Warrefare epitomised, In a Century, OF MILITARY OBSERVATIONS: Confirming by ancient Principles The modern practice of arms. By captain Lewes ROBERTS.  
LONDON, Printed by RICHARD Oulton, for RALPH MABB 1640.   

To my worthy friends, and Brethren the captains of the trained Bands, Of the famous CITY of LONDON.  


Captain.  
Martin Bond.  
George Wawker.  
Marmaduke Royden.  
George Langham.  
John Venn.  
Edward Dichfield.  
Thomas Covell.  
Edmond Forster.  
William Ge●re.  
Samuall Carlton.  
Tobias Massy.  
Randolph Mo●wareing  
Henry Sanders.  
Nicolas Beale.  
Robert Davis.  
Matthew Forster.  
John Bradley.  
Roland Wilson.  
James B●nce.    
WORTHY FRIENDS.  
MOst certain it is, that war hath bad its original from the very foundation of sovereignty, a●d thence was reduced to an Art, confined within limited rules, and principles, and may (in these our times) be said to be either foreign or domestic, and that either offensive, or defensive, preserving, and upholding some Nations, and Countries, and destroying, and ru●ning others; but still the rule, and true scope of a lust war amongst all Nations, is held to be a firm Peace, which as it is best obtained with the Sword in hand, so is it best confirmed, by a prevalent Victory, to compass which many Authors have undertaken to lay down Rules, some through Military Discipline, some through valour and policy, and most through bloodshedd, yet such defects are found in many of their precepts, that no positive rules can be collected thence, which in all points can make good the same, for it must be confessed, that they who frame to themselves, in their studies a model of leading of an Army, to be come Victorious, find the same as full of Errors, as of Rules, when the application is made for a measure of war taken by book, falleth out either too long, or too short, when it is brought into the field, to be put in practice, and sometimes such unlooked for chances, arrest even the best, and most experienced captains (though long acquainted with the wars) that their skill is not privileged from casualties, nor their judgements, and knowledge▪ from Vaniety of accidents, because a minute produ●eth that in the field which an Age hath not seen no n●r heard of before.  
Notwithstanding these difficulties, and uncertainties, I have endeavoured for my own recreation, to collect the most certain of these rules of warfare, being such as admit of the least contradiction, and concluded the same in three Centuries, which I have termed Military Observations, and are the most material within the compass of a Soldiers & captain's knowledge, either before the war begun, or in the prosecution thereof, or after the Victory gained: the first is confirmed by the authority and aprovement of ancient authors, and serves as a groundwork to the second, confirmed by reason, and experience, and both of these to the third, confirmed, and made good by practice, and the example of the greatest captains that have left their memories registered in the books of honour behind them to posterity; the two latter may hereafter see the light; if this former find a fav●rable construction in the World, and a friendly acceptance from you, to whose love in respect of our united brotherly affection, and friendship, I have presumed to Dedicate the same, & that in testimony of the Obligement dew to your place from him that entitles himself  
Your friend and Brother in arms, L. Robert's captain.   

To the Readers.  
GENTLEMEN.  
MY love to arms drew me as first to be a practitioner thereof, in the Artillery Garden of London, and when occasions withheld me from the exercise itself, my mind was b●sied in perusing of such Anchors, as treated of that subject in sundry languages, which as length proved to be so many, and so Various, and withal so differently handling the several parts of war, that I found not thereby either my curiosity wholly satisfied, or yet my knowledge much bettered, whereupon I endeavoured to gain some benefit by my labour, & somepleasure by my toil, collecting into one Epitome those quotations, which I had thus scatteringly met withal in my reading, reducing at length the ●a●e into three centuries of Military Observations; the first confirming the modern practice of arms, by the authority of ancient Authors: the second confirming the same by reason, and experience, and the third, by the practice and example of sundry Commanders, and chieftains, the second being grounded upon the former, as the ●atter is upon both: In all which I cannot boast of ●nygreat pains taken, because they were done for delight, and to please my own fancy, nor yet appropriate therein, anything worthy note to myself save the labour, because they are for the most part collections, how soever yet we see oftentimes, that there's a labour in recreation, and a toil sometimes in pleasures, and that the builder is many times found to take more care, and pains, to collect, and gather his materials, then to erect the Structure, or to beautify the whole Edifice: But whatsoever my pains, and industry was, I take it to myself; and whatsoever the benefit is, or may be, I am contented to bestow upon my friends, and amongst the rest (if thou art one of them) upon the encouraging me thus by affair construction, and friendly acceptance of this first, to present thee with the two latter, and in the interim to style myself  
Thy indebted Friend, jews ROBERTS captain.   
MILITARY OBSERVATIONS.  

Observation first: OF MILITARY ART.  
THe Art Military is of its self so Excellent, that it is fit for the knowledge of all Noble Personadges, and a quality most especially necessary for all Kings and Princes, whether they live either in peace or war, for without it their tranquillity cannot be preserved, nor their war prosecuted, nor yet their own persons and subjects defended, for force and strength of men though valorous, sufficeth not unless the same be governed by Military counsel and martial wisdom, Duo sunt quibus Respub: servatur, in hostes fortitudo & dom● concordia. cipiatur, ut nihil aliud quam pax quaesita videatur. Cicero &c. Let war be so undertaken, that nought else but peace may seem to be sought for thereby.   

Observation XI.  
Of unadvised war.  
AS we have showed unjust war to be unlawful, so we will show that temerity and unadvised war is an Enterprise most worthy of discommendation. Omnes bellum sumunt facilè, aegerrimè definunt, net in ejusdem potestate initium & finis est. Sallust. &c. All Princes undertake a war easily, but leave it off difficultly; neither is the beginning and end in the power of one and the same person.   

Observation XII.  
Not to Enter into war without cause.  
AS a wise Prince ought not to undertake any unlawful invasion, so ought he not without mature deliberation enter into any war at all, as one that is unwilling to offend others, though yet of courage enough to defend himself and his, Nec provoces bella, nec timeas. Plin: Neither mayst thou stir up, neither stand in fear of war.   

Observation XIII.  
Things required to make a war.  
TO make a war three things are required, 1. Money. 2. Men. 3. and arms, and to maintain this war, Provision, and counsel are needful; therefore the undertaking chieftain before he beginneth a war, doth carefully consider not only his forces, but the charges that doth belong thereunto, Diu apparandum est bellum, ut vincas melius, Pub: war is long before hand to be provided for, that so thou mayst conquer the better.   

Observation XIV.  
Bread needful in war.  
ABove all the provisions of war, Care must be held, that Bread be not wanting, for without it nor victory, no nor life can be looked for or expected. Quifr●mentum necessariumque c●mmeatum non praparat vincitur sineferro: Vigetius. He is vanquished without weapon, who prepares not bread and other necessary provision of victuals.   

Observation XV.  
Arms needful for war to be ever in readiness.  
A Prince or chieftain that intends war either offensive or defensive, must have arms always in readiness, whereby is understood harness, Horses, Weapons, engines of artillery, powder and every other thing necessary for service, either of foot, or horse, and where the Prince's territories are marittime, we may add hereunto ships and shipping of all sorts, with every furniture thereto belonging both of defence and offence: these preparations make a Prince formidable, because no man dare do or attempt against that King or people, where preparation is ever ready to revenge. Qui desider pacem, praeparet bellum. Caes. He that desireth peace, fore-provides for war.   

Observation XVI.  
Of captains and Souldjers.  
When I say people, men &c. I mean a multitude of Subjects, armed and trained to defend or offend, and these by the custom of these times are of two sorts, Viz. Souldjers and captains, and soldiers are also of two sorts, footmen and horsemen, the one most useful in the Champion, and the other in mo●tan●us places, and likewise for defence, or assault of towns or grounds fortified, they are most necessary, and consequently meet for service in all places, which moved Tacitus to say, Omne in pedite Robur jacet. &c. All the strength lies in the footmen.   

Observation XVII.  
Of Horsemen and Footmen.  
FOr sudden service, the horse hath ever been judged most meet, and the Execution of any speedy service is by them soonest performed: nevertheless all captains do judge the actions of the footmen, most certain of Execution, chiefly if well trained, and skilfully lead, for so Experience hath of late days proved, besides that, they carry with them ever a less expense, and are commonly of greater number. In universu● aestimar● plus penes pedittem roboris esse, Tacit. &c. Generally more strength is reputed to be in the forces on foot.   

Observation XVIII.  
Soldiers not serviceable are to small purpose.  
BY these aforegoing observations, it is sufficiently proved that both horsemen and footmen be necessary: yet let us remember withal, that unless they be also serviceable, great numbers are but to small purpose. Manibusopus est bello, non multis nominibus. In war not many names, but many hands are requisite.   

Observation XIX.  
To make soldiers serviceable.  
TWo things is conceived to make soldiers serviceable, the first consisteth in good choice, and the other in good discipline: both of them, but especially the latter, at this day little regarded. Emunt militem, non legunt. Liv. &c. They do not carelessly take up, but purchase a souldjer.   

Observation XX.  
The Election of Souldjers.  
THe Election of soldiers ought ever to be out of the most honest and able number of bodies, and every camp is ever ablest, when it is composed of men known to one another, for thereby they are made the more confident, and their love to each other will make them adventure the one for another, but small heed is taken hereof in these days, for they are for the most part Purgamenta Vrbium suorum. Curtius &c. The offscouring of their Cities.   

Observation XXI.  
The Discipline of soldiers.  
IN discipline it is now a days seen in armies, that the external form, and not the certain substance thereof is observed, for whereas soldiers in former ages endeavoured to be virtuous and modest, so now they study rather how to excel in Riot then in martial knowledge. Exercitus lingu● quam Manu promptior: praedator ● sociis, & ipse praeda hostium, sal: The Army is nimbler in their tongue than their hand; a robber among it's companions, and itself becomes the enemy's booty.   

Observation XXII.  
Stranger soldiers what.  
NOw in as much as soldiers are made good by choice and Election, and that the foundation and ground of service seemeth to consist in the discretion, and judgement of those that have authority to make this Election, yet we must add, that they must be chosen of the number of natural subjects, for strangers are covetous, and consequently corruptible, they are also mutinous, and not seldom time cowardly: the custom likewise is to rob, burn; and spoil, both friends and foes, and consume the Prince's treasure. Ossa vides regum vacuis exsucta medullis. Juvenal. &c. By this means I profess King's bones behold you may clean marrowlesse.   

Observation XXIII.  
The natural soldier what.  
NOw in the natural soldier, few or none of these exorbitances are found, for he is faithful and obedient, resolute in fight, loving to his country, and loyal to his sovereign. Gentes quae sub regibus sunt, pro Deo colunt, Curtius &c. Nations which are under King●, honour them for Gods.   

Observation XXIV.  
Natural soldiers, two sorts.  
STatesmen and Politicians have noted, that natural soldiers are of two sorts, the first are they that are in continual pay, and the second are they that are trained ready to serve, but do notwithstanding attend their own private affairs until they be called, the first sort are necessary for all Princes. In pace decus, in bello prae●id●●●, Tacit. An ornament they are in peace, a guard in war.   

Observation XXV.  
Levy of soldiers.  
But these do hold, that of this sort, no great numbers ought to be, partly to eschew disorders incident thereto, and partly to avoid the expenses thereof, the second kind of foot soldiers, are to be trained in Shires, towns, and Villages, as people more patient of pains, and fit for the wars, yet not so ambitiously disposed, as the citizens of Eminent Cities. Odio praesentium, & cupidine mutationis. Tacit. &c. With a loathing of the present, and a desire of change.   

Observation XXVI.  
The number of soldiers extraordinary.  
DIvers have left us their several opinions touching the number of their Extraordinary soldiers, but this must be referred to the discretion and wisdom of the Prince, and chieftain. Bellum parare, & simul aerario parcere, Sa. To make provision for the war, and with all to favour the treasury.   

Observation XXVII.  
The number of ordinary soldiers.  
THe number of ordinary soldiers, as well as of the extraordinary, must also be left to the wisdom of the Prince commanding, yet some hold that the same aught to be according to the number of common people in a kingdom, not inserting the Gentlemen, for to such say they, is only proper the service on horseback. Alas rusticis non tribu●; in nobilitatem & in divites, haec à pauperibus onera inclines. Livins, &c. I do not allot the wings of the army among country fellows; decline these charges from the poorer sort, and lay them upon the Nobility, and wealthy men.   

Observation XXVIII.  
Of the Country of the soldiers.  
FIve certain notes have been observed whereby the disposition of men fit to become soldiers hath been discerned. First the Country, where they are borne, second their Age, third their Proportion of body, fourth their quality of mind, fift their faculty. Touching their Country, it is a thing apparently opened, that mo●●anous regions, or barren places, and Northern habitations, do breed wits well disposed to the war. Locorum asperit as hominum quoque ingenia durat. Curt. &c. The ruggedness of their habitation doth also make the disposition of the inhabitants hardy.   

Observation XXVIII.  
of the Age of soldiers  
THe age in the second place most apt for the war, was anciently observed to be about eighteen years, and so the Romans used. Facilius est ad virtutem instruere novos milites quàm revocare praeteri●os, Vig. &c. It is easier to train up freshwater soldiers to Discipline, then to reclaim overgrown ones.   

Observation XXIX.  
of the stature of the soldiers.  
IN the third place the stature of the soldier ought to be observed: C. Marius liked best the longest bodies, Pyrrhus preferred large and well proportioned men, but Vigetius seemed in his choice rather to esteem strength then stature,. Utilius est fortes milites esse qu àm grandes. Viget. &c. It is more advantageous, that the soldiers be strong then great.   

Observation XXX.  
of the spirit of a soldier.  
IN the next place, the mind and Spirit of a Soldier, is to be considered, for that mind which is quick, nimble, bold and confident, seemeth apt for war: he also is of good hope that loveth honour more than Ease, or profit. In brief: Is qui n●hil metuit, nisi turpem famam. sal. He that is afraid of nothing but an ill name.   

Observation XXXI.  
Of the Faculty of a soldier.  
IN the last place, it is to be marked in what Art or Faculty a man hath been brought up, for it may be presumed, that Fishers, Fowlers, cooks, &c. trained up in esseminate Arts, are unfit for martial endeavour, and as these men were in respect of their Trades, thought unmeet; so in old time, Slaves, and Masterlesse-men, were repulsed from arms, as in famous persons. Sed nunc tales sociantur armis quales domini habere fastidiunt. Vig. &c. But now a days such fellows are entertained in their Armies, as they foully scorn to keep in their houses.   

Observation XXXII.  
Discipline maketh Soldiers.  
HOw Soldiers are to be chosen, these few words which we have spoken may suffice to demonstrate: let us now in the next place say somewhat of Discipline, for though choice findeth out Soldiers, yet it is Discipline doth make them such, and continueth them fit for service. Paucos Viros forles Natura procreat, bona institutione plures reddit industria. Vig. &c. Nature brings forth but a few very strong-men; industry by good instruction breeds up very many.   

Observation XXXIII.  
Military Discipline What.  
Military Discipline is a certain severe confirmatinion of Soldiers, in their valour and virtue, and is seen to be performed by four means, I Exercise, 2 Order, 3 Compulsion, 4 Example; the two first of these do appertain to valour, the third to virtue, and the last both to valour, and virtue.  
But first for Exercise, I say that a Soldier being chosen, aught to be informed in arms, and used in action, the word itself Exercitium importeth nothing else. Exercitus dicitur quod melius fit Exercitando, Varro. It is called Exercitus, an Army, because it is made better by often exercising.   

Observation XXXIV.  
Military Order What.  
ORder in martial Discipline consisteth in dividing, disposing and placing of men, aptly at all occasions, to be commanded, as the leaders shall direct: this in itself requireth with the parts thereto appertaining a longer discourse, therefore I refer it to Experienced captains, and skilful. Leaders, that have written thereof, as Polybius, Vigetius, Dela-Nove, and others &c.   

Observation XXXVI.  
Military Compulsion what.  
MIlitary Compulsion, or coercion, is that which bridleth, and governeth the manners of Soldiers, for no order can be observed a 'mongst them, unless they be endued with the qualities of Continency, Modesty, and Abstinency, but first Continency is chiefly to be showed in their Diet, and moderate desires. Degenerate aè Robore ac Virtute miles assuetudine Voluptatum, Tacitus. A soldier, by custom of Pleasures, degenerates from's Courage, and manliness.   

Observation XXXVI.  
Military Modesty what.  
THe modesty of a Soldier is best perceived in his words, his apparel, and his actions, for to be a vaunter or a vainglorious boaster, is far unfit in him that professeth honour, or arms, but that which hath been held true virtue is silent, Viri militiae natifactis magni ad Verborum linguaeque certamina rudes. Tacit. &c. Men borne to martial Discipline, and renowned by famous exploits, are altogether unacquainted how to skirmish with words, or the tongue.   

Observation XXXVII.  
Military apparel.  
THe modesty of a Soldier is also showed in his apparel, if therein he do not Exceed: for albeit it fitteth well the Profession of arms, to be well Armed, and decently apparelled, yet all superfluity and excess, savoreth either of ignorance or Vanity; Horridum militem esse decet, non caelato auro argentoque, sed ferro. Liv. It best beseems a soldier, to appear terrible: not to be garnished with Gold and Silver, but with steel.   

Observation XXXVIII.  
Military Abstinence.  
ABstinence is also fit for all Soldiers, for thereby guided, they refrain from Violence, and insolency, by which rule also they are informed to govern themselves civilly, in the place or country where they serve, and likewise in their lodgings, never taking away any thing from the owners, nor yet committing outrage, though urged thereto by great necessity; Vivant cum provincialibus jure civili, nec insolescat animus, quise sentit armatum. Cast.  
Let them live with their provincials in a civil manner; neither let his mind grow insolent, who perceives himself Armed.   

Observation XXX. Ix..  
Military Example what.  
THe last mark of Military Discipline, we called Example: under which word is comprehended Reward, and Punishment, for Soldiers are rewarded, whensoever they receive for any Excellent or singular service, honour, or Riches, and for evil they have their due, when they taste the punishment thereunto belonging, Necessarium est acrius ille dimicet quem ad opes ac dignitates ordo militiae et imperatoris iudicium consuevit evehere. Vig. &c. 'tis requisite that they should stand to it more stiffly, whom the course of Service in the wars, and the respect of the general hath thought good to advance.   

Observation XL.  
Military Reward, and Punishment.  
AS gold and glory doth truly belong to the good and well-deserving Soldier, so punishment is dew to those, that be Vicious and Cowardly, for nothing is conceived so much to hold Soldiers in due obedience, as the severity of true martial Discipline: Milites, imperatorempotius quàm hostem metuere debent. Vig. &c. soldiers ought to stand in more awe of their general, then fear of their Enemy.  
Of Soldiers let these observations suffice: we will now speak of what quality chieftains, and Leaders ought to be, for upon them dependeth the welfare of whole Armies; military is turba sine duce, Corpus fine spiritu, Curtius. A Band of soldiers without a captain, is a Body without breath.   

Of a general. Observation XLI.  
Of a chief, or general.  
A chief or general in war, is either of his own authority, a chief, or a general, that doth command in the name of another; of the first sort are Emperors, Kings, and Princes: of the second, be the Deputies, Lieutenants, Colonels, and indeed all general Commanders, in war: Now whether it be more Expedient that the Prince should command in person, or by his Deputy, divers wise-statesmen have diversely discussed, from which it may be in effect thus far concluded, that if the war do only concern some particular part or province, then may the same be performed by a Lieutenant; but if the whole fortune of the Prince do thereupon depend, than is he to command in his own Person, and not otherwise.  
Dubijs praeliorum exemptus, summae rerum et imperij seipsum reservat. Tacit. &c. Being freed from the dangers of battle, he reserves himself for authority and chief command.   

Observation XLII.  
One only Commander, best in an Army.  
AS therefore it importeth the Prince by his own presence, and sometimes by deputation, to perform this most eminent office, yet how ever occasion shall require, it ever behooveth according to the greatest, and general opinion of Authors that but one only Commander, aught to be in chief, for Plurality of generals, do rarely or never work any good effect: with this proviso and caution that to his experience, and wisdom, he have the other properties of such a Commander. In bellica praefectura major aspectus habendus peritiae, quam Virtutis aut morum. Aristot. &c. In Warlike authority, a greater consideration is to be had of the experience, than of the virtue or condition of the Commander.   

Observation XIII.  
Qualities of a general.  
MAny are the qualities required by Authors, in a complete Chi●taine, the principal insisted upon are five, Skill, virtue, Providence, Authority, and Fortune. First by Skill, is meant, he should be of great knowledge, and long experience, for to make and fashion out a sufficient captain, neither the information of others, nor yet his own reading, is not prevalent. Qui nor it quis Ordo agminis, quae cura explorandi, quantus Vrgendo trahendove bello modus. Cicero. &c. Who knows what is the Order of a troop, what the care, of espying, how great the measure of hast'ning or delaying the war.   

Observation XLIIII.  
Virtue in a general.  
BY the V●rtue of a general, is understood a certain vigour or force, both of body and mind, to exercise soldiers, as well in feigned war as in a real fight with the Enemy, and therefore to say summarily, a captain ought to be laboriosus in negotio, fortis in periculo, industriosus in agendo, et celeris in conficiend●. Cicero. Painful in employment, hardy in danger, industrious in action, and swift in execution.   

Observation XLV.  
Providence in a general.  
NExt to virtue is placed providence, to be a needful quality, in a general: for being of such wisdom, they will not hazard, nor yet commit more to fortune, than necessity shall enforce: yet too true it is, the fools, and vulgar folks, that commend, or discommend actions according to the issue or success, were wont to say, Cunctatio servilis, statim exequi regium est, Delay is base; to put in present execution, is Princely. But the more advised, and provident captains, do think, Temeritas, praeter quam quod stulta, est etiam infaelix, Livius. That rashness is not only foolish, but also infortunate.   

Observation XLVI.  
Of fortune in a Gener●ll.  
THough Providence be ever accounted the best means of good speed, yet some captains of that Quality, and in skill excellent, have been in their actions, and Enterprises, vn●ucky; when others of less sufficiency, by good fortune, have mervailously prevailed, as is plentifully manifested to us by Histories, in all ages; we may therefore reasonably say with Cicero, Quodolim Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni, Mario, et caeter is magnis Imperatoribus, non solum propter v●rtutem, sed etiam propter fortunam saepius imperia mandata, atque exercitus esse commissos. Cicero. That heretofore not only for their Valour, but also for their good Fortune, that authority was frequently imposed, and the command of the Army was committed to Maximus, Marcellus, Scipio, Marius, and other those great Generals.   

Observation XLVII.  
Of authority in a general.  
v was the last thing we wished to be in a general, for it greatly importeth his actions, and designs; what opinion, or conceit the Enemy may have of such a Commander, and likewise how much his friends, and confederates do esteem him: but the only chief and principal means to maintain this authority, as sundry authors have left us in their writings, is Austerity, and Terror. Dux authoritatem maximam sever●ta●e sumat, omnes culpas militares legibus vindicet, n●lli Errantium credatur ignoscere. Viget. &c. Let a general take upon himself very great authority, with gravity; let him punish the soldier's delinquencies according to the laws, let him be believed to pardon no Offenders.   

Observation XLVIII.  
Of Affability, and severity in a general.  
TO conclude these Observations, collected upon the due properties, of a general; experience hath proved, that such chieftains, as were affable, and kind to their Soldiers, became ever much loved, yet did they incur contempt; but on the other side, those that have commanded severely, and terribly, albeit they gained no goodwill, yet were they ever best obeyed. Dux facilis inutilis. App. A favourable general is worth little.   

Observation XLIX.  
Good Soldiers without good counsel, bootless.  
AFter that a Prince hath found out, and elected his men, and framed them fit for the wars, whom now I term Soldiers; yet serve they to small or no purpose, unless they be employed according to Military wisdom, of warlike counsel. Non minus est Imperatoris consilio quam Vip●rfecisse. Tacit. It is of no less moment to be instructed by the advice, than the valour of the general.   

Observation L.  
Of counsels in war.  
counsel in war, or Military counsels, is by some writers branched into two several sorts, that is, Direct counsel, and indirect counsel: the first extendeth itself to a plain and orderly demonstration and course, for proceeding; as to lay hold upon fit and due occasion: for as in all other human actions, so (chiefly in war) Occasion is of great force, and consequence. Occasio in bell●, solet amplius juvare quam Virtus. Vig. &c. Opportunity in war commonly help's more than Valour.   

Observation LI.  
Constancyin Military counsels.  
MAny Authors have left us in writing, that occasions presented, being then taken hold of, have often be the means of good success, and that the fame of him, that knoweth when to embrace the same, hath wrought great effects: Constancy in Resolutions, determined in counsels, is then behooveful: Therefore a captain ought not to give credit, nor be apt to believe the vain rumours, and reports of every man. Malè imperatur cum regit V●lgus deuces suos. Seneca. Things are ill governed, when the foot rules the head.   

Observation LII.  
Confidence in Military counsels.  
AS inconstancy is to be avoided in counsels of war, so confidence is likewise to be eschewed; for no man is sooner surprised, than he who feareth least: and who knows not, but that the contempt of the Enemy, hath been the main cause of great discomfitures: Therefore as a captain that commands an Army, or a town, ought not to fear, so should he not contemn his Enemy. Nimia fiducia semper noxia. Emil. Too much confidence is always hurtful.   

Observation LIII.  
Good information in Military counsel.  
AS overmuch estimation, of our own virtue and Valour, is hurtful to us, causing thereby a security in us; so to prevent the same, it doth import every good captain, to be well and truly informed, not only of his own forces, but also of the strength, and virtue, of his Enemy, to which is to be added, the knowledge of the situation, of the place and Country, where he abideth, or is seated, the quality of the people, and Soldiers he commandeth, together with every other needful circumstance, thereunto belonging; moreover the G●neralls humour, and capacity, is not to be omitted; together with the particular condition and Nature, of the Enemy. Impetus acres cunctatione languescunt, aut in perfidiam mutantur. Tacit. Violent resolutions languish through delay, or else are turned into treachery.   

Observation LIIII.  
Temerity to be avoided.  
TEmerity in Military actions is to be avoided as most dangerous, for judicious captains are not to enterprise any thing without Mature delibration, and fair opportunity, unless they be thereto by necessity enforced. In rebus asperis et tenui spe, fortissima quaeque consilio tutissima sunt. Livi. &c. In dangerous matters, and slender hopes, the strongest things are safest by counsel.   

Observation LV.  
Prodigious signs, not to be neglected.  
SOme wise men, & those not superstitiously, but discreetly, do think and have noated to Military-men, that Prodigious signs from Heaven, or on Earth, are not to be neglected; neither yet, according to their opinion, are dreams to be contemned. Nam amat benignit as numinis, seu quod merentur homines, seu quod tangitur eorum affectione, his quoque rationibus prodere quae impendunt. Ami. &c. For the goodness of the Deity, whether because that mortals deserve it, or else being with their afflictions, loves by these means, to foreshow those things, which hang over their heads.   

Observation LVI.  
Time to be observed.  
OPportunity is by a judicious captain, to be awaited, and fit time to be spied out, when either the Enemy is wearied, or by pretending fear, draw him into ambushes, and danger, all which advantages? with many others, is principally gained, by observations, of time and seasons. Quia si in occasioni● momento, cujus praetervolat opportunit as cunctatu● paulum fueris, nequicquam mox omissam quierare. Liv. Because if thou shalt never so littleslacken, in the very nick of occasion, whose opportunity slips quickly away; 'twill be too late afterward to seek for what is let pass.   

Observation LVII.  
Place to be considered.  
AS Time, and the observation thereof is to be laid hold on; so likewise is place also to be well and judiciously considered, especially whether it conduce to a captain's advantage, or to his Enemies. Amplius prodest locus saepe quàm Virtus. Viget. &c. oft times, the Place more advantageth, than Valour.   

Observation LVIII.  
The well ●raining of the men to be noated.  
Doubtless in a Military action, or design, it importeth much, that the Soldiers be well trained, ordered, and prepared for the fight: for it is ever seen that the want of Art, either in captain or Soldier, is cause of many disadventures, and we find in a skirmish-battle, or such encounter, that many times a small supply of their Soldiers coming opportuely, whether on Horseback, or on foot, doth seem to the Enemy, very terrible, and much daunteth them: And in Histories, we find noted, that a sudden shout, or such conceit, hath oftentimes amazed a whole Army. Milites Vanis & inanibus, magis quàm justis formidinis causis moventur. Curtius. Soldiers are terrified, more with vain, and naked, then with just causes of fear.   

Observation LIX.  
National Soldiers, together in battle.  
THe most expert Commanders, have ever found it to best end, and purpose, that in ordering of soldiers to fight, those of one, and the same country and Nation, should be still placed & ranged together; and have ever been so vigilant and careful, to foresee, that the least loss of blood may fall upon the natural Subjects, & so handle the design and skirmish as the chief slaughter may light upon the mercenary-men, and strangers. Ingens victoriae decus citra domesticum sanguinem bellanti. Tacit. In a victory, the chief renown arising to the Commander, is that which is got without domestic bloodshed.   

Observation LX.  
To be first in a readiness, for the onsett.  
Questionless, it is to a Commanders great advantage, that his forces should be ordered, and in a readiness for the fight, before the Enemy be prepared: first, for that he may the better perform what he thinks fittest to be done, and secondly, that● thereby his own forces will thereof receive great courage, being readiest to assatle the Enemy, and to begin the combat. Plus animiest inferenti periculum quàm propulsanti, Lin. &c. He certainly hath greater courage who enforceth, and rusheth violently upon a danger, than he that withstands it.   

Observation LXI.  
The commander's disposition to fight.  
THe Genera●ls, or Commanders own readiness, courage, and lively disposition to fight, doth undoubtedly, greatly animate, the multitude of Soldiers, to the battle: as a contrary countenance or the least appearance, of fear, will exceedingly amaze, and daunt, his company, and Army. N●cesse est, ad fugam parati sin●, qui ducem su●m sentuint desperare. Viget. Needs must they prepare themselves for flight, who perceive their Commanders despairing.   

Observation LXII.  
Moderate execution after Victory.  
SOme captains have held it good policy, to make the Victory famous by much bloodshed: but in the opinion of most chieftains, to execute the Enemy, with an extreme cruelty, is no sound policy, nor christian-like practice: But rather to proceed with due ●oderacy, for to such it sufficeth the Victory is theirs, and the honour thereof, duly both his, and his Soldiers. Clausis ex desperatione cresct audac i●, et▪ cum spei ●ibil est, sumit arm● formido. Vig. &c. Those who are encompassed, with despair, take stomach afresh, and fear reassumes weapons, when no hope at all remains.   

Observation LXIII.  
To frustrate, Pilledg, and spoil.  
HEreto it is to be added, that the provident Commander, be circumspect, in all his erterprises, and every of his actions, that the common Soldier be frustrated from spoil, and Pilledg. S●pe obstitit vince●tibus pravum interipsos certamen omissohoste, spoli● consectandi. Tacit. The pursuit of the Conquered ommitted, many times a greedy strife among themselves for the Pillage, hath not a little hindered the Conquering.   

Observation LXI●II.  
Of Indirect counsels.  
OF direct counsels, let that we have said suffice, and now speak of Indirect counsels, commonly called by the Greek word, Stratagems, or subtle practices; which manner of proceeding hath been in times-past, and of divers grave writers, greatly condemned. Vir ●em● mentis al●ae clanculum Velit occiderehostem. Eurip. No one of a Noble Spirit will privily kill his Enemy.   

Observation LXV.  
Stratagems without fraud.  
BUt waving in these days, the opinion of this, and of divers other writers worthy credit; it seemeth reasonable in these times, and in piety allowable, that Stratagems, or subtleties, may be used in war; yet with this caution, that the same be such, as may stand with fidelity, and honour: for fraud, being used contrary to contracts, or agreements, made with the Enemy, is mere treachery, to poison him or higher a murderer to kill him, were plain impiety. Foederatum injust fallere impium. Liv. &c. 'Tis a wicked part, to deceive him unjustly, with whom a truce is made.   

Observation LXVI.  
To murder an Enemy not warrantable.  
IN the like nature, out of the war covertly to murder or kill, a particular Enemy, or by secret assault, or practice; to do him to death, is not warrantable, either by faith or honour: yet to use all craft, cunning, or subtlety, in open war, is both avowable, and praisable, and so it is thought by Christian writers. Cum justum bellum suscipitur ut aperto pugnet quis, aut exinfidijs, nihil ad justiciam interest. August. &c. When a just war is undertaken, it doth nothing concern justice, whether any one do fight openly, or entrap by wiles.  
This is also approved by divers Authors, of great credit. Confice sive dolo seu stricto comminus ense. Plut. &c. By treachery do't, or fight it out at sharp.  
And this is also confirmed by Xenophon. Reipsa n●hil utilius in bello dolis &c. Verily there's not any thing better in war, than guile.   

Observation LXVII.  
The true use of Victory.  
THe end of every just war is pear and having briefly showed what is observable in war, and what counsels are required thereto: Let us now consider, how Victory ought to be used: to the enjoying then of a victorious peace, three things are required, 1. wariness, 2. Mercy, and 3. modesty: Because that overgreat confidence may happily impeach the end, of good success. Res secundae, neg ligentiam creant. Liv. &c. Prosperous success begets negligence.   

Observation LXVIII.  
Mercy in Victory.  
VIctory requires in the second place, to be handled mercifully; for in their own nature we find all conquests, are crueell enough, and the fury and ire of insolent Soldiers do oftentimes force the people conquered, to become desperate. Gravissims morsus irritat aenecess●tatis. Curtius. &c. The nips of provoked necessity are most in't ollerable.   

Observation LXIX.  
Modesty in Victory.  
MOdesty, is the third thing, required in a Victory, being of itself, an honourable quality, in him that conquereth; for in prosperous fortune men, but especially Commanders in war, do hardly refrain, covetous, insolent, and proud actions; yea it hath been found, that some good, and great captains, have in the like cases, forgotten, what did best become them. In rebus secundis etiam egregij deuces insolescunt. Tacit. In fortunate events, even excellent Commanders, have done things most unworthy themselves.   

Observation LXX.  
Peace the end of war.  
IF war should ever continue in a Kingdom, or Country, no estate, or Government could stand, therefore after Victory, followeth peace, therefore how great, or how long soever, the war chance to be, th'end thereof, must of necessity determine in peace: the name whereof, is not only sweet, but also comfortable. Pax una triumphis innumeris potior. Liv. &c. One peace alone, is more worth than a multitude of Triumphs.   

Observation LXXI.  
The profit of Peace.  
PEace truly considered, and in its own nature, is not only good, and profitable to him that is Victorious, but also to those, that are Victored. Pacem reduci Velle. Victori expedit Victo necesseest. Tacitus. It's profitable for the Conqueres, and needful for the Conquered, that Peace be reestablished.   

Observation LXXII.  
Of Honourable Peace.  
PEace is distinguished, by some, to be of divers kinds, the best of which, is that which is by them termed the good, and honourable Peace; and until that be offered, arms may not be laid aside, wherein may be wished, that Tullius advice may be followed. Bellum gerendum est; si bellum omittamus, pace nunquam fivemur. Liv. &c. war is to be kept afoot; for if that be laid down, we are never like to enjoy peace.   

Observation LXXIII.  
Treaties of Peace.  
MAny things are considerable, in Treaties, of Peace: but especially, most statesmen have held opinion, that first, the conditions be honourable; for that to condescend to any base conditions, is unto a Princely mind, not only great indignity, but also intolerable. Cum dignitate potius cadendum, quàmcum ignominia serviendum. Plutarch. &c. Better it is, to die with Honour; then to live in disgra 〈◊〉   

Observation LXXIIII.  
True and unfeigned Peace.  
IT is also important, that Peace obtained, should be in its self, & simple, true, real, and unfeigned Peace; for all feigned, and dissembled amity, is to be doubted. Pace suspectatutius est bellum. Mithrid. &c. war is much more safe, than a feigned Peace.   

Observation LXXV.  
Time for Treaty of Peace.  
THe fittest season to speak of Peace as wisemen have observed, is either when the war beginneth, or during the time that the Enemies be of equal force, for in the continuation, of the war, it must at last behoove the weaker, to yield unto necessity, and to receive conditions of peace, from the stronger, and according to the enforcement of his wants, not unlike the Pilos, and shipmaster, who to save himself, is constrained to cast the greatest part of his lading, into the Sea. Necessitatipare, quam ne Dij quidem superant. Liv. &c. Obey Necessity, which the Gods themselves could ne'er overmaster.   

Observation LXXVI.  
Peace when to be accepted.  
TO conclude these observations of Peace, when then a commander hath generously defended himself, and performed all things required in a magnanimous captain, and finding never the less, his force insufficient, it cannot be dishonourable to accept a Peace, wherefore laying aside hatred, the effect of revenge, and hope the effect of better success, which are then, but two weak supporters of war fare, he may recommend both himself, and his estate, unto the approved discretion, of an honourable Enemy. Victores secundae res in miserationem ex irae vertunt. Liv. Good success turns the conquerors displeasure into compassion.   

Observation LXXVII.  
Gain to conquerors by Peace.  
FOrasmuch as every Peace promiseth rest, and quiet, as well to the Victorious, as to those that are Victored, we may add thereto; that the Prince Victorious, receiveth also thereby Honour, Profit, and Security; for albeit, his present happiness, may occasion a hope of greater success, yet in respect of fortune's mutability, it shall be good and glorious to consent to Peace. Decorum's Principi est, cum Victoriam prope in manibus habeat, pacem non abnuere, utsciant● mnest●, et suscipere justè bella, et finire. Liv 'Tis seemly for a Prince, not to refuse Peace, even when the Victory is well-near in's own hands, that all may see, and know, how he both undertakes and lays down arms justly.   

Observation LXXVIII.  
Moderation in Victory.  
THis point also seemeth to the Victorious an hovorable thing to give peace, and not to take it, whereby he likewise showeth himself discreet, by using a moderation in his Victory, and no extremity in spoiling; which course, both wise, and godly writers have commended. Pacem contemnentes, et gloriam appetentes, pacem perdunt & gloriam. Bar. Who so despise Peace, and desire Glory, thereby lose both.   

Observation LXXIX.  
Profit by Peace to the Victorious.  
MOreover it is ever seen, that Peace is in its self profitable to the Victorious, because continual war breedeth weariness, poverty, and many other calamities, and of violent proceedings, desperation, and peril cometh. Maximè 〈◊〉 ri morsus esse solent morientium bestiarum. Seneca. The bitings of dying beasts are wont especially to prove mortal.   

Observation LXXX.  
Peace assures more than Victory.  
IT is out of question, but that Peace is more assured than any Victory; for hope of the one, is in our own power, but the other is in the hand of the Almighty; and hereto we may add the force, and effects, of fortune, which as some write, hath power in all human actions. In secundis rebus nibil in quenquam superbe ac violenter consulere decetnec praesenti credere fortunae, c●m quid Vesper fer at incertus sis. Seneca. In prosperity 'tis unseemly to give counsel, against any one disdainfully, and fiercely, not to trust too much unto a present fortune, sith thou art uncertain, what the Evening may bring with it.   

Observation LXXXI.  
Conditions of Peace reasonable.  
IN a Peace granted, or received, the conditions of Peace ought to be reasonable, for no people can live contented under such a law, as forceth them to loathe the state wherein they are. Misera pax, bello bene m●tatur. Sene. A miserable Peace, may well be turned to war.   

Observation LXXXII.  
Civil war a great misery.  
HAving handled these observations that we have collected upon foreign war, which happeneth between one Prince, and another, and observations, gathered upon Peace, which is obtained, and reaped, by a modest Commander? we come now to those observations collected upon domestic, or civil war, which is the greatest, and most grievous calamity, that can come to a commonweal, for therein Subjects do take arms, either against their Prince, or amongst themselves whereof followeth many miseries; indeed more lamentable, then can be described. Non atas, non dignitas quenquam protegit, quo minùs stupra caedibus et caedes stupris misceantur. Tac. Nor age, nor feature can securely protect any one, or withhold Rapes to be interlaced with slaughters, and blood with ravishing.   

Observation LXXXIII.  
Destiny first cause of civil war.  
DEstiny some hold in opinion is the first cause of civil war, for GOD in his divine providence, doth 'fore see many years before that great, and mighty Empires shall be ruined. In semagna ruunt: laetis hunc numina rebus Crescendi modum. Lucan. Thus Heavens great Destiny denies to greatest States more growth thereby.   

Observation LXXXIIII.  
Riot &c. The second cause of civil war.  
THe second Cause is excess, Riot, and dissolute life: for nothing breedeth civil fury, so soon as over great happiness, also pompous apparel, b●nquetting, and prodigal spending, consumeth riches, and plenty is turned to poverty, for by these means men may be brought to desperation. Rapacissimo cuique ac perditissimo non agriaut foenus, sed sola instrumenta Vitiorum manebunt. Tacit. Every ravenous, and dissolute fellow, hath neither fields nor their increase, but the instruments only of his Vices remaining.   

Observation LXXXV.  
Destiny in evitable  
NOw to consider how destiny might be eschewed were in vain, for no wit, or wisdom of man, can find a remedy thereto, because it is the decree of GOD, and doubtless inevitaole. Ita fato placuit nullius rei eodem semper loco stare fortunam, Seneca. God's, providence hath so determined, that nothing shall continue always in the same place and condition.  
Again, nothing is Exempt from the peril of mutation; the Earth and Heavens, and indeed the whole world is subject thereunto. Certis cuncta temporibus nascie debent, cresecre, extingui. Sene. All things fade at their appointed times, they must take a beginning, afterward grow up, and then be dissloved.   

Observation LXXXVI.  
Remedy against civil wars.  
BUt yet some remedies may be used touching the second Causes of civil war, because the same proceedeth from faction, sedition, or tyranny: Now faction I call a certain association of divers persons combined to the offence, it proceedeth many times of private or public displeasure, and more oftentimes of ambition. Nemo eorum qui in Repub: versantur, quos Vincat, sed á quibus vincatur aspicit. Sene. None of those, who intermeddle thus in the commonwealth, regard so much whom he overcomes, but of whom he may be overcome.   

Observation LXXXVII.  
Offactions.  
FActions may be distinguished, to be of two sorts: for either they consist of many, or of a few personsi both which be dangerous, but the former more apt to take arms; and that party which proveth weakest, prayeth oftentimes aid of foreign forces, the other faction wherein are fewer partakers, becomonly great presonages, of more importance, then ordinary people, and that proveth most perilous, and bloody. Nobilium factiones trahunt ad se et in partes Vniversum etiam populum. Arist. The factions of the Nobility, draw even all the Commonalty to side with one, or th'other part.   

Observation LXXXVIII.  
Factions how far and where necessary  
I confess I have heard the opinion of some that have had the report, and esteem of wise men allege that factions, are necessary, yet doubtless that conceit cannot be well maintained unless it be upon confines and in such places where conspiracies is feared, which Cato in his private family used. Semper contentiunculas aliquas, aut dissidentiam inter servos callid● serebat, suspectam habens nimiam concordiam eorum metuensque. Plut. Suspecting, and fearing their friendly agreement, craftily he gave occasion for petty quarrels, and disagreement to arise among his servants.   

Observation LXXXIX.  
Factions amongst Nobility to be suppressed.  
NOw factions amongst the Nobility is sometimes suppressed by forbidding of Colours or noted and known badges to be worn, sometimes also by inhibiting of names, and watchwords of ●●times, and this we learn was the counsel of Mecaenasto Augustus, and Aristotle thinketh it fit that laws should be made against the factions of Noble men. Nobilium comemiones, etpartes etiam leg●bus oporte● prohibere conari. Aristo. It is very requisite that the laws endeavour to restrain contentions and sidings among noblemen.   

Observation 90.  
Sedition a cause of Civil war.  
A Nother cause of civil war, we called sedition, which is a sudden co●●otion, or assembly, of common people against their Prince, or his Magistrates, the original of which disorders may proceed from diven causes, but commonly we find oppress●● the prime. 〈◊〉 periculorum● vem edi●●●sa peric●la arbir●●●. Aristotle. They supposing present dangers to be the very remedy, for those mischiefs which are near at hand.   

Observation 91.  
Fear a cause of sedition.  
Again we find, that fear may be an occasion of sedition, as well in him that hath done injury, as in him that looketh to be injuried, as being desirous to prevent it before it cometh: It may also proceed of over great mildness in government. Non miserijs, sed liscentia tantum concitum turbarum lascivire magis plebem quàm s●vire. Liv. The insurrections of the Commons are occasioned not so much through oppressions, whereby they grow wild, as through too much liberty, whereby they play the wantons.   

Observation 92.  
Poverty a cause of sedition.  
SEdition is also seen sometimes to arise of poverty, or of those Artificers, whose Arts are grown out of use, and consequently no means whereof they can live, as is noted in the silver s●iths, by the neglect of Dianaa's shrine and Temple, Semper in civitate, quibusopes nullae sunt, bonis invident, Vetera odere, nova expetunt, odio suar●● 〈…〉 om●ia student. Sallust. Evermore in a City those who are poor envy the rich, distaste the old, and desire new; and being out of love with their own conditions, they devise how they may alter every thing.   

Observation 93.  
Tyranny a cause of Sedition.  
IN the last place Sedition cometh of Tyranny, I●soleney, or mutinous disposition, of certain captains, or ring leaders of the people, for albeit the multitude is apt to innovation, it doth ill stand firm until some first mover taketh the matter in hand. Multitudo omnis, sicut mare, per seimmobilis. Liv. etc Every seditious multitude (as 'tis their condition) is of itself unalterable.   

Observation 94.  
Movers of Sedition.  
THe movers of Sedition are many, and those of many qualities: In the first rank I account the Ambitious, who commonly wanting other means to aspire, do hope by a practice of Sedition, to compass their intended design, in the next I reckon unthrifts, who having consumed their own do seek by that means to possess themselves of other men's: In the last I hold the vain, and light persons, who without cause, or reason, do attempt innovation, themselves not knowing why, nor wherefore. Non tam praemijs periculorum, quam ipsis periculis laeti, pro certis, et olim partis, nova, ambigua, ancipitia malunt. Tacit. Not more joyful with the booties they expect to get through these dangers they are to undergo, but even with the very dangers, instead of those certainties and what they are now owners of, they rather choose to have new, ambiguous and uncertain ones.  
And thus having told the causes of Sedition: I wish the remedies were in time prepared; for, Omne malum nascens, facilè opprimitur, inveter atum fit plerunque robustius. Any mischief is easily oppressed in the beginning, after long continuance it grows more sturdy.   

Observation 95.  
The way to suppress Sedition.  
MAny Politicians have noted there are several ways to suppress this Sedition, before named: The first whereof is E●oquence, and excellent persuasion, which oftentimes is seen to work great effects amongst the multitude, chiefly then, when it proceedeth from some reverend, and grave person, for wisdom, and honoured for i●tegrity of life, for by their opinion, the Prince himself is not to take this office in hand, unless necessity doth thereto enforce him. Integra a●thoritas Principls majoribus remedijs servetur. Tacitus. Let the Prince's authority be reserved entire, for greater cures.  
Now if persuasion cannot prevail, then must force compel, but before such Violent proceeding, both Art, and Cunning, is to be used, either totally to appease, or at least to disunite the people, and the rather, if it appear to the multitude, that the Prince do offer fair, and promise plausible. Verba apud populum, plurimum valent. Tacitus. Words do most exceedingly prevail with the multitude.  
And in these, or in such like Cases, it is held, by reason of state, lawful for Princes to use craft, and the same not prevailing to wash away the infany thereof with clemeucy, for when arms are laid down, and every one yieldeth, general punishment were needles. Omnium culpa fuit, paucorum sit poena. Tacit. Though all have alike offended, yet let but a few be punished.   

Observation 96.  
The difference betwixt Kings and Tyrants.  
THe last and principal cause of Sedition, we named Tyranny which is a certain Violent government exceeding the laws of GOD, and Nature: The difference, between Kings, and Tyrants, may be this: The one employeth arms in defence of Peace, The other useth them to terrify those of whom his cruelty hath deserved hate. Aferre, tr●tidare, rapere, fallis nominibus imperium, atque uhi solitudinem fecerint, pacem appellant Tacit. By false titles to take by violence, cruelly to murder, and enter fiercely into the authority royal; and when they have eaused desolation, to call it Peace.  
In the next place, the quslity of Tyranny, is to esteem promoters more than good Ministers, because those men are the scourge of infinite others, they are also protectors of imptous persons, and stand in daily doubt of Noble, and virtuous men. Nobilitas, opes, omissi gestique honores pro crimine, et ob Virtutes certissimum exitiu●. Tacitus. Nobleness of birth, wealth, dignities, or formerlyundergon; are wither now borne accounted for a crime, and death is a most certain reward, for virtue.  
Moreover, Tyrants do endeavour to suppress the knowledge of letters and civil life, to the end all good Arts should be exiled, and barbarism introduced. Pellunt sapientiae professores & omnes bonas artes in exilium agant. Tacit. They expel professors of wisdom, and banish all good Arts.  
To conclude; these, and such like are the conditions of Tyrants; who for the most part are either deposed, or slain, for as Kings do live long, and deliver these dominions to their children, and posterity, so Tyrants being hated, and feared, cannot continue in their estate. Ad generum Cereris sine caede & Vulnere pauti descendunt Reges, & siccâ morte Tyranni. Inven.  
Few Tyrant Kings went ever hence down to Hell, Without a Stab; nor heard their passing Bell.   

Observation 97.  
Remedies against Tyrants.  
THe Remedies which politicians have prescribed against these mischiefs which proceed from the Violence of such a Prince, is either persecution, or patience: many generous spirits have used the first, persuading themselves rather to die, then endure the sight of a Tyrant: in like manner we find that the Grecians did conceive it a service thrice acceptable to murder the person of such an Impious Prince. Graecihommines Deorumhonores ●ribuebant ijs qui Tyrannos necaverunt. Cicero. The Grecians dei●●'d such as slew Tyrants.  
Nevertheless, in consideration of Christianity, the other course is to be taken, and Patience is fitter to encounter this mischief, for seeing that all Kings, as well the good, as the bad, are sent by GOD, they must be endured. Res est gravis occidere Regalem stirpem. Homer. It is a heavy thing to be guilty of a Prince's death.   

Observation 98.  
Persecution of Tyrants.  
AGainst those that advise, the persecution of Tyrants many things are to be disputed of, for it is not only a thing perilous in its self to effect, but for the most part infortunate: for commonly it is noted, that present revenge is taken thereof by the succeeding Prince. Facinoris ejusultor est quisquis successerit. Tacit. The successor commonly revengeth that vile and villainous act.  
And the murderof Tyrants is noted to have been commonly followed with many inconveniences, as public slaughter, and intestine war, with other dangerous mischiefs, and that in some nature, worse than civil war itself. Principes boni, Voto expetendi, qualescunque tollerandi. Tacitus. Good Princes are to be wished for; & whatsoever they be, they are to be borne withal.   

Observation 99  
Evil Princes to be endured.  
SOme punishment upon mankind, such as fire, floods, & other inevitable plagues, are necessarily to be suffered, & so evil Princes in their coveteousness, cruelty, and other enormous vices, ought patiently to be endured, because their offices is properly to command, and to bear sway, and the Subjects to yield and obey. Indignadigna habenda sunt Rex quae facit. Plaut. whatsoever unworthy things a King doth, are to be thought of otherwise.  
And as we see it is the use of Vulgar people to find sa●iety in the long reign of Princes, so the ambition of greater Subjects, is ever desirous of Novelty. Praesens imperium subditis semper grave. Thucid. The present Rule is always grievous.   

Observation C.  
Patience against Tyranny.  
TO conclude this mischief here in the conclusion of this warfare, we will say that the best remedy against Tyranny, is Patience, for questionless, so long as men are, so long will Vices reign, and have their being. Ferenda Regumingenia, neque usui crebrae mutationes. Tacit. The dispositions of Kings, are to be borne withal; nor are often changes profitable.  
FINIS.   

A Table of the Observations noted in the Precedent Tract.  

OF the Art Military 1  
OF Military knowledge. 2  
OF martial laws. 3  
Things observable in a just war. 4  
Wars are of two sorts. 5  
Defensive war two sorts. 6  
TO assist ourfriends by war. 7  
TO Invade our Enemies by war. 8  
TO Invade Barbarians lawful. 9  
True causes of Invasion. 10  
OF unadvised war. 11  
Not to enter into war without cause. 12  
Things required to make a war. 13  
Bread needful in war. 14  
Arms needful in wars. 15  
OF captains and Soldiers. 16  
OF Horsemen and footmen. 17  
Soldiers not serviceable are to small purpose. 18  
TO make Soldiers serviceable. 19  
OF the Election of Soldiers. 20  
OF the Discipline of Soldiers. 21  
Stranger Soldiers what. 22  
Natural Soldiers what. 23  
Natural Soldiers two sorts. 24  
OF the levy of Soldiers. 25  
The number of Soldiers Extraordinary. 26  
The number of Soldiers ordinary. 27  
OF the Country of Soldiers. 28  
OF the Age of Soldiers. 29  
OF the stature of Soldiers. 30  
OF the Faculty of a soldier. 31  
Discipline maketh Soldiers. 32  
M●litary Discipline what. 33  
Military Order what 34  
Military complusion what. 35  
Military Modesty what. 36  
Military apparel What. 37  
Military abstinence what, 38  
Military Example what. 39  
Military reward and punishment. 40  
OF a chieftain or general. 41  
One only Commander best in an Army. 42  
Qualities of a general. 43  
Virtue of a general. 44  
Providence in a general. 45  
Fortune in a general. 46  
Authority in a general. 47  
Affability and severity in a general. 48  
Good Soldiers without good counsel bootless. 49  
Of counsel in war. 50  
Constancy in Military counsels. 51  
Confidence in Military counsels. 52  
Good information in Military counsels. 53  
Temerity to be avoided in counsels. 54  
Prodigious signs not to be neglected. 55  
Time to be observed. 56  
Place to be considered. 57  
Thewell training of men to be noted. 58  
National Soldiers to be placed together in fight, 59  
To be first in readiness for battle. 60  
Disposition in the general to fight. 61  
Moderate execution after Victory. 62  
To frustrate spoil and pilledg. 63  
OF Indirect counsels 64  
Stratagems without fraud. 65