¶ A View of valiance. Describing the famous feats, and Martial exploits of two most mighty nations, the Romans and the Carthaginians, for the conquest and possession of Spain. Translated out of an ancient Record of Antiquity, written by Rutilius Rufus, a Roman Gentleman, and a captain of charge under Scipio, in the same Wars. VERY DELIGHTFUL to read, and never before this time published.  
¶ Imprinted at London, by Thomas East. 1580.   

¶ To the Right worshipful, Sir Henry Lee, Knight, Master of the Armoury, and Leash, unto her most excellent Majesty.  
SIr, if I were to yield a reason of my present presumption for thus boldly offering unto your worshipful view this little historical Abridgement of Martial exploits, by sundry most famous warriors and renowned Captains long since achieved: I think beside many other allegations, I might answer, & that justly, (wherein also I am persuaded, that the general consent of your Country, will join in opinion with me) that the title of the book, bearing the name of valiance, & the matter or argument therein comprised, entreating of warlike affairs, & knightly prowess, doth (as it were) by peculiar choice challenge your favourable patronage. For, omitting the large Seas of your sundry other deserved commendations & praises, which I know (such is your Christian modesty) you love not to hear to your own face emblazed, & which I am far unmeet & unable fully to decipher: what invincible courage in the cause and quarrel of your Prince and Country harboureth within your undaunted breast: what dexterity, with shock and lance followeth your vigorous arm: what prompt readiness and alacrity to march against the enemy hath appeared in you abroad: what courtesy, affability, bounty, & heroical generosity at home: both Court resoundeth, & Country plausibly attestifieth. According whereunto, I know, I need not to dwell upon any curious, suit unto your Worship for the cheerful acceptance heereoff: but rest very assured of your accustomed goodness: wherein I beseech the Almighty long to continue you, with daily increase of the same.  
At Butley in Cheshire, the. 20. of june. 1580. Your Worship's humble, Thomas Newton.   

To the Reader.  
WHat gain groweth to studious Readers by diligent perusing of Histories, as there is none (I think) so insensate who feeleth not: so, after so many worthy clerks which have from time to time displayed the profit, the pleasure, the use, yea the necessity thereof, I deem labour peerless, and persuasion superfluous. Only by the way, and even at a word, it may suffice to say, that by the benefit hereof, the practices & policies, the drifts & dealings, the advancements and calamities, the victories & overthrows, the welfare & decay, the alteration and continuance, the good state and the bad, aswell of great Monarchies, kingdoms, States, & Seignidries, as of the affairs of private persons, and inferior subjects are manifestly laid open unto the perfit view of our eyes, and without the level of any danger plainly discovered & presented unto our considerations. For they, without either fear or favour; affection or partiality, do effectually describe unto us the order and means how Common weals begun, how they grew, how they continued, how they flourished, and how they fall into decay and final declination: what ways advanced their honour, what wens and disgraces emblemished their estimation, and what disorders eclipsed their majesties: how worthy persons for their worthy service have been worthily invested with titles of honour: and how drowsy drones and carpet captains, lulled in the cradle of ease, and dandeled in the lap of sensual security, have in the end condignly had their memories obscurely raked, and buried with their bodies in the pit of Oblivion. Finally, how virtue hath been notably rewarded, and vice shamefully reproached. All which be good inducements, to train our minds to the due consideration of their ends: and may serve for ready directions (as it were) with the finger to point us to the embracing of honesty, and means to terrify us from pursuing of looseness and villainy. To this end do all histories generally tend: and to this effect affordeth this little Book, plentiful store & variety of delectable matter: and the same so compendiously couched together, the within a small room it carrieth as great substance of memorable acts, and venturous exploits, as many (perhaps) that bear a bigger volume, and brag it out with a loftier countenance. Among other praises worthily due unto it, this (surely) is none of the least, that it is a Monument of great antiquity, and now of late by a studious Gentleman of this our country in his travail into italy there happily found, and by him sensibly translated. The copy whereof, being unto me (upon trust) long ago committed to peruse, and my simple advise therein required, I could do no less, at the request of my friend, but both peruse the book, confer the matter with other Hystroriographers, enlighten it with some needful marginal Notes, and finally with the glance of my poor pen, commend the same, as a new found treasure unto thy courteous consideration. Friendly therefore, and thankfully accept it, that the pains herein taken and sustained in thy behalf, may be thought well bestowed. Farewell.  
Thomas Newton.   

¶ THE VIEW OF valiance.  
THe ancient name of Spain, was sometime called Hiberia: A province of such largeness, as hath been thought incredible. Containing by the old account twelve C.L. miles, as well in length as breadth. It hath the same Confines, that it hath ever had, uz. the Pyrenaei Mountains to the North Ocean, and the Tyrrhene Sea, to the Pillours of Hercules.  
The first inhabitance of it is divers, as of all Countries: of the which to make much a do, I do not intend: saving that I will not omit, how that the Phoenicians traded Merchandise and took up place of habitation there, & that Arganthonius King of Tartesso, gave certain Grecians that came to visit him, convenient ground to dwell in. 
After some he lived but▪ 120. and after some 300. years.  Which king, as stories telleth us, lived an C.L. years. This Region so rich & abundant, the Carthaginians, coveted to possess before the Romans, and vexed them so continually that the Romans were called of one part to give them aid. Amilcar of Carthage, surnamed Barcha, was the first that did any great feat in Spain, who being accused at home for his doings abroad, and afraid to come to answer, immediately after the war of Africa, which was caused of his untruth, not keeping promise with the soldiers, that served him in Sicily, he went with his army into Spain, & spoiled the country which had not offended. Wherefore the Lords and princes of Hiberia, confedered together, & slew him after this sort. In the front of their host, they had placed certain cars of wood, which went afore, & they followed in order. The Carthaginians not knowing what they meant, made a laughter at the matter: but when they began to buckle, the Hiberians set the cars a fire, which made the Oxen so in rage, that they drove upon the Africanes, & broke their battle, by which occasion, the Spaniards killed many of them, 
A milcar slain.  with their captain Amilcar. But the Carthaginians finding a sweetness in Spain, sent an other army thither, & made Asdrubal son in law to Barcha, General of the same, 
There we sundry of this name whereoft one was natural brother to Annibal.  & made Annibal, his brother in law, his lieutenant, which afterward achieved, so great a fame of chivalry. And these two, won all the country unto the river Iberus, whereof it had the name, and divideth it in the midst. The Saguntines, 
The Zacynthiane builded Sagunt.  a generation descended of the Zacynthians, inhabited in the midst of the mountains, & the River, with certain other people of Grecia. These being afraid of the Carthaginians power, sent four Ambassadors to Rome to ha●e their help. The Senate sent their Orators to Carthage, where it was concluded, that the confine of the Carthaginians dominion in Spain, should be the river Iberus, & that the Romans should not pass the hither side of the same, nor the Carthaginians go beyond it, & that the Saguntines & other Greek people should remain free. Shortly after this agreement, 
Asdrubal slain by a slave. to revenge the death of his master.  Asdrubal was slain of a slave, the revenged the death of his master, whom the same Asdrubal had cruelly murdered. And the army there, made young Annibal Barcha their General, of whom they had conceived great hope. This Annibal had a privy malice against the Romans, being thereto incensed of his father when he was a child, and made to swear upon the Altar of the burning Sacrifice, that he should be perpetual enemy to the Romans. 
The inward grudge and Old malice of Annibal toward the Romans.  He thought long to pick a quarrel against them, & persuaded the Torboletanes, neighbours to the Saguntines, to come unto him and complain of injuries that they should do them.  
They did so, and he sent their Ambassadors to Carthage, & with privy letters procured his friends to fall out with the Romans, which thing taking place, he caused the Torboletanes, once again to come unto him, & complain of the Saguntines, in the which they also obeyed him. He, upon this pretence, sent to the Saguntines, that they should appoint xv. discreet men to treat of this controversy: whom being come to his presence, he commanded to show their matter: they answered, they would leave that, to the judgement of the Senate of Rome.  
Annibal made no more words, but the same night passed the River with all his Camp, and spoiled the country even to the walls of Sagunt, 
Sagunt besieged.  and after laid siege to the city. The Saguntines sent for aid to the Romans, who after their manner, sent Ambassadors to Annibal, to record unto him the chapters of accord. When they were come into Spain, he sent them word, they should come no nigher him, wherefore they went to Carthage, where they had but small entertainment. And so with the debating of the matter, and deferring to send help in time, the poor Saguntines were driven to extreme desperation. For Annibal held them so straight, that they had oppression of famine, and all kind of lack. Wherefore intending to die valiantly, they brought all their corn into the market place, and corrupted it, and then issued out in the night and assaulted the watch of the Camp, 
Valiant stomachs of the Saguntines.  and killed many of their enemies, and in the end they were all slain. Which when the women in the town perceived, some leapt from the top of their houses, some choked themselves, some killed first their children, and then they followed, 
Sagunt conquered.  and this end had this noble and rich city of Sagunt. Annibal entered the city, & in it planted inhabitants of his own country, and named it Carthage Spartagena. The Romans were much abashed at the loss of this city, and sent Ambassadors to Carthage, to have Annibal delivered unto them, as a breaker of league and accord. The Carthaginians, made light of them, and dallied at the matter: Wherefore the Roman Ambassador, took up a quarter of his gown, and folded it together, saying: In this lap I have peace and war, 
Open defiance between Rome and Carthage.  choose which you wil Nay (quoth they) offer which thou list, I offer war, (quoth he,) and we take it (quoth they) And upon the same, they wrote to Annibal the he should range over all Spain, sparing no country, & so he did, & either by fair means or foul, brought it to his devotion.  
Now had Annibal that he would have, all whose desire was to invade Italy, & prepared for it accordingly, allying himself with the Frenchmen, and leaving his brother Asdrubal in Spain. The Romans who thought the war would be hottest in Spain & Africa, sent their power thither, not once thinking, that the Carthaginians would have come into Italy. Tiberius Sempronius Longus took his voyage into Africa, with C.lxii ships, & two Legions. And Publius Cornelius Scipio came into Spain, with lx ships, x M. footmen, and seven. C. horsemen, and his Brother Gneus Cornelius Scipio was his lieutenant. Publius by the way understood of the merchants of Marsilios, that Hannibal was passed the Alps: Wherefore he fearing that the Italians should be taken napping, left the government of the Army to his brother, and with one Galley, went into Tuscaine, to make preparation against Annibal. After a while this Publius, returned into Spain as Vice-generall, & with his brother kept war with Asdrubal.  
It chanced that Syphax King of Numidia, 
Called new Barbary.  made such invasion upon the Carthaginians, that they sent for Asdrubal & a part of his army to come home, in whose absence, the ii Scipio's by their policy, got wonderfully in Spain. Wherefore when the Carthaginians were accorded with Syphax, they sent again Asdrubal into Spain, which more men, and two new Captains, Mago & Asdrubal Gisgo: after whose return, the Romans had enough to do, and yet seemed to have the better hand.  

Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother slain with too much hardiness.  When they were in Winter camp, news came to Publius Scipio, the Asdrubal was coming toward him: he went with a few men to espy his doing, and being somewhat too hardy, was caught in a train, and he and all his men slain.  
His brother understanding the fray, and not knowing the chance, came forth with his light horsemen to aid him, but the Carthaginians encountered him with such a multitude, that he was driven into a Tower, and there, with all his men destroyed. Thus perished these two worthy Captains, men of noble courage.  
This was heavy tidings at Rome, and by and by Marcellus and Claudius were sent into Spain, with ii M. horse, x. M. men, & a Navy, & money convenient. They did no great good there, insomuch as the Carthaginians encroached so far as the Mountains.  
The Romans were in great agony, for if they should have given over Spain, they looked for double war in Italy, & yet had they so much a do at home, that they could spare no power abroad: Notwithstanding to avoid the worst, they appointed a day for the creation of a fit captain into Spain. There was no man would take the matter in hand, till Cornelius Scipio son to Publius that was slain in Spain, 
A patterue of a most valiant towardly & victorius Capitain.  being scarcely xxiiii year of age stood up, & lamenting the death of his father & uncle, whose revengement he said, appertained to him, spoke with such vehemency, as a man rapt of God, insomuch that the people were wonderfully glad of him, & chose him captain general into Spain. But the ancient fathers said, he was too rash, & to great an avauntour, & doubted of his proceedings. Wherefore he came again, & spoke as he did before, & yet (he said) he would be loath, his youth should be any let to the majesty of the People of Rome, therefore if any man would take the enterprise in hand, he would willingly give place, but for all their words, there was no man would take the thing upon him, but he and so there were appointed x. M. men, v. C. horse, and xxviii, long ships, no more could be spared for fear of Annibal. When he was come into Spain, he mostrued his men & purged the host, and spoke with such vehemency unto them, that he was thought to be sent of god, which opinion when he knew, he confirmed it by his politic devices, and pretended to do all things by divine inspiration. 
For he used many times to go into the Temple alone and to shut the door after him and thereupon was thought to have conference with jupiter. Numanda besieged & won by Scipio.  When he had learned that the enemies were encamped in divers places▪ and that Mago was at Sagunt, now called new Carthage, with x. M. men, he determined to give the first onset there, as well for the small number, as for the commodity of the place, without the which, the Romans' should have but hard landing in Spain. He took his journey before night, & in the morning was at Carthage, & immediately laid his siege and entrenched it, whereat the Carthaginians were astonished. The next day he intended to assault it, and appointed scaling ladders and engines for every part, except one, where the wall was low and not warded, being defensed with a standing water and the Sea.  
When all things were furnished, and the ships at the mouth of the port, before day he commanded his soldiers in part, to give the assault from the engines to annoy them above, and in part with other engines for the purpose to batter the wall beneath.  
Mago had appointed his men likewise, partly to break out at the gates & to fight beneath with their swords, because it was too narrow for the pikes, and partly with stones, & fire, and other devices to defend from the wall. There was an hot assault, there was no courage unshowed, there was no device to seek. The Romans that stood at the battery beneath, were sore handled of them that issued out with short weapons: but they whose hearts even increaseth in danger, so manfully behaved themselves, that they drove the enemy in. They that defended the Battlements, began also to shrink, so that the Romans began to take hold with their scaling ladders: But they that had fought without, mounted the walls, & repulsed the Romans very valiantly. Scipio did the office of a good captain, encouraging his Soldiers, and continuing the fight, till the time came that he had appointed, & made no man privy. 
Secrecy & wise dealing in a politic  At midday the water that was on one side of the wall, was so low, that a man might wade over by the midleg. 
General of great force  Wherefore he took the occasion, and cried unto them: Now is the time (valiant soldiers) now is the time, wherein God hath appointed you to win this city. The Sea and the fresh water maketh you way, bring your ladders, follow me, and all is yours. He took a ladder, & entered the water, and his band of men followed, he was the first that set the scale to the wall to have gone up, but certain of his Guard and other stayed him, whiles the Soldiers brought their ladders and scaled. Relief came unto this side, with great tumult on every part, and the fight continued long and sharp, till at length the victory was the Romans, who first got certain little Tovers, upon the which Scipio made the Flutes & the Drums to go, to encourage the rest of the Romans: at the which sight, some of the City fled, as all had been taken, and some abode by it manfully, till certain of the Romans leapt down and opened the gates to Scipio, who entered with all his army: & then every man fled, some this way, some that way. Mago with a good band a while kept the Market place, & after his men were slain, & he could not hold out, he fled with a few into the Castle, where, for lack of all things, he yielded shortly after. When Scipio had taken this, so rich & mighty a city in one day, & the iiij. after his coming into Spain, every man thought him to do all things rather by divine inspiration, than by man's policy, which opinion, he all his life maintained, by such means as he used, which was many times, to enter alone into the high Temple of Rome in the Capitol, & to shut the doors to him, as though God had there taught him his lesson. Wherefore in Triumphs all other Images are taken out of the Common place, but the Image of Scipio is taken out of the Capitol. When he had got this city, which should be as a receipt & munition as well in peace as in war, he sacrificed to god, praised his host, & recomforted the inhabitants, recording to them the memory of his ancestors. The riches of the City was infinite, for there was abundance, & great store of armure, artillery both for the land & sea, victual & corn, ivory, gold, & silver, coined & uncoined, the pledges & prisoners of Spain, & all other things afore taken from the Romans. The prisoners he set free, to win friendship of their countries. He most bountifully rewarded him, 
A worthy warrior to encourage his soldiers rewardeth each according to their valiant service.  the first boldly scaled the wall, & half so much to the second, & rateably to the rest. All that precious things he sent to Rome, where sacrifice was made iij. days together. Now began the Carthaginians & all Spain to tremble at the feat of this Scipio, as a thing passing man his reason. Immediately upon the fame of this victory, a country in Spain called Betica took the Romans part, 
Which is now the country of Granada.  & Mago one of the contrary Captains invaded that Region. Scipio hearing thereof, made speed thether-wards, and with little labour, enforced him to forsake the ground.  
Asdrubal, Mago & Massimissa, united their forces together, & Scipio took his place a mile off, or little more. They had in their camp above lxx M. men, & v. M. horsemen, with xxxvi Elephants. Scipio had not the third part, & therefore durst not come to fight, but spent the time in skirmishing. And when he saw his victuals failed him, and thought it reproach to departed, he made sacrifice, and assembled the soldiers in convenient place to be heard, and with countenance changed, like a man inspired of God, he told them that his accustomed Angel had appeared unto him, and given him courage to fight, forasmuch, as victory did rather consist in the aid of God, then in the number of men. And that they might believe him the better, he caused the Masters of the Ceremonies and sacrifices, to report what they saw in the same. And whiles he was about this matter, behold a number of birds, came flying over him, which being wont to be taken for a lucky token, he did not let it pass, but turned his body and sight toward their flight, and as a man in fury, cried to the army to behold this token of victory. At the sight whereof, every man turned himself as he did, and required that they might go fight: 
A wise captain letteth no occasion slip, that may any reayes further his affairs.  When he perceived his devise to take place, he said he would follow the signs of heaven, and ordered his men for the battle. And when the soldiers had taken repast, he committed the horsemen to silanus, and the footmen to Laelius, and Martius.  
When the Captains of the enemies saw this sudden assault, they armed themselves with great confusion, having yet taken no repast. The onset was given on both parts at once, as well by the horsemen as footmen. The Numidians that were there with Massimssa used to come fearsely upon their enemies, & spend their Darts, and then retire, & when they had a while fled, they would return as fiercely again. Scipio had devised that the Romans should follow them so near with spear in rest, that their launching tools should stand them in little steed. And so they had the worst in that fight, but the footmen of the Romans were so overlaid with the multitude of the others, that all the day they had the worst, although Scipio never ceased to encourage & refresh them, till at the last he left his horse & taking a target from a soldier, stepped into the midst of them & cried, now Romans help your captain, help your Scipio in this danger, at the which, partly for shame, & partly for fear of their captain they thrust upon the enemies which such violence, that they could not endure their force for that they were with long fight & lack of sustenance very faint, being now neigh night, & having eaten nothing all the day. This was the battle at Cerbona. 
Battle of Cerbona.  Where the victory was a great while doubtful, of the Romans viii. C. and of the Carthaginians x. M. five C. were slain. After this loss, the Carthaginians retired more & more, till Scipio drove than to a place, where they were conveniently strong, & had relief of all things: Wherefore Scipio left silanus to beseage them, & he himself went further into Spain. silanus did so well with his enemies, that they recoiled still, till they came to the strait, & passed over to Gades. Annibal had sent for his brother Asdrubal, that was providing men at North Spain, to come to him into Italy: And because he would deceive Scipio, he took his way Northerly by the mountains Hyrenaei. In this mean time Livius was come from Rome, to succeed Scipio & told him that the Senate minded to sand him into Africa against Carthage, which enterprise he had long desired, & was glad of it. He sent Laelio into Barbaria to Syphax with many gifts, requesting him of alliance, if he came into Africa, for the former love that had been with him & his ancestors, Syphax promised so to be, receiving the gifts, & sent likewise to Scipio. When the Carthaginians understood this, they also made out Asdrubal to Syphax to require him of confederacy: 
The venturous enterprise of Scipio.  which when Scipio heard, he thought to prevent him, & which two Galleys, sailed to Barbary: when he was coming the galleys of Carthage, that were before him lay in wait for him, but by that benefit of the wind he escaped, & got the port. Syphax gave gentle entertainment to them both, and privily concluded league with Scipio, and sent him away: The Carthaginians had laid for him again, but yet by good fortune he again escaped. A number of the inhabitants beyond the river, 
Now called Biskay.  called Celtiberians, were in Camp with Hanno, whom Martius drove to such a strait, that they were forced to send him messengers to treat of accord: he bade them first deliver their Captain, and the fugitives & then expound their message: they took their captain & the fugitives, & brought them to Martius: he required also the prisoners, & they brought them: then he commanded them to deliver him their money, and come down to the plain, for it was not meet that they which sewed for pardon, should keep a place of strength.  
When they were come down, he said unto them, Although ye have deserved to die, having forsaken your country that obeyeth us, and served our enemies, yet I am content to let you all go safe, if you will leave your armour. At the which word, they were so aggrieved, that they cried out and said, they would rather die then so to do, whereupon began a cruel fight, in the which the half of the Celtiberians were manfully slain. silanus went to receive a city called Castace, but when he came there he was repulsed, whereof he sent word to Scipio, who made ready to come unto it, and by the way assaulted the City of Illiturgo: This city when the Scipiones were alive, was friend to the Romans, but after their death played a traitorous part, and delivered the Romans, to the Carthaginians. Scipio remembered this injury, 
Illiturgo utterly razed, and all the inhabitants slain.  & in four hours destroyed it, and although he were wounded in the neck, yet he gave not over till he had the victory: wherefore the soldiers without any commandment, despising all spoil, killed men, women, & children, & laid the city to the ground. Being come to Castace he Marshaled his camp in three several places, & refrained from fight, to see what they would do. The citizens renouncing the garrison of the Carthaginians delivered the city to the Romans, where Scipio left a man of their own, to govern it. There was a city called Astapa, which had continued in faith with the Carthaginians, & was besieged of Martius. They of the city considering, that if they were taken▪ they should be sold as slaves, caused all their riches & substance, to be brought into the market place, & laid a stack of wood about it, & set their wives & children upon it. 
Desperate & invincible courage of the Astapians.  Then did they choose fifty of their best men, and bound them by oath, that if their city were taken, they should first kill their wives & children, & than themselves, having first set all on fire: when they had called the Gods into witness of their purpose, they came out & assaulted Martius that looked for nothing less, & at the first brunt put the light horsemen to flight: the battle of footmen made resistance & fought it out. The Astapians showed great prowess, & though they were inferior in number, yet were they nothing inferior in valour: And being devoid of hope, fought without stop, till they were all killed. When the fifty of the town perceived that, they dispatched the women & the children, & set the wood a fire, and killed themselves. Martius, had their noble hearts in admiration, and refrained from ruin of their houses.  
It chanced that Scipio fell sick, 
Mutiny of Soldiers against their captain.  and left the charge of all the camp to Martius, wherefore such soldiers as had spent their gains upon pleasure, and thought they were not sufficiently rewarded, and that Scipio did attribute their travails to his glory, were not content but rebelled against Martius. They camped by themselves, they made their own captains and governors, they provided all things, & swore to hold together. Many of the country took their part, & Mago sent money to them, to allure them to their sides. They always took the money, abode still together. 
Discipline and policy of a noble captain.  Scipio wrote his letters to them that were occasion of this mutiny, excusing the matter & saying, that his sickness had been cause, why he had not condignly rewarded them according to their deserts, and that he would do it immediately upon his recovery. Some of them with fair words he caused to be entreated, and generally wrote to them all, to leave their opinion, and come to him to receive their relief: some had the letters in suspect, and some thought good to give credit, and so by accord they went toward Carthage. When Scipio understood their coming, he commanded the chief Gentlemen to accompany them, that were the Captains of the riot, and under pretence of entertainment, to have them into their tents, and make them sure. He also gave order to the Lieutenants and Marshals of the army, that the next morning they should be ready with their trusty men, and if any made any business while he spoke, forthwith to dispatch them. He betimes in the morning, called them to the assembly, & had all things accordingly. The soldiers were scarcely up, & made them ready with haste, being ashamed, that their sick captain should be up before them, and came unarmed and unready. He lamented at their fact, and said: I will with your help, chastise the causers of your offence. Then he caused way to be made, that the gentlemen might bring in the Capitains, who cried to the Soldiers for help, and by and by the Marshals dispatched them. When the multitude saw this, and how they were naked and enclosed with harnessed men, they were heavy & sad. He caused all the remnant of the chief & heads, to be beaten at the pale, 
Rebellious soldiers executed.  and after beheaded, and to the residue he proclaimed a free & general pardon. And thus he redressed his Army.  
There was a Prince of Spain, that had to name Indibilis, & was in league with the Romans. 
King Indibilis rebelled and being overthrown in battle entered into new league and was pardoned.  Scipio went against him, and he refused not to fight, but having lost twenty thousand of his men, he was compelled to ask peace, which was granted him, upon payment of certain sums of money. Massimissa came to Scipio to confeder with him, moved by a displeasure wrought against him at Carthage. 
Massinissa becometh a most faithful confederate with Scipio and the Romans.  He was brought up in the City, and espoused to Sophonisba, daughter unto Asdrubal, that was General of the Army. King Syphax also was in love with the same Gentlewoman, whose beauty was renowned over all Africa, & because he saw an other man preferred, he took disdain, & allied himself with that Romans. The Carthaginians considering what a loss they should have of such a prince, sent him word, that if he would return again to them, they would give him Sophonisba to his wife. He took the condition, 
Syphax married to Sophonisba.  & forsook the Romans, they married her to him, in the absence of her father & her former husband, not making them privy to it. When Asdrubal heard of it, he thought to bear with it, because it stood with the benefit of his country▪ & would not tell Massinissa of it, who was with him in camp, but yet he had privy intelligence of it, & secretly went to the Romans, which whom ever after most faithfully he continued. Then Mago that was Admiral, perceiving that Fortune began to lower & frown upon them, left the straits of Gades, and went into France and Liguria, and so the Romans took it, and after that time sent yearly Officers to govern the country. Scipio reduced the Zanthianes into the form of a City, & of that name of Italy, called it Italica, 
The country of Trajan and Adriane Emperors.  which was the country of Trajan and Adriane that after were Emperors of Rome. He returned to Rome, with a great Navy & a rich pray, & there triumphed to that admiration of all men. When Scipio was departed to Rome, Indibilis rebelled again, & the precedents of the country to withstand him, made an army of such garrisons as were there left, & of such other help as took part with than, & had the day against him, where he was slain, the rest of the country was punished according to their deserts. 
Indibilis slain.  This was the end of the first expedition the Romans' made into Spain. After a season, when they had to do with Philip of Macedon, more trouble begun in Spain, & Sempronius Tuditanus, M. Claudius, and Minutius, were successively sent thither, 
Cato a most stout captain & vehement Orator wan more cities in Spain than he abode days  and did no great good. Wherefore at length Cato went in person, a young man in deed, but a severe and painful captain, and an eloquent Orator, insomuch that he was worthily compared to Demosthenes. When he was come into Spain, he had an army of xl. M. men, whom he continually trained in feats of arms, and when he was appointed to fight, he sent away his Navy to Marsyles, declaring to his soldiers that only victory must be their refuge, which standeth not in huige multitudes, but in valiant courages. And so when he had used such words unto them, as men use rather in reproofs, than in exhortations, he began the fight, & in every place encouraged his men valiantly. The field continued equal, till the evening: he with three bands of men went up to an hill, to behold in every place how the battle went, and saw that in the mid battle his men had the worst: wherefore he ran thither with such a fury with his fresh men, that he himself was the forwardest in the conflict, crying & fight so fiercely, that the enemies were put to flight, whom he chased all the night, and took their Camp: and all the whole army attributed the enterprise and thanks only to him as the chief and first author of the victory: he divided the spoil among his men, and required pledges of the cities. He sent his letters to every city, commanding the messengers so to appoint their journeys, that although they were sent several ways, some to one city & some to an other, yet they might arrive, & debate their letters all in one day.  
The letters commanded every Magistrate of the said Cities, 
A notable policy of Cato.  that immediately upon the sight thereof they should beat down the walls of their Cities, and they that did not obey, should look for all extremity. They having no time to consult with their neighbours, and supposing it had been but a several commandment, afraid of a further inconvenience, were compelled to obey, and so in one day, all the cities about the river Iberus, were defaced by the policy of the captain, & continued quiet a long time after.  
In process of time, for lack of competent ground to occupy, there was a new tumult among the people, for the appeasment whereof, Fuluius Flaccus was sent, who drove the people to their holds: but one great rout kept to-gether at Complega, which was well fortified & newly builded: 
Flouting & mockery requited.  They greatly molested the Romans, & sent a message in mockery to Flaccus, that he should leave a jacke, an Horse, and a Sword, for so many as he had killed, and fly out of Spain, before he had any more hurt: he sent them word, he would shortly bring amongs them, many more jacks than they should vouchsafe well to think well off, and incontinent laid siege to their City. They nothing answerable to their late bravery, and lustiness, ran their way, & he spoiled all the country. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus succeeded Flaccus, 
Biskay.  when the Celtiberians had besieged the City of Carabia, friend to the Romans, the city was at point to be rendered, & because the siege was so straight, Gracchus could not send them word of his coming, wherefore he devised with a captain of his called Cominius, which could speak that country language very well, 
Great care and policy used by Gracchus for the succouring of his besieged friends.  & clad him with a Spanish jack, who got among them that went a foraging & so from the Camp fled into the City, & told the silly besieged, that the Romans were at-hande: wherefore they endured the siege, and in three days by the coming of Gracchus were delivered of the same. Out of the City of Complega, there issued xx. M. with branches of olive in their hands, in token of supplication, and being come nigh the Romans, they set fiercely upon them, 
They that mean mischief many times fall into mischiefs themselves.  & put them to great trouble. Gracchus of purpose forsook his camp, & feigned to fly away, & whiles they were about the spoil, he returned upon them, & slew so many of them, that he got the town, wherein after he had stayed a certain while, he gave the lands of the country to such as had need of ground: whom upon certain conditions and bonds, he confedered with the people of Rome, which capitulation did good service, in all the wars that followed, and by this mean, the name of Gracchus was notable in Spain, and also in Rome, where he had Triumph.  
Certain years after, there arose a cruel war in Spain by this occasion.  
A City of Celtiberia, called Segeda, 
Sharp war renewed.  being comprised in the articles of Gracchus, alured certain towns to them, and re-edified their walls, whose example induced the Tithians another nation of Celtiberia, to do the like. The Senate forbade them the building of the Walls, and required the tribute, and their service, according to the composition of Gracchus, They answered that they were forbidden the building of any new cities, but not the repairing of their old, and that the tribute which they were bound to pay, was after forgiven of the Senate, and so it was in deed: but all such privileges, were understand for the time, that they continued faithful to the people of Rome: wherefore Quintius Fuluius Nobilior, was chosen captain against them, with an army of thirty. M.  
When the Segedanes had knowledge of his coming, because their walls were not finished, they fled to the Arasthianes desiring them to be received with their wives and children, and they were content: And chose one Carus a Segedane, their general captain, a man expert in feats of war. He three days after he was captain, laid an ambushment of xx. M. in a place for the purpose, and assaulted the Romans as they passed: The fight continued doubtful, but at length Carus had the victory, 
Great slaughter of the Romans.  and killed vi. thousand of the very Romans borne, which was a great loss: but in following the chase rashly, the horsemen of the Romans, that warded the carriage, set upon him, and slew him, fighting most valiantly, the murder there was great, and greater had been, if the darkness of the night had not stayed the same. This was done the next day after the feast of Vulcan in Rome, at which time the Romans would never after take any battle in hand.  
The Arastianes' assembled in Numantia, a strong city, and chose Arathane, & Lencone, for their captains. Nobilior went thither within three days, and camped three mile off. Massinissa sent him three C. horses of Numidia, and x. Elephants, with the which he made order for to fight, and placed the Elephants behind, with a devise, that way should be made for them: And when the onset was given, away was opened for the Elephants, which so afraid the enemies and their horse, that they fled. The Roman captain followed to the hard walls, 
Discommodity of Elephants in wars.  and did very well, till one of the Elephants had a blow on the head, with a stone, that was cast from the wall, with the which he became so froward and so raging, that he turned upon his friends and beat down all that was in his way, and the other afraid with his roaring, did the like, thrusting▪ & throwing the Romans to the ground. And this is the discommodity of Elephants, which when they begin to rage, there is no rule with them, and therefore be they called common enemies. The Romans by this occasion fled with such disorder, that the Numantines issued out and slew iiii. M. of them, and took three Elephants, and many ensinges, when Nobilior had recovered himself, he went to beat the City of Apenio, which was a great relief to the enemies, but he did nothing there, but returned by night with loss to his camp. 
Lowering luck of Nobilior & his company.  He sent Blesius captain of the horsemen, so confeder with a country for succour of horsemen: who in his return fell in an Ambushment, where his friends forsook him, and he very manfully fight was slain, and all most all the Romans. And upon these daily losses, the City of Ocile, where the Roman munition & treasure, was rendered to the Celtiberians, wherefore Nobiliar was driven to such shift, as he lay all that winter in the field, and sustained such disease with hunger and cold, that many perished pitifully.  
The year following Claudius Marcellus came in his place, bringing with him viii. M. men, & v. C. horse, & where his enemies had laid ambushment for him, he avoided it, & with all his host, laid siege to Ocile, and at the first assault took it. And upon the receipt of certain pledges & thirty. talents of gold, he pardoned the City.  
The Nertobriganes sent unto Marcellus to know his pleasure what they might do to obtain peace, he bade them send him an hundred horse and they should have it: they were content, & appointed the number which followed the tail of the army, & did evermore some hurt to the carriage, & when they were come in Marcellus sight, they offered their service, and excused the offence to be done by them that knew not the accord, but Marcellus detained still with him the men as prisoners, and sold their horses, and made a road into their country, & laid siege to the city, which when they saw, they sent an harald with a Wolves skin in steed of a rod, to demand pardon. Marcellus said, 
Double dealing of Marcellus.  if the Arbaceanes, Bellanes, & Tithianes would in treat for them, they should have their request. They were content so to do, & desired Marcellus that they might have a moderate punishment, and be contained in the conditions of Gracchus: But some there were, the would not agree to it, because there had been variunce between them, wherefore Marcellus sent them Ambassadors of both parties to Rome, to dispute their cause before the Senate. He wrote private letters, exhorting to accord. When they were come to Rome, the Ambassadors of their friends were lodged within the city, & they which were of their enemies, without. The Senate was not disposed to peace, & gave them none other answer, but that Marcellus should declare unto them the will of the Senate, & appointed a new army, of the which Lucius Lucullus was captain. And then was the first time that the soldiers were taken up by hap, and not by election, as was wont to be, wherefore many citizens were offended. The Lieutenant of the army was Lucius Cornelius Scipio, which afterward took Carthage, and Numantia. Marcellus protested war against the Celtiberians, and yet kept still with him the Ambassador that had been at Rome, and all was to make an end of the war before the coming of Lucullus. Certain people of the Arbaceanes took Nertobridge, & made their chief resort to Numantia, whither he marched, & camped within v. mile of the city. 
Wilfulness & covetousness of Lucullus.  The captain of the Numantines called Lintenone, desired to speak with Marcellus, which being to him granted, they concluded that the Bellanes, Titthianes, and Arbaceanes should remain & be lest free, whereupon money & pledges were received, & so the war of this people, was ended, before the coming of Lucullus.  
Now began the time of the Romans declination from their ancient purity and state: for notwithstanding the peace was made by the Roman consul, yet Lucullus for desire of glory, & covetous of money, invaded the Vacceanes, who had never offended the Romans. He passed the river Tagus, 
Now called Taio.  without any commission from the Senate, and camped at Cancea: they of the town came forth to know the cause why he lay there, he answered to revenge the Carpentanes, whom they had injuried, & with this answer they returned. And when the Romans went a foraging, they lay in a wait, & set upon them, & slew many of them, & drove the rest to their camp, wherefore he came out against them in order, 
Stout courages with out skill & order, soon ouerthro●…en.  and they a long time had the better hand, but when they had wasted their shot, and not expert in firm battle, they turned their backs, & at the straightness of the gate, thrusting one another, very many were slain.  
The next day the old men of the town came out to know what they might do to be friends with the Romans: Lucullus bade them to bring unto him pledges, and an C. talents of gold, and to serve him in the wars. They granted all: than he required his garrison to be received, & they were likewise content: Then put he in two M. picked men, 
Wicked & shameful dealing of Lucillus.  & commanded them to be sure of the gates, & the walls: which being done▪ he entered with all his host, & gave commandment to kill man and child, without respect: so were they cruelly murdered & slain, calling the Gods to witness of their injury received at the Romans hands: Lucullus sacked the City, and for reward won to the Romans a perpetual slander.  
The other people drew together into strong places, & burned all such things as they could not carry, because they would leave nothing for Lucullus: he made a long voyage in desert places, and at length came to a City called Endecacia, where xx. M. were assembled. Than he like a fond man moved them to accord: 
Cruelty getteth hatred at all hands.  they objected unto him the calamity of the Causeanes, demanding if he would bring them to like amity. Wherefore he being in a rage, (as all men be, that have done evil, who rather ought to repent) spoiled all the country, & then laid siege to the City: They of the town came out, and skirmished, and so kept him occupied. There was one among them of a goodly stature, and fair in arms, that came many times forth, and challenged any Roman to fight hand to hand, and because none took the defence, he flouted and scorued the Romans and went his way. 
Combat between Scipio and an other big challenger of huge stature.  Thus he used long time, till Scipio, a man of small stature, could no longer stay himself, but would needs fight with him, and by good fortune killed him, as great as he was.  
There was a company of the City that were gone for a convey of victual, before Lucullus came, & because they could not enter the City, they came by night, & gave alarm to the Camp, and they of the City did the like, so the they were sore troubled in the host, and besides this, they were not accustomed with the meats of the country, having neither salt, oil, nor vinegar, they eat all things fresh, whereby they were sick of the flux, & many of them died. When the ramperes were finished, 
Lucullus untruth & breach of promise made him and all his to far the worse.  they battered the wall, and entered the city, but by very fine force, they were repelled, and in the retire, fell into a fen, and the more part perished. They of the City repaired the wall by night. In continuance of time, their want warred so great, that they were not able to hold out, and yet would not yield for the untruth of Lucullus. Wherefore Scipio took the matter in hand, and promised, that in the accord, no fraud should be used: 
Just dealing & virtue is beloved even of the enemies.  They were content to trust him, because of the great fame and renown that was generally reported of him. They were content to give to the Romans x. M. jacks, fifty pledges, and a number of Cat-tail. Lucullus that sought for nothing but money, required gold and silver, thinking to find plenty there, but he was deceived, for those people did not care so greatly for it, and had none to give him.  
After this league, he went to the city of Pallantia, which was of more strength, & better defenced with men, and all other things necessary, he had counsel not to meddle with it, but yet he had hope to be enriched by it, his expectation failed, for the Horsemen of the Pallantines kept him always so from victual, that he fell in lack, and was forced to departed, and they followed him to the river Orio, which he passed, and took places, for his Winter harborough  
There was an other Country of Spain, called Lusitania, 
Portugal.  which lived after their own laws, and under a captain of Africa, they did much hurt to the Romans, they overthrew Caliphurnius ●…iso, and Manlius, and killed vi. M. Romans, and besieged a nation that obeyed the same, called Blastophenitianes', which had that name, because Hannibal had mingled certain Africans with them. Their captain had a blow on the head with a stone, of the which he died, and in his place they made one Cessacrone. He encountered with Mummius that was come from Rome with a new army, and was put to flight. Mummius chased him without order, which he perceiving stayed his men, 
Romans through their own folly overthrown.  & returned upon the Romans dispersed, and killed x. M. of them, recovering his own Camp that was lost, and gaining the Romans, with all their arms and ensigns, which he showed abroad in Spain, for a brag and glory of his victory. Mummius with five. M. that were left, kept himself in a sure place, being afraid to come out into the plain, and watching the time, when the enemy sent away their spoil, he suddenly set upon them, and flew many of them, recovering again all his loss.  
another sort of the Lusitanes beyond the River Tagus, molested the Romans, and besieged the City of Ocile. Mummius followed them, & at divers times killed xv. M. of them, and took their prey from them, and divided it to the Romans, and that which could not be carried, he sacrificed to the Gods after the fashion of war. And for these feats, Mummius had Triumph when he came to Rome.  
After him succeeded Marcus Attilius, which destroyed a great City called Ostrace, and brought all the country to accord, but he was no sooner gone to winter camp, but they rebelled again, and annoyed the Romans.  
Servius Galba that succeeded Attilius, intending suddenly to surprey and take them unawares, marched in a night and a day, about l. mile, 
The chance of war divers.  and immediately upon his coming embattled his weary Soldiers, & with the sudden assault, put the enemies to flight, but in the chase using little discretion, and not considering the weariness and faintness of his soldiers, which were compelled to rest them many times by the way, the other gathered together, and set upon them being scattered and weak, and slew seven. M. Galba with the remnant of the horsemen fled to Carmena, where he assembled all them that were fled, and when he had renewed his army to the number of xx. M. he went to Winter in Cwestagi.  
Lucullus who had made war upon the Vacceanes, without commission, would not go home for fear of judgement, but remained with the Captains of the army, & coming with his men into Lusitania, did much hurt in one part of the country, & Galba sacked the other. Many of the people sent unto him to renew the accord made with Attilius & he feigned to be content saying: that he knew well, poverty & lack of living made them to offend, & therefore he would give them a plentiful ground to inhabile, & they being glad of his promise, came to him with all their goods, whom he divided into three parts, & appointed a Plain for them to stay, till he had assigned their place, where they should build their city. Then he came to the former, willing them to leave their harness, because they were friends, & caused them to be entrenched, & they were content: which when he had brought to pass throughout, he sent his soldiers among them, & killed them every one, they calling & crying upon the Gods, as witnesses of perjury & cruelty. So he punished falsehood with falsehood, as a Barbarian, & not as a man worthy the name of Rome. Very few escaped from this murder, of the which Viriatus was one, which after was a Captain, & did many notable feats, as shall be showed. Galba gave a few trifling things to the Romans, and kept the rest to himself, for he was more covetous than Lucullus, 
Neither barrel better Hearing.  & more rich than any Roman, but of such nature as well in peace as war, that for his profit, he passed neither for perjury nor lies, & although every man hated him, and though he was many times accused, yet for his riches he always escaped. For in his days, the Romans began to set more by money than by truth.  
another company of the Lusitans, made an head, and ranged the countries of the Romans. M. Ventidius, was sent from Rome with an army, who drove them from the field, and made them take a Castle: where being in desperation of all things, they were forced to send to Ventidius, to have peace and ground to inhabit, which he promised them. But one Viriatus who (as before is said, had escaped the cruelty of Galba, recorded unto them, the unfaithfulness of the Romans, and how oft they had been oppressed, under pretence of an oath and atonement, which the Romans no longer regarded than they lusted, 
Viriatus a stout warrior and worthy captain  and repeated to them the example of Galba and Lucullus, and promised them to convey them safe, if they would be ruled by him. They were moved with his words, and made him their captain.  
He placed in the front of the army his Horsemen, as though he would fight, and gave warning, that as soon, as he took his Horse, they that were a foot, should fly by divers ways, as well as they could, to the city of Tribola, and there abide him. He kept with him, them that were most meet for Horsemen, and when he mounted on horseback, they fled their way with all haste. Ventidius doubted to follow them in so many parts, and abode to see, what Viriatus would do that stood still. He skirmished with the Romans all the day, and the next, too and fro, and when he thought the footmen to be past danger, he went his way by night, with such speed, and by such ways, as the Romans could not tell how to follow. This feat got him great fame in all the country, & every man ran to him, whereby he kept war a great while with the Romans, and did them much hurt. Ventidius followed till he came to Tribola, Viriatus laid an ambushment for him in a place full of wood, & when he espied his advantage, he with the company that he had, feigned to fly, till Ventidius was past the train, than returned he, and the ambushment discovered, and so beset the Romans, that they were either slain or taken prisoners, and Ventidius himself was one, 
Ventidius slain, and his army discomfited  but because he was not known, being an old fat man, he was cut in pieces, & of xx. M. Romans, scarcely x. M. escaped to a City of the Coast, called Carptesso, which (I think) was sometime called Tartesso, where the old King Arganthonius lived. The Treasurer of the Camp, took the charge upon him a fresh, and gathered v. M. of of the country about, which he sent to keep Viriatus back, and he so laid for them, that one escaped not to bring news. The Treasurer stood close in the town and durst do nothing till he heard from Rome, 
Profperous success of Viriatus.  Viriatus invaded the rich country of Carpentania, and without all fear, spoiled at his pleasure.  
Caius Plantius came from Rome, with x. M. men, & a M.iii C. horse. Than Viriatus pretended to fly, after whom he sent iiii. M. men, which were almost all destroyed and slain. He passed the river Tagus, and camped in an hill full of Olives, although it were called Venus Mount. There Plantius came upon him, and made haste to recover his dishonour, and after a sore fight he was discomfited, and compelled shamefully to fly, with great loss of his men: & the rest of the Summer he kept within towns, and durst not come forth. Viriatus went abroad the countries, requiring payment for the saving of their Corne.  
When these news were known at Rome, they sent Q. Fabius Maximus Emilianus, son of that Emilius, that overcame Perseus' king of Macedon. They gave him authority to take what men he would, he to give respite to the old soldiers, took up young men of the first beard, having no practice in war, and came to Orsone a City of Spain, with xv. M. men, & two.. M. horse, but he durst not enterprise to take any battle in hand, till he had trained his men in feats of arms, and been at Gades to Sacrifice to Hercules. Viriatus met with a company of his men that went a foraging, & killed the most part, whom being again set in array and order by their Leader, the same Viriatus discomfited the second time, and took a great pray from them. When Maximus was come, he durst not fight in open field, but kept his men in exercises, and gave them leave to skirmish, to prove their hearts, and to espy the advantage of his enemies doings. When he went for victual, he warded the Dimilances with men of arms, that scoured the country, as he had seen his father Paulus do in Macedonia. After the Winter he came forth to battle, and overcame Viriatus, and put him to flight, and of two Cities that he kept, he took the one, & burned the other, & drove him to an hold called Vecor, & then went to harborough at Corduba.  
Now was Viriatus nothing so brag as he was wont to be, but sought help, & induced the Arbaceanes, Titthianes, and Bellanes, all warlike people, that had kept war of themselves, to take his part, which was an occasion of great a do. Viriatus was in an other part of Spain, and fought with Quintus Pompeius, that was an other captain of the Romans, and had the loss, and from thence fled to Aphrodisio, Venus' Hill, and from thence came suddenly upon the Romans, and put them to flight, and took some of their Standards, and chased them into their Camp, and then drove away the garrison and Ward from Utica, and sacked the country of the Basetanes, Quintus sending unto them no aid, for lack of knowledge and courage: but remained in house, till Summer was ended.  
The year after, Fabius Maximus brother to Emilianus succeeded Quintus, and had two Legions of the Romans, & other of their friends, that there was xviii. M. men, & a. M.vi. C. horse. He wrote to Micypsa king of Numidia, that in haste, he should send him secure of Elephants, and with a part of his army went toward Utica, and by the way, Viriatus gave him alarm, with great shouts, and terrible behaviour, but he repulsed him without loss. When x. Elephants were come from Africa, he camped in a large field, and fought with Viriatus, and put him back, but at one time, when the Romans chased with out order, he turned upon them, and killed three. M. & drove the rest within, and followed so hard that he found few or none in the way toward the Camp, but they were fled into their Cabins, out of the which, the Captains had much a do to draw them, and had it not been for Fannius, 
Fannius praised.  son in law to Laelius, who showed that night great wisdom and manhood, the Romans had been utterly destroyed.  
Viriatus ceased not, neither by the dark of night, nor by the heat of day, to molest them with all device, till Emilianus had moved his camp to Utica. Viriatus being distressed for lack of victual, and having a small army, burned his Camp by night, and went into Lusitania. After whose departure, Emilianus spoiled the country, and five Cities that had succoured him, and from thence he went by Cunea, and so into Lusitania against Viriatus.  
By the way, two Kingleaders of Roman thieves, did him much displeasure, which were called Curius, and Apuleius, Curius was afterward slain, and Emilianus recovered his loss, and took divers Cities, of the which some he spoiled, and some he pardoned, and of x. M. prisoners, he beheaded five hundred, and killed the rest.  
This done, he passed over the Winter and went to Rome, having been two year in Office.  
His brother Maximus Emilianus, took a captain of thieves by yielding, and pardoned him, and cut off the hands of the other. He followed Viriatus, and laid siege to Frisana, into the which, Viriatus got in by night, and the next day came so suddenly and fiercely out, that first the Pieners and then the Soldiers fled: whom he drove to such barren and wild Mountains, that they had no hope of escape.  
Viriatus was not too proud of this victory, but thought that now he had a good occasion, 
The Romans and Viriatus friends & lovers.  to make an honourable peace with the Romans: And so upon treaty it was concluded, that he should be taken, as the Romans friend, & all they that were under him, should remain Lords of such possessions as they had. Thus had this war an end by the benefit of a Roman enemy. But it did not long continue: For Cepio, Brother to Emiliane, thought it dishonourable to the name of Rome, and not to be ratified. The Senate was content, that he should seek new matter to fall out with him: But he ceased not writing, till the league was openly rejected. Wherefore by this authouritie Cepio went against Viriatus, and took the city of Arsa, which Viriatus had forsaken, and was retired because he had no convenient power. He over took him at Carpentania, and had far greater power than Viriatus had, wherefore Viriatus would not fight with him, 
Viriatus his policy  but sent away the most part of his men by a privy path, and placed the rest upon an hill, in order of battle: and when he knew them to be come to the place which he appointed, he set spurs to the horse with such speed, and celerity, that the Romans might cast their caps at him, & so with the scorn of his enemy, he saved himself.  
Cepio sacked the Vettones and the Callecianes, in Portugal, many followed the example of Viriatus, & lived of Robbing▪ Sextus julius was sent against them, who found more a do than at the first he supposed, the country was so great and the rivers so many, as Taio, Linia, Leca, or rather Lima, Duero, & Gauda Loquitur, Betis, all Navigable, that they might escape at their pleasure. Wherefore Brutus considered that it was impossible to join with them all, and a rebuke to let them continue, and small glory to overcome them, wherefore he thought best to assault their holds, thinking when every man was driven to defend his own, their brood should be the sooner broken. So following this devise, he beat down all he could meet. The women were in the war with their husbands, and showed such manly hearts, 
Manly hearts in women.  that when they were killed, they did not cast forth one word. Many fled into the mountains, and for lack of food, required pardon, which he freely gave them, and took their prey.  
When he had thus done, he passed the river Orio, and ranged over the country, taking pledges of them that accorded with him. And he went over the flood Lima, where no Roman had done so much, and from thence to the river Niben, 
Now Rio Cavado, Braga in Portugal.  and led his army against the Braccarianes, because they had stopped victual that came unto him.  
These be people, with whom their wives goeth to war, and die valiantly without any shrinking, or scryking, and when they fight they never flee, nor any whit lament when they die: Many of these being taken, the women to avoid captivity, killed their children, and afterwards themselves, choosing rather to die worthily, than to live wretchedly. Thus, Brutus won much, and came to a city called Labrica, which had many times broken promise with him, and once again they desired pardon, and rendered themselves, he required all the fugitives of the Romans, all their armour and certain pledges, and last of all, that they should forsake their city, which when it was done, he called them to a Parlaiment, in the which he reproved them of their oft rebellion, and breaking of their promise, with so sharp words, that they feared some grievous punishment, being on each side enclosed with all the army, but he rested satisfied with repeating them with this reproach, and refrained from further vengeance, And when he had taken their corn, and their common treasure from them, contrary to all men's opinion, he let them dwell in their own city.  
Things being thus ended it fell out that he must return to Rome. And before he went, it chanced that Viriatus sent to him three Ambassadors Aulace, Ditalcone, and Minuro, to treat of accord, which Ambassadors by fair promises were corrupted, & did agree for a some of money, and other things, to kill their tapitaine the valiant Viriatus. 
Description of Viriatus & how he was traitorously murdered.  This Viriatus was a man of very small sleep, though his travail were never so great. And for the most part, slept in in his harness, because he might be ready at all assays. And it was lawful for any soldier to come and speak with him by night, which use the traitors knew, and at the first sleep entering into his tent as though they had had some matters of weighty importance, they cut his throat, for otherwise they could not hurt him, being so well armed, after which villainous deed, they went their way safe, no man suspecting them or hearing any noise: When they were come to Cepio, they demanded their reward for their fact. He granted them all their possessions, and for the rest sent them to Rome, in the morning they of the camp marveled the Viriatus came not forth, & thought he had reposed himself to some ease. But in the end when they heard nothing of him, certain of them went in, and found him dead. Whereupon throughout the whole army, there was great dolour as might well be, & no marvel, considering the loss of so good & valiant a captain, and the case that they presently stood in: & one thing greatly grieved them, that they could not find the murderers.  
They burned his body after the manner, upon a great stack of wood with many ornaments, and great sacrifices, and with their bands of horsemen, road about it, magnifying and praising him. When the fire was quenched, and the exequys done, they made a goodly sepulchre in his honour, & set forth justs, & attorniaments with most solemn pomp, and chalengies, man to man, so great was the love and desire that every man had of him. 
Praise of Viriatus.  And surely he was a man most expert in government, most circumspect and wary in peril, and most bold and hardy, in despising the same, in division of any pray or booty, he observed such justice, as hath not been heard: he would have no more for his part than any other common person had. And though they desired him to take preferment he would not, and that also which fell to his share, and portion, he gave away always to them that were forward men, and valiant, wherefore he might say that which none other captain could, for his army being gathered of a mixture and rifraff of all sorts, continued in obedience under him viii. years with out any mutiny in that world, and at all dangers were most ready to serve him.  
After him they chose Tantalus to their captain, who took upon him to assault Sagunt, which was now Carthage, 
Cartagena.  but being repelled from thence, and weary of his wandering, he was content to yield unto Cepio: he took their armour from them and gave them ground to inhabit, because they should refrain from robbery & pillage. After Cepio came Cecilius, Metellus, & subdued the Vacceanes.  
There were two strong cities that would not give over, Termantia, and Numantia, of the which Numantia was situate in a rocky place, divided with two rivers, fenced with mountains, & compassed with thick woods, 
Numantia now called Soria.  and only on one side had way to the plain which was fortified with many ditches, and pillaires overthwart. They were good men on horseback and a foot, and might make viii. M. fight men, the which small number, for their worthy valour wrought the Romans much a do. There was of the Romans thirty. thousand men, and two thousand horse, well trained and practised in war. Pompeius lay at the siege at Numantia, & went forth on a time to view a certain ground: the Numantines came from the hill, & killed his horsemen, whereupon he with such men as he had marshaled his host, and came into the plain to fight. The enemies descended down, and affronted them, and after as they had been afraid fled up to the hill, whither if the Romans followed, they were sure to be lost. And so Pompeius every day had the worst in these skirmishes, although his number were a great deal more, wherefore he brak up siege, & went to Termantia, 
Pompeius & his men for laid unto by the Numantines & Termantines,  as to a more easy enterprise, but he found it of the same nature: For at the first onset, he lost 7. C men, and a captain of x. thousand that brought a convey of victual, was put to flight, and three times encountered in one day, and at length driven to the Hills and Rocks, where many miserably perished, both Horse and man, and all that night took no rest, and in the morning, were assailed again, and fought all day till night divided the fight, wherefore Pompeius forsook the field by night and went to the city of Malia, in the which was a garrison of the Numantines. They of the town at the coming of Pompey secretly killed the garrison by craft, and received him.  
From thence he went to Sweditania, which place a captain called Tangino, harried and overrun with spoil, with whom Pompeius fought, and him discomfited, taking many of his men prisoners. 
Desperate dealings.  And such generosity was in the hearts of those thieves, that they rather chose to die then to live slaves, some killed their Lords, and then their selves: some killed themselves only, and being put in ships to be conveyed away, they made such ports and holes, that they sunk their ships, and drowned themselves, and all the residue of the company.  
Now Pompey returned again to Numantia, with an intent to turn the course of the river another way, and so to famish the city. They of the town came fearcelye out in a brunt without any noise of trumpet, and beat away the labourers: and laid a wait for a captain that guided victual, and slew him and most part of his men. And an other time issued out upon the Romans that made a trench, and slew about a M.iiii. C. with the captain.  
Because of these losses, diverse Senators with more help was sent to Pompey. And he was driven to lie the Winter in the field, where his soldiers for the cold and watch, were much troubled, the air also vexed them, and the water, and engendered the flux among them, of the which many died.  
A number appointed went on a time for victual, for whom the Numantines had laid a stack, and other with their weapons of shot, molested the Romans, and reproached them, with villainous words, which they could not abide, but marched to fight with them, when suddenly they of the Ambushment discovered and killed many of them, as well Gentlemen as other. 
Pompey greatly troubled in mind for his losses, & mishap at the siege of Numantia.  Pompeius was much troubled and greatly nettled with these losses, and by the counsel of the Senators went to lie with his camp the rest of winter in cities. And because he looked for a successor, & feared to be accused, he began to practise a privy peace with the Numantines. They of the town also having lost many of their best captains, & thereby brought to extreme want, sent Ambassadors likewise to treat of peace. Pompey in open audience said, that they must commit themselves to the Romans discretion, for otherwise he knew no way of accord, but privily he concluded with them to have again the fugitives to receive pledges, & 30. talents of silver, all the which was fulfilled, and half the money paid down.  
When time came, Marcus Popilius arrived in Spain to be successor unto Pompeius, by whose coming Pompeius was now delivered from fear, 
Double dealing of Pompey with the Numantines  and so when the Numantines brought the rest of the money, he denied the accord, and said he ne●… consented to such dishonourable league, the Numantines affirmed it, and took witness of the best men in his camp. wherefore Popilius sent them both to Rome, to plead their matter before the Senate. They were both hard, and yet the Senate was disposed to continue the war against the Numantines. Popilius tarried out his year in Spain, & went his way without any great honour. In his place came C. Ostilius Mancinus, who was diverse times overcome and driven to his lodging. And because their was a voice that the Cantabranes, and the Vacceanes came to aid the enemies, he fled by night in the dark, without making any fires, and got to an old forsaken camp which Fuluius Nobilior had made, and stayed there without any fortification in the world, being besieged of the Numantines, that manased utter decay to him and all his. Wherefore to a void further inconvenience, he made such reasonable league with them as he could? Which thing when it was heard at Rome, it was not liked, and Emilius Lepidus was sent captain thither, and Mancinus called home to judgement. And after him went the Ambassadors of Numantia.  
While the matter was debated at Rome, Emilius was weary to stand still idle in Spain, and therefore picking a quarrel against the Vacceanes, invaded their country, he laid siege to Pallantia that had committed no fault. And sent his son in Law Brutus into other parts of Spain. Wherefore the Senate sent two Ambassadors unto him, marveling that he would seek new occasion of war, seeing the loss had been so great of late. He showed reasons the all Spain would have the Romans in contempt, if the war should be left now, and that the Numantines would thereby wax so strong, that it would be hard hereafter for the Romans to bridle or annoy them, and so sent away the Ambassadors without conclusion. 
Devise of Flaccus to save himself and his men  Flaccus one of his captains was gone for victual, and by the way was caught in a train, who seeing himself in such extremity and danger, suddenly eryed out, Pallantia is taken: at which words his soldiers made such shouts, as men be wont in victory, insomuch that the enemy afraid of themselves, retired, and so he saved himself and the victual, only by the devise of one word.  
The siege continued long at Pallantia, and the Romans lacked victual, they had eaten already their and beasts, 
Famine and mortality, able to daunt even the stoutest.  & begun to die of hunger. Emilius and Brutus sustained famine & disease long, but at length they were forced to give over, whereupon the captains went about the camp, commanding to departed before day, leaving behind them all things, even their wounded fellows, and sick soldiers, which pitifully embraced them, 
Vnnaturale & more than brutish unkindness, to leave our friends and companions in extremity.  and desired their help, but for all that they departed like men conquered, with tumult and disorder. The Pallantines issued out upon them and did them much hurt, following the chase from morning till night: The Romans being thus scattered, hither and thither, shifted away, and ran some hither, some thither, as hap lead them: So, that if by the purveyance of God, the Pallantines had not retired, they had been utterly confounded. When this was heard at Rome, they deprived Emilius of his office, & condemned him in a sum of money. Audience was given in the Senate house, to Mancinus, and the Ambassadors of the Numantines. They alleged the chapters of accord, and he laid all the blame in Pompey that was captain afore him: but he was pardoned before, and therefore this blame depended upon him. And so the Romans, by decree gave Mancinus into the hands of the Numantines, 
Mancinus reproachfully used.  because which out their consent, he had dishonourably concluded with them, following the example of their ancestors, that gave their Consul into the power of the Sanuites, because he had made a shameful peace.  
The Numantines would not take him, wherefore Furius led him into Spain, naked, and spoiled of all things. The charge of the army was committed to Calphurinus Piso, who entered the dominion of the Numantines, and after that he had a little ranged, and traversed the ground of the Pallantines without doing any harm, but spent the rest of his time in harborough at Carpetane. The people of Rome were weary of this tedious war, 
The noble & victorious Scipio.  and determined to create Cornelius Scipio, Consul, as he who only (as their hope was) could dispatch this enterprise, but because he could not be consul by reason of his young years, the senate was content the people should repeal the law for one year. And so he was made Consul, and came into Spain. He took up no soldiers by order, but such as would go with him of good will, and such as came to him from Cities and Kings confederated, he took to supply the number, many slaves, and made one band of such as were his assured friends and companions, which band he called Philonide.  
These soldiers to the number of four M. he took to his cousin Buteo to lead, and he went afore in haste to Spain, where he found the army lost and effeminated with riot and seditition: he considered well, that he should never do no feat with his men, except he had them in awe and order, and therefore he was no sooner come, but he banished all Merchants, Whores, 
The warlike discipline of Scipio.  & Soothsayers: For now the Soldiers were so frayed with the former losses, that they would do nothing but with Prophecies, he assigned few servants and Pieners, he sold all beasts of Carriage, except such as were needful, he would have no Cooks in the army, nor instruments of the kitchen, but a spit and a pot, & took an order for their diet, which was no more than sufficient.  
He would not suffer them to have any beds, and he himself was the first that slept upon a couch of straw. He forbade the soldiers in the way to ride upon the beasts of carriage, saying, there was no great hope of his travail, who could not walk a foot. He reproved them that had servants to rub them in the bathe, saying: that Mules without hands, had need of some to claw them.  
He by this means, brought the army, again to temperance, and obedience, and accustomed them to reverence and fear, and was hard to entreat, except it were in matters just and honest. He used to say, that gentle Captains were profitable to their enemies, and hard Captains were profitable to themselves.  
When he had brought them to good order, yet durst he not venture in any assay, till he had trained them further. Wherefore he made every day new Camps, one after an other, to keep them occupied, and cast great Ditches, and fill them again, builded high walls, and pulled them down again. And he in person was there from morning till night, to encourage the Labourers.  
In his way, he marched evermore in a square Battle, and would suffer none to go out of their place: He road about the army, some time before, some time behind, and made the sick Soldiers to ride in steed of the Horsemen. The Mules that were overladen, he caused to be lighted, and divided the burden among the footmen.  
When he camped in Summer, he would have the Horses that had been abroad by day, to rest at night, and have other go in their place. Every thing was appointed to every man, who to appoint the place, who to dig the Trench, who to build the wall, and who to set the tents, to all the which was a time and measure assigned.  
When he perceived the army to be in good discipline, and of lusty courage, he removed toward Numantia, and by the way made no great business, but kept himself close, lest otherwise he should grow into contempt among his enemies, if at the beginning, he should receive any loss: therefore considering well the state of the thing, and the importance of the Empire, he thought he would come with all force at once, upon the Numantines, he wasted every thing, and cut down the Corn, before it was ripe.  
There was two ways to Numantia, one short and plain, which they persuaded him to take: he answered that he must think as well of his Retire, as of his March, and considering the enemies were armed light, and had the City on their backs, they might so trouble him with his heavy carriage, that all his labour should be in vain: for if he did overcome, he should get no profit, and if he were overcome, he should have great loss. He said further that he was an evil captain, which would adventure to fight without great advantage, and he was a sage captain, that would not fight, but when mere necessity compelled him: even as wise Physicians, refrain from cutting and searing, till they have proved all other medicines and salves. Wherefore he gave order to go the longer way about, and to waste the land of the Vacceanes, from whence the Numantines had relief.  
The Pallantines had laid an ambushment in certain hills, and with an other company molested them that cut down the Corne. 
The Author of this history  Scipio sent a captain of his, named Rutilius Rufus, (who wrote this Pamphlet) with four Troops of Horsemen, to refrain their incursions, Rufus did his Office, and encountered with them, who of purpose fled to the Mountains, and he followed them too boldly, but when he suspected fraud, he made his men leave the chase, & only with their staves keep them off. When Scipio saw him approach too nigh the Hills, doubting of the train, he came forward to help him, and divided his men into two parts, to assail the enemies, and by encountering and retiring not hastily, but with the use of their shot, he saved all the other. After this he levied his camp, and went forward.  
There was a deep river, dangerous to wade, and full of mire, about the which, the enemies were ambushed, which when he perceived, he took an other way about, going night and day, and for lack of water made wells, in many of the which was found bitter water. And in the end, the men passed safe, although with pain, but of his Horses and Moils, there died a great number.  
Marching thorough the country of the Cauceanes, upon whom Lucullus had made injust war, he proclaimed by his Herald, that they should not doubt, but return every man home to his country to do his business. Than went he forward into the country of Numantia to lie there the Winter, till he had xii Elephants, & a band of Archers and slingers sent him from lugurth, Nephew to Massinissa, & as he was about a spoil, he fell on a time in an ambushment nigh a town, the greater part whereof, was environed with a fen & marsh, and the other with a sharp Hill and a thick Wood, in the which the ambushment lay. The host of Scipio was divided, and one part was gone into the Wood, to seek their prey, and had left their ensigns without, an other company of Horsemen not very many, were gone on for raging and ranging about, and were affronted of the ambushment. Scipio himself remained with the ensigns, and called forth the soldiers with a Trump, and before they were returned, a company of a thousand in an heap, went to secure the Horsemen, which began to shrink. And with the other, whom he had set in martial array, he himself went forth and made his enemies to fly, yet would he not pursue them.  
After this, having planted two Camps before Numantia, the government of the one he gave to his Brother Maximus, and the other governed himself.  

Polllcie of Scipio to win the city by famine.  The Numantines came many times out, and provoked the Romans to fight, but Scipio made light of it, not intending to try the matter, with such desperate people, but rather to conquer them by famine. Wherefore he builded seven Bastiones, and sent to the Nations his confederates thereabouts, appointing what men they should send him, over whom he appointed several Captains, and them he commanded to entrench the town.  
Numantia was three mile about, and the trench was as much again, and every part had his Governor, with order that when they were molested of the enemy, they should make a token with a red cloth upon a long spear, and if it were by night, they should make a fire.  
After the first trench was made, he caused an other to be begun, & to lay a foundation for a wall, the breadth whereof was viii. foot, and the height x. beside the battlements: and at every Arches breadth, was a tower, and because he could not keep the proportion of the wall for a standing water that was there, he made a thick rampire to serve in place of the wall. This Scipio was the first (as I think) that entrenched a Camp, before that City which refused not to fight.  
There was a River called Duero, which did the Numantines much ease, as well for the conveyance of victual, as for the privy passage of men, where off some dived under the water, and some with small vessels, when the wind was great, 
The river Duero chained over.  passed thorough at their pleasure. And because he could make no bridge over it, for the swiftness and Carriages of the water, he made two Forts at either side, and from the one Fort to the other, he tied long Beams with Ropes, overthwart the river, to the bottom of the water, and in the Beams were pricked sword blades, and all kind of sharp pointed fools, the which turning up and down with the stream of the water, kept the enemies from passage, as well by ship as by swimming. This was the thing that Scipio most desired, to keep them from all outgoing, and receiving of any thing in. Upon the towers of the wall, he placed engines to shoot darts & stones, and the walls were fully furnished with cast and shot, and the Forts stoutly warded with Archers, and slingers. And beside this, he gave order, that a number of men should be always ready to signify from one to another, what chanced, & that they of the Towers should, in any lack set up a banner, where the thing was, and that the other should follow the same.  
And this was to know every sudden accident, but in such cases, as were to be precisely and secretly declared, other wise he ordained, that the message should be brought by mouth.  
He divided his army into two parts, which was of the number of forty thousand persons, one part kept the Walls, and the other served to fight abroad, of the which, twenty thousand were ordinary, and twenty thousand in relief. All these had their place appointed, from the which they might not pass, but with licence, and repaired to the same, at the sight of a token.  
Of the other side the Numantines ceased not to assault the Ward, sometime on one side, and sometime on an other, but the defence was so marvelous and so sudden, and the multitude of standards so great, and the number of men so many, which at the sound of a Trump, even as it were in a moment, came to the wall & the noise of the drums so terrible, that many times the Numantines remained amazed. This enclosure, that compassed six mile and more, Scipio every day and every night, paced & went over in his own person, to see what was done. The enemies being thus shut from all hope of relief, could not long continue.  
There was one Ritogenes, one of the chief of the City, 
Valiant enterprise of Ritogenes.  who with five companions and as many servants and horses, in a dark night, passed from the Town to the Trench, and with Ladders for the purpose scaled the same, taking the watch a sleep, & with their devices conveyed over their horses, & went to the City of the Aruaceanes, and as humble suitors besought them to help the poor Numantines their kinsmen and neighbours. The Aruaceanes did them no hurt, but for fear, charged them to departed.  
From thence they went to Lucia, a strong City, where the youth was inclined to favour them: But the ancients sent word of it to Scipio, & he in the night went forth, and by break of day, had compassed the City, and required the heads of the young men to be given him: they answered, that they were fled and gone. He menaced to sack their Town, except they were delivered. 
Punishment of wilful & wild young heads.  Wherefore for fear they brought them forth, to the number of four hundred, whose hands Scipio cut off, and went his way.  
The Numantines oppressed with the misery of famine and penury, 
Hunger maketh the stoutest to stoop.  sent five men to Scipio, to know what clemency he would use with them if they did render. The chief of the five stood greatly upon his honour, and magnified the purpose of the Numantines, who so valiantly had stood to the defence of their liberty, wives, and children, and affirmed that it should be a thing convenient to the noble nature of Scipio, to take pity of so noble a people. Wherefore (quoth he) receive us to thy mercy, with convenient punishment, or come and fight with us, that we may die like men.  
Scipio, who knew well enough how it was with them, required that they should simply render themselves to his discretion, which answer when it was reported to the Numantines, like men mad and furious, they killed the v. messengers, as bringers of evil news: so fierce was their nature by continual calamity, not accustomed to obey.  
And after they had spent all their beasts, 
The miserarable & lamentable state of the Numantins.  and fed upon Leather suppled in water, last of all they fell to eating of dead men's flesh, which they either found decayed or killed themselves, where upon their nature was become like the nurture that they took, and at length conquered with famine, and pestilence, they yielded to Scipio.  
He commanded them to bring forth all their armour, and come themselves, into a place appointed.  
But they deferred the day, because some desired to end their lives by famine, in the liberty of their country.  
Such high courage was in this little City, that so many times had driven the Romans to make such accord with them, as they never did, with any other nations.  
Every man knoweth what a captain this Scipio was, that lay at the siege, with threescore thousand men, & yet they with their eight thousand, provoked him many times to fight.  
But surely he was more expert than any other captain, and by his long experience in wars, knew that it was a thing bootless, and would not avail, to fight and deal with such savage people any other way, than to subdue them by hunger, which is remediless, and the only thing, that could overthrow the Numantines, as it did in deed. They that determined to die in the space of three days dispatched themselves, some one way, and some an other. The other came forth at the place appointed, 
Numantia conquered by Scipio.  all deformed and horrible to see, their bodies were foul, and their hair long, their nails overgrown, and full of filth, their garments ill favoured and worse savoured, and the whole feature of their body ugly and terrible, their countenance strange & fierce, their affections cruel & beastly, being by their diet turned from the nature of men.  
The Romans were asronished at the sight, with marvel at their disposition of body and mind, they considered the penury, the dolour, and the pain that they had taken, they abhorretd he remembrance of their feeding, being driven one to gnaw another's flesh: their infected air, their perishing by hunger, their decay by sword, made the Romans heavy in that their time of joy. Scipio reserved some of them for the triumph, and sold the others.  
This captain that had overthrown two mighty cities, and hard to be taken, reserved Carthage, that was so great, and had Empire both by sea and land, and destroyed Numantia from the foundation, that was but little, and of small receit, which he did either because it was so expedient for the Romans, or because he was a man of cruel nature to them whom he took by force, or (as some men think) because he thought his glory should grow by the quantity of their affliction, and therefore he is called Africanus, and Numantinus of the calamities that he wrought these two cities. When he had divided the country of Numantia to the next cities, and quieted the suspected places, with payment of money, he went home by ship.  
After him came other captains and did no great feats, saving only Didius, slew a xx. M. Aruaceanes, and made the Citizens of Termeto to leave their strong situation, and dwell in the plain. He also took Colenda, ix. months after he had besieged it. And in one thing followed the cruel●te of Lucullus, for he made a number of Celtiberians believe, that he would give them land to inhabit, and apponted them to come to a place assigned with their wives and children. And when they were come in deed, 
Cruelty & falsehood of Lidius.  he made his army to kill them every mother's son. After him came Flaccus, and killed xx. M. of them, and at the city of Belgida the people was disposed to rebel, and caused the Senators to consult what was best to be done, and because they were long or the could conclude, they set fire on the place and burned them all. After the which time there was no great a do, till Q. Sertorius, a noble man of Rome, and of the faction of Cinnia, made much a do in Spain against the Romans, against whom Cecelius Metellus, and Gneus Pompeius were sent, and after that Certorius was traitorously slain by Perpenna, one of his own sort: Pompey made an end of the war, and slew Perpenna. After him Caius Caesar had somewhat add with Pompey's children, who were favoured in the country, and last of all Octavius Cesar subdued them that disobeyed, and made an end of them. All the which things because they were done of the Romans against Romans, in the time of civil war, they be declared in the books appropriate to the same. And when the Emperor of Rome had the Lordship of all the world, and every land was at his commandment, than Spain was compelled to receive such government as he did appoint, which 〈…〉 precedent of justice, and a 〈…〉 war. And after the decli●●… 〈◊〉 of the Roman Empire, they recovered liberty, and grew into kingdoms, as other countries did.  
FINIS.   

Imprinted at London, by Thomas East. 1580.