A jewel for Gentry.  
Being an exact Dictionary, or true Method, to make any Man understand all the Art, Secrets, and worthy Knowledges belonging to Hawking, Hunting, Fowling and Fishing. Together with all the true Measures for Winding of the HORN.  
Now newly published, and beautified with all the rarest experiments that are known or practised at this Day.   depiction of a few men hunting 
Printed at London ●or ●ohn H●●●●, and are to be ●old at his shop in St. Duns●anes Churchyard in Fl●●t●●reet. 1614   

TO THE RIGHT Worshipful Mr. John took, one of the Auditors of his majesties Courts of Wards and Liveries.  
SYR: Books that in times past were accounted the Noblest Tributes which could come to the hands of Virtue, are now either in themselves so disfigured, or by ignorance so slightly esteemed, that Goodness is half afraid to appear before great men; yet I that know the measure of your temper, ever ready to adorn any shadow of modest and good proportion, am bold, out of my best love, to solicit you with this presentment, in which is matter worthy your ear, being indeed those absolute parts of Music which make perfect the harmony of a true Gentleman. I do not offer it as a disturber of your more serious Meditations, but as an attendant, to wait the leisure of those good hours, when you shall unbend your mind from the troubles of graver business, then to recreate and erect your spirits with the exercises of these wholesome and well-allowed pleasures. I need not run into any gloss or commendations of their natures, since the use and allowance thereof (being seldom or never accompanied without virtue) are Letters-Patents of such strength as no malice, or strictness of life can infringe or make of less value than an ample goodness. What ever they are, yours they now are, and with them myself ever to be disposed by you.  
Your Worships ever at command. T. S.   

To the Reader.  
THis Collection (Gentle Reader) how ever in former Impressions dismembered and robbed of his best lynaments by an unskilful Register, or a more ignorant workman (both being far to seek in the Arts, and in the Antiquity of the the Phrase) was notwithstanding in its first birth the child of the most excellentest Father that ever begot, in memory, any work of this nature, and was for the glory thereof the first book that ever was Printed in this Kingdom, as may appear by the record of Books then Printed at Saint Albon. Now for as much as the defects were so gross that Trestram himself would hardly have known so near a kinsman, I have for the world's general satisfaction reduced it so truly to the natural beauty of his own Parents, that not the severest, but with much content would willingly embrace it. And whereas the alterations, and beget of times have brought forth many notable and famous experiments, unknown or assayed by our first Ancestors, I have also gathered them together, and so made to their excellent grounds the rare distance of latter wits, that the most curious shall not need to seek further for any necessary knowledge in any of these several recreations: for he shall learn hereby both absolutely to do and speak whatsoever beseems the person of such a professor: Therefore as it hath been gathered with Care, embrace it with Love, and I will wish thee what I would have heaven give me; The name of a good man.   

A jewel for Gentry. Being an exact Dictionary, or true Method, to make any man understand all the Art, Secrets, and worthy knowledges belonging to Hawking, Hunting, Fowling, and Fishing, together with all the true measures for the winding of the Horn.  
FIrst, to entreat of Hawks from their beginnings: First understand they be Eggs, then after they are disclosed, Hawks, but goshawks be commonly disclosed as soon as choughs, and in some places sooner, according to the temperature of the Country, and timely breeding. You are to understand that Hawks, do eyrie, and not breed in Woods: and further, that Hawks do draw, when they bear timbring to their nests, and not that they build, or make their nests: and in time of their love, they call, and not kanke, & you must say that they tread, and when they be unclosed and begin for to feather any thing of length, by kind they will draw out of their nests, and come to the bows, and come again to their nests, and then they be called Bowesses or Branchers: and after S. Margaret's day, they fly from tree to tree: and then they are called Branchers only, than it is time for to take them: and seven days after S. Margaret's day, is the best taking of Sparrowhawkes. Yet there be some Falconers which will take them within seven days after they be disclosed, at which time the white down is not come from them, nor any pen-feather (except upon the wings) to be discerned, and such Hawks are called jesses: they be most familiar and loving to the man, very ha●●y, and not apt by any means to be lost, only their excessive crying is much troublesome.  

How you shall behave you in taking of Hawks, and with what Instruments, and how you shall Ma●e them.  
HE that will take Hawks, must have Nets which are called urines, and those must be made of good small thread, and it must be died either green or blue, that they be not espied, and you must take with you needle and thread, to inséele the Hawks that are taken, and in this manner they must be inséeled: Take the needle & thread and put it through the upper eye lid, and so of the other, and make them fast under the beak that she see not: when she is inséeled, bear her home, and cast her on the Perch, and let her stand there a night and a day, and the next day take and cut the thread away softly for breaking the eye lids: then gently begin to reclaim her, and deal easily with her, till she will sit upon thy fist, for fear of hurting her wings, and the same night after the feeding, wake her all night & all the next day, than she will be easy enough to be reclaimed and the first meat that she eateth let it be hot, and give her enough thereof. Now there be Falconers of latter and better knowledge which will not seel their young Hawks at all, but rather Male them, which is less painful and dangerous to the Hawk, and it is in this manner: you shall take an handkerchief, and knitting the two corners together so strait that the Hawk can but only put forth her head, which forcing her to do you shall draw the rest of the handkerchief over all her body, and fold it so close about her, that by no means she can stir her wings, which done, you may carry her home without any trouble, and there unmayling her, cast her on the Perch.   

How your Hawk may be drawn to be reclaimed, and the manner of her diet.  
BEfore you cast your Hawk upon the Perch, you shall put upon her a Rufter hood, which must be wide and easy, then by rubbing warm meat upon her feet, and tickling her so as she may look downward, and sometimes by touching her beak with the meat, and then putting it to her feet again, you shall make her learn to feed, which after she hath taken a bite or two she will do willingly: than you shall begin to watch her, and not suffer her to take any rest till she be so gentle and patiented that she will suffer you to take off her hood, and put it on again, and will feed bare faced, without taking any offence or bating: then being hard penned, she may be drawn to be reeclaymed: for while she is tender penned, she is not able to be rclaymed: and if she be a Goshawk or tercel that is reclaimed, ever feed her with washed meat at the drawing, and at the reclaiming, but let it be hot, and in this manner wash it: Put the meat into the water, and strike it up and down in the water, and wring the water out of it, and feed her therewith, if she be a Brauncher: and if it be an Eyes, you must wash it cleaner than ye do to the Brauncher, and with a linen cloth wipe it and feed her: and evermore the third day when she is flying give her casting, and if she be a Goshawk or tercel, in this manner: Take new Blanket cloth, and cut fine morsels, & with a knives point make a hole in every morsel, and put in the pellets of cloth, and put them in a fair dish of water, then take the Hawk and give her a morsel of hot meat, the quantity of half her supper, then take that which lieth in the water and feed her for all night.   

How you shall feed your Hawk, and to know her infirmities, and of the diversities of them.  
IF your Hawk be a Sparhawke, ever feed her with unwashed meat, and look that her casting be plumage, then look it be clean under the Perch, for the next day you shall find her casting under the Perch, and thereby you shall know whether she be clean or not: for some pieces will be yellow, and some green, and some clammy, and some clear: and if it be yellow she engendereth the Frounce, which is an evil that will rise in the mouth, or in the cheek: and if it be green she engendereth the Rye: the condition of this evil is this, it will arise in the head, and make the head swell, and the eye will be heavy and dark, and if it be not helped it will fall down into the legs, and make them rankle, and if it go into the head again, than the Hawk is lost: if it be clammy the engendereth an evil called the Cray, which is when she may not mutise or mute.   

Mark well your Medicines here following.  
FOr the Frounce in the mouth, take the small end of a silver spoon, and put it into the fire, till it be hot, then open the beak and burn the sore, & anoint it with the marrow of a Goose, that hath lain long, and it will help her: if the Frounce be great, then there is a gurb in it, which you must cut with a Razor, hold the Hawk and slit the place where the sore is, and you shall find in it as it were the maw of a Pigeon, take a pair of shears and snip the sore, and make it as clean as you can with a linen cloth, and anoint the sore four days with Balm, and afterwards with Pampilion till it be whole: The Frounce cometh when a man feedeth his Hawk with Pork or Horseflesh four days together.  
For default of hot meat the disease of the Rye cometh, and the best cure therefore is to let her tire much upon sinewic and tough meat, as the ●umps of Mutton, Beef, or such like, and with the same to mingle ever a handful of Parsley, that as she tears the meat she may tear it also.   

How the Cray cometh.  
THe Cray cometh of washed meat, which is washed with hot water, for lack of hot meat, & it cometh of threads which is in the flesh that the Hawk is fed with, and though ye pick the flesh never so clean, ye shall find threads therein. And the best cure is with a little warm oil of Roses to bath and cleanse her tuel or fundament, and then to give her the scouring of Selladine roots dipped in Oil of Roses also.   

When your Hawk shall bathe her.  
EVery third day let your Hawk bathe her during Summer, if it be fair weather, & once in a week in Winter, if it be warm, and not else, and when you bathe your Hawk ever give her some hot meat unwashed, although she be a Goshawk, and the best hot meat is Sparrows or other small birds, and next them the Pigeon, Rook, or Chicken.   

How you shall make your Hawk fly with a good courage in the morning.  
IF you will have her fly in the morning, feed her the night before with hot meat, and wash the same meat in urine, and wring out the water clean, and that will make her have a lusty courage to fly after the best manner.   

How you shall guide your Hawk if she be full gorged, and that you would gladly have a flight.  
IF your Hawk be full gorged, and that you would speedily have her fly, take four corns of Wheat, and put them in a morsel of flesh, and give it her to eat, and she will quickly cast all that is within her, and after that she hath cast, look that you have some hot meat to give her. Yet use this but seldom for fear it bring your Hawk to such a weakness of stomach that the will not be able to endue any meat at all.   

Another medicine for the Rye.  
TAke D●●e leaves and stamp them in a Mortar, and wring out the juice, & with a pen put it into the Hookemares once or twice, when the Hawk is small gorged, and anon after let her lyre, and she shall be as whole as a fish.  
Also, and you give your Hawk fresh Butter, or Marrow of Hogs that is in the bone of the leg of Pork, it will make her cast water at the mares: but it will make her haughty and proud.   

Another medicine for the Cray.  
TAke and chafe the fundament of your Hawk with your hand and warm water a good while, and after that take the powder of Saxifrage, or else the powder of Rew, and a quantity of May Butter, and temper them well together, then put it in a little Box and stop it close, and every meal when you feed your Hawk anoint her meat therewith, and for the love of the ointment she will eat her meat the better. This experiment will keep her from the Cray, and many other sicknesses that oft engender in Hawks. Also take the whole heart of a Pig, and feed her therewith two days, and it will make her whole.  
Also take Pork and put it into hot Milk, and feed your Hawk therewith, and that will make your Hawk mute after the best manner: And Pork, with the Marrow of the Leg of Pork will make her do the like. Also use her to fresh Butter & it will do the same. Also one or two meals of a Pig's liver hot will make her mute, but let her not have too great a gorge thereof, for it is a perilous meat. Also take the white of an Egg, and beat it that it be as thin as water: put the same in a vessel, and steep the meat therein all the day before you give it her, and at night feed her therewith, and that which shall be for her dinner the next day, let it lie in steep all night: but in any wise see that you have fresh whites of Eggs, and if her feeding be of Pork it is the better. This is proved.   

The perfect rules or terms for Falconers, belonging to Hawks.  
THe first is hold fast at all times, and especially when she bateth: it is called bating, for she bateth with herself most often causeless. The second is, rebate your Hawk to your fist, and that is when your Hawk bateth, the least moving that you can make of your fist, she will rebate again on your fist. The third is, seed your Hawk, and not give her meat. The fourth, she smiteth or seweth her beak, and not wipeth. The fist, your Hawk souketh, and not sleepeth. The sixth, she pruneth, and not perketh: and she pruneth not but when she beginneth at her legs, and fetcheth moisture like Oil at her tail, and bawmeth her feet, and stroketh the feathers of her wings through her beak: it is called the Note, when she fetcheth such oil. A Hawk would never be let of her pruning: for when she pruneth herself she is lusty and of good liking, and when she hath done she will rouse herself mightily: and sometime she countenanceth as she picketh her, and yet she pruneth her not, and then you must say she reformeth her feathers, and not pick her feathers. The seventh your Hawk collyeth, and not beaketh. The eight rouseth, and not shaketh her. The ninth, she stretcheth, and not claweth nor scratcheth. The tenth, she mantelleth, and not stretcheth: when she putteth forth her legs from her, one after another, and her wings follow her legs, than she doth mantel her, and when she hath mantelled and bringeth both her wings together over her back, you must say she warbleth her wings, and that is a term fit for it. The eleventh, your Hawk mutesseth, or muteth, and not shiteth. The twelfth, you cast your Hawk upon the Perch and not set her upon the Perch.   

For special terms belonging to Hawks, when you shall have any cause to commend them for divers of their properties.  
FIrst, you must say she is a fair Hawk, a huge Hawk, a long Hawk, a short thick Hawk: and not to say, a great Hawk: Also she hath a large beak, or a short beak: and not call it a bill: and a huge head, or a small head, fair seasoned. You must say your Hawk is full gorged, and not cropped: and your Hawk putteth over and endueth, and yet she doth both diversly. You shall say she is a Hawk of an excellent piece, when her proportion is square and broad between the Pinions, you shall say she is of a fair malye, either sandy, blue, or white, which are the extremest circles or tips of her feathers.   

How your Hawk putteth over.  
SHe putteth over when she removeth her meat from her gorge into her bowels: and thus ye shall know: when she hath put it over, she traverseth with her body, and specially with her neck, as a Crane doth, or other bird.   

When you shall say she endueth and embowelleth.  
SHe never endueth so long as her bowels be full at her feeding, but as soon as she is fed and resteth, she endueth by little and little: and if her gorge and her bowels in any thing stiffeth, you shall say she is emboweled, and hath not fully endued: and as long as you may find any thing in her bowels, it is very dangerous to give her any meat.   

Mark well these terms.  
SAy your Hawk hath a long wing, a fair long tail with six bars out, and standeth upon the seventh. This Hawk is interpened, that is to say, where the feathers of the wings be between the body & thighs: this Hawk hath an huge leg; or a flat leg, or a round leg, or a fair enfered leg.   

To know the mail of an Hawk.  
Hawks have white mail, Canvas mail, or red mail, and some call red mail, iron mail: which mail is soon known. Canvas mail is between white mail and iron mail, and iron mail is very red.   

Plumage and cast your Hawk.  
A Goshawk nor Tercel, in their sore age have not their mails named, but is called their plumage: and after that coat it is called their mail: And if your Hawk fly for, or reward to any Hawk by countenance to fly thereto, you shall say cast your Hawk thereto, and not fly thereto.   

Noumed or seized.  
ANd if your Hawk nim a fowl, & the fowl break from her, she hath discomfited many feathers of the fowl, that is broken away: but in kindly speech you shall say, your Hawk hath noumed or seized a fowl, & not taken it.   

Wherefore a Hawk is called a Rifler.  
OFtentimes it happeneth with a Hawk, that for eagerness when she should noun a Fowl, she seizeth but the feathers, and therefore such Hawks be called Riflers if they do oft so.   

The names of all the members of your Hawks, with their convenient terms.  
FIrst, Cleys behind that straineth the back of the hand, ye shall call them Talons.  
The Cleys within the foot, you shall call them her pounses.  
But the Cleys that are upon the middle stretchers, you shall call them the long sengles.  
And the uttermost Cleys, you shall call them petty sengles, and the leg in general is called the beam.   

The Key or closer.  
THe long sengles are called the Key of the foot, or the closer: for what thing soever a Hawk straingeth, is upon the single, and the strength thereof fortifieth all the foot.   

Seres of watery or waxy colours.  
YOu shall understand, that the skin about the Hawks legs and her feet, is called the Seres of her legs, and her feet whether they be watery or waxy colour are yellow, yet some be more bluish or inclining to a sea-gréene, which is the best of all, for it showeth valour, and that the Hawk is bred in a hard, cold, and strong Erie.   

The beam feathers.  
A Hawk hath twelve feathers on her tail, and one principal feather of the same in the midst, and in a manner all the rest are covered under the said feather, and that is called the beam feather of the tail, & there is black bars overthwart the tail, and those bars will tell you when she is full summed or full fermed: for when she is full barred she standeth upon seven, and then she is perfect ready to be reclaimed: as long as a Hawk standeth under the number of seven bars, and she be in her sore age, you may say she is not full summed, for so long she is but tender penned, whether she be Brauncher or Eyes: And if she be a mewed Hawk and stand within seven bars, you may say she is not full fermed, for she is not able to be reclaimed, because she is drawn too soon out of the mew, for she is not penned no harder than a sore Hawk: or you shall say her feathers are in blood, which is a general warning or caveat that you may in no wise draw or reclaim your Hawk till she be hard penned.   

Brayles or Braylefeathers.  
AN Hawk hath long small white feathers, hanging under her tail from her bowels downward, and it is called the Braylefeather: and commonly every Goshawk, and every Tercels brayles be sprinkled with black specks like armines, but for all that, they be accounted never the better: But if a Sparrowhawke, be so armined upon the brayles, or any Musket, you shall say she is degouted to the uttermost brayle, and it betokeneth great hardness.   

Breast feathers, Plumage, Barb feathers, Pendant feathers.  
THe feathers above the former part of a Hawk, be called breast feathers, and the feathers under the wings are Plumage: the feathers under the beak be called Barb feathers: the feathers that be at the joint of the knee, that are hanging and sharp at the ends, those be called the Pendant feathers.   

Flages or flag feathers.  
THe feathers at the wings next to the body, be the flages, or flag feathers.   

Beam feathers of the wing.  
THe long feather of the wing is called the Beam feather, and the feather that some call the pinion of other fowls, of an Hawk it is called a sarcel: and if she be in mew, the same feather will be the last that she will cast, and till that be cast she is never mewed. I have heard some say that she hath cast that first, but the other rule is more common: and when she hath cast her sercel in mew, then is it time to feed her with washed meat, & to begin to ensayme her.   

Ensayme.  
ENsayme of an Hawk is the grease, and if that be taken away with feeding of washed meat (as it is declared hereafter) she will gender a panel, which will be her utter confusion, if she fly therewith and take cold thereupon: for indeed it is only moderate and temperate exercise which best ensaymeth a Hawk, for that breaketh and dissolveth the grease most naturally, which afterward you must force her to avoid by gentle scour, and after taking of stones and casting, the one being an excellent colour, and the other a most perfect cleanser of the gorge and other unclean places where the glut remaineth.   

Coverts, or covert feathers.  
THere be feathers upon the Sercelles, and those be called covert-feathers, and so all the feathers be called that be next over the beam feathers, or the flag feathers of the wings: the foremost out-bearing feathers of a Hawk are called the breast feathers, the feathers under the wings are called plumage, those under the beak are called the barb feathers, and those which are at the joint of the Hawks knee, hanging downward, be called the pendant feathers.   

Back feathers.  
THe feathers upon the back, half be called back feathers.   

Beak, Clap, Nares, Sere.  
THe Beak of the Hawk is the upper part that is créeked: the neither part is called the Clap of the Hawk: the holes in the Hawks beak be called the Nares: the yellow between the beak and the eye is called the Sere.   

Cryvets.  
THere be long small black feathers like hairs about the Seres, and those be called Cryvets of the Hawk.   

Sore age.  
YOu shall understand that the first year of an Hawk, whether she be a Brancher or Eyesse, the first is called her sore age, and all that year she is called a sore Hawk: and if she escape that year, with good feeding she is like to endure long, and then she is called an Entermewer: the third year she is a white Hawk, the fourth a white Hawk of the first coat, and so doubling till her end.   

To reclaim a Hawk.  
IF you will reclaim your Hawk, you must divide one meal into three, until that she will come to reclaim: and when she will come to reclaim, make her that she sore not, nor plane: for though she be well reclaimed, it may fall out that she will sore so high, that ye shall never see nor find her: And if your Hawk fly to the Partridge, look that ye ensayme her before she fly, whether she be a Brauncher, Eyesse, or mewed Hawk.   

When a Hawk is called an Eyesse.  
A Hawk that is called an Eyesse, is for her eyen: for a Hawk that is brought up under a Buzzard or Puttock, (as many are) have watery eyen: for when they be disclosed and kept in form till they be full summed, ye shall know that by her watery eyes, and also her look will not be so quick as a Braunchers is: and so because the best knowledge is by the eye, they be called Eyesse: ye may know an Eyesse by the paleness of the Seres of her legs, or the sere over the beck: also by the taints that be upon her tail and her wings: which taints come for lack of feeding when they be Eyesses. This is an other opinion of Eyesses but that which is formerly declared is most usual, common and oftest within our practice, for in these latter days, of better knowledge, men will not so misspend the eggs of good Hawks as to suffer them to be disclosed by Buzzards, or any unworthy fowls.   

What a Taint is.  
A Taint is a thing that goeth overthwart the feathers of the wings and of the tail, like as it were eaten with worms, and it beginneth first to breed at the body in the pen, and the same pen shall fret a sunder, and fall away through the same Taint, and then is the Hawk desparaged for all that year.   

Medicines to Ensayme your Hawk.  
TAke the root of Rasne, and put it in clean water, and lay your flesh therein to temper a great while, and give it to your Hawk to eat: and if she eat thereof, dread not but it will abate her grease, but in three days she will not greatly abate. Also take puliol and Garlic, and stamp it well together, and wring out the juice in a dish and then wet the flesh therein, and feed your Hawk therewith: Ensayme your Hawk within four days, but look every day that you make new juice, and when you feed her, wet your meat therein: Also take juice of Marsley mores, otherwise called Persley roots, and the same of Isope, and wash your flesh therein, and your Hawk shall be ensaymed kindly, and no great abate to the Hawk. Some use to lay their flesh in water almost a day, and give the same to the Hawk at supper, and let that lie all night to give her in the morning, and thus to feed them in the mew, or ere they be drawn, about a month or six weeks, and to ensayme them ere they come on the fist, and assoon as they cast their sarcel, then is it time to feed them so.   

How your Hawk ensaymeth.  
YOu shall further understand, that so long as your Hawks feet look black and rough, she is full of grease, and ever as she ensaymeth, her feet will wax yellow and look smooth.   

How you shall behave yourself when your Hawk is ready to fly.  
WHen you have ensaymed your Hawk and reclaimed her, and that she is ready to fly to the Partridge, you must take a Partridge in your bag and go into the field, and let your Spaniels find a covey of Partridges, and when they bup and begin to scatter, you must mark them and couple up your Spaniels: and when you have so done, let him that hath the Partridge in the bag take a pair of creance to the Partridge leg, and cast her up as high as you can, & as soon as your Hawk seeth her she will fly thereto: and if your Partridge seize upon her above, give her a reward thereupon: this done, go to the Partridges that you have marked, do as hereafter followeth: and if you have a chastised Spaniel that is rebuked and is a retriver, uncouple him alone and go and single out one of the Partridges of the covey, and go as nigh to the rising of him as you can, and if your Hawk have a desire cast her to it: and if she take it, than your Hawk is made for that year, and of the same Partridge that she slayeth you must thus reward her as followeth. There be other latter Fawlkners which for the making of a young Hawk, will take a Partridge and seel it, then coming into the field, in a place which is both most likely for the haunt of Partridges, and also most convenient for the making of your slight: take the Partridge and lay her down close in some furrow, and cover her with a Hat, so as she cannot spring up, then having a long line fastened to the Hat, let one stand a far off from the Hat, and hold the line in his hand, all which when you see well prepared, then cast off your Hawk, and after she hath flown about or two, seeing her head to be turned inward towards the game, you shall cause him that hath the string to pluck away the Hat, upon which discovery the Partridge will spring, and the Hawk will stoop and pursue it, which assoon as she hath taken, you shall very well reward her upon it, as with the head, neck, entrails, and at the least one of the legs, only you must remember, that before you give your Hawk this train, you must make her very willing to foot any hand Partridge whatsoever.   

How you shall reward your Hawk.  
TAke the Partridge, and cut the head and neck from the body, and 〈◊〉 the skin from the neck, and give it her to eat, and cover the body of the Fowl with a hat, and lay the said head and the neck thereupon, and if she will forsake the Fowl that she plumeth on and come to the reward, then secretly take away the Partridge, and reward your Hawk with the brain and the neck, but beware that she eat no bones, for it will make her unlusty for to fly: and thus must you serve her of as many as she flieth at, but let her reward be the less, or else she will be quickly full gorged, and then she will not fly a good while.   

How your Hawk shall rejoice herself.  
WHen your Hawk hath slain a Fowl, and that you have rewarded her as before, let her fly no more till she hath rejoiced her: that is to say, till she hath sewed, feakt, or snited her beak, or else roused her: and when she hath done any of all these, go and retrieve more, and she will nim plenty.   

When your Hawk hath noumed a Fowl, what you shall do that you rebuke not the Hawk.  
Learn this thing when she doth nim a Fowl, stand good way from her, and take away your Spanieles for rebuking of her, for divers Hawks con not abide the Spaniels, and when your Hawk plumeth, come softly towards her nearer and nearer, and if she leave pluming & look upon you: stand still and chearke her and wistell her, until shd plume again, and serve her thus until you be nigh her, then softly fall on your Knees, and privily while she plumeth, set your hand, and be sure of the jesse, and then ye may guide all things as you will, and if you do the contrary, she will for fear carry away the game, or let it go quick, which is loss both to you and to your Hawk also. Besides, rash coming in to a Hawk, maketh her take dislike at a man's face and countenance, and that toy once conceived, she will never after endure to look upon him at liberty, as we daily see by experience of many good Hawks at this day, from whom the best Fawlkners cannot take away that infirmity: therefore the safest way of prevention, is to do nothing about her rashly, but with great temperance and a countenance cheerful, and amiable.   

A Medicine for an Hawk that is lousy.  
TAke quicksilver, and put it into a Basin of Brass, and put into it Salindine and Ashes, and mingle it well together till the quicksilver be dead, & put thereto fat of bones, and anoint the Hawk therewith, and it will kill the Lice: also powder of Orpement blown upon the Hawk with a quill will kill the Lice.   

The opinion of Ostregiors.  
AFter the opinion of many Ostregiors, if you feed your Hawk continually with Pork, with jays or Pies, or carry her much in rainy weather, she will be lousy.   

Ostregers, sperviters, Falconers.  
BEcause I spoke of Ostregers, you shall understand that they be called Ostregers that keep goshawks or Tercels of goshawks, and those that keep Sparrowhawkes and Muskets, be called sperviters, and keepers of all other Hawks be called Falconers.  
You shall call the long Line wherewith you call your Hawk, your Creance, whatsoever it be.   

A medicine for an Hawk that casteth her flesh.  
Put the flesh that you feed your Hawk withal in fair water, and feed her therewith three days, and it will keep her in flesh.   

A medicine for an Hawk that hath lost her courage.  
YOu may know when your Hawk hath lost her courage, for when you cast her to the Fowl: she flieth awayward, as though she knew not the Fowl, or else she will fly a little after her, and then give her up: and this is a very good remedy for such a Hawk. Take Oil of Spain, and temper it with clear Wine and the yolk of an Egg, and put into it some Beef, and give her thereof five morsels, and then set her in the Sun, and at night feed her with an old hot Culuer, and if you feed her thus three times: your Hawk was never so lusty and jolly before, as she will be after, and come to her courage again.   

A Medicine that an Hawk shall not lie in Mew for unlustiness.  
TAke Fearne roots that grow within an Oak, and Oak apples, and make juice of them, and wet her flesh therein that she eateth, and feed her three or four times, and it will make her leave that.   

A Medicine for an Hawk that hath the Tanie.  
A Hawk that hath the Tanie, a man may soon know if he take heed: for this is her manner, she will pant more for one baiting then some will do for three or four, and if she should fly a little while, she would almost lose her breath: whether she be fat or lean, and she will be always heavy, and this is the remedy. Take a quantity of the redness of Hasell, and a little of the powder of Rosen, of Pepper, and somewhat of Ginger, and make thereof with fresh grease three pellets, and hold your Hawk to the fire, and when she feeleth the heat, make her swallow the three pellets by force, and knit her beak fast that she cast it not out again, and this do three times, and she shall be safe.  
Also take Alexander, and the Roots of Primroses, and the root Grongnaulles, and seeth them in Butter, and give her three morsels every day, until she be whole, and look that she be empty when ye give the medicine.   

How you shall take your Hawk from the Erye.  
WHo so taketh his Hawk from the Erye, it behoveth him to be wise in bringing her easily, and to keep her from cold, and from hurting of her bones, for they be tender, and she must have great rest, and they must have as clean air as can be, and always give her clean and hot meat, and give her a little and often, and change her meat often, and cut her meat into small morsels, for they should not tire on bones: and then when she beginneth to pen, and plumeth, and pruneth, and picketh herself, put her into a close warm place where no Vermin may come in to her, and let the place be close from wind and rain, and then she will some herself: and evermore give her good hot meats, for it is better for a man to feed his Hawk while she is tender with good meat, and to make her good with some cost, then to feed her with evil meats to make her unthrifty with little cost: and look when she beginneth to some, then give her bathing.   

A Medicine for worms in a Hawk, which sickness is called the Fylanders.  
BEware of this sickness: the remedy for it is this. Take an herb that is called Neppe, and put it into the gut of a Capon, or of an Hen, and knit it with a thread, and let her receive it whole, and she will be whole and safe.  
Thus you shall know when your Hawk hath worms in her belly: look when she hath cast, and then ye shall find one or two about her casting place, if she hath within her any.   

A Medicine for an Hawk that casteth worms at her fundament, and what worms they be.  
TAke the lymayle of iron, and mingle it with the flesh of Pork, and give it two days to the Hawk to eat, and she shall be whole.   

A Medicine for an Hawk that hath a sickness called the Aggersteyne.  
WHen you see your Hawk hurt her feet with her beak, and pulleth her tail, than she hath the Aggersteyne: For this disease, take the dung of a Dove, and the dung of a Sheep, and strong Vinegar, and mingle them softly in a brazen basin, and mingle them well together to serve for three days after, and give her flesh of a Culuer with Honey, and with powder of Pepper, and set her in a dark place nine days, and when you see new feathers on her tail, wash her with Verose nine days, and she will be whole.   

A Medicine for an Hawk that hath the Cramp in her wings, and how it cometh.  
TAke a white Loaf of bread, somewhat colder than it comes out of the Oven, and hold the Hawk softly for hurting, and cut the Loaf almost through, and display her wing easily, and hold it between the two parts of the Loaf, and let it be held so the space of half an hour, and it will help her.  
The Cramp cometh to an Hawk by taking cold in her youth: therefore it is good for an Hawk to keep her warm, whether she be young or old.   

Let not your Hawk be put into mewe to fat, but in this manner as followeth, if ye love her.  
Keep her well, and put her not late in mew: for who so for covetousness of flying, loseth the time of his Hawks mewing, and withholdeth her too long from it, he may after put her in mew at adventure, for then a part of her mewing time is past. Who so putteth his Hawk in mew in the beginning of Lent, if she be kept as she ought to be, she should be mewed in the beginning of August, which is the best time of all other.   

How you shall dispose and ordain your mew.  
SEt and dispose your mew in this manner, so that no weasel nor Polent, nor no other Vermin annoy it, nor that it be windy or cold, nor that it be over hot, let one part of it stand towards the Sun, so that the most part of the day the Sun may come to it Also you must look that she be not troubled with noise or the singing of men, & that no man come to her but only he that feedeth her: you must let her have a feeding stock in her mew, and a long string to bind her meat, or else she will carry her meat about the house and bewray it with dust, and peradventure she will hide it till it stink and then feed on it: which if she should do, it would be her death. And therefore when it is bound to the feeding stock, than she will neither at feeding, neither at tiring, nor at lighting down, nor at rising hurt herself: and when she hath fed, take away that she leaveth, and look that she have fresh at every meal: for of stolen and evil meats she will engender many diseases, and look that you never go to the mew but when you carry her meat or water to bathe her. Suffer no rain to wet her at any time if you may: and as for her bathing, that will nothing hinder her mewing. This mew would notwithstanding the warmth and closeness, have a convenient place from some window built above a yard outward, and at least a yard and a half square, which would be only lathed of an indifferent wideness without any loom, so as the air might freely come in thereat, for this must be the place where your Hawk in the heat of Summer may weather herself, which is as comfortable as any meat whatsoever: Besides your mew must never be without store of Hawks stones of all fises, of sand, gravel and green tufts, for it is both wholesome and natural for a Hawk to feed upon the green grass, yet they must be often changed, and so must the water in which she batheth, the tub being large and not above five inches in depth at the most.   

The manner how a man shall put his Hawk into the Mew: and is proved.  
ONe thing you must beware of, that she have no sickness before you put her in Mew: for as I have proved, a sick Hawk shall never mew well, but though she mew she shall not endure: but when she is great and fat, for at the bating of her estate, she will no longer endure. Sometime without any medicine many men devise how they may mew their Hawks: for some put them in at high estate, & some when they be very low, and some when they are empty and lean: but it makes no matter for that, if she be sound: nevertheless, you shall hear mine advise as I have seen & proved.  
Whosoever putteth a Goshawk, a tercel, Sparhawke or any other Hawk into Mew, so high that she may be no higher, she will hold her long ere she lose and leave any feathers: and who so putteth her into mew, lean, it will be long ere she remount: and who so putteth her into mew too lean and hungry, if she have meat at her will, she will eat too much, because of hunger, and she is likely to kill herself therewith, as hath been often seen: but who so will have his Hawk endure and mew kindly, my counsel is that she be neither too high nor too low, nor in distress of hunger, but as she should best fly: but take heed the first day of too much eating, till the time that she be staunch, and after you may give her such meat as I shall describe you hereafter.   

In what manner you shall feed your Hawk in your mew.  
Look what meat she hath been most used to be fed with, and feed her therewith eight days together, and give her Birds enough morning and evening, and let her plume upon them well, and take casting of the plumage, and that will cleanse her well, and cause her to have good appetite, and it will cleanse her bowels well, and when she is well cleansed, you may give her what meat you will, so it be clean and fresh. But the best meat to make her mewe soon without any medicine, is the flesh of a Kid, of a young Swan, and of a young Chicken, and of a young Goose: for such meat is hot of itself: a Rat also is excellent.  
Also take pieces of great fresh Eels, and especially that next the navel, and wet it in hot blood of Mutton, it is good to make her to mew, but especially it will make her white after her sore age. These said fleshes be good to mew a Hawk, and to keep her in state, but look that she have plenty every day, that she rather leave then lack, and every third day let her bathe if she will: and when she is waxed near somed, then let her eat Hens and fat Pork: and of a Hound is passing good. For to speak the truth, and as long experience teacheth us, there is no meat generally so good for a Hawk that is in any good and perfect state of body, as dogs flesh is, so it be given warm or not too stolen.   

To make a Hawk mew quickly, without any hurting of her.  
THe experiment is thus approved. Take an Adder that is red of nature, and also there be Snakes of the same kind, and they be very bitter, take two or three of them, and smite off their heads and their tails: then take a new earthen Pot that was never used, and cut them in small pieces, and put them into the Pot to seeth, and let them seeth at leisure, and let the Pot be covered close that no air come out of it, nor no breath, and let them seeth so long that the pieces turn to grease, and put it into a clean vessel, a● as oft as you feed your Hawk, anoint her meat therewith, and let her eat as much as she will, and that will mew her at your will.  
Also if you take Wheat and Barley and boil it in the broth that the Adders were sodden in, and when you see it begin to break, take it out, and feed Hens and Chickens therewith, and with those hens or thickness feed your Hawk. This medicine is well approved amongst all our late Falconers.   

Who so would have his Hawk mew, and that her feathers should not fall.  
TAke powder of Canel, and the juice of Franckecoste, and the juice of Paranie, & take three or fove morsels of meat, and wet them therein, and make your Hawk swallow them, and serve her so many times.  
Also take the skin of a Snake and of an Adder, and cut them into small pieces, and temper it with hot blood, and make your Hawk to eat thereof, and she shall not mew.   

For the Gout in the throat.  
WHen you see your Hawk blow many times, and that it cometh of no bating, you may be sure she hath the Gout in her throat: and for that disease, take the blood of an Peacock, Incense, Myrabolana, & clove Gilly flowers and Canel, and Ginger: and take of all these every evening, and mingle them with peacocks blood, and seeth it till they be thick, and thereof make morsels, and give the Hawk at morning and noon.   

For the Gout in the head and in the reins.  
WHen you see your Hawk may not endue her meat, nor remove her estate, she hath the Gout in the head and in the reins. Take Momie, (among the Apothecaries you may have it,) and the skin of an Hare, and give it to your Hawk to eat nine times with the flesh of a Cat, and if she hold the meat she shall be safe.   

A medicine for the Cramp in the thigh, in the leg, or in the foot or an Hawk.  
WHen you see your Hawk lay one foot upon an other, than she is taken with the Cramp, then draw her blood, both upon the foot that lieth on the other foot, and upon the leg, and it will help her.   

For the Cough, or the Pose.  
TAke powder of Bays, and put it on the flesh of a Dove, and give it oft to your Hawk, and it will help her.   

A medicine for the sickness within the body of any Hawk, if it show not outwards, how she shall be helped and in what manner.  
A Man may know by the countenance of an Hawk partly her infirmities: but it is strange to know many diseases, when he knoweth not whereof nor how it cometh: For this disease feed your Hawk well of an Hen, and then make her fast two days after, that she may empty her body: the third day take Honey and seeth it, and fill her full, and bind her beak that she cast it not out again, and then set her out of the Sun, and when it draweth towards night feed her of a hot Fowl: and if this will not help her, never look for other medicine.   

For the passion that goshawks have fasting.  
TAke the root of small Rushes, and make juice of them, and wet her meat therein, and make her eat thereof.   

A medicine for the Falera.  
WHen you see your Hawks Talents wax white, than it is a sign she hath the Falera, the cure is: take a black Snake and cut away the head and tail, then take the middle and fry it in an earthen Pot, then take the Grease and save it, and anoint the flesh either of Pigeon or Hen therewith, and let the Hawk feed thereon eight days together: and at the end of eight days, feed her with warm Birds.   

For the Podagree.  
WHen your Hawks feet are swelled, than we say she hath the Podagrée: the cure whereof is, take fresh May Butter, and as much of Oil Olive, and of Allome, and chase them well together at the fire, and make thereof an ointment, and anoint her feet four days together, and set her in the Sun, and give her the flesh of a Cat, and if you see it avail not, seeth the cutting of a Vive and wrap in it about the swelling, and let her sit upon a cold stone, and annoyt her with Butter till she be whole.   

For Hawks that be wounded.  
TAke away the feathers about the wound, and take the white of an Egg, and Oil of Olive, and mingle them together, and anoint the wound, and keep it with white wine, until the time that you see dead flesh, and then put into the wound Escompe, until the time that the dead flesh be wasted: after take Incense, and take as much of the one as of the other, and mingle them together and when you will anoint the sore, heat your ointment, and anoint it with a pen, till the time the skin grow again: and if you see dead flesh about it, and that you would have it away, wash it with Vinegar, and then anoint it with this ointment aforesaid, and she shall be whole.   

A medicine for an Hawk that hath the Arteticke.  
WHen you perceive that your Hawk is fat about the heart, you may trust to it she hath the Arteticke, therefore let her blood in the original vain, and after that, give her a Frog to eat, and she will be whole.   

A Medicine for an Hawk that is troubled in the bowels.  
WHen your Hawk is troubled in her bowels, you shall know it by her eyes, for her eyes will be dark, and she will look drowsily, and her mutising will defile her fundament, then take the Hawks meat, and anoint it with the powder of Camomile or fern, and give it her to eat, and she shall be whole.   

A Medicine for an Hawk that hath the Gout.  
Feed your Hawk once or twice with an Irchin, and it shall help her.   

A Medicine for an Hawk that hath Mites.  
TAke the juice of Wormwood, and put it where they be, and they will die.   

A Medicine for an Hawk that hath the Stone.  
Anoint her Fundament with Oil, and put in the powder of Allome with a hollow straw into her fundament: Also take an herb called Castis Larder, and anoint her mouth therewith, and she will be whole. Also if you take small Flamis roots, and Polepodie of the Oak, and the Nerves of spinach, and grind them well, and seethe it in Butter, and strain it through a cloth, then make three Pellets as big as a hassel Nut, and put them in your Hawks mouth in the morning, and look that she be empty, and then let her fast till evening, then feed her by little and little till she be sound.   

A Medicine for Vermin.  
TAke the juice of the root Fennell, and put it where the Vermin be, and they will die, or if you bathe her in a decoction thereof, it is the surer way.   

A Medicine for the Rheum that Hawks have.  
WHen you see your Hawk close her eyes, and shake her head, give her Lard of a Goat the first day, and the second day give her Epaticke, with the flesh of a Chicken, and she shall be whole.   

A Medicine for Hawks that be dry and desire to drink, to keep them moist.  
TAke the juice of Horehound, and wet the Hawks meat therein, and feed her therewith once or twice, and she shall be whole.   

A Medicine for diseases in the entrails.  
A Hawk whose entrails are pained is more than ordinarily sick, for if she hold not her meat but cast it, it is a token of a foul glut or surfait of feathers taken in her soreage, and appears when she comes to much labour: the signs are, she will have much desire to rest, and will sleep when she putteth over her meat, and the flesh which she hath in her gorge, if she cast it, looks as it were sodden: she will many times assay to put over her meat but cannot, wherefore if she cast it she may be helped, if not, she dieth: The cure therefore is to take the yolks of Eggs raw, when they be well beaten together, put to it Spanish Salt, and as much Honey, and wet therein the Hawks meat, and feed her therewith three days together: and if she make dainty in eating of it, then make her of force to swallow three or four morsels a day, and presently she shall be whole. Yet I will tell you another thing: Take Honey at the change of the Moon, and a sharp Nettle, and make thereof small powder, and when it is well ground, take the breast bone of an Hen, and another of a Culuer, and make it small with a knife, and do away the skin, and put powder thereon, and all hot with the powder, feed her three days and she will be whole.   

For sickness of swelling.  
IF a Felon be swollen in such sort that a man may heal it, than thus a man may help her and lengthen her life, but the Hawk will be very eager & grievous of sickness: therefore you must take the roots of Comferye and of Sugar as much, then seeth it in fresh grease, with the third part of Honey, and then draw it through a fair cloth, and then oft give it to the Hawk, and she shall be whole.   

A Medicine for blains in Hawks mouths, called Frounces.  
THe Frounce is a fearful disease, and draweth her to death, and withholdeth her strength, and it cometh of cold: for cold doth a Hawk much harm. To cure her, take Fennell, marial and Kerses alike much, and seeth them, and strain them through a cloth, and sometimes wash her head therewith, and put some on the roof of her mouth, & she shallbe safe, otherwise for the most surest way to cure any Frounce in general, for indeed they be no other than common Cankers in the mouth, engendered by extreme heats and foul feeding: you shall take Allome & bray it into a very fine powder: then mix it with the strongest wine-Vineger, and make it as thick as Puddle, then with a fine Cambric rag dipped therein, rub the sore till it bleed, and so continue till the Canker be killed, and that the flesh look red and clear, then heal it with a little life-Honey.   

A Medicine for an Hawk that casteth her flesh.  
Seethe Raisins in water and wet her flesh therein when it boileth.   

A Medicine for the Agrum.  
WHen you see your Hawk have blobed cheeks, than she hath this disease called Agrum: therefore take a Needle of Silver, and heat it in the fire, and burn the Narres throughout, then anoint it with oil Olive.   

A Medicine to make a Hawk fat.  
TAke a quantity of Pork and Honey, and Butter alike much, and clarified grease, take away the Skin, seeth them together, and anoint the flesh therewith, and she will increase exceedingly.   

For botches that grow in a Hawks jaw.  
CVt the botches with a Knife, and let out the matter, and cleanse it with a silver Spoon, or else fill the hole with the powder of Arne Melit, burned into powder, & upon the powder do a little cloth bespread with hot wax, and so it will away.   

A Medicine for an Hawk that will not come to reclaim.  
TAke fresh Butter, and put into it Sugar, and put it in a clean cloth, and reclaim her to that, and keep it in a box, and put it into your bag.   

A Medicine for Hawks that be refrained.  
WHen you see your Hawk to Néese, and to cast water thorough her Nostrils, then doubtless she is refrained: for this disease take the grains of Shaffelgrée, and of Pepper, and grind it well and temper it with strong Vinegar, and put it to the roof of her mouth, and give her flesh to eat, and she shall be whole.   

A Medicine for Hawks that have pains in their Crops.  
TAke fair Morfumum, and powder of Gilover, and mingle them together and give it her to eat, and if she hold it past the second day after, she shall be whole.   

A Medicine for the Stone in the fundament.  
WHen your Hawk cannot mute, than she hath this disease called the Stone: and for this sickness you shall take the heart of a Swine, and the grease of a Swine, and cut it with the flesh of the heart, and she shall be whole.   

A Medicine for the dry Frounce.  
FOr this sickness, take the root of Polipode that groweth upon Okes, and seeth it a great while, then take it from the fire, and let it stand till it be lukewarm, then wash your Hawks flesh therein three times when you feed her, and it will help her.   

A Medicine for worms called Anguellis.  
TAke pressure of a Lamb that was eyned before his time, and make thereof three morsels, and put it into the gut of a Culuer, and feed her therewith, & look that the Hawk be empty when you give her the Medicine, or else take the juice of Dragons and fill the gut of a Pigeon, and then cut it as the Hawk may swallow it, and knit his beak for casting it up again, and give her the doussets of a Buck as hot as they be cut out, and make powder of the pissell, and cast it upon the flesh, and she shall be whole.   

Proper terms used in keeping of Hawks.  
A Hawk tireth upon Rumps, she feedeth upon all manner of flesh, she gorgeth when she filleth her gorge with meat, she beaketh when she wipeth her beak, she rouseth when she shaketh all her feathers, and her body together, she endueth when her meat in her bowels falls to digestion, she muteth when she avoids her ordure, she percheth when she standeth on any Bough or Perch, she joyketh when she sleeps, she puts over when she avoids her meat out of her gorge into her panel, she pruneth when she fetcheth Oil with her beak out of her tail, and anoints her feathers. She plumeth when she pulleth off the feathers of any Fowl, or any thing, and casteth it from her: she warbleth when she draweth her wings over the midst of her back, and softly shaketh them, and letteth them fall again: she mantelleth when she stretcheth out one wing alone, and afterward the other wing, and most commonly she doth that before she warbleth her.   

The names of Sparhawk's, as Ostregers and sperviters have determined.  
THere is a question asked whether a man shall call a Spear or a Sparhawke, or an Asper Hawk, and Ostregers and sperviters say, she may be called all three names: for these reasons, she may be called a Sparrehawke, for of all Hawks that are, she is most spear, that is to say, most tender to keep: For the least misdieting and evil tending of her, killeth her, and she may be called an Asper Hawk of sharpness of her courage, and of her looking quick, and also of her flying. For she is most aspere and sharp in all things that belong unto her. Of all Hawks she may be called a Sparehawke, for two reasons: one is, she spareth goshawks & Tercels until the time they be reclaimed to fly, and till they be fully mewed and clean ensaymed, for all the while they be unable, the Sparhawke occupieth that season, & flieth the Partridge wall, from Saint Margaret's day until it be Lammas, and she will slay young pheasants, Hichcokes in the beginning of the year: and I have seen them slay the Teal, the black bird, the Woodcock and the Thrush, although the Woodcock be combrose to kill: and therefore when you come to a Grove of Trees, or Thicket of Bushes, cast your Sparhawke into the tree and beat the bushes, and at the rising of the Fowl she will be sure to have her. Further, if that there were a ship fraught full of Hawks, if there were but one Sparhawke amongst them, there should be no Custom paid for any of them, and therefore she is in divers respects, a Sparhawke.   

How a Hawk flieth.  
AN Hawk flieth to the river divers ways, and she slayeth the fowl diversly, that is to say, to the view, or to the beak, or the toll: and all is but one, as ye shall understand hereafter. She slayeth also to the querre, to the creep, and no more ways but those three, and she nimmeth fowl at the far jute, or at the juttie far.   

Now ye shall know the meaning of these terms, random, Creep, Emewed.  
YOur Goshawk or tercel that shall fly to the view, to the toll, or to the beak: in this manner she must be taught. You must find a Fowl in the River, or in the Pit, and set your Hawk a good space from you upon a Molehill, or upon the ground, and creep softly to the fowl, and when you come near where the fowl lieth, look backward to the Hawk, and with your hand beck your Hawk to come to you, and when she is on wing, and cometh low by the ground, and is almost at you, then smite your Hawk pole and cry hue, hue, hue, and make the fowl rise, and then the Hawk will nime her.  
And now, if your Hawk nime the Fowl on the far side of the river, or the pit, from you, than she slays the Fowl at the far jute, and if she slay it upon that side ye be on, as it may hap divers times, than you shall say she hath slain the Fowl at the juttye far. If your Hawk slay the Fowl aloft, ye shall say she took it at the mount, or at the four.  
And if the Fowl rise not but fly along after the River, and the Hawk nime her, than ye shall say she slew it at random. And if your Hawk flieth at or to the Creep, when you have your Hawk on your fist, and that you creep softly to the River or to the Pit, and stealeth to the brink thereof, and then cry hue, and then by that mean nime the Fowl, then is she slain at the Creep, at the far jutte, or juttie far: and if it happen, as it doth often, that the Fowl for fear of your Hawk will rise and fall into the river again, or ere the Hawk see her, and so lie still and dare not arise, than you shall say your Hawk hath enued the Fowl into the River, and there be more Fowls in the River than your Hawk pimmeth, and they dare not arise for fear of your Hawk.   

A thief.  
YOu shall understand that your Goshawk must not fly to the River with bells in no wise: and therefore a Goshawk is called a thief.   

Querre.  
YOur Hawk flieth to the Querre, when there be in the stumble time, Sardes of Mallards' in the field, and when she espieth them and cometh covert herself, and fly privily to the hedges or low by the ground, and nime one of them are they rise, than you may say that the Fowl was flame at the Querre. But the general use in these days of the word Querre, is when you first enter your Hawk: the first Fowl she slayeth, is slain at the Querre: and the Hawk that so slayeth, is said to be Querried, as much as to say, the first seeking out, or finding of the Fowl.   

Mark this term, Draw.  
SOme misuse this term Draw, and say that their Hawk will draw to the River: and that term draw, is properly assigned to that Hawk that will slay a Rook, or a Crow, or a Raven upon the land sitting: and then it may be said that such an Hawk doth draw well to a Rook.   

If you will make your Hawk to the Querre, you must use her in this manner.  
TAke a tame Mallard and set him in a plain field, and let him go where he will, than set your Hawk upon your sister, and go to that plain, and hold up your hand a pretty way off from the Mallard, and look if your Hawk can espy it by her own courage: and if she have found the Fowl and desire to fly to it, let her kill it, and plume well upon it, and serve her so three or four times, and then she is made to the Querre.  
I have known Gentlemen that when they have seen any tame Ducks, that if their Hawks have desired to fly at them, they have let them fly, to the encouraging of them another time, and so have won them to the Querre.   

A pretty device to take a Hawk that is broken out of Mew, and all manner of other Fowls that sit in trees, or that hath taken up their perch all night in any place.  
YOu must in the night do it. Climb up softly, with a Sconce or a Lantern, and you must have but one light in your hand, and let the light be towards the Hawk or Fowl, that she see not your face, and you may take her by the legs or any other place of her as you list. This is approved: for I have known divers that have taken many Fowls after this same manner.   

Of the Bells of the Hawks.  
Look that the Bells that your Hawk shall wear that they be not too heavy, nor that they be above her power to bear, and that they be not one heavier than another, but that they be both of a weight: also look that they have a good sound and shrill, and not both of one sound, but that one be of a séemy time above the other, and that they be whole and not broken, especially in the sounding place: for if they be any whit broken, they will sound fully.  
Of Sparhawk's bells there is divers choice, and little charge of them, for there is plenty of them: and for goshawks, the bells of Millame were counted the best, and they are very good: for commonly they are founded with Silver, and therefore they are sold thereafter. There are now used of Dutchland bells, made in a town called Dordright, and they are excellent good bells, for they are well sorted, and well sounded, very good in ringing, of Shrillness, and passing well lasting.   

How to reform Hawks that will carry away their Pray.  
divers Hawks, partly by being scared by the indiscréete rashness of unskilful Falconers, and partly by being accustomed to pray upon small birds, will when they have slain any thing, carry it away up into trees or other places, where gorging themselves they will neglect their due obedience to their feeder, which to prevent you shall not at any time let your Hawk feed upon quick Birds, unless the creance be fixed thereunto, so that when she would carry she must lose her pray, this will ch●cke her, and make her forbear: Besides you shall not at any time cast her forth any food, Pigeon, or other, but you shall first tie it fast to a heavy lure, such as she cannot raise from the ground, and if notwithstanding she be still apt to that evil, you shall then make a big round button of leather, and fire it under the ball of her foot, in such sort that she cannot by any means truss any thing, and thus you may at your pleasure fly her without any fear of carrying.   

Here endeth the Book of Hawking, and hereafter ensueth the names of all manner of Hawks, and to whom they belong.  
THese Hawks belong to an Emperor, and these be their names: an Eagle, a Bautere, a Melion: the simplest of these three will slay a Calf, a Fawn, a Roe, a Kid, a Trane, a Bustard, a Stork, a Swan, or a Fox on the plain ground: and these are not in lure, nor reclaimed, because they be so ponderous to the Perch portatif: and these three by their nature belongs to an Emperor.   

These Hawks belong to a King.  
A gerfalcon, a tercel of a gerfalcon, are due to a King.   

For a Prince.  
THere is a Falcon gentle, and a Tercel gentle, and these be for a Prince.   

For a Duke.  
THere is a Falcon of the Rock, and that is for a Duke.   

For an Earl.  
THere is a Falcon Perigrine, and that is for an Earl.   

For a Baron.  
THere is a Bastard, and that is for a Baron.   

Hawks for a Knight.  
THere is a Sacre and a sacred, and those be for a Knight.   

Hawks for a Squire.  
THere is a Laver, and a Laveret, & those be for a Squire.   

For a Lady.  
THere is a Merlion, and that Hawk is for a Lady.   

An Hawk for a young man.  
THere is a Hobby, and that is for a young man.  
And these be Hawks of the Tower, and be both illured, and be called and reclaimed.   
FINIS.   

❧ The Book of Hunting: whereunto is added the measures of Blowing, very pleasant to be read, for all those that have delight in the Art of Venery.  
AS in the Book of Hawking is discoursed and noted the proper terms belonging to that Gentleman like exercise: So in like manner is showed in this Treatise of Hunting, for all sorts of beasts of Venery, and also is showed all convenient terms, as well of Hounds as of Beasts, or any other that appertain to the Art of Venery.  

Of Beasts of Venery there be four sorts.  
THe Hart, the Boar, the Wolf, and the Hare.   

Beasts of Chase there be five kinds.  
THe Buck, the Roe, the Martyron, the Fox and the Do: and these are the five beasts of Chase, and if you chance to find any other, you shall call them Rascal.   

Of the Age of an Hart.  
THe first year he is a Calf, the second year a Broket, the third year a Spayd, the fourth year a Stag, and the fift year a great Stag, and at the sixth year he is an Hart.   

To know the head of an Hart.  
YOu shall call the head of a Hart, Anteler, rial, and Surriall, and when you may know him by the top, you shall call him forked a Hart of ten, and when he beareth three in the top, you shall call him a Hart of twelve, and when he beareth four you shall call him summed, a Hart of sixteen, and from four forward you shall call him summed of so many as he carrieth, how many so ever they be.   

Of a Herd, a Bevie, a Sounder, or a Rout.  
OF Hart, Hind, Buck, and Do, you shall ever say a heard, of Roes you shall ever term a Bevie, of wild Swine a Sounder, and of Wolves a rout.   

Of Herds, and their several kinds.  
Either of red Dear, which only are Hearts or Hinds, or fallow Dear, which are Buck and Do, you shall call upon the view, twenty, a little heard, forty a middle heard, and eighty a great heard. Now you shall understand that a Buck is the first year a Fawn, the second a Pricket, the third a Sorrel, the fourth a Sore, at what time he will serve for a warrant, and the fift a Buck of the first head.  
Upon the view of a Hart, if he be a goodly Dear, you shall not call him fair, but a great Hart, or a great Hind, or a great Buck: But a Do you shall call a fair do, these are the true terms of a perfect woodman.   

Of Roes.  
Six Roes or under is a small Bevie, fen is a middle Bevie, twelve is a great Bevie, and still the greater the number, the greater is the Bevie.   

Of wild Swine.  
Twelve is a small founder of wild Swine, sixteen a middle sounder, and twenty a great sounder.   

Of Hunting the Roe, and the rights thereunto.  
WHen you shall Hunt the Roe, you shall say, he crosses, and traversses before the Hounds, or if you say he doubles, it is not much amiss, although by the laws of Sir Tristram, it is hardly permitted. You shall not say, this is a great Roebuck, but a fair Buck, and a fair do. Dressing or breaking up of a Roe, is called the Herdling of a Roe, which you shall perform in this sort, you shall lay the head between the two forelegs, then take the two hinder legs, and crossing them, put them, o'er the two contrary fore legs, fastening them by the loosening of the former joints, only taking out the bowels and the blood, and cutting off the feet, wherewith you shall reward your Hounds, dividing each foot into four pieces with your woodknife, and putting them amongst the bowels and blood, give it the Hounds, for this is their reward only.   

Of the Boar, and his rights.  
TO speak first, of the age of the wild Boar, he is called the first year a Pig of the Sounder, the second year he is a Hog, the third year, a Hog-stere, the fourth, a Boar, for then (if not before) he departeth from the Sounder, and then he is called a singler. Now, when you have slain the Boar, you shall undo him, first: taking off the skin, and in dressing him orderly divide the flesh into two and thirty bredthes, as it is termed amongst woodmen. If he be slain by the strength of the Hounds, you shall give them the bowels upon the ground in the same place where he was killed, which also is called a reward.   

Of the Hare, and her rights.  
THe Hare is the King of all the beasts of venery, and in Hunting maketh the best sport, breedeth the most delight of any other, and is a beast most strange by nature, for he often changeth his kind, and is both male and female: and this is a strange thing in the female, and only peculiar to this beast of all other: after she hath taken the Buck, and cometh to kindle, she bringeth forth two Leverets, rough, and in perfect shape, and retaineth two other in her still, which she bringeth forth before the two first be well able to relieve, and she is knotted for her third Leverit, and all this at one time. We term the place where she fitteth, her Form, the place through which she goeth to relief, her Muset, and when we find where she hath gone, we call it the pricking out of the Hare, except it be in the Snow, and then we call it the training out of the Hare: her deceits, and shifts, before the Hounds, we call her doubling, and her feeding, we call her relief. The Hare beareth suet, & grease, she fimasheth, crottises, and ranges, although amongst the Huntsmen of these latter times, these terms be worn out of use, only we say she crottisses. When the Hare is gone to her Form, we say ever she is gone to her seat, and we say the Hare sitteth, whereas, speaking of other beasts, we say they lie, & the reason is, because she ever buckleth upon her legs, as though Nature had taught her to have her feet ever in readiness, being of all other beasts the most watchful: and she naturally desireth to run up the hill, because her legs be shorter before than behind, and the suet, or grease, which she beareth, lieth over the loins, between the chine and the tail, yet we do not say the Hare is fat, but the Hare is white.  
Now if you go about to Hunt this nimble and delicate chase, you shall when you come to the kennel (in the morning) to couple up your Hounds, first gibell once, or twice, to awake & stir up the dogs, then opening the kennel door, the Huntsman shall use some gentle words of rattling, least in their haste coming out, they should hurt one another, to which the Frenchman useth this word Arere, Arere, or as we say in English, soft, soft, ho, ho, ho, ho, once or twice redoubling the same, coupling them as they come out of the kennel: and being come into the field, and having uncoupled, the Frenchman useth to say, Horse de couple avaunt, avaunt, once or twice, with So-how three times together. We use to gibbet once or twice to the dogs, criing a trail, a trail, there dogs there: and if it be in a Bushy place, to beat the Bushes with your Hunting-Pole, and cry, Hup wat, hup, which makes the dogs in trailing to hold close together, crying often So-how. And if the Hounds have had rest, and being overlustie, do begin to fling about, the Frenchmen use to cry, Sweft amies, Sweft, redoubling the same, or else, Arere amies, ho ho, and we in English use to the same purpose, Soft ho, ho, here again ho, ho, doubling the same: sometimes calling them back again, with a gibbet or hollow, pointing with your Hunting-pole upon the ground, and crying So-how.  
Now, if some one of the Hounds, light upon a pure sent, so that by the manner of his eager spending, you perceive it is very good, you shall cry There, now there, or that's it, that's it, and to put the rest of the cry into him, you shall cry Avaunt avaunt, ho, list a Talbot, list there, listen, to which the Frenchman useth Oles, a Talbot, le Vailant oies, oies troue le coward, in the same manner with little difference: and if you find by your Hounds where a Hare hath been at relief, if it be in the time of green Corn, and if your Hounds spend upon the trail merrily, and make a good cry, then shall the Huntsman wind three motes with his Horn, which he may sundry times use with discretion, when he seeth the Hounds have made away, a double, and make on towards the seat. Now, if it be within some field or pasture, where the Hare hath been at relief, let the Huntsman cast a ring with his Hounds to find where she hath gone out, which if the Hounds light upon, he shall cry, There boys there, that, tat, tat, ho, heck avaunt, list to him list, and if they chance by their bramesicknesse to over shoot it, he shall call to his Hounds, ho, again ho, doubling the same twice, and if undertaking it again and making it good, he shall then cheer his hounds and say, There to him, there, that's it, that tat tat, blowing a Mote. And note that this word so how, is generally used at the view of any beast of Chase or Venery, but indeed the word is properly, sa ho, and not so how, but for the better pronunciation and fullness of the same, we say so how, not sa ho. Now the hounds running in full Chase, the Frenchmen use to say ho ho, or Swef, alieu, doubt alieu, and we imitating them, say, there boys, there, avant there, to him there, which terms are indeed derived from their language. Now we find the old & ancient huntsmen had divers terms upon the view of the pricking of the Hare, which although I find not very needful yet for the Love I bear unto antiquity, I will not omit, as when the Hare hath gone over some grassy place where her pricks cannot be seen but only by staining the grass, or by breaking some lose mould, we say she sorths or resorths, but these terms I will leave to the indifferent opinion of the skilful huntsman.  
Now the reason why they say the Hare fumaces and crots or crottises is this, we say the Hare fumayes, because she beareth suet, and she crottiseth because she beareth grease, and because she croucheth on the houghs when she letteth it go: So that we say all beasts which bear tallow, & stand upright fumayne as they go, all that crouch or stoop do not.   

The Hounds reward from the Hare.  
WHen your hounds by fierce & good hunting have killed the Hare, you shall reward them with the shoulders and the sides, with the head and all the entrails, excepting only the gall (for it is precious and medicinal) which reward being dealt them is called the Hallow of all good huntsmen. But the hinder loins being excellent meat, and if the dressing be answerable, as dainty venison as any can be, it shall be necessary to preserve them, and bear them home for your own reward. Now there is another beast which goeth to relief as well as the Hare, which is a thing of especial good note amongst all good huntsmen, and that is the Stag, who from the Annunciation of our Lady, till Saint Peter's day, is ever said to go to relief as well as the Hare.   

Of flaying and stripping of Beasts.  
WHen beasts are slain, which shall be flayed, and which stripped, according to their natures and kinds: know that all which bear suet, and range, according to the old English terms, shall be said to be flayed, the Hare only excepted, which shall be said only to be stripped, or cased, and so of the Otter or Badger, and generally so all beasts that go to relief.   

More of the Roe, and his rights.  
THe Roebuck is the first year a Kid, sucking on his Dam, the second year he is called a Girl, the third year a Hemale, the fourth year a Roebuck of the first head, the fift year a Roebuck: he useth to cast his horns at S. Andrews tide, & his nature is to hide them in some Moor, or in some Marsh ground, so that they are very seldom found, at Saint james tide he ever goeth to the Roe, which when he doth, we say he goeth in his turn. Now if you kill a Roebuck which is high in grease, you shall dress the venison of it as of a Hart or a Hind: we use to say in rutting time that a Stag bellows, a Buck groins, and a Roebuck Kels, which they use in the time of their rut, and we use to say the Fox and the Wolf do bark and howl.   

The season of all sorts of Venery.  
THe time of grease beginneth at Midsummer day, and continueth till Holy-rood day, and then is the Stag, Buck, and Sore in season.  
The season of the Roebuck is from Easter till Michaelmas.  
The season of the Fox is from the Nativity till the Annunciation of our Lady.  
The season of the Do or Roe, is from Michaelmas till Candlemas.  
The season of the Hare is from Michaelmas till Midsummer.  
The season of the Wolf is as the season of the Fox.  
The season of the Boar is from the Nativity till the Purification of our Lady.  
Now in the hunting of the Hart or Stag, being of all the most princely & royal chase, it giveth an exceeding grace unto a huntsman to use the terms fit and proper unto the same, which I will here set down as received from antiquity.  
First when we see where the Hart hath gone, we use to say, here he breaketh, or here appeareth his slott, and when the Hart entereth a River or Pool (which we call the soil) we say he descendeth, and when we find where he leapt into the River, we say he proffereth, because we are uncertain whether he goeth out at some other place, or returneth the same way again. And if he turn the same way again, we say he Reprofereth & when we find where he hath come out of the other side of the river we call it the soil, and being come out of the water, which fills his footsteps, we call it defoulling.   

How you shall undo, or breake-up a Hart.  
AFter the fall of the Hart or Stag, and that the huntsmen are come in together, and have wound the death of the Hart, you shall lay him upright upon his horns which is called suing of the Hart, then let the best man in the company, or some parsonage of account take the assay before the assembly, which done, than first cut off the cod, then begin at the jaws, and slit him down to the assay, and so directly down to the cod: which being done, begin first to slit the left leg before, and next the left leg behind, which you must not forget in any hand before you go to the right side, which you must perform next in the same manner: the which being done, begin at the cheek on the left side, from which directly take off the skin down to the breast, and so down to the assay, and to the place of the end: then begin at the other side, and do the same in like manner, but cut not the tail of the beast (which we call the single) away in any hand, but cutting off the skin let it remain to the haunches, then spreading the skin abroad, let the body be laid upon the same, very open, and begin first to make the Arbour, which is the conduit which leadeth unto the stomach, guts and bag, and must be made fast and close by a round knot, then cut out the shoulders, which must be done with a very long broad pointed knife, wherein you must observe to keep the outside of the inner skin whole, and lay it close to the side: then open the belly, and take out the suet: which is most excellent and needful for Surgeons, then putting in your hand under the breast bone, pull down the Arbour, & turning out the paunch, take away the rate, filling it with the blood & suet, having a needle, and a thread ready to sow it up with: then searching into the small guts, take out the maw, and next the liver, laying them upon the skin, next after these take out the bladder, then going to the umbles, first loosen the advancers which do lean to the neck, and taking the throat or wessand, loosen the fillets very circumspectly, which falls to the umbles, and must be gathered and stripped upon the wessand with the same, with the naves & suet, and the flesh along the midriff from both the sides, and so like a huntsman make up the umbles with all these together, only keep the lights upon the skin: This being done, slit the skin wherein the heart is enfolded, & take away the hairs which grow about the same, and in carving the Hart you shall find a bone therein, which hath the virtue to cure the malady called the passion of the heart, then cutting away the lose skirts, fill them with blood to save the melting of the grease: then cut away the neck from both the sides, & take the head away from the neck, taking out the tongue & the brain, laying them with the lights, the small guts, and the blood upon the skin, to reward the hounds, which is called the Querrie. The left shoulder of the heart is, his fee which dresseth him, and so is the skin and the right shoulder the foresters fee.   

The names of the several parts which make up the umbles of a Dear.  
THat part of the umbles which cleave unto the throat-bole is called the advancers, and the hindermost part of the umbles be called the Forchers, the other are called the crooks of the umbles: Now in the heart the chief part and substance is called the Gargilon, and the other parts are called the crooks and roundel.   

The undoing or dressing of the wild Boar.  
AS hath been before said, you shall make two and thirty breadths of a wild Boar. The first is the head, the next to that is the collar, which is the best of the Swine, than two shields, and the two shoulders, and divide each side of the swine into three parts, the pestle and the gambones, accounting a two, than the two fillets, the legs & the feet divided into eight parts, dividing the chine into four sundry pieces, than put the grease of the Boar into his bladder and preserve the same as a thing passing medicinable.   

Of the Vantlay, the Lay, and Relay, with Forloyning, and such like terms.  
THis is properly called a Vauntlay in hunting, when the hounds are in the chase of a Hart, and that you either doubt their speed, or find them far cast behind, you do uncouple fresh hounds, and hallowing them in to the Dear, force him to more speed than before, which may be a means to cast off the other hounds which be behind. Now a Lay is this, when the Hart is in full chase, you lying near to some covert, do there shake off some fresh hounds into the cry, to supply and make it the stronger, if some overhaled Dogs should happen to sink in the latter end of the chase. A Relay, is when you shall uncouple some fresh hounds and cheer them, when as the rest of the Dogs be already gone away with the Hart, and almost out of the hearing of the cry, and this is called a Relay: Now for forloyning, it is, when you find any chase within some covert, and some mute or light running hounds fall in with the same, being stolen out of the covert: this is of huntsmen called Forloyning, for they drive the chase so fast on before, that the huntsmen cannot lay the rest of the cry in with the same.   

Of the Horns of a Buck.  
Thee Horns of every fallow Dear must be summed: or ever he be a Buck he must have two palmed Branches, and four and twenty Espelers, which when he hath, you may very well term him a very great Buck: and this we see in common experience, that oft in Hunting of the Hare, or the Buck: the Hounds towards the fall of the chase, hold together, and come strongly, the reason being threefoldly which maketh them continue, and encourageth them much: the first is, that when the Hart, or Buck, beginneth to be imbosted, he casteth out of his mouth a froth, which is wonderful sweet to the Hounds, which he leaveth upon the herbs and Bushes: the second is, when he sweateth, the sweat runneth down from his body to his cleys, which the Hounds finding, know well he sinketh: the third is, that by reason of his weariness, and toil, the suet is very strong, and hot, and easily entereth the noses of the dogs, which marvelously encourageth them to his death.   

Beasts of the Chase of sweet foot and of stinking.  
ANd those are the Buck, the Do, the Bear, the Rayndéere, the Eylke, the Spikerd, the Ottor, and the Martron.  
There be beasts of the Chase, of the stinking foot: the Roebuck, and the Roe, the Fulmard, the Iches, the Bawd, the Grey, the Fox, the Squirrel, the white Rat, the Sot, and the Polecat.   

The names of divers Hounds.  
FIrst there is a Greyhound, a Hound, and a spaniel, a Bastard, a apparel, a Mastiff, a Lemor, Raches, Kenets, Terrors, Butchers Hounds, Dunghill dogs, Trindle tails, and prick-eared Curs, and small Lady Puppies, that bear away the fleas and divers small faults.   

The properties of a good Greyhound.  
HEaded like a Snake, necked like a Drake, footed like a Cat, tailed like a Rat, sided like a bream, and backed like a Beam: The first year he learneth to feed, the second year to field him lead, the third he is fellow like, the fourth year none sick, the fift year good enough, the sixth year he shall hold the Plough, the seventh year he will avail great Bitch's to assail, the eight year lick ladle, the ninth year cart saddle: and when he is come to that year, have him to the Tanner:  
For the best Greyhound that ever you had,  
At the ninth year he is full bad.   

The proper terms and names of companies of Beasts and Fowls, with others.  

AN heard of Hares.  
An heard of all manner of Dear.  
An heard of Swans.  
An heard of Craines.  
An heard of Curlewes.  
An heard of Wrenes.  
An heard of Harlots.  
Any of Pheasants.  
A Bevie of Ladies.  
A cete of Greyes.  
A Berry of Coneys.  
A Riches of Matrons.  
A Besenes of Firets.  
A brace of Greyhounds two  
A lease of Greyhounds three  
A couple of Spaniels.  
A couple of running Hounds.  
A litter of Whelps.  
A Kindle of young Cats.  
A Bevy of Roes.  
A Bevy of quails.  
A siege of Herons.  
A siege of Bytours.  
A sore or a suce of Mallards'.  
A muster of Peacocks.  
A walk of Snites.  
A congregation of people.  
An exalting of Larks.  
A watch of Nightingales.  
An host of men.  
A fellowship of Yeomen.  
A cherme of Goldfinches.  
A cast of bread.  
A couple or pair of Bottles.  
A flight of Doves.  
An unkindness of Ravens.  
A clattering of choughs.  
A dissimulation of Birds.  
A rout of Knights.  
A pride of Lions.  
A sloth of Bears.  
A draft of Butlers.  
A proud showing of Tailors.  
A temperance of Cooks.  
A stalk of foster's.  
A host of Soldiers.  
A laughter of Ostlers.  
A glozing of Taverners.  
A malapertness of peddlers.  
A thrave of Thresshers.  
A squat of daubers.  
A fight of Beggars.  
A singular of Boars.  
A drift of tame Swine.  
A harrase of Horse.  
A rag of colthor or a rake.  
A Baren of Mules.  
A trip of Goats.  
A gaggle of Geese.  
A brood of Hens.  
A badling of Ducks.  
A nonpatients of wives.  
A state of Princes.  
A thought of Barons.  
A prudence of Vicaries.  
A superfluity of Nuns.  
A school of Clerks.  
A doctrine of Doctors.  
A converting of Preachers.  
A sentence of judges.  
A damning of jurours.  
An obeisance of servants.  
A seat of Ushers.  
A tygenes of Pies.  
A host of Sparrows.  
A swarm of Bees.  
A cast of Hawks of the Tower, two.  
A lease of the same Hawks.  
A flight of goshawks.  
A flight of Swallows.  
A building of Rookes.  
A murmuration of stars.  
A rout of Wolves.  
An untruth of Sumners.  
A melody of Harpers.  
A poverty of Pipers.  
A subtlety of sergeant.  
A tabernacle of Bakers.  
A drift of Fishers.  
A disguising of Tailors.  
A bleach of Souters.  
A smear of Curriours.  
A cluster of Grapes.  
A Cluster of Churls.  
A rag of Maidens.  
A raufull of Knaves.  
A blush of Boys.  
An uncredibilitie of Cokolds.  
A covey of Partridges.  
A spring of Teles.  
A desert of Lapwings.  
A fall of Woodcocks.  
A congregation of Plovers.  
A covert of Cotes.  
A dole of Turtles.  
A skull of Friars.  
Abominable sight of Monks  
A scale of Fish.  
An example of martyrs.  
An observance of hermits.  
An eloquence of Lawyers.  
A faith of Merchants.  
A provision of Stewards of houses.  
A kerfe of Panters.  
A credence of Sewers.  
A leap of Lybards.  
A shrewdness of Apes.  
A sculke of Foxes.  
A nest of Rabites.  
A labour of Moles.  
A mute of Hounds.  
A kennel of Raches.  
A suit of Lyam.  
A cowardness of Curs.  
A sourd of wild Swine.  
A stod of Mares.  
A pace of Asses.  
A drove of Nete.  
A flock of Sheep.  
A gaggle of women.  
A peep of Chickens.  
A multiply of Husbands.  
A pontifica of Prelates.  
A dignity of Canons.  
A charge of Curates.  
A discretion of Priests.  
A disworship of Scots.    

Here followeth the proper terms belonging to the breaking up or dressing of divers kinds of Beasts, and Fowls, and Fishes.  

A Dear broken.  
A Goose reared.  
An imbruing of Carvers.  
A safeguard of Porters.  
A blast of Hunters.  
A threatening of Courteours.  
A promise of Tapsters.  
A lying of Pardoners.  
A misbeléeve of Painters.  
A lash of Carters.  
A scolding of Gamesters.  
A wondering of Tinkers.  
A waywardness of Haward's  
A worship of Writers.  
A never thriving of jugglers.  
A fraunch of millers.  
A feast of Brewars.  
A goring of Butchers.  
A trinket of Coruisers.  
A pluck of Shooturners.  
A drunken ship of Cobblers.  
A cluster of Nuts.  
A rogue of teeth.  
A rascal of Boys.  
An Egg tired.  
A Friar trimbred.    

Of Fishes.  

A Salmon chined.  
A Pike splated.  
A Hadocke sided.  
A Chevin finned.  
A Sole loined.  
A Gurnard chined.  
A Tench sawsed.  
An Eel trouchened.  
A bream splayed.  
A Barble tusked.  
A Trout gobbetted.  
A Pig headed and sided.  
A Capon sawsed.  
A Chevin frushed.  
A Conie unlased.  
A Craine displayed.  
A Curlew unjointed.  
A pheasant alete.  
A Quail winged.  
A Plover ●uinsed.  
A Pigeon thied.  
A Brawn leched.  
A Swan lift.  
A Lamb shouldered.  
A Kid shouldered.  
A Hen spoiled.  
A Mallard unbrased.  
A Heron dismembered.  
A Peacock disfigured.  
A Butter untached.  
A Partridge alet.  
A Rail breasted.  
A Woodcock thied.    

You shall say thus.  

A heart harboureth.  
A Choir loggeth.  
A Tyman beddeth.  
Shouldering or leaving.  
A Woodcock breaking.  
A Buck lodgeth.  
A Roe bedeth.  
An Hare in his form.  
A Conie sitting.    

The true and perfect measure of Blowing  
FIrst when you go into the field, blow with one wind one short, one long, and a longer.  
To blow to the coupling of the Hounds at the Kennel door, blow with one, one long and three short.  
The second wind, one long, one short, and a shorter.   

To blow to the field.  
BLow with two winds: with the first one short, one long, and two short.  
With the second wind, one short, one long, and a longer.   

To blow in the field.  
WIth two winds, the first two short, one long and two short.  
The second, one short, one long and a longer.  
To uncouple thy Hounds in the Field: three long notes, and with three winds.   

To blow to seek  
TWo Winds: The first a long and a short, the second a long.   

When the Hounds hunt after a game unknown, blow thus.  
BLow the Veline, one long, and six short: the second wind, two short and one long: the third wind, one long and two short.   

To draw from Covert to Covert.  
Three winds, two short, one long, and two short. The second, one long and a short. The third, one long.   

To blow the earthing of the Fox when he is coverable.  
Four notes with four winds. The relief, one long, six short.   

To blow if the Fox be not coverable.  
TWo winds, one long and three short. The second wind long.   

To blow the death of the Fox in field or covert.  
Three notes, with three winds, the recheat upon the same with three winds.  
THe first wind, one long and six short. The second, one short and one long. The third, one long and five short.   

The death of the Fox at thy Lord's gate.  
TWo notes, and then the relief three times.   

The death of the Buck, either with Bow or Hounds, or Greyhounds.  
ONe long Note.   

The knowledge upon the same.  
TWo-short and one long.   

The death of the Buck with Hounds.  
TWo long notes, and the recheat.   

The price of an heart rial.  
NIne Notes with three rests. The Rechate with three winds. The first, one long and five short. The second, one long and one short. The third, one long and six short.   

To blow the call of the keepers of any Park or Forrest.  
ONe short, one long, and a longer. If the keeper answer you, blow two short with one wind, and draw towards him. And after that blow one short.   

When the game breaketh covered.  
Four with three winds, and the Rechate upon the same.  
The stint when the hounds can hunt no further.  
With three winds, the first, one long and six short. The second, one long and one short. The third, one long.   

Where the Fox is earthed blow for the Terriers after this manner.  
ONe long and two short. The second wind one long and two short.  
Note this, for it is the chiefest and principallest point to be noted.  
Every long containeth in blowing seven quavers, one Minome, and one quaver.  
One Minome containeth four quavers.  
One short containeth three quavers.   
The end of the measures of blowing.   

A Brief Treatise of Fowling.  
Wherein is contained divers proper Devises both of Baits and others: with the making of Bird-lime, the manner and order in using of it on your Limerods: with many other special points, appertaining to that Exercise.  
LONDON: Printed for john H●lme, and are to be sold at his shop in Saint Dunstanes Churchyard in Fleetstreet. 1614   

A Treatise of Fowling: Wherein is contained divers proper Devises both of Baits and others: with the making of Birdlime, the manner and order in using of it on your Limerods: with many other special points, appertaining to that Exercise.  
AS to the ornament of the Air belongeth Birds and Fowls, (as Beda saith) which I mean in this Treatise to set forth. Birds be called Aves, as it were divide without way: (as Pliny saith) for their ways in the air are not distinguished in certain, and birds with moving of their wings divide and departed the air: but anon after the flight the air closeth itself, leaving no sign or token of their passage and flight. And Fowls be called Volucres, and have that name of Volary to fly: for Birds fly with wings, (as Isidore saith) and therefore they be called Alites, as it were Alates: that is, moving and rearing up themselves with wings: for they fly not without wings, nor areare themselves from the earth up into the air without the benefit of their wings or else a Bird is called Alice, and hath that name of Alendo, feeding: for he is fed of himself that feedeth birds and fowls of heaven, & giveth meat to all flesh (as Isidore saith.)  
The condition and properties of Birds be known by divers things, by their substance and complexion: for the substance of birds and fowls be made of two middle Elements that be between the two Elements that be most heavy and most light: for in their compositions and making, Air and Water hath most mastery: and therefore they have less of earthly heaviness, and more of lightness of the Air than Beasts that go on land and swim in water. By lightness of the substance they be borens into the Air (as Isidore saith) and the Air that is closed in the hollowness of pens and feathers, maketh a Bird light, and disposeth and maketh him able and helpeth him to mount upward. Also the condition of Birds is known by generation, for they have a feminal virtue of kind plight in them, & by virtue thereof they be kindly moved to increase their kind by deed of generation, and to keep their kind in order: As it is said of Aristotle, all Birds (saith he) and Fowls when they bring forth Birds lay Eggs, though it cannot be seen in all for scarcity: and the beginning of a generation of a Bird, as it is said, it cometh of the white, and his meat is the yolk: and after ten days of the generation a Bird is full shapen in all parts, and the parts be openly distinguished and known, but then his head is greater than all his body: and if the Eggshell were then broken, the head should be found bowed upon the right thigh, and his wings spread upon the head.  
When the generation of all the members is perfectly made, and liniation and shape of the members, the shell breaketh sometime the eightéenth day, or the twentieth day, as it fareth in Hens, and then the Chickens come out of the shell alive, being full shaped, and sometime twain out of one shell. Among all Beasts that be in order of generation, Birds and Fowls be most honest of kind: for by order of kind Males seek Females with business, and love them when they be found, and fight and put themselves in peril for them, & be joined to them only, as it were by covenant and wedding, love and nourish, and feed only the Birds that they get, & so kindly they deem and know between sex & sex, male and female, except few (whose kind goeth out of kind) as Aristotle showeth an example of the Partridge, that forgetteth his sex, that is, to understand the dissolution of male and female, and so he saith, that the male leapeth upon the male, & the female upon the female. But of the Eggs that come of such treading come no Birds, but they be as winde-Egges, and take an evil savour of such treading, and an evil stinch. And Birds and Fowls engendering, keep covenable time, for in spring time when the generation cometh in, Birds cry & sing, males draw to company of females, and desire each other of love, and woe with beaks and voice, & build Nests, and lay Eggs, and bring forth Birds, and when the Birds be gendered, they feed and nourish them, and bring them up, but when the office off generation is full ended, than they cease off song, and departed from each other, & come not together till the time of generation cometh again.  
Also Birds and Fowls be known by the places that they dwell in, for some Birds and Fowls, as me seemeth, love company, and dwelleth nigh men, as Hens, Geese, Sparrows, Storks and Swallows, and some dread and fly and be afraid of conversation with men, as Fowls of woods, of mountains and marries, for by their divers complexions they seek and challenge divers manners of places to inhabit in.  
As we may see in our own country of England, some Fowls use some shires more than other some, and in some shires there come none of some Fowls at all: as they do in other shires. For those that be cold and moist of kind, use marshes and Rivers for gathering of meat, and making of Nests, for sitting abroad, and for to bring up and nourish their young. Birds and Fowls that be of more hot and dry kind, dwell on Mountains and on high Rocks and stones, as Birds and Fowls that live by prey: as Eagles and Fawlkons, and other such, to the which, kind giveth crooked Claws and strong feet.  
Also some wood-Fowles use to dwell in Woods and thick tops of trees, and some of those be more mild than other, as Birds that sing in summer time with sweet notes in Woods and Trees.  
And other birds there be that live only in fields, and use to be therein, and get their meat, and eat continually of the fruit of the earth, as Cranes and Geese both wild and tame, and such Fowls love to dwell together, both on the ground and in the air, and go and fly together in herds, and love their own kind, and make a King among them.  
Seeing I have declared the nature and property of Fowls in the air, I thought good to set down some rules belonging to Fowling, to help to further some in that practice, which would feign learn and hath no teacher: which both to the pleasuring of them, and small labour of myself, I have done my good will.  
First of Fowling with Limetwigges, and how we should set our Limetwigges for sorts of Fowl. You must choose Limetwigs of those twigs that grow on the body of the Tree, and not of bow twigs, for that they be brittle and will not hold, but will snap a two, but the twigs that grow on the body of the Tree, are young bending twigs: and you must have to your whole set, a thousand lust. There is also divers other manners of Fowling, as with Nets, Springs, baits and snares, with divers other. But to speak first of Fowling with Limetwigs, as some are set low and some high, and that is as we know the haunt of the Fowl that uses to that place, whether they be Geese, Ducks, Snipes, or Hearnes, or Craines, or any other manner of Fowl that uses to the place that you set your Limerods in. If you set your Rods for wild Geese, you must stick them in a manner upright, and half a yard a sunder, which is almost narrow enough for a Snipe: if you should stick them any closer, there would no Fowl venture in at all, for the wild Goose is the subtlest Fowl of any: for when she lighteth, she lighteth most commonly in the deepest waters for fear of deceit, & if she come out of the water to land, she will spy to see if she can spy any thing before her: if she spy any thing, she will into the water again: but ever when you stick your Rods, stick them so that the tails of your Rods may be towards the water, (if you stick them by any River side) and the heads of your Rods stooping from the River, that the Fowl may come with the Rods: for there is no Fowl that will come against the Rods, nor is able almost if they would: but being your Rods turned from the River, they will be the bolder to go onwards, and then they can no way escape. And so likewise set your Rods about the whole plat that you set, with their tails outwards, and their heads stooping inward, for the Fowl will be the bolder to go amongst your Rods, if they chance to light beside them: but you must give good attendance upon your Rods, lest that the Fowl which is tangled do pick themselves and get away again: but you must lie very close lest that the Fowl do chance to spy you: but if it be somewhat darkish that you cannot espy whether there be any Fowl lighted among your Rods, then go to your Rods and give ashue, and if there be any they will flutter strait and fly upward: and if that there be none, then take your staff and beat the Rivers and Lakes within half a mile compass once or twice, if you be able to compass it, or more, and then shall you have them resort to your Limerods very thick: for he that minds to catch any, must so travel that he leave no Lakes or Springs unsearched, and see that your Limerods be set somewhat low, round about at the very entering, for that is good for all manner of Fowl: but if that they be set high within, it is good reason that the Fowl doth shut her wings before she is altogether at the ground, and see that you do set your Rods within one another, about three quarters or half a yard a sunder almost: and if it freeze hard, you must trim them with a little new Lime and Goose-grease mingled together, and that will keep them long from fréezing. And if there be any special place which Fowls do resort to, as in deep waters and running Rivers, and that the River is deep that you cannot set your Rods in, then take a pole or a cord, and a long hay-rope that will wind round about the length of the pole, then take your Limerods, and stick them very thick and lose withal, and then lay your pole or poles over the River, and thrust the end of your pole within the bank, and tie the other end of your pole next to you to the bank side, and see that your pole be a pretty way within the water, and that the heads of your Rods do stand close to the water: and thus may you set as many poles or cords as you think the place doth desire, and stick your rods very loosely that they may go with the fowl as soon as they touch them.  

Good Spaniel a treasure to Fowler sure is,  
To help him sometime, else oft should he mis:  
For water and land, it is a good thing  
A Spaniel to have, his game for to bring.   
Also there is another manner of way to catch in the water, with small cords being tied overthwart the water, and lime them as you do Limerods with good water-lime (as we call it) though indeed it is but Bird-lime, but it is tempered to hold within the water, which it will do if you let the cords be but a little within the water that it may scarce cover it: and if the water be broad, then take a Cork or two and tie them to your Line to hold it up. This is a pretty way and not to be suspected.  

How to make Bird-lime very pure.  
FIrst pill the bark from the Holly-trée about Midsummer, then boil the same bark, till the utter rind will pill from the green bark, which will be within one day, then lay the same inner bark so peeled in some close place on the ground, and cover the same with some green weeds or docks till it be well rotten, which will be within nine days or there about, then either beat it in mortars, or grind it very small, and then in some quick stream wash it very clean: then put it in a pot of earth, and it will spurge within three days, then take off the scum twice or thrice, for if there be any filth left in it, it would rot the Lime. After this keep the Lime very close till you have need to occupy it, mingle a little Hog's grease with it, and so may you work your Rods with it. Therefore as it is mentioned of of the Poet, the Wosell or Robin is a great cherisher of the Holly-trée, as Terence saith, Turdus cacat sibi malum, he maketh a Rod for his own tail, for the dung of the Wosell cherisheth much the Holly-trée, which afterwards turns to his own sorrow.   

A rare secret to catch Fowl, as Geese, Ducks, or Birds.  
NVxe vomica, otherways called in English the Spring Nut, being a pretty deal of that sod in a peck of Barley, or as little as you think good, or Fetchis, or Wheat, and being strewed where wild Geese, or wild Ducks come, and as soon as they eat of this, they will sound, and you may take them with your hand. Also the powder of Nuxe vomica is good to kill Kites, Ravens, Pies, Crows, or any other carronous fowl. Also take a piece of flesh and lay it in the field, and make holes in it, then put in the powder of Nuxe vomica in every hole, and so soon as any fowl eats of this, they will be overcome, and then they will fly, boult upright, and fall down to the ground strait again, and so you may take them.   

Another pretty way to make Birds drunk that you may take them with your Hand.  
TAke Wheat or Fetches, or any other seed, and lay the same in steep in lees of wine, or in the juice of Hemlock, and straw the same in the place where Birds use to haunt, and if they eat thereof, straightways they will be so giddy that you may take them with your hand.   

An excellent way to make a bait to catch wild Geese, and wild Ducks, and all other sorts of Fowl.  
TAke the seed of Belenge, and the roots also, and steep them in water the space of a day and a night: then seeth the said seeds and roots in the water that they were steeped in, so that the seeds may well drink and soak up the water, then lay the said seeds or grain in the places where wild Ducks and wild Geese are wont to resort, and they will eat this grain or seed so prepared, and thereupon will sleep as they were drunk, and in the mean time you may take them with your hands: but there must be a pretty quantity of this, especially for wild Geese. This may also serve to take all other manner of Fowl that go together in shoals or companies. If you seeth this grain in Brimstone, and lay it in the places where Birds and Fowls are wont to feed, and all that eat of it will fall down and die: but to keep them that they die not, you must give them to drink Oil Olive, and shortly after they will revive again. This is approved.   

Of fowling with Limebush.  
TO speak of Limebush there can be but little said, for it is commonly known and practised of all both in Winter and Summer. In Winter it is used with Limebush, which we call Bat-fowling, along by hedges to catch those Birds that rest in hedges, one to carry a light and another to beat the hedge: as also the Limebush is used at house ends, hovels or Ricks: the Limebush is of little cost, and is good for all times of the year. In Summer you may call Sparrows with a whistle to your bush. There is another pretty way to catch Birds with your Limebush, if you can get but an Owl and set her upon an hedge, and set a bush or two of one side of her, and when the Birds espy her they will flutter about her, and you shall catch good store of Birds. In Winter you have many other ways good.   

How to fowl with Nets.  
THere is another more certain, and more plentiful manner of fowling, which is nothing at all painful or unwholesome, the pleasure & neatness being compared with the labour, and that is to fowl with Nets, of which there be divers and sundry kinds: of which I count the Day-net to be the most principal, both because the use is neat, gentlemanly, and mixed with a moderate exercise, such as keepeth the body warm without excess of heat, & quickeneth both the eye and understanding with a sharpness and vigilancy to observe the advantages and motions which beguile the poor innocent Birds, these Nets likewise are most in use from the latter end of August, at what time the corn is carried away, till Christmas, and the time of the day is from the first appearance of the Sun till his declination: for you shall understand that the days which are stalling, windy, rainy or misty are in no wise for this exercise. To speak of the shape of these Nets, they must be two distinct and several Nets of one length, breadth, and wideness of mash, the length would be about four fathom, and the breadth a fathom & somewhat better, the mash would be inch and a half compass, and the substance thereof the best and strongest browne-thréed which can be made, look how broad your Nets are so long at the full you must have four poles, which with a strong round cord that runs all the length of your Nets you must fasten at both ends of your Nets very strongly and stiffly, which being done, you shall see your Nets carry out their true proportion, in the full shape and manner as they were knit, rising and falling as if they were of one substance, which done, you shall lay them on the ground if it be level & smooth, so as they may join edge to edge & no more, and that when you will cast them open they may rise like a gate with two leaves or doors, and fall each ●om other just their own quantities, lying upon the ground flat, smooth, close, and as it were unperceived, but if you shall lay them in the corn fields upon lands, than you shall lay them so as they may either fall close together in the furrow, or else upon the top of the land ridge, and when they open or divide that they may lie flat and close either to the ridge or to the furrow, according to the advantage of the ground. When you have carefully ordered this, and laid your Nets in such sort as you would have them lie when they are drawn inward, than you shall stake fast down to the earth with four little stakes, the four outmost corners of your two Nets, so that the Nets may rise upon those stakes, to open and shut as upon so many pair of hinges. This done, you shall lay the Nets open one from another, so that those corners which was inmost may be outmost, and from the two farthermost corners which shall be from you, have two lines of strong round cord of two fathom and a half in length a piece, and joining both the ends together, stake them down strait & fast at their uttermost length as near as you can guess with your eye in the midst between your two Nets, which done, you must have two other cords of the same length at the other ends of the Net next unto you, and join those ends likewise together with a knot or loop but by no means stake them down, but let them remain lose, then to the knot or loop you shall fasten a single cord of twenty yards in length, and yourself going to the uttermost end thereof sit you down upon a little low hassock or stool made of straw or flags, not above a foot hie, (which you must have provided for the purpose, to keep you from the cold earth) and being so set, with all your strength pull the single cord unto you, and you shall see the two Nets arise, and fall inward one to another so close that they will join and kiss together, thus when you see they do yarely, nimbly, and at ease, you shall then arise and throw them open again, & then taking a live Lark, or Bird, but the Lark is the best, which we call the Stolen, & fixing her fast to a long stick mortessed in a stake, which you must fasten in the ground, yet so as the stick may move up & down, and at every motion the Lark may flutter with her wings. This Stolen you shall place in the midst between your Nets, and having a long string fastened to the stolen, which may reach to your own seat: you shall lay it by you, and ever and anon with one of your hands pull it up and down to make the Lark flutter: which done, you shall have a long Pole, hung about with shittle-cocks of feathers, which you shall place within thirty or forty paces of your Nets, so directly in the mouth of the Wind, that they may whirl and turn about with a ceaseless motion: this will gather about you abundance of Larks, and all sorts of Birds: which being perceived, you shall go to your seat, and when you see any Larks, or other Birds stoop or play about your Nets, or but come flying over your Nets, closeby the ground, you shall pull your line, and all within the compass of your Net is your own, so you pull quickly and surely: then must you run and take them out, and cast your Nets open again: and thus if the weather be seasonable, you shall have sport at your pleasure: for I have seen seventeen, and eighteen dozen of Larks taken in this manner in one morning. These Nets are most proper for the taking of Larks, and other small Birds, the Merlin and the Hobby.  
There is another Stolen belonging to these Day-nets, which is very proper and excellent, chief at the latter end of the year, when Birds are least apt to play: and that is a thrée-square piece of wood, a foot in length, and three inches each square: it must be painted red, and be all inlaid with square or round pieces of looking-glass, it must have a foot in the midst, which must go into a wide socket of wood, made in a strong stake, which must be stricken into the earth, then to the foot must be fastened a packthread, which being wound many times about the foot, and issuing through a little hole of the Stake, must come to your seat, so that when you pull it, the wood will turn so round, that it will give a strange reflection, and so continuing the turning, it will entice the Birds to play wonderfully: the place where you shall set it, shall be by the stolen your Lark, so that you may use one string after another.   

Of taking Plovers with Nets.  
IT is the nature of the Plover, especially the grey, which is ever the best, and most daintiest, to fly together in shoals or companies, and for the most part they will after feeding, haunt one place. The Nets wherewith you shall take them differ nothing at all from the Day-nets, either in shape or manner of laying, only they must in quantity be full as big again every way as the Day-nets are: therefore when you have found the morning or evening haunt of Plovers, you shall lay your Nets in the self same manner as I showed you for the laying of the Day-nets, and as your Nets are larger, so your distance from your Nets, must be big and longer, and yourself must lie closer, for if you can endure it, it is best to lie flat on your back, with your hands on your lines between your legs: your stale must be a quick Plover. The hour for the laying of your Nets, is a little before day, in the morning, and a little before the day be gone, in the evening: for the flight of Plovers, is at the spring of day, and at the closing up of the day, when you may only see and no more. I have seen at one pull a dozen, and sometimes two dozen taken, they come so close and thick together. As for the green Plover, he is easy to be taken, either with Limetwigs, or any other gins, as hath been formerly showed unto you.   

How to fowl with other Nets.  
ALso there is another manner of way to fowl which is with Nets, but the use of them is in the night, and the darkest night the better: and first of Fowling with Nets, which we call in England most commonly Bird batting, and some call it lowbelling, and the use of it is to go with a great light of Cressets, or rags of linen dipped in Tallow that will make a good light, and you must have a pan of plate, made like a Lantern, to carry your light in, which must have a great socket to hold a great light, and carry it before you on your breast, with a Bell in your other hand of a great bigness, made in manner like to a Cowbell, but of greater bigness, and you must ring it always after one order, with two to go with Nets one of each side of him that carries the Bell, and what with the light that so doth amaze them, and the Bell that so doth astonish them, they will, when you come near them, turn up their white bellies, which you shall quickly perceive, then lay your Nets on them and take them: but the Bell must not stint going: for if it cease, than the Birds will fly up if there be any more nigh. This is a good way to catch Larks, Woodcocks, and Partridges, and all other land-Birds.   

To go with a Trammill.  
TO go a trameling with a Net it is a good way, for two may go a broad with a Trammill and catch store. You must have your Net seven yards of length, and five in breadth: then take a couple of Poles or long rods, so long as your Net is, and tie your Poles to your Nets all along the length of your Nets, one of one side, and the other of the other side, then may you take your Pole in your hand, and pluck out your Pole out of breadth, and one go in one thorough of the land and another in the other thorough, and go along in lands, and carry your Net as far forwards as you can, and when they hear you tread, then will they flutter up into your Net, which you shall quickly hear, then let down your Net to the ground, and gripe them, and take them from under your Net: but if it be in a very dark night, that you cannot see them, you should have a little close Lantern, that one may perceive no light, but when it is opened to see to take them, but we commonly make shift without.   

To set Springs.  
ALso some use to set Springs, which is made with a running knot, and a stick in the ground to yerk up with another stick which the Fowl must tread on, which is in manner like to a trap or running knot which is made of hairs, which is good to be set in frost time, in springs, for Woodcocks and Snipes, or any other Fowl if they come where that springs be set, or you may set them in Lands in the very thorough for Woodcocks, where you know that they haunt, and in Summer you may set them in bushes either for Woodcocks or any other Birds, and you must look that the stick that they tread on be somewhat round and brown, for if it be white, they will fear to tread on it: and your noose must be made of horse hair, and the blacker the better.   
The end of Fowling.   

A Brief Treatise of Fishing: with the Art of Angling.  
Wherein is contained the perfect making of all manner of Implements appertaining to that exercise: the divers and several Baits for every kind of Fish, with the best times of the year for the taking of them.  
LONDON: Printed for john Helm, and are to be sold at his shop in Saint Dunstanes Churchyard in Fleetstreet. 1614   

A brief Treatise of Fishing, with the Art of Angling: wherein is contained the perfect making of all manner of Implements appertaining to that Exercise: The divers and several Baits for every kind of fish, with the best times of the year for the taking of them.  
AS the wise man saith, a good spirit maketh a merry and flourishing age, and causeth a man to live long, and truly in my opinion, these three things are a medicine and a preservative for the same. The first of them is a merry thought. The second is labour not outrageous. The third is, diet measurable. The first, if a man will evermore be in a merry thought, and have a glad spirit, he must eschew all contrarious company, and all places of debate, where he may have any occasion of melancholy, and he must eschew all places of Riot, which is occasion of surfeit and sickness, and he must draw him to places of sweet air, and eat nourishing meats and delectable.  
As now I mean to describe these disports and games, to find the best of them as truly as I could, and although the right Noble and worthy Duke of york, late master of the game, hath described this Art of Fishing, and the rest of these pleasures and disports. For hunting in mine opinion is laboursome, for the Huntsman must follow his hounds, sweeting full sore, he bloweth till his lips blister, and when he thinks he hath a Hare, full oft it is a Hedgehog. Thus he chaseth up and down, and knoweth not sometimes at what. He cometh home at night raynebeaten and pricked, and his clothes torn all to pieces, wetshed and all miry, and some of his hounds lost and some surbated. Such griefs and many other happen unto the huntsman, which for displeasing of them that love it I dare not report: thus truly me thinketh it is not the best game, and disport of the four.  
Hawking is labourous and troublous: for as often the Faulkoner loseth his Hawks, as the Hunter his Hounds, then is his game and disport gone, yea, and full often he crieth and whistleth, till he almost loseth his wind, his Hawk sometime taketh about, and giveth no mind nor sight to him, for when he would have her fly, than she will bathe: with misféeding she will have the Frounce, and many other diseases that bringeth to souse. Thus by proof, this is not the best disport and game of the said four. In my opinion the game of Fowling is the simplest: for in winter in cold weather, the Fowler can do no good, but in the hardest and coldest weather, which is grievous: for when he would go to his gins, he cannot for cold: many a devise he maketh, and yet in the morning his fortune is hard, when he is wet up to the waist. Many discommodities I could show, but for offending I let them pass. Then sith it is so, that Hawking, Hunting, and Fowling be so laborious, that none of them may be a mean to a merry spirit, which is the cause of long life, unto the sayings of the wise in his Parables: doubtless then it must follow, that Fishing with the Angle is most delectable, for all other are troublesome & laborious: For in some kind of fishing it maketh the Fisher, through wet, so cold, that many and sundry times there ensueth divers infirmities through the same: But the Angler he hath no cold, no disease, no impediment, except it be through himself: for he can lose but a Line or a Hook at the most, which he may make again at his own leisure, as he shall be taught hereafter: so then, is not his loss grievous if the fish break away with his Hook, that is the most: for and he fail of one he hitteth of another: and if he quite fail, yet he hath his wholesome walks, his pleasant shades, the sweet air, the excellent smells of the sweet meadow flowers, which maketh him hungry: he heareth the melodious Harmony of Birds and other Fowls, which he thinketh is better than the noise of Hounds, the blast of Horns, or all the cry that Hunters, Falconers, or Fowlers can make: and if the Angler do take fish, then hath he a merry sper it, and a glad heart. But who so will use this exercise he must rise early, which is profitable to man for the health of his body: For as the old English Proverb is, who so doth rise early shall be holy, healthy, and happy. Thus I have showed in this Treatise, that this disport & game of Angling, is the very mean to induce a man to a merry spirit. And to the content of all those that have delight in these exercises, I have collected this Treatise following, which you may use at your pleasure. But yet before I proceed to this Art of Angling, I will speak something of the use of Nets, and how fish are to be caught therewith, for as Angling is for pleasure and delight, so this is for profit and use for the Commonwealth, furnishing Markets, and families, with such provisions as are necessary for the food and sustenance of man. And of Nets you shall understand there be divers kinds, as the great draft Net, the flew Net, the shoove Net, the purse Net, and the leap Net, of all which I will give you a little short taste or assay, yet such as shall be large enough for your understanding and benefit: and first of the draft Net.  

The use of the draft Net.  
THe draft Net of all other is the largest, for it is for Rivers, Ponds or large Waters: some are of thirty fathoms, some twenty, some fifteen, and some ten: it is made of the strongest packthread, with a very small and narrow mash, in the midst it draweth straighter and straighter down, like a purse of a fathom and a half long, and gathered together exceeding close in the last end, at which must be fastened some heavy stone or other poise, which may make it sink to the bottom: it must be in breadths a fathom and a half or better, which is the depth of any ordinary Pond or River, the neither side must be all plummed with lead very thick, to make it sink, and the upper side must be full of floats, made of light Sallow such as will not sink: at the two outmost ends, you must have two strong Poles, full as long as the Net is deep, to whose ends you must stretch the ends of the Net, and then casting it into the Pond, or River, by strong cords, which must be fastened to each end of the Net, see you divide the Net to each side of the Pond or River, drawing it with great leisure and constancy, being sure that you neither pull the leads from the ground, nor suffer the floats to sink under the water, than you shall have divers men with long Poles or staves, that shall go on each side of the River before the Net, & beat up the Fish, leaving none in any holes sedges, bushes, or such like, but driving them into the midst of the water: then being come to the end of the Pond, or to the best landing place of the River, those with the poise, beating the water that the fish may not pass by them, he on the contrary side, shall bring over his lines, and bring the two Net Poles close together, then casting the float a side from you, & drawing the plummed side to you, you shall stoop down and close by the ground, leisurely draw in the plummed side of the Net, another likewise with more leisure drawing in the floats after you: then be assured, that what fish soever was within the compass of your drawght, you shall find it in the Rod of your Net, which as soon as you have taken out, and clenced your Nets, well and sufficiently, you may then if you please, cast it in again: and thus you m● fish down any River as many miles as you please, or have liberty so to do, or else you may draw as many Ponds as are to your liking.   

Of the flew Net, and of his use.  
THis flew Net is a Net of some two fathom and a half in length, and one fathom in depth, made of a very strait mash, and with a long rod in the midst, the neither side plummed & the upper side floated: it is most proper for small broke or little rundles, and the manner to fish with it, is in this sort. You must first have a stop Net, which is a plain Net, without any rod, only plummed, floated and polled at both ends, and this putting into the brook make it fast to each side of the bank, then go down the River from it some threescore or fourscore yards, and there cast in your flew, then make it likewise fast to each side of the bank, so as you may be sure that the plummets are at the bottom, and that there be a good place for the landing of your Net: then take your poise, and go to your stop Net, and there begin to beat, and so continue beating down, till you come close to your flew, then whilst one beateth still, let the other on the contrary side let loose the slew, and throwing the cords over unto you, draw the slew leisurely in, and land it as you did your drawght-Net, and look what fish was within that compass of water, you shall find it in the rod of your flew Net, then taking up your stop Net, put it in where you took up your flew and so fish forward, and thus you may do the whole length of a Brook if you have time and leisure.   

Of the Shoove-net, or Pursse-Net.  
THe Shoove-net and Pursse-Net, are much what of one shape and making, being of a small compass, made round and fastened to a great Bow of Wood set to a long Pole, they have long rows going from the Bow, which like a purse, are gathered together in the neither end, the use of fishing with them, is most commonly in Pits, blind dikes or other small standing waters, into which much fish is got by reason of inundations and overflows of water. If therefore in any such pits or little dikes you shall espy any fish you shall take your shoove-net and thrusting it down to the bottom before the fish, you shall with your poy go behind him and beat the water, and as soon as you see him shut you shall jerk up your Net, and be sure to find the fish in the rod thereof: if you draw your shove-net along any dike to that end which is stopped, or if there be no end stopped, then to some other person who standeth a pretty way from you beating the water with a poy, be sure all the fish within that compass will be in the rod of your Net: This is a good Instrument for the pooreman, and oft getteth him food when he wants it.   

Of the Leape-Net.  
THe Leap net is a square long Net set out with wood, having in it many rods or purses which are distinguished from the outward Net with round hoops of wood, it is most commonly fastened to a leap, and laid in Mill dams, or in strait waters, after any fall of great rain which maketh a white water: it is most proper for the taking of Eels, but because it is to lie still all the night or all the day, and thereby hath in it small exercise or practise, I think it not meet to trouble your memory much therewith, but now to retain, and pursue my discourse in land of the excellent Art of Angling.  
IF you will be perfect in this Art of Angling, you must first learn to make your Implements: that is to say, your Rod, and your Lines of divers colours: This done, you most know how you must angle, & in what place of the water, how deep, and at what time of the day, and for what manner of Fish, and what weather, how many impediments there be in fishing, and specially in Angling, and what bait belongeth to every Fish every time of the year: And how you shall make your baits breed, where you shall find them, and how you shall keep them for the most part: How you shall make your Hooks of Steel, and of Osmond, some for the Dub, some for the Float, and for the ground. And here I will teach you how you shall make your Rod: you shall cut it between Michaelmas and Candlemas, of an ell and a half long, being the arm of a great Hasell, Willow or Asp, and beth him in a hot Oven, and set it even and strait, and let it cool a month: then take a cord, and bind it fast about, and bind it to a form, or to a piece of square timber: then take a Plumber's wire that is even and strait, and sharp the one end, and heat it in a fire of Charcoal, and burn the hole quite through in the pith, beginning at both ends, and go on to the middle: you may burn the hole with a Bird-broch, but let the last broach be bigger than any of them before, then let it lie and cool two days, unbind it and let it lie in the smoke, or the roof of a house, till it be through dry. In the same season cut a yard of green Hasell, and death it even and strait, and let it dry with the staff: and when it is dry make it fit for the hole in the staff, unto the half length of the staff: and to fill the other half of the crope, take a fair shoot of black Thorn, Crab tree, Medler, or else of juniper, cut in the same season, and well bethed and strait, and set them fit together, so that the crop may enter all into the said hole, then shave your staff and make it Taper-wise, then hoop the staff at both ends with long hoops of iron, or latten, after the cleanliest manner, and a pike in the neather-end fastened with a running wire to take in and out of your staff, and set your crop a handful within your upper end of your staff, in such wise that it be as big there as in any other place above, then arm your staff down to the fret with a Line of six hairs, and double the Line and fret it fast on with a piece of a bow: And thus you shall make you a staff to walk with, and no man shall think that you have such Implements about you: It will be very light and nimble to fish with at your pleasure, and is always very ready and necessary.  
AFter you have thus made your Rod, you must learn to colour your Lines of hair after this manner. You must take of a white horse tail the longest hairs you can get, and the bigger and rounder they are the better it is, depart them into six parts, & colour every part by himself in divers colours: as yellow, green, tawny, brown, russet, or dusky colour: And for to make your hair take a good green colour, you must take a quart of Ale, and put into it half a pound of Allom, and put your hair and all together in a little Pan, and let them boil softly half an hour, then take out your hairs, and let them dry, then take a pottle of fair water, and put it into a Pan, and two handfuls of Waxed, and press it with a Tile stone, and let it boil softly the space of an hour: and when it is yellow on the scum, put therein your hairs, with half a pound of Copperous beaten into powder, and let it boil the space of going of half a mile, and then set it down and let it cool the space of five or six hours, then take out the hair and dry it, and it will be the best green for the water that can be, and the more that you put of Copperous to it the better it will be.   

For to make your hair yellow.  
Dress it as before with Allom, and after with Oldes, or Waxed, without Copperous or verdigris.   

To make another yellow.  
TAke a pottle of small Ale, and stamp thereinto three handfuls of Walnut leaves, and put it together, and then put in your hair till it be as deep as you will have it.   

For to make Russet hair.  
TAke a pint of strong Lée, and half a pound of Sote, and a little juice of Walnut leaves, and a quart of Alom, put them altogether in a Pan, and boil them well, and when it is cold put in your hair till it be as dark as you will have it.   

To make your hair brown.  
TAke strong Ale and Salt, and mingle them together, and put your hairs two days and two nights, and they will be a perfect colour.   

For to make a tawny colour.  
TAke Lime and Water, and put them together, and then put your hairs therein four or five hours, then take them out, and put them into a Tanner's Ose one day, and it will be as fine a tawny colour as can be for your purpose.  
The sixth part of your hair, you shall keep still white for lines, for the double hook to fish for the Trout, and for small lines to lie for the Roch and the Dace.  
When your hair is thus collected, you must know for which waters, and which seasons they shall serve, the green colour for all clear waters from April until September. The yellow colour in every clear water from September to November. For it is like the Weeds and other kind of grass that is broken in the River. The russet colour serveth all the Winter until the end of April, as well in Rivers as in Pools or Lakes.  
The brown colour serveth for the water that is blackish in Rivers or other Waters: the tawny colours, for those Rivers or Waters that be heathy or moorish.  
Now you must make your lines after this order, First you must have an instrument for the twisting of your line. Take your hair and cut a handful at the end, because it is not strong enough, then turn the top to the tail over each alike, and make it into three parts, & knit every part by himself, and knit the other end altogether: then put that end fast into your instrument into the cleft, and make it fast with a wedge, four fingers shorter than your hair, then twine your warp one way alike, and fasten them in three cliffs alike strait, then take that out at the other end, and let it twine that way that it desireth, then strain it a little, and knit it for undoing, and that is good.  
So when you have so many links as will suffice for a line to make it long enough, then must you knit them together with a water knot, or a Dutch knot, and when your knot is knit, cut off the void shore ends a straw breadth from the knot, thus shall your lines be fair and even: and also sure for any manner of Fish.  
The finest practice is in making your hooks, and for the making of them you may have your several kind of tools that you may do them artificially. A séemy clam of iron, a bendor, a pair of long and small tongues, and a knife somewhat hard and thick, an Anvil, and a little Hammer.  
And for a small Fish you shall take the smallest quarrel Needles that you can find of Steel: and you shall put the Quarrel in a fire of Charcoal till it be of the same colour that the fire is, then take it out and lay it to cool, and you shall find it well alaide to file, then raise the beard with your knife, and make the point sharp, then allay him again, or else he will break in the bending, then bend him as he will serve for your purpose: you shall make them of great Needles, as shoemakers Needles, tailors Needles, or Imbroderers Needles: but look that they will bow at the point, or else they be not good, and when you have beaten flat the end of the hook, file him smooth that it fret not the line, than put it into the fire, and give it an easy red heat, then suddenly quench it in water, and it will be hard and strong. And for to have knowledge of your Instruments that be necessary, without the which you are not able to accomplish your desire, that is, your Hammer, Knife, Pinson, Claem, Wedge, File, Wrist, and a Needle.  
When you have made your hooks, than you must set them on according to their strength and greatness. First take small red silk, and if it be for a great hook then double it and twist it, and for a small hook let it be single, and therewith fret the line whereas you will have the hook stand, a straw breadth, then set to your hook and fret it with the same third the two parts of the length that it shall be fret in all, and when you come to the third part, then turn the end of your line up again double, to the other third part, then put your third in at the hole twice or thrice, and let it go each time about the yard of your hook: then wet the hook and draw, and look that your line lie evermore within your hooks, and not without, and then cut of the lines end, and the third as nigh as you can, saving the fret.  
Thus you know with how great hooks you shall angle to every Fish, now I will tell with how many hairs you shall angle for every Fish. First for the Menow, with a line of one hair: for the waring Roch, the Bleak, the Gudgeon, and the Ruff, with a line of two hairs: for the Dace and the Roch, with a line of three hairs: for the Perch, the Flounder, and Bremet, with a line of four hairs: for the Chevin, the bream, the Tench, and the Eel, with six hairs: for the Trout, and the grazing, Barbell, and the great Chevin, with nine hairs: for the great Trout, with twelve hairs: for the Salmon, with fifteen hairs, and for a Pike, with a chalk line made in the colour aforesaid, armed with a line, as you shall hear hereafter. When I speak of the Pike, your lines must be plumed with lead, and the nearest plumb to the hook, be a foot off at the least, and every plumb of the quantity of the bigness of the line. There be three manner of plumbs: for a ground line, running, & for the float: set upon the ground line lying, ten plumbs, all joining together on the ground line, running, nine or ten small: the float plumb shall be heavy, that the first pluck of any Fish may pull it into the water, and make your plumbs round and smooth, that they stick not on stones and weeds.  
THen you shall make your floats in this manner. Take a piece of a Cork that is clean without holes, and bore it through with a small hot iron, and put thereinto a quill or pen even and strait: always note that the greater the hole, the bigger the pen, and shape it great in the midst, and small at both ends, & especially sharp in the neither end, and make them smooth on a Grindstone, and look that the float for one hair be no bigger than a Pease, for two hairs as a Bean, for twelve hairs as a Walnut, and so every line must have according to his portion. All manner of lines that be not for the ground, must have floats: and the running ground line must have a float, and the lying ground line must have a float.  
NOw I have taught you to make your hairs, hereafter I mean to show you the Art of Angling. You shall understand that there is three manner of anglings: the one is at the ground for the trout, and other Fish: an other is at the ground at the Arch or stang where it ebbeth and floweth, for Bleak, Roch, and Dace: the third is with a float for all manner of Fish: the fourth, with a Menowe for the Trout without plumb or float: the fift is running in the same for the Roch and Dace with two hairs or one hair, and a fly: the sixth is a dubbed hook for the trout or Grailing. And for the first and principal point in Angling, look that you keep you from the sight of the Fish, either stand close on the land, or behind some Bush: for if he see you, than your sport is marred, for he will not bite, and look that you shadow the water as little as you can, for it is that which will make him be gone: for if the fish be frayed, he will not bite a good while after. For all manner of Fish that feed by the ground, you must Angle for them to the bottom, so that your hook shall run and lie on the ground: and for all other Fish that feedeth above, you shall Angle for them at the midst of the water, or above the midst, or below the midst whether ye will, for the greater the Fish, the nearer he lieth to the bottom of the water, and evermore the smaller the Fish, the more he swimmeeh above. The third good point, is when the Fish biteth, that you be not too hasty to smite nor to take: for you must abide till the bait be far in the mouth of the Fish, and then tarry no longer, and this is for the ground: and for the float when you see it pulled into the water, or else carried softly upon the water, then smite, and look that you never over-smite the strength of your line for breaking: and if it be your fortune to smite a great Fish with a small line, than you must lead him in the water, and labour him there till he be drowned and ouerc●●e, then take him as well as you can, and ever take heed that you strain him not over the strength of your line, and as much as you can let him not go past your lines end from you, but keep him ever under your Rod, and hold him as strait as your line will sustain, and bear his leaps and his plunges as well as you can with your Crope and your hand.   

Here I will declare unto you, in what place of the water you shall angle, either in Poole or standing water, and according to the deepness of the said water.  
THere is no great diversity in any place of a Pool, so it be deep, for it is a prison to all fishes, and therefore the sooner taken: but in the River the best Angling is where it is deep, and clear by the ground, as gravel or clay without mud or weeds, and especially if there be any whirling in the water, or a covert, as a hollow bank or great roots of Trees, or long weeds fleeting above the waters, where the fish may hide themselves at certain times when they list. Also it is good to Angle in stiff streams, and also in valleys of waters, and in flood gates, and Mill pits, and at the bank where the stream runneth, and is deep and clear by the ground, and in any place where the fish haunt and have any feeding.  
Now you shall understand the best time of the year, and the best times of the day, from the beginning of May to September. The best time of their biting is from four a clock in the morning until eight a clock, and from four in the afternoon till eight at night: but it is not so good in the afternoon as in the morning: and if it be a cold wind and a lowering day, it is much better than a clear day: and the Pool fishes will bite best in the morning.  
And if you see at any time of the day the Trout or the Grailing leap, angle for him with a Dub, according to the season of the year, and where the water ebbeth and floweth: the fish will bi●e in some place at the ebb, and in some place at the flood, after they have had resting behind Stanges and arches of Bridges, and other such places.  
The principal time to angle in, is a lowering day, when the wind bloweth softly: for in Summer when it is very hot than it is nought: from September until April in a fair sunny day, it is very good angling, & if the wind at that time have any part of the Orient weather, than it is nought: and when it is a great wind and that it snoweth, raineth, or haileth, or is a great tempest, as Thunder or Lightning, or a swolty hot weather, than it is nought for to angle.  
You shall further understand that there be twelve empediments, which cause a man to take no fish, as it doth most commonly hap. The first is if that your harness be not fit and well made. The second is if your baits be not good and fine. The third is, if you angle not in biting time. The fourth is, if the fish be afraid with the sight of man: The fift, if the water be red, thick, and white, of any flood lately fallen: the sixth, if the fish stir not for cold: the seventh, if the weather be hot: the eight, if it rain: the ninth, if it hail or snow: the tenth, if it be a tempest: the eleventh, if it be a great wind: the twelfth is, if the wind be in the East, and that is worst, for commonly neither in Winter nor Summer, the fish will bite if it be in the East: the West or the North is good, but the South is best of all.  
And now I have taught you to make your harness, and how you shall fish therewith in all points. Now there resteth to show you what baits be best for every kind of fish, for all times and seasons of the year, which is the principal part of this Art: without the knowledge of which baits, all the rest before were to no purpose: for there is no man can make a fish to swallow the hook without the bait, and therefore I have set you down every fish with his proper bait belonging to the time, and best time to catch them as followeth.   

And because the Salmon of all fish is the most Stateliest, therefore I mean to begin with him the first.  
THe Salmon is a very gentle fish, but he is troublesome to take, for commonly he is in deep places of great Rivers, and for the most part he will keep him in the midst of it, that you may not come at him, and he is in season from March until Michaelmas: in which season you may angle for him, with these baits, if you can get them. First with a Red worm in the beginning and ending of the season, and also with a Grub that breedeth in a dunghill, and especially there is a sovereign bait that breedeth in a water Dock, & he biteth not at the ground, but at the float: you may take him when he leapeth, in like manner as doth a Trout or a Graling, and these are approved baits for the Salmon.  
The Trout, because he is a dainty fish, and also a very fervent biter, he is the next that I mean to show you the time to catch him. From March until Michaelmas he lieth on the gravel, and in a stream you may angle for him with a line, lying or running, saving in leaping time, and then with a Dub, and early with a running ground line, and in the day time with a float line. You shall angle for him in March, with a Menow hanging on your hook, by the neathernesse without Float or plumb, drawing up and down the stream till you feel him fast. Also it is good to angle for him with ground lines, and with red worm, for the most part, and in April take the same baits, as also the Canker that breedeth in a great tree, and the red Snail, you may take the Bobworme under the Cowtord, and the silk worm, and the bait that breedeth on the fern leaf. In june take a red worm and nip off his head, and a Cod-worme, and put it on the hook. In july take the Cod worm, and the Red worm together. In August take a flesh fly, and fat Bacon, and bind them together about the hook. In September take the Red worm and the Menow. In October take the same. These be specially for the Trout at all times of the year. From April until September the Trout leapeth: then angle for him with a dubbed hook, according to the mouth: which dubbed hooks you shall find in the end of this Treatise, and the mouths with them.  
The Grailing, of some so called, of others Umber. It is a right delicate fish to man's mouth, and you may take him as you do the Trout, and these are his baits. In March and in April the red worm, in May the green worm, a little braised worm, the dock canker, and the Hawthorne worm. In june the bait that breedeth between the bark of an Oak. In july a bait that breedeth on the fern leaf, and the great red worm, and nip off the head, and put it on the hook, and a Codworme before. In August the red worm and a Dock worm, and all the year after a worm.  
The barbel is a sweet fish, but he is a very queasy meat, and very dangerous to eat: for commonly he bringeth an inconvenience to the Febres, and if he be eaten raw, he may be the cause of man's death, which hath oftentimes been seen, and these are his baits in March and in April. Take fresh Cheese, and lay it on a Trencher, and cut it in small pieces, the length of your hook, then take a Candle and burn it on your hook till it be yellow, and then bind it on your hook with Fletcher's silk, and make it rough like a Welbede, this bait is good all the Summer season. In May and in june take the Hawthorne worm, and the great red worm, and nip the head off, and put a Cod-worme on your hook before, and this is a very good bait. In july take the red worm for the chief and the Hawthorne, together with the waterdock leaf worm. In August and for all the year, take the tallow of a sheep, and of soft Cheese, each of them alike, and a little Honey, and temper them together till they be tough, and then put a little Flower into it, and make it in small pellets, and that is a good bait to Angle with at the ground, and look that it sink in the water, or else it is not good for that purpose.  
The carp is a dainty fish, but there is no great plenty of them, and therefore I writ least of him, but he is a very subtle fish to take, for he is so strong in the mouth that there is no weak harness will hold him: and as touching his baits I have little knowledge thereof, and therefore I would be loath to write more than I know and have proved: but I am sure the red worm, and the Menow are good baits for him at all times, as I have heard divers good Fisher's report.  
The Chevin is a stately fish, and his head is a dainty morsel, there is no fish so strongly enarmed on the body with scales, and because he is a strong biter he hath the more baits, which are these: In March, the red worm at the ground: for commonly than he will bite there at all times of the year, if he be any thing hungry: In April, the Canker that breedeth in the tree, the worm that breedeth between the bark of the tree of Oak, the red worm, and the young Froshes when the feet be cut off: also the Stone Fly, the Bob under the Cow-turd, the red Snail: In May, the bait that breedeth in the Osier leaf, and the Dock canker put on the hook, and a bait that breedeth on the fern leaf, the Red-worme, and the bait that groweth upon the Hawthorne, and a bait that breedeth on the Oak leaf, and a Silk worm, and a Codworme together: In june, take the Creker and the Dorre, also a Red worm the head being cut off, and a Codworm before, and put them on the hook: also a Grub that breedeth in the dunghill, a great Grasshopper, and the Humble be in the Meadow: Also young Bees and Hornets, and the Fly that is among the Pismires hills. In August, take Wort worms, and Maggots, till Michaelmas. In September, the Red worm, and a young Mouse not haired, and the House comb.  
The bream is a noble fish and a dainty, and you shall angle for him from March until August with a Redworme, and then with a Butterfly, and with a bait that groweth amongst green Reed, and a bait that breedeth in the bark of a dead tree: and for Bremets take Maggots, and from that time forward all the year take the Red worm: and in the River, brown bread.  
The Tench is a good fish, and healeth, in a manner, all other fish that be hurt, if they may come to him, he is most parts of the year in the mud, and stirreth most in june and july, and in other seasons but little: he is an evil biter, and his baits be these: For all the year, brown Bread toasted with Honey, the likeness of a bantred loaf, and the great red worm, and take the black blood in the heart of a Sheep, and Flower and Honey, and temper them all together, so make them softer than paste and anoint the Red worm therewith, both for this fish and for others, and they will bite much the better thereat at all times of the year.  
The Perch is a dainty fish, and passing wholesome, and a great and earnest biter: In March, the Red worm, the Bob under the Cowtord. In April and May, the Slowthorne worm, and the Cod worm. In june, the bait that breedeth in an old fallen Oak, and the great Canker. In july the bait that breedeth on the Osier leaf, and the Bob that breedeth on the dunghill, and the Hawthorne worm, and the Cod-woorme. In August, the red worm and Maggots, and all the year after take the red worm for the best.  
The Roch is an easy fish to take, and if he be fat and penned then is he good meat, and his baits are these. In March take the red worm. In April, the Bob under the Cow-turd. In May, the bait that breedeth in the Oaken leaf, and the Bob on the dunghill. In june, the bait that breedeth on the Osier, and the Cod-worme. In july, the House-flyes, and the bait that breedeth on an Oak, and the Notworme, and Mathews maggots, until Michaelmas, and after that the fat of Bacon.  
The Dace is a gentle Fish, and is very good meat: in March his bait is a red worm, and in April the Bob under the Cow-turd. In May the dock canker, and the bait on the Slowthorne, and that on the Oaken leaf. In june the Codworme, and the bait on the Osier, and the white Grub on the dunghill. In july take house flies, and the flies that breed in Pismire hills, the Cod-worme and Maggots till Michaelmas, and if the water be clear, you shall take fish when other shall take none, and from that time forth do as you would do for the Roch: for commonly their biting and their baits be a like.  
The bleak is but a feeble fish, yet is he wholesome. His bait from March till Michaelmas be the same that I have written for the Roch and the Dace, saving all the summer you may angle for him with a house fly, and in Winter season with Bacon, and with other baits, as hereafter you shall learn.  
The Ruff is a very good and wholesome fish, and a free biter: but subtle withal, and you must angle for him with the same baits & the same seasons of the year as I have told you of the Perch: for they be like in fish & feeding, saving the Ruff is less, & therefore you must have the smaller baits.  
The Flounder is a wholesome fish and free, but a subtle biter, in this manner: for commonly when he sucketh his meat, he feedeth at the ground, and therefore you must angle for him with a ground line lying, and he hath but one manner of bait, and that is a red worm, and that is most chief for all manner of Fish.  
The Gudgeon is a good fish of his bigness, and he biteth well at the ground, and his baits for all the year is the red worm, Cod-worme and Maggots, and you must angle for him with a float, and lot your bait be near the bottom, or else upon the ground.  
The Menow when he shineth in the water is bitter, and though his body be but little, yet he is a ravenous biter and eager, and you shall angle for him with the same baits that you do for the Gudgeon, saving they must be small.  
The Eel is a queasy fish, and a ravenor and a devourer of the brood of fish, & the Pike is also a devourer of fish, I put them both behind all other fish for to angle. For the Eel, you shall find a hole in the ground of water, and it is blue and blackish, there put in your hook till it be a foot within the hole, and your bait shallbe a great angle with a Menow.  
The Pike is a good fish, but that he is a devourer of all fish as well of his own brood as of other, and therefore I love him the worse: and for to take him ye shall do thus. Take a Roch or a fresh Herring, and a wire with a hook in the end, and put it in at the mouth, and down by the ridge, to the tail of the Herring, and then put the line of your hook in after, and draw the hook into the cheek of the fresh Herring, than put a plumb of lead on your line a yard from you hook, & a float in the midway between, and cast it in a pit where the Pikes use, and this is the best and surest way to take: and three manners of taking him there is. Take a Frosh, and put it on your hook, between the skin and the body, in at the neck, on the back half, and put on the float a yard thereto, and cast it where the Pike haunteth, and you shall have him. Another way: Take the same bait and put it in, safe tied, and cast it into the water with a Cork, and you shall not fail of him: And if you mind to have good sport, then tie your cord to a Goose foot, and you shall see good haling between the Goose and the Pike, who shall have the better.  
Now you know with what baits and in what seasons of the year you shall angle for every kind of fish, now I mean to tell you how you shall keep and feed your quick baits. You shall keep them all in general, and every one several by himself, with such things as they are bred in, and as long as they be quick and new they be fine: but when they be in a slough or dead, than they are nought: Out of these be excepted three broods: that is, Hornets, Humble Bees and Wasps, which you shall bake in bread, and dip their heads in blood, & let them dry. Also except Maggots, which when they be bred great with their natural feeding, you shall feed them furthermore with sheeps tallow. And take heed that in going about your disports you open no man's gates, but that you shut them again. Also you shall not use this sport craftily for covetousness, to the increasing and sparing of your money only, but principally for your solace, and for the maintenance of your bodily health. For when you purpose to go on your disports in fishing, you will not desire greatly many persons with you, which might let you of your game, and then your mind may be well given to the serving of God, as in prayer or otherwise, and in so doing you shall eschew and avoid many vices, as Idleness, which is the principal leader to vice, and it is commonly seen that it bringeth divers to their utter destruction. Also you must not be too desirous of your game, but with discretion, that you mar not other men's game, and your own to, as too much at one time, which you may lightly do, if in every point you fulfil this present Treatise: but when you have a sufficient mess, to content yourself for that time. Also you shall apply yourself to the nourishing of the game, and in destroying of such things as shall be the devourers of it.   
FINIS.