TWELVE RVLES INTRODVCTING TO THE ART of latin.  
Composed by edmond rive, Teacher of the Hebrew &c. in London.  
 printer's or publisher's device 
ALIIS SERVIEMVS, NOSMETIPSOS CONTERIMVS.   
At London printed by William jones. 1620.   

twelve Rules to the Latin.  
1. AM, but ae, ae, 2. as, ac. am or an, voc. a. 3. es, ac en, voc. & ab. e or a. 4. e, gen. es, dat. e, ac. en, voc. and ab. e. 5. Familias, after pater, matter, or filius. 6. Filia, nata, dea, mula, equa, anima, and the like, haue dat. and ab. plur in abus. 7. vs, voc. e. 8. ïus, of mans proper name, voc in i. likewise filius and genius. 9. deus, voc. Deus, plur. nom. dij, gen. deorum, dat. dijs, ac. deos. 10. as, ac. on, voc. e. but a pollos, gen. o, voc. as. 11. neuters haue nom. ac. and voc. alike, and plurally in a, 12. vis, rauis, tussis, sitis, a mussis, charibdis, Thamesis, ac. in im, ab. in i. 13. is, sometimes adjective, and moneths names in er or is, and centustis, ab. in i. 14. neuters in al, ar, and e, ab. in i, nom. plur. in ia, gen. in ïum. saving far, hepar, jubar, nectar, gausape. 15. nouns in two consonants, or nom. and gen. ivan. gen. plur. in ïum. so dis, lis, vis, sal, manes, penates, linter, uter, as, mas, vas vadis, nox, nix, as, ossis, faux, mus, cor. 16. but hiems, princeps, particeps, municeps, forceps, caelebs, cliens, canis, panis, vates, iuvenis, opes, apes, senex, precis, volucris, halcyonis, and nouns in er, haue um, but ales alituum, and bos boum, dat & ab bobus or bubus. 17. puring Greekes in is ac. in n, ab. in i, plur. gen. in ïum. 18. not puring, ac. in a. plu. ac. in as. 19. Iesus, ac. um, else u. 20. acus, lacus, artus, arcus, tribus, ficus, specus, quercus, partus, portus, veru, dat. and ab. ubus. 21. greek ma, dat. and ab. plur. in tis. 22. fift, are feminine, saving dies. 23. substantiuing occidens, profluens, confluens, are in g. consonans, continens, f. g. contingens, accidence, antecedents, consequens, n. g. appetens, diligence, sitiens, amans, c. g. and animans f. or n. g. ab. in. i. Likewise like. 24. supellex, plur. in ia. rastrum, fraenum, filum, capistrum, plur. m, and n. coelum, plur m. nundinum, epulum, balneum, plur. f. and fibilus, iocus, locus, plur. m. and n. 25. nouns in i are invariable, and in u, singularly: and all from three to an hundred .26. uoctu, natu, jussu, iniussu, promptu, permissu, astu, inficias, are monoptotes. force fort, spontis sponte, repetundarum repetundis, suppetiae suppetias, tantundem tantidem, impetis impete, verberis verbere, vicem 'vice, plus pluris, iugeris iugere, are diptotes: but these four are whole plurally. precis precem prece, opis opem ope are triptotes, but whole plurally. 27. hordeum, far, forum, mell, mulsum, defrutum, thus, soboles, labes, and all of fift, haue but nom. ac. and voc. plural: saving res, species, fancy, acies, and dies .28. laurus, quereus, pinus, ficus a fig or figtree, lacus, domus, colus, penus, cornus a dog three, are in declension second and fourth, some want number, and some redound.  
29. Totus, solus, nullus, alter, vter, neuter, and their compounds like vnus: but alius, a, 'd. gen. alius, dat. ii. 30. vber plentiful, memor, inops, vetus, pl. newt. in a, gen. in um: but plura. ïum. 31. hic & haec durior, & hoc durius. gen. oris. dat. ori. ac. hunc & hanc orem, & hoc vs. voc. m. and f. or, and n. us. ab. ore vel ori. plur. nom. hi & hae oars, & haec ora, gen. orum. dat. oribus. 32. comparative is made by adding or, to positive i: and superlative ssimus. 33. unto er, superlative addeth rimus. 34. pureus increaseth by magis and maxim. 35. facilis, gracilis, agilis, docilis, similis, humilis, change is into lincus, in superl. 36. of dico, loquor, volo, facio, comp. is entior, superl. is entissimus. 37. bonus, melior, optimus, and others anomall in gram. 38. capable participials and aduerbs are compared also. 39. ille like iste, but ipse. newt. ipsum. 40. quis vel qui as qui .41. nom. quid, gen. cuius, dat. cvi, ac. quid, ab. quo .42. istic, istaec, istoc vel istuc, ac. istunc, istanc, istoc, vel istuc. ab istoc, istac, istoc. plur. nom. and ac. n istaec, so illic. 43. nom. hiccine, haeccine, hoccine, ac. hunccine, hanccine, hoccine. ab. hoccine, haccine, hoccine: plur. nom. and ac. newt. haeccine. 44. ecquis, nequis, nunquis, aliquis, siquis, haue in nom. fem. sing. and in nom. and ac. newt. plur. qua. 45. vestras and cuias like nostras: vocatiues are of the second person, and all other words of the third, saving ego and tu.  
46. Verbs in ïo of the third, haue difference in the first roots formation. 47. eo, queo, veneo are peculiars 48. the deponent and commune partake of the active. 49. prorsum afore e, assumeth d. 50. the impersonall passive hath an imperative pretertense. 51. the syllable doubled in the perfect tense simplo, is not in the compound, saving in praecurro, excurro, repungo: and in the compounds of do, disco, sco and posco. also the syllables doubled in the perfect tense, is not so in the supine. 52. Vescor pastus sum, medeor medicatus sum, liquour liquefactus sum, reminiscor recordatus sum. 53. odi, caepi, memini, novi, signify also present-like, & are defectives like others in gram. 54. Equet hath no preterperfect tense. dor, der, for and his far, are never simplo. dic, duke, and fac are imperatiues. 55. The subiunctiue often imperatiuely, and then is vnconiunctioned. 56. Pariturus, nasciturus, sonaturus, arguiturus, luitutus, erniturus, nosciturus, moriturus, oriturus, osurus, secaturus, affricaturus, refricaturus, tonaturus, iuvaturus, proceed anomally. 57. manifold is composition and derivation. 58. from itus or ctus of the first, proceeds atio, saving sectio. 59. but for thence, is regular. 60. paenitens, decens, libens, paenitendus, pudendus, do proceed: so others natural.  
61. Nam, quare, ac, ast, atque, et, aut, vel, nec, neque si, quin, quatenus, sin, seu, siue, ni, nisi, are prepositiues. 62. quidem, quoque, autem, vero, enim, are subiunctiues. 63. queen, ne, ve are enclytickes. 64. ante before in time, circum about place, circa about place or time, circiter about time or number, secundum after or according to, usque until, or well-nye unto, secus by the way, cum with together. 65. am about, di along, dis asunder, re again, se apart, con together with, are compositiues: and con afore a vowell or h, looseth n. 66. a and e afore a consonant, ab afore a vowell, and so ex commonly: but abs afore qu or t. and after x, s, may be omitted. 66. quod that, to the time past or present, and ut that, to the time to come. 67. ambiguous ablatiues in a, and hic here, and ergo for the sake are circumflexed. 68. ambiguous indeclinables are in context grauated, but in end acuted. 69. fa in facio compounded is uttered long, and ma in amabo short. 70. a vowell afore a vowell is short, except in sio, and in the ïus, saving alterius, and saving e, between double i, in the fift. 71. also a vowel is short afore a mute with a liquid unless analogy let. 72. a preterperfect tense & supine dissylable is long in penult, except in fidi, bibi, dedi, scidi, steti, tuli: and in quitum, situm, litum, itum, rutum, ratum, satum, datum, and citum of cieo. 73. do, with his compounds hath a, short. 74. adjectives in inus product ï; except diutinus crastinus, pristinus, perendinus, hornotinus, serotinus, oleaginus, faginus, cedrinus, carbasinus, and like materials. 75. but original quantity remaineth. 76. unto an hundred, the less number cardinal first with a copulative: otherwise it is latter every where. 77. comma distinguisheth little, semicolon somewhat more; colon most: but period ends. parenthesis interposeth omittible. interrogative asketh, admiratiue wondereth or exclaimeth at, conuinctiue vniteh, diuisiue divideth, and apostrophus pareth.  
78. A verb must be in the same number & person, as his nominative case is in. 79. an a diectiue must be in the same number, case and gender as his substantive is in. 80. a relative must be in the same number, gender, and person, as his antecedent is in: and the relative must be in the nominative case unto the verb next after him, if no nominative case be between thē. 81. If a verb, adjective, or relative hath before him coupled supposites, he must be plural, and agree with the worthier. 82. if they be lifeless, the adjective or relative must commonly be neuter. 83. also they being between two supposites may agree with either. 84. Also if they respect but to one matter, they must be singular and neuter. 85. but if they to more than to one, they must bee plural. 87. If a nominative substantive bee between the relative and the verb next after him, the relative must bee in that case, as the word whereof he is governed will haue him to be in. 87. the relative may be substantive unto the adjective after him. 88. nouns interrogatiues and indefinitiues follow the rules and nature of the relative. 89. in a question, and to an imperative verb, and because of it or there the nominative is transposed. 90. the verb is principal, which hath afore him neither relative nor coniunction, and is not infinitive. 91. When quod that, or ut that, may be used, they may be left out, and then the next nominative following must be in the accusative, and the next verb following must be in the infinitive.  
92. An adjective having the thing or things substantive to him, may bee put neuterly, the latin for thing or things not expressed. 93. and an adjective being so put, may be substantive to an adjective after him. 94. also an adjective may be put neuterly without a substantive, when as it hath afore it a preposition, and aduerbializeth. 95. also if an adjective haue a lifeless substantive, it may be neuter, and his substantive be in the genitive. 96. if any adjective hath not his substantive expressed in latin, he substantizeth. 97. a substantive understood to an adjective, is to be conceived in like case unto that adjective. 98. an adjective partitiue as of the gender, as the next substantive after him is. 99. the casual word begottenly following a verb or participle, must be the accusative case, unless a rule beneath letteth, 100. when the governing word may be well enough understood, it is in latin commonly omitted: Likewise other such words are. 1. A substantive is not governed of the adjective afore him, whereunto he is substantive, but of some onther governing word afore that adjective. 2. the latter of two substantives diuersing, may be in the genitive; or rather in his adjective possessiue, if good sense permitteth.  
3. When unto his, her, or their may be added own, it must be made by suus. 4. when unto him, her, or them may be added self or selves, it must be made by sui. 5. otherwise his, her, or their is by a relatives genitive. 6. special ownity is signified by adding ipsius, solius, unius, duorum, trium, &c. omnium, plurium, paucorum, cuiusque, and participles presents genitiues referringly. 7. ipse may bee for any person. hic sheweth him by me. iste him by thee. ille him from us both. also iste for contempt, and ille for eminency. 8. ille the one, hic the other relatively. 9. alius one, alius another demonstratively. 10. et both, et and. vel either, vel or. 11. as, after, talis, is, qualis: after tantus, quantus: after tot, quot: after tam, quam: after adeo, ac: after ita, atque, with potential latin. 12. after an adverb of wishing, and dum so, that, or until, quoad until; quasi, ceu, tanquam, perinde acsi, haud secus acsi, quamuis, licet, si although, qui seeing that, cum although, forasmuch as, or because; ne, an, num, utrum, taken not interrogatiuely; ut that, least not, considering that, must be potential latin. 13. but after donec as long as, dum whiles that, si quis, quando, quandoquidem, quoniam, quip without qui, ne, an, num, vtrum, nonne, anne interrogatiues; vt after that, as, even as, or how, must be indicatiue latin. 14. en and ecce showing, require a nominative; but upbraiding, to an accusative. 15. tempori, luci, vesperi may aduerbialize. 16. after aduerbs of quantity, time, or place, & instar and adjectives of likeness may be a genitive. 17. and aduerbs may govern such case, as do the nouns or prepositions whence they come. 18. in, signifying on, vpon, towards, against, into or unto, requires an accusative. 19. sub unto, by or a little afore to an accusative; suber beyond, to an accusative, concerning in, or on, to an ablative. tenus to an ablative singular or plural, but to a genitive plural onely. 20. cum with, is set after ego, tu, sui, and qui. & tenus, versus, paenes and usque after all. 21. o, to a nominative, accusative, and vocatiue. heu & pro to a nominative or accusative, & pro to avocatiue. hei & veh to a dative. apage & apagete, & hem to an accusative.  
22. A casual word vntokened, after a verb substantive. 23. or after a passive verb of terming .24. or after a verb of gesture. 25. or after an infinitive with a verb of wishing. 26. or after the word being. 27. or after an aduerb of likeness. 28. or after a coniunction copulative, disjunctiue, discretiue or exceptiue. 29. or after a substantive uncapable of of, must be in like case unto the word afore it. 30. but a casual word vndepending, must be in the ablative. 31. a casual word of the value must be in the genitive, and it hath, or may haue the token as afore it. 32. a casual word of the property is in the ablative or genitine. 33. a casual word of price is in the ablative, saving tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, and their compounds. 34. yet valco may haue an accusative. 35. the casual word signifying part of time is in the ablative. 36. but signifying continual term of time, is in the accusative. 37. if it signify space between place and place, it must be in the accusative. 38. if it signify the measure of height, length, depth, breadth, &c. unto an adjective it must bee in accusative or ablative. 39. a proper name of a comprehended place, having in or at afore it, must bee in the genitive. 40. so humi on the ground, domi in or at home, militiae, belly, in or at war, or warfare. 41. but if it be plural or of the third declension, it must bee in the dative or ablative. so ruri vel ruro, in or at the country. 42. and having to afore it, it must be in the accusative: so domum, home or to home: rus, to the country. 43. and having from or by afore it, must bee in the ablative: likewise domus and rus are used. 44. the casual word of the crime may be in the ablative or genitive. 45. but with uterque, nullus, alter, neuter, alius, ambo, or a superlative, it must be in the ablative onely. 46. also the casual word signifying the measure of exceeding, or the form or manner of a thing, after a verb or noun, must be in the ablative also.  
47. of or by, after a participle passive, or adjective in bilis, is token of the dative. 48. but after a verb passiuall is commonly à, and sometimes token of dative. 49. of, after opus and vsus need, is token of the ablative. 50. and of, after verbs or adjectives, signifying fullness, emptiness, plenty or wanting, loading or unloading, is of ablative or genitine. 51. likewise after dignus and indignus. 52. but of, after natus, prognatus, satus, creatus, cretus, ortus, editus, generatus, is of the ablative. 53. after pertaesus, is in the accusative. 54. but indoctus & inexpertus require a genitive: and fretus an ablative. 55. of or concerning is de 56. of or from, after verbs of receiving, distance or taking away is à: and sometimes is taken of the dative. 57. but of, or out of, is e. 58. and of, after dignor, munero, or communico, is of the ablative. 59. and after mereor, is de. 60. To, after a verb or participle of moving unto, is ad. 61. and to, unable to be of, after a substantive is ad. 62. & to, after attinet, pertinet, spectat, is ad also. 63. to, not acquisitiuely after natus, commodus, incommodus, propensus, utilis, invtilis vehemens, aptus, conduco, confero, is ad. 64. for or to, acquisitiuely, is of the dative. 65. likewise if for, may be a, or thee, following sum, or any other verb having a dative. 66. but for or unto, following or beginning a speech, must be ad. 67. if for, may be in stead of, or in defence of, it is pro. 68. if for may be by reason of, it is propter or ob. 69. but for, implying the cause. 70. and with implying the instrument or manner of doing, or matter of being, after verbs or adjectives, is of the ablative. 71. in, after desipio, ango, pendeo, discrucior, is token of the genitive. 72. and in, after verbs or adjectives, afore a substantive, wherein is the property or passion, is token of the ablative. 73. likewise when it signifieth not act in a place, or matter. 74. by or than after comparatiues, are token of the ablative. 75. adjectives signifying desire, knowledge, remembrance, & contrary to these and adjectives in ax do govern a genitive. 76. adjectives signifying profit likeness, pleasure, submission, relation to any thing, or their contraries, & adjectives compounded with con, do govern a dative. 77. communis, immunis, alienus are construed with a genitive, dative, or ablative preposition'd.  
78. The substantive after misereor, miseresco, interest, refert, & est it behoveth, skilleth or concerneth, sum signifying to pertain or for possession, as satago, is in the genitive. 79. but mine, thine, his own, our, your, & whose behalf; or me, thee, himself, us, you, whom, after those impersonals, is to be in the ablative, feminine, singular. 80. the casual word after reminiscor, obliuiscor, recorder and memini, is in genitive or accusative. 81. but after noceo, parco, faueo, indulgeo, placeo, displiceo, adulor, palpor, blandior, libet, dolet, sufficit, licet, &c. must be in the dative. 82. and after verbs betokening to profit or disprofit, to compare, to give or restore, to promise or pay, to command or show, to trust, to obey or be against, to threaten, or to be angry with, and their compounds, and after sum, or his compounds except possum, and after verbs compounded with satis, been, male, ad, con, sub, ante, post, ob, in, inter, or prae, answering unto whom, or to what, must be in the dative. 83. but after praeco, anteo, praecedo, praeuertor, praecurro, praeuincio, laedo, studeo, iuvo, &c. may be in the accusative. 84. so must it it be after exosus and perosus actiues. 85. and the casual word vntokened after the accusative with a verb of asking, teaching, arraying, or calling, or with celo, presto, facio, must be in the accusative. 86. and the casual word after sono, simulo, oleo, vivo, must be in the accusative. 87. but after tempero moderor, in the dative or accusative. 88. consulo, I ask counsel to to an accusative, I give counsel to a dative. 89. ausculto, I hear to an accusative, I obey to a dative. 90. memini, I mention, is with de. 91. I conquer to a genitive, I obtain to an ablative. 92. est and suppetit for habeo, require the seeming accusative to be nominative, and the seeming nominative to be dative. 93. do tibi literas for to carry thē. do ad te literas for to red them. 94. metuo, timeo, formido tibi vel de te, for thy good. but te or a te lest thou hurt me. 95. interdico may haue an ablative after adatiue. 96. the casual word after vtor, abutor, fungor, fruor, laetor, gaudeo within or at, muto with for or with, nitor, with, on, or in, epulor, vescor, glorior, delector, supersedeo, must be in the ablative. 97. oportet must, to an accusative, licet may, to adatiue. 98. a verb compound importing motion to, oftentimes may haue after him the case, which his preposition requireth. 99. and a verb compound with a, ab, ad, con, de, e, ex, or in, may sometimes haue after him the casual word with his preposition afore him also. 100. the accusative that may be after a gerund in di, may sometimes be a genitive. 1. an impersonall passive with an ablative and a, signifieth like his active, and this actiues nominative, and one verb or adjective, may at one time govern diuers cases.  
2. The active infinitive present tense english, after a substantive of property, or after cupidus, peritus, certus, quarus, and their compounds, must be gerund in di. 3. which gerund in di, hath sometimes of or in afore it, & then hath participle prsent tense english. 4. but that infinitiues english after another manner substantive or adjective must be gerund in dum, with ad afore it. 5. yet after dignus, indignus, contentus and audax, it remaines infinitive present tense. 6. but showing reason after a speech, must pe in dum, with ad, ob, propter, inter or ante afore it. 7. and the infinitive passive present tense after dignus, indignus, turpis, foedus, procliuis, facilis, odiosus, mirabilis, optimus, & the like may be in the latter supine, or in the infinitive passive. 8. but after unlike adjectives must be the gerund in dum with ad afore it. 9. the participle of the present tense english, with of or with, or for afore it, after a noun adjective must be gerund in do. 10. likewise wheresoever it may haue in or by afore it. 11. and if that english may haue afore it the english of à, e, cum, in, or pro, they are to bee used afore it. 12. and if it begetteth a casual word, it may be made to agree with it. 13. likewise may that which might be the gerund in dum, with a preposition afore it. 14. must or ought unto a verb, may be by gerund in dum, and the verb est, in his proper mood & tense, and the doer in the dative. 15. all the gerunds may be used passively, and yet in the aforesaid government.  
16. A casual word after a substantive in the beginning of a speech, is to be in the accusative. 17. the optative mood is sometimes used without an aduerb of wishing expressed to it. 18. that which may be uttered in a word may sometimes be vie phrase & sometimes by variation. 19. sense may derive larine, & may rightly join it, and may discern of it. 20. consonant it to follow vowell, and vowell after consonant, according to the ear, & latins nature: but the verb is to be last in speech, or a polysillable of long penult. 21. archaismes, varieties, figures, and poeticals are to be observed. 22. for to construe latin, first I must red the sentence to a full point, marking al the points & proper names: secondly, I must take first a vocatiue case, if there be any one; or whatsoever is in stead of it, and that which depends of it, for to make it plain: thirdly, I must seek out the principal verb, and his nominative case, & take first the nominative case, or whatsoever is in stead of it, & that which hangeth on it, for to make it plain: then the verb with the infinitive mood, or aduerb: & next the accusative case, or such case as the verb properly governs: lastly, all the other cases in order: as 1. the genitive; 2. the dative; 3. the ablative, according as good sense, and parsing will suffer.  
FINIS.