous soldiers.  whose riotous and dissolute life, affecteth sincerely such a one as procureth most spoils, the doing of Maximinus was so terrible against the Germans, that they retired into the marish grounds, great havoc he made of them with many slaughters, such spoil and destruction of their countries, such burning of houses and ruin of whole villages, hath not been seen: he might well be the son of bloody Mars that was in acts so bloody, his victories not only was set out in letters to the Romans, but to be seen in Maps & Cards, his victories might with commendation be celebrated, if that his cruelty had not passed toward the Romans: 
flattery.  for by flattery (wherewith he was altogether led) he sought the destruction not only of the commons, but also of the nobility, whereupon divers provinces being under the jurisdiction of the Romans rose against him, 
Tyranny.  such was his tyranny both by officers & other means, such only were favoured of Maximinus as were most wicked, at a sudden he rose, and murdered Procuratorem Africa, then being in that extremity they chose Gordianus against his will Emperor, after whose creation through the tyranny of Maximinus, the fame and dignity was soon removed, and honour and renown taken away, Gordianus enjoyed fully the dignity of the Emperor, who enjoying that estate and settled therein, wrote letters unto Rome reproving the tyranny of Maximinus, and because he began virtuously to govern, great was the commendation of him, in putting to death all those detestable promoters who by unjust means had sought the death of many men, 
Promoters.  than he put to death Vitellianus, who was a chief doer under Maximinus, forthwith the Romans saluted Gordianus Emperor and his son, who endeuouringe to appease all parts of the Roman Empire, and in their letters set forth the beastly life of Maximinus, his cruelty and bloody tyranny, these things being known to Maximinus, he began forthwith to make an oration unto his soldiers, to appease and quiet their minds, sheewinge unto them the unconstant heads of the Carthaginians, their nature's prove to treason, he contemned and set light by Gordianus an unmanly Prince, a deceiver, an usurper, than he prepared an army against Gordianus toward Carthage, and at the same time a certain Senator being an enemy to Gordianus of long time having great auchoritye in those parts prepared also an army against Gordianus: as soon as Gordianus heard that Maximinus the Emperor came with great power against him and that other Senator, 
Gordianus.  being in utter despair, unmanly hanged himself for fear, those that created Gordianus Emperor seeing him thus dead, did keep close his death and obeyed his younger son Gordianus: who also in battle died, for Capilianus the Senator whom I spoke of before, made havoc on Gordinaus' son, with great slaughters of the Romans, who also in the end would have usurped, so great was his ambition under the colour of obedience and a sincere heart of atrue subject. 
Ambition.  After the Senate understood of the death of Gordianus and his son, preventing the cruelty of Maximinus, who was now coming against them like a Lion, they elected two Emperors, Maximus Puppienus, and Claudius Balbinus, both men of great authority, whom many by voice and election would have succeeded, but the Romans cried out against them, & would have slain them, being not content with their government, in great tumult was Rome and the Empire in miserable estate, divers ambitiously would have usurped, and divers also sought to possess, 
A miserable estate.  they chose a child Emperor but that continued not, Gallicanus by force would have usurped, ambitious heads wrapped Rome in great calamities, the wealth were made poor, the most beggarly sort made rich by spoil, the City also in divers parts was fired, great havoc Maximinus made by slaughter upon the nobility of the Romans, as he cared not for man, so he regarded not God, for he persecuted the Christians also, 
The vi. persecution.  tyranny was the whole estate of his government, his fancy ruled laws and all things proceeded as him listed, at the same time divers other conspiracies were wrought against him, and as he by murder usurped, so also by murder seeking innovation and change of estate they sought to displace him, he passed with a great army by the high Alps of italy to Aquileia where his enemies had their abode. 
Aquileia.  Aquileia is a noble City populouslye inhabited, a City of great riches, and a mart most highest in price of all Italy, situate by the sea, to whom from all coasts and countries stronger's for merchandise have had access, and because at that time they heard of the coming of Maximinus, all the country there abouts leaving their houses, fled with all their riches and store to Aquileia, placing therein their great fort of strength, Aquileia being an old ancient City was much in ruin, but the necessity of that time soon repaired it with infinite hands, for the people were infinite in number, their provision was not lacking to continued a long siege: the chief of this enterprise were Crispianus 
Chrispianns.  and Menephelus, 
Menephelus.  by whose counsel and policy, all things were in a readiness to uphold manfully their estate, and to put of violently their enemy.  
Maximinus pondering the strong and fenced fort, the noble City Aquileia wherein they were enclosed, assayed first by a flatteriuge Embassage to over come them, and by great gifts to bribe them, he sent unto them in these words: Maximinus being their Emperor commandeth them to leave their fort, to yield up their armour and to take him their friend, not an enemy, he seeketh not their slaughter but peace, quietness, and advancement to the estate of the Romans: much also they uttered in commendation of Maximinus, 
Never trust a tyrant.  and exhorted the men of war not to neglect the liberal and Princely offer, but Crispianus fearing the subtle practice of Maximinus, gave exhortotion to the men of war and people inhabiting Aquileia to withstand the violente tyrant, who under fair words and fair promises, would destroy them as he hath before time handled divers yielding to him: 
Crispianus.  This Crispianus was one in great reputation with the Romans & virtuous in his government, of talk witty, of counsel grave, whose wisdom they obeyed and resisted valiantly Maximinus: they cut of all their bridges the water by stormy seasons being mighty, and of great depth, over the which Maximinus and his army could not pass, but many of the germans more rashly then wisely, assaying to pass that water perished in it, but afterward by policy of a shipwright, means was found to come to the wall of Aquileia, 
Necessity.  where the men of the City defending their walls, fought from above, no age or kind wanted to bear armour for the fasegarde of Aquileia. Maximinus' destroyed all the country about Aquileia, so great was his displeasure against them, which the soldiers of Maximinus felt, being glad to return with great loss, and little honour.  
This Maximinus being in this sort Emperor after Alexander through cruelty his life was shortened, 
Maximinus.  who reigned but three years, and no marvel he murdered his king, & also exercised cruelty toward his friends. 
Cruelty.  As concerning his excess in gluttony, 
Glottonye.  every day forty pound of flesh was his repaiste, five gallons of wine his drink, as he was mighty of stature, 
Germanye is vanquished.  so in war manly, and fortunato, for his time, at the length he vanquished the germans, and on the Romans also he showed great cruelty. This tyrant made great persecution upon the Christians: in the time of this Emperor was Origine the great learned man, 
Origene.  who through his excellent knowledge in learning and deep parswation, brought to the unity of the true Church, 
Berillus.  one Berillus a bishop in Arabia, which heretic taught that Christ neither was before his mother, 
Heresy.  nor had a godhead, as one parson of the Trinity but that the Godhead did remain in him a certain season. 
Antherus in the time of Maximinus and Fabian.  At this time the bishop of Rome was called Antherus, who enjoyed his seat but one month, after Antherus succeeded Fabian and he was bishop xii. years. As you have heard before, there was chosen of the Senate at one time to be Emperors Maximus and Balbinus, 
Three were chosen at one tyme.  and of the commons Gordian a child, unto which election the Senate yielded, that they might appease the fury of the people: Maximus was slain of his people in Aquileia, and Maximinus & Balbinus not favoured of the soldiers were slain at Rome.  
The king of Britain at this time was one Ascleprodorus who reigned xxx years, who besieged London being driven out thereof before by the manhood of Lucius Gallus, but Lucius Gallus was after slain by Asclepiodorus, and cast into a broke that ran where Walbrooke standeth, 
Walbroke whereof it took the name.  for this Lucius Gallus being cast into the same, it hath ever since been called Gallus broke, though now Walbroke or Wallesbroke, but the cause that moved Asclepiodorus to make his war, was one Alectus a Roman who governed Britain and subdued to the Romans this kingdom, whose government was cruel, 
Alectus.  and the britains were moved that this noble man should usurp as a king, where upon they chased the Romans with their king from place to place by mighty force, 
Alectus.  Alectus went towards London because there he was the most surest, but in the end he was slain with a great number of Romans. This Alectus was before a Duke in Rome, in great estimation with Maximinus, and sent to the britains to subdue Carassus, 
Carassus.  whom he slew and usurped after viii. years. Altharco after the murder of his father was king of Scots & reigned xi. years, a dissolute Prince, a flute player, & minstrillike in all his days, he was slain for ravishing of a maid, a noble man's daughter.   

Gordian.  
THe cruel tyrant Maximinus being thus dead, Gordian who was chosen with other two, only came in favour to enjoy the Empire, the soldiers favoured neither the godly Princes, neither yet they loved the ungodly, but always they bore sway, spoil large & greedy pray contented them, 
The manner of soldiers  lucre and prodigal gains made them chose governors, so was their kingdom bought and sold for money, and surely where such brainless people bear siegnorye, there the like is practised, for what confused heads do determine unadvisedly mischief executeth, 
The best point of chivalry.  it is the happiest part in all chivalry and mortal wars, soldiers to obey the counsel of the wise and happy Captain, else perisheth the army, and counsel is no counsel, when rash heads upon a sudden bring the kingdom to dissolution, 
Desperate soldiers.  neither is the desperate soldier of any price, being a beastly liver, he can bring no glory to the Prince that is not beloved of God, 
The fear of God.  all honour and renown flieth from him that feareth not God and liveth wantonly: sudden is the fall of Princes, & vnloked for, disolation happeneth both to the king, the Prince & the people, the godly only seethe the cause, sometime: Quicquid delinquunt Reges plectuntur achivi, 
The sentence of ovid.  & sometime contrariwise: Scaelere grecorum plectuntur Reges achivi. As a wicked Prince bringeth dissolution to his people (God scourging sin) so mischievous people is a ruin to the good Prince, and to the most flourishing kingdoms, therefore both must be amended, 
Remedies to avoid plagues in kingdoms.  for as a certain godly man writeth. Ergo fames, pestis, bellum grassantur in omnes: vivere si vultis vivite iam melius. No Region can quietly be governed where there is uncertain succession to be placed in estate, 
Virtuous succession.  the Prince by death ceasing to rule, note these troublous times of the Roman Empire, wherein so often change and pulling down of estate have followed, in few days to see many possessinge kingdoms, some by favour, other by envy, many by kindred moved to uphold, or pull down the exalted from kingdom, and as all these be causes, so ambition is the root of all other, 
Ambition.  that giveth most assays to aspire and trouble kingdoms, ye see the end of tyrants as in Maximinus, Bassanus, Commodus, and so in all other what lamentable saying was this Maximinus a most cruel tyrant being murdered, & his son also slain with him. Ex pessimo genere ne catulum habendum, full suddenly was the end of Puppienus Balbinus ambitiously invading the Empire. 
Puppienus.  In this troubleous season Gordianus the nephew of Gordian, 
Balbinus.  borne of his daughter, whose father and grandfather, were famous Senators, in high reputation of wisdom and grave counsel among the Romans, 
Gordianus.  being well brought up of his father, chosen of the Romans to succeed in this troubleous time, that name was well-beloved. This Gordian the second year of his government, 
Misitheus.  married the daughter of Misitheus who was excelling among the Romans, in rare wisdom and learning, by estate & dignity a Senator, the Empire of Rome was with all nobility stayed by the counsel of Misitheus, the Emperor Gordian was ruled by him, of so great force is counsel and wisdom to uphold and stay the Prince: all parts of the common wealth prospered, where such grave and wise heads be in estimation, the Prince ruled by one good man, giveth good example unto other, how many ways doth that kingdom prospero that is governed by wisdom, but ruin and dissolution followeth many times for lack of wisdom in magistrates and counsellors: in the government of Gordian wars were proclaimed against the Persians', at the same time the fierce Thracians were subdued, 
Sapor.  Sapor also king of Persia was put to flight and droven into Civillia, he recovered many Cities and countries lost before time of tyrants, so great was the wisdom of Misitheus in the emperors affairs: as he was loved so he was dreaded, not only of the Romans, but of many other Nations, of such value is worthy counsel, all things went luckelye with him whilst his father in law Misitheus lived, for at a sudden the former estate declined, 
The death of one wise counsellor, is a plague to a whole realm  Misitheus being dead: Gordianus made great lamentation and also the Romans, who deeply considered the former state and beautiful government, wherein the Roman Empire flourished as long as he lived. How soon was Gordian maimed? his great comfort gone from him? the office and dignity which Misitheus enjoyed, 
Philippe.  Philippe. was preferred unto, who in the end slew Gordian the Emperor. As long as Misitheus lived, no treason was assayed against Gordian, so it is seen many times in kingdoms, he whom the Prince promoteth, 
Ambition.  seeketh sometime to be above the Prince, and for a sole regiment to slay his king.  
Gordian was slain by the traitorous soldiers of Philippe in an uproar, Gordian was but xx. years of age when he died, he governed but vi. years, he was buried in the uttermost end of the Roman Empire, near to the Persian kingdom: who had a monument erected unto him, with this superscription written in Latin, Persian, Hebrew and Egyptian letters. Gordiani hoc posteris monumentum relictum: This monument of Gordian is left to the posterity.  
The king of Scots was at this time called Altarchus a wicked Prince. 
Altarchus king of Scots.  The king of Britain was called Asclepiodorus who killed Alectus the Roman, who many years with tyranny ruled Britain, 
Alectus.  and slew at the same time Lucius Gallus, and drowned him in Walbroke, (Walbroke being a part of the Thames then at that time) in the second year of his government. The deadly enemy of Christian Religion was flourishing at Rome Porphirius by name, 
Porphirius.  who caused great persecution, this Porphirius was a Philosopher of great subtlety & knowledge in all arts, who made a notable Book of the Predicables commonly read in all Universities in Greek, many other famous men there were at that time.   

Philippus.  
PHilippus, of other called Marcus julius Philippus, descending from a noble house, but of very poor parents, for his father was among thieves the chief ringeleader and Captain, barbarous and fierce in his conditions, brought up in bloody practices and delightinge therein, his son who was this Emperor Philippus for feats of arms, was advanced and favoured of the Captains: although he murdered Gordian: The men of war at the first chose one Marcus to be Emperor who died within few days after Marcus being dead, they chose in his place Severus Hostilius, then was preferred unto that room Philippe which murdered Gordian, the History before declareth (Misitheus being dead) that this Philip was placed in his room, though by him a detestable fact was committed, so to reward his Lord and Emperor of whom he was promoted: but that purpose & fact as in all other payeth home with like recompense, 
Murder recompensed 〈◊〉 murder always.  even blood for blood: Philippe murdered Gordian, and Decius murdered Philippe, so bloody hands receive meed of blood. Some Histories writ that this Philippe being made Emperor, in his government of all emperors first professed the Christian faith, and was baptized with his wife and children, certain Epistles of Origene show that Origene wrote to this Emperor as concerning Christian religion. 
Origene.  Certain it is that persecution ceased against the Christians, and the Scriptures preached, and the godly were maintained in his Dominion. The fourth year of his government, was the year since the first foundation of Rome by computation of years a full thousand, in Rome at the same time great solemnity and triumph were for the same, even as Philippe sought by unjust means to usurp over his Lord and master, so now Decius seeketh a bloody purpose against Philippe: 
I just recompense.  Thus Philippe reigning but five years was cruelly murdered of him, his head being cloven: his son also was murdered being but vii years of age. 
Cyptian.  In the days of this Philippe was Cyprian the famous bishop of Carthage, whose works remain of great value: this is that Cyprian whom Gregory Nazeanzene writeth of, she wing what knowledge he had in conjuration of spirits, who among many practices of conjuration, conjured a spirit to win to him the love of a maid, that not prevailing, the foul spirit possessed Cyprian, as the History telleth at large, 
The conversion of Cyprian.  who afterward converted to God, became a true professor of Christian Religion, a most famous Divine, and burned openly his Magical books detesting the same.  
At this time Dionysius was bishop at Alexandria, and also those heretics which denied certain Scriptures, & rejected them as false Epistiles, were confounded by Origene. Asclepiodorus as yet governed Britain. Fabian was bishop of Rome at that time.   

Decius.  
 
AFter the death of Marcus, and so of Severus hostilius who reigned but a few days Emperors, although orderly they are not noted in the Chronicles after Gordian: It is to be noted that Marcus succeeded Gordian, he reigned but a few days, & no famous thing of him Chronicled, likewise Severus hostilius, and of him nothing worthy memory recited, these by death ceasing, Decius came by favour to enjoy the Empire, (who as the Histories do note) murdered Philippe. This Decius was borne in Pannonia bubalia, 
Decius.  who reigned but ii years, he was in arms valiant, a great enemy to God and against his sincere Religion, 
The seven. persecution.  for immediately in entering to that estate, he published a terrible persecution against Christians, in what place soever they might be found out, in that persecution many learned and godly fathers were tormented, 
Fabian.  Fabian bishop of Rome was martyred, 
Cornelius,  Cornelius the other bishop after Fabian martyred, and that in the profession of Christ, at those days the great authority which the bishop of Rome hath sense challenged was not, 
The authority of the bishop of Rome  for Fabian bishop of Rome was martyred for the profession of Christ, who to death submitted himself to the authority of Decius. This is the greatest pre-eminence that the Prelates in Christ can challenge, not to fight against Princes, not not against the cruelist tyrants & most terrible persecutors, and as for the desire of high and lofty estate, it aught not to harbour in their breasts, whom God hath placed pastors & feders of his congregation. 
Humility in the clergy.  Christ in himself and to his Apostles gave that example of this perfect humility to contemn so high a seat, for how should they learn and teach others to despise the world, they most of all striving for honour, 
Pomp.  for pomp and domination, who not as followers of the flock do live, but as Gods in earth, and rulers over Princes. 
Prelate's Princely.  The Chronicles show from all times the before those lordly and Princely revenues came to Prelates, greater was the care of Christ, and they of a more pure Religion, but sithence those days their doctrine hath been but all in fancies and vain constitutions made to search out golden mines, 
Decius.  and delicate ways of living. If there were a cruel Decius, 
Nero.  a Nero, 
julian.  a nother julian to scourge the true preachers, 
Domitian.  or a terrible Domitian, they must do as Fabian the bishop of Rome did, to dye in the holy profession of Christ, as Peter and Paul did, james and john, teaching all prelate's to be Fabians, that is to feed, and suffer death for the defence of Christ's flock, and not as ravening wolves to destroy them. In many and sundry Cities, all kind of torments were invented, 
bloody tyrants.  to make the professors of God to forsake their Christian Religion, divers famous bishops put to death. As concerning Decius, he was xlviii. years of age when he began to govern, he continued but ii years, his son called also Decius was made partaker in the Empire with him, 
France.  the French men made wars against Decius, who were maruailouslye discomfited of him, great was their overthrow, their goods confiscated, their Cities and Towns burned, than Decius departing from them left divers garrisons, to keep under the French men, after that by occasion and necessity offered, he was forced to make wars on the Goths, but the Goths prevailed against him, the cruelty also of Decius did also dyminish his power in the Roman jurisdiction. 
Cruelty maketh a Prince weak.  Thus Decius with his whole host put to flight, but Decius in his flight passing a river of Thracia in the same was drowned, his son slain in the same battle, all this time Asclepiodorus was king of Britain, and Nathalac king of the Scots.   

Virius Gallus.  
 
AFter the overthrow which the Romans received of the Goths, as many as escaped, fled unto the place where Gallus was encamped, whom upon a sudden they created Emperor, who together with his son Bolussenus continued in government xi. years the Roman Empire was at this time in great trouble, not only with wars, but the like tyranny that was in the government of Decius against the Gospel, 
Tyranny against the Gospel.  was executed of Virius Gallus, no estate of parson, sex or kind was in safe condition from his torments, neither did there want parsons meet to satisfy the pleasure, lust, and appetite of so cruel a tyrant, Christian Religion persecuted, the Christians fled, those that abode felt the torments of this tyrant, all means were invented out, to make this tyrant possessor and Lord of innocentes goods, they were most in price that invented delectations & pleasures for this Prince, and because God was not known among them, beastly was their government, 
Tyrannus.  miserable their common wealth, no care of true Relition, but each one gaped who might ambitiously to the highest room aspire: for many at a sudden rose to demand the seat of Empire, some by treason, other some wanted no title, many by might would advance themselves to be most mighty, 
Usurpers.  as Hostilianus perpenna was by the favour and will of the Senators chosen against Virius Gallus, for now the cruelty of Virius Gallus was abhorred of the Romans, so detestable is tyranny that neither the fortress, nor strong garrisons can uphold the tyrants, nor many friends linked in amity, 
The estate of tyrants.  all hope in the end faileth them: Who once hath red the estate of tyrants to be quite? their end not miserable? and doleful to themselves, & the condition of their subjects not inclined unto all wickedness? & many plagues follow their government. In this uproar and tumult Emilianus by night, enterprised to take upon him the estate of the Emperor, 
Scythians.  in Mesia the beggarly Scythians rose mightily, who brought a scourge to the Romans, for in passing they spoiled many parts of the Roman Empire, who by a secret providence of God became most mighty, and made other tributory unto them, great was their cruelty, for in one city called Adria they slew most cruelly of all sorts of people 100000. 
Virius Gallus.  Virius Gallus was but a cowardly Prince who overmatched of the Scythians, made great means to conclude a peace, & consented to pay them great tribute, these calamities did not only scourge the Romans, but also a great pestilence fell which infected all parts of th'empire whereby they perished infinite numbers, 
Pestilence.  such plagues followed the persecutions of Christians, the same plague began in the Cities of Ethiopia and Egipte, and continued ten years. As concerning Emilianus usurping: Virius Gallus and his son levied a great power against him: but in the battle they were both slain, at this time rose a great controversy in the church between Ciprianus the great learned father, 
Cyprianus.  and Cornelius a Bishop, 
Cornelius.  if heretics returning into the faith might be baptized or no again, reasons were alleged on both sides. As yet Asclepiodorus was king of Britain, Nathalac king of the Scots, and the bishop of Rome was Lucius, immediately after him was Stephan. (⸫)   

Licinius Valerianus,  
AFter the death of this Emperor, who was slain with his son in his enterprise against Emilianus, who is not numbered amongst the Emperors, because of his short reign, for he was immediately slain of the soldiers. Licinius Valerianus who was otherwise called Colobius enjoyed the Empire, 
Colobius.  of him the Histories note diversly: Some writ that he was of wit dull, most simple in his doing, and far unmeet for that office, as the History of Euteopius and of Sextus Aurelius Victor affirmeth, but Trebellius affirmeth, that this Valerianus was a wise and valiant Prince, a virtuous Emperor, though on him fortune frowned, no Prince among the Romans felt more miserable calamities than he, neither the like thraldom, who soon out of a Princely throne was thrown and made viler than a slave, as it is sheewed at full afterward: This Emperor Valerianus was also a persecutor of the Christians, like unto Decius in manners, and in beastly living like to Domitian, the Christians lived in great fear, being so long time scourged with these tyrants, 
The viii. persecution.  but in the end the tyrants have tasted of the like plagues, wherewith they scourged other. Valerianus made his son partaker in government with him, and also Cornelius his nephew. It is said that Valerianus came from a noble house: great uproars and tumults were raised in divers parts of his Dominion. Religianus usurped in Mesia, Cassius Labienus Posthumus in France, Emilianus in Egipte and in Macidonia, 
Usurpers.  Valens Aureolus usurped in Milan, all these mighty personages put in trust under this Emperor, ambitiously sought to place themselves in kingdoms, Mesapotamia was in this troublous estate invaded of the Parthians, Sapor then king over them, who made fierce war against the Romans, Valerianus the Emperor being in Persia with the Romans, gave also the Parthians a battle, but the battle was dishonourable to the Romans, for the most part of them was slain, and the Emperor made a captive, who of long time in vile bondage with Sapor the king of Parthia, 
Sapor.  was made his foot stole or treading block, so he continued a long season in miserable captivity with his enemy, 
Cruelty.  whom the Romans never assayed to bring home from bondage, so much the hearts of them abhorred him for his cruelty, neither his own son who was made partaker with him in government, neither Cornelius his nephew being mighty among the Romans, in his captivity would redeem him. The life of Galienus was most beastly, exercising the like cruelty as his father Valerianus did, who thereby in the end was abhorred, this Galienus reigned xv. years, 
Galienus.  seven. years with his father, and viii. years alone. As concerning Aurelius who usurped in these days, he enjoyed for a season, in Egipte, Emilianus seeing to usurp, was cut of from his ambitious hope, by Theodotus, many other there were which usurped, as in France certain Almains who by their entering spoiled the Roman Empire, in Slavonia, Macrinus was chosen to be their Emperor, but he prospered not, for Aurelius in battle slew him: thus many mischiefs rose one of another, & all for kingdoms sake, Greece, Pontus and Asia were ruled by the Scythians: 
Scythians.  Even as the estates of government were troublous, so also like constitutions of the air, according to this government, in Asia earthquakes, in italy darkness of the air, cold filthy and stinking mists, a rotting pestilence in many countries, destroying man & beast, God foreseeing the decay of the Roman Empire, 
Odenatus.  raised Odenatus who mightily prevailed against the Parthians, and overthrew many other countries, Galienus moved with the valiant success of Odenatus, proclaimed him to be his vicegerent & chief deputy in the title of Augustus, in this Odenatus name money was coined.  
After many fierce battles and noble victories achieved and won to the Romans, Odenatus died being in the affairs & wars of the Romans, whose death they did not without cause lament, his son a worthy captain died with him: 
Zenobia.  when Odenatus was thus dead, Zenobia his wife a Lady of great courage, and of marvelous policy succeaded: This Zenobia with two of her sons (against the will of Gallienus Emperor of Rome) took on her the government of the East, and was called Empress, the like virtues reigned in Zenobia, that did in her husband Odenatus: but Gallienus the Emperor of Rome (according to the usual manner of his government) gave himself to all beastliness, whose life decayed much the Roman Empire, at this time the great heretic Paulus Samosatenus was, 
Samosatenus  whose heresy was heinous, That is, that Christ was not before our Lady, and was but a man: his heresy was condemned by a general counsel, Samosatenus an heretic was excommuni- than Aurelius began to usurp over the Romans, and to be their Emperor & to displace Gallienus: Armies were prepared on both parties, and deadly conflicts fought between them, in the end Gallienus the tyrant was murdered with his brother near to Milan, Aurelius not long endured after the death of Gallienus, 
The death of a tyrant.  but he ambitiously invading, was with death rewarded at the hands of Claudius, who next succeeded this Aurelianns who usurped many years in Pannonia.   

Claudius, the second of that name,  
Claudius' reigned ii years, this Claudius by some Histories, is thought to be the son of Gordian, his mother's name was Licista.  
This Claudius subdued Aurelius, and also discomfited him: 
Claudius.  by this valiant Claudius the terrible host of the Scythians and Goths was discomfited, which was in number 3200000. fighting men, and divers other Nations he overcame, some writ that he reigned but one year, he deserveth immortal commendations for his worthiness, in that he reduced the Roman Empire to so fortunate estate, from the cruelty of tyrants, from the spoil of foreign Princes and aliens.   

Quintilius.  
 
Claudius' dying with honour and great glory unto the Romans. Quintilius his brother a noble young gentleman succeaded, who reigned but xvii. days, a barbarous, cruel, and bloody soldier, murdered him at Aquileia, not contented with the upright and just dealing of this Prince, who endeavoured to convert unto virtue, the dissolute life of the soldiers.   

Aurelianus,  
AVrelianus succeeded Quintilius, this Aurelianus was of low birth descended, his father was an husbandman, he governed five years, his nobility of acts advanced him and for his valiant prows and experience he was made Emperor, the Chronicles do show that he was a virtuous governor, of whom vice was corrected, in all parts, with all men it was bruited that the Emperor was a good Physician, but that his medicines were to sharp & bitter, the worthy success that followed him, made him not unlike to Alexander the great, or to the valiant julius Caesar, for the City of Rome was saved by his wisdom, politic practice and valiantness, from utter destruction being thrice besieged, the Histories recite at large, in how many & sundry places he triumphet over his enemies, divers also usurped who by his wisdom were repressed.  
This Aurelianus was the first Emperor that wore crown Imperial, clothing of gold and pearl, which ornaments were as then strange to the Romans. In Thracia and Illiria he subdued the Goths, & the king of Bithynia was conquered of him. Aurelianus was a virtuous Prince, and enlarged the City of Rome, and made it strong with walls: Rome at those days was 50. miles in compass, this Aurelianus did first ordain among the Romans, the eating of swines flesh. 
The ix. persecution of the Christians.  This Emperor not favouring true Religion persecuted the Christians, but in the end by means of his secretary he was murdered, between Heraclea and Constantinople, after his death by the space of viii. months there was no Emperor chosen. Eusebius a famous bishop in Laodicia flourished in the time of this Emperor, whose learned works remain at these days in great price.   

Tacitus.  
 
TAcitus was made Emperor after Aurelianus, Tacitus was endued with all humanity, who governed but v. months, and also Florianus his brother governed two months, some Histories note the Tacitus died of an ague at Tharsis, other do writ that he and his brother was murdered of their soldiers, the one at Pontus, the other at Tharsus. Victor affirmeth that Florianus died by cutting his own veins.   

Probus.  
 
PRobus a Gardeners son was borne in Dalmatia, his government was very short, in his days Saturnianus usurped in Egypt, & Proculus and Bonosus in France and Germany, but they were subdued, the praise of Probus is in high commendation, in that his godly government did astablishe the Roman Empire in so great quietness, the Sarmathians (now called Muscovites and Poles, in which name are contained many other people also which rebelled) but they were maruailouslye scourged of him, he slew of the germans in their Commotions. 400000. The Pollonians were subdued by him, he overcame the Goths in many notable battles, he restored to the Roman Empire, divers Regions and sundry countries, which were under the government of tyrants, the care of Probus was great to bring glory to the Romans, for by the industrious travail of his men of war, he caused the great hill near to Smirnato to be planted with wines, some do writ that the great servitude wherewith he oppressed the Romans was the cause of his death, this was his usual saying to them: Soldiers must not spend victuels, except they labour to profit the common wealth, this was also his saying. Quid opus est militibus cum desint hosts? 
Soldiers ought always to be maintained.  What need is there of men of war when there lacked enemies? Which saying being understood of the soldiers & men of war, it caused them to hate him, and to conspire his death: For the Emperor having reduced all his Empire into a marvelous quietness & peaceable estate, marched towards the Persians', and Parthians, minding to subdue and chastise those proud enemies of the Romans, but his soldiers slew him by the way, when he had governed the Empire vi. years and four months. Such is the force of such as be barbarous soldiers, who being trained up in bloudshedinge, do always thirst after the same, having no regard of any estate, neither obey the wise captain nor Prince: Of this mind Scipio was, when he would not have Carthage to be destroyed of Romans, saying: It was a thing very necessary that the Romans should have such an enemy as Carthage was, 
A foreign enemy.  whereby the people of Rome might for fear of such a foreign enemy, be moved to all prows & excellency, whereas otherwise civil wars at home would bring them to utter destruction: Through peace, both policy and feats of arms, would be to seek in Captains, and the soldiers maimed from all dexterity except they have an enemy abroad whom they may fear.   

Carus.  
 
CArus was borne at Narbona, he reigned but two. years, who immediately made his sons Carinus and Numerianus Caesar's with him, he continued the like enterprise that Probus did against the Persians', Carus not content with his prosperous estate, but still ambitously minded, 
Ambition.  proceeded in larginge the Roman Empire, with the calamities and miseries of other Princes, but suddenly in his enterprise, he was from Heaven stricken with lightning and thunder at Ptesiphon & thereof died, Numerianus his son bewailed the lamentable death of his father, in such extreme sort, that his eyes became so sore as he was not able to abide the light, but was carried in a Waggon, and after murdered of Aper his father in law, which murder came to light in the days of Dioclesian the Emperor following, 
Murder recompensed with murder.  for the which Aper was put to death. As concerning Carinus who was made partaker in the affairs of the Empire with his brother: This Carinus was polluted with all filthiness of life, he put to death the good and godly Senators by crimes forged: by his beastly and corruptible means, divers chaste Matrons and many an honourable Lady was ravished, this beastly person was so outrageous and wicked in governing in France (when he heard of his father's death) he expelled all wise and grave counsayl●urs from him, living most wickedly in all kind of vices, but his mischievous life, caught a mischievous end, for after his long cruel, & beastly life, even of the Romans he was detested and slain in a battle of Dioclesian, who after succeeded in the Empire: such is the end of tyrants and beastly livers, whom God suddenly striketh, 
The sundry deaths which happened unto divers Emperors.  as an example of his wrath and heavy displeasure conceived against them. For in all the Chronicles which have been red, of kings and Princes, there have not been mentioned the like sorts of death, as happened unto Roman Emperors, for it is certain that there is no kind of strange death, but it hath happened unto one of them: For Carus was slain by thunder, Valens burned in the fiere as hereafter you shall hear, Bonosus who usurped in the time of the Emperor Probus, was hanged: Heliogabalus was rent in pieces: some were poisoned, as Tiberius and Drusus: Valerianus kept in prison, died there as a most miserable and vile slave: Quintilius and Florianus, died by incision of veins: Decius drowned himself: julius Caesar was murdered in the Senate house: Commodus was strangled to death, amongst which unfortunate number of Emperors, may also these two sons of Carus, Carinus and Numerianus (who were called Caesar's as long as they lived) be numbered. In such sort that having described but the lives of xl. Emperors, it may appear how doubtful is the estate of Princes, & what calamities followeth them, if God frown on them: God respecteth no parson, the secret counsel of God, seethe only the cause and end. The sequel of our History, shall show unto you the ends of other Emperors, no less strange and fearful, than those which already you have heard of.   

Dioclesianus.  
DIoclesian was a Dalmatian borne, some time in estate a bondman, but he was made free by Emilianus a Senator, his mother's name was Dioclea, & the town wherein he was borne is called also Dioclea, whereby he was called Diocles until such time as he came to be Emperor, then this name Dioclesian was geeven unto him, be continued in government .25. years, he was before his creation, a Notary. This Dioclesian was by nature witty, quick, subtle in his government, cruel, and a great enemy to Christian Religion, 
The ten persecution of the Christians.  and because the bounds and Dominions of the Roman Empire, were large he made divers partakers with him in the Empire: In the 3. year of his government, Dioclesian sent into this our Island, a Duke of Rome called Constantius▪ 
Constantius.  for certain tribute due to the Romans sense the death of Alectus, who being a Roman ruled this land, 
Alectus.  and was killed in a battle not far from London, by the hands of Asclepiodorus (who as I showed before) after him ruled this land. At the same time as this tribute was demanded, Coilsucceding Asclepiodorus who was king of this land, this Coil was sometime Duke of Colchester, 
Cost Duke of Colcester.  but then died at the coming of Constantius, when he had governed this land xxvii. years, but of him in Histories no notable thing, or any worthy facts remain Chronicled, but this only, which is worthy to be remembered the great favour which he bore to learning, also his daughter Helena a Princess of great worthiness by him brought up in learning to all excellency, a Lady of great beauty: This Helena (Coil her father being dead) was chosen to govern this land, 
Helena.  the britains being in troubleous estate with the Romans, caused Helena their Queen to marry with Constantius a Duke of Rome, to make quietness with the Romans: the marriage was concluded by a common consent of the britains, for an universal peace and quietness. This Princely marriage solemnized, peace & quietness settled, Constantius returned to Rome with the tribute and his wife Helena. 
Constantius.  Constantius was made governor of this land, his receiving at Rome was with great triumph, and Helena according to the estate of a Queen entertained. Her wisdom, learning and Princely majesty, was in admiration with the Romans, her knowledge in many languages right commendable, her outward Princely gesture, within the Princely body showed to be reposed secret & marvelous virtues. Thus was the troubleous estate of Britanye quieted, by a marriage linked with the Romans, the Romans also rejoiced of their tribute & jurisdiction won of the britains: But as no estate can always be settled in quietness & security, & as no glory is steadfast, so now in the midst of this joyful estate wherein the Romans thought themselves, Carausus usurped to be Emperor in France, Achilles in Egipte, and julius in italy under the eyes of Dioclesian usurped: 
Usurpers.  But see whereunto the ambition came of those, who without right or title, claim Princely seat, all these at the last came to a miserable end. 
julius.  julius who usurped in italy killed himself, & the other caught like end: through these Commotions and bloody uproars, Dioclesian was enforced to associate many partakers in the Empire with him, Galerius was made chief governor in the east, Constantius that married Queen Helena of Britain chief presidente, and in France Carausus there usurped: By this order taken now again, all things began to prospero with Dioclesian, 
Dioclesian.  and in the wars all victories fell on his side, his enemies came to naught, the name of the Romans was in his old ancient strength and glory: But what is it, a Prince blessed of God by the good success that floweth to him in lands and people, when by pride he falleth from God? Dioclesian in pride puffed, commanded himself to be called a God, and sometime brother to the Son and the Moon, by commandment he was kissed, 
Pride.  as many Popes have since those days compelled kings to kiss their feet, they pass to be brothers to the Son and Moon, being the chief and most Lordliest vicar's, most pontifical, and most vain glorious Prelates under Christ: 
Popes.  If Dioclesian had lived in a proud Pope's days, where had his title been, of being brother to the Sun or Moon? surely his neck should have been bended to smack at a Pope's foot, and been content to give submission to their proud & blasphemous sayings: Et mihi & petro. 
Pride.  They also in title of sanctity, willbe above Christ, not as Christ sanctus, but sanctissimus: The Apostles would not prostrate be worshipped, neither the Angel of john, as in the Apocalipes, but the Popes must, wherein they show themselves not followers of the Apostles, but rather successors of Dioclesian and Domitian in pride and tyranny. Their apostolic usage of Fredrick the Emperor, & of Henry the second Emperor, show whose vicar's they are: they imitate Sapor the Parthian king in abusing Emperors: For the Pope dyninge or banqueting, the Emperor Frederick was tied in chains at his feet, that was his banquet. 
The pride of of Popes.  Henry the second waiting the Pope's absolution, was enforced with his wife and child barefoot to do penance certain days. If virtue had been the scope & mark whereat the Prelates did shoot, their humility would have sheewed them in humility otherwise affected, 
Humility.  not commanding Princes, but obeying to death tyrants for the Gospel's sake, which truly is professed in obedience, in holy title, in perfect humility, and not in a glittering Crown, sword, armour, fiere & faggot, & content to let their doctrine abide the trial, 
The life of prelate's.  their bodies at the will and commandment of tyrants, and their mind invincible to death in a good cause:  
Quia non mors sed causa facit martyrem: For it is not death but the cause that maketh a martyr. 
The obedience of Christians.  The obedience of Christians amasseth tyrants, overthroweth their power, and bringeth plagues on them and their people, and for a just trial note the end of all tyrants, even from the beginning, who not converted, die most miserable.  
As concerning Dioclesian who forgot God in his glory and fell most beastly, was become a most terrible persecuter of Christians, his persecution continued ten years, he overthrew Churches of the Christians, 
A terrible persecution.  he gave commandment that the holy books of Scripture should be burned, Images to be worshipped, by him all means were sought to overthrow Christian Religion, as by tyranny, by promises, by promotions, and by promoters, but to pass over the long persecution wherewith the Christians were tormented, at the length Dioclesian filled with the blood of Christians, gave over his government into the hands of Galerius and Constantius. 
Galerius.  Galerius was also a persecutor, and as a ravening wolf sought out his pray, and did thirst after the blood of Christ's professors: Galerius also at the length filled with his bloody persecutions, gave over to persecute, but he was first plagued of God, 
The death of a persecutor  and by great affliction, enforced to revoke his terrible persecutions and proclamations: his filthy beastly life made him to stink above the earth, who not able to abide his own stink killed himself.  
Galerius being dead another persecutor rose to plague the Church of God, who also died most miserable: all these persecutors being thus dead, the government consisted in the hands of Constantius & Licinius: 
Constantius.  This was that Constantius that married Helena Queen of England & the daughter of king Coil, of this Constantius and Queen Helena, was Constantine the great, I will orderly entreat of Maximianus, of Galerius Armentarius, of Maxentius & of their deaths, because they were as partakers with Dioclesian in his Empire: The government was together, but to avoid confusion, I have placed them as Emperors seperatlye. Dioclesian being at Salna for fear, murdered himself, and died without issue. Immediately after whose death also died Constantius the father of Constantine the great.   

Maximianus.  
MAximianus surnamed Herculius being besieged of Constantinus at Masilia a country in Africa, and at the last taken prisoner, was sore punished and in the end hanged, 
Galerius.  Galerius was murdered, (but as some writ) he slew himself: Maxentius while he waged battle against Constantius, 
Maxentius.  somewhat above a bridge which he had made, making haste to take ship at a haven, & so to enter on the other side, by the fall of his horse was drowned in the deep, his body with much difficulty found being sunk into the mud with the weight of his harness: 
Maximinus,  Maximinus died at Tharsis by sickness, Valens. Valens was murdered of Licinius, and Licinius 
Licinius.  afterward of Constantinus: Such lamentable end, fell to these ambitious Princes, seeking by all means to themselves regiment, & pre-eminence of Dominion, 
Usurpers.  but kingdoms will not bear participation or fellowship, so that it is a matter of impossibility, and never seen in any estate of kingdom, that unity or concord hath taken rote in the hearts of many governors, but that after their feigned friendship and concord, murder of people, waste, spoil and desolation of the country, with a lamentable and doleful end hath ensued to them.  
This Maximianus was a man of nature fierce, 
Maximianus.  raging in all lust, a very fool in matter of counsel, of low birth, and by country a Hungarian, for at these days not far from Sirmius the place is to be seen, a Princely house there builded, where his parents before did live, by their handy craft: He died when he was lx. years old, he was Emperor twenty years.   

Galerius Armentarius  
 
THis Emperor Galerius was very worthy of commendation although his equity and upright life, was without civility, rude and homely according to his education, he was beautiful in complexion, of body fair, for virtuous government lucky and fortunate, his parents were of birth base, living by keeping of cattle, for he was so brought up. And because this Emperor Gallerius was sometime a keeper of beasts, therefore his surname was Armentarius, so the providence of God disposeth times and seasons, 
Armentarius.  placing in the throne & majesty of kings, bondmen, and shepherds sons, to bear in the world sway and Dominion, thereby shewing his will and omnipotent might, so to advance rude & homely men above the mighty estates & pears of the Realms sometime: 
The secret counsaale of God.  In time & seasons extolling and putting down mighty kingdoms, shewing thereby also no kingdom or estate of government, to be fixed or established to any one man, but as his providence. seethe time and cause altering the estate and form of common wealths: What kingdom hath so prospered that hath not seen a change or alteration, & felt at the last subversion of their estate? what line or progeny of kings hath held Sceptre of so long time, but that in the end it hath left the succession out of their titles, and given the regiment to an unknown parsonne, base and mean in comparison? This Emperor was borne in Hungarye, which lieth towards the hills near to Arcadia, which place was called Romulianun by his mother name Romulia. This Galerius would crack proudly, that in his conception his mothers did dream that she conceived him being begat of a Dragon: as Olympias the mother of Alexander the great did dream of his birth.   

Galerius Maximinus.  
 
GAlerius Maximinus was borne of the sister of Galerius Armentarius who was Emperor before, this Emperor was called Daza by his true name: before he was created Emperor, he was Caesar for the space of four years, and afterward in all the East part for iii years reigned Augustus: he was brought up: as a shepherds son, his father was a shepherd, being advanced to the Empire, he became a great favourer of learned men, and such as were wise, it is a token of a flourishing and happy estate of kingdom where learning is in price, 
The flourishing estate of a kingdom.  estimation and honour, who so careth not in his time to plant learning, and giveth not honour reward and maintenance to further the studientes thereof, showeth himself to be deprived of all learning & understanding: For honour only and rewards nourish arts, and plant wisdom, without the which two, the kingdom would be beastly, without order, law and discipline: and in that he gave such honour to learning, he loved and tendered the wise, for these two in one knit and consociate, for a kingdom flowing and abounding, with famous & learned men, 
Wisdom.  must of necessity be upholden by wisdom: What Prince therefore favoureth learning, cannot but tender and love wise, sage & discrete persons. He was of nature quiet, an immoderate drinker of wine, and because with excess of wine being sometime drunk, he did beastly govern, seeing at the last his own fault, he enforced himself to repentance, and what affairs or business of the Empire came to his hands being in that case, he would differre them till he was sober, or unto the next morning.    

The second part of the lives of the Emperors.  

Constantine the great.  
COnstantine the great, was son to Constantius a Duke of Rome & Helena a queen of Britain, her father was Coil king of Britain, & sometime a Duke of Colchester. Constantius was Emperor of Rome, but he died in Britain in the City of York, who governed the Island, and other parts of his provinces with such wisdom and policy, 
Constantius.  that in all the time of his reign, there was never moved against him any rebellion. This Constantius father of Constantine, after long sickness died of a fever: at whose death the nobles and Princes that were present, took counsel to bring the whole government of the Realm to his sons hands: 
Crocus.  Crocus king of the Almains, came with him into Britain to further him to the kingdom, wherein he so much prevailed, that his father being dead, and all Princely solemnity in his funeral ended, the britains enjoyed Constantine their king, who was Emperor of Rome afterwards, and did great things in the advancement of the Roman Empire, whose great glory & worthiness of acts, titled him Constantine the great, which name rose by the great success that fell to him in the conquering of kingdoms, 
Constantine the great.  and subduing of Nations. At such time as Constantine the great, was both king of this our Island, and also Emperor of Rome, he joined with him as partaker of his government Licinius, 
Licinius.  so great love was between Constantine and Licinius, that he did not only authoryse him with equality in government, but also Constantine married his sister Constantia at Milan. But in all this great amity and fellowship, yea though a marriage was linked to make the stronger bands of amity, love and strength in kingdoms, yet at a sudden, cruel hatred, war and dissension, spread on each side the banners, & no end made till Constantine was a sole governor, and Licinius slain, this amity of Princes is not so strong linked, but as ambition kindled, so the same breaketh the knot, and maketh the hate to be more deadly and cruel: For Princes are most deluded by such linked marriages. At this present the government of the Empire consisted in the hands of Constantine & Licinius, 
Licinius.  Constantine ruled all Asia at that time, who being most godly minded, revoked from banishment the Christians, and ceased the persecution continued of many tyrants: But Licinius who was partaker with him in the government of the Empire, begun a most heinous persecution, because he saw Constantine more beloved of the Christians than he was, and said the Christians prayed more for the life and good success of Constantine then for him: immediately great contention rose, between Constantine and Licinius at Ryball near to a fen called Hiulca: in the night season, Constantine did break into the tent of Licinius, but Licinius fled to the City Bizanze, & made Martianus master of the requests Caesar: But Constantine prenaylinge in war agaist Licinius, forced him to fly into Bythinia, whereupon a condition to save his life, he consented to give unto Constantine his Princely rob by his wives hands: from Bithynia he was sent to Theslalonia, not many days after Constantine commanded Licinius & Martianus (whom I spoke of before) to be murdered: 
Licinius.  Licinius governed xiiii. years, 
Martianus.  he died near xl. years of age, in covetousness he was most beastly of all men, in adulterous lusts spotted exceedingly, of nature bitter and rough, nothing patient, 
The ignorance of Licinius.  a detestable enemy to all arts and learning, who wrapped in most ignorance, called learning Virus & pestem publicam: But especially with those execrable names he titled the pleading of judicial causes, a rare thing to see in beastly parsons learning loved, maintained or advanced, though sometime learning hath been maruaylonsly extolled of the ignorant, as well as of the most glorious. 
justinian.  justinian Emperor of Rome, whose acts and careful study for the maintenance of a good common weal, the mighty volumes of the civil laws recordeth. 
Galerius.  Galerius Armentarius, did both favour and love learning being unlearned: This one thing in Licinius in despising learning, was according to his bringing up, he was in all respects to husbandmen very profitable, and gracious: to the warrior in all order & ceremonies to chivalry appertaining, a severe arbitrator, he was a scourge to the Enuches, and lascivious Courtiers, he called them the moths and rats of Prince's Courts. 
The rats & moths of princes courts.   
Some Histories note that Licinius was murdered of his own men of war, (who being dead) the sole government of the Roman Empire was fully settled in the hands of Constantine, fortunate success of victory fell on every side to him, enemies prevailed not that displayed banner against him, fortune almost in all things was a companion to Constantine, but that a wicked wife was a great plague to him, whose name was Fausta: 
Fausta.  by whose bitter parswation and execrable request, he commanded his son Crispus a bastard, borne of his concubine Mineruina to be murdered: 
bloody practices requited.  but her blind practices wrought her a cruel end. for her forged accusation, for the truth being known unto Constantine, she was caused by him to be cast into a hot bathe, and so slain: Helena his mother did much reprove him, 
Helena.  for his cruelty against his bastard son Crispus, whom she loved entierlye. This fault remained in Constantine, he was inflamed with the self love of himself, and desirous of commendation and vain glory: Constantine being a virtuous Prince, called an assembly and counsel of most grave & learned bishops to a general counsel, at the City of nice, in the which City and most godly assemble, 
Counsel at nice.  Constantine the Emperor in his own parson was present, and 318. bishops, they all consulted against Arrius the great heretic, they excommunicated him and banished him with six other bishops.  
In this assembly marriages began to be odious among the clergy, 
Marriages in priests.  in so much that some of them would have such priests as were married already, not to company any more with their wives, many to the contrary withstood it, but especially a virtuous & learned father withstood that demand mightily, saying that the lets and prohibition of priests marriages, would work great whoredom, & all filthy abomination in the clergy. This was the first time wherein priests began to be prohibited of marriages, where the ancient estate of the Church always allowed marriages as a thing in all estates honourable, 
Prohibition of marriage.  and the beds of holy wedlock to remain undefiled. Since those days that filthy opinion with feigned hypocrisy, in all Regions under the Pope's jurisdiction hath prevailed, the perfit life in chastity, the holy conversation thereof hath not so much been regarded in the sight of the world, as a fantastical sole life of priests, bearing an outward show of holiness, but the great abomination that flowed from those chaste Prelates, the Sodomitical acts, the murdering of infants in their holy sells committed, their overthrowing of the chaste conversation of virtuous Matrons, the defence of Stewishe houses, which harboured their secret abominations for their sole chaste recreation, have in all ages been Chronicled. A whore as a most holy Pope, stauled in the high Princely dignity, & in their solemn procession delivered of a child, 
Pope joane.  Pope joane by name: this whorish woman is become a mitred Pope, she showeth in her whorish body the Romans chastity, from time to time the acts of Popes with other like, in most learned Histories are recorded. But as concerning the defence of priests marriages, Theophilacte in this wise speaketh of that text of Matthew, where Christ coming to Peter's wife's mother, whom being sick of an ague he healed. Thus Theophilact saith: the Prince of the Apostles had a wife, neither doth marriage let from virtue. In the xxi. year of the government of this great Constantine, he made a great solemn triumph with Princely banquets, in the which the synod of those bishops that were at the counsel. 318. were present. God blessed Constantine mightily in his doings, both in the quiet estate at home & also in external affairs which he took in hand against his enemies: 
Constantine baptized.  Constantine embracing Christian Religion, was baptised of Eusebius bishop of Nicomedia, in the which City he died, but his body was buried at Constantinoble.  
As concerning the heresy of Arrius, 
Arrius.  it grew mightily and many favoured it, but suddenly God plagued him, who before the disputation died at the siege of nature, and by avoiding his guts died miserably. 
Lactantius.  Lactantius flourished in those days, 
Athanasius.  and Athanasius also the famous bishop of Alexandria, Iwencus a notable learned Poet flourished at Rome. Also it is not to be put in silence, that Constantine made a bridge over the great flood Danubius, 
Danubius.  Constantine used continually Princely robes decked with Pearl, on his head always he wore a Crown: This Constantine was to be commended for many notable virtues, as to cease strife and contention, not only with the Romans, but with foreign Princes to make friendship, he nourished all excellent Arts, encouraging by great preferments, studientes thereunto, wherein he declared himself to be a careful Prince, not only of his private estate or government, but of that which to the posterities might be glorious by learning. 
The worthy care of Princes.  This Constantine used much to read, especially in the excellent knowledge of Histories, the lively glass of Princes wherein is contained the memory of all ages, a schoolmaster to manners, 
Histories.  the light of all truth, the counsel house of Princes, the perfect spectacle of all government, aswell of the flourishing estate of kingdoms, as of their decay, unto virtuous Princes a perpetual example, and a continual memory of the wicked: of all their enterprises a perfect rehearser, a director of wisdom, & to counsellors a lively register. This Constantine would hear the Embassages of Princes, & their complaints, he lived lxxxix. years, he made in the end his sons Constantine, Constantius and Constance, with Adalmatius his brother's son Caesar's, xiii. years he reigned alone: his nature somewhat gave him to pleasant scoffing. As concerning Adalmatius his brother's son, he was killed of the warriors now at the death of Constantine, so that the government of the whole world, was brought to the hands of the three sons of Constantine, who divided the Empire among them: unto Constantine was limited Spain, England and France, and that part of germany which was then possessed of the Romans: Unto Constantius who was the second brother, was given italy, and all Africa, Sicilia, Dalmatia, Achaia, Macedonia, and all Greece: Unto Constance which was the third, was given the province of Thrace, in the which standeth the City of Constantinople, with all the East provinces of Asia the lesser, of Syria, of Mesopotamia, & of Egipte.  
In this sort after the death of Constantine the great who was son to Helena king Coils daughter) was the Empire divided among his three sons, which died afterward most lamentably: 
A notable example of ambition.  For division inflamed with ambition, broke this natural knot, each one hunted for the others death, so hard a matter it is for Princes to live in concord and amity, 
Ambition.  ambition and desire of Domition destroyeth kindreds, and for the most part enforceth rulers to forget justice, and all integrity: large hope of mighty kingdoms displayeth the banners with insatiable desire, and without reason raiseth a quarrel, rash counsel giveth attempt, & flattery linked with Princes inventeth occasion, they kindle the bloody foundation of Mars, 
Ambition.  they reap up the bulwark of all decay, they for private lucre sake, hunt for the blood and ruin of many: discord destroyeth at a sudden, more than many fortunate victories have obtained. In many ages the rash & private quarrels of divers Princes have undone the great & politic counsel of the wise: thorough which they have not only received divers great overthrows, but also lost their estate, and seen their Towns and Cities destroyed and burned before their eyes. These are the fruits of division, as it shall appear in the History following of the iii sons of Constantine the great: this Constantine ordained the sunday to be kept, and that upon that day abstinence should be made from all labour: he also was the first that appointed Rome to be the bishop's seat.  
As concerning the estate of Britanye, at the death of Constantine, Octavius a Duke of the West Saxons, (who was made lieutenant and high Deputy in Britain under Constantine) through the counsel of the nobles and commons of the land, would have rebelled and expelled the monks: but Constantine sent aid against the britains, making a Duke of Rome called Traiherne, with a great host to go against them, who at his arrival were at hand to join their hosts with the Romans who landed at Southampton, & near to the old ancient City of Winchester a terrible battle was fought: but the Romans and their Captain retired, not able to abide the force and power of the britains. Traiherne fled into Scotland, Octavius pursued him & in Westmerlande another battle was fought, but so unconstante is the estate of Princes, fortune now turneth her wheel from Octavius, & with terrible countenance behold him, & they before chafed, began to conquer: Octavius with great bloodshed fled, and power and strength so failed him, that of necessity he was compelled leaving the land to flee into Normandye, in whose absence another Earl of the britains by treason murdered the Roman Duke, which being known to Octavius, he came again into Britain and reigned 54. years against whom the Romans sent a great army, to maintain their jurisdiction.   


Constantinus.  
Constantius  
Constance.   
Now the sway of the Empire was in the government of three, but Constance, did appoint as Caesar to govern Armenia Dalmatius his cousin, so that the Empire was ruled by three Emperors and one as Caesar. At this season division began between Constance and Constantius brethren, 
constance.  the sons of great Constantine for the title of italy and Africa, 
Constantius.  Constantius was effeminate and womanly of nature, not courageous, unapt to generation, all these brethren were persecutors, the Church of God was in most miserable estate, 
Persecutors.  by reason that in all parts of the Roman jurisdictions divers pernicious sects, opinions & doctrines flourished, each one persecuted other, but above all, the authority, power, and poisoned opinions of the Arrians prevailed, whereupon many bloody commotions were conspired of the Arrians, and even in the Temple and house of the Christians, were put in practice, by whose bloody practices, the people were of infinite numbers slain: The discord of the Christians, 
The discord of Christian Princes, is a strength to infidels.  their division in many sects, did encourage the hearts of the Pagans and infidels, to place their ethnical faith in their fond Gods: where the Christians made the true word of God to be blasphemed, and evil spoken of among those Gentiles that knew not the true God, as in these days the like contention among Christian Princes, and the bloody practices of the mighty Prelates in the world, do decay the name of the Church of God, 
A decay to Christians.  whiles that worldly promotions, pomp and dignity doth accompany them, their present joy, their felicity, their glorious name, their pontifical seats, their large titles by all cruelty and bloody means are upholded. This Constantine made a law that no delicate meat should be used in feasts, it is said he was of diet most temperate, 
Arrians doctrine.  in all causes of judgement just and righteous, wherefore great was the decay of the Roman Empire, in that the Emperor favoured the sect of the Arrians, whose opinion he so favoured, that thereby he was cruel against the Catholic Athanasius a famous bishop, 
Athanasius.  who for withstanding the doctrine of the Arrians, was banished by Constantine that ruled France, one of the sons of Constantine the great, from the which banishment he was revoked, but Constance that was Emperor of the east, as of Asia the lesser, of Syria of Mesopotamia, and of Egypt, was also infected with the opinion of the Arrians, whereby Athanasius was again exiled from the City of Alexandria where he taught. 
Athanasius.  This Athanasius was a most godly bishop, of great learning in the faith of Christ, suffering many persecutions of the Arrians, this Athanasius was present at the counsel holden at the city of Laodicia, being most mighty in the Scriptures he confounded the heresies, but in a manner the universal world, the mighty Princes the bishops and Prelates were infected with this doctrine of the Arrianse the wrath of God in this troublous estate of Religion was spread upon Asia and the Region of the East, 
Arrians doctrine.  for many of the renowned Cities were overthrown with earthquakes, 
The wrath of God against heretics.  a great pestilence not long before, devoured the countries of Syria and Silicia, so the wrath of God scourgeth the wickedness of men, and fleeth the persecutors of his Church, all these Princes, and their Prelates were wrapped in these plagues, the Regions by many plagues were devoured and consumed. The end of that heretic Arrius (whose opinion first I mentioned) is before rehearsed in the life of Constantine the great. Constantine the son of Constantine the great, not content with his Dominion left of his father, 
Ambition.  which was Spain, England, France and Germanye, moved war against his brethren, thinking to obtain by force that which they would not willingly give him, but Constantine was slain of the men of war sent against him by his brother Constantius, 
The eldest son of Constantine slain.  near to a City called Aquileia: thus through ambition the eldest of the sons of Constantine the great is slain, after he had reigned iii years, being a young man of xxv. years of age, so that there remained but two Emperors, Constantius and Constance. At this time Macedonius a priest of Constantinople, 
An abominable heresy.  taught another heresy, that the holy Ghost was not God but a creature, also this Macedonius ambitiously strived with one Paulus whether of them should succeed that famous bishop Alexander, bishop of Constantinople. This bishop Alexander should have disputed with Arrius, 
Sapor.  but that Arrius died before the disputation: In Persia the Christians were also persecuted by Sapor the king: 
Constantine the great, a defender of Christians.  this Sapor was a great enemy to God, for in the time of Constantine the great. 16000 were martyred, of the which bloody fact Constantine the great wrote to this Sapor, willing him no more to persecute the Christians. As concerning the byshopprike for the which Macedonius and Paulus strived for, 
Eusebius.  Eusebius was made bishop of the same, being favoured of this Emperor Constantine: this Emperor was as an Arrian, and by all means furthered them, whereupon to fortify and make strong their Church, their faith and doctrine, by his commandment, a Synod of bishops was assembled at Antioch, where Athanasius that godly father was condemned as an heretic, 
A just plague of God.  but the wrath of God was stirred over the City of Antioch where the wicked assembly was gathered, an earthquake shaken divers countries about Antioch, but especially in Antioch, where it continued a whole year. Athanasius fled to Constantine the Emperor, of whom he was with all humility received, yet the great contention in Religion ceased not, but thereupon another Synod and counsel was holden at Sardis, where 300. bishops did allow the counsel of nice: those that were bishops of the east, refused the company of them, and according to their heretical sect, gathered themselves at a City called Philipolis, in that wicked Synod, was made accursed the foresaid counsel of nice, which was called in the time of Constatine the great, of 318. bishops against Arrius and his sect, who denied the son of God to be equal with the father: In that Synod Arrius with vi. other bishops were banished, for this cause the bishops of the east, made that holy counsel of nice accursed, 
The counsel of nice.  in that Arrius & his scholars were put to flight, who also were Arrians. But see what the change of an Emperor is: 
The change of a good Prince.  soon a true and perfect Religion is thrown down, an holy Synod and their true profession persecuted: the father an upholder of the true Church, maintained Christ's Religion and Catholic faith, his son destroyed the same good doctrine, and being a persecutor was in his government, many ways plagued by the Persians' in war, and grievously scourged, for in viii. battles he had the over throw, and lost many great Cities which were brought to their thraldom: Constantius his brother, was slain by the conspiracy of Crestius, Marcellianus, and Magnentius by the hands of Geison the thirteen year of his government, 
Constantius.  thus Constantius was slain in a certain City, whose death being known to Constance his brother, and understanding that Magnentius was the chief author thereof, he prepared war against him, and in his absence ordained Gallus his kinsman lieutenant in the East: diverse ambitious Princes usurped to be Emperors, as Britanion in Illiria, Nepotianus at Rome, great was the fight between Constance and Magnentius, for in their conflict were slain 54000. men of war, & Magnentius in the end flew himself. Gallus in the absence of Constance, exercised tyranny over the people, and put to death many thousands, diverse of their Cities were burned by him, which rebelled against him, but his cruelty caused him to be deprived, and after his banishment his head was stricken of. At this time France was invaded of the king of the Almains: and as yet the heresy of Arrius prevailed, 
The counsel of Ariminum.  and thereupon a counsel was gathered at Ariminum of 200. bishops of the West, who established as most holy the counsel of nice, but the Arrians withstood it: In this troubleous estate of Religion Constance by a commandment, caused the bishops of the East who were all Arrians, to make their Synod at Celeutia, 
Sapor.  to confirm the doctrine of the Arrians. Sapor king of Persia warred on the Romans, & endamaged them much, and took divers of their Cities, the doctrine of the Arrians was by cruelty upholded of Macedonius bishop of Constantinople, his bloody facts note no small testimony of their wicked doctrine: a cruel practice is always grounded of a like doctrine. 
Christian doctrine.  Not Christian doctrine buildeth itself in bloody policies, but in humility both their faith, and their sincere conversation flourisheth, whereby they give a testimony of an humble Church, of a patient profession, with it the saints of God have overcome the world: by tyranny the humble Martyrs have most flourished, in the most wicked times their oppressed estate, 
The true Church.  hath at a sudden overthrown the mighty tyrants, plagued their kingdoms, for God never utterly forsaketh his Church, but by a secret means raiseth it to be most mighty, and confoundeth the ungodly: 
God always preserveth his true Church.  as in the time of the Arrians doctrine, God preserved the true Church, and plagued the persecutors. julianus was after the death of Gallus made chief under Constance, whose name by the great success that fell to him was in great commendation, both among the Romans & also otherwise: the Almains invaded France and spoiled it, but they were overcome of julianus, 
julianus.  and all such Cities as were taken of the Almains, julianus recovered again: he destroyed the whole pomp of their felicity and glorious success, so that the soldiers would have had him their Emperor, & called him Augustus. Constance knowing his dignity, name, and power diminished thorough julianus prows and title, was grievously displeased, commanding him by Ambassadors to refuse that name or title, but immediately after this Constance died at Mopsocris, a City lying between Cilicia and Capadocia: Of his death Victor thus writeth, that there he died of a sharp Ague, which he took of anguish of mind and lack of sleep: 
The death of Constance.  Constance died the .44. year of his age, he reigned xxxix. years Emperor, eight years alone, and with his brethren xuj. years, and Caesar 25. years: the good success that fell to him in civil war was great, in destroying his domestical enemies, but he never prospered in foreign battles. This Emperor was very courteous, of a pleasant and delectable conversation, liberal to his friends, most temperate in eating and drinking, very painful, he delighted in fine communication, although he were by nature neither very wise nor eloquent, he was a very expert archer, and therein very much exercised himself. Moreover he was very prompt to give credit, unto tryflinge reports that should be made unto him, of a man's enemy: At his death he ordained to be his heir julian of whom I will now entreat. At this time Romake king of the Scots was slain of his nobles, 
Octavius.  & then Octavius was king of Britain, who reigned liv. years.   

julian the Apostata▪  
AFter the death of Constance, 
Apostata, signifieth one that renounceth the faith which once he hath professed.  julian his kinsman called the Apostata, enjoyed peaceable the whole Empire: who if he had not renounced the faith of Christ, & inclined unto idolatry, might worthily for his manifold virtues and good qualities, have been compared with any other that ever lived. diverse Authors write that he fell into this unbelief, through the parswasions of one Libanus an Idolater, 
Libanus.  who was his instructor in Rhetoric: which thing may be a notable example unto Princes, and all other men of every estate and condition, that they aught not only to procure with especial diligence such masters for their children, 
Instructors of children.  as are learned in those faculties, in which they desire to have them skilful, but also such as be virtuous, honest, and of a good judgement in Religion: for most certain it is, that those things which children learn in their youth, they so imprint in their memory, that afterward they never forget them, and the exercises and conditions which they get in that tender age, become unto them both proper and natural: For probation whereof, although many examples may be alleged, yet for this present, let that julian suffice, in whom the instruction of so wicked a master had such force, that the fruits thereof very well appeared, which he received through him. 
julian compared.  For in all other things he was so expert and singular, that in bounty and courtesy, he was equal unto Titus, in clemency unto Antonye, in prosperous success against the Dutchemen unto Traian, in temperance, modesty, and philosophy, unto Marcus Aurelius. He was endued with a singular good memory, and therewith very studious, he was very eloquent, aswell by nature as by Art, most temperate in his eating, drinking, and sleapinge, in all carnal desires he was most chaste and continente: He was of such strength and courage, that he was reprehended for using greater boldness, than was convenient for a Captain or Emperor. 
Vain glory.  He was very desirous of vain glory and fame, (a vice common unto most excellent wits & haughty courages) he was liberal & pleasant with his friends: he used justice a like towards all men, both in the time that he was Caesar, and also when he was Emperor. But all these virtues, with many other were polluted with the infidelity which he embraced at the parswations of his Schoolmaster Libanus the Idolater. 
Libanu●●  As soon therefore as he had understanding of that death of Constance the Emperor (which news was brought him in France, from whence he was going against him, who likewise was marching for the same intent) he went with all celerity unto the City of Constantinople, 
Constantinople.  which after Constantine was the head of the Empire, whereby all means he procured the good will of all men, and caused the Temples of the gentiles to be opened, and gave them licence to adore their Idols: and albeit he was an enemy unto Christians, yet would he not persecute them, also between the Catholics and the Arrians he remained a neuter, enclyninge neither unto the one, nor other part, which doing purchased him that love and favour of all worldlings: & the barbarous Nations fearing his fame & name, abstained not only from making war against the Empire, but also sent unto him Ambassadors to require peace of him, which he granted them. In this wise he began with contentation and prosperity to govern the Empire: but as one that in heart was an Idolater, he determined to find out some mean to persecute the Christians, for thaccomplishment of which wicked intent, he used a mean not lightye hard of: For having intelligence that through torments or martyrdom, 
Persecution raiseth more Christians.  the Christian faith was much increased, he resolved the work by the contrary, who (as Ruffinus and saint Hierome writ) did induce them with gifts, promises, offices and dignities to renounce their faith, and to do sacrifice unto their false & lying Idols. And as divers affirm, there were not a few of covetous and ambitious parsons, which to become rich, and to be exalted unto honour and dignity, denied their true faith, in such wise, that this was one of the greatest persecutions that ever the Church received, not only in respect of those which did willingly abandon their faith, but also for that he did institute and ordain by general decrees, 
The decrees of julian against the Christians.  that no Christian might profess any art, or science, nor likewise study, or go unto any School, but such as did worship unto Idols: to the end that for the desire of learning, they might do service unto his Idols, or else to remain ideottes and ignorantes, whereby they should be unable to preach and teach their faith sufficiently. In conclusion he imagined all ways and means that might be devised to persecute the Christians, except only by effusion of blood.  
And continuing the use of this pitiful cruelty against the Christians, he determined like a most valiant Captain, to move war against the Persians': who only had not humbled themselves, nor would not acknowledge him for their superior. Whereupon he went into Asia with a huge host, and having passed thorough Asia the less, he came into Mesopotamia, which was the country for which the Romans & the Persians' did contend, from thence after certain light skirmishes, 
Zaita.  he went unto Zaita, where he understood that the king of Persia was encamped not far of, with his whole host, and therefore he set in good order his army, with a marvelous desire to join battle with his enemies: but they at this instant refused to fight, and sent their Ambassadors to require pardon of him: Unto whom the courageous Emperor gave no audience, but perceiving that they refused the battle, the more to provoke them he entered into divers parts of their country, taking many Cities of Surrey, some by force, and some by yielding of their own accord, greatly endamaging the whole country as he passed, whereby in the end the Persians' being overcome with shame, fought a battle with him, which was both cruel and terrible: into which before he entered, he made a solemn vow, that if he had the victory in that conflict, he would make sacrifice unto his Gods, with the blood of all those Christians (whom he termed galileans) which would not do sacrifice unto his Idols. 
The voice of julian.  And it pleased Almighty God (through his secret judgements) to make him conqueror for that instant, and to reward him in this world with his wrath. Who perceiving that he had obtained the victory, 
The victory of julian.  not finding any resistance, proceeded till he came unto the famous City of Pt●siphont, determining to make his abode that winter in Mesopotamia: but in this journey his soldiers suffered great afflictions, as well through want of victuels, and that their host was very copious, as also for that their enemies, did many time's assault and molest them: And having for his guide a fugitive Persian, he was brought by him (through treason together with his soldiers) into a place where was made a great imbushement of the Persians', with whom he being enforced to fight, was with a spear so wounded in one of his arms & thighs, that not long after he died: who when he felt himself to become faint, 
julian wounded to death.  spoke with great arrogancy against Christ, saying: Vicisti Gallilee, O thou galilean thou hast overcome me. After which words when he saw that all they which were present bewailed his death, he reprehended them saying: that they did greatly offend, to lament and bewail the death of a Prince, that died in the favour of his Gods. 
Gregory Nazeanzen writeth an invective Oration against julian, which is worthy to be red.  And afterward as long as breath served him, he desisted not to entreat of the immortality of his soul. A thing to be greatly lamented at, that such want of grace, filthiness should remain in a man, endued with so much worthiness, and so many excellent virtues. He died in the seventh year after he was Caesar, and in the third of his Empire, when he was xxxi. years of age: and in the year of our Lord and Saviour jesus Christ. 366.   

jovianus.  
AFter the soldiers had much bewailed the death of julian, they elected for Emperor a famous and noble gentleman named jovianus borne in Hungarye, a very faithful and constant Christian: For when julian commanded that no Christian should have the charge of a Captain, nor enjoy any other office in the war: This jovianus answered with a stout and cheerful countenance, that he made more account of his profession, then of all the dignities he had, and so abandoned his charge. 
A good example of a Christian.  And afterward being which (as is said) elected Emperor, he provounced in open Parliament, that he being a Christian, would not (although he might) be a Captain over infidels & idolaters: and so most constantly refused the Empire. But the contentation which every of them conceived of his election was such, that after they had confirmed the same, they exclaimed that they were Christians: And to th'end that he should receive charge of the Empire, they that were not as yet, promised that they would be. In this manner with incredible joy, they swore obedience unto him, and gave him the ensigns of the Emperor Whereupon presently with great industry, he provided and made preparation of all such necessaries, as were requisite for the maintenance of the present war, (which was very difficult to be done.) 
Sapor.  For Sapor understanding of the death of julian (whom for his noble acts, and great courage, he did not a little dread) made small account of the new Emperor: & assemblinge all the power that he might, he set with such violence upon the army of the Emperor, that the Romans were enforced to retire, and the Persians' remained as conquerors in the field, whereupon jovian with great labour and travail removed his camp, & marched towards the City of Carra, 
Carra.  where Croesus was overcome by the Parthians, making as he marched divers skirmishes with the Persians', who continually pursued him even unto the river Tigris: 
Tigris.  and thither Sapor sent Ambassadors unto Themperor, to signify unto him, that although he perceived that through want of victuels, and other mishaps, both he and his host were at his mercy, and in his power: yet he was contented, (if he would yield unto certain conditions) to remain for ever a faithful friend to the Empire: Unto which conditions, jovian (being enforced through the present peril) yielded unto, and concluded a peace with Sapor for xxx. years. This truce was of some, accounted most abominable unto the Empire: but of other, who better considered the distress unto which the Romans were driven, 
The doings of Princes are diversly construed.  it was reputed (although not honourable) yet both profitable and necessary: for he was in apparent danger both of losing his whole host, and of the greater part of those provinces which he granted unto him.  
After ●he conclusion of the truce, jovian went into Surrey: from whence he sent decrees into all places, to revoke from exile Athanasius, with other infinite godly Christians: unto whom he commanded that all such offices, dignities, and honours should be rendered, as were given them in the time of Constantine the great, and that the tythinges of corn and other things which were taken from them by julian, should be likewise restored unto them again. After jovian had finished this holy foundation, with using in all other affairs, the duty and office both of a wise and just Prince, and having sufficiently provided in the East, for all such things as were necessary: He marched towards Constantinople, shewing himself in all places where he passed, both a just & merciful Prince, in such wise that all men conceived a good hope of him: But this and all his noble intentes, and Christian determinations were intercepted by death, (for the wickedness of the people deserved not so worthy a Prince) which happened in this wise. 
The secret counsel of God.  After he was arrived at a certain place in Asia the less, called Dudastana, being in the cold time of the winter: there was in the Chamber where the Emperor should lie, a fire made of coals & wood, which was moist and green, in which after he was gone to bed, and the chamberlains departed & locked the door, 
The death of jovian.  the vapour of the fire marvelously increased, & filling all places full of smoke, not having any vent or window to issue forth at, stopped jovianus breath in such wise, that he smothered as he slept, for in the morning he was found dead, most men judging this to be thoccasion of his death: although some supposed, that he died by eating of a Mushron, which was poisoned: other affirm, that he eat so much meat the night before, that the natural heat, not able to make perfect digestion, he was through the crudity of his meat strangled. But (howsoever it was) his death gave great cause of sorrow unto all men, for he had held the Imperial Sceptre but eight months: and died when he was (as some writ) of xl. but as other, of xxx. years of age.   

Valentinianus the first of that name.  
IT pleased Almighty God of his goodness, to appoint to succeed the Christian and virtuous Emperor jovian (although he left behind him neither child nor kinsman) one that was equal with him in faith, 
Valentinian like in goodness and virtue unto jovian.  goodness, and virtuous conditions, whose name was Valentinian. Who although he were descended of a base stock, and borne of poor parents: yet he was a Catholic Christian, beautified and adorned with most splendente virtues: His father's name was Gratian, 
God exalteth from low estate.  borne in Hungarye in the City Cimbala, a very poor man, and by profession a maker of cords or ropes, one of a very great strength, who after he became a soldier, so excelled in martial prows, that he was for his worthiness, preferred from degree to degree, and in the end appointed general of the Praetorian soldiers: which was the cause, that his son Valentinian (of whom we now entreat) was brought up in martial feats wherein he became very excellent. And at such time as julian commanded that all they which would not do sacrifice unto idols, should be deprived of their dignity and offices. (he being a Captain over the soldiers which bore shields) refused as a most constant professor of Christ, 
Persecution trieth Christians.  the office of his captain ship, to remain and abide in his true profession, but afterward in the time of the good Emperor jovian, he together with infinite other Christians, was restored unto his former dignity, and was at such time as he died in that degree of honour, in which he had been before the edict with julian. This Valentinian for his singular worthiness was by the general suffrages of the whole host, elected at the City of nice: as his father for his valiantness, had been likewise preferred unto many honourable degrees of chivalry. After he was thoroughly established in his Empire, he elected for companion with him in the same his brother Valens, and not long after he created Cesar, his young son Gratian: In the time of these Emperors, the world was greatly afflicted with earthquakes, wonders, excursions and inundations of the seas, with strange things which rained from Heaven, and with such mortal wars, that the like have not lightly been hard, or red of. Notwithstanding these afflictions, the wise and sage Emperors did with such force and policy oppugn and resist the invasions and rebellions, which were made by sundry barbarous Nations: that they did not only conquer them in many battles, with expelling them out of the Imperial territories, but also overcame and suppressed divers domestical tyrants: 
Procopius.  among which there was one Procopius, a kinsman of julian the Apostata, who took upon him the title & name of Emperor in Constantinople: But afterward he was overcome in battle by Valens, and flying away, he was by his own soldiers apprehended and brought unto th'emperor: who (as some affirm) caused him to be beheaded, But as other writ, he caused two trees to be bowed, & unto either of them one of his legs to be tied, 
A reward for rebels.  and after by letting them go at liberty, he was (unto the terror of all other) rent and divided in two parts: a meet reward and punishment due unto all rebels.  
As Valens was infected with the sect of the Arrians, whom he greatly favoured: so Valentinian was a most true and sincere professor of Christ's Religion, who after he had overcome the Sarmathians, a barbarous people which often rebelled, made answer unto their Ambassadors, which entreated for peace with so much vehemency, 
The death of valentinian.  that he fell into such extreme bledinge at his mouth, as that he died thereof within few days. Some say that he fell into an Apoplexia and died of that disease, in the 50. year of his age, when he had reigned xii. years. After whose death Valens, together with his nephew Gratian enjoyed the Empire: He began to make little account of his nephew, and greatly favouring the sect of the Arrians, employed and bestowed his time in Nigromancye and enchantmentes, with divers other kinds of sorceries, 
The persecution of Christians.  and also in martyringe of many Christians, which God did not permit long unpunished: For shortly after being overcome in a conflict by the Goths (unto whom he had done many pleasures) he fled for secure into a poor cottage of the country, (which his enemies perceiving) set at a sudden the house on fire, and so burnt him being in the same, 
The end of a wicked governor.  making there that end which his wicked life deserved: when he was 50. years of age, after he had governed the Empire xv. years, and after the incarnation of our Saviour jesus Christ 382. years: according unto the computation of S. Hierome, who in this year endeth his History, 
A flourishing time of the learned.  and hereafter followeth that of S. Prosper.  
There began to flourish at this present many excellent learned doctors in divinity, which at this instant are the chief pillars of the Church: As S. Hierome, S. Ambrose, and not long after S. Augustine, the learned Basill bishop of Caesarea, Gregorius Nazeanzenus, Epiphanius, Cirillus bishop of Jerusalem with many other.   

Gratianus.  
 
AFter the death of Valens the Emperor, the administration of the whole Empire, as well of the East as of the West remained only unto Gratian his nephew the son of his brother Valentinian, who before him enjoyed the Empire of the West: and unto the infant Valentinian his brother, whom he had created Emperor: although because of his infancy he made no account of him. The Goths following their victory, in short space became patrons of the whole country adjoining near unto them, and besieged the Imperial City of Constantinople, (where the noble Empress, wife unto the unfortunate Valens made her abode) against which City they made war with great force and violence, burning and destroying both the walls and Suburbs of the same, which were very great: but the widow Empress (as Cassiodorus writeth) did with diligence animate her people with gifts and fair speech, 
A valiant Empress.  that they fought with so marvelous force against the Goths, that they received great loss and hurt and cold not enter, but were enforced to raise their siege. In this wise by the carefulness of this Lady, 
The noble government of a woman.  and valiantness of the inhabitants, the City was defended. After the Goths were departed thence, they divided themselves into sundry companies, inhabiting the provinces of Thrace, of Dacia, and the confines unto them joining. These were certain Nations, which descended out of Scythia & Russia (as most Authors affirm) but whether they were borne there, 
From whence the Goathes came.  or come from some other country thither, no writer maketh mention, nor putteth any difference between those which are called Ostrogothes & Visogothes, since that the diversity of names betokeneth no other thing, 
Ostrogothes.  but that the Ostrogothes are those of the East, 
Visogothes.  and the Visogothes of the West. Wherefore I intend at all times when I shall have occasion to make mention of them, (which willbe very often) to term them indifferently by the name of Goths: For it is most certain that the greatest wound and loss, and the beginning of the ruin of the Roman Empire, was occasioned by them. Wherefore those Nations may worthily be accounted and judged the most valiant in arms of all other. 
The Goths.  Since that (although with great travail, and long war) they were able to overcome and subdue, a people & Empire which was conqueror of the whole world. Gratian having understanding of the death of his uncle Valens, and how the Goths with divers other Nations of the North called Huns & Alanes, no less valiant in arms than they were: 
Huns.  did continually invade the Empire, 
Alanes.  and became Lords over many countries and provinces: Then he, with as great a power as he was able to assemble, marched towards hungary to repress their fury, ordaining for general over his army, a certain noble Captain named Theodosius, 
Theodosius a fortune 〈◊〉 Emperor.  which was borne in Spain, who so worthily behaved himself, and with such courage repressed the fury of his enemies, that in the end he enforced them to serve him in the wars, & reduced the Empire unto his pristinate estate and dignity. For which noble acts Gratian did associate him for companion with him in the Empire, and assigned unto him the Empire of the east: for he continued in France, where he alienated the minds of the soldiers from him, by shewing himself to much affectionate towards the Alanes, 
Gratian ●omuche addited to strangers.  & other strange Nations whose kind of attire he did often wear: At which time one Maximus a tyrant in the country of Britannye rebelled, and levied a great power against him, who seeing himself to be abandoned of his Legions, returned in all haste towards italy, in which voyage, Maximus making a great slaughter of his soldiers, did also in the Strategeme kill him: who without doubt would have proved a virtues and worthy Emperor, if he had attained unto the government of the Empire: 
The death of Gratian.  for in all other things, which appertained unto a worthy and bountiful Prince he excelled. His death happened (after the computation of Prosper) in the year after the birth of our LORD 387.   

Theodosius the first of that name.  
GRatian the Emperor being dead, the ordering of the whole estate of the Empire, concerning both war and peace, appertained unto Theodosius, as the only pillar & sustentation of the same: for albeit the young Prince Valentinian made his abode in italy, 
The cowardliness of Valentinian.  yet he had not the courage to revenge the death of his brother Gratian: for when he understood that Maximus was entered into part of italy with a mighty power, he forsook the same, and fled unto Constantinople to demand succour of Theodosius: who being very sorrowful for the mishap of the two Emperors, th'one to be slain by treason, and tother to be drivendute of his Empire by tyrants, according unto his accustomed natural worthiness, resolved to sail into italy, to revenge the death of th'one, 
Theodosius a most noble Emperor.  and to establish tother in his Empire, by persecuting and destroying the new mighty tyrant: whereupon leaving his son Arcadius in Constantinople, and taking with him Valentinian, he prepared all things necessary for his departure, and having assembled a sufficient army of valiant Captains and soldiers, he directed his course towards Lumbardye: where Maximus was making his abode in the City of Aquileia, 
Maximus.  who had ordained for his general to withstand Theodosius, Andragathius, a valiant Captain in martial affairs, 
Andragathius captain unto Maximus.  which was the party that slew Gratian. He with great diligence had taken and occupied all the streights and passages, by the which Theodosius should come: but afterward altering his determination, he removed his soldiers from the defence of the mountains, & placed them in certain ships, minding to fight with his enemies upon the water before they landed, and to apprehend his adversary. Whereof the politic and worthy Emperor Theodosius having intelligence, very well provided for his landing, 
Theodosius.  & after marched with great journeys, who finding the passages without defence, entered into the territories of Lumbardye, and came unto Aquileia where Maximus was, 
Maximus.  before that Andragathius could come thither, and besieging the City on every side: they that were within the same through fear, and moved also in conscience yielded themselves unto Theodosius, before any assault was made or battle fought, 
The death of Maximus and his son  and the tyrant as a traitor and rebel was put to death, with a son of his called Victor, who not long before had been by his father created Emperor.  
Andragathius understanding of the taking and death of Maximus, (who at that instant was with a great army upon the sea) being surprised with exceeding grief and desperation, cast himself out of the Gallye where he stood, 
The death of Androgathius.  into the sea, and so was drowned, and his soldiers wanting a head or governor yielded unto Theodosius: unto whom after he had obtained this notable victory without the effusi● of much blood, there repaired out of France, Germanye, Spain and England, many Embassadous, yielding their obedience unto him, with great humillitye and devotion.  
Who after he had triumphed in Rome, 
Theodosius 〈◊〉 rare Prince  restored the Empire unto Valentinian, and returned unto Constantinople. This was a manifest argument, and sufficient proof of his goodness and loyalty, for whereas he was of power if he had been so disposed, to have made himself a sole monarch, and Lord over all, he reputed it to be a greater worthiness and dignity to recover an Empire, 
The nobility of Theodosius.  and to restore it unto him unto whom by right it appertained: then to reserve it unto himself.  
Not long after the return of Theodosius unto Constantinople, the death of Valentinian was conspired by a Captain of his called Arbogastus, a man of a singular courage, wisdom and stoutness, very mighty, by reason of the authority and credit which he was in with the Emperor. This Arbogastus determined upon the sudden to murder Valentinian, 
Arbogastus.  & to created Emperor one Eugenius, 
Eugenius.  who for his excellency in Rhetoric was very well thought of, & had in great reputation with all men, unto whom after he had revealed his intent, 
Tribes.  and that Eugenius had willingly accepted the same, they invented the means to corrupt the eunuchs which were the emperors chamberlains, and concluded with them that they in the night should strangle Valentinian, and say that they found him dead. 
The death of Valentinian.  It happened therefore that in the night as the Emperor slept in his Chamber at Vienna a City in France, the ribald eunuchs did strangle him, reporting unto all men that he had hanged himself, being the xviii. year after he was by his brother created Emperor. 
Eugenius created Emperor by Arbogastus.  Incontinently after his death was published, before the treason was known, Arbogastus nominated and made Emperor Eugenius, and because these two were of most reputation, the election was approved of all men. And albeit Eugenius was nominated Emperor, yet all things were disposed and ordered at the pleasure of Arbogastus.  
Within short space Theodosius had understanding of this fact, which he received very sorrowfully, in that he perceived how dangerous a war he was to enter into. For he accounted it a great dishonour, 
Murder unto be unpunished.  to permit so heinous an act unpunished: wherefore with all diligence he levied soldiers, and with as much celerity as he might, he departed from Constantinople, leaving in the same his ii sons Arcadius and Honorius, whom at that present he created Emperors. After he was arrived in the confines of Italy, where the tyrants had so huge an host, and so carefully had provided for the maintenance of the war, that they occupied all the passages of the Alps, and encamped their army in the closures of the same: in such sort, that Theodosius was in very great distress, for after he had passed over certain mountains, he might very well perceive that he was on every side environed with enemies, in such wise that victuels might be brought unto him from no place, his enemies also having many more soldiers than he had, in no respect inferior unto his, in experience and courage. Notwithstanding these extremities like a most prudent Emperor, having his whole confidence and trust in God, he omitted not, to remedy the present necessity in the best manner that he might: 
God giveth the victory to Princes only.  And certainly the danger and oppression in which he was in, was such, & the multitude of his enemies so great, that he with his, must needs have been destroyed, if God in the battle which followed, had not assisted him, with a manifest miracle. For when as in the next morning Theodosius saw, that he was compassed in on every side with enemies, he embatailed his soldiers very strongly, awaiting with a marvelous courage the assault of his enemies, out of whose camp at a sudden, 
Arbitius.  came unto him a Captain named Arbitius with all his soldiers: presently after whose coming the battle began, in which the Romans fought against Romans, so fiercely, that at the first encounter Theodosius army was like to have had the overthrow: if at the very instant a Captain of his named Barbarius, 
Barbariu●  with a great number of soldiers, had not succoured certain Squadrons, which were at the point of being overcome: which he did so courageously, that they which seemed before to be overcome, recovered their former forces, in such wise, that without making any retire, they endeavoured to overcome fighting most valiantly: Although the number of the enemies was so great, that it seemed a thing unpossible to withstand them. But in this conflict it pleased God to assist Theodosius with his divine power, for at a sudden there arose a most boisterous and tempestuous wind, the like whereof hath not been seen: which without the offending of the army of Theodosius, 
The power of God in battle.  did strike with such force into the faces of his enemies, that it took from them their sight, & kept them back in such wise, that they had no force to proceed against Theodosius soldiers, yea the wind was of such might, that all the arrows, stones, darts and lances which they threw, were driven back upon them, wounding and molestinge them in such wise, 
The death of Engenius.  that in th'end after long fighting, (contrary to all men's expectation) Theodosius got the victory, and slew in the battle Engenius: but Arbogastus (as all writers affirm) when he saw that he was overcome; 
Arbogastus killeth himself.  fled out of the battle, and not finding any place where he might abide in safety, with his own sword killed himself. After this victory Theodosius, seeing th'empire to be delivered from all wars, went unto Milan, where he remained the remnant of his life, 
S. Ambrose bishop of Milan.  S. Ambrose being at that present bishop of the same: thither he sent for his son Honorius, whom he invested after his death, with th'empire of Italy and of all the West, and his brother Arcadius, of all th'empire of the east. Also into Africa & the provinces there about, he sent for governor Gildus a very noble and wise Captain: but for that his children were as yet but of a tender age, he appointed unto them two tutors, men no less valiant in war, then prudent in peace, th'one called Ruffinus, and tother Stilicon. Not long after the finishing of this his order taking, he fell sick of a certain disease, whereof he died, when he was fifty years of age, after be had reigned in the Empire xi. years, besides the vi. years, in which he governed together with Gratian: so that in the whole he reigned xvii. years, and died in the year after the incarnation of our Lord and Saviour jesus Christ. 397.   

Arcadius and Honorius.  
AFter the death of Theodosius, his two sons Arcadius & Honorius took upon them the government, 
Arcadius.  who had with little care and small travail, 
Honorius.  sustained & ruled the whole Monarchy, if the wickedness of their tutors had not molested and troubled the same. For they which were elected & chosen to see all things well governed, were the occasion, that the Empire in such sort was vexed, that in the beginning they ministered no small presumptions of her utter ruin. 
The tutors of Arcadius & Honorius, procured to get the Empire unto themselves.  For immediately after Theodosius was dead, Gildus, which was governor in the province of Africa, & Ruffinus and Stilicon in their provinces, likewise did by all means procure to revolt the state of the Empire, from the sons of the late Emperor their Lord, unto themselves: and every of them at convenient time, manifested his wicked intent and imaginations. Arcadius, together with Ruffinus his governor, 
Arcadius.  went to Constantinople, where he interred with much honour the dead body of his father: but Honorius remained with Stilicon in italy. The young Emperors in all respects continued their government as their father had done before: 
The behaviour of Gildus.  And true it is that Gildus, the governor of Africa, after he understood of the death of Theodosius, regarded not to keep secretr any longer his perverse and wicked intent, as Ruffinus and Stilicon did: but presently in his deeds did utter the same, attempting to bear signory over the provinces committed to his government: 
Ambition.  not with the title of a county, as unto that time he had done, (the which title as Paulus Diaconus saith was at that instant given unto the governors of provinces) but as a king or Emperor without acknowledging either of Honorius or Arcadius. 
Mastelzerius the brother of G●●dus.  This tyrant a brother of his own, called Mastelzerius, a good and faithful Christian, resisted in all that he might: but the power of Gildus was then so much increased, that his brother was enforced to fly into italy, and he remained as Lord in Africa. 
tyrants spareth no kindred.  Gildus' understanding that his brother was gone to find out the Emperor, caused two of his sons that he had left in Africa to be slain, not respecting that they were his nephews and his own blood. After Mastelzerius was come into italy, he revealed as much as was happened, unto Honorius, or to say more truly unto Stilicon his tutor and governor (whose wisdom and courage was very great, 
Stilicon.  although founded upon a disloyal and wicked imagination) He got unto him an army of men, with all necessaries thereunto belonging, to the end he should invade his brother as enemy of the Imperial estate. 
Mastelzerius  Mastelzerius, to revenge the death of his sons, with the greatest celerity that might be, returned into Africa with a small company, trusting unto the right which he had on his side, and the good will of the people, but especially unto God's help, whose divine bounty he desisted not daily to call upon, with effusion of tears, and continual prayer.  
And although he arrived in this manner upon the coasts of Africa, with so small a number of soldiers, yet with a marvelous courage he landed them, and having erected & fortified necessary lodgings, he caused his arrival to be published, in all those places where he was beloved, & from whence supposed to receive supply of soldiers and aid of friends. His brother understanding of his arrival, came against him with iii score and ten thousand men of war, so that Mastelzerius might very well seem to be in a marvelous distress & danger, 
Victory is in the hands of God.  yet it abated nothing of his journey, neither was he in doubt of winning the victory, for that he knew the obtaining thereof consisted in the power of God, and not in the multitude of men and horse. The third day after Mastelzerius was arrived, and had well refreshed his army, with an invincible courage he set upon his enemies: who supposed nothing less, then that he durst make any such attempt, and therefore had their minds occupied with the contrary. 
A wise Captain, winneth with counsel.  But he advauntinge himself before the foremost ranks, exhorted his brother's soldiers to desist from farther rebellion, & using of weapons against one that was sent from their Lord and Emperor: Which request when an ensign bearer refused to agreed unto, & therewith used violence against him, he struck the soldier with such force that his ensign fell unto the ground, with which only struck it pleased God to give him the victory, for there was not one that would make farther resistance, but presently the most part of the army yielded and obeyed unto him, and the other together with his brother fled, so that miraculously he obtained the victory. 
The flying away and the death of Gildus.  After Gildus saw that he was abandoned of his soldiers, he fled unto the sea coast, where he entered into a ship, and committed the sails unto the wind, thinking to escape thereby, but after he had sailed prosperously a certain space, at length the wind turned against him, in such sort that he was enforced to return from whence he departed, 
Traitors taken in their own snare.  where he was apprehended, & his brother for a chastisement of his cruelty, as also to revenge the death of his two sons, and treason unto his Lords, 'cause him to be beheaded. After whose death Mastelzerius remaining conqueror and as Lord in the field, 
Pride.  without any contradiction, and perceiving himself to be very puissant (as happeneth unto men which in prosperity become insolent) yielded not praise unto God for this his victory, as he ought to have done: but rather attempted to get unto himself the Empire of Africa, 
Ambition.  not once respecting the Emperor Honorius which sent him thither: which disloyalty his captains and soldiers not contented with, 
The death of Mastelzerius thorough insolent pride  s●ue him with their own hands. After the death of these two brothers, the Empire of Africa continued a certain space obedient unto the Roman Emperors. While these things passed in this wise in Africa, Arcadius was not without disturbance in Constantinople, for Ruffinus his governor desiring to bring to effect his purpose, procured by all means possible, to bring Arcadius into some distress and danger, to th'end he might thereby usurp the Empire: 
Ruffinus doth solicit the Goths to dampnifye the Empire.  He did solicit the Goths and other Nations to invade the Imperial territories, which practice being discovered, (he was by the procurement of Arcadius,) slain by certain Italian soldiers, and his head hanged upon one of the gates of Constantinople. After the death of Ruffinus, Arcadius remained a more free and quiet Lord in his Oriental Empire, 
Ambitious traitors.  than Honorius his brother did in his: For Stilicon who had the government in the Occidental, was more circumspect and politic than Ruffinus, 
Stilicon.  and therewith a very valiant and singular Captain, and sent soldiers to aid and assist his brother. Not long after the former fear was passed, Alaricus arrived in italy, a more wise and valiant Captain than was Rhadagasius, whose soldiers also were very active and expert in Martial affairs: Against him went Stilicon with his army, as one that never feared any danger, and encountered with the Goths within the territory of Ravenna: in which conflict Alaricus was overcome by the prows of Stilicon, 
Alaricus overcome of Stilicon.  who for courage and policy in war like affairs, had not his equal at that time living. But continuing in heart the conspiracy before mentioned, who would never (although he might) utterly vanquish Alaricus, for divers times he seemed not to regard his doings, & suffered to march thorough the country without resistance, or endamaging his people. Whereby Alaricus very well comprehended that Stilicon was not very willing to conquer him: for as some writ, this war continued between them three years. At this time the Alanes, the Huns, the Vandals, and the Burgundions were entered the Imperial territories, and journeyed, making of war along the river of Rhine: this enforced a new terror to possess the hearts of the people. But Alaricus having understanding of their coming, sent unto Honorius, to desire a peace or truce of him, and so much of the Realm of France, as would suffice for him & his people to inhabit in, promising to defend that country from the invasion of those Nations, he did also give him to understand, how Stilicon proceeded craftily by protracting the war which he had against him, and that he was the only Author of moving of these new wars.  
The Emperor upon this enformation, conceived great suspicion of treason in Stilicon, (although when it was reported unto him long before, he would not credit the same) and yet also for the present he did dissemble it, & made peace with Alaricus, granted his demands, received of him hostages, and sent him into France: whereby there seemed to ensue two great commodities, th'one was the peace and tranquillity in italy through his absence, and tother the defence and safeguard of France: into which already were entered the Vandals, the Alanes, and the Huns, of which Nations the number was esteemed to be more than two hundredth thousand. 
The wickedness of Stilicon.  These presumptions of felicity were wholly disturbed and interrupted by the treason of Stilicon: who although he accomplished that which was commanded him by Honorius, as in permitting Alaricus with the Goths, quietly to enter into their journey, with supplying unto his people all such necessaries as were needful for their voyage, according to th'order received of Honorius: Yet as one that hated peace, and especially that Alaricus should go unto the defence of France, he determined to destroy both him & his people. For as Alaricus was iourneyinge peaceable toward France, (as was accorded) Stilicon privily practised with an Hebrew Captain named Saul, which was in his army, that he with his soldiers upon some feigned displeasure or peculiar quarrel, should at Easter when the Goths were celebrating, and jest mistrusted any such mischief assault them at a sudden and slay as many as he might: by which breach of peace he thought the war would revive again, which might restore him unto his pristivate dignity in government, which with the late concluded peace began to decline. The Hebrew Captain at the time appointed brought to effect this privy conspiracy, for he assaulted the Goths upon a sudden, unto their great hurt and damage: but he presently received the reward which his treason deserved, for they arming themselves with great speed, fought against him and slew him, 
The death of Savi.  with the most part of his soldiers.  
Although his intent were as wicked or worse than theirs, yet he was better able to conceyle it, as well by his wisdom, as also through his authority and power. For besides that he was the overseer & governor of Honorius, he was also twice his father in Law: for Honorius had at that instant unto wife. a daughter of his, 
Stilicon.  & was before married unto an other of his daughters which died a maiden. This Stilicon was a Vandal, 
Of what country Stilicon was.  and being desirous in mind to created a son of his called Leucherius Emperor, with his (although a wicked) circumspect forsighte, did conceyle his purpose unto a convenient time: immagininge the best way to attain unto his pretence, was to bring the Emperors into great troubles by wars, to th'end that he for his worthiness sheewed in such extremities, 
The animosity & strength of Stilicon.  might be accounted and reputed the only defence and safeguard of the Empire. For he was of so stout a courage, and endued with such force, that he esteemed himself sufficient to order & dispose all things at his own pleasure, and knew that the necessity which the Emperors should have of his service, would be a very good entrance unto his attempt. Wherefore by many subtle, secret and crafty devices, he provoked the Goths, the Alanes, the Vandals & the Swyzers, with divers other Nations to move war against the Imperial territories. 
Goths.  And after he had brought his resolution to this forwardness, he appointed the Goths (as men which knew the country very well) to go unto the conquest of italy, and that the Vandals, the Alanes, and the Swyzers, should assail France: and yet he decreed to take upon himself the defence of italy, supposing that Honorius should be compelled for want of good Captains, in proper parson to go unto the defence of France, where either he should be slain or overcome, or at lest brought into some extremity: So that he by conquering the Goths in italy, (which he judged very easy) might without resistance become Lord of Rome, 
Traitors purpose one way, & God disposeth the contrary.  and having obtained the principal, he nothing doubted to attain unto the segniorye of all the other members of the Empire. But these his determinations had success contrary unto his expectation: For that treason became, not only his own confusion, but also the ruin and destruction of the whole Empire. 
The Goths move war in Hungarye and Austria.  For after Honorius and Arcadius had reigned viii. years, Stilicon and Aurelian being chosen consuls, the Goths began covertly to make war in Hungarye and Austria, which war although in the beginning it seemed very small, and little dangerous, yet within short space, their power and might grew to be such, that they were dreaded of the whole world. For having with their captains Halaricus and Radagasius, 
The Goths  in such sort subdued all Thrace, Sclavoni and Hungary, that nothing was there to be seen, but the earth and firmament, they marched into italy, where passing the Apennine, they came unto the mountains Fiesole in Tuscanie: Against whom for the defence of the Empire, went two valiant Captains called Vldinus and Sara, 
Vldinus and Sara, Captains unto Honorius.  with a great army of Huns & Goths, Mercenary soldiers hired of Honorius. Which Captains with their soldiers resisted valiantly the power of Rhadagasius, and cut of his passages, over the mountains, and also deprived his army of victuels: by reason whereof, within very short space, the mortality among the enemies became so great, that most part of the army died by famine, and Radagasius apprehended by Honorius, and put to death. 
Rhadagasius.  When these events in this wise succeeded, Honorius made his abode in Ravenna, which at that time was the principal City, 
Ravenna.  & his brother in Constantinople: Fron whence Alaricus with this displeasure was greatly moved to wrath, and marched to fight with Stilicones army: of whom Stilicon feigned to have great fear, & sent to the Emperor for aid: who not ignorant of that which was happened through Saul the jew (although Stilicon supposed his pretence to be unknown) sent privily certain soldiers into the host, 
Saul.  and gave them in charge, that at some convenient time they should slay Stilicon and his sons: 
The death of Stilicon.  this commandment was presently executed, and the cause thereof was afterward openly published to the whole army.  
But although the Emperor in extirpating the seditious race, wrought very wisely, yet he omitted to institute for governor over his host such a Captain, as was sufficient unto so great a charge, and that might remove king Alaricus, from crediting that this breach of truce was committed with Honorius consent. For Alaricus provoked by his injury, 
The enterprise of Alaricus against Rome.  or rather seeing the time & opportunity to serve well for his purpose, marched with his whole army towards Rome, the head and Emperyce at that present of the whole world, using as he journeyed extreme cruelty, committing all things unto fire and sword, and in th'end besieged the City after it was first built, a Thousand & six hundredth years. The Romans prepared them unto the defence of their City so valiantly, 
Rome besieged ii years.  that the siege continued two years: during which time it was kept so straight, that the mortality of the inhabitants became marvelous, for there were very few, but either they were slain, or taken prisoners. Finally the famine among the people was so persinge, 
A great famine in Rome which enforced the mother to eat her own child.  that they were constrained to eat one another, yea the mother enforced to feed of her sucking infant, which she had a little before brought out of her own belly. And in conclusion the City was taken by Alaricus (as some Authors affirm) through treason, but as other writ by force of arms, and in such wise spoiled, that all things found there in, 
Rome won and destroyed by the goths.  were committed to the sword and fire: except only the Churches, and the people which for their safeguard had fled into the same. Honorius the Emperor, notwithstanding this war, made his abode in the City of Ravenna: Who after he understood that Rome was taken, was stricken with no small terror and fear of loosing the whole Empire.  
This was the first time that Rome was won, 
The first time that Rome was won.  by any barbarous Nation, after it became of any force or might. After the sacking of the City, Alaricus departed from thence, and sailed towards Cicilia, but there arose so great a tempest upon the sea, that he was enforced to return unto the coasts of italy, 
The death at Alaricus.  where he became sick, and died in a City called Coseuza. After whose death the Goths created king Ataulfus, who was married at the expugnation of Rome unto Placidia, the daughter of Theodosius the late Emperor, at whose request he abstained from the utter subversion of Rome, and concluded a peace with Honorius, and departed out of Italy into Spain, where he made his abode in a City called Barcelona. While these things proceeded in this manner in italy, Arcadius Emperor of the East, made his abode in the City of Constantinople, where he lived continually in peace, and governed with little disturbance: For there are no writers that make mention of any wars, that might have procured the contrary. 
The death of Arcadius.  This Emperor after he had governed, and ruled the Empire of the East xiii. years, died in the said City, leaving behind him a son called Theodosius, whom he committed to be brought up, unto the king of Persia and Parthia, 
Hisdig●rdus.  called Hisdigardus, which was at that instant, confederate and friend to the Empire. After the king of Persia understood the decree of Arcadius, he very willingly accepted the government and charge of the young Emperor, and sent presently unto Constantinople for him, 
Antioch●●  by a valiant Captain of his named Antiochus, who afterward together with Honorius, governed the whole Empire with great fidelity and much honour, conseruinge the same in peace and justice, until that Theodosius the son o● Arcadius, was grown unto years apt to bear rule.  
After the death therefore of Arcadius, 
That which happened after the death of Arcadius.  the titles of Emperors remained only unto Honorius, and Theodosius his nephew, But the West Empire was now brought unto a marvelous confusion, through the Goths, the Vandals, and other Nations, 
Goths.  who proceeded conquering the provinces of the same, 
Vandals.  for that the Emperor Honorius was not careful in levying some sufficient army, that might resist their barbarous invasions, but continued his abode in the City of Ravenna. Also in England one of the chief barons of the Island called Gratian, 
Gratian.  rebelled and took upon him the title and name of Emperor, with the consent of certain of the commons of the Country, but his rashness had evil success, for within a few days after, he was slain by his own soldiers. After whose death they created an other of the soldiers Emperor called Constantinus, 
Constantius chosen Emperor of the soldiers.  a man of greater courage and strength than Gratian was: he removed his whole army out of England, and went into France, minding to bear segniorye over the same. And therefore presently he procured peace with the Vandals, the Swyzers, and the Alanes, who departed out of that country towards Spain, the Burgundions remaining in that place, which now is named Burgundy. Constantinus associated in league with him, a great number of frenchmen, whereby he became so puisante and of such force, that he minded to make himself Lord over Spain, and so to prevent those barbarous Nations, of their purposed habitations. Upon which resolution, divers Captains with sundry bands of soldiers, to possess the same, unto whom a great number of Spaniards yielded, reputing it less dangerous to obey unto them, then unto those which were to come: But two noble, rich & mighty gentlemen of Spain, refused to yield unto either part, who (as Paulus Diaconus affirmeth) were called Didimus & Verodianus, 
The loyalty of Didimus & Verodianus.  borne in Valencia: these resisted the usurpations, & determined to expel the tyrants from their countries. Whereupon at their own, and at their kinsfolks proper coasts & charges, with the aid of their friends, they went unto the mountains Perinei, to defend the passage over the same: not only against Constantinus the usurper, but also against all those Nations before mentioned, endeavouring to maintain and keep Spain in the continual obedience, & devotion of their Emperor Honorius, which they did a long season, although with great travail, marvelous slaughters and extreme dangers. Wherewith Constantinus was greatly offended (being as he thought) not a little injured, and thereupon elected certain of the most expert, and valiant soldiers that he had, to go against them, over whom he appointed Captain Constantius his son: 
Constantius.  Who was of such force, and so well experienced in martial feats, that in the end he overcame the two brothers, and entered into Spain. The which after the people of Constantius had with great tyranny spoiled, and with most cruel war over run the country, they marched towards the mountains Perinei, from whence they expelled the Spaniards, which were appointed for the defence of those hills, & took upon themselves the custody, unto which they were very sufficient: and Constantius went into France unto a city called Arli, where he found his father. After whose departure, they which kept the passages, made a contract with the Vandals and other Nations, and for money sold unto them the same, permitting the Vandals, the Swyzers, and the Alanes, to pass thorough the country, who so wasted and spoiled all Spain, that sufficiently it cannot be resighted or expressed, especially those places adjoining near unto the mountains, because there they were most resisted. After they had exercised their barbarous cruelty in the country, they went unto the City of Valentia which they utterly destroyed: 
Valentia.  then they marched unto the City of Astorga, into which they entered by force of arms, & so proceeding without resistance, they greatly endamaged Galatia. From whence coasting over Castille, 
Toledo a famous City.  they came to Toledo, which City either through the fortitude of the situation, or valiantness of the inhabitants, they could not conquer: (although they continued the siege many days) but were constrained to departed unto the reproach and shame of themselves, and the great honour of that noble City, 
Toledo.  which for experience in warfare and martial policy, hath always been reputed very famous: with this example, a great number of Spaniards remained faithful unto the Emperor Honorius, although he never sent thither either Captain or aid. These Nations did very much endamage the valley of Toledo, and so marched forward along the river of Tagus, 
Tagus.  until they came unto the City of Lisbon, 
Lisbon.  which at that time was one of the worthiest, and most famous Cities in Europe, the which they assaulted, but it was so valiantly defended of the Citizens, that they were not able to make any entry: and therefore were content to compound with them for a certain sum of money, and so to raise their siege, than they returned that way by which they came, making war in divers places. At which time the country being oppressed with famine, (as Osorius affirmeth) they were constrained to say a part their weapons, and give themselves to till the ground, so that being now become as it were Citizens, they divided the conquests among the Captains, and kings, of the Vandals, Alanes, and Switzers. These troubles chanced in this wise, (as ye have hard) when Athaulfus, and the Goths kept Narbone and Barcelona, who together were confederates and friends with Honorius, 
Constantine.  and when Constantine the tyrant with his children did possess the greatest part of France. The young Emperor Theodosius being at that instant a child, was nourished in Constantinople under the protection of the king of Persia, and Antiochus his Captain, of whose royal parson, 
Anthemius.  and court, was governor a very virtuous & wise man called Anthemius: who brought up the young Prince in study of good letters, in such sort that he proved virtuous, religious, and a good Christian.  
Honorius his uncle who made his abode in Ravenna, 
〈…〉 in a Prince.  began now to make preparation for the delivery of the Empire of the West from the yoke of tyrants, and barbarous Nations, as was that of the East. For he elected an army of soldiers, and appointed general over the same, a singular and valiant gentleman named Constantius, who of long continuance had been an Earl and citizen of Rome, and was descended from an ancient parentage. This worthy Captain with a Romans heart and courage, having a practised and chosen host entered France, where he overcame and put to flight the mighty tyrant Constantine, 
The death of Constantine the tyrant & others.  and after besieged him in Arli, and in the end took him, and put him to death. This enterprise had such good success, that within few days after the death of Constantine was certainly known, Constantius his son whom he had created Caesar, was slain at Vienna in France by one of his Captains, called Gerontius: 
Gerontius.  and the same Gerontius, (who also endeavoured to become a tyrant, 
Ambition maketh traitors.  and minded to created Emperor, a friend of his named Massimus) was likewise slain by the soldiers, which had rebelled in England with Constantine, and now were willing to return unto the service of Honorius.  
After the death of Gerontius, they spoiled Massimus of his Imperial titles & dignities, & sent him to inhabit Spain. In this manner as you have hard, France was recovered by the virtue of this excellent Captain Constantius, and the army of the rebels with all devotion & humility, returned unto their true Emperor Honorius: and sent certain captains into England to recover that again, which from the beginning of Constantine's tyranny had disobeyed, 
England.  but now peaceable yielded unto the Emperor. Constantius the general Captain for the Emperor (as you have hard) was now become very puissant & mighty: when Athaulfus king of the Goths who remained in Barcelona, and was Lord over the Country adjoining thereunto, that had also at the request of Placidia his wife, the sister of Honorius, continued in peace three years: began greatly to fear the might and power of Honorius, & of his Captain Constantius, who (as he understood) had fortified the A●pes in such sort, that he might not again invade italy, Wherefore he determined to created himself Lord and king over all Spain. And to put it in practice, he persuaded a certain Roman Captain named Atalus, to take upon him the title of Emperor, and to collect an army promising that he would aid him unto the segniorye of Andalosia, together with the greatest part of Africa, and also would make war for him. Which offer Atalus with little foresight, and less discretion accepted and presently sent into Africa his host with governors to rule the country, as if he had already been Emperor and in quiet possession, & after begun with cruel war to invade Spain. 
Heraclian the Captain of Honorius.  Against whom Honorius sent a valiant Captain named Heraclian: who drove out of Africa the governors of Atalus, and leaving it in peaceable quietness, went with his army to encounter with Atalus, whom he overcame in battle upon the sea: And he flying into Spain was apprehended by the Spaniards, & was sent into France unto Constantius the general for the Emperor, 
Atalus.  he presently sent him unto Honorius, who caused one of his hands to be cut from his arm, and then sent him in exile unto Lipari, an Island near unto Cicilia. And after preferred Heraclian for the victory which he had obtained unto the dignity of Consul, 
With prosperity groweth pride.  and gave unto him the government of Africa, whereby (as most commonly we see, that with the increase of felicity groweth pride and ambition in men's hearts, which draweth them out of the right path or way in the which adversity or mean estate, keepeth them in) even so this Heraclian seeing himself now to be come mighty & of great power, 
Ambition forgetteth duty.  determined to usurp unto himself the Empire. And being already as it were Lord of Africa (as Osorius writeth) he admitted for friend and companion in the Empire (or to say more truly) for a fellow Captain with him in his rebellion, one named Sabinus, a very subtle person & of great courage, whom he sent into Italy against Honorius, & to conquer the country so huge a navy of ships, as the like was never red of. For as the same Osorius affirmeth (if in the computation no error be committed) there were of Vessels of great and small four thousand lxx. Which without doubt was the greatest navy, that ever passed the sea: For it was never red that Xerxes or Alexander had so great a number. With this navy, being furnished with soldiers and all necessaries thereunto belonging, he arrived upon the coasts of italy and there landed his soldiers, to march towards Rome, who although they were many, yet were they not so expert and well practised, as the Romans were, which in very good order expected their arrival, being conducted by an excellent Captain called Marinus, 
Marinus.  who had the title & name of a county. This Captain kept his soldiers in very good order, and determined rather to dye, (if he might not overcome) then to be besieged as other had been of Alaricus. Heraclian that thought to terrify the whole world with his fame, & with his multitude of ships and soldiers, and supposed that he should find no power that was able to resist his: became stricken with such fear, when he saw his army upon the sea discomfited, 
The flying away of Heraclian.  that without abiding the battle, he returned back, flying away by sea in a Galley, & so came with shame into Africa, from whence he departed with so great an army. But immediately after his return, his cowardliness being understood, the ordinary soldiers murmered at it, 
The death of Heraclian.  and slew him: And Sabinus his son in Law and companion (to escape the danger of death) sailed unto Constantinople, and there beseeched the young Emperor Theodosius, to obtain for his offence of his uncle pardon. Whereupon Theodosius sent him unto Honorius, 
Sabinus banished.  who at his request was content to grant him life, notwithstanding he condemned him unto perpetual exile. In this wise as you have hard, 
The end of all rebels.  all the tyrants and rebels, were by Honorius confounded and destroyed: Who now knowing himself to be wholly delivered from Domestical enemies, and also the greatest part of his provinces, to remain towards him both in peace and obedience, determined to expel from the Cities of Spain, France and Narbone, the barbarous Nations which did possess the same, and accounted it most expedient to begin with the Goths, 
The Goths came out of Scythia and Russia, & yet possessed Spain.  who were the mightiest, & best practised in feats of arms, and inhabited the part of Spain aforesaid, nothing doubting but if that they were expulsed, he might with very great facility expel all other.  
Athaulfus their king, as one who loved his wife Placidia most entierelye, greatly desired to have peace with Honorius, and did procure it by all means possible: which being known, 
The death of Athaulfus.  and perceived of his soldiers (who desired the contrary) was the cause that presently they slew him.  
After whose death they elected for their king a stout Captain of their own country, 
Segericus chosen king of the Goths was also presently slain by them.  named Segericus: And because they suspected the like of him, as they did of Athaulfus, (which was most true, that he desired to have peace with Honorius) they siue him also. After the murdering of the two kings, they created king one Vualius, not doubting but that he would be a mortal enemy unto the Romans, with whom they desired always to have wars: they retained as yet in their custody Placidia the sister of Honorius, widow unto Athaulfus, whom they used very honourably, and with all respects of honesty. 
Vualius created king of the Goths.  Vualius taking upon him the government, was very loath, (as one that did account it neither profitable or necessary) to war with Honorius, but being terrified with the death of the late ii kings his predecessors, as also to content his people, assembled an huge army of soldiers, & sent them to conquer Africa, which at that time was in peace & obeyed unto Honorius. But God in the voyage wrought miraculously for the Emperor, by sending among them as they sailed such a terrible tempest, 
The power of God.  that the whole navy was almost destroyed. Which mishap with the understanding of Constantius) Honorius Captains) coming against them, they did greatly assuage the fierceness of the Goths: whereupon Vualius used such policy with them, that willingly and requested there unto by them, he concluded a peace with Honorius, which was upon this condition: 
Peace made between Vualius & Honorius.  That Placidia should be restored unto Honorius, and Vualius with his soldiers, should faithfully aid and assist the County Constantius Captain unto Honorius, to expel out of Spain the Vandals, the Swyzers, and the Alanes, which then had in their possession the greatest parteof the country. The accord being finished Vualius gave good assurance and hostages, and Placidia was restored: whom afterward Honorius gave for wife unto Constantius, 
Constantius created Cesar and successor unto Honorius.  in recompense of the manifold and great victories which he had achieved, and obtained in his behalf, and created him Caesar, and pronounsinge him his successor. Immediately after this, Constantius and Vualius the king of the Goths, began their war in Spain against the barbarous Nations, as hereafter shallbe sheewed. While these things as you have hard of were a doing, the barbarous people were become Lords of divers parts of Spain, and the Vandals had gotten into their signory a great part of Bethica, 
From when● Bethica took the name Vandalosia & after Andalosia.  which of them was named Vandalosia, and after was called Andalosia. The Alanes and Swyzers occupied Merida, and a great part of Lucitania, which at this present is part of Portugal, and in Galitia, and in the kingdom of Lions, they possessed also many great provinces, & had among themselves, divided the countries by lots. Constantius the emperors Captain, being arrived in Spain, and with him the Goths did presently after his arrival, enter into battle against the Alanes, 
The victory of Constantius.  which inhabited near unto the city of Merida, with whom he fought a most cruel and terrible conflict, in which the Alanes were vanquished, and the king who was called Acall slain. This victory of Constantius so feared all the other Nations, that presently with all submission and humillitye, they requested peace of him, & sent to entreat and beseech him, that he would grant them truce, and limit unto them some one place in Spain, where they might inhabit and live. While these affairs had this prosperous success in Spain, Honorius went unto Constantinople, to visit the estates of the east, where the child Theodosius his nephew governed: who now was grown unto years of discression, & free from the government of tutors. And it chanced that while he made his abode there, being far from italy, and Constantius also occupied with the wars of Spain, 
Tertallus a Roman.  that a certain noble and mighty Roman named Tertallus, of a very ancient family, being assisted with a great number of the people of Rome and italy, rebelled and took on him the title of Emperor, and began to invade the Empire with a great number of soldiers: but the friend and allies of Honorius came in battle against him, where he was both overcome and slain. After whose death, 
Atalus.  audacity and disloyalty began to inflame men's hearts, that an other named Atalus did as the other had done, naming himself Emperor, also he levied a great number of people thorough out all italy: which riot being understood of Constantius in Spain, where he made his abode, after the aforesaid victory, enforced him to minister great hope unto the Alanes, Swyzers, and Vandals, that he would yield unto their desired peace: for (some thing to acquit them) he published that he would go into Italy to debate thereof with Honorius, whereupon he departed out of Spain, & came into italy, whither also the Emperor was come, for that he had intelligence of the troubles of italy in Constantinople. The arrivalles of Honorius & Constantius being known of in Rome, the common people arose in great fury, 
Atalus taken.  and apprehended the tyrant Atalus and sent him to Honorius in Ravenna, where was also at that instant Constantius with his wife Placidia: and there by the commandment of Honorius, Atalus was bereived of one of his hands, and then sent in exile unto Constantinople. This without question was a marvelous example of clemency in Honorius, who remaining in Ravenna, where Constantius Caesar his kinsman continued, after he had with sage advise considered and pondered, the noble acts and great exploits which he had achieved, 
Constantius created of Honorius Cesar and companion with him in the west Empire.  and how beneficial he had been unto the Imperial estate, caused him to be called Caesar Augustus, and his companion in the Empire of the West, which was done at a very solemn feast, with a long Oration pronounced in the commendation of his honour. There the two Emperors with mutual consent, to retain in their service Vualius the king of the Goths, did give and establish unto his people the City of Tolosa, which is in the kingdom of France, with all the province adjoining unto the same, 
Aquitaine now called Guasconye.  called Aquitanie, which they named Vasconia, and now is called Guasconie. The feasts of the coronation of Constantius being expired, Honorius went to Rome, to pacify the tumults which raged in that City, and Constantius the new Emperor determined to return into Spain, to end the war which he had begun: which he would with much honour and great renown have finished, if death had not prevented the noble pretence of this most worthy Captain, and valiant Emperor that he had delivered Spain, 
What it is to lose a noble Captain.  from the invasion of foreign Nations. His death was unto Honorius a just cause of extreme grief & sorrow: who to supply his room instituted for Captain to go into Spain, 
Etius elected captain of Honorius for Spain.  a famous gentleman both valiant and active, whose name was Etius: he without protracting of time, took the host which Constantius had collected, and marched towards Spain: where presently after his arrival, he conceived displeasure against the Alanes, for that they had not elected to govern them a king, since they were overcome by Constantius, but were associated, and confederate with the Swyzers which governed the country of Lisbon. But after they had perfect understanding of the death of Constantius, they returned unto Merida, recovering again their pristinate courages, and forthwith began to move war against the Cities which remained faithful unto the Empire. When Etius perceived that these Nations with one con●ent were coming against him, and knowing his host not of force to encounter with them, refrained certain days from giving of battle, to the end he might thereby increase his army, and diminish that of his enemies, but his policy (without just cause) was of Honorius accounted a cowardly part, and therefore he sent to receive his charge the county Castinus, 
Castinus.  whom he ordained his Captain and successor. Castinus seeing the affairs of Spain to be very dangerous and ruinous, allowed the counsel of Etius, and in like manner protracted the war, until Bonifacius who was governor of Africa, came to aid and secure him with an expert host of soldiers, and then these two armies being joined in one, they began the war, and obtained sundry notable victories against the Barbarians, and proceed so prosperously, that it was supposed for certainty, that they would within short space have delivered Spain from those foreign Nations: 
Contention between Boniface and Castinus for superiority.  if through the contention which arose between those two valiant Captains for superiority, there had not followed this inconvenience, that Bonifacius returned unto his government in Africa (as Prosper and Paulus Diaconus affirm) whose departure, did greatly dimynishe and bring to ruin a great part of the Roman estates in Spain. At such time as these things proceeded in this wise in the West, Theodosius nephew unto Honorius and Emperor of the East, being (as is said) delivered from tutors, and come unto the years of bearing rule: 
Discord between Theodostus & Barrobanus.  was in great displeasure with Barrobanus the king of Persia, & successor of Isdegeron, because he had requested and admonished him to desist from persecuting the Christians, which did inhabit his countries: For Barrobanus would not yield unto his demand, but rather persecuted them the more, which tyranny enforced Theodosius to send an army into those parts, with a singular captain to govern the same called Ardaburus: Who presently came to battle with Narsius, the general captain over the Persians', and made of them very great slaughters, than he iwaded the whole country, marvelously wasting and spoiling the same. 
The victory of the Christians against the Persians' and Saracines.  Also Theodosius sent at that instant an other Captain, with an army against Alamander the king of Saracines, who gave unto him a marvelous overthrow, so that he himselselfe escaped with much difficulty out of the battle. Moreover an other Captain of the Romans called Arcobiada, overcame in battle the Persians in such sort, that the honour of the Romans exceedingly increased, and the Persians' were enforced to desist from persecuting the Christians. 
The death of Honorius.  At this time died Honorius, after he had reigned and governed the Empire xxviii. years, for he governed two years before his father died, and xiii. years together with his brother Arcadius, & xiii. years after his brother's death. He left behind him no children, for by his two wives the daughters of Stilicone he had no issue: a little before he died there arose a discord between him and his sister Placidia, so that he went to Constantinople unto the Emperor Theodosius her nephew, with her two sons which she had by Constantius, whose names were Honorius, & Valentinianus who afterward was Emperor. Honorius died after the incarnation of Christ .4. hundred and xxvii. years.   

Theodosius the second of that name▪  
marvelous have been the affairs of the empire, their wars aswell prosperous as unfortunate, which have continued in the Empire by the space of those .400. years (or there abouts) of which we have entreated, as the reader may with small travail easily comprehend.  
And although the Empire at sundry times, hath been greatly afflicted and oppressed, and in danger of utter ruin, yet in th'end hither unto it hath been delivered from adversity, and recovered her pristinate dignity and forces. 
The declin●g of the empire in the secret counsel of God.  But from this time forward (through the secret judgement of God) the affairs of th'empire proceeded not in such order, but rather continually decreased & did lose their forces. Albeit at sundry times through the worthiness of some valiant Emperors and Captains, she recovered her pristinate majesty, and was both honoured and feared, yet she could never attain unto her ancient dignity: for that the same happened very seldom. But from this present forwards, at divers times by sundry accidents, themperors have lost both provinces and Regions, so that in those have begun particular kingdoms and estates, & by the strength which the Empire lost, were made other great and mighty kingdoms, and as their power and Dominions increased, so the events and chances which happened were greater: which I cannot rehearse, neither if I might will do it, for that my intent neither was, nor is to describe a general Chronicle, 
The intent of the Author.  but only the lives of the Emperors, as succintlye as I may. Wherefore with that brevity which I may well use, I will proceed in this my enterprise, writing only the things of importance in the Histories of the Emperors: And that I may very restrictly finish my story, omitting those of other kings & kingdoms, which in this discourse shall occur unto me, unto other which have, and do take upon them a longer treatise. For to prosecute fully the estate of all Princes, the estate of Religion, the fall of the mighty prelate's, the ambitious purposes against God & their Princes, would rise to an huge and mighty Volume.  
Honorius being dead, the government of the whole Empire remained only unto Theodosins his nephew, who at that instant made his abode in Constantinople. This Emperor perceiving that many tumults endeavoured to usurp the Empire of the West, and also that the tumults of the barbarous Nations exceedingly increased, created Caesar for those provinces being but a child, 
Valentinian being but a child was made Cesar.  his cousin Valentinian the son of Placidia, sister unto the emperors Honorius and Arcadius, and wife unto the excellent Captain and Emperor Constantius, by whose wisdom and policy, the Empire was so well governed, with the overthrow of many puissant tyrants: that not long after the recovery of italy, the young Caesar was by the consent of Theodosius, and of the people created Emperor. As long as these two Emperors lived, there were continually such grievous and bloody wars, kept by the barbarous Nations, as of the Huns, Goths, Vandals, and other strange Nations, that the whole world was vexed and boiled in most cruel slaughters, but that which was kept by a people of Germany called Franchi, 
From whence the frenchmen descended.  who took their name (as some affirm) of the City Franconia, excelled all the other, for they perceiving, that the Imperial Captains were busied in the wars against the Burgundions and Goths, and that the Emperor Valentinian had his host discomfited in Africa, by a tyrant called Bonifacius, & also that his cousin Theodosius was occupied with th'affairs of the East, determined to invade France, from whence not long before in the time of the emperors Honorius and Arcadius, they were expelled by the Vandals, Alanes, and Suevians, and also by a Roman Captain named Etius. But now with the help of the time being become mighty, they entered into the provinces of Sennoni, Aureliesi, & of Paris, of all which in short space they became patrons, 
The first king of France.  having unto their Captain Faramund the son of Marcamund, who was the first king of the frenchmen, unto whom succeeded Clodius who also was their king: So that in process of time their power grew to be such, that Gallia was called of them France, and at this day their king is called the king of France. 
From whence the Frenchmen had beginning.  Of this Nation of the French men, certain French Histories rehearse divers fables, saying that they descended from the Trojans, and from a son of Hector's called Francus, from whom they derive their name. Other affirm that they obtained this name by certain franchise (that is, privileges and immunites) which they had in the time of Valentinian the first: All which are both feigned & untrue, For Hector had never any such son, neither do they descend from the Trojans, neither is there found any mention of more Antiquity to be made of these Frenchmen, 
The beginning of the Frenchmen.  then from the time of Aurelian th'emperor, who overcome them in the year after th'incarnation of Christ 270. or there abouts, 
The year of Christ. 270.  neither did they obtain this name in the time of Valentinian, for he was long after, & they (as I have said) were so called two hundredth years before. Notwithstanding, at that present, there were certain unknown Nations, of whom neither Caesar, Strabo, Plinni, Cornelius Tacitus, Pomponius Mela, nor Ptolemy, ever made any mention, because than they had no names, nor were not known. For if it had been otherwise, some one, yea the greater part of these writers, would have left some memory of them: 
When the Frenchmen came into knowledge.  Let this suffice therefore that the frenchmen came into knowledge, in the time of Aurelian or there abouts. It is also to be considered that those kings which in these days reign in France, have no right or interest thereunto, nor do not descend from that stirpe or family, for the house of the kings of France hath had divers alterations. The first, in the year of our saviour Christ. 750. 
The year of Christ. 750.  when king Childericke was deprived by Zacharie the Pope, after the kingdom had been governed by the Frankes .330. years: 
Childericke.  then was elected Pipin the father of Charlemagne, 
Pipinus.  a German borne, so that then the Frankes lost the rial Sceptre, which continued unto the descendentes of Pippin 238. years, which was in the year of our Saviour 990. 
Capuccio.  Then a mighty baron of France named john Capuccio obtained the kingdom, unto whose successors it remained, until that for want of heirs males, it descended lawfully by marriage unto the kings of England, which title our most gracious sovereign Lady the Queen's most excellent majesty enjoyeth at this present, and in this accord, agreed all good and true authors.  
But to return unto the History, I say that the Frenchmen entered the provinces with such force, that in all their attempes, they obtained most prosperous success. But the Empire of Theodosius in the East continued in great quietness and tranquillity, in respect of that of the West, which was always afflicted with most cruel and tumultuous invasions of the barbarous Nations, for the resisting of whose furies Theodosius sent continually Captains and soldiers into Italy. Whereupon Atlas the king of the Goths, supposing the Empire of Constantinople unfornished of Captains and soldiers to defend the same, (not content with the conquest of Hungarye and many Cities in germany) determined also upon that occasion to assault that Empire. So that Theodosius was enforced to send for those Legions which he had sent unto Cicilia for to aid Valentinian, to defend his Countries and provinces from the invasions of so mighty an enemy, who had in his aid and favour the Turlinges, Tungries, Ostrogothes, and Marcomanes, with divers other Nations of the North, which most like unto swarms of Bees repaired daily unto Atlas from all parts, who prepared himself to invade the Empire of Constantinople, but by reason of a suspicion which arose between him and his brother Beda, and of certain controversies among those kings which they conducted with them, the war proceeded not with such violence as it did before, although they desisted not from spoiling the whole country as they marched. While these troubles continued in this wise in France, italy, Spain, Cicilie, Germanye, and Constantinople: 
Scots  the Scots and Redshankeses, or Pictes, most fiercely invaded England, which at that time was called Britannye. Whereupon the Romans which at that instant governed the Island (dispayringe of all aid at the emperors hands) alured with promises and great sums of money to assist them, 
Angli, were Saxons which were called of the Romans unto their aid.  the Saxons called Angli, a noble people of Germany, bordering upon the sea coast. These invited with money, and with the fertility of the country, sailed with their king Ingist into Britannye, where with the aid of the inhabitants, they both subdued & overcame their enemies. But afterward ambition so reigned in their hearts, that they did in the Island, as the Vandeles had done in Africa, for within short space they became patrons of the whole country, and over came the inhabitants, in such wise that they in the time of Augustus the Emperor, drove them into France, where they remained in that part, which through their coming at this present is called Britannye. In this wise the Empire lost that Island, 
Britannye called of the Angli, Anglia, or England.  and the kingdom thereof remained unto the Saxons who altered the name of Britannye, and called it Anglia or England, which name as yet continueth, although there have been in the same divers alterations, with infinite wars and troubles. Of all which: besides Beda, 
Polidor Virg. a diligent writer of the affairs of England.  with divers other Historiographers, Polidorus Virgilius, the most diligent Chronicler of our time, hath written a noble and famous History. While Theodosius was seriously busied at Constantinople, in levying of soldiers against Atlas, he was stricken with the pestilence, whereof he died within few days, after he had governed the Empire xlii. years, 
The death of Theodosius.  whose death was unto the whole Empire occasion of much grief and sorrow, for he was a merciful, virtuous, and a most Christian Prince, finally there wanted no virtue in him, that was requisite in a most worthy Emperor, for he was endued with all goodness, and void of all vice. 
The year of Christ .450.  He died in the year after the incarnation of our Saviour Christ .450.  
In his time began the heresy of the Nestorians, 
The heresy of the Nestorians.  which was introducted by Nestor the heretic, bishop of Constantinople, who judged most perversely of the divinity of jesus Christ, both God and man, the redeemer of mankind. This heresy by a general counsel held at Ephesus of 200. bishops, in the time of Pope Celestine, was condemned together with Nestor, who also was excommunicated: One of the chief of this counsel, 
Cirill:  was saint Cirill bishop of Alexandria, a most learned doctor in divinity, as his works at this present most manifestly declare. 
Chrisostome and other flourished at this time.  Also at this instant flourished S. Chrisostome, Cassian the eremite his Disciple, who wrote a most holy and learned Epistle against Nestor. There flourished also Sozomen, Socrates and Theodoret, with divers other most learned Divines *   

Valentinian the second of that name.  
 
AFter the death of Theodosius, the whole Empire remained only unto Valentinian, who at that instant made his abode in the West, which was not little afflicted with wars, & continual invasions of sundry nations. This Emperor considering that the Empire of the east was incessantly molested by Atlas, married his sister Pulcheria unto a valiant and worthy ancient Captain named Martian, whom he created Emperor and governor of the East: Whereof after Atlas had understanding, he desisted from farther attempting the conquest of Constantinople, as a thing very difficult, and of long travail, and departed towards the West, minding to conquer France and Italy. Against whom Valentinian sent a worthy Captain named Etius, who ordinarily was his general in France, having first, both he and the Emperor Martian concluded a peace with Gensericke the king of the Vandals. This Etius encumbered Atlas very much, for with many overthrows which he gave unto his soldiers, he made manifest proves of his excellency in martial affairs, and in the end he vanquished him in a notable battle▪ and put him to flight. Which victory caused Valentinian to suspect that Etius eudevoured to created himself Emperor, and that he practised secretly with Atlas for the same intent, since that in the former battle he had not utterly destroyed his whole army▪ wherefore he caused him secretly to be slain, 
Etius murdered.  whose death was the occasion of the ruin of italy, and of the Empire of the West. For Atlas understanding of the death of Etius, returned into Atalye, (the which at that instant was peaceable enjoyed of Valentinian) & assaulted the same, which none of the Emperors endeavoured to rescue or succour, for that they were unfurnished with such a sufficient army, as might resist the force of their enemies. 
Aquileia besieged.  Wherefore Atlas besieged the City of Aquileia, and continued the said siege three years, before he won the town: and then after he had committed unto the sword all that he found a live, 
Abuileia taken and utterly subverted by Atlas.  he caused the City to be destroyed and made plain with the ground, not permitting to stand either house or place, that might serve for any habitation: Although it was at that instant, the most noble, and the most richest City (or the second) that was in the whole world. After the fierce tyrant had destroyed Aquileia, in few days he conquered many other noble Cities, as Mantua, Brescia, Cremona, and Bergama, & went unto the conquest of Ravenna, which for that the Emperors kept there their Courts, was at that instant accounted the most worthiest and famouste City of italy, it yielded notwithstanding unto Atlas, without abiding either battle or assault. From thence he marched thorough Tuschanie, not minding to stay until he came to Rome, with which City he published that he would deal with it, as he had done with Aquileia. 
Pope Leo.  At that present was Pope, Leo the first of that name, who at the intercession of Valentinian the Emperor, went against Atlas with many Senators, most humbly beseeching him, that he would not destroy Rome, but pardon that City. Which duty of Leo was executed with such wisdom & eloquence, yea it pleased God to form his words with such force, that although Atlas was the most cruel & obstinate Prince that ever was portrayed or Chronicled, yet he was with his Oration so overcome, that he did not only desist and leave his iourneyinge towards Rome, but also determined to abandon all italy, 
Eloquence of great force.  and to return unto his ancient seat in Hungary, having first received of the Romans a great sum of money, for the acknowledging of his Segniorye. The estate of that Empire through the wickedness of the inhabitants, was in such misery & extremity, that they durst not deny unto Atlas that which he demanded, but accounted it a most happy and fortunate event, that they escaped with such facility, the danger of his cruel and tyrannical determination. After Atlas was returned into Hungarye, he married Honoria the sister of Valentinian, & at the feast of his marriage day, he overcharged himself with so much wine & meat, that in the night his nature not being of force to support so great a burden, 
The death of Atlas the tyrant.  there began to issue from him great abundance of blood, whereof he died in his bed. Whose death began to restore liberty unto the Empire, although the West part was in a manner utterly destroyed, whereby arose the greatness of the Empire of the East and of Constantinople. The next year after the death of Atlas, Valentinian was also slain, 
The death of Valentinian.  by a soldier named Transill: aswell to revenge the death of his Captain named Etius, as also being hired thereunto by one Maximus whose wife Valentinian had enforced. He died after he had governed the Empire thirteen years. In the year of our Lord and Saviour jesus Christ. 456.   

Martianus.  
Immediately after Valentinian was murdered, (as Procopius and Paulus Diaconus, with sundry other Authors do affirm) Maximus a Citizen of Rome, 
Maximus usurpeth the name of Emperor.  descended of a noble blood or family, presently usurped the name of Emperor: and became patron of the City, and of all Italy.  
Also to assure his usurpation, he practised by divers means and subtleties, to take unto wife (although more by force than through love) Eudosia, which was but a little before the wife of Valentinian, and daughter of Theodosius the younger. Unto whom after he had her person in possession, thinking thereby to purchase her favour, he discovered that he had caused her late husband Valentinian to be slain, especially for that he was surprised and overcome with the love of her beauty. That confession did little mitigate or assuage the wrath of Eudosia, 
Murder.  but rather with such force augmented the Ire and hatred which she bore towards him, that she determined by some mean or way to be revenged. And supposing that she might not from Constantinople, and from the Emperor Martian have any aid, secretly she wrote unto Genserick the king of the vandals, 
Genserick the king of the Vandals at the intercession of Eudosia cometh into italy.  who reigned in Africa: whom she most earnestly beseeched, that he would vouchsafe to deliver her out of the hands, and from the custody of Maximus. Genserick minded not to omit so present an occasion, for that he conceived he might thereby, either become Lord over all italy, or at the least thoroughly ransancke and spoil the same. Wherefore employing his whole force, he assembled a mighty host, and passed into italy so puissant, (that most Authors affirm) he conducted with him thirty hundredth thousand soldiers: 
The end of 〈◊〉 murderer.  Against this great force of Genserick, Maximus was neither able, nor durst make any resistance: although he assayed every way that might be imagined. Wherefore being deprived of all hope, he fled towards Rome, but in his journey he was slain by a valiant Captain named Orsus.  
After Genserick was arrived in the confines of italy, the fear of him was such in Rome, that the most part of the noble men did fly & abandon the same. 
The office of a true pastor.  But the devout and holy Pope Leo, foreseeing the great calamity which was imminente unto the poor City, as a good sheep hard determined to hazard his life, for the defence or safeguard of his weak flock. And haviuge intelligence of the extreme cruelty which Gensericke had used, towards the bishops of Africa, for that he was infected with the sect of the Arrians, he went to meet with him before he came to Rome, and requested him with all lowliness and sincere humility, 
The Pope humble in necessity.  that for Christ's sake, he would mitigate or assuage the fury, and that he would content himself with the pray of the substance, and riches of the Romans, and leave untouched the ornaments of the wholly Temples. The cruel tyrant (notwithstanding this intercession) went unto Rome, and entered the same with his whole army, 
Genserick sacketh Rome.  spoiling & sacking without difference, aswell things sacred, as profane. And after he had continued the spoil of the City xiiii. days, he departed from thence with infinite riches and prisoners, carrying with him Eudosia & her two. daughters, whom afterward he led with him into Africa. In such wise was Rome, (the head of the whole world, and Emprice over all Nations and people) taken and sacked by the Vandals, having been once before (as is rehearsed) spoiled by the Goths: A marvelous example, sufficient to instruct all men of every condition and estate, that they ought to contemn and account as nothing the dignities, honours, promotions and empires of this world. 
Naples.  From Rome he departed unto Naples and besieged the City, but it was so valiantly defended by the inhabitants, that he raised his siege and departed into Africa, laden with treasure and spoils: where he married one of the two daughters of Valentinian, unto his son Trasimond who succeeded him in the estate. This happened in the sixth year of the reign of Martian, and the second after the death of Valentinian. After Genserick was departed out of Italy, the principal Senators, & noble men of Rome, immediately returned thither, & elected by common consent to be Emperor of Rome, Italy and Sicilia, an ancient Roman both of blood and years named Auitus, 
Auitus a Roman elected Emperor.  which election was approved and confirmed by the Emperor Martian: who conceived an assured hope, that thereby the Roman Empire should be maintained and conserved in the present estate. But these presumptions or suppositions, were wholly disturbed by the death of the Emperor Martian, 
The death of Martian.  who was poisoned in Constantinople, by the treason and practices of Ardibure, and of Aspar his father: which happened in the year of our Saviour Christ .459. After he had governed the Empire .7. years, being (as you have hard) a virtuous & just Prince, 
The year of Christ.  who bath preserved and increased the Empire of the east.   

Leo the first of that name.  
AFter the death of Martian, certain tyrants which had been the occasion of his death, endeavoured by sundry means to usurp the Empire, but their pretences not enjoying or obtaining any good or prosperous success, they created Emperor Leo, a Grecian: Who in the beginning of his reign, 
Leo chosen Emperor.  did so worthily and bravely behave himself, that there was not one of his most mighty enemies, which had the courage to rebel or move war against him. But the Empire of the West, there were both in Italy and Cicilia, marvelous alterations and changes of many Emperors, worthy to be compared unto their auncitors, rather for their title and name, then for their authority or continuance in the administration. The mighty and puissant Genserick king of the Vandals, did not desist from molestinge and spoiling the Cities of italy and Cicilia, of which Island in the end he became patron. In the first year of the reign of Leo, 
The death of Auitus.  Auitus died at Rome, where as is before mentioned) he ruled: after whose death the Roman army which remained about Ravenna, did elect and nominate Emperor a worthy captain named Magioran, 
Magioran elected Emperor of Rome  unto which election consented also the Emperor Leo: He was very careful in defending Italy from invasion of Genserick, and of other barbarous nations, and made preparation to sail into Africa, minding to recover the same, but he cold not bring his enterprise unto any good end, for that he was prevented by death after he had been Emperor iii years & certain months, some writ that he died of a natural death, 
The death of Magioran.  other affirm that he was slain by the soldiers which created him Emperor.  
In his place was chosen an other mighty Captain named Severianus, 
Severian elected Emperor.  who gave unto the Alanes a marvelous overthrow and slew in the conflict Berigus their king, after which victory he returned unto Rome where he died, when he had governed the Empire four years. 
The death of Severian.  In exchange of whom was received & created Emperor, a noble Captain which was sent by Leo into italy, to secure and defend the same against the Vandals, named Anthemius, a son in law unto Martian the Emperor the antecessor of Leo. 
Anthemius elected Emperor.  But there arose presently against him, and usurped the name of Emperor, a Captain named Geruandus, who was the Precedent and governor of the province of Narbone, which part only of all France remained in obedience, at that instant unto the Empire. But Anthemius using expedition and diligence, sent against him his Captains, who apprehended him, and condemned him unto perpetual exile: and in his place to govern the province of Narbone, Anthemius sent a singular friend of his named Belimer: The former rebellion was scarcely thoroughly appeased, when in Rome there arose an other mighty person named Patritius, but he was with like facility overcome by Anthemius. While these mutations and deaths of Emperors happened in this wise in italy, the Emperor Leo enjoyed quietly Greece and the whole East, with much honour and worthiness: when the valiant Genserick king of Vandals and of Africa, seeing the daily calamities which happened in italy, determined with that so good an occasion, to make himself Lord over italy, of whose riches he had many times (to his great contentasion) most happily tasted of. Upon this resolution therefore he assembled together as great an army as he might, both of his Vandals & of the people of Africa: Which being understood of the Emperor Leo (who very well knew that Anthemius, who governed in Italy was not able to withstand Genserick) and that if his estate were overthrown, his might not remain in security, especially Schiavonia which was near adjoining unto italy, he determined therefore to prepare in all that he might against Genserick, and to aid Anthemius, who at that instant was seriously busied, in making of provision for the defence of italy, and had prepared a singular army of ships to fight with him upon the sea.  
After Leo had levied as great an host as he was able, both of valiant Captains and courageous soldiers, 
Basiliscus the Captain of Leo.  he ordained for general, a very noble man named Basiliscus, who was brother unto the Empress his wife, and cousin unto Anthemius. He departed with a most mighty army from Constantinople, and sailed with prosperous wind into italy, where he joined with the navy of Anthemius, & so coasted to join with the army of Genserick, who at that instant was sailing with his navy very near unto the banks of italy: So that the ii armies were come th'one within the conspect of tother, when Genserick perceiving that his enemies were more active, and better practised upon the sea than his soldiers were, began the battle with fear, not hoping of any victory, for he witting of the disadvantage, determined to depart out of the battle, while the Galleys were busied to fight, 
The overthrow of Genserick.  th'one against tother: and in th'end began so to do. Which after his soldiers perceived, they altogether fled after him: being pursued and chased by their enemies, and in this wise with the loss of his soldiers & of many ships, he fled with shame and reproach into Africa. Basiliscus continued the chase, and landed not xx. miles from Carthage (and as Procopius mentioneth) if presently he had marched with his army unto Carthage, he might without resistance have taken the same, and also for that Genserick should have been enforced (as one banished and forsaken) to abandon the country, he might have recovered the pristinate segniorye of the whole province: for on the other part towards the east, a Captain named Hera●lius (who was sent by Leo the Emperor) had conquered the City of Aripolis, with divers other towns and fortresses thereunto adjoining. Wherefore for the want of sage advise, or for that Basiliscus was corrupted with some great sum of money, (as divers affirm) he ceased the war, remaining satisfied and content with that victory: & from thence he sailed into Cicilia, minding to recover in that Island, the Cities & towns which were possessed of Genserick. While the Captains of the Emperor Leo were busied in these affairs, 
Aspar.  Aspar together with his son Ardibure, fearing that through the great power of Basiliscus, they might not in time to come attain unto their wished desire, determined (as it were by rigour or compulsion) to enforce the Emperor to created Ardibure, 
The words of Aspar unto the Emperor Leo.  Caesar as he promised when he was made Emperor.  
Wherefore Asper (as one that was of great power and authority) at this instant requested Leo with such stoutness and vehemency, that he would perform and fulfil his promise, that he shaked his Imperial rob which he did wear, and said: Leo, thou oughtest to discharge thy promise made unto me: for this Vesture with which thou art adorned, 
An excellent saying.  aught not to harbour untruth. The Emperor answered, neither must it sustain, that any man use towards it force or violence. Aspar by these words conceiving the determination of the Emperor, determined by force of arms to created his son Caesar, and began presently to levy an army. Whereupon the Emperor with all celerity, sent for his Captain Basiliscus, willing him, (that all his other affairs set a part) he would with his whole army come to secure him: 
Aspar overcome by Leo.  for before his landing the Emperor was in a marvelous distress and danger, but immediately after Basiliscus arrived, he fought against the father and the son (who both were very valiant) and in the end after divers conflicts overcame them, and put them to death at the commandment of the Emperor. After the overthrow of Genserick, Anthemius enjoyed a most quiet government in his Empire of italy. But as there never was, so may there not be found either stability or security, in this most troublesome and wretched estate of man's life, for in the chief felicities happen most extreme calamities: as witnesseth the sudden faule and ruin of this Emperor. When Rithiner or Richimer (who as we said) overcame the Alanes and slew their king at Bergamo, 
Rithiner rebelleth against Anthemius.  began (as one altogether unmindful of the manifold promotions & dignities which he had received) to rebel against his Lord and father in law. And having assembled a marvelous huge number of valiant soldiers, he marched into italy against the Emperor: who not being able to resist the puissance of so mighty an host, fortified in the best manner that he might the City of Rome, hoping in time to receive from Leo some aid or secure: but his expectation was made frustrate, for Rithimer overcame all those Captains, which were sent from Leo to succour Anthemius: and in th'end slew the Emperor and won the City also, 
Rome the third time taken & sacked.  which he most cruelly ransacked and spoiled, except only two places which he reserved unto his proper use.  
In this manner was Rome the third time spoiled, after it had sustained many travails, much affliction, and infinite rapes: So that by this, as in a myror or most bright Crystal a man may easily perceive, that the world cannot give any felicity, which it doth not in the end take again: Neither doth it exalt any City or Empire, unto any high renown or dignity, 
No kingdom steadfast.  but in fine with extreme misery & infinite calamities, he abaseth the same when God seethe time. Rome once subdued whole world, & bore rule over all Nations: Nevertheless in process of time (through the divine providence of Almighty God) it was taken and spoiled by those, whom she before had overcome and brought under the yoke: as hath been already seen in that which is written, & shallbe in that which hereafter I shall writ. After Rithiner was become Lord of all italy (except Ravenna and the straight thereunto adjoining) with the name and title of Emperor: 
The death of Rithiner.  he enjoyed the same but iii months, for than he died of a certain disease, with which he was marvelously tormented. After whose death Olibrio the Captain of Ravenna, 
Olibrio created Emperor.  was created Emperor, he enjoyed the same four months also and then died: So that as Rome had lost her former forces and reputation, so the Emperors enjoyed little health and short lives. For who so well considereth the History, shall find that while Leo governed in the East, 
Man purposeth and God disposeth.  there reigned with legitimate and illegitimate titles in italy vi. or seven. Emperors. Immediately after the death of Olibrio, the Senate having consideration of the manifold tyrannies and ruins passed, endeavoured to elect and choose, after a good discuss, and consultation, an Emperor by the suffrages, & consent of the whole estate. But they were prevented by Guandibar a Captain of Ravenna, who enforced them to created Emperor Glicerius, a Senator of Rome. Against whom the Emperor Leo (for that the election was done by force) sent a Captain named Nipole, 
Nipole.  with the name and title of Emperor: he was so assisted with the Romans, (which were enforced against their wills to serve unto Glicerius obedience, that within short space he resigned his title and dignity, 
A priest.  and became against his will a priest: unto whom Nipole gave a bishopric, and reserved th'empire unto himself, which was like to have been thoccasion of infinite troubles and wars, if they had not been appeased by the virtuous and worthy bishop Epiphanius. 
Epiphanius.  While Nipole enjoyed with great tranquillity the estate of italy, he had understanding that henry the king of the Goths, who at that instant reigned in Tolosa & in the greatest part of Spain, made war against that part of France, which as yet was under the devotion of the Empire, and had already taken certain Cities, and minded to proceed farther. Against him, Nipole to show himself mighty, 
Orestes the Captain of Nipole.  sent a familiar friend of his named Orestes, with a valiant army of worthy soldiers. Who after he was departed went unto Ravenna, where neglecting his duty, and allegiance due unto his Lord, he nominated and created Emperor a son of his own named Augustus, 
Augustus' nominated Emperor in Ravenna.  which of the Romans and Historiographers was called (for that he was but a child) Augustulus, and so will we hereafter term him. After he had so done, he determined to go towards Rome against Nipole, who for that he had employed his whole forces in that army, was not able to encounter with him: Wherefore void of all hope to remain Emperor, he abandoned Rome and fled unto Dalmatia, which was under the jurisdiction of the Emperor Leo, and so Augustulus was confirmed in Rome with the name of Emperor. But while these events happened in this wise in italy, 
The death of Leo.  Leo died in Constantinople, after he had governed the Empire with honour and reputation 17. year, and in the year of our saviour Christ, 476.   

Zenonus the first of that name.  
I Suppose the the reader hath had sufficient understanding, in what estate the Empire was found to begin, at the death of the Emperor Leo in Constantinople. Wherefore it shall not be: needful, that I return to rehearse the same again. I say therefore, that as soon as Leo was departed out of this life, his nephew called also Leo, without difficulty was obeyed as Emperor: who after he had governed certain months, wrought an effect, in my judgement both rare & marvelous: which was, that of his own proper consent and good zeal, 
Leo refuseth the Empire, and giveth it unto his father Zeno.  (reputing it a thing very unseemly the father to be subject and inferior unto the son) he renounced the Empire, and gave it unto his father Zeno, whom he crowned with his own hands, and gave presently obedience unto him. That fathers in their life time, have resigned their dignities & kingdoms unto their sons, it is a thing that we have both red and hard, and it seemeth both honest and reasonable: but rarely it hath happened, that any man hath understood, that the son hath deprived himself of his own segniorye, to give it unto his father, but rather it hath often chanced, that the child hath by force deprived his father of his living: yea and sundry times children have desired and procured their father's deaths, that they might inherit their kingdoms: Wherefore it may be reported for a rare and miraculous virtue, that there was so great love & obedience in this son. It happened therefore that Zeno was Crowned, and sworn Emperor at Constantinople, and his son remained in his former estate. The contrary unto that, was then seen in italy, for Orestes had created Emperor his son Augustulus, without procuring or desiring the Empire, 
The death of Leo.  unto himself. After Leo had surrendered the Empire unto his father, he died within few days after, but in what manner his death happened, there is made no mention: but his father began the administration of the Empire, when in Calcedonie the widow Empress, wife unto Leo the first made her abode: She disdaining that Zeno should be Emperor, for that her husband did never account him worthy the honour, induced Basiliscus her brother (who as is said, overcame Genserick in a battle) to take upon him the name & title of Emperor. 
Basiliseus, created Emperor of Constantinople.  For he being through that notable victory become puissant and mighty, & had in great reputation, did this without contradiction, and was received & sworn Emperor in Constantinople: which as soon as it was understood of Zeno, (whether it were through cowardice or to avoid the effusion of much blood) he went unto Isauria, a very strong province in Asia the less, where he supposed he might live in safety. Whereof Basiliscus became very insolent, and rejoiced exceedingly, reputing himself now to be in marvelous security, and named presently his son Mark, 
The wrath of God on the proud.  Caesar. But his pride and rejoicing continued not long: for being infected with the heresy of the Nestorians, he began to persecute the faithful Christians, & the Temples: Whereupon he was so hated of all men, that the Captains which he sent against Zeno, went against him, and by a general consent Zeno was restored unto his Empire, 
The death of Basiliscus.  and he, his son, with Verina his sister were apprehended, and being banished they died in exile. In this manner was Zeno restored unto his Empire, xviii. months after he had been deprived: Of whom we will for this instant omit farther to entreat of, and return to speak of that, which happened unto Augustulus Emperor in the West of italy: Who seeing that there was none in italy that made resistance against him, 
August●iua entereth into league with Genserick.  (by the advise of his father) entered into league and concluded a peace with Genserick king of the Vandals in Africa, who at that instant was very aged, and of short life. After which league he conceived a firm security, for that Leo was busied and molested with the wars against Basiliscus. But his ruin happened from whence it was not suspected: for the Herulians, & the Turiges, a people of which mention is made, that they were in the host of Atlas, the most mighty king of the Huns, which at that instant, inhabited upon the river of Danubius in the uttermost confines of Hungarye, elected for their Captain a valiant gentleman of their own Nation named Odoacre, 
Odoacre.  and determined to go unto the conquest of italy, for that they saw without all order or reason it was possessed of the most mightiest, (so it pleased God) that italy, 
The secret counsel of God.  which accustomed to send Captains unto the conquest of the whole world, should see, that from all parts of the world should come people to conquer her.  
After Odoacre was arrived in the confines of italy, Orestes the father of Augustlus, with a singular army of elect soldiers, which he & his son had assembled, went against him: and the ii armies being within the conspecte th'one of tother, both the Captains were desirous to fight, and gave signs of battle: But certain squadrons of Orestes soldiers passed unto Odoacre, which he perceiving, and having no great confidence or trust in those which remained, 
Ti●ine at this present called Pavia.  he retired with the best order that he might, and marched towards Ticine, called at this present Pavia, a City of Lumbardye. Odoacre followed him, so that Orestes not having a sufficient army to encounter with his, permitted himself to be besieged in that City, where although he employed and endeavoured in all that he might to defend the same, yet the assaults were of such violence, that it was taken after it had been defended certain days by force of arms, & Orestes was taken prisoner. In that City the soldiers of Odoacre used most extreme cruelty, from thence Orestes was carried unto Placenza, 
The death of Orestes.  where by the commandment of Odoacre, he was put to death. After this victory, as the Empire of Augustulus, held by a weak foundation, and less justice, so all things succeaded in the favour of Odoacre: who with small difficulty, and little resistance, became patron of all the Cities of italy, and named himself Lord and king of the same. When Augustulus understood that the people drew wholly unto Odoacre, he departed from Ravenna, & went towards Rome, leaving of his own accord as he went, the ensigns and Imperial Vesture: where upon he abandoned Rome, and fled away secretly desiring to save his life, by living in some simple estate, and so he consumed the remnant of his life in poverty and misery, for the Historiographers make no more mention of him. Rome being abandoned of Augustulus, 
The death of Augustulus.  Odoacre became Lord over the same, and all Italy without resistance which he possessed quietly in prosperity and peace xiiii. years. In this wise as you have hard, ended with this Augustulus the Empire of Rome, 
The time when the Empire of Rome ended.  which enjoyed no Emperor afterward by the space of 330. years & somewhat more. This happened in the 1229. year after it was first built, and in the 529. after julius Caesar became Lord thereof: 
The year of Christ.  and in the 477. year after the birth of our Saviour Christ. At this instant in England, a mighty baron of the country named Ambrogius, moved war against the Saxons, but in the end he was overcome and enforced with his Britain's to fly into that part of France, which at this present is called Britain, were in those days inhabited certain people called Veneti, Cenomani, and Turoni, by the consent of which inhabitants, and by their own prows, they inhabited that country, & persevered in the same with good success, so that at this present their name remaineth, & their speech continueth, it is also one of the principal provinces of all France: and there have governed the same many mighty Princes, but at this instant after sundry alterations and chances, it appertaineth unto the possessions of the French kings. After these alterations, Zeno reigned in Constantinople, and Odoacre in italy certain years in tranquility: so that there happened unto th'empire no act worthy of memory. At th'end of which, the wheel of unstable fortune turned in such wise, 
Odoacre deprived of that which he had gotten.  that Odoacre lost all that, which before he had most wickedly gotten, and that tyrant was deprived from his usurped kingdom, by an other tyrant which happened in this manner. Theodorick the son of Theomir the king of Ostrogothes, 
Theodorick the king of the Goths.  by the consent of Zeno Emperor of Constantinople, invaded Italy with a mighty army of practised soldiers, and pitched his camp upon the river Sonza not far from Aquileia, 
The river of Sonza.  minding there to refresh his soldiers: Against whom Odoacre marched with an host of no less puissance, and in short space joined in battle with his enemy, which was apprehenced of Theodorick with an exceeding courage, and with no less accepted of Odoacre: So that as it were by a mutual consent of both the Captains, their hosts encountered together. 
A conflict between Theodoricke and Odoacre.  That conflict was fought as valiantly as ever was any, for the Captains and soldiers of both parts were most lively, and the one endeavoured to win honour, a kingdom and fame: the other procured to conserve the same. The battle continued the most part of the day, and after many occisions, and much bloodshed on both parts, 
The victory of Theodorick.  the victory fell unto Theodoricke: and Odoacre was enforced to fly after he had most valiantly sustained the fight. Although Odoacre lost the field, yet he abated no part of his courage, but with all celerity assembled an other host, and awaited the coming of Theodorick, not far from Verona: where was fought an other battle, with no less prows than was the first, for in this consisted the whole hope of Odoacre: but in the end Theodorick remained conqueror also, and Odoacre fled unto Rome, 
Odoacre returneth unto Ravenna.  minding to defend and keep that City against his enemies: but the Citizens would not permit him to enter, wherefore he returned unto Ravenna, which not long after was besieged of Theodoricke, but it was most valiantly defended by Odoacre, who continually so much grieved & molested his enemies army, that the siege endured three whole years, at the end of which, it was yielded unto Theodorick upon condition to have his life saved, and a part of italy limited for him and his to inhabit. 
The death of Odoacre.  But that promise or composition was not afterward performed, for both he and his son were slain: such was the end of the life and Dominion of Odoacre. After whose death, Theodorick within a very short spare became Lord over all Italy, and named himself (as Odoacre had done xiiii. years before) king and Lord over the same: 
The commendation of Theodorick.  This king was a most virtuous, a most just, and a most excellent Prince & governor, as he was very mighty, so he was both beloved and feared, but above all things, he was most prudent and wise in conseruinge his estate, 
The parentages of Theodoricke.  yea he grew to be invincible by procuring of parentage with all the kings, which in those days reigned in Europe: For in one instant he married with Audefreda daughter unto the king of France: and of three daughters which he had, he gave one for wife unto Sigismond king of the Burgundians, an other unto Alaricus king of the Visigothes, and of Spain, And the third called Amasulinuta unto a Prince of Germanye named Eutharicus: and his sister Maufreda, he espoused unto Honoricus the king of Africa and of the Vandals, who succeeded Genserick: He proceeded so politicly, that with all the Princes adjoining unto Italy, he contracted a parentage and friendship: so that he enjoyed and sustained the kingdom which he had conquered with honour, and with no less dignity, more than xxx. years.  
While these affairs succeaded in this wise in Italy, Zeno who held in Constantinople the Empire of the East, had divers battles with the Bulgarians, which after the death of Atlas inhabited Germany: he entered through the province of Thrace, and did there much hurt, but shortly after they returned into their own country. At that present also in Constantinople there arose a marvelous fire, which consumed a great part of the City. Also Ariadna the wife of the Emperor was accused unjustly of disloyalty, by Illo the Lord Stuarde of his household: upon whose accusation Zeno, (without either just proof, or farther examination) commanded one of his soldiers to slay her, whereof she having understanding fled secretly unto the house of the archbishop: who (when Zeno the next day, was appareled with mourning attire, 
Rash judgement to be avoided.  as though he lamented the death of th'empress) reprehended his rashness and lightness very severely, manifesting unto him the bounty, faithfulness, & loyalty of his wife, and how that was both untrue and false, which was objected against her. finally he wrought such means, that be persuaded him to credit the truth: and reduced them both unto a perfect unity and peace. But the Empress after she understood who was her accuser, (being desirous of revenge) appointed a certain friend of hers to slay him: 
False accusors.  who assaulted the traitor at a sudden, and thinking to have divided his head, did only cut of one of the traitors ears, and so he escaped. After which blemish being ashamed to repair unto the Court, he conspired a great treason, with an other man named Leoncio, 
Leoncio.  who both were in short space slain by their soldiers, and their heads presented unto the Emperor at Constantinople. In this manner was Zeno from all griefs and travails, and lived the remnant of his life in quiet tranquillity: although without just occasion he caused certain of his chief noble men to be put to death. And after he had governed the Empire xvii years he died in Constantinople of an ordinary death. 
The death of Zeno with divers of his conditions.  It is written that he was some what brutish, both of nature and countenance, and that he would be divers times overcome with wine. He died in the year after the incarnation of Christ .494. **** 
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Anastasius the first of that name.  
 
AFter the death of Zeno, Anastasius was elected, who being in favour with the Empress was married unto her, the xl. day after the exequys of her husband. He finding all things in quietness, in the beginning of his government, wrought many good works, but he continued not long in his well doing, for being infected with the heresy of Eutichius, 
Eutiches an heretic.  which added a quaternity unto the divine trinity, he began to be hated and detested both of God and man: and many Nations rebelled against him, against whom he fought sundry battles, and overcame divers rebels, but in the end he was so environed and compassed by them, that he was enforced with dishonour and shame, to purchase peace with money. After which, he went against the Persians', and overcame them in divers battles, but in the end he concluded a truce or peace with them, 
The City of Anagia buite by Anastasius.  and built a City in Mesopotamia called after his name Anastagia, which did not a little discontent the Persians': who, for that they had war with the Huns, durst not break league with the Emperor: So that he consumed the rest of his life with quietness and peace. And finally when he was most void of fear, he was slain with a thunder bolt which fell from Heaven, 
The year of Christ. 510.  after he had governed the Empire 27. years, and in the year of our Saviour Christ .510.   

justine the first of that name.  
 
THere succeeded Anastasius in the Empire, justine Emopalate, 
The base parents and country of justine.  this justine was a Thracian, although some affirm that he was of Schiavonia or Dalmatia, borne of very simple parents, so that in his childhood, he was a keeper of sheep. Notwithstanding it pleased God to exalt him, that was descended and borne of most base and vile parents unto that most highest seat and dignity, for by the inspiration of the Divine power, at xuj. years of age, he forsook that servile condition, and went unto the wars, minding to pass his whole life in the achieving of martial exploits, in which he became so excellent a soldier, that in short space he was very much renoumned for his egregious acts, and worthiness. Whereupon he was by the Emperor created a Captain, & not long after a county, which vocation in those days, was accounted a most honourable & high dignity: while he was in that estate, it happened Anastasius to dye, being of a very great age. After whose death when the noble men endeavoured to created a new Emperor, a certain Courtier named Amantius, 
Amantius.  which was an Eunuch and chief in the emperors house: The richest man that lived in his time, did greatly desire, and very much procure, that there might be elected a noble and mighty gentleman named Theocretian, 
Theocretian  who was his especial friend. And because it was needful to have in this behalf, the aid of the soldiers and men of war, he went unto justine, & offered him a great sum of money, so that he would with the soldiers consent, that Theocretian his friend might be elected Emperor. justine received his money, and promised to accomplish his whole request: but after he had the treasure in his possession, he omitted to entreat for Theocretian, & procured secretly to win their good wills, for his own preferment: 
The policy of justine.  yea he laboured the matter with such policy, that when Amantius supposed that the soldiers would have created his friend Emperor, they all with one voice nominated justine: unto whom they swore presently fidelity and obedience, by a common consent both of the Senate & whole host. Amantius perceiving that he was deceived (although he durst not for the present refuse to swear unto him obedience) yet presently after, he procured the death of the new Emperor, by conspiring the same with Theocretian, and with an other named Andrea, with Missahale, and Ardibure, all which were Chamberlains unto the Emperor: that they should slay him, when time and opportunity served. But God revealed their treason, which being proved, the Emprrour caused to be put to death Amantius, Andrea and Theocretian, and condemned tother unto perpetual exile: and for the better establishing of his Imperial estate, he sent for Vatilian unto the Court, who rebelled against Anastasius, and created him Consul and general over his men of war. Notwithstanding all which, he (as an ingrate & disloyal subject) wrought certain practices against the estate and life of justine: 
The death of Vatilian.  For which, after they were known, he was by the appointment of the Emperor slain in his Palace, together with Paul and Celerian, which were partakers with him in the conspiracy. justine being delivered by the death of these traitors from all dangers, & enjoying the Empire with much quietness: endeavoured to reform the abuses in Religion. Whereupon he commanded by his decrees, 
justine against the sect of the Arrians  through out all the East, that none should admit to receive into the Church, for bishops or priests, any that were infected with the sect of the Arrians: While justine was busied with this good work, 
The death of Trasimonde king of the Vandals.  Trasimond king of the Vandals, which was an Arrian died in Africa: and his son Elderick succeeded him in the kingdom, whom he begot by a daughter of the Emperor Valentinian, he was a very good Christian, and revoked from exile all such bishops, & Religious men, as had been banished by his father. But Theodorick king of Italy being an Arrian, caused the noble men which envy his heresy to be slain, and not content with that cruelty, having remained unto that instant a just and worthy Prince, 
The death of Pope john.  he caused Pope john with divers other which returned from Constantinople, to be cast into prison, where through famishment, with other torments they ended their lives. Which cruelty God with speed revenged, for the 90. day after they died, 
The death of Theodorick.  he was stricken with a sudden death, leaving for his heir (in that he had no children of his own) a nephew of his, named Athalaricus his sister's son being but viii. years of age. Also justine being through his years unapt to govern the Empire determined to nominate Caesar, and to adopt for his successor & heir his nephew justinian, whom presently he associated for his companion in the Empire, and four months after, he died on a disease which he took in Constantinople, when he had reigned xi. years in the Empire. He died in the year after the incarnation of our Saviour Christ 529. (⸫)   

Justinian.  
Unto justine without resistance succeeded justinian, who presently began his enterprise against the Persians', under the conduct of a most worthy and valiant Captain named Belisare: 
Belisare.  He after sundry events of fortune, and variable success in divers conflicts overcame them, although for certain occasions of importance, he concluded a peace with their king. After that, there happened in Constantinople a very cruel, & pernicious civil war, in which justinian was very likely to have received his utter ruin, if by the industry, and worthiness of Bellisare he had not been presently rescued, and delivered from that imminent danger, although in that battle were slain, above thirty thousand persons. After this sedition was appeased, and the authors thereof extremely punished, Belisare went unto the conquest of Africa: 
Gilimer.  the cause was, for that Gilimer had by force of arms, & without either right or just title (not only rebelled against Ilderick the nephew of Genserick the king of Vandals, 
Ilderick.  and right heir unto that kingdom) but also apprehended him, and made himself king and Lord of all Africa. This thing did not a little grieve justinian, for that before he was elected Emperor, he had contracted a league and amity with Ilderick: wherefore after he had with letters and Ambassadors, exhorted and requested Gilimer, that he would restore his cousin unto his kingdom & signory: and prevailed nothing with this his demand, he became accensed with indignation, and wrath against Ildericke, determining by force of arms to recover the provinces, 
Belisar sent by justinian unto Africa.  and Cities of Africa. And having assembled a most puisante army of worthy and practised soldiers, he ordained for general over them the invincible Captain Bellisare: who after divers and sundry victories, 
Belisar in a small time conquerred all Africa.  in the end driving Gilimer into the mountains, recovered and subdued all Afric unto the Empire, after it had been possessed by the Vandals 96. years: and then leaving for general over the whole province, 
Solomon made general of Africa by Belisar.  Solomon. He returned with the king & his kinsfolk together, with a great number of men and women prisoners, and with infinite jewels and riches that was, with all that which the Vandals in a hundredth years before had rob from Rome, Spain, & Africa, with divers other provinces. And when he was arrived at Constantinople, the Emperor caused him to be received with a triumph, & with all such ceremonies and pomps, as in the beginning the old ancient Roman consuls, and afterward the Emperors used, in their triumphs at Rome. * It is necessary (although I abridge the History in all that I may) that the History of justinian be set out full, before that I entreat of many other Emperors: for that as the time of his government was of long continuance, so the affairs which happened were great and notable: Wherefore it shall not be well done, that I omit without some mention making, the noble and illustrious exploits of arms, 
Of what things the readers are desirous.  which were achieved in his time. For that also I seem to conceive, that Readers are only delighted with the reading of cruel wars, strange haps, conquests, and mutabilitye of kingdoms. The Histories of peaceable Princes, and of happy times without wars, are not so contentable: as those in which are spoken of murders, wars, alterations of estates, mutations of kingdoms, singular victories, uproars, taking of parts, tumults, and finally dangerous and great events both good and evil. See that for these delights those Books of fables are most commonly red, wherein are written the slaughters of infinite thousands, how Cities were overthrown and won, with other feigned things altogether unpossible. 
To what end Histories are to be red.  But true Histories are principally written, and especially to be red, to the end that by reading of evil and vicious acts, the readers may eschew and avoid the like, and to imitate the virtuous: and that by the variable success they may learn to be circumspect, in th'administration of such things, as in their life time shall hap unto the government. But to return to the History, Belisar remained not long in Constantinople, for within few days, he had the charge given him by the Emperor, of the conquest of italy and of Cicilia, against the Goths & Theodate, who at that instant was Lord of them both: Which enterprise was reputed of no less importance and danger, then that of Africa, yea the success in the end manifested, that it was more troublesome, by reason of the great conflicts, and manifold slaughters, which happened unto both parts. The original & beginning of this war, was in this manner.  
As soon as the puisante and terrible king Theodoricke died, there succeaded in his kingdom (as is before mentioned) Atalaricus his nephew, for that he had no son of his own, who at that instant was but viii. years of age. Wherefore his mother Amalasuntha took upon her the government of Italy, 
Amalasuntha took upon her the government of italy.  which she began to administer, with singular wisdom: educatinge and instructing her son, in virtuous behaviour, and honourable exercises, with applying him unto the study of good letters and learning. But after a while, there arose both discord and parts taking betwixt her, and the kinsfolk of the child: and there grew a particular hatred with her and Theodate the cousin of Atalaricus. Whereupon, she seeing herself in a distress, surrendered the charge of her son, unto the principal and chief of those persons: and abandoning Rome, went unto Ravenna: where she reserved continually her authority in the government: but the enmity did daily so increase with her and Theodate (who was exceeding mighty, and had covertly obtained the Dominion of Tuschanie:) that both of them procured the favour, and aid of justinian: and promised unto him an entry into italy. 
The death of Atalaricus.  At that instant died the young king Atalaricus: for whose death Amalasuntha became not a little disturbed, and molested, in that she was a sole woman, and much hated of many of the Goths, which were in greatest reputation. But pondering in her mind the sequel that might hap, she determined to compound with Theodate, and to created him king of Italy, supposing, that he receiving so great a benefit, would remain unto her a most faithful friend, but yet she minded to administer the kingdom, and he only to enjoy the name and title of a king. 
Amalasuntha createth Theodate king of Italy  She being fully resolved to accomplish this her determination, began to put it in practice, & in fine, after they had debated the controversy sufficiently th'one with tother, there was concluded a friendship and amity betwixt them, with solemn oaths & promises, and he was named king of italy. Whereupon joining his power with that of Amalasuntha, (which was the greater) he obtained without difficulty the kingdom, and obedience of all men. Notwithstanding, this counsel or advise succeeded very unfortunate unto Amalasuntha, for immediately after that Theodate saw himself to be Lord and patron over all, he began his government not only contrary to the expectation of Amalasuntha, 
The death of Amalasuntha.  but within few days (as a most ingrate and perjured Prince) caused her to be apprehended, and in the end most cruelly slain. Whereof when justinian had understanding, he became not a little moved with wrath and indignation against Theodate: for he always favoured the parts of Amalasuntha: and therefore reprehended exceedingly this most cruel and heinous fact. And supposing that the occasion served unto his desire, which he had to recover italy unto th'empire: determined without protract of time, to assail Theodate with open war, hoping to conquer the same by force of arms: ordaining for general over this enterprise, Captain Bellisare, who at that present was returned a conqueror out of Africa. 
Peter.  justinian in those days had always an Ambassador in italy named Peter, who travailed very much, to conclude an unity with Amalasuntha & Theodate, who yielded not a little, for that he greatly feared the displeasure of the Emperor. But while this practice was a determining, Bellisare arrived in Cicilia with a mighty host and huge army, for that he supposed it a thing most necessary first to subdue that Island. Wherefore after he had by force conquered the cities Catanaia, Saragosa, and Palermo, which he wan with great loss of soldiers, within short space after he became patron over the whole Island, such was the expedition and felicity of Belisar in martial affairs. And for that his fame was exceedingly feared: Theodate having consideration of that which happened in Cicilia, fearing his force, concluded with the said Peter, certain covenants of peace in the which he renounced the title which he had unto Cicilia, 
The conditions with Theodate & Peter.  and consented that in italy, in all the decrees & statutes which should be ordained or published, the name of justinian should be first placed: Moreover that he would be bound to send unto him every year a crown of gold, in token of subjection, with certain other things, which are written of Procopius. Peter being departed with this answer, the fear which Theodate had did so increase and disturb his quietness, that he caused to return again his Ambassador named Rusticus which he had sent with Peter, and bound him by a solemn oath, that he should not discover this his second resolution, before he perfectly understood how justinian accepted the first offer: and that then, if he refused and were not contented with the same, he should make unto him a promise of all italy, upon this condition, that he would limit and assign unto him as much ground in Grece, as might suffice for him and his to inhabit in. And thereupon he wrote with his own hand unto justinian a most noble letter.  
After the Emperor had heard the first petition of Theodate, as a Prince of an invincible courage, he would not accept the same, whereupon the Ambassador revealed unto him the second, in the which was offered unto him all Italy: the contented and rejoiced justinian exceedingly, for thereupon he rescribed unto Theodate a most gracious answer, with which he sent his Ambassadors to conclude the accord, and to inform Belisar, that having established the affairs of Cicilia, he should pass into italy, to impadron himself of the forces of the same. But the accord was not concluded for that, before the Ambassadors, 
The victory of Theodate,  which went unto th'emperor returned, the Captains of Theodate obtained a singular and notable victory in Sclavonia: in the which were slain Mundus and Mauritius his son, who were Captains unto justinian, so that the Imperial host seemed to be utterly destroyed. After which victory Theodate became so proud and haughty, that he refused, not only to accomplish the partitye offered: but shewing himself wrathful with the words, which were spoken by the emperors Ambassadors, he caused them to be apprehended, and committed to safe custody. Also this increased his boldness: for at that instant Belisar was enforced to sail out of Cicilia into Africa, to secure and rescue Solomon, whom he had left there as lief tenant general, for a Captain of the Emperors named Extorsa, 
Extorsa rebelieth in Africa.  with the greater part of the host rebelled, and were become patrons of divers Cities, having murdered the governors and justices of the whole province. But after the arrival of Belisar into Africa, the enterprise proceeded with such a good and happy success, that within few days he overcame the rebels, and corrected most sharply the Cities, reducing them unto a quiet and peaceable obedience, than he returned into Cicilia, where he had understanding of the affairs of Italy. 
What the obscurity of the Sun betokeneth.  Eutropius writeth, that in this season, there was seen in the Sun a sign and marvelous prodigy, the like whereof hath not been hard, continuing the most part of a whole year. Which was, that the said Sun, yielded as small a light as did the Moon, so that, there appeared little difference or none at all between the shining of th'one, and tother, although her glistering were neither kyvered, or hid by any cloud or other impediment: but without any occasion that appeared, unto man's judgement, it continued darkened and with little light all the season. Which, (as afterward was judged) portended and betokened the great famine and want of bread, that happened uniersallye thorough the whole world: and likewise it prognosticated the wars & prognostication of blood, which were to be made in italy.  
justinian seeing the unconstancy of Theodate, and being not a little displeased for the death of his Captains and soldiers in Dalmatia, with the apprehending of his Ambassadors in italy: provided with great wisdom, courage, and disposition of a worthy Prince, unto both his present necessities: 
Constance Captain for justinian in Dalmatia.  for he sent into Dalmatia and Slavonia, a valiant Captain named Constance, who recovered a great part of that which was lost, and renewed the wars in those parts. For the affairs of italy, he commanded Belisar, that with all expediton he should enter into the same, with all the power and force that he was able to make. He with his accustomed celerity, and courage, (leaving in the Cities and forts of Cicilia sufficient garrisons to defend the same) passed with his host, by the straight of Messina into italy, where he wan all those Towns & Castles which bordered upon the sea, not meeting with any power that might disturb his enterprise, and so he proceeded conquering, even unto the City of Naples, for the defence of which Theodate had appointed a great and chosen company of Goths, which defended the same most lively, so that between them there was done many a notable proof in feats of arms, but in th'end, by force the City was taken and spoiled of the soldiers, 
The taking of Naples.  with the slaughter of all the Goths. But the next day after, Belisar induced, and persuaded his soldiers with courteous language, that they would set a liberty the Citizens, and restore unto them their goods, with contenting themselves with the great booty of their enemies, 
The bounty of Belisar.  and not of the Citizens, for he published, that their coming was only torestore italy unto liberty. Great was the fear, which the taking of Naples gave unto the Goths, for that they thought it unpossible to be won: Whereupon all the men of greatest reputation, and Captains of Theodate, seeing the small provisions, which he made, and understanding for certainty, that Belisar would not satye long in Naples, for that he determined to march towards Rome, assembled and took counsel together, in a certain place adjoining unto the City, where after many discourses they elected for their king a valiant and prudent Captain named Vitige, 
Vitige elected king of the Goths.  to th'end that he should provide a sufficient host that might withstand the forces of Belisar. Which when Theodate understood, being at that instant in Rome, doubting of his security, fled from the City towards Ravenna, but he was taken as he journeyed, & slain at the appointment of the new king by a Captain named Ottaro, 
The death of Theodate.  who was sent after him unto that effect, his death happened after he had governed italy iii years.  
After the death of Theodate, Vitige called a counsel, in which it was concluded, for that there was not a sufficient and ready army at that instant to encounter with Belisar, who drew towards Rome: that he should go unto Ravenna, where, after he had prepared a sufficient host of practised soldiers, he should expect and provoke his enemies unto battle. 
Bador left Captain at Rome.  After this consultation was finished, he left in Rome a Captain named Badore, with four Thousand soldiers, and having exhorted and persuaded the Citizens to defend their City valiantly, he took his journey towards Ravenna. And Belisar leaving Naples in good order and well furnished with soldiers, marched with his host also towards Rome: whose coming being known unto the Citizens, they resolved and fully determined, not to remain and abide in the defence of the City, but to open the gates unto him, against whom the Goths, not able to resist, were enforced to depart and leave the City: 
Belisar entereth into Rome.  and it happened that the very same day, in which the Goths issued forth at one gate, Belisar entered by an other. Who, after he had made a worthy Oration unto the Senate, and encouraged them unto the recovery of their Liberty, began presently to reedify the walls, and thorough out to fortify the City, causing also great provision of victuels to be brought thither, and the Cities and Towns in the straight thereunto adjoining to be furnished with garrisons of soldiers.  
In this mean while Vitige the new king, who in no respect was vile or a coward, omitted not to attempt, or practise every way and mean that might make him mighty against Belisar. 
The wisdom & policy of Vitige.  And first for his better assurance, he concluded a peace with the king of France, who sent unto him all his Captains and ordinary soldiers, unto which he gave continual stipends, and commanded them to join with his army, also from Germany, and divers other places he procured aid, and assistance in all that he might. finally he so well provided, that he assembled in Ravenna and in the territories of the same, a hundred and fifty thousand soldiers on horseback and foot, all excellent in feats of arms, the greater part whereof were very well armed. With this host he marched towards Rome, where Belisar made his abode, not being at that instant of sufficient power, to encounter in the fields with the army of his enemy. Whereupon king Vitige not doubting of the victory became so insolent and proud, 
The vanity of Vitige.  that he was only vexed to see that Belisar would not flee and abandon italy, yea he would demand as he journeyed if Belisar were fleinge away, rejoicing infinitely, when it was reported that he fortified Rome, & would there expect his coming. But Belisar was minded contrary to th'expectation of Vitige, for he determined rather to dye, than with dishonour to abandon that, which he had so worthily gotten. But for that he saw his army to be far inferior unto that of his enemies, he sent for Blessus and Constantinus both Captains, who were appointed to defend the forts there abouts, that with all speed they should return unto Rome with their soldiers, where he was with his, so that after their repair he kept the City both strongly, and well provided for, with intent to defend the same, and disturb his enemy, 
The going of Vitige unto Rome.  if he would proceed torecover that, which he had won in Campania, Puglia, and Calabria.  
Vitige continued his journey towards Rome, supposing that against his power Belisar was not able to defend the same: and in his joining unto the City, there happened an accident so notable, so rare, and of such importance, (that although I know in the declaration, I must somewhat exceed the limits of breavity, yet I have thought it both expedient & necessary to rehearse the strange aveniment) Belisar had procured to be built at a certain bridge distant a mile from Rome, upon the river Tiber, two exceeding strong Castles, and had left therein certain garrisons of soldiers, to molest and resist his mighty enemy: but Vitige being in the night season come unto this bridge, they which had in charge the defence of the same, were so surprised with terror & fear, that presently they did abandon it, without making of any resistance, so that the same night there passed over a great part of the host. The next day following Belisar not having intelligence of this cowardly part of his soldiers, issued out of Rome with a thousand chosen horsemen, and road towards the bridge, to elect and choose out some convenient place where he might best pitch his tents, or lodging, and with most advantage defend the passage. But as he drew near unto the bridge, he met at a sudden with the soldiers of Vitige, which had in the night passed the same. Whereat Belisar became so wrathful after he perceived that his people had lost the bridge, that with less consideration than was convenient, he assaulted his enemies with such violence and force, that there followed as cruel a fight as might be imagined, in such sort, that the soldiers of Vitige retired unto the whole army: 
The worthiness of Belisar.  where Belisar was so grievously charged with many troops of Goths on horseback, that all his, looked for present death, but he in his journey behaved himself with great prows, killing and wounding many of his enemies, and with such danger adventuring his own person, that the authors which make mention of this conflict, writ that therein he behaved himself as a most valiant soldier, but not as a prudent & politic Captain, for he did in such wise hazard his own person, that in Rome it was supposed, and believed that he was dead, for certain of his soldiers which had escaped reported it for a verity.  
He being at this instant in such an extremity, and distress, seeing many of his familiars and friends slain, and the residue most like to pass that way, not able any longer to susstayne the force of his enemies, (of whom there were slain a thousand) began with his to retire. But he was pursued and followed with a great number of his enemies on horseback, 
Belisar was not permitted to enter into Rome.  even unto the gates of Rome, which were kept continually shut, and they which had the custody would not in any wise open them for that the enemies should not enter in with the Romans, and for that upon the report, they believed that Belisar was slain, no man gave ear or hearkened unto his voice. Whereupon Belisar who had fought the greater part of the day, accosted nigh unto the walls, and reducing into a square battle his soldiers, defended himself with fight against his enemies, without taking any repaist even until night, when he practised and used a most bold enterprise, both dangerous & desperate. For he assaulted with such violence the Goths, after he had made a circle of his own soldiers, that his enemies being deceived with the obscurity of the night, 
The courage of Belisar.  supposed and credited that not they, but a great number of fresh Captains were issued out of the City and fought against them, which suspect caused the Goths to retire unto their camp, Belisar most fiercely pursuing them, until that he, finding a place of most advantage, which was abandoned of the enemies, returned with all celerity unto a gate of Rome, where his voice being known he was with all his intromitted & received, the number being far inferior unto that which he led forth with him. In this manner he retired with safety out of so dangerous an encounter, having his armour pierced with many Darts, Spears, and strokes of sword, of all which there was not one, that touched his skin, this was reputed & accounted a miracle, in respect of their marvelous oppression, & dangerous distress which he was bestead. The day following Vitige arrived, & overcame at one instant the whole company of Rome, and for that he was not able through the greatness of the City to besiege it round about, 
Vitige besiegeth Rome.  yet he did environ it, by dividing his host into six camps. And because it would be more tedious than necessary, to rehearse the manifold conflicts and battles which happened in the time of this siege, in that they were both great and marvelous, I will omit to entreat of any of them. It shall suffice to know, that this was one of the most bloody & perilous oppugnations, that ever happened unto any City, 
The time of continuance of the siege.  for it continued a whole year and ix days, and in the first seven. months of the siege, Vitige & his Goths which were most lively, never desisted from battering, and assaulting the City an every part, whereby they both received & did very much hurt. And Belisar with his soldiers on tother side, did never permit his enemies to take rest or to be at quiet, but issued out of the City continually to fight with them: in such wise, that in their skirmishes and battles they slew more than xl. Thousand Goths. In which time he achieved marvelous facts aswell by his dexterity and prowess, as by the policy, and circumspect government of a most excellent Captain. Themperor justinian omitted not to sand continually succour, both of soldiers & victuels unto Belisar, for he sent him certain Captains with footmen & horsemen, who conducted with them all kinds of grain and other victuels, all which with great travail & danger were brought unto Rome. This provision prevailed not so much, but that they in the City suffered extreme famine. notwithstanding Belisar kept secret this need or want, & behaved himself so stoutly against Vitige, 
A truce concluded betwixt Belisar and Vitige.  who at that instant being weary of his abiding in the fields, entreated with Belisar a truce, which was concluded for three months. But it continued not so long, for Vitige (procured thereunto by the deceit & treason of certain of inhabitants) required that he might be permitted to enter and visit the City. Which demand renewed the war, and Belisar commanded one john his Captain which was under him general in the field, that he should with most cruel war invade the territory of Ravenna, unto which he had sent him with mo●● then two thousand horsemen, and certain other soldiers, supposing that by afflicting that part, Vitige would raise the siege & departed from Rome. And it happened that john used such dexterity in this enterprise, that he took by force of arms the City of Ariminum with divers other, wherefore Vitige fearing the loss of Ravenna, determined to raise the siege, & to revolt unto the defence of those parts. But in his retire Belisar gave unto the rearward of his host a great discomunture, and slew many of his soldiers. So that with great shame & reproach Vitige returned unto the siege of Ravenna, 
Vitige besiegeth Arimium.  and besieged a long time Ariminum, in which was the Captain john. And Belisar, who always was unwilling to lose time, assembled an army of soldiers, and having fortified the City of Naples, departed with all expedition towards Rome, & from thence towards Ravenna, beginning to invade with terrible war sundry parts of italy. At which present there was come unto him from justinian the Emperor, a valiant Captain with a great number of soldiers named Narsete an Eunucke, 
Narsete an Eunucke.  who afterward was general. Belisar and he joined their arms together, and went to rescue and succour john, who at that present was besieged, but they enforced Vitige to raise his siege and departed with no small loss of his people. After that, Gallia Cisolpina which at this present is called Lumbardye, & Milan, Bergamo, & Navarra with many other Cities yielded unto the devotion of Belisar. Wherefore he sent thither certain Captains, which fought divers notable battles with the Goths, and with Theodorick king of France, who at that instant was in arms, supposing through the discord and continual war of those Princes, he might with little labour possess it himself of that Segniorye. Belisar in th'end fought a singular & notable battle with Vitige, who had in the same all the power that he was able to assemble, or gather. In which (to use brevity) Belisar was conqueror, & Vitige fled unto Ravenna, where he was besieged many days, during which time, there were many practices practised between them, & unto Belisar was offered the kingdom of italy. But he continuing his siege, took the City, 
The taking of Vitige.  and had Vitige rendered unto him for prisoner, whereby almost all italy was brought in obedience unto Belisar.  
But when the affairs of italy proceeded in this wise, justinian (contrary to that which he aught to have done) sent for Belisar to go against the Persians', for that he had finished the conquest of italy: although not long after there happened great alterations, with infinite discommodities. For although there remained in those parts for Captains and ministers in his stead, john, Bessa, Vitale, all which were both valiant & of great reputation, yet they were not to be compared unto him, who in every respect was both rare and singular.  
The mighty Captain Belisar departed out of italy, carrying with him the king Vitige prisoner, 
Belisar returneth unto Constantinople.  & the Queen his wife, with many of their kinsfolk, and principals of the Goths. He was received into Constantinople with infinite joy & gladness, where he was so exceedingly beloved and honoured, that all the Citizen's and strangers went to see him, as a thing miraculous, giving great commendations unto his notable prows and worthiness, which the brevity of my History is not sufficient to contain. 
The proportion and conditions of Belisar.  His commendation was the more, for that he was of an amiable and comely countenance, taule of stature, of a very gentle, and well proportionat parsonage, he was also noble, courteous, favourable, and endued with all other virtues.  
Not long after the departing of Belisar out of italy, certain Cities created for their king Idibald, 
Idibald.  a very valiant Captain & of great reputation among the Goths. He became the more mighty thorough the evil government of the Captains, and for certain taxes which they burdened the Cities withal, 
Evil officers  so that after he had assembled together his people, he elected out of them an army of the most worthiest soldiers, and fought and overcame Vitale in a battle, so that he became a terror unto all states. But, for that he had slain a nephew of king Vitiges, 
The death of Idibald.  one of his Guard did also murder him, after he had reigned little more than one year. In his place was elected Alari●us, who of Paulus Diaconus, and jordan is called Ararius, he also was slain within five months after his creation, 
Alaricus king of Goths.  and then they elected & created for king Totile, who was the destruction and ruin of Rome, as shallbe manifested, after the occasion is revealed, for which Belisar was by justinian called out of Italy, which was touched a little before. It happened in this manner. Cosroe king of Persia, perceiving that Belisar whom he especially feared was busied with the affairs of Italy, found certain feigned occasions to move war against the Imperial territories, 
Cosroe.  & entering into the country of the Romans, he took by force certain Cities.  
Whereupon justinian, who with great wisdom and policy provided for all parts besides his ordinary garrisons, sent an army into the East, appointing for general a valiant and worthy knight called Scytha, who was overcome and slain in the first conflict. Then justinian sent thither an other named Buce, a very expert Gentleman in martial exploits, with a nephew of his called Germanus, and divers other Captains & soldiers, who had with Cosroe most cruel and bloody conflicts, all which I omit to entreat But in the end the state of the Empire were not of sufficient power to resist the Persians': for Cosroe proceeded conquering, and leaving Mesopotamia on the right hand, he overcame Surrey and Gicilia, and wan many noble Cities by force of arms. Whereupon justinian conceiving that there was no man sufficient or able to appease the fury & rage of that war but Belisar, caused him to departed out of Italy, at such time as he had subdued the same, except only certain strong Cities and Castles in Lumbardye, in which remained sundry garrisons of soldiers with divers Captains of the Goths. Belisar being upon this occasion departed out of italy, and arrived in Constantinople, he was within few days after sent into the East against the mighty Cosroe king of Persia, by whose coming the Imperial army recovered his pristinate force, for Belisar renewed the war with such policy and courage, that in all things he made a sudden change. And having obtained certain victories against the Captains of the said king (for he himself never durst encounter with him in battle) he recovered a great part of y●, which had been usurped by the enemies: So that the affairs of the Orient did daily wax better through the presence & politic government of Belisar. But in this mean season (which was of two years) the affairs and estate of italy did daily decline, for (as it is before mentioned) after the kingdom of the Goths descended unto Totile, he maintained the war with such courage & circumspect dealing, that he overthrew and slew certain Captains of th'emperor justinian's, whereby the Goths won such reputation, that all men out of every part accosted unto them, except those only which had among them the emperors soldiers. And Totile with his whole army went thorough out all italy without finding resistance: and besieged the great City of Naples, 
Naples besieged & wa● of Totile.  (after divers successes happened both by sea & land) he wan with certain other thereunto adjoining, yea his affairs proceeded with such prosperity, that it manifestly appeared, that if presently there were not appointed some remedy, he would possess himself of the whole. Which justinian very well perceiving, who accounted the loss of italy to be greater, then that of any other province, commanded Belisar to establish the affairs of the Orient in as good order as he might, and to repair presently unto him. Who (as one subject unto obedience) with expedition accomplished themperors commandment, and being arrived in Constantinople, without making any abode there, justinian sent him into italy, 
Belisar arrived in italy with few soldiers.  in such haste, that he might not conduct with him for want of time, more than 5000. soldiers, supposing to find there sufficient people to supply unto his want, also he imagened that th'emperors part was not reduced unto such extremity. But he found in all respects the contrary: so that his arrival did rather damnify then profit, for whereas he was desired, and looked for of his friends, and feared before of his enemies: now, for that they saw him to arrive with so simple a power, th'one part laid away their weapons and armour, & tother exiled from them all fear. Wherefore in the beginning the enterprise was both full of trouble and travail. 
The wisdom & worthiness of Belisar.  But the placing himself in Ravenna, to fortify and defend the same, within few days so well established all things, and in such wise provided unto the present necessity, that although he might not encounter & meet with his eunemyes in the field, for that he had so mighty an host, yet notwithstanding the Goths did rather lose of their Cities then recover or win any from th'emperor. Which did not a little molest & grieve Totile, wherefore he assembled all the Captains and soldiers that he had, and sent part of them unto Ravenna where Belisar was, and he with all the remnant of his host marched unto the City of Rome, 
Totile goeth unto Rome.  which was so simply furnished with soldiers and victuels, that it seemed, it might not long defend itself. These determinations being revealed unto Belisar, did not a little afflict and vex him, who remembering the great travail & danger that he sustained for the defence thereof, & seeing himself not of sufficient power to meet his enemy in the field, wrote in all hast a most rigorous letter unto justinian, requiring of him soldiers and money, 
The order taken of Belisar to go unto Rome.  & determined to leave Ravenna, and to go unto Rome by sea. Wherefore he sailed into Dalmatia, and from thence unto Durazzo where he met with Captain john, who conducted with him an host of soldiers sent from th'emperor, with which he thought himself able enough to fight against the Goths. But he judged it most necessary to secure with all celerity the City of Rome, for he supposed that if Totile should win the fame, that then all italy would tender itself unto his devotion. Wherefore he resolved to sail thither by sea & to enter the City by the river Tiber: For the City called Porto which standeth at the mouth or entry of the said river, appertained unto the Emperor, although Ostia which is situate on the contrary side was subject unto the Goths, he ordained also that Captain john should cross the sea, and land in Calabria & so secure the City by land.  
After this deliberation, Belisar sailed from Ravenna and arrived at the port & mouth of the said river, and not being able by reason of the huge host of Totile to pass by land, he prepared with much speed, a great number of ships & Brigantines laden with victuels & soldiers, and so sailed a long the river. And although Totile kept it, in the most narrowest places attraversed with chains, 
Belisar passeth a long 〈◊〉 river ●ber.  & a bridge upon each side of which was a Castle, replenished with munition and soldiers appointed to desturbe the passage: Belisar notwithstanding proceeded with his up the river, & being arrived at the said bridge, his soldiers fought so valiantly against those which guarded that same, the they overcame their enemies, broke the bridge & chains & passed forwards. And had presently rescued Rome, & ministered unto every thing a prosperous aveniment, if one sinister accident had not disturbed the whole. Belisar had left his wife & family (which wife he so fervently loved, that in the most part of his wars he conducted her with him) in the said Porto, which standeth at the entry of the river, with soldiers to defend the fort, having for their Captain a valiant gentleman named Isaac, with express commandment, that he should not in any wise issue out at the gates, but should guard & defend the fortress. But Isaac understanding of the victory which Belisar obtained against his enemies, desired also to achieve some singular exploit, wherefore he issued out of the fort against the soldiers of Totile, which were appointed for the defence of those places▪ & although in the beginning he broke their array, and enforced them to retire, yet in the end he was vanquished and taken by them. Which was presently understood of Belisar by certain that fled, and the fame went also that his people were taken, 
The love of Belisar to his Wife.  and his wife remained in the custody of the enemies. Which thing so much grieved his heart, that without expecting of other news, he returned down the river, determining either to dye among his enemies, or else to deliver his wife, determining after he had recovered her to return in one instant unto Rome. But when he arrived at Porto, he found that the fort was maintained and defended by his, & that his wife was at liberty, although the Captain, remained captive: whereat (when he saw that he was deluded) he was more grevoslye vexed and oppressed, then at the former news. Moreover the same night in which he arrived at Porto, whether it were through ire or grief, 
The disease of Belisar.  or by some other private occasion, he was assaulted with so fervent an ague, that suddenly he fell into a sound abandoned of all sense: so that it was unpossible for him to rise out of his bed, or proceed in the enterprise of Rome, for the anguish of his disease did so increase, that often times he was at the point of death.  
In this mean while, which was of many days continuance, Totile besieged Rome so straitly that they of the City died by infinite numbers of famine, 
Totile taketh Rome.  and did eat dogs, cats, & rats with other things, which may seem unpossible. And in th'end Totile wan & took the same by force, and sent Ambassadors unto justinian, offering unto him his service & friendship, and that he would restore Rome unto him, so that he would grant him peace: unto which if he would not consent & yield, be promised and protested utterly to subvert it, & to move against him most cruel wars.  
justinian answered, that he had in Italy his Captain Belisar, & that unto him he remitted the disposing of all his affairs. Totile with this answer became so wrathful, that he determined to destroy Rome, 
The ruin & destruction of Rome.  which determination (in an unhappy hour) he accomplished. For he caused the Capitol to be burnt, with the better part of the whole City, and overthrew the third part of the whole City, & overthrew the third part of the walls, commanding the Citizens upon pain of death to abandon the same, & to procure an habitation in some other place. In this wise he left Rome burned, destroyed and desert. And went against john, who was the Captain, 
Totile becometh Lord & patron of many provinces.  which with the soldiers of justinian marched thorough Calabria towards Rome: He was of so vile & base a courage, that he durst not abide the coming of Totile, but went unto Otranto, which is situate in the uttermost conunnes of Calabria: so that Totile without resistance did possess himself of all Calabria, Abruzzo & Lucania, which all had remained unto that instant in obedience unto th'emperor. 
Belisar repaireth Rome.  At this present Belisar recovered his health, and enterprised as worthy an exploit as ever he had attempted. For he went & placed himself with his soldiers in Rome, minding to repair and defend the same, & sent his wife unto Constantinople. Yea he used such diligent expedition in the re-edifying of the City, that within a very short season he made a City of a desert and unhabited soil. The fame whereof being published, many citizens (drawn as it were with the love of the country, as also with the true zeal which they bore unto Belisar) repaired thither from all places.  
This being understood of Totile, he returned at a sudden by making of great journeys unto Rome, which he minded to take together with the Captain Belisar. But it was defended so valiantly, that Totile was enforced with great loss of his soldiers to departed and raise the siege.  
In this mean season Captain john had in Calabria and Puglia, received & entertained all the Citizens which had f●ed and were expulsed, & sent them back again unto Rome: whom Belisar placed in their City, & having made sufficient provision & well fortified the same, he left therein sundry garrisons of practised soldiers for the defence thereof, with a valiant Captain named Cannon, and departed thence to join with john and tother Captains, minding to seek out Totile, between whom there happened divers events, which for brevities sake I omit to write of.  
At this instant for that the king of Persia, renewed his war in the east, justinian was enforced to send for Belisar, although in th'end he went not unto that enterprise, 
Belisor sent again into italy.  for that there was a peace concluded. Whereupon he was sent again into italy, where although he obtained not such good success in his attempts as he had in times passed, yet he never received either shame, reproach, or dishonour, for he at no time declined in any point, from that which was convenient or requisite unto a most valiant, prudent, & politic Captain. And finally, being surprised with age, he returned unto Constantinople, wherewith quietness he passed the remnant of his life. 
Rome taken by Totile the second time.  After whose departure Totile returned unto Rome, & besieged the City, which after a long season and manifold afflictions of the inhabitants, as also through the negligence of john which made no expedition in succouring the same, & by treason of certain which were corrupted with gifts, the cruel barbarian wan it again. But in this he did not exercise such tyranny as he used in the former, for he permitted no spoil to be done in the City, but procured and endeavoured to furnish it with inhabitants, by giving of great rewards & large privileges, unto all such as would return & remain there. He won afterwards many other places, and passed into Cicilia, in which (for that he might not lightly or with small travail conquer the Island) he left four Captains with an army of soldiers and returned into italy. Of all which within short space he had been patron, if Narsete a Captain sent by justinian, had not most valiantly resisted, & disturbed this his fortunate success. This Narsete was in great reputation & authority with th'emperor, whereby he became both rich & mighty: He arrived in italy with a mighty host, which consisted of divers kinds of people, as Huns, Erulians and Lombard's, which at that instant inhabited Hungarye, with sundry other warlike Nations. He made his journey a long the bank of the Adriatic sea, coasting from Venice unto Ravenna, although at his entrance into Italy he fought divers battles with the Goths. And after he had remained certain days in Ravenna, he marched with his army towards Rome. But Totile who in no respect was vile or fearful, awaited & expected his coming with whom he fought a most cruel battle, in which conflict Totile was slain, & his host vanquished. This victory opened & manifested unto Narsete, 
The death of Totile.  that the conquest of all italy consisted of small travail, & little danger. Whereupon he continued his journey, until he came to Rome, which he besieged, & in th'end (although it was most valiantly defended by the Goths) yet he wan the same, & made of them a marvelous slaughter. And departing from thence without resistance, he possessed himself of all the Cities, & Castles thereunto adjoining. After the death of Totile, the Goths created for their king, 
Teia king of Goths.  a mighty & worthy champion named Teia, who took all the treasure which Totile had in Pania, and levied soldiers therewith to resist Narsete: and sent unto the frenchmen for aid, but they would not in any wise grant thereunto. Wherefore Teia seeing that Narsete took both Cities & Castles without fighting for them, departed out of lombardy with as great an host as he was able to provide, and marched towards Campania, where he determined to meet with Narsete, so that the two armies encamped upon the side of a river, between whom after long skirmishes was fought a most cruel and bloody battle, yea divers writers make mention of marvelous acts which the king of the Goths achieved with his own hands. 
The death of Teia.  But in th'end he was after a long & cruel fight, slain by the soldiers of Narsete, notwithstanding the battle continued even unto night, without any apparent victory unto either part. The Goths reposed that night as quietly as they might, but the morning following like desperate parsons they renewed the battle, and the Imperial soldiers moved with wrath, fought most fiercely, for that the Goths being without a Captain began the fight and defended themselves so obstinately, this conflict continued also unto night, when the Goths sent Ambassadors unto Narsete, 
The victory of Narsete.  offering to abandon all that which they possessed in italy, upon condition that he would permit them (without bearing of armour) to live freely in the same. That demand was granted unto them by Narsete, because he would not any loner fight with desperate men, as also for that his soldiers received great damage and loss: In this wise they lost all that which they enjoyed in Italy, 
In what manner the Goths lost their name in italy.  & remained as subjects and natives in that country, whereby in short space the Goths lost their name & memory. But the affairs in that estate obtained not through this victory a present quietness: for certain Captains & soldiers which remained in Lumbardye and Piedmont, fortified themselves, and having aid out of France & Burgundye, renewed the war, which continued a whole year, in which time were fought divers & sundry battles. But in th'end Narsete obtained the victory, & became Lord and signor over all italy. 
Narsete extinguished i● italy, the name of the Goths and Ostrogothes  And it pleased God, that he should end and destroy the name of the Goths and Ostrogothes, in the xviii. year after this war was begun, and 72. year after Theodorick first enjoyed and possessed the same. But contrary wise the Visigothes which were in Spain increased daily in might, and the name of the Swissers & Alanes decreased, so that the fame of those Goths remained only. At this time there reigned in that kingdom, Athanalgidus in great prosperity, who governed all Spain .22. years.  
After the finishing & ending of these enterprises, Narsete endeavoured in all that he might to reedifye Rome: which for that it was very ruinous, & much destroyed, & void also of inhabitants, he reduced into far lesser circuit, governing both that, and the whole estate of all italy with as good order, laws and policies as might be devised or invented.  
For the which he enjoyed the whole government as long as justinian lived: who all the time of these wars made his abode in Constantinople, from whence he sent provision, both of men and money, not only unto the affairs of italy, but also unto those of the east, for that he maintained an incessant war, & of no less danger against Cosroe the king of Persia, then against the Goths in Italy.  
There happened in the time of justinian besides the before specified conflicts & conquests, 
Earthquakes with divers other accidents happened in the time of justinian.  marvelous earthquakes, famishmentes with divers other accidents of great importance. Notwithstanding all which he omitted not to have a regard and care unto the preservation and mainteynance of peace, yea it might seem that he only studied, and respected the same: For he reduced, all the old volumes & decrees of the Emperors, which were so infinite that scarcely a man might live to read them over, 
Laws ordained and made by justinian.  and so variable and contrary, that they seemed a confusion of many laws repugnant and disagreeing th'one unto tother, into a unity and succint brevity, excerpting only out of them that which was necessary with adding thereto certain of his own invention. In this manner he abreviated all the laws of the ancient Magistrates, judges and Lawyers, which all consisted of .2000. books, by reducing them into .50. Books called Digests, and he compounded the four Books of the Institutes, and the laws and decrees of the Emperors & Caesars which were dispersed into many books, 
Digests, Institutes, Code, Volume.  he reduced into xii & named the same the Code of justinian, he made also an other book which he entyled the Volume, unto which he added iii books of the said Code. Moreover the Emperor was very curious in making of singular and sumptuous edifices. And when he was very aged, for that he had no heir males of his own, he elected and associated for companion with him in the Empire, justine his nephew, son unto one of his daughters. It is written that in his age he was infected with the heresy of those which affirm that Christ was impatible: 
With what heresy he was infected.  which proceeded (as it is supposed) for want of judgement or reason, of which he was revoked from certain days before he died: which was when he had lived 80. years and more, and in the 39 of his Empire, and after the incarnation of our Lord and Saviour jesus Christ .578. *** 
 **   

Justine the second.  
IVstine, nephew unto justinian, took upon him the government of the Empire, he was in conditions contrary unto his grandfather, and also negligent in administrating & governing the Empire, which he permitted to be wholly ruled by Sophia his wife. Who in the beginning (to win the favour and benevolence of the people) persuaded justine, to pay out of the public treasure the debts of the poor, which suffered endurance, and were not able with out their utter undoing to recover their liberty. For this liberal act, he was a while well thought of with all men. He had moreover at that instant war with Hormisda the king of Persia, 
Hormisda.  who succeeded Cosroe. But after divers conflicts, and sundry victories obtained by the states of themperors, there was a peace concluded, whereby the affairs of the East were reduced unto rest and quietness, and justine passed his life void of care, delightinge only in vices and wanton pleasures. Of him there are no notable acts to be mentioned of, 
The affairs of italy.  except certain aveniments which in this manner chanced in Italy. After justine had reigned four years, and Narsete governed Italy for the Empire xii years, in which time he obtained infinite victories of the Goths, & ruled both with sincerity and policy: divers malicious, and wicked persons, envying at his great honour, dignity and riches, which he had gotten in the former wars, wrote certain accu●ations against Narsete unto justine: in whose Court, (as happeneth most commonly in all Courts) there wanted not that bore him the like hatred, 
False and slanderous accusations objected against Narsete, for which he was by justine deprived from his government.  wherefore the accusors were hard with such favour, that justine through the imbecility of reason, and Sophia by her light credytinge, were persuaded, that to be most true which was objected against him. And therefore without respecting, or having considerations of the manifold dangers & travails, which Narsete sustained & suffered in the conquest of Italy, they determined to deprive him of his government, and to authoryse another to be Regent over the same, which was one of the extremest injuries that ever was hard of. 
Noble acts aught to be rewarded.  And Sophia not content with this despite and manifest wrong, did also reprove him in words: saying, that she would enforce him to spin will in Constantinople among her maidens, & with all expedition there was sent in exchange of him a noble man named Longine. Which being understood of Narsete, whose invincible courage could not digest, so great a reproach, without disdain & wrath: said, in as much as she would send for him to spin, he advouched unto her, to weave such a piece of cloth, 
No cause aught to move a man to war against his country.  as she should not very easily undo: which promise or vow he accomplished, as shallbe hereafter declared. For he, having intelligence that Longine was arrived in italy in the City of Ravenna, fearing to sail unto Constantinople, went from Rome where he made his abode, unto Naples, in which he was so well thought of, & so entirely beloved: that there he reputed himself to be in most safety. From whence, as one slandered and become desperate, he did solicit with many letters the Lombard's, with Alboine their king (who was his very friend, 
Narsete induceth Albonie to invade italy.  and had sent him soldiers against the Goths) that he should leave hungary, and possess himself of italy, unto which he would assist him in all that he might, & give him instructions for the better order taking in achieving the same. This attempt or offer was accepted & received both of them and their king: Who as some affirm were called Lombard's because of their long beards: and their original and beginning (as Paulus Osorius mentioneth in his History) was in a certain Island, situate in the German sea, named Scandinania: from whence, for that they were many, and the land not ample enough to contain the inhabitants, (as many other Northern Nations had done) with ii captain's called Aeione and Thermes, they adventured to win some commodious place to inhabit in, either by war, or otherwise. And after the death of these two Captains, 
Agelmond.  they elected a king named Agelmond, after whom they created divers other kings, which had sundry wars & successes with the Goths, Vandals and many other Nations, until that after long wars they became Lords over Hungarye, from whence Albonie their king had sent soldiers to aid and succour Narsete against the Goths. Whereby, this occasion grew, that Narsete sent for him to conquer Italy, unto which he determined to go, being alured as well through the promises made unto him of Narsete, as also for that he was informed of the fertility of the soil, by those which had been sent of him unto the wars of italy.  
While he was mustering of his people, and making preparation for this so weighty an enterprise, Longine the new governor of italy, began a new form & manner of administration, which continued long after: naming himself a supreme governor, and he appointed unto every City a ruler whom he termed a Duke from whence it is supposed that that name of honour and dignity was first derived: 
The original and beginning of the title & dignity of Dukes.  and in Rome he ordained a governor which was called a Precedent. In this manner the authority of the Senate, and dignity of the consuls were altogether lost, & never recovered there prestinate name and form, for Narsete and Basill his companion were the last. After the government of Italy was in this manner divided, 
Pope john defendeth a traitor against his prince.  and Albonie in a readiness to march thither ward, it happened that Pope john the third, with the consent of the whole people of Rome, who with a marvelous affection honoured Narsete, went unto Naples, and after many persuasions conducted him unto Rom●, minding both to defend him from his enemies, and to retain him in his own Palace. 
Narsete repented himself of his treason.  Whereupon Narsete repented that he had procured Albonie, whom he persuaded from the enterprise by writing, & manifesting unto him the manifold difficulties which would come in the same. But he preveyled nothing, for Albonie was fully resolved to proceed in that he very well knew the force or strength that was in italy, as also the new government of Longine, & the small care and negligence of justine: Wherefore he would not credit Narsete, but did rather accelerate his journey, 
The death of Narsete, and Pope john.  before whose arrival Narsete died in Rome, where he had hid a great treasure, which afterward was found, his body was conveyed unto Constantinople, & at that instant there died also Pope john, which brought him from Naples.  
Albonie at his departing out of Hungary, left the government of that province under the protection and tuition of the Huns, which were the remnant of the host of the fierce & mighty Atlas, of whom it was called hungary: and passed into italy with 200000. men, which brought with them their wives, children & faculties, he entered first into the province called Friuli, and without resistance conquered the same, over which he appointed for governor a nephew of his named Sisulphus. Then, for that Longine had fortified with garrisons & victuels Ravenna, Padua, Cremona and Mantua, with divers other Cities, he departed from those places & went unto Vincenza, & Verona both which yielded unto him without resistance. From thence he passed over the river Adda, and marched towards Milan, whose Citizens at the persuasions of their bishop, as also for that they would not be spoiled and slain, yielded the City unto his clemency: which example many other followed, for his fame was such and so general, that all places rendered themselves, except those which were fortified by Longine, among which, there were on that part where he conquered two Cities Verselli and Pavia, 
The besseging of Pavia.  which he besieged, but it was so well defended that the siege continued three years. At the beginning whereof for that he perceived it would require a long time, he divided his host, remaining himself at Pavia with a sufficient number, and sent the rest to invade other places of italy, unto whom there happened such good success, that they became possessors of many Cities, Towns & Castles. In such wise, that from Milan to Bonnonie, there were very few Cities or forts which were not reduced unto their subjection, within the space of those three years: which province they enjoyed afterward more than 200. years and called it lombardy, 
lombardy from whence and at what time it was so named.  and that name remaineth even unto this present. At the end of iii years Albonie might easily have entered Pavia, but he went unto Ravenna, where his wife Rosimund repaired unto him, with all his treasures & jewels. And while he there made his abode with continual pastimes and feasts, he was murdered by treason, at the appointment and consent of Rosimund, 
The death of Albonie.  whose father he before had slain, and at a banquet gave her to drink in his skull: for which most tyrannous act, she with good reason conspired his death. After Albonie, the Lombard's elected for their king a noble man both of birth & worthiness, 
Clephi elected king of Lombard's.  called Clephi or Cleve, who renewed the war and exercised great cruelty in those Cities, which in the province of Venice, remained loyal & in devotion unto the Empire, that caused the City of Venice, through the flying thither so many worthy gentlemen to become so renowned, as at this present it is one of the most famous Cities in the whole world. Also in these days justine the Emperor, who made his abode in Constantinople void of care, but replenished with vices, was so tormented with the Gout, 
The death of justine.  that he died with the anguish & dolour: after he had reigned xi. years. But certain days before, at the request of Sophia his wife (for that he had no son of his own) he created Caesar a most excellent Captain named Tiberius, whom he most earnestly entreated to remain obedient unto Sophia.  
His death happened in the year after the incarnation of our Saviour Christ. .579. ¶ ****** 
 ***** ¶   

Tiberius the second.  
THe behaviour and conditions of justine were such, that his death was bewailed of no man, except only of his wife Sophia, who only in his time held in her hand, the bridle of the whole government, with giving order unto all things: In which estate the determined to continued, being fully resolved to take unto husband Tiberius, 
The virtuous conditions of Tiberius.  who immediately after the death of justine was created and crowned Emperor. He, for that he was a virtuous, just, courteous, merciful & a bountiful Prince, endued with all virtues requisite unto a Christian Emperor, would not receive and accept Sophia for his wife, whose conditions were repugnat and contrary unto all goodness. Whereupon after he was created Caesar, he distributed great sums of money unto the poor, and after his Coronation, he caused to be nominated Empress a noble Lady named Anastagia, 
Anastagia the wife of Tiberius.  with whom he had privately contracted a marriage. For which, Sophia practised to have him slain at his nuptial feast, determining to created Emperor justinian an other nephew of justiness. But it pleased God to defend the good Emperor from this execrable conspiracy, 
The mercifulness of Tiberius.  & to reveal unto him the wickedness of Sophia, unto whom at her humble submission he remitted the offence or crime, and pardoned also justinian who was her confederate in the treason. 
A horrible murder of Sophia pretended.  But not long after, she assayed and attempted the like: for which Tiberius caused her to be apprehended, and deprived from all her riches: but (in that he was replenished with clemency) he permitted her to live, maintaining and procuring her to be well entreated & served with much honour, notwithstanding he discharged all her old servants, 
The mercifulness of Tiberius.  and appointed to supply their rooms certain of his own family. He also pardoned justinian, for that he perfectly understood, that he was enticed and alured thereunto by Sophia: but he not long after was exceedingly beloved and exalted by Tiberius, whom as Paulus Diaconus affirmeth, he ever after served with sincere loyalty. These were the private and domestical affairs which happened principally unto Tiberius. Who as touching the universal government of his Empire, always observed equity and justice, and reigned with infinite worthiness. Unto him obeyed Africa and all tother provinces: for that he enjoyed the Empire of Europe & Asia with tranquillity and quietness, but the war in italy against the Lombard's, and that in the East with that Persians, did not a little molest and disturb him. Yet in Persia he obtained many victories and made great spoils, by the worthy procedings of the valiant and prudent county Maurice, who afterward was created Emperor.  
While the affairs of the east proceeded in this manner, those of italy, 
Clephi king of the Lombard's.  enjoyed not the like prosperity: For Clephi the new king of the Lombard's, invaded with most cruel war the Cities and Towns, which remained obedient unto the Empire, his successes were so fortunate, that he daily recovered from the Emperor's estates, & being desirous somewhat to repose his wearied spirits, he sent his Captains and soldiers towards Rome, who with little travail wan the Cities thereunto adjoining, and Rome itself was by them besieged, and in great danger of taking. For the Historiographers affirm, that if Clephi had not so suddenly died, 
The death of Clephi.  he would in short space have been Lord and patron of Rome and Ravenna, the two eyes of italy. But his determinations were intercepted by death, as those were of other kings, as mighty or mightier than he, which death happened unto him by the treason of his own subjects. After him the Lombard's refused to created any other king, but they elected xxx. of the chief among them, or to say more truly xxx tyrants, 
thirty tyrants.  which did possess themselves of xxx. of the chiefest Cities in all italy, every of them ruling his with the territory thereunto belonging as best pleased him, with aiding one another when any war was kept against th'empire. And for that Tiberius was busied in the wars against the Persians', without respecting the affairs of Italy, or making such provision as was necessary, the Lombard's had the better opportunity, 
The kingdom of Naples won by the Lombard's.  to extend their forces more at large, with conquering of Cities and Castles even unto Rome & Naples. In which war they used such cruelty, forces and rapines, as the like were never hard of, and for that these barbarians were not as then perfect Christians, they rob and spoiled without any difference, aswell things sacred as profane, and in th'end wan the kingdom of Naples. Moreover his their happy success was furthered, 
The death of Tiberius.  in that Tiberius became so extremely oppressed with sickness, that he might not attend unto the government of the Empire, yea the infirmity continued so long that he died thereof.  
Whereupon the Romans seeing the great distress into which they were brought, 
A truce taken with the Lombard's.  by the Lombard's, entreated a peace, and concluded a truce with them for a certain season. Unto the which the Lombard's granted through this occasion, that the kings of France (for at that instant there reigned three brethren) had sent had a mighty host against them, being not a little displeased that they were grown unto so great a power. They yielded thereunto also, for that the Saxons which unto that present had assisted them, were now departed and had left them.  
While Tiberius (as is aforesaid) was oppressed with that his infirmity, he nominated Caesar and his successor, Maurice his son in law: and presently after, leaving all the Empire which he inherited in peace, and tranquillity, except only the estates of Italy, he died after he had governed seven. years, and in the year after the incarnation of our Saviour Christ 585. Whose death was greatly bewailed, and lamented of all sorts of people, aswell for his magnificency, and liberality, as also for his singular virtues and bounty.  
At this present there flourished in Spain, the holy doctor and Prelate Leander archbishop of Civilia, thorough whose divine preachings and godly exhortations Ricardo the king of Spain with all tother Goths, utterly renounced and forsook the sect of the Arrians. At this instant there flourished also Saint Gregory one of the four Doctors of the Church, who at that time wrote the noble Book of the morals upon job, and dedicated the same unto the bishop Leander aforesaid. *** 
 **   

Mauritius.  
MAuritius by country a Cappadocian, married Tiberius' daughter Constantina by name, & ruled in the Empire of Rome 20. years: he was Crowned of the patriarch john. This Mauritius was secretary to justine the second, & for his great service through the persuasion of Sophia, was made general of his army. Who against the Persians' most happily preveyled and overcame them, 
Mauritius.  & wan from them Mesopotamia. The beginning of this Mauritius government, was very fortunate: he had also in his government wars against the Persians', against whom he sent a chief Captain called Philippicus, who married Gordia the sister of Mauritius. Many calamities fell to the Romans, and also to the Persians, many tumults and seditious uproars on every side: but in the end the Romans prevailed, and became conquerors over the Persians', they being wounded with civil wars. The Persians' were at rebellion with a tyrant being their Prince, called Orimasda: 
Orimasda.  whose eyes they pulled out of his head. Also Cosroes the son of this tyrant Orimasda, against nature cruelly commanded his father to be slain: Although Orimasda was a detestable tyrant, yet the wrath of God for this murder fell upon Cosroes his son, 
Cosroes.  for the murder committed on his father, who for sauegar●● of his life, was forced to fly to the Romans. So in this division among themselves they were overcome of the Romans, by the flying away of Cosross to the Romans. Mauritius by this extremity happening to Cosroes, restored him into his kingdom, and the limits of the Roman Empire and of the Persians' was appointed. 
Phocas.  This peace continued till the beginning of the reign of Phocas.  
After this, Mauritius reduced his army and great power into Europe, and his great host out a● Syria, to subdue the great Prince Caganus, 
Caganus.  a noble warrior, a most expert Captain, and a Prince of great renown. Before he enterprised this war, he made his son Theodosius Emperor, being crowned of john the patriarch, called for his abstinence jeiunator. 
Theodosius.  Theodosius married the daughter of Germanus a Senator, the sister's daughter of Mauritius wife. Hitherto the estate of Mauritius was most fortunate, but the estate that followed was a declaration to all estates, 
kingdoms  of the mutability and change of kingdoms. Mauritius by pride puffed up, 
Pride.  forgot God Almighty, cruel, disdainful, suspicious: His proud & wicked behaviour, withdrew obedience, love, and the faithful hearts of his people. At this instant time he made war against two. mighty Nations, 
Hungarians.  the Lombard's in Italy, and against the Hungarians: yet the Lombard's although they through discord had lost many famous towns, yet they were not subdued. The wars against the Hungarians was most cruel, 
Caganus.  Caganus king of hungary a Prince of great power, an excellent and most courageous warrior: This Caganus was for his noble arts in chivalry, much feared of the Romans and of many other noble Princes. Of so great force is a valiant Prince to his country, a terror to many Pinces'. This Caganus had wars with the Turks: 
Turks.  the name of the Turks was first known in the time of this Mauritius. As concerning the Turks, I will entreat of them in the life of Heraclius.  
This Prince Caganus possessing a part of the Romans, Mauritius marched against him & took that part from him: Mauritius returned to Constantinople, & there made Priscus a noble Captain lieutenant of his army: Priscus 〈◊〉 made war with Caganus, and the Romans greatly scourged by him. Priscus at the commandment of Mauritius, sent an Ambassador to entreat of peace, who because he knew Caganus a proud Prince, contemning all other Princes, 
Caganus.  a cruel tyrant and without the fear of God. He learnedly devised with himself an Oration, very eloquent, so full of persuasions to beat down the proud stomach of a tyrant, that as the History telleth: Caganus though most wicked, not knowing God before time nor himself, did with all modesty use his estate, bridled his tyrannical government, and fell into a league with the Romans, & delivered their Captains. Thus beginneth the Oration of the Roman Ambassador.  
PRISCUS general of the army and great host of my Lord and Emperor Mauritius, at the commandment of Mauritius, hath appointed me from so mighty a Prince an Ambassador to the O King: whose wisdom in Princely affairs, whose nobility and expert knowledge in warlike enterprises, whose great Dominion of Princely estate is bruited to all parts of the world. 
The cause of this Embassage.  I came not to call to mind in what high renown God hath placed thee, neither to entreat upon thy Princely glory & royal magnificence, neither of thy puisante force linked and united with so many noble Princes: but by an Embassage to encreate a perpetual amity, to be concluded between the Emperor of the Romans and thy majesty. And whereas the Roman Princes, have many times confirmed leagues with divers Princes, whose oaths and princely promises in the sacred breast of Princes aught to have been inviolable, yet so changeable have been their conditions, 
The oath of Princes.  their league & oath of so small force & value, that slight devices have dissolved that, which all god lines & justice did maintain, the law of arms from ancient times observed, and the law of nature in all points confirmed. 
The power of God.  Such is the brickle hold of ambitious Princes, their oath and promise towards Princes violable: but the power of him who is above all Princes, doth not let go unpunished such malicious dealing of such Princes whose acts are wrapped in all mischief, 
The power of God.  whose studies are only for the spoil of other Princes the ruin of kingdoms, and infinite people.  
Are ambitious Princes so ignorant, 
Ambition.  that for lofty estate they are blinded above all other? who knoweth not that every one hath a mixture of pleasure and sorrow following them: yea the noblyest Princes, the richest, the wisest, the most triumphant conquerors have felt it, yea the one followeth consequently the other. To all mortal creatures the heavens have always from above their influence and temperatures falling to conserve & annoy, as their virtue & power is limited: yet all chances are common as well to Princes as to other mortal creatures, both age and kingdoms have their flourishing times appointed, and the mighty Dominions have had a beddered state and douleful fall. Seeing therefore that Princes are wrapped in the same mortal shape and corruptible earthly mould with other creatures: 
The estate of Princes.  the earth, the air, the heavens, are without the reach of Princes to be governed, the great floods and mighty streams do not pass their bonds and limits by God appointed. Such is the estate of Princes, the hand of God governeth them, forceth & compelleth them, he exalteth & who can pull down? he subverteth and who exalteth? 
The preservation of a prince in god only.  No kingdom can save a Prince, no power can defend him, when God refuseth the Sceptre and throne of any kingdom: In those days who looked for, or hoped of the pitiful and doleful end of that most noble, 
Caesar.  wise and valiant conqueror julius Caesar? or the overthrow of that noble Pompeie? 
Pompeie.  If wisdom nor gravity could save Cato, 
Cato.  neither many conquests preserve from so pitiful an end Scipio: 
Scipio.  Nor Ptolomeus displeasing God, 
Ptolomeus.  avoid his wrath: If Alexander the great falling from God, 
Alexander.  and by pride puffed to fancy in his proud corruptible body a godhead, was at a sudden by the power of God subverted in Babylon: his kingdom rapted & catched into the hands of many ambitious governors, and they severally in kingdoms and Dominions mighty, by cruel wars destroyed & quite razed out from memory of noble fame.  
What may other ambitious Princes look for, who know not God? 
Lyon.  The Lion being most fierce & by terrible voice and countenannce subduing the courage of all other, yet he ones snared is a pray to the meanest fowls: A small edge tool overthroweth suddenly the mighty Ceders of Libanus, 
Olyphant.  and the strongest oaks & Fir trees of Parnassus. The mighty Olyphant being bound, is of no force: neither the cruel Tigers can prevail, being overmatched by subtle policy: Stony rocks have been wasted with a small issue of water drops, Iron of all metle strongest, is quite consumed with rust: things of most strength are utterly overthrown by the weekest. 
Olyphant.  The strong Olyphante that by power is able to throw down mighty things, 
This was proved at Muscovia.  is tamed with the sight of a Ram, or trembleth at the grunting of a sucking pig. ravening gripes, are by a secret operation of nature killed with odor of ointments: 
Serpents.  And Serpents by touching an oak bough dieth: 
Adamant stone.  The Adamant stone by a small head of garlic, loseth his power and strength of drawing. In such sort be the secret events in things natural, way these examples, and consider the doubtful state of the Romans, 
The fall of kingdoms.  and in them consider thine own flouryshing estate. The Romans sometime Lords of all the world, yet have they lost divers times their great Segniorye: What should I speak of the runagate Goths, 
Goths.  the beggarly Scythians, 
Scythians.  the spoiling Vandals, being at the first feared of no Prince, 
Vandals.  no account made either of their valiantness or power, being a field and savage people, without all honour & dexterity of martial feats: yet they have driven the mightyes Princes, both of Asia and Europe out of their Dominions, Princely seats and territories.  
Rome the head of all the world ofte● taken, 
Rome often taken.  spoiled & destroyed, as by Alaricus king of the Goths in the time of Honorius: Of Gensericke king of the Vandals in the time of Martian: Of Totile in the time of justinian and Narsete. Also consider these most valiant conquerors, who for a time preveyled and plagued unjustly without title or law of arms other Princes, scurging them with all calamities of war: 
The secret counsel of God.  yet they thrown down from their glory, their conquests and large victories, were in the end by a mightier force subdued and utterly vanquished. 
Troy.  lofty Troy is fallen, & Priamus with many ambitious Princes brought to desolation, the Greeks unjustly vexing the Trojans, 
Greeks.  were also brought to confusion: The Thebans entering into Platea without law of arms unjustly, were destroyed and overthrown in their hostile enterprises. The Emperor Mauritius seeketh not a league of peace with thee because he feareth thee, 
The cause of Mauritius league.  but because the concord of so mighty a Prince, is a terror to other foreign Nations, thy amity a defence, thy countenance a bulwark to the Romans, 
The amity of Princes a bulwark to each other.  and the Romans to thee. The Romans know thou art mighty, and yet they have seen thee week, and many hazards of battles have followed thee: for sake not amity offered, but foresee wisely the sudden crack or unfortunate hap of shipwreck that may follow. Never proud Prince prospered, neither tyrants have enjoyed a sure perpetual foundation of kingdom: we know thy beginning, and thy glory and renown, thereof with great admiration we do behold, but thy end who knoweth? Proud Nicanor is fallen, Antiochus, Zerzes' for all his infinite host, fled away cowardly, and died at home ungloriouslye. Caligula, Nero, Domitian, wicked tyrants not knowing God, neither regarded justice, was at a sudden overwhelmed in all their glory with Dioclesian, with Silla & Marius. Who was more mighty than Nabuchodonosar? and yet the History saith he fell and lived as a beast seven. years, cast out of kingdom: let the faule of proud Princes teach the to govern. Who so knoweth himself, is not ignorant to know god, for he knoweth God that knoweth himself, & it is the chiefest point of wisdom, any man to know himself: Enter into a league perpetual with the Romans, & know thou hast a friend most mighty, ready to defend thee, & so a league confirmed deliver our noble Captains and other.  
* The fame of Sesostris is known to all Princes, 
Sesostris.  who was a Prince of great glory & of large Dominions, yet by a witty Oration and persuasion was mollified, and released and set at liberty the four great Princes being with him in captivity. Sesostris was one of the proudest Princes that any Chronicle or History maketh mention of, yet in the end by an Embassage persuaded. This Sesostris was accustomed when he would seem to all his people most glorious, to be carried abroad in his most glorious Chariot, 
Sesostris his Chariot.  which was laid on with most pure and fine gold, adorned and beautified with the richest stones that might be found: this Chariot was driven with the hands of four kings, being in this proud Prince's thraldom and captivity. One of the Captive kings being in this toiling slavery thus occupied, did continually behold the wheel of the chariot turning: 
A tyrant.  Sesostris the proud and beastly tyrant, not knowing God, disdainfully asked why the captive king did continually behold the turning of the wheel? 
The captive kings Oration.  The captive king most wisely answered: (I being a king, and sometime in great renown both for my kingdom and people, though now in thy thraldom and miserable captivity) do daily behold and wonder at this my state with the rest, and do deeply consider the power of God in all Princes, to throw down and exalt as he only listeth. 
God's secret judgement.  I do daily behold the wheel of thy Chariot turning, that part of the wheel which is now highest, suddenly is lowest descended & fallen: We were ones in Princely seats aloft exalted, and now with the lowest and meanest abjects abased and thrown down, the upper part of our wheel of glory is cast down that was sometime aloft. And thy wheel aloft standeth which when the mighty God will, may fall. 
kingdoms  kingdoms have no stay, nor time of continuance, which when God appointeth they faule when he pulleth down, & who riseth not when he exalteth? & in this our miserable estate & slavery: Know thyself O king, & use us as it becometh kings. 
Sesostris molifyed with the captive king talk.  Sesostris moved with this talk of the king, being so full of wisdom, and with so fearful an admonion of his estate, was suddenly stricken with fear, and forthwith became humble, lowly and modest, and set at liberty the four captive kings.  
* ⁎ * The History saith, that Caganus was so much moves with this Oration, and specially with this one notable example of the kings, 
Ambition.  that he entered in league with the Romans, and delivered all the Roman Captains. Upon this for a time, peace and tranquility was maintained between them, but suddenly broken, each one feared the power of the other.  
Sic nescia virtus stare loco, 
Lucanus. 1. Lib.   
Solusque pudor non vincere bello.  
A sentence meet for the ambitious.  
The Captains of Mauritius murdered .30. thousand of the Hungarians and Slavonians, 
War.  the enemies took of the Romans .12. thousand by the treason of a Thracian who was in the host of Mauritius. 
Treason.  Caganus king of hungary in his hostile enterprise threw down the temples of the Christians, and threw out of the graves the bodies of the holy Martyrs: the wrath of God in all this his cruelty fell upon Caganus, a great pestilence fell on his army, and in a manner destroyed the whole number. 
The power of God against tyrants.  God also destroyed at a sudden seven. of his sons with the pestilence in one day, the plague drove him home to his country. The wrath of God molifyed him, whereupon he sent letters to Mauritius that he would send him his Captains home, if he would send but forevery one a piece of gold. Thus the power of God tameth, bridleth & bringeth down tyrants, 
The power of god against tyrants and persecutors.  he alone cutteth of their purposes, and maketh them to know that there is a mightier to scourge them: Not as man's will is, or purpose, but as the secret counsel of God shall determine and dispose: by whom the mighty states of the world are disposed ruled and governed, the proud brought low, the humble exalted, mighty kingdoms translated. So God being most mighty ruleth at commandment all things, the devil can do nothing but what God permitteth him to do: 
Devils at the commandment of God.  So evil men against God & Christian Religion, tormenting Christians, and by pains thinking to subdue them, and being of less force than devils: they have their limits and bonds appointed, that they shall not pass. And this is a great comfort to all Christians that fear God, not to be dismayed in the troubles of this world, for the lest finger of God will at a sudden overthrow an infinite number of Senacheribes, 
A great comfort to all Christians.  Mahomet's, julianus, or Antiochus. This Cosross a cruel enemy to all Christians, was driven home with many plagues, and in the end slain of his own son as the History showeth. 
Cosroe slain of his own son.   
Mauritius being a cruel Prince not regarding the Christians being in captivity, would not give money out of his treasure to redeem them, for the which afterward the wrath of God fell on his kingdom, and he was murdered of one whom he loved entyrelye. Caganus being wrath that Mauritius did not redeem his Christians, 
A slaughter of Christians  he caused all the Christians to be put to death, with divers kinds of torments. In the army divers conspiracies were wrought, also Petrus the brother of Mauritius being a chief Captain polled the men of war of their wages. 
Petrus.  By the hardened heart of Mauritius towards the Christians who in his quarrel fought so courageously, was so much hated that on Christmas day he entering the Temple, was almost stoned to death. He became without cause suspicious fearing every man, for he put in prison a Duke called Philippicus that married his sister, suspecting that he sought to depose him, 
Germanus.  also Germanus to whom his wives sister was married, would have put him in prison: Also his own son Theodosius he suspected of the like. Mauritius feared the more these things because of strange things that happened and dreams unto him: There appeared a blazing star like a sword, and a certain monk run with a sword drawn to the emperors Image, and crying out: Imperatorem ferro periturum. Mauritius himself dreamt that he was given to be murdered of Phocas, whereupon he brought Philippicus out of prison (as one he durst trust most) and he asked of him: Qualis sit Phocas? Philippicus answered: Centurio ambitiosus sed timidus. He is saith he, an ambitious Centurion but fearful: Then Mauritius answered again: Si timidus est, homicida est. The fearful man not by manhood, but by murder finisheth his purpose. Mauritius was brought to great contempt in the army, and divers conspiracies wrought to put him down: the men of war about Istrus chose Phocas, a barbarous bloody Thracian to be Emperor. This Phocas being chosen Emperor, made haste to Constantinople, & there he was Crowned in the Subberbes by Cyprian the Patriarch.  
Mauritius being at Chalcedon for grief of mind & trouble fell sick, being thither fled with his wife and children: but Phocas this tyrant commanded him to be killed, with Phocas divers other rascolles, who by th'emperors favour came up and conspired with Phocas to destroy in his sight, Mauritius two youngest sons, who killed afterward his .3. daughters, than their mother Constantina the daughter of Tiberius the Emperor before, Mauritius beheld the death of his daughters with great patience, 
A lamentable end of a Prince.  but when he saw his wife put to death, he uttered these words confessing his own faults: O Lord thou art just and thy judgements are right. Last of all Mauritius had his head cut of, & so the bodies were laid upon the shore, to be looked at of the people, which were afterward buried of an Eunucke of Mauritius. Theodosius who was afore of Mauritius his father commanded to flee to the Persians' was taken & murdered at the commandment of Phocas. He put to death Germanus the father in law of Theodosius, and Theodosius wife also, 
A detestable tyrant.  and then afterward he killed all the friends of Mauritius. Great was the wrath of God on Mauritius (as all Histories do note) for not redeeming the Christians which being taken in his wars, was in thraldom with an infidel Prince: Not money aught to be spared to redeem our Christian brethren, if money may redeem them, and full charitable, through all Christendom almost money is collected to set at liberty Christians, the end of Mauritius was in this sort and that most miserable.  
This was done in the .4366. years after the beginning of the world. Of Rome .1355. Of Christ. 604.   

Phocas.  
PHocas a base Centurion and a Thracian in the seditious uproar was created an Emperor. He murdering his master and king Mauritius of whom he was brought up, this Phocas governed seven. years, he was Crowned at Constantinople of the patriarch Ciriacus. Assoon as Mauritius was slain, 
A tyrant.  immediately he exercised cruelty against his friends: After he was placed in the Imperial seat without all nobility, as by bloody practices he obtained the same, so he exercised himself to the destruction of the Romans with all cruelty tormenting them, given over to all abomination. He took away other men's wives from their husbands: he made much of wicked persons: He wasted the Roman Empire of their riches and treasures: he lived at Rome in all beastly drunkenness, and suffered the Roman Empire to be spoiled of the Persians', of the Huns, and of Caganus king of Hungarye whom I spoke of before. The wrath of God fell upon this murderer, and all that host & power of men which was the overthrow of Mauritius and privy to his death. For Cosroes in ii great battles made slaughter of the Romans infinitely, and the rest he led away captives. This Cosross wan from the Romans Jerusalem, and murdered there a great number of Christians, he possessed the Dominion of Cyria & destroyed many Princes.  
Phocas thorough his ill life came in hatred, not only of the Romans, but also of all other Princes: the murder of Mauritius committed by Phocas was not forgotten. Priscus who in the time of Mauritius was one of his chief Captains, & also a Duke & son in law to Phocas: also Heraclius Precedent in Africa whose wife Phocas had taken away, all these conspired against Phocas to destroy him. This was the effect of their purpose, that at one time Priscus should bring his host of Thracians to Constantinople, & Heraclius his host out of Africa to Constantinople also, Photius with another part to set upon Phocas in his Palace, where small resistance was made, these entering the Emperors house, took Phocas & brought him to Heraclius the son of Heracliona who was then general of the parts in Assyria. Immediately the men of war cut of his legs and arms, and cut of his privities, and last of all his head. This was the end of that tyrant, who before murdered the Emperor Mauritius, his wife, his children, his kinsfolk and friends, and plagued with all calamyes the Romans: God never leaveth unpunished any murder committed, 
Murder.  & most of all he scourgeth the bloody facts of those who seeks to destroy their own king or Prince, and be domestical vipers to their own country.  
This is that Phocas that first made the bishop of Rome, supreme head above all other bishops: a godly foundation of superiority, grounded and upholded by so wicked a tyrant, and as a tyrant gave that title of superiority, so they like bloody tyrants against Princes, do hold and defend their superiority, not as humble Prelates in sincere doctrine and veretye, but by sword and armour keep it, subduing Princes, & make them prostrating to worship them, kissing their feet. Gregory did once discommend this Phocas therein, as it appeareth: for Mauritius made the Patriarch of Constantinople chief bishop, which brought contention up between the bishops of Rome & of Constantinople for the superiority. 
Oicoumenicos chief over the house of God.  The bishop of Constantinople named himself Oicoumenicon, the bishop of all the whole world, for so this word Oicoumenicon signifieth. But as the Romans were never Lords over all the world, so their ambitious Prelates never Oicoumenicoi, for than had they been over all the world the head. But they being most ambitious, have gotten so vain a title to them: which vain title Gregory in those days reprehended as a most ambitious title in these words. O wicked times, O detestable conditions, the world on every side is set a fire with wars, the Christians are murdered of the worshippers of Idols, Cities are overthrown of barbarous Nations, and the Christians spoiled: And yet for all this the Prelates do as it were with leaping joy rejoice all, at the universal calmityes, and with profane title do vaunt themselves.  
* This was done in the year of the world, four Thousand three hundredth seventy three: And after the first building of Rome, one Thousand three hundredth sixty one: And in the year of our Lord and Saviour jesus Christ. 612. ¶ **** 
 *** ¶   

Heraclius.  
HERACLIUS the son of Heracliona (who was Precedent of Africa, at what time as Phocas was killed.) He was borne of a noble house: Immediately by the Senate and men of war was made Emperor, he governed xxx years. His government was famous in two things, the one was fortunate, the overthrow of Cosroe king of Persia: the other estate full of calamity, to all mankind. For in his time rose the beginning of that beastly Mahomet his kingdom, 
Mahomet.  of the which it shallbe entreated orderly.  
** Heraclius making peace with Caganus, by his Ambassadors he made peace also with Cosroe, who at that time had spoiled Jerusalem, and possessed Cyria, and had murdered 90. Thousand of Christians, at that time as the jews had bought many Christians to kill them. Cosroe made answer that he would not cease his wars until he had brought to pass that his God of Persia might be worshipped, & the invocation of that God quite abolished Qui dictur ciucifixus, that is said to be crucified. Cosroe the proud king was puffed up with pride, for his great success in the time of Phocas. Heraclius was in great distress by means that his Captains was false to him, 
Treason.  Heraclius the more willingly fought because not for kingdoms sake only, but for defence of Christ's Church his quarrel was attempted. 
I godly quarrel to war.  Heraclius therefore stirred up by the help of God, led his host into Cyria to Azotum, from Azotum whence Cosroe fled. Heraclius fought with the host of Cosroe, 
God overthroweth the persecutors of his saints.  who being driven to flight: Cosroe was oppressed with great calamity at home, where with his great pride & blasphemy was punished. Cosroe made his second son successor after him called Mardaces, displacing his eldest son Syroe: 
Mardaces.  upon this the elder son Syroe took his father Cosroe, 
Syroe.  & killed his brother Mardaces in the sight of his father, 
Cosroe kille●.  after that he murdered his father Cosroe. By this means Syroe obtained the kingdom, and because he would be safe he made peace with Heraclius, restoring home his captives, among whom was Zacharias the patriarch of Jerusalem. 
Zacharias.  Also Heraclius restored his captives, & received Cyria & Jerusalem, this great wars continued 6. years: Heraclius returning from these wars, entered Byzance sitting in a Chariot without ornaments, (which had been meet for a triumphing Prince) and openly gave thanks to the son of God for this great victory. 
The wrath of God upon blasphemers.  And truly the vengeance of God for the blasphemy of Cosroe, as of Senacherib, Nichanor, Antiochus, and julianus and such like, is worthy of perpetual memory.  
In the time of this Heraclius the dreadful change of all mankind, at a sudden was made by reason that the doctrine of Mahomet was spread abroad. This doctrine of Mahomet the Arabians did first embrace, 
The Arabians first embraced Mahomet's doctrine.  who never obeyed kingdoms or laws lawfully appointed: for the Arabians either did exercise robbing of each other at home, or else of their own voluntary will abroad, many of them have served under the banner of other Princes for wages. Mahomet wrote a law meet for this licentious people, 
Mahomet's laws.  desirous of liberty, & man by the enlarging of liberty his power. Mahomet was borne in Arabia as many do writ, and first of all joined to him the host of the Saracenes, 
The first beginning of the Saracenes.  whereupon afterward mention is made of the host of the Saracenes. I think it good to show how the Saracenes first came: It is manifest by the holy Prophet Moses, 
Ishmael.  that the offspring of Ishmael who descended from Agar, did possess Arabia, 
Agra.  thereof the City Agra hath his name of Agar the mother of Ishmael, 
Agrei  and their people Agrei, who in the first book of Paralepomenon the .5. Chapter are called Agareni, where the limits of Galaad are showed, 
Agareni.  that name Agareni is in the 92. Psalm. In that same conntrye where it is certain that Agareni were, Ptolomeus placeth the Saracenes: And the name of the Saracenes is in the History of Zenobia, in the victories of Aurelianus Emperor of Rome. It is to be thought that that people called Agareni, had rather be named Saraceni of Sara, because it is more glory for them to vaunt that they be borne of Sara, then of her handmaid Agar. Mahomet afterward by mention of this glorious name did confirm & strengthen his host: crying out that the promise of the kingdom of the world, did appertain unto them only given unto the posterity of Abraham, 
The Proclamation of Mahomet to his people.  because they were the sons of Sara.  
The host of the Saracenes were under the banner of Heraclius, in wars against the Persians', & because they were without their wages, they traitorously fled from Hreaclius. Some Histories writ that they were contumeliously used at the Treasurer's hands of Heraclius, in that they said they had not money sufficient to pay to the Roman soldiers, and to the Greeks, and much less to satisfy such a number of dogs as they were. These Arabians were thieves and lived by spoil, as the Tartars do. The power that fled from Heraclius of the Saracenes, did spoil many towns near to Damascus. Also many spoiling wretches being furthered of Mahomet, for Mahomet married a rich wife, and by his riches and large gifts, brought to pass that his men of war, with gifts should hear him, & to constitute him their Captain, & that their camp might be the stronger, there were taken away all controversies in Religion. Mahomet set forth to them a new form of doctrine, & said he had talked with God, thereby thinking to increase his power. The beginning of Mahomet's kingdoms is put in the .623. year after Christ: After Mahomet succeeded Amiras his son in law, who took Damascus and made it his Princely seat, after this he took Gasan, and Jerusalem he besieged ii years. The third after Mahomet, was Ahumar, who possessed a great part of Assyria, & held in Dominion Egypt. Then Muhavias' the 4. king after Mahomet, took Cesaria & Palestina ii years besieged, and overcoming Orimasda the son of Cosroe, he added Persia to the kingdom of the Saracenes, and made them keep Mahomet's laws, which the Persians' observe at this day. So within 30. years the Saracenes possessed Arabia, Palestina, Phenitia, Syria, Egipte and Persia. After this they possessed all Africa, and by little and little they went forward into Asia, and largely did set out the law of Mahomet in their Empire: although among them were great tumults and sedition, and division of kingdoms followed them as in all other kingdoms: Yet the Princes of the Saracenes called Sultany, had their chief Dominion in Syria, Egypt, Africa, and a great part of Asia about 400. years, until a king of the Saracenes who ruled Persia, brought the Turks against Babylon. Who by little & little receiving the law of Mahomet, they drive out of the kingdom of Persia the Sarasen king, in the time of Constantine Monomachus or of Conradus the French man not long before the setting forth of Godfride with his power & host into Palestine. It is true that the Nation of the Turks is signified under the name of Gog and Magogge, the which Esechïel the Prophet saith to be a people Northward, in the .18. Chapter and .19. It appeareth by the Prophet Daniel, that he speaketh of the Saracenes kingdom, when he foreshoweth the destruction of the four Monarchies: 
The destruction of the .4. Monarchies  saying that such a kingdom should come, that which should set forth a new doctrine blasphemous against God, and make war against the saints, who be the Christians. 
The doctrine of Mahomet.  This agreeth manifestly with the kingdom of the Saracines or Turks, for they have a blasphemous Doctrine, denying Christ to come in the flesh, and many other abominable heresies defacing Christ and his Doctrine.  
This doctrine the jews received and many other more: In their Alcaran it is written that the holy man Sargius & other jews, have sat in counsel and set out a certain universal doctrine, which the Turks at this day do hold of Mahomet's faith. 
Sargius an heretical monk.  This Sergius an heretical monk unlearned feigning himself to be inspeared of God, came into Russia, and spread many heresies there, and many iudeicall Cerimonyes foolish and abominable, 
Russia.  which I will set out at large in a book of the Moscoviticall kingdom. He lieth buried at the monastery of Troites, called otherways the Monastery of Sargius: by whom the Moscovites say many miracles have been wrought, by his holy meditation & prayers fountains of waters have been sprung up, where there hath been none to be found. And they say and it is believed, that the body of Sargius never putrifyeth, and it is a great point of Religion so to believe: All men may see the shape of a body under a cloth, but no man so bold to search it, for that were abominable heresy, to doubt or not to believe what is told them of Sargius.  
They say by this miracle, 
A marvelous pot.  there is a pot boiling with meat, and no man bringeth either water, fire, or meat, & yet the pot daily boileth & feedeth infinite persons, and so continueth. I marvel there is so many miserable parsons that die for hunger, & so great a miraculous pot.  
I myself have been at that monastery where this Sergius lieth buried: And of this writeth also an Ambassador called Sigismundus, sent from Ferdinando to Basilius this great emperors father, that ruleth now over so many kingdoms.  
Mahomet to bring men unto his law, saith that the kingdom of the universal world, is promised unto his Nation, because it is descended from Sara, and that it is to be kept by force of arms, & all Nations to be compelled to obey the law of Mahomet, or else to dye or live in servitude: who soever speaketh against any thing in the Alcaran to dye. He doth permit a man to marry as many wives as he will, and to make divorce at his own pleasure, he punisheth homicide and theft as the law of Moses did, to make a distinction of his people from other Nations. He hath appointed certain iudeicall Ceremonies, as washing of all their body to be clean from sin: Washing of all the body the Moscovites use, in the hot houses or stoves sweeting out their sins, or else they stand without the Church door: And shaving all parts of their bodies the Turks, Tartars & Persians' do use. The law of Mahomet observeth circumcision to confirm a persuasion of a kingdom promised to the posterity of Sara. 
The Sabbath day on the saturday with the Turks and Muscovites.  Their sunday is there the sixth day of the week, every day they are commanded by their Alcaran to pray .5. times, he giveth leave to eat the flesh of all beasts, fish or foul, yet he excepteth swines flesh: To those that doth observe this law, he promiseth victory & riches in this life, and after this life to be in the joys of Paradise, and most happy is he that dieth in the quarrel of Mahomet. With many other blasphemous points of Religion. It is manifest that the doctrine of Mahomet is of latter time after the Apostles doctrine, more than 500 years: therefore it is impossible the Church of Mahomet to be of God, in that he doth reject the writings of the apostles and Prophets. This kingdom of the Saracenes rose at the first, prophesied by Daniel of iii horns that were plucked from the Romans Monarchy, which was Syria, Egypt, and Africa. This is that Antichrist that denieth Christ to come in the flesh. He that honoureth not the father, honoureth not the son, this is life everlasting that they should acknowledge the true God, and whom thou hast sent jesus to be Christ. Who so denieth the son, hath not the father, no man cometh to the father, but by the son. He that doth not believe, is already condemned: because he doth not believe in the only begotten son of God. Who so doth not believe the son shall not see life, but the wrath of God remaineth upon him. No other foundation can be laid, than that which is laid already, which is JESUS CHRIST. Thus much as concerning Mahomet and his doctrine, now to the story of Heraclius.  
Fabia Eudoxia was the first wife of Heraclius, by whom he begat Constantine the younger, whose offspring for a time enjoyed the Empire, although his mother in law went about to kill him with poison, that she might bring the Empire to her son, borne in unlawful marriage. For Heraclius after the death of his wife Fabia, he married his brother's daughter called Martina: of whom Heraclionas was borne, his mother to make him Emperor, poisoned Constantine her husbands son the sixth month after he reigned. Pyrrhus the patriarch did further this pretence, who hated Constantine being of a good Religion: 
Good Religion hated of the wicked.  their bloody conspiracy brought them a like end, as God always punisheth bloody facts. So on them fell the wrath of God, for Martina & her son Heraclionas governed not fully two years, for the Senate apprehended them, and cut out the empress tongue: 
A just reward of murder.  lest by witty persuasions she might allure the people. Heraclionas' her son had his nosetrelles cut of, & they were both exiled into Capadocia, and there died in prison: Pyrrhus the patriarch being guilty of the fact fled, & in flying was taken & killed. Thus that wrath of God fell upon this horrible murderer, she murdering her son in law: Her bloody purposes for ambition soon dissolved, and thereby the incest marriage punished, for she married her uncle. And the holy patriarch was according to his bloody fact rewarded.  
This was done in the year of the world .4684. The year of Rome .1396. And in the year of Christ .644. ¶ **** 
 *** ¶   

Constantinus the younger.  
 
HEraclius otherwise called Constantinus the younger, from his first birth was Crowned of his father Emperor. This Constantinus begat of Gregory the daughter of Niceta who was a Senator, Constans the next Emperor in succession. This Constantinus by his stepmother Martina was poisoned the first year of his reign. This Martina his stepmother usurped with Heracliona, being. .10. years of age the Empire, and by a conspiracy of the Court, two years not fully passed, they were taken and set into banishment. They cut out the tongue of Martina, lest that by her eloquent talk (wherewith she much excelled) she might persuade the people. They cut of the nose of Heracliona her son, and then they chose Constans Emperor, without the choice of the men of war, which before that time was seldom seen.   

Constance the third.  
COnstance the son of Constantine the younger, the nephew of Heraclius (Martina being banished with her son) was made Emperor of the Senate. He governed 27. years, he was unfortunate in his enterprises against the Saracenes: At home he killed his brother Theodotius, and favouring the heresy of those who was called Monothelete: 
An heresy.  He put to death certain godly men rebuking this error. At his commandment Theodorus Caliopa by deceit and guile, took Martin bishop and sent him into Thracia, and there Marten the bishop died with hunger and filth of prison.  
The kingdom of the Saracenes greatly increased, for from the beginning of the kingdom of Mahomet, which began in the 623. years, unto that present year of Christ. 6●5. and the xiii. year of Constance, that they sending their navy from Phenicia, did spoil the sea coasts of Asia. Constance the .13. year of his reign, was overcome in a battle fought in Licia by Muthavia a chief Captain of the Saracenes, and also the Saracenes spoiled the roods. Constance at the length came into italy, and was over come of the Lombard's in battle, with whom he took truce, & the City of Rome being spoiled by them: he returned into Sycilia, where this unfortunate Emperor being in a bath, was strangled. After he had reigned 27. years. And in the year of the world .4932. Of Rome .1423. And of our Lord and Saviour Christ. .670.   

Constantinus Barbatus.  
 
THis man began to reign at what time as his father made him Emperor, before he led his host into Italy, and at that time he was Crowned. He reigned 17. years, he was more fortunate than his father. In his days a great many of Saracenes, came even to the walls of Byzance, from thence repulsed, they possessed Chisicum: there they remained .7. years, and oftentimes made wars against Constantinople, 
A subtle policy.  Until such time as wild fire was devised of Calinicus, which fire consumed the Saracenes ships under the water, by which slaughter the rest were compelled to fly away. At Malia where contrary winds do make oftentimes whirlwinds, 
The wrath of God.  the rest of their navies were destroyed by rocks, and the rest were drowned in the Sea. There died of the Saracenes as good as 3000. Their chief Captain Muthavia sought peace at the Romans hands, and peace was made for .30. years. After this the Bulgarians began to be known, which be in Misia the lower which had their name of the flood Volga, 
Volga.  whose head and fountain riseth not far from Livonia in the marish grounds of it, so some do writ. But it is certain that the head of Volga riseth out of the marryshe grounds of Belosero, Belosero signifieth as much in the Ruff tongue, as Albus Lacus: that is a white lake, and passeth from thence by the City jaroslave, a City with a castle in it, which is in ruin. The flood Volga is as broad as twice the Thames at London, in that place many goodly streams enter into it. 
Volga.  By Volga they pass to the Mare Caspium towards the East it running, & so to the Mare Caspium: from thence to Persia. At what time the Bulgarians overcame the Roman host, the Emperor made peace with them, & gave unto them Missia the lower: which at this day is called Bulgaria. In the xii. year of this Constantine, which was in the year of Christ .681. A Synod was assembled at Constantinople: this was called the vi Synod in the which it was desputed against the heresies of Samosatenus. Constantine the Emperor died peaceably, making peace in the Empire of the east, and in the Church. The year of the world. .4649. The year after the first building of Rome. 1440. And after the incarnation of our Lord and Saviour jesus Christ .687. ¶ *** 
 ** ¶   

Justinianus the second.  
IVstinianus the son of Constantinus Barbatus, was made Emperor after his father. He governed .10. years before he was driven into exile: after that being restored he reigned .6. years. This Prince was the last of Heraclius stock, a man unquiet, cruel and unfortunate, many calamities fell on him by two of his Court, that were sycophants and flatterers, who took upon them great authority, and did many mischiefs thereby. As in the time of Theodosius the younger: Eutropius whom for his mischiefs they called Gorgone. One of the sycophants in the Court of justinianus, was a Monk called Theodosius, to whom by reason that he had so great authority, they called him general: the other was called Stephano the Emperors Chaplene, who governed all things as touching Religion: Who as it seemeth was of to much credit with the Emperor, when he durst beat the old Empress. These two evil persons exercised cruelty against the chief Dukes and Captains, they kept Leontius a Duke ii years in prison: who escaping out of prison (the patriarch helping him) he was made Emperor, he cut of the nostrils from justinian, and sent him to Chirsonesus. Theodosius and Stephen his two sycophants of the Court being bound with fetters, were drawn through the City, and afterward buried. This Leontius governed not above three years, for Tiberius Apsimarus returning with his host out of Africa, being driven back of the Saracenes: and said Leontius was by a conspiracy made Emperor of the host. He caused Leontius Noosetrelles to be cut of, and put in a Monastery to be a Monk. He sent his brother Heraclius into Cyria against the Saracenes, who for a time repulsed them. He goverued 7. years.  
justinian before mentioned, returned being aided of the Bulgarians: who commanded Leontius and Apsimarus, to be led bound thorough the market, and trade upon their necks, they lying prostrate at his feet, and then immediately cut of their heads. He pulled out the eyes of Callinicus the Patriarch: he hanged up Heraclius the brother of Apsimarus. At what time as he sent his navy against Chirson the host made Philippicus Bardanes Emperor who made haste to Constantinople, and took justinian and his son Tiberius and killed them, taking them from a Santuarye place: So three Emperors in a short space were killed. This was done in the year of the world .4675. Of Rome. 1466. Of our Saviour Christ .713. ❧ ❧ ❧   

Philippicus Bardanes.  
 
PHilippicus Bardanes being made Emperor of the army, which forsaked justinian: He held his government 2▪ years, he put down Images in the Temples He overthrew the decrees of the 6. Synod, & defended his opinion against Monotheletas, but by the counsel of Artemius his secretary, his eyes put out was cast into prison. In the year of the world. 4677. Of Rome 1468. Of our Saviour Christ .715.   

Artemius, otherwise called Anastasius.  
 
WHo was named the second, held his Empire one year and iii months. He was learned & was chief of all the secretaryes of the Empire, and being desirous of concord in the Church, he repressed those that would overthrow the sixth Synod. In all his wars unfortunate, for his men of war corrupted with the seditious uproar of the Emperors before, and grieved to be put from their old licentiousness, they made Theodotius Adramittenus Emperor, who having Artemius put from his kingdom, and afterward included in a monastery. He governed but one year, and willingly gave place to Leo Isaurus: but Artemius after a few years gathering an host out of Bulgaria, went about to recover his Empire, but he being brought to Leo was murdered. In the year of the world .4680. The year of Rome .1471. And of Christ .718.   

Leo the third.  
LEO the third of that name before, named Isaurus Conon, and governed the Alanes afterward being sent of Artemius against the Saracenes, assoon as he hard that Theodosius was made Emperor against Artemius, (he although he would defend Artemius) came to Nicomedia, and taking the son of Theodosius, made a covenant with his father to give place in kingdom. So Leo Isaurus commanded his chief Captains & host to swear, he governed 25. years. The time of this Leo Isaurus is worthy most consideration, for in his time was that great wars of the Saracenes, and there they shall see how soon the power and might of the Sarcenes increased. The Saracenes were driven out of France by the happy victory of Carolus Martellus, Duke of Brabantia: This Carolus Martellus was grandfather of Charles the great who was Emperor. And thus consider the cruel Mahomet began to reign in the 623. year after Christ, from that time to the beginning of Leo Isaurus, that is to the year of Christ .718. are years 105. In this space Mahomet & his successors which are called Saraceni & Agareni, obtained Araba, Palestina, Syria, Persia, Egypt and Africa. They passed out of Africa into Spain, where they held government 10. years: then into France 3. hundredth thousand and 70. of the Saracenes rushed in even unto Turonum, into other places they passed as into the lesser Asia, they besieged Byzance, Constantinus Barbatus raigninge: this was done in the year of our Sa-Christ. 674. From Byzance repelled, they returned with a great host in the time of Leo Isaurus .40. years after, to the beginning of this emperors reign. Then again two years they besieged Constantinople, Magasda being their chief Captain, but the Almighty God overthrew them, for their host perished with famine and pestilence, the navy of ships with lightining from Heaven were drowned and burned: and thus they were driven back in their enterprises, lest they should obtain the less Asia & Byzance. But great wars were moved in France by them, first Abiramus a king brought a great multitude of Saracenes to the number of 30000. men. Eudo Lord of Aquitania brought him in against the frenchmen, the Saracenes spoiled Burdogala, taking it by force of arms, and even to Turonum a great number of Christians being murdered, as they passed: At this time italy and France were in great peril. Then Carolus Martellus keeping his wars in France & Frisia, 
A Christian quarrel to defend Christendom.  he being the chief stay of France, brought in a great power against the Saracenes. This Carolus Martellus, required of Eudon that he would not thus see the name of Christians to be overthrown, and gave him Christian exhortation, that leaving the sect of the Saracenes, he would come himself with the host of the frenchmen. The battle joined, thorough the power of Almighty God, the host of Carolus Martellus had the victory, & all that multitude of Saracenes was murdered, & Abiramus their king lay dead in the field. Although the Saracenes took this foil yet they ceased not as yet, for soon after eut of Spain, two great hosts of the Saracenes rushed into France, trusting to the aid of the Visogothes in Aquitani, and those that were in France.  
Athinius' king of the Saracenes with a great power and navy of ships, invaded the parts of Narbone in France, & took Auinionem at a sudden and made it their strong hold: then Carolus Martellus delivered that from their hands, and expelled the Saracenes a great number of them, with Athinius their king, who fled into his ships with a great part of his soldiers, and was brought to Narbone. Assoon as Carolous Martellus did besiege this City, Amoreus another king of the Saracenes to help those that were besieged, came out of Spain: then Carolus Martellus making haste lest the power of the enemies should join, in the valley near to Narbone by the flood Bury, he had a great battle with the Saracenes, and in the same battle Amoreus their king being slain, the army amazed with the death of their king, the whole host was partly killed of them. The death of Amoreus being known, and the spoil of his army, Athinius fled from Narbone with his power, & robbing in the Isles near to Liguria, & so be went into Spain. Carolus Martellus overthrew Naroena, lest afterward the Visogothes of it should raise new wars. By these calamities and foils, the Saracenes were quite vanquished, who hoped to have enjoyed both France and Italy: after this they held themselves within the compass of the mountains of Pirineus. by this calamity France & italy was saved from the spoil, and also that wicked Doctrine and blasphemous religion of Mahomet, was quite in those places extinguished. Not wars was more profitable than these, nor more necessary then to defend so many bodies of Citizens, and families of of Christians, and from such blasphemous people & doctrine. These be the most causes why noble men wore armour: and hereupon the king of Spain called Alphonsus in his banner hath a portured Pelican wounding her own breast, and with her blood nourishing her young ones with this title: Prolege & pro grege. As who should say, A Prince aught to venture his life, for the defence of godly laws and for his people: These are the ii principal points of wars. This victory was profitable to Spain, because many Christians that came of the Goths held the rough and barren places of the mountains of Pireni, Cantabria and Asturia, they going forward by little and little vanquishing the Saracenes, and at the length recovered Spain, so of that remnant of the Goths is descended the progeny of the last kings of Spain: from the which Charles the fift Emperor of that name, by the mother side is come. God by his mighty power raised up Carolus Martellus to this mighty war. He prevailed much against the Saracenes being in number infinite: Where God defendeth, the coward chaseth away the strong & mighty, the fool the wise, no policy prevaileth where God giveth the victory, and where as God disposeth a kingdom or state, the devise & counsel, and policy of the wicked are caught to their own destruction of the wicked.  
This Carolus Martellus was of a noble blood in France, and near to the Princes of that land: he was Duke of Brabant, God diversly saved him from many perils, who being but tender of years, by his mother being a steppemother was put in prison at Colleine, her name was Woldruda, his father Pipinus then at that time being dead, yet from that bloody purposes he by the power of God escaped.  
This Carolus Martellus obtaining his father's dignity, vanquished the Frisians, and after that he overcame Eudon in Aquitania: After this God blessing him in his victories, the Princes and chief governors of France, gave unto him the kingdom of France which he would not receive, being content with his father's dignity. After this he vanquished quite the Saracenes that came into France: in these wars he had the aid of king Lutbrande a king of the Lombard's, and Lanfryde a Duke of the Almains, of Odille Duke of Bavaria. The name & authority of Carolus Martellus was so great, that at what time as this Lutbrande king of the Lombard's did besiege the City of Rome, and the bishop of Rome in this extremity sought for aid, than Carolus Martellus only by an Embassage, brought to pass that the Lumbards' should departed from the siege, and to make peace with the bishop of Rome. This Carolus Martellus governed in his father's estate and seat 26. years, he died in the year of Christ .741. The 11. of the Kalends of November, not long before the death of the Emperor Leo Isaurus: He was buried among the kings of France, in Saint Denis Church, and upon his Tomb was put this Epitaphe.  
Ille Brabantinus Dux, primus in orb triumphans,  
Malleus in mundo, specialis Christicolarum:  
Dux Dominusque Ducum, Regum quoque Rex fore spernit,  
Non vult regnare, sed regibus Imperat ipse.  
Thus much of the Saracenes, and of the victories of Carolus Martellus, which acts are necessary to be known: the Saracenes being expelled from Byzance, Leo Isaurus made an edict by the which he put down all Images in Temples, and for that fact he was called Eiconomacus, and so Gregory the third of that name, shot out against him his thundringe bolts of excommunication, and letted tribute to be paid to him in Italy. At this time began a contract or league, between the Bishop of Rome and the Frenchmen: the frenchmen flourished not only in power, but also in virtue and godliness, therefore defence was sought at their hands so often.  
The year of the world .4740. Of Rome .1475. And after the incarnation of our Lord and Saviour jesus Christ .742. ¶? ☞▪ ¶   

Constantinus the v.  
COnstantinus Copronimus the son of Leo Isaurus, was crowned in the life of his father, by Germanus the patriarch, he governed 35. years. He was called Copronimus because being an infant new borne, and in Baptizing did defile the water with the filthy excrements of his body. Copros in Greek signi●yeth Stercus.  
This Constantinus was more vehement than his father in putting down Images (& for that cause was Artabasdus made Emperor against him, by the consent of the patriarch, and of the nobility.) But this Constantinus after two years, took Ardabasdus and put out his eyes, and also of his two children: he gave commandment to beat the patriarch with whips, & to set him on an Ass with his face turned to the tail, and to hold the tail in his hand, and so to be carried about. The like punishment is used in Moscovia to ride on a Bulls back.  
This Emperor made great wars against the Bulgarians, at the length after his cruelty sheewed, he died of sickness: In the days of this Emperor, the estate of the Vicegerentes in italy ceased, and Pipinus the son of Carolus Martellus was made king of France, in the year of Christ .751. Some Histories note, that by the authority of Zacharias bishop of Rome, the nobles of France being made free of their oath and allegiance toward king Hildericke, deposed him and put him in a Monastery. Bonifacius Crowned Pipinus king of France at Suessiane: after this Pipinus was called for into italy twice, against Astulphus king of the Lumbards'. In both these expeditions the great virtue of Pipinus appeared, and used the Lombard's courteously, and made so gentle a peace, that he set in quietness the kingdom of the Lombard's not possessing one foot of their country, he used the more favour because of Lutbrande a king of the Lombard's, with whom he was brought up. In this first wars against the Lumbards', he compelled Astulphus being besieged at Ticima, to promise' to keep peace giving pledges, and Pipinus being content with the promise he returned into France: But the fierceness of Astulphus was more and more increased, not molifyed. For after the return of Pipinus, Astulphus (against his league & covenant) made new wars, and with a great power went to Rome and besieged it three months. And as soon as king Pipinus came into italy, Astulphus not able to encounter with Pipinus, left the siege of Rome, fearing his own kingdom of Lumbardye: and although Pipinus might have vanquished Astulphus out of his kingdom, yet he full of all humanity, willed him to observe the conditions of peace, and to be content with his father's kingdom, and to leave of the siege of Rome & from italy. Pipinus not credeting the fair promises of the Lombard's, tarried in italy until such time as Astulphus had brought back his power from Rome and other Cities. At what time as Pipinus departed out of italy, he led his power and great host against the Saxons, and the Bavarians, but Tassillo king of Bavaria without fight, entered into amity with Pipinus, who commanded him to keep his kingdom (for he was the sister's son of Pipinus.) The Saxons being overcome, peace was so granted, that being content with their own, they should take nothing from the kingdom of France, and to live with their own laws: 
The 〈◊〉 Parliament in France. Why a Parliament is ordained.  Only this tribute they should pay yearly to the Frenchmen .300. bard horse meet for the wars.  
Of this Pipinus was the Parliament first ordained in France, the which for the wisdom of the judges & worthy counsellors, gathered from all parts of the Dominion for policy in giving orders, a care universal of all estates, for ordaining any statutes and decrees, in revoking any enormities falling upon any common wealth, City or Town, for the safeguard of the Prince & his estate, it passeth all assembles. These chief points of nobility was in Pipinus very heroical: He moved only just wars, upon just occasions, in victories he retained justice and modesty, and set forth laws very profitable to the common wealth. These were the chief matters which were in the West, in the time of this Copronimus. Also, in the East out of the mouth or port of the Mare Caspius, the Turks rushed into the land of Colchis and in to Armenia, where they fought with the Saracenes. In the time of Mauritius the Turks fought with the Persians', but they were overthrown of the Persians', and therefore their first invasion is not so famous as the second time. In this time the force of the Saracenes power was most mighty, which happened in the days of this Copronimus and Pipinus. The mountains of the Mare Caspius are near to Iberia, where now are found out many rich mines of metal: By this Sea Caspium the English Merchants pass with their adventures into Persia, from ●ar●slaue & so upon Volga on the fresh water two Thousand mile of Russia miles, and so they pass to Casane, which the great Emperor of Russia hath at this day in his own possession, it was the chief City of the Tartars, from thence to Astrachan whereof the Emperor of Russia calleth himself great Emperor of Astracan & Emperor of Casane. At Astrachani a great filthy stink is of fish that is there taken, by which corruption the air is much infected, & many strangers passing thereby are killed with ill air. It is called Caspium of an Hebrew word Kesephe which signifieth silver, of the which the places by are plenteous of such mines: So that most noble writer Philippe Melancton writeth.  
At what time as the Turks took a way the kingdom from the Saracenes. it shallbe declared afterward.  
The year of the world .4739. Of Rome. 1530. Of Christ .777.   

Leo the fourth.  
 
LEO the son of Constantinus Copronimus, succeeded his father in the Empire, he governed five years, he was Crowned of the patriarch in his father's life. His father married him to a wife called Irene, an Athinian born: This Leo the fourth, followed his father in putting down Images. He sent in his time an army into Syria, which did rather stir up the Saracenes, then repress them. Not long after Irene made peace with the Saracenes, promising them tribute: Leo the .4. caused in his life time, his son Constantine to be Crowned of the patriarch, a few days after Leo died the .4. day of November. The year of the world .4744. Of Rome .1535. Of Christ .782.   

Irene with her son Constantinus.  
IRENE with her young son Constantine, governed the Empire .10. years, after this their domestical discord brought upon them great confusion. The first part of the government of this Irene was very quiet, in the .7. year of her government, a Synod was assembled at Nice, which was the .7. Synod: In this Synod a decree was sit upon to restore Images (but that was not done without great tumult. At what time as the Bishops and Doctors sat in the Temple of Byzance to speak their mind of this matter, disallowing Images, a multitude of soldiers was of Irene appointed to enter in and break up the Synod by force of arms, 
Images.  because they in that assemble & Synod, would not allow Images. This Synod was afterward reduced to Nicia by the suit of the bishop of Rome, and he made an edict that Images should be restored again. There was a certain Eunucke of the Empress, Aetius by name, who governed chiefly in all matters of counsel in the Court, who persuaded Irene to marry with a kinsman of his, who was Presidente of Thracia: and persuaded her that this Precedent should come with his power to remove and appease all sedition, (this Precedent sent for) all armour was taken away from the Citizen's, and many carried away in ships, and sent into Islands for to live in servitude. After this her son Constantine being twenty years of age, took upon him the government, and removed certain counsellors about his mother: then she with her company stryred up part of the host to swear, not to admit her son to be Emperor, but the Armenians detested this unjust act, and swore unto her son to stand to him their true Lord and Emperor, which example afterward the other followed. Yet herein ceased not the trains laid for her son. When Constantine had reigned 7. years, his mother gathered an occasion because her son, did put away his wife and closed her in a Monastery, and married another, she sent certain men to take her son, they apprehending him put out his eyes, of which griefs he died immediately. Then Irene (her son being dead) reigned iii year, in this three years space, cruel bloody wars were committed by her, and for her cruelty showed upon her son, & against his uncle: and also italy was in great distress needing aid against the Lombard's, and their seditious tumults, Also at Rome the high bishop by sedition was apprehended and whipped. Hereupon Charles for his great justice and many other singular virtues, when as before also italy had tasted of the justice & modesty of Carolus Martellus his grandfather, & Pipinus his father: hereupon the government of italy was committed to Charles the great, and hereby there was a godly unity of italy, Germanye and France.  
Now the Emperors of Greece ceasing in government of the Empire, of the which number, most have been tyrants, and the last of the Emperors by Domestical discord have brought in the Turks, and now followeth the acts of the germans, whose doings were godly to italy and Germany, and the ruin that after fell, was by the discord of the romish bishops and Emperors, and their power, strength and fortitude, by discord waxed feeble. ❧ ❧ ❧   

Nicephorus.  
NIcephorus possessed the Empire of the east, and made peace with Carolus Magnus. He was Crowned of Leo the bishop, he keeping the league that was made with Charles, agreed of between Irene and Charles: Which was that Apulia, Calabria, Cicilia and italy should be Charles, & the Venicians should live of their own laws free. This Prince was most covetous, he had many overthrows of the Bulgarians, and was killed of them with his whole power, the ix. year of his reign: he making first his son Stauratius Emperor in the battle, his son being wounded in the said battle, returned to Constantinople, who also the third month after he governed, was deposed of Michael Curopalates and put in a Monastery.   

Michael Curopalates.  
THis Michael Curopalates married Procopia the sister of Stauratius. This Emperor made a league with Charles the great that Charles should govern the West, and the East to be in his government. He had wars against the Bulgarians and overcame them, but at the length he was overcome at a City called Adrianopolis: and hearing that Leo an Armenian did usurp, he went into a monastery and became a Monk, ruling his Empire but ii years.   

Charles the great, the first Emperor of the West.  
 
THe godly orders in government, 
Godly orders.  where people live in obedience both towards God and their Prince, are manifest tokens of the great goodness of God, to maintain society in life: without laws the life would be brutetishe and beastly, servitude and misery to all estates, and in steed of lawful Princes and governors, tyrants, homicides, destroyers of common wealths, & keeping no laws, they would subvert all good orders, neither knowing God nor obeying nature. 
Laws.  Godly laws and judgements are the weights and ballanes of God, to director life. For laws, society maintained by wedlock, distinction of possessions, lands and goods, contracte●, Magistrates, judgement, punishment for sin, are the eui●●●● testimonies of the wisdom, goodness and justice of God, & of his presence in mankind. 
Tyranny.  Where tyranny is, it is a scourge for the sin of the people, and for sin God changeth kingdom and Princes often, 
Godly Princes.  it is a singular benefit of God where godly Princes succeed. For except God do keep the City, in vain doth the watch keep it, God translateth the kingdoms, and stablisheth them, great alteration and channge fell about the time of Charles the great. God showed his heavy wrath upon the Empire of the east, also upon all other Nations, for there arose up in the east, the blasphemous and wicked kingdom of the Saracenes, by the which the true Church of Christ was wasted and destroyed: the true Religion of God extinguished, servitude to Christians, many famous Cities and goodly common wealths overthrown, but the great mercies of God was a stay unto them & to all Christians. In good time God raised this mighty Prince Charles the great, who profited the posterity with his orders after his age 300. years, unto the reign of Henry the 4. In this Henry's time by the mischiefs of the bishops, and their ambitious conditions, the Empire fell into great decay: and although between the successors of Charles civil wars arose, 
Charles.  yet of that Charles great good wealth rose, and quietness. 
Lodovicus.  As also by these. Lodovicus pius, 
Arnolphus Ottones.  Arnolphus Ottones, Henry of Bambridge, Conradus the Frenchman, and Henry. the. 3. All these did greatly advance italy, Germanye, Pannonia, and all other Regions, these were called of God in heavy state of time, for God raiseth good governors to be a defence for the people. As Octavius Augustus, Vespasianus, Titus, Nerua, Constantine the great, and Theodocius. Desiderius a king of the Lombard's made great wars in italy at those days (and possessed many great Cities) of the which some pertained to the Emperor, & some to the Church of Rome. At Rome also much tumult rose thorough ambitious Prelates. The Emperors of the East had small regard to italy or Rome, hereupon the West part oppressed with calamities: God raised that noble Prince Charles the great, who took Desiderius the king of the Lombard's, and took his kingdom from him. This Charles was called Charles the great for his noble acts: as Pompeie the great, Alexander the great. Carolus Martellus was grandfather of this Charles the great, his father was Pipinus king of France, his mother's name was Birtha daughter of Heraclius, Emperor of Constantinople, crowned by Leo the bishop of Rome. Pipinus their father dying, left his kingdom to these two sons, Charlemagne and Charles the great. But this Charles the great, (his brother Charlemagne dying the third year after he began to reign) he was Lord only of France and king, he was excellently brought up in the Greek and lative tongue, for Petrus Pisanus an excellent learned man was his teacher. This Charles the great learned at Paris, & there Alcoinus an English man famously well learned, 
Charles excellently learned.  taught him Logic, and the doctrine of Christ. This Alcoinus was the Scholar of Bede that great learned man of England. Alcoinus made a brief short book of the doctrine of the Church, 
Alcoinus.  which remaineth at this day: by the which it appeareth that he followed the doctrine of S. Austen. Some do writ that Charles the great led with the persuasion and counsel of Alcoinus, did make the university of Paris: but it is written that the university of Tisina, was set up by Charles: 
Paris.  in divers parts of France he did set forth learning, and gave great stipends, he was excusite in the Mathematical Sciences, in astronomy, and in the motion of the Celestial Planets, he profited so that he was able to writ an Ephemerides, all this he learned of Alcoinus the English man. He occupied himself much in reading of Saint Austin's works: whereby it appeareth that he had the true knowledge of the saith in Christ, the story saith that he was a very godly Prince, whereby his virtue gave him to be a mirror to all Princes. He had many great wars against the Saxons and the Huns, for at what time as his father Pipinus died, which was in the eight kalends of October, in the year of Christ 768 He divided his father's kingdom with his brother Charlemagne, Charlemagne had his Princely seat at Swesion, & Charles the great abode at Worms. The first wars that he took in hand, was against those of Aquitania, left of his father Pipinus unfinished, where a remnant of the Goths remained, seeking by tumult to make an uproar, a Duke of Aquitania called Hunodus, stirring them to rebellion. This Duke of Aquitania not able to bear the force of Charles the great, fled unto Lupus a Duke of Vasconia, to whom he sent Ambassadors to deliver the Duke of Aquitania: Lupus Duke of Vasconia delivered him, and yielded himself to Charles son, after this his brother Charlemagne died, in the year of Christ .771. Whose wife called Berta by the counsel of Adomarus, fled into italy. Desiderius king of the Lombard's, either for hatred or fear of Charles the great, which thing stirred up Desiderius to great hope, being before desirous of that City of Rome, and of the Empire in italy, after the putting away of the Vicegerents of kings. And he feared also the Frenchmen whose league with the Romans, was suspected of him to be a hurt to his estate, in time he thought to bring to pass that the sons of Charlemagne, should be made kings of France of the bishop of Rome. If that might be brought to pass, he hoped that either the Frenchmen would of their own will departed from him, or civil wars between them should weken the power of France. He overcame the Saxons, on every side peace being settled, he returned into France making his son Lodovicus, partaker of the kingdom with him. He died at Aquisgrane, in the .5. kalends of Februarye, in the .71. year of his age. Of his government 14. years, and the year of Christ .816. ¶ ** 
 ** ¶   

Lodovicus Pius, the first of that name.  
Lodovicus alone remained alive of the children of Charles, after his father, who as soon as he understood of the death of his father, he returned out of Aquitania, and look upon him the government at Aquisgrane. He was called with this holy name Pius, 
Lodovicus a superstitious Price.  a Religiosa superstitione, not having the perfit knowledge of God, nor of any pure Religion, but as the Religion went in those days he was counted Religious: for he increased the worshipping of Idols and Images, and set up many observations of Monkrye, & of that sole Monastical life. This Lodovicus was far inferior to his father, both in wisdom and virtue, his authority also began to be contemned. He was a cruel Prince against all godly laws, 
Cruelty in a Prince.  whereupon he was hated of the noble pears: What cruelty did he use against his brother's son, called Bernardus king of italy? and against his kinsfolk? 
The counsel of a stepmother.  also towards his own sons, thorough the subtle purposes of their stepmother? Whereupon civil wars rose between this Lodovicus and his own sons. This Lodovicus had first to wife Irmengardin the daughter of Ingramus a Duke, of whom he begat three sons Lotharius, Pipinus, & Lodovicus: this his first wife died ii years before he came to enjoy the Empire, than he married Judith the daughter of Guelphus' the first Earl of Altofordensis, in the country of Swevia: she was the sister of Conradus & Rodulphus Princes, of her he begat Carolus calvus. This Lodovi- before he was Emperor, did valiantly use himself especially against the Saracenes in Spain: Assoon as he was Emperor, he created Lotharius his eldest son king, and he made Pipinus king of Aquitania, and Lodovicus his youngest son he retained with him, but he made him king of italy. The advancement of Lodovicus to the Dominion of italy, moved Bernardus who was before king of italy, to make war against his uncle the Emperor Lodovicus Pius. The Emperor at that time was in war against the king of Denmarcke, and to restrain him from the entering of italy, and from the kingdom of France. This Bernardus thorough the persuasion of certain flatterers, was persuaded that the Dominion of Italy was proper to him, and not to Lodovicus: then Lodovicus Pius, his wars being ended in Denmarcke, entered with a great and terrible host into italy, by whose coming many of those that were considerates with Bernardus fled away, Bernardus being forsaken of his men of 〈…〉 his body to the Emperor his uncle, with his son Pipinus, and his 〈◊〉 nephews Bernardus, Pipinus, and 〈◊〉. The Emperor, sent this Bernardus unto Germanye, and was condemned to dye at Aquisgrane, but he was pardoned having his eyes put out, he was put into a M●●●asterye, in the which with great pensiveness died: this act was done of the Emperor Lodovicus Pius, in the year of Christ .818. This great cruelty did withdraw the minds of many from the Emperor Lodovicus, so incon●inentlye after the death of Bernardus king of italy, the Emperor made Lotharius his son king of italy, and also Emperor, he gave him to wife Irnengardis▪ the daughter of one Hughte, he made him Emperor by the bishop of Rome called Pasthalis. The nobles of the Empire did ha●e Lodovicus, and especially the bishops, because he was ruled by his wife, and with her counsel the government was ruled, wholly to the deminishinge of the estate of the Empire. Hereupon the nobles and bishops under a ●●lloure and outward show of devilish practices of their stepmother, they moved them against their father & to depose him. 
A conspiracy against the Emperor.  The beginning of this conspiracy 〈◊〉 as in France, wrought with Pipinus his sons but this conspiracy was soon extinguished, because at that time his sons had not met with their power, but afterward they rent their former conspiracy against their father, who being driven to such an extremetye▪ that he was compelled to yield himself to his sons, and was forced to put away their stepin other 〈◊〉 Lodovicus the 〈◊〉 son of this Emperor, 
The overthrow of the Emperor by his sons.  put his father into a monastery at S●ession, the .19. year of the reign of this Lodovicus: He sent his brother Charles into Brumia to a monastery in Lotharingia: He sent his stepmother into an other monastery in italy called Derton. Of all these mischiefs done and conspired against the Emperor, the chief authors were the bishops: but the heavy wrath of God ceased not, but that the children of the father 〈◊〉 of his vengeance. 
Ungracious children.  The other brethren having compassion of this great calamity and misery that fell to their father, they made petition with a great number of the nobles of germany, that they would restore their father deposed into his Empire again. Lotharius 
Lotharius.  being unwilling to set upon his father again, fled into France, and moved war to let the purposes of his brethren: but in the end he being forsaken of all his men, did request pardon of his father and obtained it.  
So by this means Lodovicus 
Lodovicus.  came to be Emperor again, a year after his deposing, who forgave his sons their offences: then he revoked from banishment his wife who ruled her husband, and made his son Charles king of Neustria, 
Neustria.  which is Celtic Gallia, & Lugdunensis Gallia. Sun after this, Pipinus his second son died, and left behind him two sons Carolus and Pipinus. 
Pipinus.  Pipinus did seek to possess the kingdom of Aquitania. Lodovicus afterward again made wars against his father, whom his father met at Moguntia, and there was reconciled to Lodovicus: 
The death of Lodovicus.  and there Lodovicus died, the 10. of the kalends of june, in the year of Christ .840. In the year of the world .4802. Of his reign 27. Of this life 64. He was buried in the City called Metensis near to his stepmother Hildegarde.   

Lotharius the first.  
Lodovicus Pius being dead, civil wars began among his sons, 
Civil war.  with so great bloodshed, with the slaughter of so many noble pears: that by the great destruction & long continuance of the wars, the whole power of France and strength was in utter decay, there were consumed by those wars more than a hundredth Thousand in one conflict. Lotharius obtaining the Empire by lawful title of succession, 
Lotharius worketh iniurioslye against his brethren.  and being appointed of his father to enjoy the Empire: he would compel his brethren to his appointment, that Lodovicus should govern Bavaria, and Charles to possess Aquitania, & to be content with his appointment, & thereby to challenge no part of the Empire more, and to obey him as Emperor. The brothers being upon just cause grieved in that they were put from their just inheritance, continently in armour they made war against their brother Lotharius, and drove him to ●lighte in Gallia Lugdinensi, at a town called Fontannedun, and his host almost utterly slain. Great calamities hath fallen on France by civil wars through ambitious governors: So God for the iniquity of men pulleth down kingdoms, spoileth countries, and translateth the seats of Princes. This war was fought in the year of Christ .841. the .7. kalends of july.  
So in all countries civil dissension pulleth down the mightiest Dominions, as of France, Italy, Germany, Spain, Polonia, Grece and Persia, yea all countries hath felt the plague thereof as the histories showeth: So of Scotland, division from time to time, & civil commotion, have wrought many mischiefs. A certain learned man of Germanye named Caspar Peucerus, writeth a notable thing out of the Histories of Scotland: as followeth.  
Scotia crebra ex caedibus intestinis interregna habuit, donec post atroces & tragicos multorum Tyrannorum interitus, 
Lib. 5. Chronicarum.  regnum nutans ad Stuardam domum Danicae originis devenit Cúm enim per annos mill septingentos & amplius, Reges numerent ex veris annalibus centum & quinque ex his, quinquaginta aut in bellis cecidisse, aut insidijs procerum crudeliter interemptos esse reperimus.  
Scotland hath oftentimes lacked their kings, by civil wars, until after many cruel and tragical faults and death of many tyrants, the kingdom fell to the house of the Stewards, (whose stock first rose from the Danes.) For when as by the space of a thousand years seven hundredth & more, they reckon their kings out of their own true histories, to be in number an hundredth & five, and of those 100 & five, 50. of them was either killed in the wars, or else at home cruelly murdered by the mischievous facts of the noble men.  
And now to our story again. Lotharius retiring came to Aquisgrane, and there levied up a new power, with whom also his brethren met the 17. of the kalends of April: the year following the soldiers of Lotharius being brought into great fear thorough the great calamity that fell to them before, they forsook Lotharius the Emperor. But Lotharius as a most valiant Captain, not having his wit to seek, neither amazed with these two overthrows, did so quiet himself: but deeply considering the sinister state of Princes happening in wars, gathered his men of war together, and pitching his tents at Maliscone a City of Burgundia, and thither came his brethren to fight with him. But the noble pears of the Empire was as lets and stiklers between them, by whose counsel, a conclusion was made to make a Tetrarchia, that is, the Empire to be divided into iiii. parts: that Lodovicus should rule Germany, France to be in Charles hands, Lotharius to enjoy italy with the Empire, and to possess a part of germany which lieth between Rhine and Mosella floods, and Pipinus the son of Pipinus to govern Aquitania. This agreement was concluded at Verodunum, and proclaimed there in the .843. year of Christ. Lotharius after this conclusion, made his son Lodovicus partaker with him in the Empire, and with a great host sent him into Italy against the Saracenes. In this partition of the states of th'empire, that part that was given to Londovicus, was the Dominion of the East, and that which Charles possessed was the kingdom of the West, to make a distinction from that which Lotharius had in government. By this civil dissension the brethren being thus occupied and weakened, other foreign Nations glad of such occasion offered to them, raised an army against these countries: In Saxone also war was moved of the servants and slaves of the country, but that war was soon repressed. The normans entered by a navy of ships, into certain coasts of France, & through the country destroying and spoiling all parts as they went, even to the City of Paris. King Charles not able to match them, with infinite sums of money, willed them to departed out of his country. This people did first invade France in the time of Lodovicus the first, & afterward possessed a great part of it. The Bohemians rose against Lodovicus Sorabi Marcomanni, yea for all the troubles and invasion of so many foreign enemies, the deadly hatred of these brethren, many time's burst out against themselves. Lotharius threatened to war on his brother Charles, because Geselbartus a chief governor under Charles, had taken away his daughter secretly, but by the wisdom of Lodovicus it was pacified, & all sides contented. By this discord of the brethren, foreign Nations being stirred up, and infidels also by false treasons of ambitious heads were brought in, with a great scourge to the Christians: this great invasion ceased not until the government of the Saxon Princes, 
The happy coming of the Saxon Princes.  out of whom God raised mighty worthy Princes, that set up again the Empire decayed. Lotharius perceiving that the Bishops and ambitious clergy did incline themselves to the Emperors of Grece, and that they did privily conspire to betake unto them the City of Rome, 
A conspiracy of the clergy of Rome against th'emperor.  he went to Rome in the year of Christ 854. and put to death the chief doers in that conspiracy, appointing new Magistrates more surely ordering the states thereof. Thus Lotharius returning out of Italy parted to his three sons the Empire: he gave italy to his son Lodovicus and the Empire: to Charles, Gallia Narbonensus: 
Lotharius deposeth himself.  & to Lotharius, Lotharingia. The father of them being in conscience pricked for his evil committed against his father Lodovicus Pius, gave over himself from the Empire, and went into a monastery called Brumia in the year of Christ .855. The next year following he died, the third of the kalends of October.   

Lodovicus the second.  
 
AFter the death of the Emperor Lotharius who against his father made war, and thereupon by his evil conscience & cruel dealing tormented in mind, gave over his government, and died into a monastery. This Lodovicus the second of that name, succeeded by the will of his father: Of what force is ambition to move the sons to seek the father's death for kingdoms sake? surely the state of kingdoms is very brickle, and the seat subject to many calamities, the private state (though meanest) in most safety. Therefore the godly Princes have no small cares, and men of great authority, no small charge by whose noble counsel, the whole body of the common wealth is in safety. After the death of Lotharius italy was never in quiet, until the coming of Otho: So God scurged the succession of those Princes, that so unnaturally did depose their father, many usurping to depose each other, many tumults began, 
Seditious men have an ill end.  and many seditious uproars attempted, but all came to an ill end. This Lodovicus the eldest son of Lotharius before, as soon as he was chosen of his father into the possession of the Empire: he descended down into italy with a great power to drive the Saracenes from thence, and especially Exagro beneventano. He warred nobly & valiantly, with most fortunate success against those, chiefly aided of his brother Lotharius, but their army was almost consumed with the rotten pestilence & other diseases. Lodovicus departing from thence commended the defence of Italy, to Adalgisius a Lumbarde Prince of Salerne: but this false Lombard committed to so great a charge, enticed with great promises of the Greeks, he fled traitorously to the Greeks, yielding over to them these towns of Saminun, Campania and Lucania. Lodovicus seeking to revenge himself of this treason, returned again into Italy, & by his valiant prowess wannen again his towns being lost, he won Capua by long siege, and they in the end yielded themselves. Yet he was for all this, snared with many traitorous wiles, whereupon Lodovicus was compelled to swear to this false Lumbarde, that he should remit and forgive this traitorous act committed by him: but his holy father the Pope absolved him from that oath that he might lawfully break the same. Whereupon this Lumbarde Adalgisius being Prince of Salerne, fearing Lodovicus cruelty, and the Pope's absolution to be not sufficient, fled into the Isles called Corsica. But Lodovicus cruelly tormented those that were confederate with him in that treason: all things set in peace & quietness in italy, he died at the length at Millen, in the year of Christ 874. after he had ruled 19 years. This Prince Lodovicus excelled in learning, in godliness, humanity, liberality, in profound wit, singular dexterity, and in wise counsel at a sudden not to seek, forthwith to determine upon any matter, which is a rare gift & a great blessing of God: And they are in respect of other most noble for counsel, and in the affairs of the common wealth * ⁎ * most fortunate. * ⁎ * ¶ ¶   

Carolus calvus,  
THis Emperor Lodovicus being dead without any heir male, next after him succeeded Carolus calvus, the son of Lodovicus the superstitious, borne of his second wife Judith. As soon as he hard of the death of Lodovicus, he marched into italy that he might bring again the Empire (than in succession to the germans) to the hands of the Frenchmen. The purpose of this Emperor certainly known to Lodovicus Germanicus, he sent with celerity his two sons Charlemagne & Charles, who was also called Carolus Crassus, to meet his brother Carolus calvus, & to cut of that pretenced purpose toward th'empire. But the two sons of Lodovicus Germanicus, either by great gifts won of Carouls calvus, or afraid to enter against their uncle Carolus calvus by reason of his great host, returned to their father without any war moved. Thus Carolus calvus went to Rotme without resistance, and there was made Emperor the eight kalends of january, in the year of Christ 875. Carolus calvus placed in the Empire, suddenly his brother did seek to make himself strong, with the friendship of other mighty Princes, and league of them, by whose force and aid, he might more strongly possess the Empire: He exalted divers noble men to higher dignity of estate, as to Boson he gave the Dukedom of Italy, and immediately he created him king or chief Precedent of the whole province. He made Berengarius & Guido, being noble men of Rome,, and descended from an ancient race of Lumbards': One of them he made Duke of Foroiuliensium, the other Ducem Spoletanorum, and to the other he gave offices, revenues & dignities to make them faithful to him, & through the amity of so mighty persons, to be a terror to his brother and his confederates. But vain is the purpose of man where God blesseth not the state, and counsel is no counsel, where God refuseth the estate: Not leagues are fortunate, neither the purpose of Princes have any good success, that seek the defacing of good to set up evil, and by unjust title, friendship or amity of the mightiest rulers for kingdoms sake, be followers of julius Caesar. Si violatum est ius, regnandi causa violatum est. If right & rule be to be broken, let it be broken for kingdoms sake, otherwise let godliness & justice be maintained. The great mischievousnes of these Princes & their bloody ambitious purposes not regarding God nor right, was the utter overthrow of the stock of Charles the great & almost utterly rooted them out. By this confedrature or amity, Italy was wrapped with seditious uproars, and thereby cut of from the Princes of germany and France: and after many cruel wars and bloody end of many noble Princes and pears, the Frenchmen were overcome, and the germans again recovered their former estate lost, & became again mighty. But the stoutness & boldness of Charles at the length was cut of from the Empire, and the kingdom of France, and those that Charles sent into italy against his enemies for his Empire, put their Lord out from that possession, and entered thereon themselves.  
This Carolus calvus returning into France, and being certified of the death of his brother Lodovicus Germanicus, forthwith he made wars on his brother's sons, for to take from them their father's kingdom, he went against them with a great host, but Carolus calvus was put to flight, and recovered of him those Dominions that he lost.  
This Carolus calvus was punished of God for his injurious dealing toward other, for his miserable covetousness, for his ambition and wars moved without just title, this war was fought the .8. of the Ideses of October, the year of Christ 876.  
In the mean time Charlemagne coming with his brother Charles, marched into italy with their power, the Emperor met these, but he was forced to retire, and escaped with much difficulty, he fled to Mantua, & died of a lask: but it was not without the suspicion of poisoning, by a jew called Sedechias who was his Physician, 
Sidechias.  and in great estimation with him: He was a covetous Prince, proud, ambitious, a great boaster, withal vanity vain glorious, he died the year of Christ .878. Of the world .4840. After he had governed France 36. year. and the Empire two years. His sons would have carried his body into France, there to be buried, but they could not for stink of his Carcase, whereupon they were compelled to bury it at Vercelles, & 7. years after taking his body up again, they carried it into France. This Emperor had two wives, the first was called Richildis the sister of Boson: the second was named Hirmendruda, of her he begat .4. sons and .1. daughter.  
Lodovicus Balbus son to this Lodovicus, Pope john gave to him afterward in France the title of the Empire: & Lotharius who died before his father, and Charles Duke of Aquitania, & Charlemagne Duke of the province: this Charles Duke of Aquitania in wrestling with one Albinus, died his back being broken: Charlemagne being compelled of his father to be a Monk, he leaving the Monastical life, (was altogether according to his proper study and instruction a warrior. 
Charlemagne ) His father with much chiding would have driven him to that Monastical life, but he would not: at the length his father put out his eyes and cast him in prison. He would have made him a blind Monk, but he thought ease and liberty would have got him friends, to reduce him to his former state, Then was Lodovicus only living.  
This Carolus calvus warred on the Norman●, by the aid of Welechindus the Saxon: this Welechindus came of the progeny of that noble Welechindus, with whom Charles the great had wars. Carolus calvus made this Welechindus chief governor over Gallia Lugdunensis: Of this Welechindus, the kings of France are thought to descend. Carolus calvus made Rupertus Welechindꝰ son, chief Captain of his great host in italy, against the normans who also died in wars. Otto the son of Rupertus by the permission of Arnulphus came to the kingdom of France, when as Carolus Simplex for young age, was not meet to govern: Of the brother of Ottou, Hugo the great Earl of Paris was borne, to whom by the sister of great Otto Hugo, Capetus king of France was borne, the first stock of the kings of France that now is and * governeth. * (⁂)   

Lodovicus the third.  
 
AS soon as the death of Carolus calvus was known to be true, the nobles of Rome & estates of the Empire did incline themselves to the choice of the empire, for Carolus Crassus who with his brother Charlemagne possessed italy: but Pope john bishop of Rome at that time, withstood it for he favoured more the Frenchemen. But this holy and spiritual Pope, 
Pope john  was taken moving sedition and stirred an uproar against the estates, but some of his friends in petition to the estates, entreated for his liberty: but he being set at liberty, traitorously fled away into France to Lewes the king, of whom he was with all honour received and honoured for so holy a Prelate. The Pope for his good entertayninge & honourable receiving, rewarded him with the title of the Emperor. This Lodovicus with the Pope's grant and his power and might, became Emperor contrary to the will of the nobility: this Lodovicus governed but two years, he died in the wars attempted against Bernardus in the marches of italy, in the Ideses of April, the year of Christ .878. of the world 4842.   

Carolus the younger, or Crassus  
CArolus the son of Lodovicus ●ermanicus, who received of Charlemagne italy, and of the other Lodovicus the kingdom of Germany by heritage. This Carolus Crassus with very fortunate success, expelled the Saracenes out of italy, at that time as he was made Emperor of Pope Iohu●. Within four years space, the Empire of the West had this Emperor the third, whereby great alteration fell: and a great wekeninge to the estates. 
Alteration of kingdoms.  So sudden changes are not happening without the great wrath of God, and manifest calamities to the universal estate. Xenophon wrote of the noble estate of common wealths of the Lacedæmonians & of the Athenians, thus he saith. Omnes mutationes rerumpublicarum lethales. All changes of common wealths are deadly. Also the oft change of governors, pulleth down the state of countries: for because commonly novus Rexnova lex, A new king new laws. Most happy are they that enjoy the virtuous Prince: It is a manifest token of the wrath of God, the often alteration of the state of Princes. At what time as Carolus Crassus had expelled the Saracenes out of italy, he returned into germany, he held at that time the government of France in his hands, 
The often alteration of Princes.  because Lodovicus Balbus had left Carolus Simplex borne after his death. The Normans entered by force into the country of Atribatum, having admitted Godfride & Sigefride for their Captains: then Carolus seeking to aid the people invaded of their enemies, but his enterprises not prospering, he made peace with them, & gave in marriage to Sigefride, a fair Lady called Gis●la, the daughter of Lotharius his uncle, and gave for her dowry Frisia. But the normans did not so cease, but with another Captain called Rollo, they invaded Neustria, but Carolus also made a league with them, and granted them that they should have that part of Neustria, which lieth from the flood Epta to the britains & there endeth, it is closed in with the French Ocean Sea, whose head City is Rotomagun. Of these new inhabitors Normandy took his name, which before was called Neustria. To this Rollo being Christened, another name was given Rupertus. Carolus Simplex gave his daughter to him in marriage: Fron this king in long succession descended the Dukes of Normandye. Carolus Crassus through his misfortune in war, and through his evil leagues with his enemies, came in hatred & contempt with his own people, sickness also brought him low, whereby & with care of mind, he was not of right mind, and left his kingdom. In his stead Arnolphus the son of Charlemagne was elected. This Carolus Crassus was brought to great misery, not having sufficient to live, he died afterward in a po●● town of Swevia, in the Ideses of january. The year of the world .4850.  
When he had reigned .7. years, and in year of our Saviour Christ .888. ¶ ¶   

Arnolphus.  
THen Arnolphus the son of Charlemagne was created Emperor, & subdued the normans, who being given to great covetouslle neglected no means to catch to him his spoil or pray, he governed xii. years & died of lice: after him, the majesty of the Empire fell to the germans which for the space of 100 years continued with the frenchmen. Arnolphus being dead, italy and all the states thereof would have Beringarius, by descent a Lumbarde to be Emperor, but the germans and Frenchmen would have to enjoy the Imperial seat, Lodovicus the son of Arnolphus, who governed vi. years: to whom also Conradus Duke of Austria put in place reigned seven. years. So he had his successor Henry the first, the son of Otho Duke of Saxone for xviii. years: By the ambition of these Princes, many detestable uproars & seditious tumults rose almost 60. years, from the death of Arnolphus to Otho the first. In this sort the Italians vexed with daily invasion of barbarous Nations, not willing to leave the ancient regiment, laws, & glory of estate, they created Beringarius Foroniliensen a noble man of great renown & a noble warrior to be Emperor.  
This Beringarius overthrew at Verona, Lodovicus the son of Arnolphus and put out his eyes, he drove the Pamnonians out of Italy with money, he killed Guido a Duke. After he had governed four years, Beringarius the second succeeded him, who after the third year was driven out of his country of Rodolphus king of Burgundye: this Rodolphe reigned iii years, and was driven out of his kingdom by Hugo a Duke: this Hugo governed ten years and died, leaving behind him Lotharius his son, who died after he had governed ii years: after whom Beringarius the third sent for into Italy, with his son Adelbertus governed it xi. years, who used himself with all tyranny, & therefore Otho a Saxon was sent for. This Otho drove out of italy the father Beringarius and his son. Great calamities fell to all Europe by the often change of Princes, which happened through the ambition of usurping Princes who knew not God, and it is a sign of the great wrath of God to have often the change of Princes, and most of all when tyrants succeade the virtuous Princes, who be fathers of Christ's Church ruling with good law and discipline. ¶: ¶   

Otho the first.  
OTHO the first son of Henrye aforesaid king, this Otho was sent for to throw down Beringarius the third of that name: this Beringarius was a wicked Prince, and a tyrant to the Romans. Pope Agapetus was very willing of his coming: this Otho came with .50000. men of war, and drove out of italy Beringarius with his son, but he gave to them by his liberality a part of France to dwell in. But after this both Beringarius and his son rebelled and overcame them: this Otho deposed john the bishop of Rome from his seat, and put Leo in his place. This Otho deposed Bodeslaus king of Boemia from his kingdom, because he killed his own brother, he was a Prince of great justice, endued with all singular virtues, so to administer justice against a murderer, and it was with all lenity to depose him only of kingdom, that deserved death for murder.  
This Otho overthrew the Ramnonians wasting and spoiling Italy, and in that conflict iii kings was taken of the germans and hanged up. This Emperor Otho died after that he had governed 30. years, he was buried at Magdenburge a City of Saxony, being a noble Prince, learned and an excellent warrior   

Otho the second.  
 
OTHO the second, the son of Otho and Adelhida, who was before the wife of Lotharius king of France, he was Crowned in his father's life: This Otho restored Nicephorus Emperor of Constantinople (being put out of his kingdom) into it again, and married Theophania his sister. After this he vanquished Henrye Duke of Bavaria, & made wars against Lotharius king of France: At this time also the Saracenes entered into Calabria, but Otho with an army of soldiers went against them, who being overthrown and put to flight, narrowly escaped in a little boat and came to Rome. Sun after this he died there, and was buried in S. Peter's Chapel after he had reigned xi years, leaving behind him Otho his son and 7. daughters.   

Otho the third.  
 
Immediately after the death of Otho the .2. Otho the third (being his son) was created Emperor of the Princes of germany at Rome: who as soon as he was Crowned, made Bruno a Saxon bishop of Rome, and that Pope was called Gregory the sixth. At what time as Otho took his journey into Saxony, this Gregory was deposed from his papacy, of john that usurped: but Otho full of wrath, 
The ambition of the romish Bishops.  with a great power entered italy and took Rome, and put to death Crescentius the author of this sedition, he put out the Pope's eyes that usurped, and restored Gregory again. And at this day an order remaineth that 6. Princes of germany should choose the Emperor .3. Ecclesiastical 3. Say or secular, and the king of Bohemia is the seventh, who is appointed an Vmpeare to break of all dissension in election if any rise. This Otho when he had ruled nineteen. years died at Rome, not without suspicion of poison, & was carried into Germany: his wives name was mary, the daughter of the king of Arragon, a woman given to all beastliness, and untemperance of life. ¶ ⸫ ¶   

Henrye the second.  
 
Duke of Bavaria, the nephew of Otho the first by his brother the first king of the germans of that name, who was chosen Emperor of the states of Italy & Germanye. He brought Stephen king of Pannonia to be Christened, and to him he gave his sister in marriage, moving him against the Saracenes. This Prince gave himself from all wars, and wholly was given up to all Religion and godly life: his wives name was Cunigunga, whom he loved entierlye, with whom he lived godly, and they were buried together at Bambrige. He governed but .8. years.   

Conradus the Frencheman.  
 
THe nobles of italy being at dissension at the death of Henry, there was apause and ceasing of any Emperor to be chosen: but iii years were not fully passed, or that Conradus was chosen, borne of the daughter of Otto the first, from whom a certain part of italy departed, whereupon he entered Millen with a great power and besieged it, but by the entreating of Duke Lutebrande, and the admonition of the bishop of Collen, he ceased from the spoil of Millen. He had fortunate wars against the Pannonians who in this rebellion aided the Italians: This Conradus subdued Burgundy, he governed xv. years & then died, & was buried at Spires, his wives name was Gisa the daughter of a Prince of Vandalia, of whom he begat Henry the second whom he Crowned king before his death.   

Henrye the third.  
 
THe son of Conradus the Frenchman, this henry assoon as he had received his charge of the Empire, by the consent of the Princes, he made Vldricus king of Bohemia tributary to him: he restored Peter cast out from his kingdom of the Hungarians to it again. In the time of this Emperor, great division rose at Rome about the bishops, who strove to be Popes, Gregory, Silvester and Benedick, the which the Emperor drove away as usurpers, and made the bishop of Bambrige Pope, whom he named Clement the second. He compelled the Romans by an oath that they should not at any time chose the Pope. After this he fortified Capua with munition, than he returned into Germany, he died the 18. year of his reign, and was buried at Spires. His wives name was Agnes the daughter of William Duke of Aquitania.   

Henrye the fourth.  
 
HEnrye the fourth, the son of Henry the iii this henry was cursed of the Pope, and therefore of many Historiographers he is called an enemy of the Church: this henry began his reign in the year of Christ .1507. The state of this henry is worthy deep consideration▪ who greatly withstood the tyranny of the ambitious Prelates, and as much as say in him defended the state of the Empire, being cursed of the Pope, who by treason was overthrown into the Pope's hands. This henry was but .7. years of age when he began to reign, his father gave the education of him to his mother, and the government of the Empire to Conradus a noble Swevian. For .v. years space his mother governed very wisely, this henry through the treason of Conradus, had his mother taken from him, & she fled for safeguard into a monastery: then this Henry went into Saxony, (the bishop of Cole●, and Eccebertus a noble man of Saxonye moving him thereto.) This Emperor was accursed of the Pope, because he had given Ecclesiastical dignities, which the Pope would have had in his own hands to give: Many Histories writ that he was a virtuous Prince, well learned, & of a good wit, yet the thundering bolts of the Pope, ceased not against him, and stirred up also his friends to envy at his estate. The body of this Henry being buried, the Pope caused it to be taken up, but at the last it was vuryed at Spires in the Monuments of his ancestors.   

Henrye the v.  
 
HEnrye the v. the son of Henrye the fourth, followed the steps of his father in withstanding the tyranny of the Pope, and Paschalis the bishop would not suffer him to enter into the City of Rome. But the young Prince not bearing the proud bishops attempt, he calling himself servus servorum Dei, The servant of the servants of God. Then he brought the Pope into his jurisdiction, and took his Crown from him, than the Emperor returned into germany: by this seditious Pope, great tumults rose in italy, whereupon the third time the Emperor entered into italy, and put out of the City of Rome Gelasius the Pope. After this he returned into germany, and after he had governed xv. years he died and was buried at Spires among his ancestors.   

Lotharius the second.  
 
LOtharius the second was a Duke of Saxony, this Lotharius was made Emperor by subtle policy of the Bishop of Magunce, he made his first wars against the Bohemians, but he had evil success, and in the end peace was concluded between them. The .7. year of his reign, Innocentius the 2. was driven out of Rome into France of a bishop that usurped. The Emperor Lotharius to restore him again to that pontifical seat, went to Rome and drove the usurping bishop out of Rome to Apulia with other of his faction. These affairs being ended, he in his journey was taken with a Fever whereof he died, his body was carried into germany, & there buried in a monastery of his name, after he had governed xi years.   

Conradus the third.  
 
COnradus the third Duke of Bavaria, the nephew of Henrye the fourth by his daughter, he was made Emperor by the consent of the Princes of germany, he had great wars with the Saracenes in Asia, the which wars the Histories note, that Lewes the French king, and king Richard king of England did take in hand, but they returned without any notable act done. Conradus after these wars returned into germany, and died without all glory or renown, the xv. year of his government, and was buried at Bambrige in Germany.   

Frederick the first.  
 
Frederick the first called Oinobarbus because he had a red beard, he was by country a Swevian, his father's name was Frederick the brother of Conradus a king. This Emperor Frederick was endued with all Princely qualities both of mind and body, of noble courage, a notable & expert warrior, all felicity followed him, much he had to do with the Popes of Rome, and with Alexander the Pope, placing in his room Octavius a bishop. He made wars against Millen and overthrew it to the ground, he chased Pope Alexander out of Rome, but at the length he was almost overthrown of the Milliners: not long after this there was a league or amity concluded between the Emperor & the Pope, than the Emperor took his journey into Syria, & in the passage over a river was drowned, the 37. year of his reign.   

Henrye the sixth.  
 
HEnrye the sixth, the son of Frederick Barbarossa the king of Sicily before, he married Constantia a holy Nun, the daughter of Rogerus Northman. This henry (his father being dead) was made Emperor of Clement the third, upon a condition to put out of his kingdom tancred a bastard out of Sycile, because the Pope challenged that title. The Emperor overthrew tancred, he took Naples & spoiled it, he killed two daughters of Tancrede unmarried: Some Historiographers writ that a great plague rose, and drove the Emperor away from Sycile, but tancred being put to flight, he obtained the country of Sycile. The Emperor died of sickness, when he had ruled eight years, he left behind him his son Frederick borne of Constantia.   

Philippus.  
 
PHilippus the son of Frederick Barbarossa the brother of king Henrye, this Philippus was chosen Emperor, the greater part of the Princes being willing thereto, but Pope Innocentius the .3. did chose Otho a Saxon, whose ancestors did before time defend & uphold that pontifical seat. By this discord they broke out to wars, the king of England gave aid to Otho, & the French king to Philippus: but in the end Otho was driven out of all, and Philippus enjoyed the seat, but the Pope was much against it. Philippus reigned 9 years, & was murdered of one Otto a county Palatine: then ruled in his seat Otho the fourth of that name, who before entierlye beloved of the Pope, and was under the curse of the Pope, & in his place there was placed Frederick the second, At the length he died the 4. year of his reign.   

Rodulphus. Adolphus.  
 
ROdulphus a county of Hasburge was choose Emperor, but before he was chosen, even from the death of Frederick till .22. years after, there was no Emperor chosen, such dissension rose on every side, no man bearing an others state. This Rodulphus killed Othocarus king of Bohemia, he burned one that would have persuaded the people that he was Frederick the second, and many believed it because he was so like to Frederick, as in England the like hath been done of divers which have given out themselves to be the king. This false usurper Frederick usurped in Swevia, this Emperor governed xviii. years, & was buried at Spires. The county of Nason succeeded him, who was chosen by the nobles, but they annoyed with his beastly life, and ambition of this Adulphus, they chose in his place Albertus' Duke of Austria: then Adulphus raised a power against this Duke, but he was slain in his enterprise ruling but viii▪ years.   

Albertus' the first. Henrye the seven.  
 
Albertus' the first, the son of Rodulphus the Emperor, by the consent of the Princes and of Bonifacius the Pope was Crowned Emperor. The Pope was moved thereto for envy he bore to the seat of Princes, and because he might thereby work his malicious and detestable mind against Philippe the French king. This Emperor to gratify the Pope's mind, went with a great power against the king of France, but in passing over the flood of Rhine was killed of john his brother's son, after that he had ruled x. years. The Emperor his brother neglected him, because he was a young gentleman of great activity, of excellent learning, of rare virtues (yet fearing him) would not suffer him to enjoy his dignity & revenues, neither gave unto him any thing. The Emperor being thus slain Henry of Lucenbrige a County, succeaded in the Empire: the bishops was willing thereto, because the Princes and states of Italy holped the bishop, and he would gladly show and utter his bloody purpose by the Emperor. This Emperor overthrew the people of Millen, he entered Rome after he was 〈◊〉, but he was driven out of it, he had great wars against the Saracenes, but in the end a holy Dominicke Friar poisoned him in the Sacrament: 
The practice of romish Prelates.  A holy practice of Prelates to poison Princes, it showeth how far they be from the Doctrine of the Gospel, from humility and obedience towards Princes. The Gospel teacheth them to obey Princes even to the death: but it is the fruits of the romish Catholics to utter their wolvish faith by murder. 
K. john.  King john king of England (as the Histories showeth) was poisoned by a Monk, with divers other examples to manifest their tyranny, which I will omit because it is manifest: and it hath been an old purpose of romish prelate's by murder (against the law of God and nature) to further their devilish purposes.   

Lodovicus.  
Lodovicus Duke of Bavaria, and Frederick Duke of Austria, both were chosen Emperors, the states of Italy and Germany were divided in the election: whereupon neither of them would give place, but for the space of 8. years, they made wars one against the other, to the great ruin of all Italy & Germany, many seditious uproars and commotions boulstered by them, the slaughter of many noble years, the decay of many noble houses, & the death of many valiant Captains, this is the fruits of sedition, of cruel commotions, & of ambitious heads. At the length the Duke of Austria being killed, the Duke of Bavaria was a sole Emperor: He entered italy with a mighty power, but the bishop of Rome being not his friend, shot out against him his thundringe bolts of cursing and excommunication, but the Emperor little esteemed his cursing God blessing him, and entered Rome the bishop not able to withstand him, & was Crowned there of Stephanus Columnius, So little the curse of the Pope prevailed. And in this place it giveth me occasion to writ of a certain curse which the Metrapolitan of Mosconia did curse the Emperor withal, as followeth.  
⁂ The Emperor of Russia who is Emperor of Casane and great Emperor of Astracan, on a time was cursed of the Metropolitan of Moscovia, and the Emperor hearing of his curse, 
The Metropolitan of Moscovia.  sent to the Bishop which cursed him, a great stone in a platter, tauntingly saying: bless the from famine for I have cursed thee. The holy bishop answered again, bishops love not to eat stones? the Emperor answered, nor Emperors to be cursed. But saith the Emperor thou shalt feel not only what is the wrath of a Prince by so hard a stony penance, but also thou shalt feel for all thy curse, that my power is without the reach of thy curse. The bishop fearing the emperors threatening, fled to a poor monastery, but he was taken, and by the way he gave to our Lady his Pall and his bishops robe, to Petronilla his hat, and to S. Michol (whom we call Nicholas) his staff. And I saw this Metropolitan (as many more English men did to) have a great Iron chain about his neck, and carried on a fled most vile to behold, which was never seen afore in Moscovia: for the chief bishop there, is counted a Saint and father of the Emperor. After this & divers other torments, the Emperor caused him to be torn a sunder with fierce horse: This was done in the year of Christ .1569. at what time as I served with the Emperor of Moscovia.  
Lodovicus made Corbarius Pope, and deposed the other bishop, and placed in all the cities Magistrates that acknowledged obedience to him being their Emperor. He died the 32. year of his reign, he was a most noble Prince endued with all Princely qualities.   

Charles the fourth.  
 
Charles' the fourth a Bohemian, whose father was john, a county of Lucenburge, he was chosen Emperor and enjoyed it against Edward king of England elected, and against Gunter Earl of Suarlzenburge. This Charles was brought up in learning, & in the knowledge of the chief languages: He made the university of prague, & adorned it with most sumptuous buildings. He neglected the majesty of the Roman Empire, giving himself wholly from the care of it, the Pope cursed him out of italy. He governed 32. years, than his son Venceslaus by a common counsel was elected Emperor. ¶ ¶   

Venceslaus.  
 
VEnceslaus the son of Charles the fourth, was unlike to his father, & grand father in martial policies, who through slothfulness let the Empire faule into ruin: he was taken of his brother sigifmundus and deposed, and in his steed was chosen Rupertus the Earl Palatine of Rhine, he died the .22. of his reign. Rupertus Duke of Bavaria in fight against Galiatius, was driven out of the field, he went to the Venetians and to the people of Trydent, and was honourably received of them. After this he returned into germany, and gave himself to peace and Religion: he died the x. year of his reign, leaving the state of the Florentines in great peril.   

Sigismundus.  
 
SIgismundus the son of Charles the fourth, in all Princely glory most excellent, of goodly & taule parsonage, with all princely qualities endued: a godly Prince, excellent in all noble languages. He excelled in the copuousnes of the latin tongue: and much blamed the germans that they hated the latin tongue. He married mary the daughter of a king of Hungary, and obtained Bohemia of the king her father: he was often overthrown of the Turks and Bohemians, he put to death 32. noble men of Pannonia beheading them. At the last he was taken and in the custody of a Lady whose husband he put to death, but with great difficulty he was delivered: He took away the contention of ambitious Prelates at Rome, and drove three bishops from their seats. He had a second wife and died the 27. year of his reign. He was buried at Alba in Hungarye. ¶ **** 
 *** ¶   

Albertus.  
 
Albertus' Duke of Austria, the son in law of this Sigismundus before, king of Bohemia and Hungarye: Assoon as he was Emperor he subdued the normans, and the people of Swevia, also the Pools he brought them within his bonds & limits, he brought under the factions in Bohemia, he had wars with the Turks, but he prevailed not against them, he died of a bloody flix, and was buried with his father in law Sigismundus, ruling but two years. The Empire was in great calamity by him, he left his wife Elizabeth the daughter of Sigismundus (afore named great with child, who bore him Ledislaus king after his death. ¶ ¶   

Frederick the third,  
 
Frederick the third, Duke of Austria who governed his Empire with so great wisdom, that for the space of 53. years continually so long as he governed, the state was upholded with all prosperity and quietness. He ceased many seditious tumults in Austria, he delivered his son Maximilian from the flemings, & was Crowned at Rome of Pope Nicholas with his wife Leonora daughter to the king of Lusitania, who with his wife returned to Naples to greet his kinsman Alphonsus Then he returned into germany, making a foolish vow that he would go to Rome on pilgrimage in poor habit, then after that he returned into germany, and died the 79. year of his age.   

Maximilian.  
 
MAximilian the son of Frederick the third, borne of his wife Leonora, in the life of his father the government of the Empire was committed to him. This Maximilian entering into Burgundy where he married mary the daughter of Duke Charles, by whom he had the Dukedom of Burgundy: Mathewe king of Pannonia being dead he obtained to himself his kingdom. This Maximilian was a noble Prince, Germanye was given all to wars in his time, yet this Prince was most desirous of peace, till just & good occasion moved him thereto. He was of beautiful countenance, of goodly stature, broad shouldered, he was so much given to hunting, that neither heat nor cold, could keep him from that pastime. He was excellent in all languages, a patron of all learning, This was his excellent saying of those that were learned. Eos se amare quos natura alios ante stare voluit: Those he aught to love, whom nature had made to pass other. He was a Prince endued with all humanity, & wisdom, in prosperity and adversity all one, neither proud in the one, nor cast down in the other. He governed .33. years, and died with the grief of all men, for his virtues so much beloved.   

The most victorious Emperor Charles the fift.  
Charles' the fift the son of Philippe, which Philippe was Archeduke of Austria, and the son of Maximilian & mary: Of this Philip was borne these two noble Princes, as all writers do write them, Duo preclarissima orbis lumina, Carolus Q. & Ferdinandus. The mother of this Charles & Fernandus, was joane queen of Castill: Of this joane, Philip begat also .4. daughters, that is Leonora, Isabel, mary & Katherine all these his daughters were married to kings: Leonora was married to the king of Lusitania, Isabella to the king of France called Francis, at what time as he was delivered home from Charles the fift, king Francis being in his captivity. Marry was married to the king of Dacia, Katherine to the king of Hungary, their father was buried at Burges in Castille, the year of our Lord and Saviour .1506. Charles the fift succeeded his grandfather Maximilian, by the election of all the estates: These commendations the germans give unto him.  
Carolo Q. praeter fortunae & animi dotes, maximae bellorum & pacis accessere felicitates, utpote, qui tot insulas subegit, tot regulos aut bello perdomuit, aut etiam potestati subiecit quo regnant res maiorum monumentis inauditae obtigerunt.  
To Charles the fift not only all felicity followed, both for fortune and the mind, but also in peace and war he triumphed over all his enemies, for many Cities and Islands he brought to his subjection, & many Princes and kings he brought to his obeisance, as no Emperor more.  
This Charles the fift, unto whom for valiant acts, may worthily be attributed the surname of Magnus, in that it may be truly affirmed, that the virtues of this Prince were so manifold, & his qualities so rare, that neither the divine eloquence of Cicero, nor the grave Copy of Demosthenes, might suffice with due honour to celebrated him. And as unpossible it is fully to describe his who●e conquests and victories, as it is to reduce the Ocean into a little Vessel. Wherefore although the burden of this enterprise be most great, for his noble acts fully to be spoken of: where upon there may happen unto me the like as chanced unto a certain Ingraver, who having taken upon him to set forth an Image in some stone of Porfrey or white Marble, and although his workmanship therein was not very perfect, yet it was much regarded and beheld for the rarity of the substance, and not for the excellency of the workmanship. Even so the subject of him on every side, of whom I have taken upon me to writ of, is such, that of itself it may very much supply unto the imbecility of my understanding, and baseness of style: being encouraged therefore with these occasions to enter freely under this burden, I have thought it necessary to repeat the Original of the house of Austria, a family certainly, by fate ascribed unto Emperors. The first from whom this most famous house had beginning, was Leopold (surnamed the worthy) who was created Marquis of Austria, by Charles the great, which was in the time when the Hungarians overcame the country of germany: but in the end being overcome of Charlemagne, 
The first name of Marquesses, and why they were so called.  they were prosecuted by him unto Buda, where first began the name of Marquesses for such noble men, unto whom were assigned frontiers of countries to defend, against the incursions and invasions of the enemies, were named Marquesses.  
After Leopold, 
Leopolde.  succeeded Henrye the first of that name & second Marquis of Austria (surnamed the rebel) because long time he refused to obey unto the Roman Empire. 
Henrye. ●.  Unto Henry succeeded Albert (surnamed the victorious) for his manifold victories. 
Albert.  Heruestus' succeeded Albert (surnamed the valiant.) Leopold the second (surnamed the beautiful) succeeded Heruestus. 
Heruestus.  Unto Leopold the second, succeeded Leopold the third (surnamed the godly) who for the godly deeds which he wrought, 
Leopolde. 2  was canonised and registered in the number of saints. Unto him succeeded Leopold the fourth (surnamed the bountiful) for the liberality which he used. 
Leopolde. 3  Unto Leopold succeeded henry, who of Frederick the Emperor was created Duke of Austria, 
Leopolde .4.  which was in the year after the incarnation of our Saviour Christ .1361.  
Unto Henrye succeeded Leopold the fift surnamed the virtuous, 
Henrye.  for his manifold good qualities: this was the second Duke of Austria and the first of Stiria. 
Leopolde. 5  Unto him succeeded Dukes of Austria and Stiria, two brethren, Frederick the first surnamed the Catholic, 
Frederick .1.  and Leopold the sixth called the glorious, who overlived his brother and governed prosperously both Duchess. Unto him succeeded Frederick the second surnamed the warlike, 
Leopolde. 6  who was the last Duke of Austria and Stiria. He dying without any heir, Margaret who was the sister of Frederick, 
Frederick .2.  & ones wife unto Henrye the king of the Romans, the son of the Emperor Frederick the second: being now a widow and without heirs by her husband, 
Margaret.  returned into Austria as sole heir.  
There was also an other Lady named Gertruda, 
Gertrude.  daughter of Henry Duke of Meddling (who was also brother unto the said Frederick) she was given by him in marriage unto Ladislao Duke of Moravia, with whom she lived scarcely xviii. months but he died, and after she was married unto Herman the Marquis of Bada, by whom she bore a son named Frederick, unto the which without question had descended both the estates, if he had not been beheaded at Naples. This Gertruda after she had been widow four years, returned into Austria, unto whom was assigned to inhabit the fort and Castle called Meddling, & unto Margarete was given Hiemburg. After Frederick'S death, the treasure which was in the Castle of Starchemburg, was divided into three parts, one part was given unto Margaret, an other unto Gertrude, who had two sons Theodoricke and Albert, and the third was distributed among the sisters of the said Frederick. After this there grew a great discord among the Barons for the election of a governor, since there remained no heir male unto Frederick, of which discord to entreat of appertaineth nothing unto my purpose. It sufficeth to understand that after the Empire of Rome had long time been destitute of a king, Rodulphe the county of Hasburge was elected king of the Romans, who gave the duchy of Austria unto his eldest son: by which means it descended unto this most glorious family of Haspurge, in the which it hath continued the space of 260. and more years, & hath brought forth nine Emperors, which are. The said Rodulphe, Albert the first, Frederick the first, Albert the second, Frederick the second, Maximilian, Charles the fift of whom we now writ of, Ferdinando his brother, & Maximilian that reigneth. 
The beginning of the the house of Austria.  This (as most approved Authors affirm) was the Original of the house of Austria. Charles the fift was the son of Philippe king of Spain, son to Maximilian the Emperor, and of Queen joane who was daughter unto king Ferdinand the Chatholicke, he was borne in gaunt a noble City of Flaunders, very famous by the birth of this mighty Prince. But here the better to satisfy the Reader, I have thought it necessary to entreat of his pedigree, by a more higher descent. Charles the fift, king of France (surnamed the wise) gave unto Philippe his younger brother, 
The stock of Charles the fift.  the Duchy of Burgundy: this Philip took to wife a daughter of Lodovickes the county of Flaunders, who was his only heir & was called Margaret, 
Philippe.  by whom he had a son whose name was Philippe, 
Charles.  this Philippe had a son who was called Charles (surnamed the warrior) who being slain before the City of Nance, 
mary.  left mary his daughter sole heir unto many large Countries, who married with Maximilian son unto the Emperor Frederick the third, 
Maximilian, Philippe.  and bore by him Philip, who had unto wife joane the daughter of Ferdinand king of Spain, 
joane.  unto whom she bore two sons, 
Ferdinand Charles.  Charles and Ferdinand, which Queen joane being great with child removed unto Gaunt where she was delivered of Charles, 
Ferdinand.  as you have hard before. Ferdinand his grandfather by the mother, was king of Aragonie and Cicilia, and had to wife Elizabeth the daughter and heir of john the second, king of Spain, who afterward conquered the kingdom of Naples: He begat of Elizabeth these children, john, Isabella, joane, mary & Katherine. john and Isabella, dying without issue, the kingdom descended (according to the laws of Spain) unto joane the second sister: by this mean therefore all the segnioryes which belonged unto the Duke of Burgundye, (who undoubtedly was a very mighty Prince) and all the kingdoms which king Ferdinand possessed, descended unto this Charles the son of joane: in the dividing of which inheritance, all the Duchy of Austria was obtained by his brother Ferdinand. Charles was borne upon S. Mathias day, which was the xxiiii. of Februarye .1500. Philippe his father died he being but a child of vi. year old, but his grandfather Ferdinand lived after him ten years, and continually during his life, tendered his nephew with a fatherly affection, and procured to have him brought up in learning and most virtuous exercises, who when he was of xuj years of age, sailed into Spain, where he was received with great joy & gladness: For the Spaniards more than any other Nation, are inclined to love their Prince, and for this they did the more honour Charles, for that they conceived to be in him great prowess, and that their name through him would be much exalted. It is certain that at the first divers of the Barons and chief of the kingdom, would not accept him for their King, but as a Prince, for that they supposed they should very much injury their queen joane, if they should do any thing against the Testament of the worthy king her father. About this there arose great tumults, but in the but in the end all things were acquieted by accepting him for governor together with her in the kingdom: Charles being received unto the administration of Spain, in the year of Christ .1517. He remained there two years, in which time he exercised himself, not in childish pastimes, but in all those affairs which belong to a most sage & prudent governor. And (a thing to be wondered at) in that little space he so attained unto the conditions and behaviour of that people, that he seemed to be borne, nourished & brought up among the Spaniards, and yet he never abased in any respect the state of a king, for with his majesty, humanity was so united, that with difficulty it might be discerned whether in him was the greater: Unto the proud he was a terror, and unto the humble courteous, which made him to be both loved and feared of all men. 
Rare virtues in a Prince.  These virtuous of his being published throughout all Europe, so much prevailed, that after the death of Maximilian, the electors chose him for Emperor when he was but xix years of age: the which election was esteemed the worthier, in that Francis the French king was his competitor in the same, who had in his favour Pope Leo the x. It is reported that Charles understanding the French king to seek after the Imperial dignity, doubting that there might through this emulation arise some discord, certified him that he also sought after the same: Unto whom the French king answered, that it displeased him no more, then if they were both rivalles in loving of one woman. After Charles was chosen Emperor, he sent the report thereof into Spain by Frederick the county Palatine, who for his news was most welcome unto the Spaniards: but he ordained certain in his absence to govern the kingdom, as Adrian the Cardinal, and Charles Ceurus a Flemminge, instructor unto the Emperor in feats of arms, which ruled Spain with such tyranny, that within short space it was altogether in Arms, unto the universal discommodity & hurt of the whole province. Upon which occasion the French king (a Prince of great worthiness) very well perceiving that if the Emperor were not in time prevented, he would in short space grow unto such strength & power, as that he might be a great terror both unto France, & all other Princes near unto him adjoining. He had in remembrance the folly of Pompeie, 
The small discretion of Pompeie.  who permitted Caesar to grow unto such power and force, that he was not able (when after he would abate his might) but in process of time through his negligence was by him vanquished, & by those he trusted, most shamefully slain. Whereupon by this tumult in Spain, the French king took opportunity to invade the kingdom of Navarra: but as the rebels were soon overcome by Don Ignico Velasco the great Constable of Spain, and by Henrye the Admiral, even so by those Captains the Frenchmen were destroyed and vanquished. At this present the Emperor passed into Germany, where he was joyfully received, and in the year after the Incarnation of Christ .1520. in the City of Aquisgrane, he was solemnly Crowned Emperor with the silver Crown: for it is an ancient custom, that all Emperors should be Crowned at iii fondrye places, with three divers Crowns. I have thought it necessary therefore in this place, 
The order observed of the Electors in choosing the Emperor.  to describe the order which the electors observe in their creation. Charles king of Bohemia and fourth Emperor, in the year 1306. ordained for the same a certain law, the which is commonly called the Bull of gold. The principal points of which are these: First, upon the certain report of the emperors death, the Archbishop of Mensae is bound, as soon as he shall have understanding thereof, to certify the rest of the electors, and to city them to meet together within the space of three months in the City of Franckeforde, there to elect a new Emperor: & that they which cannot at the day appointed come themselves, do send their deputies with full commission & authority. Yea if it should happen the archbishop to be negligent in accomplishing the same, yet they notwithstanding are bound to meet there within that term, and none of them to enter into the City accompanied with more than two hundredth horses, among which there must be, but .50. men of Arms: and he that doth not appear himself nor by his deputy is for that present deprived of his Electorshippe. 
The first penalty.  Moreover the Magistrates of Franckforde, are bound to permit them to enjoy all Fraunchesses' and liberties: & not to suffer during the diet, any other person to enter into Franckeforde, beside the electors and their families. After they be all assembled, they have service solemnly celebrated for them in S. Bartlemewes', where, in their prayers they pray unto God, that in the present election he will vouchsafe to endue them with his grace, and to illuminate their hearts with his holy spirit, that they may choose a good and virtuous Emperor. 
The oath.  After this they swear, that in the election they will work nothing neither for favour, reward, condition or promise. In fine they come to consultation, from whence they may not departed, until they have chosen the Emperor: for if it happen that they conclude not within the space of one month, 
The second penalty.  than all kind of victuels are taken from them, except only bread and water. And as touching the election, he that is chosen by most voices, enjoyeth as much privilege, as if they had all consented to the same. The Election being in this manner as you hard ended, 
The oath of the Emperor.  and the Emperor created, he is sworn to establish all the electors privileges, with all such rights as appertain to their dignity, liberty, and immunityes. I pretermit for brevity divers other conditions, which to writ would make a large volume.  
* At this time Martin Luthar, did most fervently and learnedly enueighe against the Popes usurped supremecye, and his erroneous traditions.  
The Emperor considering how that Francis the French king attempted the conquest of the kingdom of Navarra, and understanding that the said king was in Arde, there to meet with the king of England, to conclude with him a league and peace: supposed that if the French king might obtain any such league of amity at the king of England's hands, (whose valiant courage he very well knew was inferior to no Prince that ever lived, and whose power (as both France and Scotland can testify) was invincible: might be unto his attempts very prejudicial, or to say more truly an utter subversion. Wherefore after he had polliticklye consulted upon these ambiguityes: Immediately upon king Henry's return into England, the Emperor with all speed possible, sailed thither also, where the king received him very royally, with whom the Emperor so much prevailed, that in the end the king (for that he was his kinsman) joined with him in league: 
Henrye the eight a terror to Princes.  Such was the might and worthiness of this most triumphant Prince, that these, two of the most mightiest Kings that have of long continuance reigned in Europe, omitted no occasions that might be devised, to procure his favour and friendship.  
After the death of Lewes the French king, Francis descending from the royal family of the Valesi succeeded him: who having a mind disposed to attempt weighty affairs, determined the conquest of Milane: and having in readiness a warlike host of worthy soldiers, prepared before of king Lewes for the same intent, without protracting of time, marched forward with his army, which was of .8. Thousand men of arms, every one of which led with him three horses: viii. thousand light horsemen, & twenty Thousand footmen, among these were ten thousand Almains very valiant and hardy soldiers, with twenty ensigns of Ghiunie men, Gascoynes & Biscalines, with these Nations he marched into italy by secret, & unused buy ways: for at the persuasion of Triwltius he passed over the the Alps of Argentera, 
Prospero Colonna taken prisoner by the Frenchmen.  with such celerity and silence, that unawares Prospero Colonna, who then was at Villa Franca, with 5. hundred men of Arms and light horsemen, was with all his taken prisoner. This Colonna and the Cardinal Sadunese were the Pope's generals over his armies. After the French men had fought divers times with the soldiers of the Pope, & of the Sforzeschi, by a City appertaining unto the Duchy of Millen, they fought also twice with twenty Thousand swizzers very valiantly, and in the end after they had with doubtful success continued the battle the space of xuj. hours, the Suizzers were by the French horsemen put out of order and so vanquished. There were slain in two battles, above ix. Thousand swizzers, besides as many more which were wounded, the other that escaped fled thorough Millen, and so returned into their own country. After the Milaners had received this great overthrow, 
Millen in the French kings hands.  being abandoned of the swizzers, they opened the gates unto king Francis, who victoriously entered Millen. The Duke whereof Maximilian Sforza fled into the Castle, which for fear yielded it unto the French king: upon this condition, that the king should pay him yearly during his life, xxxv. Thousand Crowns, and that he as long as he lived, should never departed out of France, without licence obtained of the said king. In this manner as you have hard Millen became subject unto the French king: presently after this he went unto Bonnonie, where he met with Pope Leo, with whom he entered into a league of friendship, 
Carnival we call it shrovetide.  and after he had passed the Carnival in solace and pleasure, he returned into France, and for a few years enjoyed quietly that miserable and unfortunate estate.  
After the death of the Catholic king, before the going of Charles into Spain, 
A truce taken between the Emperor & the French king at Noion.  he made a truce by his Ambassadors with king Francis at Noion in Burgundye, rather of necessity enforced thereto, then moved by good will: for he might neither safely nor speedily have made his journey, not having the friendship of this stout and mighty prince: The conditions of which accord were these. First, that the Emperor should restore Navarra unto the son of king john, if the arbitrators which were to determine the controversy, would judge it reasonable: Moreover that he should pay every year unto king Frances, an hundred Thousand Ducats for the kingdom of Naples, to th'end it might appear that he had some right to the claim thereof.  
This accord being concluded by a Prince of xvi years of age, could not be of much force, for the tribute was never paid: although in the behoof of the French king, it was divers times demanded. Charles who possessed the kingdom of Naples lawfully as his inheritance by his grandfather Ferdinand, thought it a discredit to pay tribute for his own, for he well knew that in so doing he should have abased his lawful title: Moreover he esteemed it a great dishonour that the French king should enjoy the state of Millen, which was tributary unto the Empire, without having any just title or claim thereto: Also the being of the French men in italy, caused him to doubt of the safe enjoying of the kingdom of Naples. Wherefore after consultation had upon these differences, he fully determined and disposed himself to revenge the injuries offered him by the Frenchmen, and with all speed to drive them out of italy. He appointed as general in this enterprise Prospero Colonna, and Frances Davalo Marquis of Pescara, he made general over the footmen. The French king not ignorant of the emperors determination, sent into italy an army of soldiers, whereof a great part were Suizzers, over whom was Captain Monsignor de Lotrecco, who marching with great celerity out of France, drew near unto the same bridge over the which Prospero Colonna had passed to go unto Cremona: So that the two hosts encountered as it were face to face at Rebecco. The Captains of the swizzers, being desirous to join battle with their enemies▪ desired Lotrecco that he would grant them lysence to give the charge upon the emperors army: And also Francisco Maria Duke of Urbine, a wise & valiant Prince who then was in the Venetian Camp, affirmed by good arguments that the conflict would have been unto them most prosperous. But Lotrecco (no man witting the occasion) would not by any persuasions, condescend thereunto, although every man affirmed that Colonna had encamped his army imprudently, 
Great wisdom in the encamping of an army.  and in a place of great disadvantage, which opinion he himself verified shortly after, by retyringe with his army into a more safe and better defenced ground: and in the end very politickelye passed with his army over the river Adda in certain small boats Whose passage Lesen a Captain of the French kings resisted all that he might, for he well perceived that passage to import very much, but he prevailed little with this his attempt, wherefore he retired with all speed unto Millen. When the Marques of Pescara marched with the footmen, over which he was general, towards the City also: The Spaniards approaching near unto the Town, and vewinge every place diligently, found a secret enterye into the same by a Postern gate, who not omitting the present occasion which fortune as smile offered unto them, passed with force thorough the trenches near unto which Lotrecco was encamped in the Suburbs: 
Millen taken of the emperors soldiers.  & assaulting the French and Venetian soldiers at unawares gave them a marvelous great overthrow, and took prisoner signor Theodoro Triwltio general o●er the Venetians, who at that present was unarmed, 
An overthrow of Frenchmen.  as one that looked not for any such assault. The Milliners who greatly favoured the parties of Sforza, and might not well support the great pride and cruelty of the Frenchmen, at midnight opened unto the emperors army the gates of the City, and received him with great joy.  
Lotrecco at this instant (although no man pursued him) with the Frenchmen at Arms fled unto Cremona, which at length he obtained, and attempting in vain the conquest of Pavia, encamped at Sesto, minding to assault Millen. But he found in a readiness Prospero Colonna and Sforza, who with great affection was followed of the Milliners: 
The Frenchmen & Suizzers are vanquished.  wherefore he went unto Bicocca, where a battle was fought, in which the frenchmen were overcome, and a great number of them and of the swizzers slain, and in this conflict was slain Albart Peter their Captain. 
Pope Leo as it was thought killed with poison.  After this fortunate success the emperors soldiers wan Lod●, Piccightone and Alexandria. At this time died Pope Leo, who as it was suspected) was murdered by empoysonment: 
Adrian the 6. created Pope  Unto him succeeded Adrian the sixth.  
At this present the Marquis of Pescara took the City of Geane, 
The City of Geane taken by the Marquis of Pescara.  which he permitted to be sacked of the soldiers. Adrian the Pope entered Rome at such time as the miserable City of the Rhodes (so much celebrated of ancient writers, being a security unto all Christendom, of marvelous force) was after a long siege, 
The City of Rhodes taken by the Turks.  won by Soliman the Emperor of the Turks, a most deadly enemy unto all Christians, & yielded unto him upon certain conditions by Monsignor Litidaine, the chief governor there for the Christians.  
And now the Emperor to gratify the Milliners, invested Frances Sforza with the Duchy of Millen, and also concluded a league with the Pope, for the defence and conservation of the duchy unto the said Sforza: into which league entered the Venetians, who esteemed this the only mean to restore italy unto liberty. Notwithstanding this league, & the manifold overthrows which the French men had sustained, yet no chance that mghte happen, was able to withdraw the invincible mind of king Frances, from the conquest of Millen: Wherefore with all speed he prepared a mighty host of .32. Thousand footmen, 
The second coming of king Frances into Italy to conquer Millen.  among whom were xii. Thousand swizzers, and of xii Thousand horsemen. But the Duke of Bourbon Constable of France, did somewhat stay the French kings hasty coming into italy, for Madam Aluigia the kings mother seemed by force wrongfully to take from the said Duke certain Castles which appertained of right unto his Duchy: whereof he complained unto the king, of whom he received so discouragious and answer, 
No cause aught to move a man against his country.  that he was moved being much injured to conceive displeasure against him with desire of revenge, which desire in the end took effect: And now the king for divers considerations, thought it necessary to have his company, but the Duke (otherwise minding) feigned himself to be sick, & was visited of the king, who said that in any wise he should go with him unto the conquest of Millen. Unto whom the Duke (to satisfy him for the present) answered that he was content. But after the kings departure, he used this subtlety to escape: and having sent before the army certain of his family with a Horse litter, in which were his Ensigns and Armour, all men supposing him likewise to be in the same, secretly with a small company of horsemen he rood into Burgundy, a country of the Emperors, in which he levied x. Thousand footmen, minding to assault France presently after the king should be departed thence, as he had decreed with the Emperor long before: by the working of Adrian Baureno, who was sent unto him to debate of this enterprise, in the habit of a merchant. After the Duke had molested the country of France with those Duchmen, achieving no exploit worthy of memory, he departed into Italy: In whose place the French king authorised Will●ā Gofferius his Admiral, who greatly dampnifyed the Emperors host. 
The death of Prosper● Colonna.  At this present Prospero Colonna died, to supply whose charge was appointed Charles Lanoia the Viceroy of Naples. Gofferius entering into italy with the army aforesaid, drove from the river Ticine the Imperial hosts, and pitched his tents not far from Millen, & determined to besiege the same: whose power the emperors captains not able to resist in the field, withdrew themselves into the City, which they afterward perceiving to be weak and slenderly furnished of victuals, forsook it also, and returned unto the defence of certain other forts and Castles. These Captains were scarlye departed the City by the gate called Porta Romana, bu● the Frenchmen who conceived hope of victory, by celerity entered into the same City, by the gate which goeth unto Vercelli. The soldiers would have sacked the City but the king who was replenished with clemency and mercy, would not in any wise permit them. After the Frenchmen were entered Millen, Anthony Lodia a most famous Captain took upon him the defence of Pavia, and the Marquis of Pescara with the Spanish footmen marched unto Lodi: and Don Charles Lavonia, with Frances Sforza went unto Cremona, and the Duke of Bourbon being gone into germany to levy soldiers. While these things were thus a doing, king Frances was doubtful, whether it were better to assault Lodi, or to cut of the Duchmen before they came to Pavia: but in the end after long deliberation his sinister fortune induced him to march unto Pavia, at such time as the Duke of Bourbon was returned out of germany, with a great supply of that country soldiers, and the king having sent a great part of his army unto the conquest of Naples, being abandoned also of 7000. Grisones, was enforced with that company which was left him, to join battle with the emperors soldiers. In which confliete the Marques of Pescara Lanoia, & the Duke of Bourbon so vexed the Frenchmen, 
An overthrow of Frenchmen.  that in the end they gave them a great overthrow: Which the courageous king perceiving, entered with his horsemen into the battle, and fought most valiantly, not omitting any duty that might appertain unto a most valiant Captain, or worthy soldier. But in this conflict the king at one instant received three misfortunes: the first, the Duke of Alonson with four hundred fled away: secondly Anthonye Leva with his soldiers issued out of Pavia, who at the first entry into the battle put to flight two Thousand Italians: and thirdly with an invincible courage, set upon the Suizzers and broke their array. The king also had behind him the Duchemen whose force he was notable to resist because they kept their order, and were strongly enbattailed, and the Spaniards did so assault him on every side, that in the end his army was wholly discomfited and vanquished, and he himself taken prisoner by Lanoia, 
The Frenchkinge taken prisoner.  who entertained him courteously, honouring him with all duty appertaining unto so puissant a Prince. Some writ that the Duke of Bourbon first apprehended him, willing him to tender himself prisoner unto the Emperor: 
A worthy answer of a Prince.  unto whom the king answered that he would not yield unto a traitor. There were slain in this bloody conflict, above viii. Thousand frenchmen, besides twenty of the noblest Peers in all France: there were taken prisoners of noble men beside the king. The king of Navarra, the bastard of Savoy, the Pope's Legate, Monsignor Memoransi, Monsignor de Florenge, the Lord Lescu, the Lord of Buonaville, the Lord of San Polo, Viconte Galeazzo, Frederick of Bozzolo, the Prince of Lorene, Monsignor de Brion, Monsignor Dobeguino, Frances the brother of the Marquis of Saluzzo, with many other Barons and gentlemen. Of the emperors soldiers were slain about 700. This conflict happened upon S. Math●as day, which was the day of the birth & Coronation of the Emperor. A rare virtue in a Prince, for after report was brought to him of this great victory, & taking of the French king prisoner, he showed not any sign or token of joy: but rather considering the unstableness of fortune, & infinite calamities proper unto the estate of man's life, he desired secretly in heart for ever to live in peace, rendering praise unto the bounty of the Almighty God, that had opened so present a way, for the quiet establishment of the estates of Italy, which he greatly desired. Whereupon by letters directed from him unto Don Charles Lanoia, he exhorted the king with patience to embrace this unfortunate accident, unto the like whereof all men are subject: and to be conducted unto Piccighitone, where (though his cruel fate had in one instant dejected him from so high & mighty estate & dignity, that he was become a prisoner unto his enemy, with great loss and death of his people) he sheewed a singular fortitude, & an incomparable temperance of mind: for he was never seen to utter or manifest in his talk or countenance any alteration, either by mirth or sorrow, neither did there at any time sigh proceed from him: also he would with such sobriety, & skill entreat of that conflict, as he gave great cause of admiration unto such noble men as hard him, of his singular judgement in the same. He only lamented the vileness of the swizzers, who in the beginning fought so valiantly, & now the victory being in their hands, fled so cowardly. Not long after, Lanoia by order & appointment transported the French king (because the Emperor would not in any wise see him) into Spain, 
King Frances carried unto Spain.  and placed him in Madrid with a sufficient garrison, for the safe custody of his person: where he continuing prisoner, void of all hope to receive any courtesy or favour at th'emperors hands, in the end by thought taking and pensiveness, became very sick: whom in that extremity the Emperor at the earnest suit of divers his familiars, & in most courteous wise promised to restore him with all speed unto liberty. Neither did he protract the time in accomplishing his promise, 
King Francis delivered out of prison.  for upon these conditions he was shortly after redeemed. First, that he should dispossess him wholly of Italy & Burgundye, & that when the Emperor should repair into italy to be Crowned, the king should send at his proper costs & charges to guard his person, six Thousand footmen, 600. men of Arms, & as many Archers with Crosseboweson horseback, unto all which the king should pay wages for six months: And for the sure performance of these conditions, he should 'cause to be delivered for hostages, of his three sons, the two elder Francis & Henry: and that not performing the conditions he should come & restore himself prisoner again: Also to th'end that this league & agreement might be of the greater force, the king should take unto wife Helenor his sister, who was left widow by Emanuel the king of Portugal, by whom if he should have children, th'emperor promised to invest them with the Duchy of Burgundy. 
Charles the fift married Isabella daughter unto the king of Portugal.  These conditions being ended & condescended unto, the king was set at liberty, & returned into France. Not long after th'emperor married Isabel sister unto john king of Portugal, & daughter of the foresaid Emanuel, & contrary wise he gave for wife unto the said king, Madam Katherine his sister. Through this league between th'emperor and the French king, a great suspicion was conceived by many, that they had conjured the destruction of divers Princes: whereupon, Pope Clement, the king of England, and the Venetians renewed their former league, unto their mutual security. 
Francis Maria Duke of Urbine Captain of the Venetians.  And the Venetians presently moved war for the delivery of Sforza besieged in the Castle of Millen, over whom was general in the enterprise, Francis Maria Duke of Urbine, who with great courage took Lodi: where he attended the coming of 4000 Suizzers, which had been levied by the officers of king Francis. The Army also of Pope Clement, which was conducted by signor Gionaun de Medici joined unto his: 
signor Gionaum de Medici Captain of the Pope's soldiers.  at such time as Sforza with his soldiers in the Castle of Millen was driven unto such extremity through want of victuels, that secretly he caused to be signified unto the Duke of Urbine, that without present supply of victuels, he was not able to abide the siege any longer. Wherefore the Duke together with Gionaum de Medici, having in their company .15000. footmen, & 2000 horsemen, marched towards Millen & encamped at Porta Romana, wherethey gave certain courageous assaults: but finding very strong resistance, they desisted from making farther attempt for that present, minding to attempt the coming of the swizzers, who now were passed the Alps. Wherefore upon this resolution they retired with both their Armies unto Marignano, with intent to join with the swizzers, but by reason of their carryages, their enterprises was so slow, that the soldiers of Sforza which were besieged in the Castle, not being able any longer to support their extreme famine, sent Giacomo Philippo Socco unto the Duke of Bourbon, to signify that Duke Sforza would yield the Castle upon reasonable conditions. The Duke as one that desired nothing more, 
Francis Sforza yieldeth the Castle of Millen unto the Duke or Bourbon.  granted that he should departed fire with all his, & promised also to give him Coma, which when afterward he would have possessed, the Spaniards which were therein refused to part thence: saying, that although the City was giving unto him, yet it was not so condescended the they should leave it. Sforza perceiving him to be deluded, went unto the army of the league, not complaining of th'emperor, but reporting that he was deceived & injured of his officers. At this time Don Vgo Moncada was arrived in Naples with a fresh supply of soldiers, which he brought out of Spain, who minding to remove the Pope from the league concluded against th'emperor with the Princes of italy, 
Cardinal Colonna ransacketh the Pope's Palace.  induced Cardinal Colonna to make war against him, who being destitute of soldiers for his defence, fled into the Castle of S. Angelo, where he was so straightly enclosed, that he had victuels scarcely for three days. Cardinal Colonna being very wrathful towards him in the behalf of th'emperor, without resistance of any sacked the Pope's Palace: & would have passed farther, if Moncada who was the occasion of this, had not otherwise persuaded him. Whereupon a truce was concluded between him, & the Pope for 4. Months, with condition that the Pope's soldiers should retire from the territory of Millen, unto the other side of the river Po: & having received pledges for the performance of the same, he departed from Rome, at such time as Don Charles of Lanoia being returned out of Spain with an army of Spanish footmen, encountered with the Pope's army at the river of Lavoro, where after long fight, he was overcome and put to flight. After which conflict a peace was entreated of, which in the end was concluded between th'emperor & the Pope, upon this condition: That Don Charles of Lanoia should 'cause to return & desist from farther proceeding the Duke of Bourbon, who was reported to march towards Rome, with intent to sack the same. Don Charles met with the Duke, but he prevailed nothing, for he said that his soldiers (who were without money) would not in any wise be withdrawn from the rich prey of that City: except the Pope to avoid that inconvenience, would give him to pay his soldiers .4. hundred thousand Crowns. Of which answer Don Charles certifying the Pope, he seemed in countenance nothing to account or regard the same, but the Duke of Bourbon continuing his journey came to Ronciglon, which presently he ransacked, and from thence he went unto the Suburbs of Rome: when the Pope (who imprudently had dismissed his soldiers) withdrew himself with a great number of his Cardinals, into the Castle of S. Angelo, othersome recovering themselves for fear into other strong places, so that Rome was with small resistance easily taken. But at the assault thereof, the Duke of Bourbon was slain with an Hargabuse, 
The death of the Duke of Bourbon.  so that the soldiers being without a chief ruler, sacked the same, exercising therein sundry kinds of extreme cruelty, and the Pope who was straighty besieged in the Castle, 
Rome taken and sacked.  & not well furnished with victuels, was enforced to entreat for his liberty: for the obtaynment whereof, he distributed for a pray among the soldiers .400000. Crowns. At this instant Don Charles who concluded the peace died, & in his place succeeded Don Vgo Dimoncada, in whom the Pope having no great affiance, the morning following, unaccompanyed of any in the habit of a serving man, he mounted upon a good horse and departed out of the Castle, from whence he road unto Oruielo. This taking of Rome was occasion that the king of England, the French king, the Pope, and the Venetians, renewed their league against the Emperor: Whereupon the Frenchmen wan Geane, and besieged Naples. At this instant the Emperor was in Spain, who understanding that against the estate of Millen and his kingdom of Naples, was moved a most terrible war, being at that instant destitute of money, did by singular policy very well provide, both for the defence of the Duchy, and safeguard of the kingdom: And being very wrathful against the French king, for that he had broken his faith and promise made unto him at Madrid, 
Charles the fi●te challengeth the combat of the French king.  did challenge the combat of him, and sent him the defiance by one of his harold: unto whom was given no audience, but divers and sundry skoofes. About this instant Phillipine Doria gave a notable overthrow by fight upon the Sea, unto the emperors navy, in which were slain seven hundredth soldiers, the greatest number whereof was Spaniards, together with Moncada, and divers other valiant Captains, and signor Ascavio Colonna, with the Marquis of Guasto were taken prisoners. Not long after this conflict, Andrea Doria not satisfied by the French king for the good and faithful service which he had done unto him, rewlted unto the service of the Emperor, and caused Geane to rebel against him. At this present being in the year of Christ .1528. when the Frenchmen besieged Naples, the whole army almost was destroyed by an unknown disease, which rose among the soldiers, and Lotrecco their Captain died also at that instant: the year following the Frenchmen were wholly driven out of italy, which caused the French king to conclude a peace with the Emperor, which was determined in Cambrai by Madam Aluigia the kings mother, and Madam Margaret Aunt unto the Emperor and daughter of Maximilian: the accord was, that the king for the ransom of his sons, should pay unto the Emperor two Millions of gold, & should 'cause all the soldiers to departed which as yet remained in Calauria and Puglia. 
The overthrow of the Turks.  At this instant Ferdinand the emperors brother, gave a great overthrow unto the Turks. And in the year of Christ 1530. the 24. of Februarye, which was S. Mathias day, 
The Chronation of the Emperor at Bononie.  so much fortunate unto Charles, he was by Pope Clement Crowned Emperor at Bononie with a Crown of gold, and an other of Iron: For ten years before (as you have hard) he was Crowned with the silver Crown at Aquisgrane, 
The signification of the three Crowns  which signifieth the kingdom of germany: that of Iron which was accustomed to be received in Monza nigh unto Millen, betokeneth the kingdom of Lumbardye: the Crown of gold representeth the Empire of Rome. At this Coronation by the request of the Pope, Francis Sforza upon a certain composition, was by th'emperor restored unto the Duchy of Millen: also the Emperor at the instance of this Neronius Pope, and Sedituis Catiline conquered Florence, and reduced that noble & famous common wealth into a private estate, giving it unto Alexander de Medici the Pope's nephew (who was presently created Duke thereof) and to his posterity for ever.  
At this present there arose a great discord among the Princes of germany, concerning the reformation of the abuses in Religion, for Frederick the Duke of Saxony, and Philippe the Langrave of Hessa, with divers other, refused any longer to obey unto the false, & erroneous traditions of the bishop of Rome: whereupon was ordained a diet by the Pope, whose person was represented by Cardinal Campagio, but nothing worthy rehearsal, was concluded in the same. In this year Mulemanse king of Tunnis died, who left behind him two sons, Mulerosetto who was the elder, and Muleasem: Mulirosetto for that he was the elder was Crowned king, but Muleasem by the aid of certain of his friends, moved war against his brother, and in the end drove him out of Tunnis. Whereupon, Mulirosetto having intelligence that Soliman was at that instant in germany, went unto him, and besieched his aid for the recovery of his kingdom: unto which demand the Turk consented presently, and sent with him Barbarossa into Africa, supposing by that mean, to make himself patron of that signory: this war (as after you shall hear) passed in such sort, 
Soliman the second time enterpriseth the conquest of Vienna.  that th'emperor in proper person was enforced to sail into Africa. But at this present I will continued the History of Vienna. The Turk to revenge the overthrow which king Ferdinand gave him, assembled an huge host of .200000. soldiers, or as many affirm of .300000. with the which on S. john Baptist day he entered hungary, dividing many troops of horsemen in sundry parts of the country, over whom was general Abraim Bassa, who caused to be made in one instant, many Bridges over Sana: For leaving the river Danubius on the right hand, he marched directly unto Stiria, a province very plenteous of all kind of victuels. The Emperor having understanding of these doings, he caused all the Spaniards which were about Florence to repair into germany, with a great part of the Italian footmen conducted by the Marquis of Guasto, which were in number about fifteen Thousand chosen footmen, after whose coming there repaired unto the Emperor also Don Ferrante Gonzaga, who brought with him two Thousand Italian horsemen, among which, besides those of the Duke of Ferrara, there were many knights and gentlemen who served of their own accord, desiring to win honour in so noble an enterprise. The Pope also sent thither Hippolytus a Cardinal of the family called Medici, with divers other knights and gentlemen, together with a great sum of money, to levy in Hungarye viii. Thousand soldiers: unto this enterprise also there resorted the most part of the noblest gentlemen of all germany: so that all these assembles, amounted unto .90000. footmen, 
Soliman feareth to join battle with the Emperor.  and thirty thousand horsemen, all which when they came unto Vienna, were divided into three armies, & awaited the coming of the Turks, for the rumour went that Soliman would bid them battle. Who, although he had sent his defiance unto Ferdinand and the Emperor, yet continually he discosted from Vienna: which cowardliness of him so much encouraged the Christians, that not a little they contemned the base courages of the infidels, especially that they were far greater in number then the Christians. But Soliman not minding to return without the achieving of some notable enterprise, 
Michaloglie.  sent Michaloglie Captain over the adventurers with .15. Thousand horsemen, to overrun the Country, who was encountered first with the Palsgrave, whose Ordinance afflicted him not a little: and in the retire Lodovico Lodrone, made a second spoil of his soldiers, and the residue were slain by the Hungarians, who set upon them at unawares, so that very few of them escaped. Upon which discomfiture the Turk fearing his utter ruin, 
Soliman flieth from the attempt of Vienna.  desisted from the attempt of Vienna, and with all speed retired over the river Mura, overthrowing the Bridges always as he went, fearing continually that the Emperor was at his back. It is written that he led with him for slaves .30. Thousand Christians, besides a great number which he slew in divers places. After the running away of the Turk, the Emperor returned into italy, leaving with his brother Ferdinand a sufficient supply of soldiers for the defence of the Country: and at Bononie Pope Clement met with him, where was concluded a peace between them for six months. Immediately after which conclusion he sailed into Spain, where he had understanding that Mendoza was in Cerene besieged of the Turks: against whom he sent Andrea Doria, who rescued the City and put the Turks to flight, at which time also the Moore of Alexandria, a Captain of Soliman's was vanquished upon the Sea, by Girolamo Canale Admiral over the Venetian navy. At this present Pope Clement, who continually enueyed the prosperous estate of this noble Emperor, having a mind only bent unto wrath and revenge, procured the obtaynment of a most firm & sure friendship with the French king, by giving in marriage unto Henrye his second son, Katherine the daughter of Lorenzo de Medici, which henry by the death of his elder brother, was afterward king, and his wife Katherine Queen. This meeting and new parentage between the Pope and king Francis, nothing contented the Emperor, who conceived small security to remain in the unconstant Pope, and less assurance of peace in the French king. Also at this instant Philippe the Langrave of Hesla, 
The Langrave endeavoureth to molest the state of Lumbardye.  for divers injuries which he alleged he had received of the Emperor, being (as it is supposed) aided & supported by king Francis, began to disturb thestate of Lumbardye. Wherefore the Emperor doubting the Langraves forces, the Pope's unconstancy, & the French king's dissimulation, like a politic Prince, provided sufficient repairs against the devices of his enemies: for as before time he had promised in marriage Margaret his daughter unto Alexander Duke of Florence, so the better to establish his seat in italy, he gave Christerna the daughter of Christerne king of Dacia, and of Isabella his sister for wife, unto Francis Sforza Duke of Millen, which he did aswell to remove all suspicion of depriving the Sforzeschi at any time of the Duchy of Millen: as also to gratify the Venetians whom he always knew very desirous of the liberty of italy: Also he gave unto the Duke of Urbine, the Duchy of Sora, and unto Doria Melfi, and long before he was assured of the faith & friendship of the Duke of Ferrara, for the sentence which he pronounced against the Pope (in his behalf) upon the Cities of Modena and Reggio: Moreover he alured unto him Frederick the Duke of Mantua (unto whom he gave that title) by promising him the Marchesat of Monferrate, which afterward he gave unto him.  
At this time Barbarossa who was sent of Soliman into Africa, established Mulirosetto in the kingdom of Tunnis, by conquering of Muleasen, & forcifyed Goletto, which is the key of that province (being a most strong fort, by reason of the manifold marshes which environ the same) with a great number of Moors for the safe keeping thereof.  
While these things in this wise proceeded, 
The death of Pope Clement.  Pope Clement who pretended in heart much evil against the Emperor, was prevented by death when he had reigned xi. years, and in his place was created Alexander Farnese, called Paul the third. At the time of whose creation the Emperor had intelligence, that Barbarossa had driven Muleasen out of Africa, in such sort that the whole country became as it were tributorye to the Turk. Wherefore he by the aid of the Pope, the king of Portugal, and divers other Princes, gathered a navy of two hundredth sail & passed into Africa, whose coming did not a little disturb the tranquillity of Barbarossa: Nevertheless with a stout and valiant courage he prepared all things necessary, for the defence of that Goletto, distant from Tunnis xii miles, nigh unto which the incursion of the Sea, hath made a pool, in such wise, that by reason of the lownes of the water, there is no passage from thence unto Tunnis, but by a little canal or stream. The Emperor after he was arrived within the conspectt of Goletto, caused the navy to lie at Ancar, and certain soldiers to land by little boats, who with their Hargabushes drove away the Moors which defended the Sea banks: then the Emperor caused Trenches to be made, and planted the Artillery about the Tower to batter the same, 
The taking of Goletto.  which after divers skirmishes and assaults, made both by Sea & land, was taken with a marvelous occision of those which were within the same, so that few escaped, for they which leapt into the pool were slain with Hargabushes & pikes. After Barbarossa had understanding of the taking of Goletto, although he was greatly terrified thereat, yet like a politic and valiant Captain, he comforted his soldiers: saying, that he doubted not, but that in short space, by the aid of the Arabians, he should be revenged of the received damages, and also of force to expel his enemies out of Africa. Muleasen (who as you have hard) was by Barbarossa deposed from the kingdom, repaired unto the Emperor, humbly beseeching him that he would restore him unto it again: the Emperor accepted his coming, and gave him a very friendly countenance, promising to accomplish his request. But while he was busied in repairing for the siege of Goletto, and in furnishing the same with munition and Armour, Barbarossa with twenty thousand horsemen, of Arabians and Moors, among whom were a great number of Archers and Gunners, suddenly assaulted his army in such sort, that he was enforced to join battle with them, in which encounter the Spanish horsemen not able to support the force of the Arabians, were constrained to retire unto their ensigns: which the Emperor perceiving, (like a most worthy Captain, and most valiant soldier void of all fear) with the men of Arms so stoutly charged them, 
The worthiness of Charles the fift.  that he compelled the enemies to leave their Artillery behind them, and to commit themselves unto flight. After this glorious victory (although the Emperor was not a little dissuaded) yet he continued his enterprise, determining to drive Barbarossa out of Africa, and to deliver from bondage many Christians which were in Tunnis: towards the which he marched presently with his whole host, and being come near unto the City, as much as he might he provoked his enemies (who were in the Subburbes) unto battle. But Barbarossa not a little terrified by his late overthrow, refused the offer, and through his inestimable choler, fell into such a frenzy, that he caused all the Christian captives, to be bound with two chains, and to be put into the Castle of Tunnis which he would have overthrown with Gunnepouder, if when he was consulting with the Magistrates, what order was best to be observed for the defence of the City, certain which detested his cursed and damnable intent, had not secretly set them at liberty by unlosinge their bands, and giving them sufficient weapon and armour, with the which they might defend the Castle against Barbarossa, whereof as soon as they had obtained the full possession, they made with a Standard a certain sign by the which they signified that they would yield the same unto the Emperor. Barbarossa understanding of the loss of the Castle, endeavoured by fair words and large promises to get the same again, 
Barbarossa flieth toward Bona.  but he prevailed nothing, whereupon dispayringe to win any good success, he fled with seven. Thousand Turks towards Bona, which in time past was called Hippona, where he had caused to wait in a readiness, to serve him if occasion so required xiiii Galleys and certain foists. The Emperor having certain intelligence of the worthy act of the Captives, and of the flight of Barbarossa, marched immediately with his army unto the walls of the City, against whom came the Magistrates & proffered him the keys of the same, promising to become his obedient and faithful subjects. Wherefore he commanded that no hurt should be done unto the City, but the soldiers which entered in at other gates, of whom the chief were Duchemen, did thoroughly spoil the same: the Emperor made very much of the slaves which were in the Castle, who were in number more than vi Thousand, and to every one of them he gave money, and promised them ships and provision, necessary to conduct them into their own country. This happy success had the enterprise of Africa.  
Then the Emperor according to his promise, restored Muleasen unto his kingdom, upon this condition, that year lie for a tribute, he should send him a cast of Falcons, and six barbary horses, that he should always be enemy unto the Turks, a friend unto the Christians, and at the devotion of the Empire. After this as a most triumphant conqueror (or another Alexander,) he departed from Africa into Cycilia, from thence to Reggio and so to Naples, where he had understanding that Francis Sforza Duke of Millen was dead, 
The death of Francis Sforza Duke of Millen.  and that the French king renewed the claim and title which he had unto that estate: and also that in his absence by Philippe Sciabotto his admiral, he had taken, burned, and destroyed divers Cities, Towns and Castles in Piedmont, appertaining unto the Duke of Savoy. These doings of the French king so much displeased the Emperor, that the winter being passed, he journeyed unto Rome, where he was received of Paul the third, and of the whole City with great solemnity and pomp: & there in the presence of the Pope and many other noble men, with a very excellent Oration he bewailed the great untruth of the French king, and rehearsed unto them the manifold injuries, which the kings of that Nation had always used against the house of Austria, with reproving also the king for breaking the accord which was made at Madrid, protesting that he had observed and performed any of those vows which he promised being his prisoner, for the recovery of his liberty: and that in his absence he had vexed Piedmont with most cruel wars, wherefore he concluded, that although he had most just occasions, to move war against the king and to assail his kingdom, yet to avoid th'effusion of Christian blood, 
The Emperor offereth to fight the combat with the French king, at Rapier & Dagger.  he proffered to finish and end all controversies, upon condition that he would fight the combat with him at the Rapier and Dagger. The French ambassadors which were present, would have answered in their masters behalf but the Pope would not permit them, who endeavoured with courteous talk to mitigate the wrath of the Emperor, but he little prevailed, for presently after his departure from Rome: in Provenza he assembled an huge host of horsemen & footmen: over which footmen was captain the Marquyse of Guasto, 
Don Hernando Duke of Alua.  over the men of arms the Duke of Alva, and over the light horsemen Don Ferrante Gonzaga: in this host as most authors affirm were .50. thousand footmen, and .30 thousand horsemen: with this royal army the Emperor entered Provence which he found abandoned, but his navy over which was general prince Doria always followed him to supply unto the want of all such commodities as were needful for his host, for the frenchmen to endamage their enemies had consumed with fire, their own corn and all other provision, for which doing the king released them of their ordinary taxes for ten years. At Bregiola the French horse men in a conflict were vanquished by the imperial horsemen as they marched uncircumspectly in a plain, and divers of their captains taken prisoners: 
A great number of th'emperors army destroyed with sickness.  not long after which encounter there happened so mortal a plague in th'emperors army, that 18000. of his soldiers died, whereupon he re: tired into Geane: but while he was in Provence the french King had prepared an host of .40. thousand soldiers for the recovery of Geane, unto which city his captains gave a fresh assault, but Augustin Spinola who valiantly defended the same and gave them the repulse, that they raised their camp and returned into Piedmont, where they joined with the residue of the french captains: and not long after King Francis entered Flaunders, where he took Edine a very strong city when he had besieged the same 50. days: whereupon the Flemings with all speed gathered an army, & near unto Turwin they gave the Frenchmen a great overthrow: but while these events happened in Flaunders and Piedmont: 
An overthrow of Frenchmen.  Soliman began to make war against the Venetians, so that both by sea and land he greatly endamaged the territories of the christians, without any resistance made against him, by reason of the continual discord between the Emperor and the Frence King: wherefore the Pope having present occasion for that a truce was taken between these two mighty princes for 6. months, sent to persuade with them his ambassadors, who so much prevailed that in the end they consented to meet at Nizza where also the Pope minded to be present, who so vehemently in his talk exhorted them unto peace, with manifesting unto them the great ruin that otherwise was like to ensue unto all Christendom through their contention, that in the end a truce was taken & peace concluded between them for ten years. After this accord the Emperor passing through France returned into Flaunders, Where the citizens of Gaunt refused to pay their taxes, and had expelled the Emperors officers, but they not able to defend the city against his power rendered it unto his majesty, who after he had unto th' example of all other grievously punished the principals and chief authors of this rebellion, caused a Castle to be built in the city, to remove from them all hope of rebelling that might happen in time to come.  
The amity concluded between the Emperor & the french King continued not long, 
The Castle of gaunt builded.  for King Francis sent ambassadors unto the Emperor to require him that unto the accord he would invest his son with the Duchy of Milan, unto which demand the Emperor would not in any wise consent, whereupon the King became very wrathful and converted his good will into extreme hatred, and encouraged William Duke of Cleveland to rebel against the Emperor, unto whom he consented the rather for that Charles denied to invest the said Duke with the Duchy of Gelderland, 
The Duke of Cleve rebelleth against th'emperor.  which he claimed by the right and title of his mother. Wherefore the Emperor (who at this instant was upon sundry occasions departed out of Flaunders into Germanye) having intelligence of the French kings practices, not provided of a sufficient army, signified unto him that he intended to give the kingdom of Flaunders unto his son the Duke of Orlians: unto which promise the king for divers considerations giving no credit, continued his former preparation for the wars, being thereto the more incensed for that his Ambassadors very valiant, Rincone and Caesar Fregoso were slain not far from Pavia, by an ambush of Spaniards contrary to the laws and order taken in the truce. But while these things thus proceeded, the Barons and commons of Spain (who in the emperors war against the Turk, would not contribute any sum of money,) being now greatly vexed by the king of Algiers, proffered unto him by their own consent and accord, that he would (unto the benefit of all Spain) make war against thinfidels, to aid him with as much money as should suffice for the maintenance of the same. 
Thenterprise of the Emperor against the king of Algerie.  Whereupon themperor whose chief desire was to suppress infidels willingly accepted th'enterprise, & leaving in the confines which border upon the French king, sufficient garrisons of soldiers for the safe keeping of the same, he journeyed with all speed into italy, and after he had in Millen prepared all things necessary for that war, he went unto Luca where the Pope met with him, who endeavoured by all means possible, to renew the unity which was before concluded between him & the French king: but he nothing prevailed, for themperor openly declared that he would not in any wise surrender the state of Millen unto the Frenchmen, whom he knew to be so unsatiable that having that, they would endeavour by all means to deprive him of all other his segnoryes in italy: Also he said it greatly displeased him, that he who bore the title of the most Christian king, should be in league with the Turk, by occasion whereof there ensued daily no small damages unto the Christians. The Pope not able to bring to effect that which he desired returned unto Rome, and the Emperor the beginning of October with xxxvi Galleys, 
The islands Baleariche.  sailed unto Corsica, having sent his ships before unto the Islands Baleariche, from Corsica he sailed unto Bonifacio, and from thence unto a City of Sardinia called Larghera: 
A calf borne with two heads.  where, the same night in which he was arrived, a Cow brought forth a Calf with two heads, which was brought unto the Emperor to be seen, by him that ought the Cow. From thence he sailed towards the Island Minoreca, but being marvelously afflicted with tempests, he arrived with much danger at the port Mahone: 
port Mahone.  from whence he sailed unto Maiorica, where he found Don Ferrante Gonzaga Viceroy of Cicilia, in a readiness with vii Galleys of that Country, and .50. great Italian ships, which together with those that the Emperor had, made in number a hundred and fifty: from thence th'emperor sailed unto Algeris, which he besieged in .3. places, dividing his people being of iii Nations into iii companies: The Spaniards were encamped upon the sides of the hills, over whom was Captain Don Ferrante: The Duchemen at the foot of the hills near unto Themperors pavilion, and the Italians (over whom was general Camillo Colonna) were encamped in the plain near unto the Sea side: So that the Emperor nothing doubted the taking of the City, but while he expected the coming of the victuels with other provision from the ships, suddenly from Heaven there fell a terrible reign, which continued three whole days without ceasing, together with such a tempestuous wind, that it drowned many of the Ships and Galleys which lay at Anchor, and the miserable soldiers which swam towards the land to save themselves, were most cruelly slain by the Turks, and Arabians, and his soldiers by standing so long time in the water without victuels became so faint, and weak, that there seemed but shadows of men, they were so bereft of all courage: through which mishaps the Emperor was enforced to raise his siege, & in those ships which he had left him to embark his soldiers, 
A most noble act of a prince  for whose safeguard he caused a great number of very fair gennets to be drowned, preferring the lives of these feeble soldiers, before the preservation of such excellent races. An example most worthy to be remembered at this present of most nobles, who contrary to the example of this most noble Emperor are not ashamed for a little vain pleasure which they conceive, to account much more of the flying of a bird or running of a dog or horse, 
Our christian brethren aught to be cherished  then of many poor christians, whom by God's precepts they are bound to cherish. Yea so uncharitable are their lives, & brutish the doings, of the covetous that most like unto profane Epicures, they study only to make themselves happy in this transitory world, in which they think always to remain, for if they thought of any other to come, they would not as they do, continually keep their gates shut, their ears closed unto the cry of the port, whose cause no doubt God the most just judge, will in the end according to his unfallible promise revenge unto their utter confusion, and subversion of the ruinous security which they build upon. But to return to the history, as the Emperor was the first that landed, so was he first that entered in to ship, after whose entry, the mariners launched and sailed towards spain, (but by occasion of tempest which separated the navy) some were driven unto Cicilia, other unto Geane, but the Emperor with much travail landed in Carthaginia in Spain: such was the miserable end of the enterprise of Africa, 
The affairs of princes, troublous.  which as it was a discomfiture unto all christians, so it was especially unto the Emperor. At this present the Dolphin not expecting the Emperors return, with a mighty host besieged Persegnano, but not being able to win the same, he raised his siege and departed: at which time Charles Duke of Orliance took in the confines of Luxenberge many towns and castles, and in the end the city itself, 
Laundersey taken by the Frenchmen.  but afterward it was recovered again by the emperors soldiers: the next springe after this, the French King took Laundersey a city not far distant from Cambrai: and Monsignior Vandosme was sent by the said King into the country of Artois where he took by composition Turnay, and also wan Mentarole, also Monsignior Lange who was governor for the King in Piedmont, wan Chierasco and possessed Verolenge, Pinavolo, Sanigliano, Moncalier and Turine, & the imperial captains were patrons of Fossano, Chieri, Alba and Vercelli, with divers other places. Moreover the French King, who wholly desired to molest and endamage the Emperor, induced the Duke of Cleves when the Emperor was sailed unto Algeris to levy certain soldiers against him which he willingly did, not minding to manifest his pretence unto the world, until he might understand news of the emperors estate whose correction he greatly feared, for when it was reported the Emperor with all his navy to be drowned he much rejoiced, and refused to defer the assaulting of Anwarpe, after which he had so long thirsted, wherefore he assembled his soldiers, and with his army marched towards Eburone, desiring the citizens of passage thorough the same, saying that he was going to conduct home his wife, daughter unto the King of Navarra. But the Eburones denied his demand, saying that they would not permit any to pass thorough the city into the country of the emperors enemy with such an armed company: 
The Duke of Cleves assalteth Anwarp  The Antuerpians understanding the pretence of the Duke sent against him seven thousand Flemings, but they were repulsed by the Cleveners. Roshemio a valiant captain, general for the duke of Cleves entered Brabant spoiling the country as he went, against whom was sent the prince of Orange, 
Roshemio captain of the Cleveners.  who in a conflict was put to flight, and so retired into Anwerp: which city Roshemio afterward besieged, but it was so valiantly defended that he raised his siege, and marched towards France thorough Flaunders, where he took many cities and towns, and marvelously endamaged the whole country. At which time the French King also to the end he might the more molest and debilitate the proud forces, 
A devilish practice of a christian king  renewed his league with the Turk, whom he exhorted & persuaded to invade the frontiers of spain, which he did with th' effusion of much christian blood and no benefit unto the King: moreover the Frenchmen attempting to win Cuni, were courageously repelled by the Spaniards, and the Imperial soldiers took Carignano, a place of great force adjoining nigh unto Turine, which as hereafter you shall read caused the wars to become more cruel than they were at any time before. But while these wars continued these mighty princes, the Duke of Saxony, and the langrave of Hessa deprived the Marquis of Brunswick of his estate: and the King of England for divers injuries done unto him by the french King renewed his league with the Emperor, who not willing to detract time passed out of Barcelona into Gean with .40. galleys, and certain great ships which conducted twelve thousand Spaniards and seven hundred horses: from thence he went unto Busetto where he was exhorted by the Pope (who waited his coming) unto peace with the French King, but he being desirous of revenge would not in any wise condescend thereunto: and from thence he departed thorough Germany with an incredible desire to join battle with the Duke of Cleveland: at which instant the navy of Barbarossa appeared at Cistia which greatly feared the Pope, 
The Turk concludeth a peace with Ferdinand.  but without doing of hurt it departed towards Provenza and Soliman returned into Hungary, when after he had taken Alba Real, and obtained Strigonia he concluded a truce with king Ferdinand. The Emperor continuing his journey came unto a strong city of the Duke of Clevelands' called Dura, which was defended by a valiant Captain named flats, 
Flattes  with a garrison of worthy soldiers, this city the Emperor assaulted, and in the end when after great occasion and loss of th' assaulters he had taken the same, the soldiers most cruelly committed all they found a live to the sword, and after the ransackinge consumed the whole city with fire. The Emperor following his good Fortune, went unto the Cities near adjoining which being terrified by Bura, 
Duraburnt by themperors' souldirs.  did of their own accord open their gates unto him. The Duke not a little feared by the winning of so strong a City, determined to commit his whole state and life unto the emperors clemency, who at length through intercession and long suit made by the Marquis of Brunswick and the Prince of Orange in his behalf, he was permitted in safety to repair to the emperors presence, of whom after humble submissyon he obtained pardon upon certain reasonable conditions: And not long after the Emperor procured him to renounce the marriage of the King of Navarras daughter whom he had not as yet espoused, and to take unto wife a daughter of king Ferdinandes his brother: he pardoned also Rossenio, reteininge both him and his host unto his service, with which mighty army, together with the aid that was sent him by the King of England, he marched towards Picardy, endamagiuge very greatly the French territories: minding before he would attempt any new enterprise, to recover again the country of Luxenburge, especially Laundersey, a City of a great force, which although at that instant was well guarded with valiant Captains, soldiers and a good company of light horsemen, yet it was by him battered with great ordinance in one instant at three sundry places, but the strength of the walls was such that the battery little hurted: the siege continuing notwithstanding King Francis came thither with a great power, who greatly desiring to vittel the City, sent before his army Monsignior Brisack, and Decarso with certain troops of horsemen to provoke the enemies unto battle, between whom there began a lively conflict, at which instant the french king (having caused to be laden certain cart's with victuals appeared as though he would also enter into battle, 
The French King vitaileth Launder say.  but not omitting the present opportunity, by main force he pierced thorough the enemies, making a notable slaughter of the resistantes, and so vittayled the City, furnishing also the same with fresh soldiers, and taking from thence the old with their Captain Landa who was hurt, in exchange of whom he placed Varminio a most worthy soldier: And the next day following he went unto Cambrai, by which time the Emperor was joined with his army, unto whom the French king proffered battle, which offer he willingly accepted & prepared his host to fight, but the French king not minding as he spoke, 
Tee French king after he had proffered battle flieth into France.  departed with his army, and so returned into France. Upon whose departure the Emperor by reason the sharp winter, went into Flaunders minding the Spring following, (by the aid of the king of England) to renew his wars against the said king: who although he had intelligence of the great preparation which the Emperor and the king of England made for the invasion of his country, omitted not to provide for his affairs in Piedmont: but sent thither an army of twenty Thousand soldiers, over whom was general Monsignor d' Angie, who with small resistance recovered certain Towns & Castles which the Frenchmen a little before had lost, and remained in the field as a conqueror, (for the Marquis of Guasto was gone unto Millen to levy soldiers) and brought the City of Carignano unto such extremity, that Pirro Colonna who was in the same not being able to encounter with his power, was enforced to await the coming of the Marquis, who making haste to victual the said City, was encountered by Monsignor d' Angie, and after long fight overcome and put to flight, & with that number of soldiers which was left him, he recovered Hasti, being sore wounded. It is written that in this battle were slain of the emperors soldiers .10. Thousand, and of the French .4. Thousand.  
At this present Amida the son of Muleasen (whom the Emperor had restored as you have hard unto his kingdom) drove his father out of the Realm, who flying again unto th'emperor for aid, received letters that he should stay for his coming at Naples, but he understanding that his son was become Lord of the whole kingdom, levied with such money as he had left him, 
An unnatural act of a son.  certain Italian soldiers, and sailed into Africa where in a conflict he was overcome, and taken by his son, and afterward by him most cruelly deprived of his eyes: 
The king of Tu●me was deprived of his eyes by his son.  for which act Amida fearing the displeasure of th'emperor, laboured to conclude a peace with the governor of Goletto, who knowing the mind of the Emperor not to be greatly grieved with his fact, willingly agreed to his demand. At which instant while the Emperor and the king of England, were seriously occupied, in providing of all such necessaries as were expedient for the maintenance of war against the French king, at Rome certain noble men with the French Cardinals, levied soldiers to fight in king Francis quarrel, & divers other noble men of the same City, with the Duche Cardinals, having money sent from the Viceroy of Naples, levied a power likewise in the emperors behalf, between which two companies happened divers successes. But the French men which were in Piedmont and Lumbardye became so mighty and terrible to their enemies, that the Milliners had forsaken their City for fear, if Cosmo Duke of Florence had not at the very instant sent .2000. footmen to defend them against their enemies. Notwithstanding Pirro Colonna yielded upon certain conditions the City of Carignano unto the French men, who of king Francis was entreated with much courtesy, and requested with honourable entertainment of the said king to serve him, 
A worthy example of a faithful subject towards his Prince.  but be would not in any wise condescend thereto, for which constant fidelity towards his Prince, the king highly commended him, and with rich rewards licenced him to departed, and return unto th'emperor. Who, having acquieted the tumults of the Duke of Cleveland, and the Realm of Hungary not molested by the Turks, proceeded in his determination together with the king of England, who at that instant was arrived in Picardye: where, not minding to consume time in vain without the achieving of some notable exploit worthy of memory, 
Bolloigne won by the king of England.  besieged Bolloigne the strong Maiden town of France, which after he had battered in sundry places (to the great destruction of the Boloigners) was yielded to his mercy, who in proper parson entered the same: setting at liberty all that were there, and lycensinge them to departed with bag and baggage. And th'emperor in marching toward Paris, 
The Prince of Orange flame.  besieged Sandesir, at the assault whereof Landa the French Captain was slain, and likewise the Prince of Orange, who served the Emperor: but notwithstanding his death, he continued th'assault in such wise, that no succour appearing, Sanserra the Captain yielded the same unto the emperors mercy: at which time the French king was come with his army unto the river Marne, where on the contrary side the Emperor was encamped with his boast, who desired greatly if he might, to join battle with the French king. 
King Henry the eight, a terror to all France.  The winning of Bolloigne brought such terror unto the French Nation, that the Parisians, thinking their king to be taken prisoner and vanquished, embarked their treasure, and sailed down the river Scene towards Normandye: but having understanding of the contrary, they returned unto the City.  
While these two courageous Princes with their mighty hosts th'one against tother, certain respects mutually moved them to conclude a peace, especially the French king, who very well comprehended that if he should lose the victory in that battle, all France would become subject unto the Emperor and the king of England: wherefore (by the Divine operation) when it was least looked for, a peace was concluded between them upon these conditions, that the Emperor should give in marriage unto the Duke of Orlians, his daughter which he had in Spain, and Flaunders for her dowry: and that the French king should marry a daughter of king Ferdinandes his brother, with whom he would give the Duchy of Millen for a dowry: to resolve upon which weighty causes, the Emperor requested a years deliberation. Moreover it was condescended that after the marriage should be solemnized (unto which the Duchy of Millen should be given for Dowrye) yet th'emperor to keep in his possession the forts of the same, and of Cremona until they should have borne unto them a child, and that then upon the delivery of these forts, the king should restore unto the Duke of Savoy, all the Towns and Castles which he had taken from him in Piedmont: and finally that either to other should restore all such Cities and Towns, which in the confines of Flaunders they had gotten the one from the other, since the truce taken at Nizza.  
At this present a great number of the Princes of germany and free Cities of the same, kept a Diet in Smalkaldia a City appertaining unto the Duke of Saxony, for the reformation of Religion: the chief where of were the langrave of Hessa, and the Duke of Saxony, which two Privices for divers injuries done by the Duke of Brunswick against the City of Coslaria (which was one of the confederates) expelled him out of his Duchy, and in the end took him prisoner. This doing moved the Emperor unto wrath, and thereupon sent unto the Langrave, willing him to set at liberty the said Duke, and to restore him unto his Duchy, which the Langrave did not only refuse to accomplish, but also being furnished with a mighty Army of his own, and of the confederates, marched against the Emperor, saying that he minded not to restore that which he had gotten by Conquest: this answer much grieved the Emperor, insomuch that with as much celerity as he might, being not a little aided and provoked thereunto by the Pope, he levied a huge power, intending as soon as the season of the year served, to make war against the Princes of germany. 
The death of Henry the .8. king of England.  At this present died henry the eight king of England, leaving to inherit the kingdom, Prince Edward his son, & in March the same year died also Francis the French king: 
The death of king Francis king of France.  but to return unto the affairs of Germany. The Emperor to justify his attempt, cited the Duke of Saxony and the langrave, to appear at a diet at Ratisbone, but neither of them would come, wherefore he deprived the Duke of Saxony of his Electorshippe, and pronounced against him and the langrave, a banishment or perpetual exile out of the Empire, giving for a pray their Dominions unto such as would by any mean occupy the same. At the fame of the emperors preparation for this war, certain Princes and free Cities ignorant of his pretence, began greatly to fear his sudden tempest: The cause was, that the Emperor always before that instant, accustomed unto the preparation of any war, to request their aid and counsel: whereupon many cities seat unto him their Ambassadors, aswell to understand his meaning, as also to siguifye their prompe readiness to serve in his affairs. 
The emperors answer unto the Ambassadors.  Unto whom the Emperor gave great thanks, for their large offers and good will: saying, that for this enterprise he had no need of their aid, since that he minded but to correct certain persons, which rebelled against the Empire: and that therefore he had geeven them no understanding of his determination, for that he reserved their ayedes unto affairs of greater importance, and so dismissed them. The Princes nothing impaled with th'emperors condemnation, and Edict pronounced against them, continued their enterprise, and gathered to withstand his violence an Army of 80. Thousand footmen, and of 15. Thousand horsemen, with a hundredth Pieces of artillery 6000. Miners, 300. boats for bridges, and .800. Cartes for the carriages of shot and munition, unto which were appointed. 8000. horses, well furnished with all sorts of Artificers that were needful. This may be accounted one of the greatest hosts that ever was among Christians: whereupon the Langrave perceyviug a present sign of victory to be offered by fortune, determined not to omit the same, but sent presently unto the Duke of Saxony, willing him in any wise to sand his horsemen unto him, that he might at unawares assail the Emperor, who as then was not provided of soldiers for his defence, (which if he had done without question he had driven th'emperor out of germany) but the Duke void of reason deferred the time, and neglected the wise advertisement of the Langrave, sending a letter unto th'emperor, which signified that where they understood his majesty, determined to correct certain rebels, they desired to know who they were that they might serve him in the same war, and that if he prepared his army against them, they nothing doubted but that they would both justly and honourably answer him. The Emperor answered that he was not come into germany of his own accord, but called by them, & that he was not minded to move any war against any, but rather to chastise such as should seem to disturb the quiet estate of the country: After which answer, they thought it necessary not to protract longer time, wherefore they removed their host towards Ratisbone where the Emperor was, supposing that if they might win that City, the war would be quite ended. But in their marching intelligence was given them, that Albert Marquis of Brandeburg was entered the City with the horsemen, and that daily the number increased with all sorts of soldiers, they understood also that xii. Thousand footmen, & six hundredth horsemen, were now arrived in those borders, which two occasions removed the Princes from continuing their journey unto Ratisbone, to endeavour and study to keep and defend the straits, & forts by which these soldiers should pass: but their devices took no effect, for whereas the Langrave had taken Tonavert, and marched to Lanzuotto, minding also to occupy the same, he was prevented by the Emperor, who not long before was entered into the said City, being only accompanied with .2000. Dutch footmen, and .300. Spaniards, unto whom shortly after came 5000. Duche soldiers on foot, and 2000 horsemen.  
Wherefore the Princes perceiving their intentes to become frustrate, provoked the Duke of Bavaria to aid them in their enterprise: unto whom he answered, that the Emperor was his Sovereign, 
Subjects aught to obey the commandment of the Prince, and not to rebel.  and that therefore he might not deny unto him entrance into his Dominion, yet he promised unto them, that in that war he would remain a Neuter without offending either party. This answer much troubled the Princes, who knowing the power of the Duke, were loath in their talk to displease him: and now they understanding that the Italian army was approached very near, minded to set upon the fame but they were prevented, for the Emperor fearing the same, advertised signor Giova Baptist Savelli Captain over the Roman horsemen, that with all celerity he should repair with his army unto Lanzuotto: which commandment he accomplished with all expedition, and so deceived the devise of the enemies, wherefore they remained in the territories of Inghilstatte, for defence of which City (because it was of great importance for that war) the Emperor sent to safeguard it, a Captain with two hundredth Italian Hargabusyers', and five hundredth Duchemen. And now the emperors supplies being assembled together with those of his confederates and allies, he marched towards Inghilstatte near unto which the armies as it were met together: where the langrave not minding to lose time, sent the defiance unto the Emperor and provoked him unto battle, which defiance for divers causes the Emperor would not accept, for as he very well knew the number of his enemies to be much superior unto his, so he judged that within short space their power would not a little decrease, 
The great wisdom of Charles the fift.  wherefore he resouled to keep them at a bay, and to pass the time with skirmishes: which continued unto the xxi of November. When the Langrave perceiving daily the victuels and soldiers of the Emperor to increase, and his to diminish, and also that while he consumed the time in vain in the field, by thinking to overcome the Emperor, he together with other, lost at home their own countries: he raised his camp, (th'emperors army not witting thereof) and in the night marched many miles, not staying till he came to Haiden, 
God overthroweth rebels.  where he dismissed his power, every one repairing unto his own country.  
Themperor seeing his enemies departed, and no resistance to remain, lysenced the county of Bura to depart with his soldiers, at which instant the county Palatine repaired unto him, in most humble wise yielding himself unto his mercy, of whom he obtained favour for his disobedience. And although this season was most cold, yet the Emperor not minding to omit the present opportunity offered unto him by fortune, sent part of his host to win certain Cities and Castles of the Langraves there adjoining, 
The Duke of Vertenberg submitteth himself to the Emperor.  and the Duke of Alva likewise with an other part of the army, man most of the country of Vertenberg, the Duke whereof (as the county Palatine had done) humbled himself unto the Emperor, of whom he obtained pardon upon condition that he should pay unto the Emperor 2. hundred▪ Thousand Florens of Gold, in consideration of the expenses made in that war, with divers other covenants.  
In like manner ulme's and Augusta yielded unto the Emperor, with certain other free Cities, every one paying a sum of money to sustain the charge of that war: and although the sharpness of the season did daily increase, yet the Emperor would not desist from persecuting the Duke of Saxony and Langrave as chief of this rebellion. But while he abode at ulme's to refresh his soldiers, there repaired unto him Monsignor de Bura, who practised to make an accord between him and the langrave, but he would in no wise give ear unto his suit: and at that instant he received news, that Duke Maurice was in a readiness to enter into battle with the Duke of Saxony, but immediately after he had understanding how the Duke had not only caused Maurice to retire, but also had recovered all such Cities as the said Duke Maurice had won in the behalf of his brother Ferdinand the king of the Romans, with a great part of his own Segnoryes. Wherefore th'emperor sent signor Pirro Colonna, 
Marquis Albert taken prisoner.  and Marquis Albert to molest the territories of the said duchy, but Albert was with a great number of his taken prisoner by an ambushment made of Saxons: wherefore th'emperor resolved to go himself to tonquere that Duchy, and thereupon sent his army towards Norinberg, for he being sore vexed with the gout, stayed at Nerling, but within short space recovering he departed thence, and joining his army with his brothers, they made in number x. Thousand horsemen and viii. Thousand footmen, with this host they entered Saxony, bearing away all that they found without resistance, and as Conquerors they came unto the river Albi, on the farther side of which within a few miles the Duke was encamped, & had sent a number of soldiers unto the river to prohibit the emperors passage. This river was .8. foot deep and .300. broad, which made it very difficult to be waded over, but fortune was so favourable unto the Emperor, that in this necessity a countryman declared unto him the ford, so that he and his brother with all their army passed easily over the same and entering into battle with the Saxons, after long fight he overcame them and took prisoner the Duke who was a little hurt, and his eldest son who was also hurt escaped by flight: in this battle were slain about .5000. Saxons, and of the emperors soldiers but .300. The Duke was presented prisoner unto the Emperor by the county Hippolytus: 
The Duke of Saxony taken prisoner.  who after he was brought before the Emperor, alighted not from his horse but putting of only his hat, said, most mighty and merciful Caesar, I am your prisoner, 
The words of the duke of Saxony to the Emperor.  and as a prisoner I pray you deal with me: unto whom the Emperor answered, that he would entreat him as he had deserved and that he called him to late Caesar: these words the Emperor spoke because the Duke in his letters directed unto him entitled them unto Charles of Gaunt not accounting him as Emperor, not louge after the Duke was by the emperors judges condemned unto death, but he as a most merciful prince, 
A merciful Prince.  granted him life, upon certain conditions, of which one was, that he should remain prisoner during Th'emperors pleasure, who used exceeding great liberality unto Sibilla a Lady of haughty courage wife unto the said Duke. At this instant also, the Bohemians (who were in league with the Duke) being not a little terrified with these events, humbly beseeched the Emperor that he would reconcile them unto his brother Ferdinand the king of the Romans: of whom they received answers booth of hope, and doubt. The langrave destitute of all aid, assayed to win the favour of the Emperor, by the means of the Marquis of Brandemburg, and of Maurice his son in law: who with earnest suit obtained his pardon, upon condition that he would present himself, and in humble wise beseech the same: 
The Conite Albert of Mas●●●t and Tunberson, 〈◊〉 of the duke of Saxone.  but the langrave by nature very stout, refused in such a lowly manner to submit himself, harboring as yet a certain vain hope to be aided by divers of the confederates, who not long after deceived his expectation for they dismissed their soldiers, and to procure quietness returned into their countries. Whereupon the langrave of his own accord now offered to do that with many other conditions, whereunto before at the request of his friends he would in no wise condescend: but Charles understanding that he was ready to demand pardon and to yield unto all other conditions, showed himself not so tractable as he had done before, notwithstanding in the end as it were overcome with the importunate suit of the Langraves friends, he granted so that he would come unto his presence, & with humble submission demand pardon, he would not only receive him into favour but also remit unto him all offences which he had committed, also revoke his edict pronounced against him, moreover he promised to pardon his rebellion, with delivering him from perpetual imprisonment, and from all other punishment as well of his substance as of his person. The Langrave having sufficient assurance for the performance of these conditions, presented himself unto th'emperor humbly demanding pardon upon his knees, of whom he was received into favour, but when after the German fashion he offered him his hand, the Emperor would not receive it, but willed him to repair unto the Duke of Alva, with whom he supped merylie, but at night when he thought to be dismissed he was retained by the Duke, not without great fear unto the Langrave, and much marvel unto the electors, who being troubled in mind quieted themselves for the present, in that they perceived the Emperor minded to keep him in prison, until all the conditions were observed, which were contained in the conditions written. This was the end of the long war which the Emperor had with the Langrave and the Duke of Saxony, whom without question he had never in this wise brought unto subjection, 
God overthroweth rebels.  if they had not been betrayed by certain of their feigned confederates, in whom they reposed great confidence and credit. The Emperor having with prosperous success finished the wars in Germany passed into Suevia couducting with him the two Princes as prisoners, he carried with him also great abundance of artillery which he took from his enemies, part whereof he sent into Spain, part into Milan, and the rest unto the kingdom of Naples. 
Ferdinand.  The King of the Romans also by the industry of the Marquis of Marignano, and Augusto the brother of Maurice, brought the Bohemians unto his obedience and subjection. While the Emperor made his abode in Augusta, Lubeck, Bremia, and Bransuice submitted themselves unto him paying for their liberty .200000. Crowns, many other free Cities yielded themselves unto the Emperor raunsominge themselves with sums of money, but the Dukes of Luneburg desiring th'emperors favour did not obtain it, for that their ambassadors uttered words of great arrogancy: 
The 〈…〉.  It is most true that in the city of Augusta the soldiers of Madrucci, being grieved for not having the pays which were promised them, commenced a mutiny, and being most insolent went to besiege the Emperor being in his own palace, who presently caused their due to be paid and the authors of the treason to be punished: also after the Emperor had appeased certain tumults which were like to have happened in that city about religion, he journeyed unto Spires where he procured a reformation & establishment for religion, 
Fortune.  but Fortune whose property is to be mutable, and then especially when least cause of doubt is offered, seemed at this instant as it were to revoke her favourable smilinges which she had of so long time continued towards the Emperor, for where as he thought he had ended all troubles, he was at a sudden wrapped in greater travails than ever at any other time, for after the death of King Francis, Henry his son succeeded in the kingdom, who (as Hannibal against the Romans) having from his childhood hated the Emperor, 
〈…〉 of France.  immediately after he was plated in his father's seat determined to move war against him, wherefore having well provided for the defence of the frontiers of Picardy, and sent divers captains and soldiers into Scotland to aid them in their wars against the Englishmen, he went into Piedmont, as well to furnish their forts and cities there with all kind of munition & other necessaries, as also to conclude a league with the Pope and Suizzers. Unto the Emperor who was most vigilant, the practices of the French King could not be hidden, although he endeavoured by all means possible to conceal the same. 
Bura.  whereupon he sent into England the County Bura to confirm with that King the League which he had with the King his father: and using the like arts of dissimulation with the French King, as he knew the French King did use to practise towards him, to renew susspition did writ unto him, that he should not marvel at the going of the County into England, for that it was upon certain occasions of his own private affairs, moreover that he intended (if by him there were made no breach) to continued the peace which he made with King Francis, with all friendship and brotherly love. These words the King accounted as feigned, and suspecting contrary effects procured with more expedition to renew with the swizzers the league which was concluded with them by King Francis his father. This league did not a little displease the Emperor, who perceived to what end their confederacy tended, as also for that he had determined to chastise certain free cities which were in arms for the reformation of religion: from which attempt he was revoked by this new league of the Pope, the French King, & the Suizzers, with divers other princes: wherefore while time and occasion served, he sent into Spain for King Philippe his son by Maximilian his Nephew, who in Valiadohe married Marie the emperors eldest daughter, and was left in Spain to supply the room of King Philip: who in the month of November arrived at Geane, and passed from thence by easy journeys unto Brussels where he was looked for by the Emperor his father: 
The death of Paul the 3.  the tenth day of November which was in anno. 1549 died Pope Paul the third: for whose successor was created Giovan Maria, called julius the third, 
julius the 3. created Pope  who presently established Octavio Farnese in the Duchy of Parma, and Piacenza, and sent him forthwith unto the same, but Piacenza was kept unto the emperors behalf by Don Ferrante Gonzaga, in whom Duke Octavio reposed little confidence, 
Duke Octavio married the base daughter of the Emperor Charles.  although he had married the emperors base daughter, wherefore both th'one and tother were strongly guarded, for the better assurance of their mutual security. At this present Dragut Rasis a famous Corsale occupied the City Africa, which is a City both rich and mighty, and standeth upon an arm of the Mediterraneun Sea: from whence Dragut toastinge the Seas, did greatly endamage the Christians, and induced no small fear unto Cicilia and divers other Islands thereunto adjoining. Wherefore the Emperor to repulse the fury of this tyrannous infidel, determined to win from him that City, and appointed general over the enterprise Gian de Vega Viceroy of Cicilia, he sent thither Prince Doria with his navy, accompanied with many other ships full of Spaniards and Italians, thither went also Don Pietro Viceroy of Naples, with the Galleys of the kingdom: these valiant Captains besieged the City, and in th'end took it with small loss of Christians, for there were not slain above fifty. Dragut fled from thence with 6. Galleys and xiiii Galliottes unto Zerbi, from whence he wrote unto Soliman of the injury done unto him by the Emperor: who thereupon sent very threatening letters unto king Ferdinand. At this present through the aid which the French king gave unto Duke Octavio, to maintain him in the state of Parma, or rather as some think, to impadron himself thereof: there arose sudden wars between the Emperor and the French king, in sundry places, as well by Sea as land, for while Giovan Baptista the Pope's nephew, and Don Ferrante (who credited the truce which was taken between th'emperor and the king,) had caused certain Garrisons of soldiers to repair unto him out of Piedmont, which were left there for the defence of divers Cities and Castles: to be siege Parma, into which entered a great number of French Captains and soldiers. Monsignor Brisack general in Piedmont for the French king, minding to revolt the war from Parma, caused certain companies of soldiers at sundry times to repair secretly unto him out of France, with whom at a sudden he assaulted Cheri, and wan it with divers other forts of importance. And upon the Sea the Prior of Capua general for the French king, understanding that Prince Doria, was departed from Geane, to conduct into italy (by the emperors appointment) Maximilian the king of Boheme with the Queen his wife, determined to encounter with them, and upon the sudden to assault them: but Doria although he had .v. Gailyes more in number then the Prior had, durst not meet with him, but retired back again for fear, whereupon the Prior chased him a whole day, and being not able to overtake him, returned unto the port of Tolone, and not long after departed for the service of the French king, and went to serve with the knights of the Rhodes.  
The siege of Parma and Mirandola having long time continued unto a small effect, and little commodity of the Pope, who now being weary with the great charges and expenses which daily arise by the maintenance of war, concluded a peace with the French king, after the death of his nephew who died at the siege of Mirandola, and so raised both sieges: from whence the Marquis of Marighano departed with his soldiers to succour Piedmont: (but here omitting certain events which happened between th'emperor and the French king) I say that the war ceased between them. Notwithstanding henry to procure the increase of his own forces, and to diminish those of the Emperors: caused many Princes both of italy and Germanye, to manifest their hatred against him (which unto that time had remained very secret & not known:) For he entered into league with divers German Princes, who now were in Arms against the Emperor, for controversies in matters of Religion: among whom was Maurice who had been invested by the Emperor of the duchy of Saxony, Duke john being deprived of the same, together with his Electorshippe when he was taken prisoner. This Maurice was most fiercely incensed with wrath against the Emperor, for that he would not dismiss the langrave who was his lonne in saw, 
Mauryce insenced with wrath against th'emperor.  from imprisonment, since he had long before observed and performed all the Articles contained in the Capitolation of the accord. Wherefore he esteemed that he was both mocked & deceived by th'emperor, and therefore omitting his obedience and duty which he aught unto him being his Lord, and pricked forward by other who for matters in Religion hated the Emperor: he determined to move war against him, and thereupon joined with the Duke of Saxons son, the sons of the Langrave, & certain other Princes their confederates, to endamage him all the ways they might: All these entered into a league with the French king, who as one that desired nothing so greatly, gave them unto this effect 400000. Crowns, upon condition that they should disburse among them every month 100000. Crawnes, with which, together with that which other would contribute, they should maintain continually in the field an host of 20. Thousand footmen, 8. Thousand horsemen, and of 2. Thousand men of Arms: Moreover he promised that at what time the Emperor should come against them with an army, he would be in a readiness with an host to secure them. The Emperor at the concludinge of this league was in Ispruck, who not thinking that th'enemies could in any short space have gathered so puissant an host, used no expedition in providing of soldiers, but continued there: either minding to see unto what end this provision would tend or else (being upon such a sudden unprovided of sufficient power to resist the force of so mighty enemies) to procure meaenes to mitigate the wrath of Maurice, which caused certain to suspect (although without cause as hereafter will appear) that Maurice had with the Emperor conspired the death of the French king, which opinion was most foolish and vain: For Maurice at a sudden with his Army marched unto Augusta, taking by the way ulme's, from thence he went towards Ispruck, intending there to apprehended the Emperor: who having intelligence of his coming sent certain soldiers to defend the straight (a passage very strong and of great importance) but the soldiers of Maurice came against it with such force that they took it: the Emperor disappointed of his purpose, departed from Ispruck in the night by torch light when it rained without any company except those of his court, & certain other which guarded his person together with the ambassadors unto Vilacco, 
Themperor is constrained to fly unto Villocco.  a Castle in the confines of Friuli, belonging unto the ancient patrimony of the house of Austria: a thing certain to be lamented at, that so victorious an Emperor, should in the night when it rained retire with such haste into so simple a place, with his court disordered, and the greater part on foot for want of horses, being chased of his own vassal, and subject unto the Empire, whom a little before he had exalted unto that estate and dignity: Maurice came the very same night unto Ispruck in which he departed where he stayed not, but followed the Emperor, whom when he could not over take returned unto Ispruck, where he spoilt all such goods as appertained unto strangers, without endamaging any of the citizens. The signory of Venus' understanding of the emperors being at Vilacco, sent immediately to visit him, presenting themselves very honourably, and with much courtesy proffering to pleasure him any way they might. Unto whom the Emperor rendered most hearty thanks, having his mind wholly bend to revenge this injury of Maurice, notwithstanding his determination (the time so requiring) he sent King Ferdivand to fall to some accord with Maurice, but he obtained nothing, for the Protestants would not in any wise accept the conditions offered, for that the Emperor to maintain the Pope's ceremonies had so cruelly dealt with them in the last war: and therefore proceeded as conquerors in revenging upon the Papists, the injuries which of late by them they had received, 
The death of Mauryce.  but in the end in a conflict with the Duke of Brunswick this Maurice was so hurt that within three days after he died, whose death was rather a hurt then a profit ●inge of the Emperors affairs: the cause of this war chief being for the long deteyninge of the Langrave prisoner contrary to the emperors promise. 
The death of the Duke of Saxonye.  At this present john the Duke of Saxony died, who although he were set at liberty by th'emperor before time, yet willingly he followed the court, whose children he received into favour & invested them with the Duchy of their father, & determining also to set the langrave at liberty, he sent into Flaunders unto Queen Marie his sister that she should deliver the Langrave out of prison, which the captain of the Castle would not permit to be done, 
The langrave set at liberty.  for that the Emperor had not sent unto him by a secret token which was between them, of which in the end he advertised the Queen, and then he was set at liberty.  
At this time the people of Sienna being much abused by Don Diego, 
Don Diego.  who governed the same for th'emperor, practised with the French King for their liberty, who favouring their suit, sent thither the county Pitilian, and the county Fiori with .5000. soldiers, which of the sienneses were intromitted the city, and the Spaniards upon certain conditions were content to tender the citadel, which Don Diego had built, for that the citizens promised faithfully to remain and abide at the devotion of the Emperor, protesting that they had not done this as rebels against him, but to recover their liberty, which they had lost by the tyranny of Don Diego, while these events happened in Sienna, the French King moved war freshly against the Emperor in Flaunders. Whereupon the Emperor sent the Marquis of Mariniano with divers other captains into Germamnie to levy soldiers, unto whom repaired at Ispruck, many captains of Spaniards and Italians, with a great number of Duchmen, moreover he induced Marquyse Albert who at that time served the French king with .14000. footmen and certain horsemen to renounce his service, 
Subjects aught to obey their prince.  and to revolt unto him who was his natural Lord which in the end he obtained. The Emperor being at this instant in Augusta altered his determination from going into Flaunders, and resolved to pass into France against the King, thorough the Duchy of Lorraine: of which resolution the Marquis Albert having understanding marched before him unto the city of Mettes a mightty and popolous city in that territory of Lorraine, 
The description of Mettes.  standing in a plain not much distant from the Alps, from which the river of Mosella descendeth which over runneth the fields, and divideth itself into two branches, the bigger of which compasseth for a little space part of the city, and then entering into the same, maketh as it were two Islands. The other in like manner making as it were without the city a little Island, doth after approach more near and formeth an other Island between two bridges, the one called Zistro, and the other Dismore, both the one and the other of which bridges hath seven arches.  
This city for a great sum of money was once made fire, but after it came into the possession of the French King.  
In it there was at this present the Duke of Guise with many soldiers of frenchmen and Italians, who issued out against the Marquis with great force, and skirmished daily with the Duchmen. But not long after the Emperor with a mighty host came and made present battery against the same, 
The Emperor battereth Mettes.  which was courageously defended by the Duke: and by reason of the sharpness of winter, which that year in all parts of Europe was very extreme, for a great number of the emperors soldiers and horses died with cold, so that not being able to support any longer the contagious season in the end of December he departed from thence especially for that he understood the French King had taken by Monsegnior of Vandosme, Edine a city in Flaunders of great importance, which he determined all other affairs set apart, 
The Emperor battreth Mettes.  to recover the next springe following. But at his departure from Mettes, having in mind the affairs of Sienna, he wrote unto Don Pietro of Toledo, viceroy of Naples, that he should with speed prepare a sufficient host, and go his own person to make war against that city, which commandment he accomplished with all expedition, and being come unto Frorence, where he should have joined his power with that of the Dukes, he died, but the war was afterward maintained by the Emperor and the Duke against the Frenchmen with variable success, and in the end Storza unadvisedly coming to battle with the Marquis of Mariniano, 
The Marquis Mariniano, overcometh Pietro Storza and taketh Sienna  received a great overthrow, & he himself wounded in one of his thighs. Then the Marquis caused the city to be assaulted, but he could not that way win it wherefore he continued his siege, and at length had it upon sundry conditions, of the which never any one was observed At this instant the Emperor was encamped before Edine with a very brave host, and ceased not to batter and assault the town most lively both night and day, until he had gotten the same, where was slain Duke Horatio, who was there for the French King, 
D. Horatio.  and divers noble gentlemen Frenchmen and Italians taken prisoners, among whom was Memoransi the Constable's son of France: this city & Tirwin which afterward the Emperor also took, he caused to be overthrown, and plained with the ground, because he would be no more molested with them. This year before the winning of Sienna died Charles the Duke of Savoy, unto whose son Filibert the Emperor gave the country of Hasti: and who at this present (through the accord which after happened between the Emperor & the french King) enjoyeth again his whole duchy of Savoy. 
The death of Edward king of England.  There died also in this year Edward King of England: and Marry the daughter of King Henry the eight by Madam Katherine, daughter to the catholic king was crowned Queen: which Mary afterward was married in England to Philip king of Spain her own cousin, 
Queen mary marrieth Philip king of Spain.  son unto the Emperor, which marriage was made legitimate by the Pope's dispensation. And in the year .1555. died Pope julius the third, unto whom succeeded Marcellus the 2. who died the .20. day after his creation: 
The death of julius the .3 Marcellus the second.  & Paulus quartus of the house of Carassa was created Pope, whose life was such that all men wished his death especially the Romans' who more than all other tasted of his Neronious wickedness. 
Paulus the .4. created bishop of Rome.  Themperour who at this present was in Flaunders sore grieved with the gout, & divers other infirmities, being overcome with the continual wars, & great troubles unto which empires are subject, 
Themperor determineth to forsake his government of all his estates.  resolved to withdraw himself from the cares of this world, unto a quiet & peaceable life without bearing any longer government over any estate which certainly no man is able to do, but that the two contrary passions desire, and fear, in altringe our minds, do disturb our whole quietness: it is said that he was determined so to do viii. years before: The like is red of the th'emperor Diocletian, who forsaking the Roman Empire, withdrew himself unto Salona a City of Dalmatia his country, where he continued his days in labouring & making of a little Garden with his own hands, reputing himself more blessed in that estate, then when he enjoyed the Empire of the whole world: So was Octavius minded to forsake his kingdom. 
Themperor sendeth for king Philip out of England, and resigneth unto him all his estates.  The Emperor desiring to bring to effect this his determination, sent for King Philip his son who at that instant was in England, and resigned unto him by open Decree the kingdom of Naples, Flaunders, Burgundye, the estate of Millen, with all other his Segnioryes: And that next year following he resigned likewise unto king Ferdinand his brother, the .24. of february in the year of Christ 1557. which was the day of his nativity, the whole Empire: & in August following being in Gaunt, 
The Emperor resigneth the Empire unto king Ferdinand his brother.  he lysenced to departed all the Ambassadors that were with him, and all his officers, Princes & Captains, saying unto them that he should have no more need of their service. Moreover he rendered infinite thanks unto the Magistrates that were present, for their loyalty and faithfulness, which they had always used towards him, recommending unto them Philip his son: and having finished these words he ascended into a Litter, and was carried unto a certain Castle called Asueda, where the 14. of September he entered into a ship, which was prepared for his voyage with the two Queens his sisters, and after he had blessed his son with giving him many godly exhortations, he took of him his last farewell, & therewith the sails being hoist, he sailed towards Spain, being accompanied with .70. Galleys, for the safeguard of his person, in which country it is said he had been seven. times, the first when he was xvii. years of age, 
Of the emperors arrival at Lared, and of the words which he spoke the●e.  the second when he was xxii. the third xxiii the fourth xxxvi the fift xxxviii. the sixth xli and this seventh which was the last, when he was lvi years old: and being arrived at the port of Lared a City in Biskay, thither repaired to receive him the great Constable with all the Barons of Spain: who as soon as he landed, kneeled down upon the Sea bank, where after he had rendered his most humble thanks unto Almighty God for his arrival, in that it had pleased his goodness to bring him safe unto the land and people which he most loved, and by whom next under God he had aspired unto so many high degrees of honour, and received infinite victories and triumphs: He spoke these words, O my most desired mother, GOD preserve thee, naked I came out of my mother's womb, and naked I return unto thee, as unto another mother of mine, 
Themperor was carred to Valiadolit  and in recompense of the manifold benefits which I have received of thee, (not being able to reward the with any thing) I give thee this my simple body, and these my simple bones: which words being ended with the effusion of many tears, he courteously saluted those noble men which were come to honour him, and then was carried in a Litter unto Vagliadolit, 
Themperor at S. justus withdraweth himself from all companion into a monastery of monks of thorder of S. Hierome.  where the infant Charles his nephew made his abode: there he remained 2. days, not in a sumptuous Palace, but in a private house, where he exhorted the infant to fear God, and to follow in virtue his ancestors: From thence he was carried unto a certain valley somewhat pleasant, whereunto towards the South adjoined certain hills, this place he had chosen to consume that remnant of time, which God should give him to live, the name of it is S. justus, distant .7. miles from Piacenza in the province of Estremadure: In it also was a monastery of monks, of the order of S. Hierome, with whom th'emperor intending to make his abode as long as he lived, he lysenced to departed the two Queens his sisters, with all the residue of his familiars, retaining only to attend his person, but xii men with a horse which he very seldom occupied. There he dispensed the hours continually in prayer, and in hearing Divine service, in such wise that his whole thoughts and words were only of God: with this Divine and spiritual exercises, he continued unto Anno 1558. the xxi. of September, in which he feeling his time to draw near, prepared himself most willingly unto death, and lifting his eyes unmovablye unto heaven said these words.  
O Lord God my redeemer, I tender unto thy divine Majesty most hearty thanks, for the manifold benefits which thou of thy goodues haste vouchsafed to bestow upon me, as in making me Lord and ruler over so many kingdoms, and likewise for thy holy protection, which thou hast always preserved me: But above all things for this my last end, which by the light of thy grace I saw two years since, by contemning of this transitory and vain world, and cleaving unto the sure ladder, 
The perfect wape to heaven.  by which I trust to come to reign with thee in Heaven, which is the passion of thy dear son jesus Christ. After that he said: O most merciful father, I most humbly besiech thee, that thou wilt forgive me all my offences, and wash clean with thy innocent blood, this my sinful soul, as yet bathed and defiled with blood, who have caused the blood of many thousands of thy creatures to be shed, 
Anotable lesson for all men to learn to avoid sin, and to contemn this world.  through the vain folly of these false Dominions, and transitory wordly felicities: receive my soul O heavenly father into the arms of thy mercy. These words being ended he said: Into thy hands O Lord I commend my spirit, and therewith closing his eyes, as though he had fallen into a sweet and pleasant sleep, he passed (as it is to be judged) out of this most miserable world into a most blessed, without making of any passion or alteration of countenance or colour. This was the death of this most victorious and invincible Emperor CHARLES the fift.   

Ferdinandus.  
BY the providence of Almighty God, the Majesty of the Roman Empire, hath continued .260. years and more, in the most noble house and royal family of Hapsburge, and hath brought forth lynallye .9. Emperors. Rodulphe county of Hapsburge was elected king of the Romans, at what time a long season, the Empire of Rome was destitute of a king (who as it is sheewed before) gave the Duchy of Austria unto his eldest son: By this means it descended unto this royal and most Princely family of Hapsburge, from that house .9. emperors have sprung forth to govern this Empire. The first Emperor was Rodulphe the first county of Hapsburge, the second was Albarte the first, Frederick the first the third Emperor of his house, the fourth was Albarte the second, than the fift Frederick the second, the .6. was Maximilian, the seventh was Charles the fift, than the eight was Ferdinandus, of whom I now entreat of.  
This Ferdinandus was the brother of Charles the fift, the son of Philippe Archeduke of Austria. The perfit descent of that noble house, is fully set forth in the life of his brother Charles the fift, and how it hath continued in that royal family of Hapsburge, of the which house this Ferdinandus was the eight Emperor, and Maximilian the 9 that now governeth. This Ferdinandus was the son of joane Queen of Castille, whose pedigree is on every side set forth also in the life of the foresaid Charles, which orderly succession to recite were tedions. It is a great blessing of God, a kingdom or Empire, to continued so long in one family they being godly Princes: great be the commendations of this Ferdinandus, whose noble acts if I according to his merits should fully set forth, it would rise to a great huge Volume.  
This Ferdinandus was in the time of Charles the fift his brother, king of the Romans, he was a great comfort, stay, protection, and safeguard under God, to all Christendom, against the Turk. This Ferdinandus God by his mighty power blessed in many prosperous victories, & in a small power (in comparison of the Turk Soliman his power) was made a conqueror over the Turk. After many overthrows, the Turk seeking by a great power to conquer Hungary & Vienna: God marvelously prospered & preserved him, & gave to him with his brother Charles the victory. This Ferdinandus was a Prince of great clemency, with all courteous humanity endued, of few words, of life most temperate and godly, a lover of learning, studious by all means to preserve peace and concord in Europe among Christian Princes. Soliman the Turk was over thrown of this Ferdinandus, about the year of Christ .1529. Soliman to revenge the great slaughter which he caught by Ferdinandus, gathered an host of 200000. soldiers, but as some authors writ, of. 300000. and with this great army he entered hungary, but that great host was almost quite overthrown, the palsgrave entering the one side of them, and the Hungarians on another, with divers other noble & valiant personages, these valiant Captains on every side so assaulted them, that they gave them a marvelous great overthrow and put them to flight. another time also this Ferdinandus gave the Turks a great overthrow at Malta, he being then Emperor: as concerning more at large of him I will writ, as soon as I get the perfect declaration of his whole life, but this sufficeth to show that he was a rare, wise godly and victorious Prince.  
This Ferdinandus left behind him his son Maximilian, who now with all glory governeth, and with the mighty hand of God uphold is against the Turk, who according to the office of a careful Prince, hath a diligent eye to the preservation of Christendom, with other godly Princes.  
God grant that all we Christians may walk in the fear of God, to love and dread him, to obey our Princess, to whom by duty we are bound to be subject, in holy conservation of life, to show the fruits of Christians in mutual love and charity one towards another, charity being the badge of a Christian: For by charity we abide in God and God in us, Love being the fulfilling of the Law and Prophets, whereby the detestable enemies of God, seeing the good works of Christians, and so holy fruits of that most holy word, may be made to become Christians, and to glorify our heavenly father. Concord and unity among Christians, overthroweth the detestable enemies of God: God grant that the Princes of Christendom may embrace that Christian love, & so link themselves in one unity, that the infidels may not seek by the contention and disagreeing of Christian Princes, an occasion to do mischiefs: For by the contention and disagreinge of Christian Princes, the devil & his seek to establish their kingdom. God grant all contention to cease among Christians, and in the love of God to be united, by which love neither the flesh, the world, nor the devil, shall be able to hurt us: by this holy unity we shallbe the children of God, and God will be on our side, and if God be on our side, we need not to care who shallbe against us, let us therefore humble ourselves before God, we being most wretched and miserable, without God's help, & put our slues under him, by whose protection we are defended, upholded, and delivered. ¶ **** 
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The end of the lives of all the Emperors.   

Faults escaped in the printing.  
In the Epistle Dedicatory the first side, read egraegiam for egaergian.  
An Folio .11. read De emptionibus, for Do omitionibus.  
In Folio .12. read periodos, for periodo.  
FINIS.   

Imprinted at London in Fletestreate near to Saint Dunston's Church, by Thomas Marsh. ¶ **** 
 *** ¶  
Anno Domini. .1571.