¶ The Safeguard of Sailors, or great Rutter.  
Containing the Courses, Distances, Soundings, Floods and Ebbs, with the marks for the entering of sundry Harboroughs both of England, France, Spain, Ireland, Flaunders, and the Sounds of Denmark, with other necessary Rules of common Navigation.  
Translated out of Dutch into English, by Robert Norman Hydrographer.  
And newly corrected and augmented by E W. 1605.  
Imprinted at London by E. Allde for H. Astley, 1605.   

To the right Honourable his singular good Lord, Charles Howard, earl of Nottingham, Baron of Effingham, Lord high Admiral of England, Ireland, and the Principality of Wales: Knight of the most noble order of the Garter, and one of his majesties privy Counsel, etc. R. Norman wisheth increase of honour, in perfect felicity.  
THe learned (right Honourable and my very good Lord) have always in their account and register of moral virtues, assigned a certain prerogative of excellency in one more than in an other; not for that they deemed the troop of virtues (being in themselves simply considered) to surmount one another in singularity, all being perfectly good, and mutually combined together, but in respect of some general benefit and public commodity, accrueing & issuing from some one, more than from an other. And in this respect have they dignified and privileged justice with this honourable title, terming her: The sovereign Queen and chief Lady and Mistress of all virtues, because she not only is a virtue, in each degree perfect with the rest, but also for that (besides her other offices, parts and effects) she is distributive, yielding unto every one, that which in right is due thereunto: wherein she showeth herself publicly beneficial to all Countries, States and commonweals, where she is had in price, reverence, regard & honour, and where she i● fostered, upholden, maintained & cherished.  
Which ass●rt on being granted (as it cannot but be true) me thinks there is great reason offered & ministered to prefer Hydograph●e or Navigation before any other art or science, not so much for that it jumpeth in equality, and matcheth in singularity any other whatsoever, in sundry subtle devices and ingenious inventions, with the use of many notable instruments, as Compasses, Astrolabes, Plaits, Quadrants & many other appendances incident to the same, as chiefly for the great and pulike commodity in general, redounding (by the use & practise thereof) to the whole body of the common wealth, and each particular member in the same.  
The fi●st invention whereof, furthered with the artificial aid of many a hidden, strange, & almost supernatural device since added to the same by the studious travailer & industrious M●chanician: he that would thoroughly consider, should find matter rather miraculous to wonder at, than to be thought compassable with the reach of humane brain● or penetrable to the capacity of a frail silly worldling: yea he may he●rin as it were in a mirror, behold and see the inestimable bounty and infinite goodness of the Lord, who of an especial love & purposed good will, which in his secret wisdom he had determined for the maintenance & relief of human society, hath from above infused this so excellent a skill & knowledge in to the minds of men, only thereby to have his wonderful works every where known, his praises resounded, and his holy name from one generation to an other glorified.  
By this art we enjoy by participation such commodities as grow in other Regions & have the same plentifully brought home to our doors by exchange & intercourse of such wares as we (even in superfluous measure) possess within our own country: by it we see & learn the situation, natures, custō● & dealings of other countries, by mutal traffic, bartering with them, & interchangeably giving & taking by exchange one commodity for an other, whereby the need that one man hath of an other, more clearly appeareth: and thereby is societ●e the more willingly embraced & brothe●ly, frequented. By it many a poor commoner labouring about these commodities is relieved, and many household from pine preserved: by it the Mar●ner is maintained, whose service ●n all marine exploits standeth the Prince in special steed. To be short, by it is the Navy Royal furnished, the Realm fortified, & the common wealth enriched. Is it possible therefore that there can be any so unnatural to his country, or so injurious to himself, that without blushing face can say, he is not maintained or at least not greatly furthered (if not wholly and entirely, yet in great part and quantity) by Navigation? Truly I think none. And if any should be so fond or undescreet, his absurd opinion would soon be discovered, and the in conveniences or rather mischiefs wherein we should be so soon enwrapped, would quickly fall upon us, if God in his wrath and justice for our unthankfulness should stay the use thereof, whereunto we are most humbly still to beseech him in mercy to grant continuance.  
These so many, so necessary, and so profitable uses of Navigation, advancing the honour of our country, and increasing the wealth of the same, have enforced me in discharge of some part of my duty to my native soil & Region, & the rather because of my profession, to further the same with this small work translated out of Duth, containing the gatherings of divers experimented men, necessary to be known and observed in o●r common Navigation: as Tides, Depths, Soundings, Mark●s & Sands, with the rising of sundry lands which by no Chart or Plate is expressed or known, but r●steth only upon the relation of the experimented traveler.  
All which being finished & according to my slender skill ended, I am the bolde● (being thereunto by duty boū●, to present unto your honour as a pledge or token of my thankful heart for the manifold benefits and no●le encouragements whi●h to my great comfort I h●ue continually so●n● in your lordship towards me, beseeching you● ho●o● to 〈…〉 protect the same, as the poor labours of him, who in all points of loyal duty acknowledgeth himself your Honour's most bounden suppliant and servant. For although the work be entitled. A Safeguard for Sailors, yet so small is the force of a little paper in this our dainty age, that it is not able to defend or shift for itself, much less to be a safeguard to others, except your honour according to your accustomed goodness and wont generosity, persist & still remain as a Bulwark both unto it, and the Marine Coats, who continually pray for your Lordship's daily increase of Honour in this life, and after your mortal race here (heroically run) a place among the elect of God in the heavenly Hierarchy.  
Your Honour's most humble servant Robert Norman.   

To the friendly Readers, Sailors, and Mariners.  
seeing by the positive and divine law of God all men be generally bound any way they are able, to be profitable and helpful to their brethren, country and common wealth, for whose sakes as much a● for their own, they are borne and created: how can we but judge very hardly of their meanings and inventions, who publish and commit to the view of the world, their travails and labours to no other end but to reap thereby either private gain or popular applause and commendation, as though indeed they were not thereunto by duty bound, with their whole study, care, endeavour, & all the faculties of their mind whatsoever. From which sort of Ambitious persons, as my own conscience doth clearly exempt me: so yet nevertheless, I fear that shall hardly scape the hard censures and critical doom of many Lynxes, whose glancing penetrancie and quick eye sight, being able (as the fable reporteth) to look through a stone wall, will (no doubt) be ready enough to encounter my honest meaning in simplicity, and be a great deal forwarder to find faults then able to amend faults. Howsoever such severe Stoics shall deign to think of me, my own conscience acquitteth me of all sinister pretence, & what peremptory sentence soever shall be pronounced upon me, I doubt not but the better moiety of the Marine sort (for whose v●e this present wo●ke is especially published) will accept in worth th●se my pains and travails.  
Neither need I to fear, (as I hope) any sinister construction at the hands of those, whi●h wi●h indifferency, will weigh my m●aning, and without prejudicate opinions, consider my labours.  
For as the work is the observations and collections of divers and sundry experimented travailers: So if they any where be found somewhat in matters of small moment, to jar or a little to disagree, consider that the judgements of sundry men be & ever have been divers & sundry. Besides, there may some petty faults escape in the Dutch Copy by often imprinting. But truly as near as I could, I have followed, yea & in many places by my own observation bettered the original. Which travail for thy behoof, furtherance, and safety in thy worthy and most excellent trade, I was the willinger to enterprise, and (as thou seest) accomplish because of the great commendation, praise & approbation given thereunto by divers skilful men, expert in those Coasts whereunto this serveth. All which I have done (Gentle Reader) with intent profit my Countrymen, in whom I wish increase of skill in all profitable arts and Sciences.  
Robert Norman.   

How to know all your Courses, marks, and dangers, from London to Berwick.  
YOu shall come down the river of Theme● from London, till you come to the ●ast end of the Norre & there you may anchor. And because you shall know how to anchor clear o● it, your marks be Pritkelwell Steeple, shut in the highwood that standeth on the North sho●e, by the water side, & so you shall anchor clear o● the east-end of the Norre, also if you d● bound fro the eastend of the Norre, to the northward, your couse lieth from the said place to the shonws, North-east and south-west, and upon the said show, there stands a Beacon, and to take heed of the black tail that lieth on the north side of that course, and come no near it th●n 5, or 4, fathom and take heed of the Hen's eggs that lieth on the east ●ide of that course, and come no near it then 3. or ●. fathom: and take heed, come no near the said show, than 12. or a 11. fathom. Also your course lieth between the show and the spires north North-east, and south south-west, and so t●ke heed of the red board that lieth on the east side of that course, and ●ome no near it then 3. or ●. fathom. and also o● the white 〈◊〉 that lieth on the West side of that ●ourse, and come no near it then 6 or 5. Fatham, and so take h●e●e of your ●ide, for it sets west southw▪ up among the sands, and so you shall have in the fair way of that course 12. or 13. Fath: And when you come at the Spits, look well to your marks, for your thwart marks of the Spite is Brodwell that stands on the west side, and bring it shut up in the wood that standeth in the north end of it, also your length marks to S. Towses steeple shut in the channel end of the Abbey, or else the two woods the one in the other, and so you shall have on the Spits at a low water, two fathom and a half, and at nepe tides three fathams, at a high water four fathom, and in spring tides at a high water 5. fathom upon the said spits, and so if ye be bound into Coome water, go your ways up northwest, and so take you heed of the O●se● that lieth on the northside of the Channel, and come no near it then 4. or 3, Fathams, and also the Knole that lieth on the west side of that channel, and come no near it then 3. fathom, and so your length marks of that channel are a high tree tha● standeth in thetle of Marse, and bring it in the ●or●●r of th● green field three square like a trivet, and so when ye be shut up as far as the Aware head, go your way north northwest or north, till ye come as high as M●rse block house and there you may anchor, and there it soweth ●n your chang● day, south and by west, and north and by east: also ●f ye go from the Spits to the northward, take heed to the Conflit that lieth on the east side of you, & come no near him then 6. or 5. Fath, and so run your North till you have brought the end of Naas in the high land on this side it, and so go North-east till you come at the Na●s, and come no near, i● then a Fathom and a half at low water, and so you shall have 4. Fatham at a high water, also if ye be bound from the Naas into Harwich water, your course lieth northwest or northwest and by west, and so take heed of the Pies that lieth on the west side of that course, and come no near them then two Fathom, and so take heed of the Pole head that lieth on the ●aste side entering into Harwich water, and come no near it then 4. Fatham: Also take heed of the Altar that lieth on the west side of that channel, & come no near it then 3. faith, and so run up along by the Beech that lieth on the east side of that channel. Also take heed of the Wars that lieth on the west side of that Channel, and so you may run up till you come before Harwitch Town, and there you may anchor, and there it floweth on your change day, south and by east and north and by west.  
Also, if ye be boun● from the Naas with Orford Naas, your course lieth between them North-east and south-west, and take heed of the Platters, and of the long land, that lieth on the south side of that course, and so you may go hard aboard of the Naas, and so run ye no farther off than nine or eight fathom. Also your course lieth between Orford and Lestoffe road, north and by east, & south and by west, and so take heed of the Home head, as you enter into Lestoffe south road, also your course lieth between Lestoffe North road and Yarmouth road, north and south. Also if you be bound south of Yarmouth road to the Northward, take heed of the Fr●nchmans sand that lieth between you and the main: & your marks of that sand are two high trees, brought in the midst of the long house, that stands upon the cliffs end. also your thwart mark of it, is a low tiled house in the valley, and bring the eves of it in the edge of that land, and so you may bear within eight or nine fathom of it, and so you may go with Winterton Naas, and come no near the Naas then six or seven Fathom, & so take heed of the Skirt Knock that lieth thwart of Hemeshicots, and it lieth on the east side of the Channel▪ and come no near it then 7. or 8. fathom: Also your course lieth between Winterton Naas and Cromer North and by west, and south and by east, als● your course lieth between Orford Naas and Cromer a sea board of all the sands, north North-east, and south south-west, and take heed of the Blunchbarrel that lieth in the fair way of that course: also take heed of the Limmer and Ore, that lieth east southeast between Winterton Naas & Cromer, and lieth alongst the land to the water: also your course lieth between the Dagger and shield, and Burnam flats that lieth in the inner part of the well, west south west, and east North-east: also your course lieth between the Dagger and the shield and Laurenas, west north west, and east southeast: and so take heed of the inner part of the well banks which is the uttermost part of Burnam flats.  
And many other blind sands and dangers also if ye be bound from Laurenas into Humber, take heed of the Bull, that lieth on the west south west side of that channel & come no nearer it than 12. or 11. Fathams, Also take heed of the Sunk that lieth on the north North-east side of that Channel and come no nearer it than 7. or 8. Fatham, and so ye may run into Grimple road, or to the White both if ye please: and if ye go from the White both to Hull, run up alon● by the west shore, till ye come against Scutter mills, which is thwart of Paul, and give it a little birth of the haven, for there runneth a great tide in the midst of that channel, and there is naughty anchor hold, and there it floweth on your change day, west and by south, and to the westward.  
Also, if you go from Laurnas to Flamborow head, your course lieth between them south south east and north north west, & so take heed of the Smith sand that lieth thwart of between Burlington and Flamborow head, & if your wind hang westerly that you cannot got about the head, take heed how you anchor in Flamborow road, for there is foul ground and your marks that you have to anchor in clear ground is the Windmill that standeth on the lower part of Flamborough head, and bring the said Windmill in the midst of the great ditch, and so you shall anchor in clear ground, also your course lieth between the Dagger and Shield, and Flamborow head north-east and Southeast, also if ye be bound about Flamborow head, look that the tide set you not into the Sea, for it is but ill haling of the coast again, also your course lieth between Flamborow head, and Scarborowe, Northwest and Southeast, and so take heed of Fillibridge that lieth in the way, and give a fair birth of the shore. Also your course lieth between Flamborowe head and Huntley Foot, Northwest and Southeast, and take heed of Whitbye Rock, that lieth in the fair way of that course, and come no near it then the windows of the Abbey clear of the land: and also if ye be put off with Whitbie haven take heed how you go in, for there stands upon the rocks of the S. side of the haven a cross, and so you may go in and leave the cross on the southside of you, and give it a little birth of you, but your ships breadth, & so you shall go clear into the haven, & there it floweth on your change day south-west to the westward, also your course lieth between Huntley foot, and Tinmouth haven, West northwest and east southeast, & if ye go into the haven take heed of your Beacons, which is 2. little white houses, and the one stands upon the Cliff, & the other standeth upon the sands beneath, and also bring them together one above the other, and so shall ye go clear into the Haven, also if he be put beside it by night, there is in one of them a light: also if your wind be scant that you must turn in, you may be bold to borrow of the south west side at 2. fathom and a half at three quarters flood, & at the North-east side at three fathom, and so it floweth on your change day upon the Bar south-west and north-east, also it floweth on your change day at Newcastle bridge, West south-west, and east North-east, also your course lieth between Tinmouth and holy Island, north northwest and south southeast, and so take heed of Cocket Island the lieth in the midway of that course, and if ye be put to anchor in Scate road, take heed, for there is foul ground, also there are marks to tell you to anchor in clear ground, that is the draw bridge of Bamborow in the midst of the Castle ditch, and so you shall have good anchorhold in clear ground between holy Island and it, if ye be bound into holy Island haven, be sure you take your marks with you, which is holy Island church, shut in the square tower of the Abbey, & so you shall have upon the Bar, at a low water two fathams, & so you may be bold to borrow of Bibeile side, & if ye be put out of Scateroade with Berwick, between the Blow & the Goleston, your course lieth north North-east and south south-west, and if ye go to Berwick haven, look out for the cross that standeth on the northwest side upon the rocks, and so ye may go in on the south side of the Cross, till you come as high as Twedmouth. Also your course lieth between the fern Island and saint Tabs head in Scotland, north and by west and south and by east: also your course lieth between Scarborough and Saint Tabs head, north North-east and sou: south-west, and so ye shall go clear a-seaboard of fern Island, and when ye be passed it, you may hale in with Saint Tabs as your wind will serve you, and there it floweth on your change day south and north: so far you well.   

¶ In Commendation of the painful Seamen.  

WHo so in surging Seas, his season will consume,  
And means thereof to make his only trade to live:  
That man must surely know the shifting Sun & Moon,  
For trying of his Tides, how they do take and give.   

So must he duly seek the Ecliptic course of Sun,  
How he from West to East his proper course doth keep:  
His labour then (God knows) as yet is but begun,  
For he must watch and ward, and shake off sluggish sleep.   

And have a careful eye, to hand that is at Helm,  
For many one there is, th●t false his course will ply:  
And swelling Seas likewise, the Ship may overwhelm,  
Or set her on the shore, without the Pilots eye.   

When Boreas is abroad, and blustering blasts do blow,  
In season must he seek to short in lofty sail:  
For that, if not in time he very well doth know,  
That all too late indeed, no labour will prevail.   

But when the raging storms do swinge the ship on high,  
Oft times (against his will) he spoons before the seas:  
Else in goes all the sails, and takes her from her try,  
In haste to drive or hull, till God the same appease.   

Thus when he all the night, with weary toil hath tried,  
And sees the swelling seas hath set him from his way:  
Then when a little slack of calm he hath espied,  
With joyful heart to take the height he doth assay.   

His astrolabe than he setteth for the Sun,  
Or Crossestaffe for the star called the Ballastile:  
And thus with help of them and declination,  
How land doth bear of him, he knows within a while.   

Then by his Compass strait he duly sets his course,  
And thus he brings the ship in safety to her port:  
Where of his hazards past he makes a great discourse,  
And each man (by desert) doth give him good report.   

If Pilots painful toil be lifted then aloft,  
For using of his Art according to his kind:  
What fame is due to them that first this Art out sought,  
And first instructions gave to them that were but blind?   
R. N.  
Finis.   

A Table for the Tides.  
Southampton Quinborow Portesmouth. Redban-Aberden. graves end. Dondy S. Andrew●s The ag● of the Moon London, Tinmouth, Hartilpoole, Barwit. ●●lth. Cythe. Dumbar Falmou. South. S. by w. S.S.W. S.w.b. ● ☽ S. West s.w.b.w. w, S. W w. by S. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M H, M H. M H. M 2 48 1 33 2 18. ● 31 1 16 3 48 4 23 5 12 5 3 ● 36 2 21 3 6 3 51 2 17 4 36 5 21 ● 6 6 51 ● 24 3 9 3 54 4 30 3 1● 5 24 6 9 6 54 7 ●9 ● 12 3 57 4 42 5, 27 4 19 6 12 6 57 7 42 8 27 ● 0 4 45 5 30 6 15 5 20 7 0 7 45 8 30 9 15 ● 48 5 33 5 18 7 3 6 21 7 48 8 33 9 18 10 3 ● 36 6 21 7 6 7 51 7 2● 8 33 9 11 10 6 10 51 ● 24 7 9 7 54 8 3● 8 2● 9 24 10 9 10 54 11 39 ● 12 7 57 8 42 9 27 9 24 10 12 10. 57 11 ●2 12 27 ● 8 8 4 9 30 10 15 10 25 11, 0 11 45 12 30 1 15 ● 48 9 33 10 1● 11 ● 11 26 11 48 12 33 1 18 2 3 ● 36 10 ●1 11 6 11 51 12 27 12 36 1 21 2 6 ● 51 ●0 ●4 11 9 11 54 12 39 13 28 1 24 2 ● 2 54 3 39 ●1 12 11 57 12 42 1 27 14 29 2 12 2 56 3 42 4 27 ●2 0 12 45 1 30 1 14 15 ●0 3 0 3 45 4 30 5 15 North. N. by E N. N.E N e. b.n  N. E. n.e.b. E E N E n. w.bw  
Foy L●n ●umber. Ueimot. ●erimo. ●limot Bristol Milford Bridge-Water. Portlan Peter Port. The age of the Moon Orkney Poole. Orwin Deep Lux Lenoye Boleive. Dover. Harwich Yarmot. Calais. ●ast. E. by S. E. S. S.e.b. E ☽ S. East. S.E.b. ● S, S, E, S, by E H, M H, M H, M H. M H, M H, M H, M H, M H. M ● 48 7 33 8 18 9 3 1 16 9 48 10 33 11 18 12 3 ● 36 8 21 9 6 9 51 2 17 ●0 36 11 21 12 6 12 51 ● 24 9 9 9 5● 10, 39 3 18 11 24 12 10 12 54 1 39 ● 12 9 51 10, 42 11 27 4 19 12 12 12 57 1 42 ● 27 ●0 0 10 45 11 30 12 15 5 20 1 0 1 45 2 30 3 15 ●0 4● 11 33 12 18 1 3 6 21 1 48 2 33 3 18 4 3 ●1 36 12 21 1 6 1 51 7 22 2 36 3 21 4 6 4 51 ●2 24 1 9 1 54 2 39 8 23 3 2● 4 9 4 54 5 39 ● 12 1 57 2 42 3 27 9 24 4 12 ● 57 5. 42 6 27 ● 0 2 45 3 30 4 15 10 25 5 ●0 5 45 6 30 7, 15 ● 48 3 32 4 18 5 3 11 26 5 48 6 33 7 18 8 3 ● 36 4 21 5 6 5 51 12 27 6 36 7 21 8 6 8 51 ● 24 5 9 5 5● 6 39 13 28 7 24 8 9 8 54 9 39 ● 12 5 57 6 42 7 27 14 29 8 11 8 57 9 42 10 27 ● 0 6 4 7 3● 8 15 15 ●0 ● 40 9 45 10 ●0 11 1●   

How to sail from Amsterdam going out to Sea.  
first, When you shall Sail from Amsterdam to Thyoorte, keep you in the middle channel. And when you are without Thyoorte, then go North-east so long, till you have brought Markerkerke with the low Land o● Edam. And then keep so, till that you have brought Amsterdam a good way open to the northwards of the Chapel of Thyoort, and then keep your course North-east and by east, and East north-east till you have brought Edam by East Merken, & then you are past Pampus. Then go North-east towards Urke, and when you see Urke bear North-east & by north from you, or more Northerlye, then are you in the right course. And having observed these points, you shall find hard ground, and then again soft ground, and a better depth, and then are you in the right Chamnel. But if Urke bear North-east from you, them are you very nigh to the north shore sand. Then go now and then more westerly, till you have brought the Church and the houses in one, & then go west northwest with the Hoft, & keep the church & the houses in one, until you have brought Memelick a little without the land of the Uen, and keep it so, till you have brought the end of the Uen directly over Ankenson, keeping this course & the marks in one till you bring Grosbrocke and it together, they have two sharp steeples, and keep Memelick open to the northwards of the Castle, as much as the breadth of the Castle or more. These are the marks of the Channel, you shall have 4. fathom, and in the best 5. fath. 3. foot less, and hard streamy ground.  
Item, to sail from the Hoft to the Creile, you must go northwest & by north. After as the wind and tide will serve, the marks of the Creile, is Twiske church a little to the westward of the Corn mill, which is on the west side of Memelicke, and Mirnes a flat steeple which lieth at the south end of Cliff, these brought together are the marks of Creile, and the Buys lie in four fathom, and in the best deep is five fathom, The Course from Creile to the plat is north and by east, the marks are Pendergas flat Steeple standing within the Land, and Buerthwisen a village in the midway between Worwolt and Panderga, (to wit) Buerthwisen, and then next Panderga, and Mirnes is the third mark, & then by east Staverne you shall see a sharp steeple. These are the marks of the plat, and doth lie in two fathom, and in the best deep is but three fathom.  
Item from the plat to the Tuffler, the course is North north-east, the marks is a small sharp steeple which standeth at the Corner of Panderga, Mirnes, Molquerum, Hemelium, and the long Buerthwisen: going by these marks you shall come to the Bay, which lieth in two fathom ¼ at a low water, and between the plat and Tuffler doth the should of the Ulack lie, a southeast and a Northwest moon doth make there a full sea.  
Item from the Tuffler to go to the westwards of Worcom, you must go north and by west, or more Westerlye, until you have two little Steeples North-east of you, and shut one in another, they stand upon the sea side, and when you have brought them open one from another, than you shall see other two small steeples something to the Eastwards, than edge northwards something offwardes keeping them open one from an other, as far as the other past which stand by the sea side: Then have your thwart marks for the Buy is a high house at the East end of a Kowdom, and cometh in at the South end of Hind, And these are the marks of the Buy or Tun that lieth west from worcom, and lieth scarce in three fathom. And the best depth is three fathom, and is soft ground.  
Item, from by west Worcem, to Yeghelhocke, Northwards, the thwart marks is a long village by the Seaside, coming into a valley, and in the same valley comes a small steeple, and against these marks the Buy or Tun of Yeghelhocke lieth at three fathom & a half, the best depth is four Fathom soft ground. The West shore is very deep, the Eastland shore is flat or plattie.  
Item, from Yeghelhocke to the middle gront, the course is north, the land marks are two sharp steeples, North-east from you: those twain brought together, there lieth the middle ground, on which is four Fathom, the best depth is six fathom, and the west part is very deep, and then go north northwest with Swanballick.  
Item the thwart marks, for the Buy of Swanballicke are Bolstwert, brought open a little by south Cormure by a little round house. These are the marks for the Buy which lieth toward the East shore in three Fathom, you may sail by them as ye come from within outwards, but as ye come outwards you may not sail by the west shore.  
Item, then from Swanballicke to Skutland, the course is northwest, until you have brought Panderga to the northward Yoschwisen, which is a round village with a little flat Steeple, and is to the Southward of Macom the next to it, and keep Panderga in the midst between the South end of Macom, and that round village, then can you not go amiss. And when you have brought Panderga near to Macom, then are you nigh the north land, and if Panderga be near the round village, then are you nigh to the Southland, therefore keep Panderga always in the middle between that village and Macom, as long as you can see them, till you come about Kashock.  
Item, the mark of Skutsand, is a flat Steeple which showeth over the blockehouse of Harling, the Land marks is Bloswert Northwards of the Stintsen, which standeth on the Northwards of women's, that Buy lieth in six Fathom of the North shore, and is very deep, & in a manner shore deep, & the best depth there is seven or eight fathom You may sail by the south shore by your lead.  
Item, the course from Skutsand to Caishocke is west northwest, The marks of Caishocke are these, Fromiker with Harling, or very nigh unto the houses of the Town of Harling, and upon the north land lieth the Buy at five fathams.  
Item the course from Caishocke to Woolfehook is north northwest, and you may be bold to sail by the east shore, from Caishocke to Woolfehooke and the channel, is ten or twelve fathom deep, and the west shore is there very stéep to the Castle.  
Item, from Woolfehook to Schierinchalles the course is North and by West, and the best depth is seven or eight fathams, and then from Schierinchalles to Langersande, the course is northwest, there you may not sail too near the shore, as you come from within outwardly: these two Buys (to wit) Woolefhook & Langersand, are no marks to make account of, but Woolfehooke lieth also on the east side, at 4. fathams, and Langersand likewise lieth in the same side at five Fathams, and coming from without inwards, you may sail along on the east side of Langersand by Schierinchalles: upon the west side coming inwards, keep you at seven fathams, and you cannot do amiss.  
Item, from Langersand to the Castle, the course is north, the east side is shallow and flat.  
Item the course from the Creile to the South Buy of Wyringen flats, is west northwest. And when you have brought Twiske in the midst between the two Steeples which is Derdoes, and Almerdorpe, then take heed you come no nearer to that flat with any ship, that draws much water, especially at a low water, and then set of northwest and by west. Hear a south east and northwest Moon makes a full sea. And when the Moon is east or west, then is it there still water, and best tune to sail over it.  
Item, the marks of the souther Buy from the flat of Wiringen, is Twiske beyond Almerdorp, and the thwart marks is Cleverst when it cometh by south the west end of the Church of Wyringen.  
Item, from the south Buy, to the next Buy or Tun by Scorn, the course is northwest and by north, and this Buy lies of the we●t shore of three fathom, a quarter less. Then must you keep by the east shore, that is the deeper side, the Mark is the Mill on the south end of the River.  
Item, from Scorn to the North buy, the course is North northwest, The east shore is flat, and the best of the Channel is three Fathams at low water, the West shore is the deepest, the thwart marks for the North Buy, are two Towers standing to the East wards by Wyringen brought in one and the Buy lies in three Fathams of the wester shore.  
Item from the North Buy to the sneeze, keep the North Buy with Memelick, so far as you can see, till you bring those two Steeples or Towers into one, and then shall you have water enough. And then run on north and by west, and keep off from the Wester shore, for that is flat, & the easter shore is deeper. And in the right channel is seven fathom deep about the Buy. And marks of the sneeze that is westward is a steeple by Wyringen, brought a little way by West the uttermost houses of Wyrengen, and lies towards the East shore in 6. fathom: You must then go more Westerlye with the west shore in five fathom, and keep so till the Watermill come without the north end of the river, keeping so till you find ten or twelve Fathom, then go west northwest to Uoge●sand, and then you have both the shores very deep. And when you come near to Uogelsand, you shall see Coger church to the westward of the houses which stand by the west of the mill, then keep Coger Church to the westwards of the houses that stand westward of the mil, so long till the high steeple come without the end of the houses, which stand to the North-east of that high Steeple, keeping them so a little without the houses, and so can you not miscarry on the south shore, keep in five Fathom till you come to the Rood, which is the Herne about Weringerdicke.  

How to sail to Amsterdam coming out of the Sea.  
ITem from the Buss inwards to Hobsand, the course is south a little to the eastwards.  
Item the thwart marks from the Buss is the Cape upon the corner of Schellinck, & the south end of the downs of Schellinck, and lies in five Fathom on the easter shore, and in the deepest is nine or ten Fathom, and on the West side is deep till you be past Hobsand, and being past Hobsand, the fore flood sets you thwart over to the Buy. And you may go that way, when you come from without inwards. Therefore you must keep yourself in deep water. And the sore Ebb doth run again directly towards the Fleland.  
Item, the Marks of H●●sand is the easterliest sharp Steeple upon Schellinck, brought a little to the eastwards of the long house and the sand banks of Fleland. Those brought a little within the white Leden, and thereupon the Buy, and lies in six Fathom by the east shore.  
Item from Hobsand to Langersande, the course is south and somewhat westerly, come not nearer to the east shore then seven Fathom, and so you may not sail fast by Langersand, for the Buy lieth in five fathom of the East shore, and lieth at the end of Langersand, where you use to turn into Getsing for to sail to Harling. Then from Langersand to Schierinchalles, the course is southeast, come not in any less water than seven fathom, and you may not come near Schierinchalls: on the west shore thwart over against Schierinchalls you shall have 10. or 11. fathom.  
Item, from Schierinchalls to Woolfhooke, the course is South southeast, set your course alongst the west shore, and keep in six or seven fathom. About Woolfehook it is eight Fathom, and the eastermoste Buy lieth in four fathom, ye may sail hard by it when ye come out of the sea inwards, therefore keep ye in deep water.  
Item, from Woolfhook to Raishook, the course is southeast and by south. Then you may keep by the East shore in four or five Fathom, till you come to Raishooke. In the main Channel, is eleven or twelve fathom, the west side is a shore almost steep too. The after flood sets into the old Ulye, the marks of Raishooke is Franker, brought open to the eastwards of the town of Harling, a little by the west Mil, which is to the westwards of the Steeple of Harling. Hear doth the Buy lie in five Fathom.  
Item, from Raishooke to Scutsand the course is east southeast, until you have brought the Beacon southeast of Raishooke, and thwart of you, and then within a while you shall have shoulder water: the south shore is flat but you may well sail by it, the best depth shall be five fathom or there about, and then you shall see Marcum bear southeast from you, which stands by the water side with a mil, and to the southward of Marcum doth lie a little round village with a flat steeple, and between this village and the south end of Marcum stands a flat Tower, and is called Panderga, keep this Tower in the middle between the middle of this village, and the south end of Marcum, and so you cannot take any hurt on neither shore. And if Panderga be nearer to Marcum, then are you by the north shore, and if Panderga be next the village, then are you by the Southland, therefore keep Panderga in the middle, until you have brought Winaldom over the highest of the Town of Harling, and then you shall have deep water. Then have you the Beacon of Doveballigh upon the thwart marks of Scutsand, which is Winaldom with the blockehouse of Harling and Bulswert by North, the two Stenghen lies by north Wocustaem, and the Buy lieth by the North shore in six Fathom and it is steep too.  
Item from Scutsand to Swanbalch, the course is northwest and southeast▪ There you may not sail near t●e east shore, and yet with an after flood and a fresh gale of wind at a still water, you may come near to the Easter shore. The flood runneth southward when the moon is S. or N. & the ebb again runneth northwards so long as the Moon is E. or w. yet notwithstanding, a southeast or northwest M. makes a high water. And here the streams sets to the westwards & like wise upon the flats. And about Swanebalch, you may keep by the west shore, but take heed that you come not in less depth then fine fathom.  
Item, the thwart marks from the Buy to Swanebalch, is Bolswart brought over a little round house, which stands to the southward of Curmor, and against that doth lie the buy on the east side, and lies in three fathom water.  
Item from Swanebalch to the middle ground, the course is south southeast and north northwest, keep the Buy of the middle ground lying about Hind to go by, and so go ye well. And between the two Buys you may be boldest towards the west shore, and yet you may sail hard by the East shore: when you come from without inwards, you shall find the buy of the middle ground to lie in four fathams, or there about of the east shore.  
Item the marks of the middle ground, are two sharp steeples & they lie North-east from you, the one is called Arom and the other Peningen, these are the thwart marks, and you shall see likewise two flat Steeples, by east Harling, which are called Winaldom and Middelum, those twain are the land marks, & these two Churches must be brought both in one.  
Item from the middle ground to Yeghelhooke the course is south, the East shore is flat, and the west shore is steep● too, the thwart marks of Yegelhooke, is a village upon the water side to be brought in a gut or valley, and directly upon this Gut or valley, comes in sight a small Steeple: these are the marks of the Buy. And Yeghelhooke lieth on the east side at three fathom and a half.  
Item, from Yeghelhooke to the west of Workum, the course is south, the east shore is flat, and the West shore, not so flat, in the Channel is soft ground, the thwart marks to the westwards of Workum, you shall see a sharp steeple lying far within the land, to the northwards of Hindelopen, and when they come with the houses standing by North Hindelopen, and thwart of Hindelopen there lieth the Buy in two fathom ½ at a low water in the best depth is three fathom, hard ground. Then west of Workum to the Tuffler, the course is south and by East, Easterlye: so long till the marks of Tuffler, that is Panderga a flat steeple to the southwards of Uorwold within the land, and you shall see a little steeple come over Core, of Panderga. These are the land marks of that Buy, the thwart marks are Hemellum, the country houses of Molquellum and Myrus flat steeple, keeping alongst these, you shall come to the Tuffler, which lies in two fathom ●/2.  
Item, from the Tuffler to the plat, your course is south south-west, according as the wind or stream doth serve, between both these Buys lies the shoals of the Ulacke, and you must keep Panderga in one with the Countri● houses and by south, so long till you have brought Mirus which is a flat steeple to the Eastwards of Staverre state, and these are the thwart marks of the Plate, & lieth at two fathom ½. The land marks are the country houses standing scant half way betwixt Uorwold and Panderga (to wit) the country houses next to Panderga, & these marks being in one, there you shall find the Buy which lieth in three fathom.  
Item from the Plate to Creile, the course is south and by West, and going so, you shall now and then have deep water, and so go till you have brought Tuyex by west the corn Mill, which stands by west Memelicke. These are the land marks, and the thwart marks is Myrus, a little flat steeple, which cometh in at the south end of the Eliffe: these marks being in one, there lieth the Buy of the Creile in 4. fathom, the best depth is five fathom.  
Item, from the Creile to the Hooft, the course is southeast, go so until there appear a sharp Steeple at the South end of the Cliff, and bring Grootbrooke and that in one. These are thwart marks of the two Buys, and then Memelick steeple brought by North the Castle, as far as though Castle is broad or more, that is likewise a thwart mark: the land marks is one end of the Uen, with the east church of Ankeusen. The Cripple lieth in three fathom large. And Hooft lieth in four Fathom toward the east shore, and the Cripple lieth on the wester shore, the best depth is scarce 5. fathom and hard ground.  
Item, from the Hooft to Urk, the course is east southeast till you have brought Medenblincke a little without the land of the Uen, going so till you bring the Church of Urke within the houses, & keep it so till you come near unto Urk, and now & then edge to the southward, till the church of Urk bear almost north North-east from you, and then go southeast with Pampus. And when you are come so nigh unto Pampus, that you can see Amsterdam with the Chapel of Tyort, keeping your course so until Merkerkerke be brought in the plain land of Uidam, then keep Merkerkerke so of you till you come unto Tie, and keep you in the mid channel till you come to Amsterdam.  
Item, now for to sail from Huysdwinen inwards, go north-east and by East, for the lands are steep to, on either side and cannot well be sounded: Therefore keep your course so until the Church at the east end come to the East of the highest and most easterly f●rme house, which stands to the westward of the Church: and doing thus you can take no hurt by Burksand. Then go North-east so long till the highest spire steeple appear without the houses which stand to the North-east of Howberich, and keep those Steeples still by north those houses, so long till you have brought the church in the Cooch, which is without a steeple, and covered with blue slates, nigh unto the mill which stands between Oosterend and the Duaell, and go east southeast, and keep the Church and the Mill together as long as you can see them, and then you shall see the water mill that stands on the other side of Wieringhen, will come between the Dover and the other corn mill: keep this course towards the West shore in five fathom, and at seven fathom y● shall have the Buy which is the best depth.  
Item, the marks of the Buy upon the Nes is the westward steeple: brought a little without the mos●e westerly houses of Wieringhen, and doth lie at five fathom on the East shore, and so you may direct your course. Therefore ke●p by the west shore, from the Nes Buy, to the North Buy, which lieth on the flats, the course is south and by east, and then when you have brought two sharp steeples over Wieringhen in one: then shall you have 4. or 5. fath. there you must stay with Ships of great draft to be lighted, The west shore is flat: the east shore is deepest, then going south and by east, within a while you shall have shoulder water, that is to say 3. fathom ½ less at low water. And when you come so near that you can see the Buy thwart Memelicke, than you shall find the norther buy of the Ulack: and the Buy lieth in 2. fath. ½ at low water, and lieth on the west shore, you must sail by the east side: the thwart marks of this Buy are two easterly steeples brought in one.  
Item from the norther Buy to the other Buy thwart of Sochorne, the course is south southeast: the marks is the Mill on the South end, and lieth in two Fathom 1/● against the middle of the west shore, you must sail by it east.  
Item from Sochorne to the south Buy, the course is south southeast, and lieth in two fathom 1/● between these 2. Buys lieth the shallow of Ulack: the thwart marks of the south buy of the Ulacke, are 5. or 6, houses brought a little by south, the most westerly Steeple of Wieringhen, and these houses are called Clevern, the land marks is a sharp steeple by west Memelick, which you must bring over Almerdorp, Almerdorp hath a little flat Steeple.  
Item from the south Buy of the Ulacke to the Creille the course is east southeast, and to keep the right Channel, run southeast and by east so long till you find deep water, or till you have the land of Creile, that is Myrus, at the south end of cliff.  
Item, when you come from by north inwards, and will sail to Ankewsen, then bring that high red house to the westward of the steeple so that you may see between them, and keep so till the west end of it come right over that great high Farm house which standeth by north the Watermil, and these are the marks of the first Buy, then go south south-west towards the wester shore in two Fathom, and then off again into two Fathom 1/● the thwart marks of the other Buy is Boecaspell, brought over that Farm house, the land marks are to bring the Mill by south of Ankewsen, a little by East of that high stone house which stands at the south end, and against that doth lie the Buy, then keep your course by the west shore. Upon a flowing water you may sail fast by the East shore coming inwards.  
Item, the thwart marks of the third Buy is Grotebrooke, brought over the same farm house to the Northwards of the water Mill. The land marks of the same buy is a stone house which stands at the north end opening from the Steeple, so as you may see between them: these are the land marks of the third Buy.  
Item to know the land marks of the Buy to the southwards of Ankeusen: next to Ankeusen the watch house by the gate being brought by East the Steeple: And by these marks when the Mill comes in on with the choir of Boecaspell, there shall you find the Buy on the East shore.  
Item the land marks of the most southerly buy, is the little tower of the hospital, being a little by west of a little steeple that stands upon the tower that the anchors do hang upon: the thwart marks is a sharp steeple brought on the south end of Buerthwisen nigh unto a high Farm house: with these marks lieth the southermost Buy.  
Item, now it is necessary that all men should know that these creeks and streams before specified, are to be understood for waters of pilotage, or lademanage: therefore by the Sea right it is plain, that the Master of any Ship sailing these streams, and refusing to take in a pilot or lodesman & that thereby the Ship doth perish, and miscarry: he is bound to make restitution to the Merchants for their goods.  
These following are the Seven islands of Yotland. Witholm, Ameren, Dil, Kem, Menow, Fanow, Numink.  

Of Bombergen.  
Item from Bombergen, to the Elbe, the land lieth northwest, and southeast, and are distant 52. leagues. And a south and north Moon makes a full Sea in all those havens. And like wise in Yotland.  
Item, Bombergen is a flat long Hill, and on the south end of it stands a steeple, and to the north part of the same North-east end, doth likewise stand a steep Hil or Tower, and from that are high round Sand hills, as though it were salt houses all alongst even to the Holmes: and the course from Bombergen to the holmes, is North North-east, and they are distant a 11. leagues.  
Item, the riff lies alongst between Bombergen and the holmes' west, or thereabouts in the seaward.  
Item, in all havens between Bombergen and the Elbe and thereabouts, a south or north Moon makes a full Sea.   

Of Friezeland side.  
Item the Coast of Frizeland lies alongst, East North-east and west south-west.  
Item, the Eider and the Holy land, lie east and by north, and west and by south one from an other, and are distant two small kennings.  
Item, Ripen lies from the holy land north-east and by north, two great kennings a sunder.  
Item, the holy land and the Schelling, lie North-east and by east, and south west and by west one from an other, and are distant 31. leagues.  
Item, you may sail into the south Havens, at 5, fathom.  
Item, you shall come no near the Holy Land on the westerside, than nine or ten fathom so the Northwards, for from the Steene at some places it is seven Fathom deep.   

How to go in with Holy land.  
Holy land  
Coluerhoeck  
Item to sail from the Holy land to the Elbe, the coarse lies south and by east, and distant two kennings.  
Item, he that will ride under the holy land, and comes from the west, let him not come any nearer by the west part then ten fathom, so long as you can see between the Monk● and the high Cliff, and then you may go boldly with the south shore in four fathams, by that side or five.  
Item, when the Cliff beareth south-west, or west south-west of you: and the Coluerhooke lies north North-east from you, there is the best Road in four or five Fathom water, fair white sand, and by Coluerhook is likewise fair ground to anchor on.  
Item, when the Werk lies south east and by south from you, then are the marks in one.  
Item, when as Mensen lies south from you, then are you open of the Weser.  
Item when the Cape of Rotten lies southeast and by East from you, than you shall see them also in one.  
Item, when the Tower or steeple of Bor●um doth lie south from you, then are you open against the easter Emes.  
Item, when you have juster tower North-east from you, then are you within the river of juster.  
Item, whem the Beacons of Shermerinkocke lie to the east southeast of you, than you shall see them in one.  
Item, from Rose borkin to that Beacon in the Meme: th● course is southeast and by east, go by the Southland in seven or eight fathom.  
Item, from the Beacon on the (Meme) to the Buy on the east side of the course is east and by north.  
Item from the Buy on the east side, the course is East & by north. And hold the North shore till you come to the Stoor Toée.  
Item when as you come from viewest, and will sail into the Elbe, then keep the south shore in fourteen fathom, and in Elbe, you shall have fifteen fathom, and is hard ground.   

The course to go into the Elbe.  
Item when you go with the Elbe, you must brin● the Cape and the new work in one, which will bring you with the Buy, and the shore Buy lies on the South shore. Then from the shore Buy, to the Buy the Newgate, the course is East and by North: reckon alway your streams, for the floods sets commonly East and by south inwards. Then run towards the North shore in six or five fathom, and so shall the Newgate come in with the first Buy or Tun, and when you have the work south at the first Buy, there shall you have it four fathom or the caebouts: keep that Buy on the steereboord and go with the other Buy east (in) and something to the Northwards from that other Buy, the work lies south-west, and in five or six Fathom water: then forwards to the third Buy or Tun: go East southeast, somewhat southerly (in) And the work lies from the third Buy south-west and by south, there is deeper water seven or eight Fathom taste by the Buy, then bear on to the fourth Buy east Southeast, and the work lies of it south west and by west, And that fourth Buy lies on the highest of the new grounds and the new grounds are steep to, and lie dry at low water Then when you come out of the Seas, you may go in five or six fathom water by the foresaid second Buy, hence away to the Rose beacon without any danger, and keep by the southland. Then keep your course from the fourth tun to the first, southeast, and the first tun or Buy lies at the end of the new grounds: and when you have brought the mill within the Land, and Crwis Kirke in one, then are you past the new grounds. The work and the first Buy or Tun, lie the one from the other west south-west something more southerly.  
Item, when any ship comes from by west and will go into the Elbe, and hath a southerly wind, or a west south-west wind: let him bear aloft by the south shore in twelve Fathom, so long as he keepeth the south shore, for when he comes right against the Elbe, he must then keep the south shore in seven or eight Fathom, going so alongst the south shore till you have brought the work south from you, or neither about: and then go more northerly till you come to the Buy of the new gate or entry in. And from the fift Buy, go southeast and by south till you come to the sixth Buy, and when you shall see a mil in a certain black heath with a house: then hale in towards the land, and when you have brought the mill to the eastwards of that house, then are you within the Rose Buy, then go east and by south to the Rose Beacon, and when you are against the Rose Beacon, then shall you see a little Church with a small sharp Steeple within the land: when you have brought the Church right over a long house a Cable length to the eastwards of Rotsebetell, then shall you be hard by the Rose Beacon. Then go Southeast and by east up toward the Moen, and keep the south shore in seven, eight, or nine fathom, so long, till there come to the westward of you a sharp Steeple, brought in one with two other steeples, that stand in one Churchyard within the land, which is called Oldenbrook, and when one of the steeples is come so far by the east, than you shall see a couple of trees, when you have brought the steeples into these two trees, then are you past the shoals of Romerder, and then go east with Bunsutell and keep rather alongst the north shore at five or six Fathom, but take heed of the souther shore for fear of Pelgheremsand, for you shall sail alongst by it.  
Item, if the weather so serve that you may then keep by the north shore still till you come at Billingborch, and when you are come to Billingborch, yet keep you on the north shore still in seven or eight Fathom, and hale so in till you come so far as Rugeroort, than you shall come to the Easter shore, than you must hale up something more Southerly to Staderland.  
Item there is the south Elue which now lately in Anno 1571. is bowed.  
Item, from the Schore Buy, to the next Buy, your course is east and by South.  
Item, from the second Buy to the third: the course lieth east southeast, and something more to the southwards.  
Item, from the third Buy to the fourth, the course is east and by south.  
Item, from the fourth Buy or tun to the fift, the course is east and by north.  
Item from the fift Buy to the Buy in the Rose, the course is southeast.  
Item from the Rose Buy to Rose Beacon the course is southeast, and something southerly.   

The course to sail to the Weser.  
Item, he that comes from the westwards and will sail to the Weser, having a Northwest or a North Northwest wind, let him not come any nearer to Wangeroge then six fathom, and then let him run east so long till he see the vt●ermoste Buy: and then there lies a sand on Larbourd, which is called the mid plat, on which is but two fathom at a full sea, and lies open before the Weser, then from that Buy to the other course is North-east.  
Item if you should have the wind southerly, than go● with Wengerorge, and keep you in nine or ten Fathom, and take heed of the wester Weser that lies at 9 fathom inwards, then take your course over from Wangerorge North-east till ye come at ten or eleven Fathom, then shall ye have Menser Church bear south and by east from you, there lies the uttermost Buy.  
M●nser Church.  
Item, Menser Church is a flat Church, without any steeple, and lies in Urowkens land: from the uttermost buy to the second Buy your course is east. And when you are a little from the second Buy, then lies Menser from you South and by east, and from that Buy to the third, your course is east. And when you are at the third Buy, then lies Menser south from you: from the third Buy to the fourth, your course is east, but see that you always account your tide, and then lies Menser from you south and by West. Then from the fourth Buy to the Buy on the head, the course lies east and somewhat to the northwards, And when ye come to the Buy, then lies Menser South south-west from you, then go Southeast and by South to the Buy in the Fair way that lies in 10. or 11. Fatham, and take always good heed of your stream. That Buy is laid for the Beacon, than southeast is the course to the Buy on the Coers.  
Item from the Buy upon the Coers to the Buy on ●he Steene of the Bollensill, the course lies southeast▪ and to the eastwards. And when you are about the Buy of Bollensil than set your course to the southward, with the west shore, there are two Beacons standing.  
Langhwoorde.  
Item when Newarke lies southeast and by south of you, then have you both the Capes in one.  
Blexhem Church.  
Item, when you have Menser Church south from you, then are you open before the Weser.  
Item, when the steeples of Borkum bear south from you then are you open thwart of the easter emes.  
Item, when the steeples bear nue North-east of you, than you are within both the juster Revens, in the wester emes.  
Item, when the head lands of Rotum do lie southeast and by east from you, then are they in one.  
Item, when the headlands lie south southeast from you, than they are both in one.   

The going into the jade.  
Item, if you will go into the jade, when you are passed the ●ed sand, bear in southwards, even as far as you may, and you shall leave Menser Church on steereboord side: and if you will sail to the Wood, then leave the church on Larboard side.  
Wangeroge  
Item, you shall know Wangeroge by that there stands a little Church upon it, and the steeple stands at the west end.  
Item Sprigeroge is to be known by that it is plain● Sandhilles, and then you shall know Langeroge, for that it appears in two Sandhilles.  
Item, you shall know Balterom by that the west end is high Sandhilles, and the east end low Sandheaps.  
Just  
Item, you shall know Just two ways, there stands a Church over it, and the Steeple stands at the east end of the Church, and the mill that was in Just is blown down and is clean gone, so that there stands nothing where the Mill was.  
Burkum.  
Item, you shall know Burkum, by that it riseth in three parts, and about the midst of the land stands a church with a flat steeple and stands at the east end of the church,  
Item, you shall understand, that the Easter Emes goeth in betwixt Just and Burkum.  
Item, to know Burkum well, when you shall fall with it coming from by west, it seemeth to look upon as it were three islands: for betwixt every one of the hills of it which seems islands: is a Ualley or slack of plain sand without any hills, and on that which seems the middlemost Island, stands a church with a great sharp steeple, & stands at the west end of the church.  
Item from the northwest corner of Burckum, doth lie a riff of sand, and lieth west in the Sea, at least a league and a half, and you may sail alongst by the same into the easter emes, and go in east by south.  
Item, the easter emes lieth in east southeast, and when you have Burckum Steeple south of you, then keep by the shore, in four Fathams and a half, and edge over, and fetch sounding of juster riff, and you shall by and by have deep water, and then keep in by him.  
Item when you have brought juster steeple North-east of you, then are you past both the riffs of juster, and then you are within the Easter emes.  
Item, there is a new Channel, that is when ye have broken in the wester Emes, which lies a little to the westwards of the old Channel, & is as deep at a low water, as the old deep is at a full sea or high water.  
Item, when any man will seek to enter in at the wester-Emes, let him bring the bush south and by east of him, and the west end of Rotum southeast, and bring both the two great Capes in one, and then you shall find the uttermost Buy, and that lies in five fathom, then go from the uttermost Buy to the second Buy, East and by north, and that lies at four Fathom, then from the second Buy to the third Buy, likewise east and by north & that lies in six fath. And then is the longest Cape & the ●●ast Cape upon the old deep to be kept both in one, and so you shall have ever the deeper water. Then from the third Buy to the farthest Buy, go east southeast, & then edge something over towards Burckum riff, towards the north shore, lest ye fall to the eastwards of Hakenballge, which goeth in by east Rotum. Also, when any man coming from by E. with an easterly wind, would go in at the old deep, let him bring the longest Cape, and the least Cape as they stand in one, against the old deep, and run so in, and there you shall find the third Buy, and the old gate or entry at a low water hath but two fathams ½ being an easterly wind.  
Item, Bosch is on the west end full of high Sandhilles, and there is no habitation upon it.  
Item ye shall know Shirmerkerog by the low Sandhilles▪ and at the West end of it stands a high round sandhill, and there stands two Capes upon it for to sail into Scholbalch, and you shall bring that East Southeast from you, and then you shall have both Capes in one, and then run right towards him till you find the first Buy. And there lies two Buys in one gate or entry, and then when you come to the second Buy, go east North-east, and east and by north, and you may sail by either of these Walls, and when you come at the third Buy, then go south and by west or south south-west, and you shall have no less at a low water then three Fathom. Now when you come out of the sea and fall with Borne riff, then edge towards the Wall at six Fathom, and at five fathom and a half. And do even as hear before written, when you will sail into the Scholbalch.  
Schirmonckeroghe  
Item, to know Schirmonkerogh: those are low sand-hilles: and at the west end stands a hill which is something higher: as for the Church, you cannot see it till you come hard by the Land: & Schirmonkerogh is two leagues and a half in length.  
Ameland  
Item, upon Ameland there stands a high great Church with a flat steeple towards the west end of the Island: and is covered with blue states, and there is a stone house standing by east of the Church: and it seems to look upon, as though it were an old ruinous farm house: and there lieth thre● high sand hills above the midst of the land, and Ameland is four leagues in length.  
Item, between schirmonkerogh and Ameland, goeth in Scholbalch, and hath two gates or entries, one goeth in by Ameland, and the other by Schirmonk●ro●h.  
Skelling.  
Item, upon the Skelling are five steeples, one standing at the ●ast ●nde is sharp, and about the middle of the land are three steeples: two flat ones, & the highest of all is sharp, and that which standeth on the west end is a high flat steeple: and is called S. Brandatius Church: and the Island is three leagues in length.  
Item, a southeast or northwest Moon makes a high water in Rauster deep.  
huysduinen  
oglie  
Item, Petten be high ragged sand hills.  
Item, Kettle down is a white forked sand hill.  
Item, the Coast of Holland lies alongst south south-west and somewhat to the westwards, & north, North-east somewhat to the Northwards.  
Item Marsedeepe and the Hosden lie one from the ●ther south-west and by south somewhat westerly: and North-east and by north somewhat easterly: and are distant three and fifty leagues.  
Item, an East or west Moon makes high water in Marsedeepe.  
Scravesand  
Item the Maze and the Uuelling are distant 3. kennings  
Item, the Maze, and the Marsdeep, are distant four and twenty leagues.  
The Maze.  
The briel  
Item, the Maze lies up East Southeast, and somewhat Southerlye.  
Item, the East Uorn●olt goeth in by Fwerboden▪ and then by the Main land: a West south south-west Moon makes a full sea: also before the Maze mouth, and within the Maze, a south south west Moon makes a full sea.  
Item, before the Flee: you must take heed to the tide, for the fore flood doth set thwart over the shallow grounds to the eastwards, and the first of the ebb sets likewise to the westwards.  
The Flee Island.  
Item the Flee is known by the high white sand hills, and there stands a small steeple in the Church.  
Item, the Flee and the riff, are distant the one from the other 11. gaeat kennings, and Uliland is four leagues in length▪  
Item, there is an Island that lieth between the Flee and the tessel that is called Yereland, and there stands a little house upon it: see that you take heed to your tides always before the tessel, for the fore flood, and latter end of the Ebb sets over to the Northwards, and the last of the flood and first of the ebb sets to the southwards.  
Item, tessel is two leagues ½ in length.  
Item, from Marsedeepe to the Sweene is nine kennings  
Item, from Marsedeepe to the Ulie, is 8. leagues.  
Item, whosoever will sail out of Ulie to Shotland, the course is north Northwest, and somewhat weste●lye, and so sail with afore wind, it is three days and a half sailing, and is 152. leagues.  
●ussel  
Item, for to know Holland, Egmont is a flat steeple, & stands upon the sea side, and within Egmont are two steeples standing together in one Churchyard.  
Item, Fairehill and Shotland, lie by North Northwest and south southeast 150. leagues.  
Item Shotland and Boffamnes lie North and to the eastwards and south, and to the westwards, and are distant 46. leagues.  
Item, Shotland and Orteny, lie south-west and North-east ●0. leagues, and when you are about midway between them, you may see them both at once in a clear day.  
Item, Ortenye and Boffamus, lie south southeast and north northwest 26. leagues.  
Item, the south-west end of Shotland, and Fayrehill lie North north-east and south south-west, two kennings distant.  
Item Fayrehill and Fairy, lie Northwest and by west, and south east and by east, a great day and night sailing.  
Item, Shotland and Barghen lie near east, and west 60. leagues distant.  
Item, Shotland and Fairy lie west northwest, and East south east a day and a night sailing.  
Item, Shotland and the Osterhookes of Island, lie North West and by West, and southeast and by east, three days sailing.  
Item, Fairy and the Osterhookes of Island, lie northwest and southeast two days sailing.  
Item, from the Osterhookes of Island to the Bear for't, the course is south south west, and North north-east twenty leagues.  
Item, from the Bearefort to the Siden, is 16. Leagues, the course is West south-west, and East north-east is the course to Mydall, from Siden is all low plain land, and within high.  
Item, from Mid●ll to Webnie the course is West, and Webnie lies three mile from the land: and between Webnie and Midall is 6. leagues.  
Item, from Webnie to Robenes, the course is west, north west: and east southeast, sixteen leagues: Robenes is a little black point: between UUebnie and Robenes is four Havens. And likewise there lies of Robenes west southw. three islands: whereof twain are two leagues and a half a piece, and the third is five leagues long.  
Item, from Robenes to the Snens iockle, the course is northwest and by north, and south east and by south, and are distant sixteen leagues. A●d between them are many Havens, as Dorse Haven and Busanden, Cabelwick, Morwicke, Walstruse, Strent, Hamfort, Hullin, an and Island called Widow half a mile from the land, an other also called UUalfort.  
Item, from Snens' jockle to the Bederstand, the course is south and north, and are distant sixteen leagues. And by the jockelles lie three Havens called Bodem, & then Stapen & the riff, & by Bosten riff doth lie three Havens, Kurmwork, and Grindfort, and an Island called Sletten.  
Item, from the Berderstant to the Schaghen, is 7. league. & do lie North and by East, and south and by west, and between them lie four Rivers, and called in that tongue Fords, The first is Pater's fort, and then Telkfort, Admerfort, and in Admerfort are three Havens.  
Item, from the Schaghen to Disefort, is 8. long leagues and they lie one from an other North north-east, and south south-west: and between them are two Fords, Orenderfoord, and the Sugheford.  
Item, Disefort, and Schalwicke lie north-east and by North, and south-west and by south, and are distant four leagues: in D●sefort lie three havens, schutelfort, and Alfort, and the Island Edoc.    

The fords in Island, that is the rivers or creeks going up into the Land.  
FIrst Swidens fort, Heeft fort, Scort fort, Meise fort, the Disefort, Gruniwick, Nerd fort, the jocklefort, Rabben fort, Hesterbeche: and in that Haven lie Whale fish bones.  
Item, from Schaelwick to the Haddenstrant, the course is north North-east, & south south-west, and are distant 11, leagues. Hear lieth three mountains and yet is whole land.  
Item from the Haddenstrant to the Schagen Fort, is 16 leagues and lie North north-east, and south south-west: between these lie many fords or Creeks going up into the land. And first the Singrins Ford going into the landwards, Griens ford, and then the Bitter, and the Putiford, the Nide ford, & Wydaell, and Wasedaell, the long Dear.  
Item, from Schargenfort to the Widalen, the course is East southeast, and West south-west, and are distant five leagues.  

Staghenfort is a Haven, and is called Lapsand.  
Item from the Widalen to the Raven hook is twenty Leagues, and lies east North-east, and west south-west, between these twain lies three Havens, the first Sigelfort, and then Dackfort, than Huiswicke. And likewise three fords or Rivers, the first Ydlefort, and then Oneselfort, and then Lerefort, all which are Rivers or Creeks going up into the Land.  
Item from the Romehooke to Grinsie, is eight leagues, and lies east and west.  
Item, Grinsie is an Island, and lieth from Huiswicke, 8. leagues south southeast, and north northwest.  
Item Grinsie and Denfort lie south south-west southerly, North-east northerly.  
Item, Grinsie and Sighelfort lie south-west southerly, and North-east northerly. And under Grinsie you may anchor for a North-east wind in 17 fathom.  
Item, from the Roemhooke to the Langnesse, the course is East southeast, and west northwest, and are distant sixteen Leagues: between these twain lies a sound and a River, the sound is called Rooder sound, and the river is called Sescelfoert and lies at the westwards of the Langnesse: and Ynwicke and Roodhaven lies eight leagues from Langnesse, and they lie in a manner east and west.  
Item from Langnesse to Osterhooke, the course is south southeast, and North Northwest: and are distant four and twenty leagues, and between them lieth a Haven called Worneforte, and to the Eastwards of the Langnesse there lies a great mountain.  
The going in at Vergate.  
Item, if ye will go in at Uergate, bring the steeple of Middelbrough & E. Capplen in one, or to the southeast southerly and run directly so till you find Shald water at three Fathom, and go ye so forth over the Shald: then against Meiland, you shall come into nine or ten Fathom, then keep on so until ye come where the Mermaid is set up at Teruere, and till you have brought those towers or steeples which are called Valentine's towers in one: then shall you be over against the easter Towers, and keep those towers of Teruerre in one, and so run even hard to by them: and always account of your tides: for a south or north Moon there makes a full Sea. Now to know Warkerens by the land, West Capplen is a gross or a flat Steeple, and to the eastwards of West Capplen▪ standeth East Caplen, and that is a sharp Steeple, and to the North and by East of East Capplen stands Dombrough, and is likewise a sharp Steeple,  
This is couke●ick within the sondhills    

The Order to be observed in coming out at the Wellings.  
ITem to come out of the wellings, you must leave one third part of the way on the Larboordside, so long as you have the church by north the steeple of the abbey of Middleborough, or to your sight, until they be within half a fath. one of another, than you shall have Eastmunster, as far from the Steeple of the abbey as that Coude Kerk stand by N. it, and when the steeple of the abbey stands so in the midst of those two Churches, than you shall have to the Northwards of Coude Kerke another steeple, which is called Westmunster: and that stands to fight more than a ships length to the northwards of Coude Kerke, and when as the Steeple of the Abbey is brought in the midst betwixt both the two before named Churches: than you must run directly with them, keeping the steeple so until you have brought Ardembrough a great ships length without Heisant, and then you must keep Flanders side, for fear of the Pools of the Willing, & that you may be sure of the other marks. Then you shall see Weindwine with a plain, and the valley by it that seems to be two ships length, and then you shall see the small steeples which are called Weindwine, open against the middle of the valley, and then the corner of the Steeple is the mark of the depth of the water for the nearer to the Poles, the deeper water like as is the Heilegen before written: and when you see the Heilegen as it were two ships length a sunder: there you may bring saint Lamberth by North the sandhilles. Or when you are clear past them, you may keep them half a fathom a sunder in sight, & hale so outwards a good while: and to come in at the Wellings from without, then keep saint Lamberth as is aforesaid, till you have brought the Heilegen in one, than you must bring Saint Lamberth three or four fathom open to the Northwards, and after govern yourself by the marks of the steeples of the abbey, as is before written. And if it be such weather that you can not see the steeples of the Abbey, then bear in North-east upon a flood, until you have brought Arenburch and saint Lamberth in one, and then hale in directly east North-east.  
Item, before Wellings: a southw. or a North-east Moon makes a full sea, and at Walkherne, a south and a North Moon.  
The going in at the Wellings.  
Item, first you shall understand that the Steeple of saint Katherins is a sharp steeple, and is the Steeple that stands on the west side on the Sea Coast next to the Sluice. And from Saint Katherins up within the Land stands another sharp Steeple, and that is Knocke. And to the westward from Saint Katherins by the sea side stands Heyes and hath a sharp Steeple, and is something greater than Saint Katherins, and after that by the Sea side stands Lisweighen, whose Church hath a great flat Steeple. And from Lisweighen up into the land wards stands an abbey, which is called Terdoes, and that is a Church with a little sharp Steeple in the middle. And from Lisweighen Westwards, stands Blankenburch upon the Sea side, and that is a Church with a flat steeple, but it is much less than the steeple at Lisweighen, & between Lisweighen & Blankenburch up into the landwards stands Wots Kerke, and that hath a sharp steeple, and stands nigh unto Blankenburch, then by Lisweighen to the Westward of Blanckenburch, there stands Weindwine, & that is a sharp steeple.  
Item, when the steeple of Lisweighen, and that of the Abbey of Terdoes are brought in one, then are you right against the utter sand that lies thwart of Mailand, and then are you within the English Pole, and if you have six Fathom of Mailland side, then lies the Pole on the Larboard side of you, then keep over Mailland in six or seven Fathom, but no deeper, and run in so long, till you have brought the Steeple and saint Katherins, and the steeple of Knock in one, those are called the Heileghen, and then are you clean past the English Pole, & then bea●e inwards so long, till Saint Katherins Steeple comes in one with a high black hill, and then you are against the French Pole.  
And when the Steeple is hidden with the land that lies by North of the Sluis: then are you past the French Pole.  

The marks and order to be kept when ye will sail in at Botkill.  
ITem when as you will sail in at the Botkill, having recovered the shore, you shall bring the Steeple of Middleborough southeast of you or thereabouts. And go so in till you have west Capplen east southeast from you, and then you shall see the Church of west Capplen come in a glaid of the sandbankes, then keep the Church so of you, so long till Saint Actens comes past east Capplen, and then are you past the Shalds. Then run inwards towards the shore to Flushing.   

How you shall sail in at the Doerloe.  
ITem, when you pretend by God's grace to sail in at the Doerloe, bring the high steeple of Middelborough to the northwards of the flat Steeple, and also a little from thence the two south towers almost together, the innermost as it were within the length of a Capstein bar from the uttermost, and run so into Flushing east and by south, or thereabouts is the course. And the Southberghen are two sharp steeples standing betwixt Middleborough and Flushing.  
Item, East Capplen is a sharp steeple: west Capplen and Saint Actens are likewise sharp steeples, That stands from it to the eastwards, and is much higher than East Capplen.   

Selland.  
ITem, the land on Selland side lies alongst south-west and North-east, and a south south-west Moon makes a full Sea.   

The Clocken deep by Flanders side.  
ITem, when as you will go in at the Clocken deep, you must bring west Capplen in one with Saint Katherins church by Clocken, and so go you in at the best deep, and ●aint Katherins steeple is the next steeple to the Sluis by the water side, and those other steeples stands up into the landwards, and after that Heys, and then Blancken-Church that hath a flat steeple: after that, there stand three steeples to the westwards.   

The Coast of Flaunders.  
ITem, on Flaunders side, the Coast lieth alongst East north-east, and West south-west, and a south or north Moon makes a full sea at the shore. And without the shoals a south-west or North-east Moon: and alongst all the coast of Flaunders in the uttermost Channel, it is not in an● place above four and twenty fathom deep.   

The Swine.  
ITem, if you will go in at the Swine to come in, the wind being contrary: then take the latter end of the flood, and the first of the ebb. And when you will sail in at Heyes deep, you must bring the four Beacons of Heyes which stands by the Mill in one, over Core at Heyes: and then shall you go in at the best deep, and so you shall go far enough from the utter sand: and so you may bear on to the Weelings east North-east. And you shall understand, that Anchewisen, Buisen and the Swine, do keep all one just time of flowing and ebbing.  
Item when as Donkerke lies due south southeast from you, and that you can then but see it upon the hatches, then is there a flat of two fathom deep at a low water.   

¶ The order and course of the streams and tides alongst the Coasts of Flaunders, Normandy, and of Britain to the Seams.  
ITem, first you shall understand, that alongst all the coast of Flanders & of Sealand, the flood runneth to the eastwards, & the last quarter of the flood, the streams sets to the seaward, & the last quarter of the ebb to the landwards. There are sand banks about which, as well at sometimes of the flood, as at sometimes of the ebb, there goeth no stream at all.  
If you come to an anchor by east of the sneeze in ten Fathom you shall be well defended for a west south-west wind.  
Item thwart of the head, the flood sets in North-east and by north, and the ebb sets out south-west and by south.  
Whosoever will come to an anchor at lands end of England by Dover, let him cast anchor and ride at five or 6 fathom, and he shall ride well for a south wind.  
He that will come to Anchor by the Gulls, let him ride at five fathom, and saint Marget's Church shall bear south southeast to him.  
And whosoever will come to anchor within saint Marget's, let him ride at six, seven or ●ight fathom.  
Note, that from Ostend to Saint Katherins: the Flood sets east North-east and the ebb west south-west.  
Between Gravelin and Dunkirk: the flood runs North-east and by North, and the ebb sets south-west and by south.  
From Woltersland to graveling: the ●loud sets North North-east: and the ebb west south-west.  
From the Nesse to Woltersland: the flood sets North and by east land the ebb sets south and by west.  
From Bullen to Blackness, the flood sets to the northwards, and the ebb to the southwards.  
From Staples, to Bullen, the flood sets north North-east and the ebb south-west.  
From Cane to Staples the flood sets North-east and by north, and the ebb south-west and by south.  
From Deep to Cane, the flood runs North-east and by north: and the ebb south-west and by south.  
From Fecam to Deep in the fair way, the flood sets North-east and by east, and the ebb south-west and by west.  
From Bereflecte to Fecam, four or five miles of the land in the fair way, the flood runs eas● North-east, and the ebb sets west south west.  
From Berefleete to Sainehead: the flood runneth ea●● south east: and the ●bbe west northwest in the fair way: and you may not come any nearer than 12. fathom.  
Item from Berefleete into the Bay of Hags: the flood sets southeast and the ebb west Northwest.  
Item, from the Cape of the Hag, to the Island called Alderny: the flood sets North-east, and the ebb south-west: and in the race of Blanchey it is so likewise.  
Item, from the Caskets to Berefleete, the flood sets to the eastwards, and the ebb westward.  
And between Britain Bay and the Caskets, the flood sets North-east and by north, and the ebb south-west and by south.  
Item from Garnesay to the Caskets, the first quarter flood runneth East southeast, and then after North-east and the ebb south west.  
It●m at 〈◊〉 well within as without, the flou● runneth ●ast south wes● and the ebb west northwest.  
Item fr●m th● 〈◊〉 ufe to A●●●wracke alongst the shore, the flood sets east and by south, and the ebb West and by no●th.  
Item from the Fourne to Saint Paul's de Lions, or the I'll of Bas● th● flood runs east and by north, and the ebb west and by south.  
Item, from Saint Mathewes to the Fourne, the flood runes north and by east, and the ebb south and by east.  
Item from the race of Fontenie to saint Mathewes, the flood sets North and by East, and the ebb South and by west.  
Item nigh unto Ushant North North-east of is a place which is two and fifty fathom deep: and no ship can ●ide there, for the tide goeth round about as a which pool●.  
Item from the Sean●es in the broad s●nd between that and Ushant, the ●●oud runneth east North-east, and the ebb west south-west.  
Item, from Woltersland to graveling, the coast alongst lies North-east and by east.  
Item, Woltersland lies off of the before wr●tten Rocks North-east, and a little to the eastwards, and are distant 29. leagues.  
Item, three Rocks which lie without the Cape of Cause, lie north North-east from Swine head, and are distant five leagues.  
Item, Sainhead lies from Berefleete east and by south and is distant 21. leagues.  
Item, Berefleete lies from the Caskets: east & by south, and are distant 16 leagues.  
Item, the Caskets lies from the Fourn● North-east, and a little to the Eastwards, and are distant three and forty leagues.  
Item, the Caskets lies from Saint paul de lions North-east, and are distant 33. leagues.  
Item, Garnsay lies from Saint Paul's North-east, and a little to the eastwards and are distan●●5 leagues.  
Item, set Isles lies from saint Paul's east North-east, and are distant 12. leagues.  
Item Saint Paul's lies from Ushant East & by north, and are distant 26. leagues.  
Item, the race of Fontenie and the wester Penmarke, northwest and southeast and are distant 9 leagues.  
Item the course from Bellille to Penmark is west north west, and so you shall go clear without the Pens, and it is from the wester Penmarke, to the southeast end of Bellille 24. leagues.  
Item Bellille lies from Use northwest, and it is from the northwest end of Use, to the southeast end of Bellille 16. leagues.  
Item the course from the tail of Aise to Use, is West northwest, and it is from the tail of Aise to the northwest end of Use 13. leagues.  
Item, whosoever will anchor by the Caskets or Hag: let him go with the land, within three or four cable length o● the shore, for fear of the bank which lies out from the land in four or five fathom, till you come at the Caskets, and then when ye● come before the village, then let fall your anchor at five or six fathom: and the bark do lie from Seine head south-west.  
Item if you will anchor before Deep, bring the Church and the gibbet in one, and then let your anchor fall at 10. fathom at a full Sea, and at a low water at 7. fathom.  
Item, if you will anchor in the Fossis by Fecam: you shall bring the m●l and the fire Beacon in one, and keeping them foe g●e 〈◊〉 west to the single, and Anchor between the head of the Hordrelles and Reihem. And a ship that draws a fathom an● 〈◊〉 water, m●st have half flood or better: and you● 〈…〉 the Fo●fis, for there you have ●ut a fathom and a half at a low water.  
Item, whosoever will anchor under the Nesse: he must let fall his anchor before Coudey at ten or twelve fathom, and if you go in any sarthar, you shall have foul ground.  
the kaskets  
Now you must note when as you have the west end of the Caskets south from you, being four Leagues or there about● off there you shall have it eight and thirty or nine and thirty fathom deep, reddish and s●elly ground, & likewise many white stones: and there between Caskets and Portland, you shall have 40 fathom deep.  
Item, he that will go to Garnsay, must sail so the cape of Rokeine that is the westermost part o● the Island, and let him sail to the southwards of that Cape three or four Cable length. And then he shall go in alongst that Southern side until ye see the Castle, and when ye have the Castle thwart of you, than anchor at five or six fathom.  
Item, he that will anchor before Sherbrocke, let him cast anchor before the Castle at six fathom, and he shall have good road for a west northwest wind.  
It●m, without the west end of the foreland of Berefléet, lie rocks which are dry at a low water, and lie a league from the shore, right before the great sandy Bay.  
Item, he that will anchor before the Hook, let him keep off a good way from the Headland, and then ye shall see two Churches westwards off from him, the one upon the high land, and the other Church below. And when you hau● brought those two Churches in one, then come to an anchor at a low water at six fathom, and at a full sea, at nine or ten fathom.  
Item, S. Paul's and Ushant, are dist●●t 13. league●, and lie the one from the other West south-west, and East North-east.  
S. paulus  
Item, he that will sail to the I'll of Base before Saint Poule de Lions, ye shall see to the southwards a great rock and you may hale in fast by the rock: and when ye are right against the rock, you may come to anchor at three fathom at a low water, and at a full sea at seven or eight fathom. And from the East corner of the Island, there lies a great rock, which at half flood is under water.  
Item, whosoever will sail into Aberwracke, he must leave the great rock to the eastward of him, and run in South southeast, and when you come in by an Island, and the rock is to seaward of you, than you shall keep alongst by the shore of the East side. And when you have sailed a while, than you shall see a rock that lieth under water, and the sea breaks on it continually, and lies in the midst of the entry: and you may sail on which side you will of it. And when you are a good way past the Rock, than you may anchor at four or five fathom.  
Item, north northwest from Aberwracke a league into the sea lies a bank, which hath but six fathom on it at a low water.  
Item when you lie off & about the Mollens, then must you bring the Abbay of S. Mathewes, a little without the corner of Conket, but you may not bring it far without.  
Item, when you have Hieman hill in the northwest end of the foresaid little Island, then are you right against the souther Mollen, then keep alongst the east shore, till you come to Blanckhaven.  
Item the Mollens are six little islands, which lie in a manner southeast from Ushant.  
Item he that will sail from Blank haven Northwards, let him r●nne North Northwest: and let him take heed of the North corner of the Blank haven, for fear of a great Rock that lies before it, and then northwest and by west of it lies a rock under water, which lies not above three fathom and a half deep at a low water, and is a very sharp rock.  
Item, whosoever will come to anchor in Blancke-haven, let him let fall his ●nker against the middlemost Bay, at fifteen or sixteen fathom.  
Item a little by south of Conket, it is not above four fathom and a ●●lfe, deep at a low water in a spring tide.  
Item whosoever will sail by west the Vintner, he must keep the corner of Blank haven over the Blanken Mongie. And sailing so, you shall find four fathom deep at a low water and a spring tide. And when as you cannot see Conket from the North part: then are you by North the Vintner. And if you can see in at the haven of Conket, then are you by south the Vintner.  
Item he that will anchor before S. Mathewes corner in the best road: let him cast anchor at sixteen or seaventéen fathom, and look that the said corner lie northwest and by by north from you.  
●tem, Saint Mathewes point and the race of Fontenie, lie the one from an other north and by west and south and by east and are distant 5. leagues.  
I●em, the corne● of Saint Ma●hewes and the point of Cro●don lie the one from the other east south east and west northwest, and are distant 3 leagues.  
Item, the Collier lies of Saint Mathewes po●nt south southeast, and something to the Eastwards two leagues.  
Item, the Hen with her Chickens lies by the West corner of Croidon, or Clers down, and are covered at a high water.  
Item, the Rock called the Nome i● 〈◊〉 the mouth or entry of Breast, & to the Southward of tha● about a quarter of a league lies a Rock which is not 〈◊〉 us at a s●ring ●ide.  
Item the Falconers lie without Cr●●●on ● little to the southward and it is a great high rock: and ●ou may sail within it if ye go from Croidon to the r●ce of Fo●tenie.  
Item west south-west from the Collier h●● to a league off, lies a rock no deeper than so, 〈…〉 a 〈◊〉.  
Item, when you are forced to lie off and 〈◊〉, nigh about the Collier and the weather i● such 〈◊〉 anchorite the Collier then keep the corne● of the 〈◊〉 without the corner which lies from the northwe●●●nd of Sa●nt Mathews Abbey: and then you cannot (in so doing 〈…〉).  
Item, the thwart m●●nes of 〈…〉 the Borborow and when you have 〈…〉 in one, then are you against the O●●h●rland and when you can see the Colliers break above the water, than you man if you will sail hard by it.  
Vsshiant  
Item when you are of Ushiant, North and by West, so far as you can well see the same from the Deck, then doth the East corner appear the highest part of the Island, & the corner is to the eastwards very steep down, and then the land is plain almost to the west point, and the west point something steeping.  
Item, when you are northwest and by North of Ushant then may you see through the point which is to the southwards of the main Island, and when you are off o● Ushant Northwest and by West, then is that point shut in on the shore.  
Vsshiant  
Item, wh●● Ushant bears north Northwest from you, than doth it app●●r● like as it is here above demonstrated.  
Item, when you are off o● Ushant northwest and by west, or west Northwest, then lies there a great Rock of the North-east point, but you cannot well see through betwixt the Roc●e and Ushant from thence. And alongst the northwest for of Ushant, it is all full of great flat Rocks, and lie all under wate●: and by the West end a little from the shore, ●●en a sm●l rock as it were two little hillocks.  
Item when ●ou are West and by North f●om Ushant, than their 〈…〉 another rock to appear o●t at the north ●nd but you cannot 〈◊〉 see through betwixt the rock and Ushan●.  
Item, when you are one West of Ushant, then may you see two great rocks lying without the northwest co●ner of it: and you may also see through betwixt the corner and the ro●k 〈◊〉 & ●he lands seems then to be all plain aloft, seeming eue● 〈◊〉 place almost like high.  
Item, when you are south and by west from Ushant, so far off as you may well see it f●om the Hatches a● Hull of the ship, if ye than look out of the top, you shall see the West northwest end all ragged with many rocks, and at the east southeast end lies a round rock, and you may easily see betwixt the Rock & Ushant. And then a little from that east southeast of you, you may see the Mollens which do lie in two little islands, and there lies yet other three islands towards the main, but those you cannot see from hence, and they lie every one a good way off from an other and there lies many great Rocks about that Island that lieth next to Ushant and is full of Hillocks.  
the mill  
the abbe  
Item, a Bow shoot from the point of Konket, lies the Vintner, and at a low water you may see it, it is a little flat round Rock, and you may sail round about it.  
Item, the course from the Fourne to Blanchie haven, is East, and from the Fourne to Blanchsablen Bay, South southeast.  
Item, when you will sail from Saint Mathews point into Breast or Croidon, keep the southermost Island of the Mollens' open to the Southwards of Blank Mongie, and go East Southeast in with Breast, and so you can take no hurt on the north side, for it is broad enough.  
Item the Mollins are six little islands, and the highest of them is that next to Ushant.  
Item, on the shore at Fontnes head, a south-west and a North-east Moon makes a full Sea.  
The kaiser.  
The Lavender.  
The Se●mes.  
Item, the Seams lie off into the sea, 3. leagues west northwest.  
Item, when you will anchor in the race of Fonteny, you must anchor at fourteen, or at fifteen fathom.  
Item, when any man will pass the race of Fonteny, let him set his prow to the North North-east, and let him take good heed of the Lavender, for the flood sets directly towards it, and there is a sunken rock hard by. Also, hard by the kaiser there lies a flat rock, in the race on the easter side.  
Item, if you come out of the sea with Saint Mathews point through the broad sound, you shall see a high land up in the land eastwards, with three hills as it were three heads, and the northermost is the highest, and half a league to the southwards, there lies an other high hill, and is the highest above the high land.  
The shee●  
Item, when the Shéet beareth north from you or thereabouts, so as you may see it out of the top, than it riseth a● here above is showed: and the ground is small white sand, and many small Mazes in it: and it is there seven & fifty, eight and fifty, and nine and fifty fathom deep, and you cannot from thence see the Seams out of the top.  
Groy  
Item, when you are three leagues from Groy, or thereabouts, than it showeth thus as is set forth: and Groy and Bellille riseth almost of one fashion, and lie the one from the other North northwest, and South southeast, and are distant seven leagues: and under Groy is likewise very good riding.  
Groy  
Item when Groy lies east north-east fr●m you, than it showeth as is here above described.  
Groy  
Item when Groy lies north and by w●st from you, than it showeth as is above figured.  
groy  
Item when Groy lies North-east from you, than doth it show as is above portrayed.  
belille  
Item when Bellille beareth north North-east from you, than it showeth like as is above portrayed.  
Item the point of Saint Gindast and Glanons at the entering of Penodet lie the one from the other southeast and northwest, and are distant four leagues. And forts eschew the danger of the Sholdes in this Channel, let these marks following be well remembered, and you cannot do amiss.  
There is lying between Glanons and the I'll of Moton a ledge of Rocks, and to go clear of them, you must leave one third part of the way towards the Glanons, and the other two parts towards the I'll of Moton and so you may sail without fear.  
Item, when any man will sail into Penodet, he must borough hard by the main land, and the point of Glanons shall bear Southeast of him: then let him go Northwest till he come before the haven, and there he may anchor at four fathom.  
Item, whosoever will sail out of Cantper to go through between the I'll of Moton and the Ledge, he must sail hard by Moton, so nigh as a man may throw a pound stone a shore, and then go south-west and by south, and when you are come out with Glanons, than you may sail boldly without danger to Penmarke: they lie the one from the other east southeast, and west northwest, and are distant 9 leagues.  
Belille  
Item when you are West of Bellille, from the Northwest part of it four Leagues from the land, then doth it show thus as i● here portrayed.  
Item, from Bellille to Use, the course is southeast and northwest and are distant 16. leagues.  
Item, when you will anchor at the east end of Bellille, bring yourself a little to the west wards of the Mill: and anchor in ten fathom, and ye shall ride well for a northwest wind and for a south-west and by west wind, and there is indifferent good ground, great red gravel: and when you will ride on the North-east side in Poldye Bay, anchor at 11. or 12. Fath. & then will the east point cover you for a southeast wind. And for a west Northwest wind, set over again towards the sharp steeple, & seek no better depth than twelve or thirteen Fathom and he that will, may ride in eight, ten or twelve fathams.  
Item, he that will sail from the inner part of Bellille to Glanons, he must go Northwest and by west, till he come against the the ●oint o● Glanons, which is called saint Ginvast, because of Sholds that lie there between Glanons and Groy.  
Use  
Item when Use beareth south-west and by south from you, about half a league off, then doth it rise thus as above is showed,  
Item, Use is a league and a half in length.  
Use  
Item, when Use doth bear north North-east from you: than it shows thus as is above figured.  
Item, he that will anchor under Use, he must let fall his anchor at seven, eight or nine Fathom, for it is no deeper there, and you may not ride there at less than seven Fathom, in the North-east side is the best Road of Use but beware of a Rock that lieth at the easter end as you come by it, for it is very dangerous.  
Item, the course from Use to the tail of Aise, is East southeast and are distant 14. leagues.  
Item, whosoever will sail from Use to Pillar, let him not come any nearer the main land of Larmester, than 12 fathom.  
Item Pillar and Use lie the one, from the other North and by west, and south and by east, and are distant a great kenning, and in that course lie many shoals.  
He that will sail from Pillar towards the Bay, let him beware of the Monkins' ledge, and let him go east north east, for the Castle of Larmester stands on the east side of the Abbey. And when you have brought those two marks in one, than you must ●et thwart over to Pietermein. And from P●etermein you may very well go east Southeast, till you have brought the Ca●●le of Larmester and a t●ee in one than you may anchor at 6. or 7. fathom, where you list, it is soft ground  
Item, he that goeth without Bellille bound for the Bay, he must go east southeast with Pillar, and it is distant from Bellille fourteen leagues. And then from Pillar to the Monkens, the course is east North-east: and are a league a sunder, and from the Monkens to Piet●rmein, the course is due east, a small league of.   

The marks to go into the Bay.  
ITem, when you sail into the Bay, you shall see a little church standing upon the high land, you must keep that Church in one with the land of the Collets, and so you shall go in at the best of the Bay. And when you have the haven of Premdie open, than you are directly thwart of the ledge: when you are passed that, than you may keep alongst by the shore of Collet in four fathom, and in the Bay, a North-east and by east Moon makes a full sea.  
He that cometh to ride under B●llille before Saint Paul's, may ride at 13. or 14 fathom, and if he will anchor before Pogemeison, he must ride at 21. or 22. fathom.  
And he that will sail in at the south Pe●trees, let him go alongst by the south shore in 8. or 9 fathom, and when ●e is come as far as saint Ma●is, then shall he keep the four of Rochel right over the Wood which lies to the southwards of the other poin● of Rochel, and when the corner of the Wood beareth North-east of you, than he may set his course southwards or ●●rthwards without da●ger.  
Item, he that will sail by in the north Pertrees, let him edge from the north side, for that is the shouldest, and the south shore is something deeper. And w●en you are against the Blockhouse then shall you have 8.9. or 10. fathom of the tail of Ayse, they lie southeast and northwest, then keep near to the north shore, till you are thwart of the Wood, and the south sho●e from the Monastery is fl●t▪ and w●en it is half flood you may go over with a ship th●t d●awes twelve foot water.  
Item, he that will ride thwart of the Wood, must let fall his anchor at 7. or 8. fathom, and there is soft ground.  
Item, the tail of Aise lieth east southeast and west northwest.  
Item, the south Pertries lies from Rochel: from the road of Charle de Bloys, west south-west into the sea.  
Item, you must have the tide to sail from Rochel to the road of saint George's Island: and then forth to ●orage, and your course from the road of Rochel to saint George's Island, is south southeast, something more southerly, & they are distant two leagues. ½  
. S. martin's island  
Item, when saint Martin's Island lies North-east and by north from you: it seems to you as it is here above portrayed: and the land lies east southeast, and west northwest and it is of length four leagues.  
Item, when you come in by the south Petris, then take good heed to the south shore of Oleron. for there lies out a great ledge of Rocks that breaks always: and it lies not far of from the Island of Oleron: they are called the Dogs, and you may boldly bear alongst by saint Martin's Island in 6.7. or 8. fathom.  
Item the Laverden lies a great league from the point of the Boss, and in a spring tide at ● low water it is dry and uncovered. And you may very well sail through between saint Martin's Island, and the Laverdin: for it is deep enough, and then when you see the great tower at Rochel clean without the Boss: then are you clear of the Laverdin: & in the Boss there is at a low water 5 fat.  
Item a south-west or a North-east Moon makes a full Sea there.  
Item, when the white flat tower in Rochel (which is called Duke Charles tower) cometh to the southwards of the point of the burned Island. then are you right against Bangert, and then you may boldly sail into the Island of Oleron.   

The grounds and depths of Britain.  
ALso, he that is south south-west from the pole head of Burdiaux & in seven & twenty fath. he shall see sandhills to the southwards. And he that will sail from the pole head of Burdiaux to Rochel, & will come in at the so. Peretrées, let him not run any nearer the Land, than thirteen or fourteen fathom.  
Item, at the ent●ng of the Peretrées, you shall have 13. or 14. fathom come no nearer the shore then that depth.  
Item, when you are west northwest from the south Peretrees, and about 5. great leagues from the shore: you shall have four and twenty fathom, and gross red stony sand.  
Item, if you be south-west from the pole head of Burdiaux: and have 〈◊〉 and three fathom, and will go with the Pole head, th●n go north-east, and you shall not sail long, but you shall have sixty three, and sixty fathom. And thereby you shall perceive you be in the right course to the polewards. And if you have five and twenty fathom: than you shall see the tower of Cordon: that lieth east & by south of the polehead, and the same tower lieth East southeast of the wester Swach.  
He that is betwixt Bellille and Use in 74. Fatham, shall be from the land of Poitow about twenty & three leagues: and if then he sail towards the land thirteen leagues, he shall find but 42 fathom.  
He that is from saint Ellens south-west, & hath three and thirty fathom: he is about nine leagues, from the shore and when he comes to seven and twenty fathom, he shall see the land if it be clear weather.  
Item, to the westwards of Oleron: when you are two kennings from the land: you shall have 50. fathom, And west northwest in the Sea from Olleron, about eighteen league. lies a ledge of Rocks which is called the Toper, and is not above three fathom upon it at a low water.  
Ho that cometh from Rochel outwards by the North Peretrees, let him keep in 15. fathom, and he shall not need to fear the Barges of Olleron, for hard by the Barges you shall have twelve Fathom. And he that keeps this course alongst West Northwest, he shall find without Use thirty Fatham. And between Use and Bellille in the fair way, or Northwest course, he shall find thirty fathom, and in the inner channel five and twenty fathom.  
Item, without Use, being within sight of the Steeple of the Church, you shall have eight and forty fathom: and 2. kennings from Use, you shall have forty ●●tham.  
Item, he that is south-west from Belille, and hath seventy two fathom he is sixteen leagues from the Island. And if he be south-west from the west end of Bellille, and have seventy fathom, he is then twel●● le●gu●● from the land, and if he be against the middle o● the Island in sixty three fathom, he may see the Island out of the shrouds.  
Item being south-west from the west point of Bellille: and as far off as you may in a clear weather see land upon the Hatches, you shall have about sixty Fathom, and the ground is like Mustard seed● br●s●● in ● mortar.  
You shall have the depth without thwart of Bellille, about five and forty Fathom: come no nearer the land by night.  
From Bellille to the Seams, come no nearer the Land by night then fifty fathom.  
He that sets forth from Bellille, and goeth west and by North, and keeps on till he come thwart of the Glanons, shall find fifty or sixty fathom, and there lie Rocks without Glanons in the fair way, and on both sides of them is about forty fathom.  
He that is without Penmarke in forty five Fathom, sailing from thence northwest, he shall double the Seams, and within the Seams he shall find five and fifty fathom come no nearer by night for fear of the Bridge, for that Rock lies a great way in the Sea west south-west off.  
From the Seams, two leagues and more into the Sea lies a great ledge of Rocks, and between the Seams and Ledge is 50. Fatham, and there is upon one part of the Ledge but 7 Fathom deep, & 12. Fatham in some places.  
Item, three leagues to the southwards from the race of Fontenie, you shall find 64. fath. & the ground is something soft.  
Item, betwixt the Seams, and Ushant is 56. Fatham & hard by Ushant you shall have 45. fathom. And also far in the sea you shall likewise have the same depth, and therefore it is perilous to trust to the depth there.  
Item, seven leagues without Ushant, at the entering into the Sleve, you shall find 70. fathom, and between Ushant and Aberwracke, in the fair way is 40. fathom.  
Item, in the course between Ushant and silly, which lie southeast and northwest, you shall find 70. fathom.   

The Colour of the ground in sundry soundings.  
IN primis, he that sounds thwart of Glanons, shall find small black sand.  
And he that sounds against Penmarke, shall find soft gravel like wax.  
He that sounds against Fontenie head, shall have red sand mingled with black.  
He that sounds beeween Ushant and the Seams, shall find great red sand, and some small red stones, and some black mingled withal.  
And he that sounds being thwart of Ushant, shall find small white sand mingled with white shells, and certain things like white Hacks teeth, and then he hath Ushant North-east from him. And if he find all alongst small things like needles, than Ushant beareth from him southeast.  
And if he cannot well judge by the grounds, let him then bear to the northwards: and if he find deeper water than he is in the sholding of the Seams, & open the broad sound.  
And if he be between Ushant and the Seams in 70. Fatham: than you shall have the ground small black stones with black sand. And if he find the sounding to be great red sand, than he must stand to the northwards till he find white sandy ground: with long small things like Hacks teeth, and then he shall know thereby that he is in the entering of the Sieve.  
He that sets out from Siserge: must go north North-east to go without Ushant: and when you have 10. fathom than he is 19 or 20. leagues from Ushant: and sailing on forwards, he shall have 70. fathom, and then he is a 11. or 12. leagues from Ushant: and if he sound and find small whole shells, and little stones like wax, than he is thwart the Seams. And finding this ground, let him stand northwards, and if it be on a flood, let him take heed of Ushant.  
Item, if you be between Ushant, and the jel of Basse, in 60. fathom, you shall find in the sounding small stones as big as beans, and thereby you may know that you are on Britain side.  
Item, if you be about the lands end of England, or about the Lesart in 70. fath. than you are from the land 17. or 18. leagues, and you shall find in your sounding small black stones, mingled in great red sand.  
And if you be in the same course at 60. fath. then are you 12. or 13. leagues from the shore, & there your ground shall be great red sand and under it long small white things.  
Item, if you find the like depth towards the coast of Corenwa●l, you shall not see the land so soon as you think, for you shall have that depth endure a long time.  
Item by the Lizard it is shore deep 25. or 30. fathom & the land hard by.  
Item south-west of Silly, the ground is full of all sorts of little stones like the parings of Cheese, and white small shells mingled withal.  
Item, to the southwards of Silly, the ground is gross sand.  
Item, to the south-west of Silly, the ground is red stones and fine white sand.  
Item 16. 〈…〉 s●●th of Silly, there is the ground likewise small 〈…〉 and white sand.  
Item. in 37. and 65. fathom, the ground is shells and whitish stones with sand.  
Item, if you h●ue small black stones something long and mingle● wi●●●l●cke gross sand, that showeth the entering of the Sleeve.   

Soundings alongst the Coast of Britain.  
ITem if you be on the Coast of Lions between Ushant and Saint 〈…〉 sixty Fatham, you are then within two leagues of the land, and take heed you come no nearer by 〈…〉 Fatham, for you shall see base Britain and the R●cke all a right.  
Item within a league of Aberwracke, you shall have 50. fathom and three league. from the shore is there 56. fathom.  
Item if you 〈◊〉 thwart of Set Isles North-east of ten leagues, you shall 〈◊〉 52. Fatham.  
Item, if you sail south-west from the Caskets 13. or 14 leagues past Garnesay, and from thence to Set Isles in the Drech course, is 35 and 40. fathom.  
Item, if on the day you lie off and on between Aberwrack and the Fourne, come no nearer the Rocks then 35 or 40. fathom, and take good heed in the night.  
Item, if you lie off and on in the day time between the I'll of Base & Lanterger, you may come within 25. fathom of the main without danger:  
Item, he that comes with Dragnesse West south-west from Set Isles, let him come no nearer by night then 40. Fatham.   

The course to be kept sailing from the tail of Aise.  
THe course from the Killiats' or tail of Aise, to Use: is west north-west, & from the tail of 〈◊〉 i● the northwest end of Use is 14. leagues.  
Item, Bel●●lle and Bluet 〈…〉 north-west, and it is from the Northwest and of 〈…〉 southeast end of Bellille, 16, leagues.  
The course from Bellille to the 〈◊〉 P●nmarke, is West Northwest: and so you shall 〈…〉 enough off the Pens, and from the west 〈…〉 to the southeast ●nd of Bellille: is 19 leagues.  
Fontenie or the Raze, lies from the wester Penmarke: northwest, and are distant 8. leag●●●.  
Saint Paul's de Lions lieth from Ush●nt east and by north: and are distant 16. leagu●●.  
Set Isle lies from saint Powl●● 〈…〉 and i● distant 12. leagues.  
Garnesey lies from saint 〈…〉, and a little to the Eastwards, and are distant 〈…〉.  
The Caskets lies from saint 〈◊〉 ●●●theast, and are distant 28. leagues.  
The Caskets lie from the 〈…〉 and a little to the eastwards, and are dista●● 45 〈◊〉.  
Berefleete lies from the 〈◊〉 and by south, and is distant 16. Leagues.  
Seine head lies from 〈…〉 and by north, and is distant 21. leagues.  
Item, the Rocks which do li● without the Cape of Cause lie north North-east of 〈◊〉 head, about 5. leagues.  
blackness lies from the said Rocks of Cause north-east and a little to the eastwards: and is distant 30. leagues.  
From Blackness to graveling, the land lieth alongst North-east and by east.  
And all the Coast of Flaunders lieth east North-east and west south-west.   

The lying of the Headlands of the Coasts of Porting all and Spain.  
IN primis the point at Farao or Cape saint Mary, lies from the Rocks of Chipiona, which lie at the east point of the entering of the Ru●er of Swill east and West, distant 28. leagues.  
The Cape saint Uincent lieth from the Cape of Saint Maries, West and a little to the Northwards, and are distant 18. leagues.  
Cape Picher lies from the Cape of saint Uincent, North and to the westwards distant 33. leagues.  
The Cape of Rockesemper lies from Cape Picher northwest and by north and is distant 8. leagues.  
The Burlings from Rockesemper lie north northwest and are distant, 1●. leagues.  
Cape Finister lieth from the Burlings due North: and are distant 68 〈◊〉.  
The entering 〈…〉 lies from Burlings, north and by east 55. leagues.  
The Island of 〈◊〉 lie from Cape Finister southeast and by south distant 16. leagues.  
The entering 〈…〉 Moors, lies from Cape Finister southeast, and 〈…〉 5. leagues.  
The Cape of 〈◊〉 lies from Cape Finist●r due north and is distant two leagues.  
Siserge lies from Cape Corian north-east and by east, and is distant 10. leagues.  
The Cape Pri●r li●● from Siserge East North-east, and they are distant ●. leagues.  
The Haven of Ferr●e lies from Siserge due East, distant 7. leagues.  
Ortingal lies from Cape Prior north-east and by East and is distant 8. leagues.  
Ortingall, U●r● point, cape Penny, and Martinchaco in biscay, lies one from an other east and west, and are a sunder 66. leagues.  
The Island of Saint Cyprian lies distant from Ortingall 7. leagues.  
The entering into Rebadew, lies from the Island Saint Cyprian southeast, and they are distant 8. leagues.  
The Rocks of Cappenye lie from the ●ntring of Rebadew North-east and by east, distant 14. leagues.  
Martinchaco lies from the Rocks of Cape Penie east, & is distant 43. leagues.  
The point of Pewger lies from Martinchaco east and by south: and are distant 14. leagues.  
The point of Bayone lies from the H●wgar North-east and are distant five leagues.  
Arkason lies from the point of Bayone due North, and is distant 18. leagues.  
The Pole head of Burdiaur lieth from Arkason due N. and is distant 18. leagues.  
The south Peretris by Rochel lies from the Coal head of Burdiaux north northwest, & they are ●●●tant 1● leagues.   

The courses to be kept in cro●●ing the Sea.  
IN primis, the Cape of Clear and 〈…〉, do lie one directly from the other, south 〈…〉, and North and by West: and are distant the one from the other 155 Leagues.  
The Tower of Waterfoord lieth from the Groin, next hand due North, and are distant 156. leagues.  
The old head of Rinfal and the 〈…〉 south and to the eastwards, & north and to the Westwards, and distant 155. leagues.  
Silly lies from Cisarge North and by east, and is distant 133. leagues, & keeping that course, you shall go four leagues to the eastwards of Silly.  
Ushant lieth from Cisarge north north-east, and are distant 108. leagues.  
The Cape of Ortingall and the Lizard lie the one from the other north and by east, and south and by west, and are distant 130, leagues.  
The Seams & the Haven of Rebadewe do lie one from an other north and by east, and south and by west, and are distant 94. leagues.  
Item, Pem●ark● lieth from Uiveris north North-east, and are distant 90. leagues.  
Mouse hole in Cornwall lies from Cape Prior, North and by east, and are distant 136. leagues.  
Fontenie li●● from Ortingal north North-east, and is distant 90, leagues.  
Groy lies from Uiveris North-east and by north distant 97. leagues.  
Bellille lies from Ortingall north-east & is distant 90. Leagues, and keeping your course so, you shall fall seven leagues by east 〈◊〉.  
And you mu●t 〈◊〉, that seven leagues are here reckonev for a kenning.  
Item Set isle is three kennings to the Eastwards of the Fourne, and ther● lies by them a great soncken rock in the sea, & when 〈◊〉 are North and by west from the land so far an you● 〈…〉 from the Hatches of the ship, than it seem● 〈…〉 loin Hill, and on the top on the east side thereof is a little valley, and it seems to be half a ships length, and on the west side of the Hill, is likewise a little valley: and it seems also to be about a ships length long, and 〈◊〉 that ●halle● upon the west side stand 2. little Hills, and the uttermost of the two is the greatest. And then there 〈◊〉 high hill a good way within the land, and that lies a little 〈◊〉 east the foresaid rock.  
And when you are off from the said out Rock northwest and by north than you can perceive but one Hillock upon that valley that lies at the west end of the Rock, and then the foresaid high hill lies a little to the westwards of the out rock, and when you are a kenning from the land, west and by North of the Rock, that is the East end of the foresaid deep Rock, and the west end goeth down a little slope, and you shall see a little hill or knot on the West side of it, and then westwards from the said Rock lies another outer rock, which is something lower and almost round. And on the east side of the Rock lies a little ●not, and that i● something greater, and a little way to the westwards of the same, lieth yet two out Rocks more and are proportioned like as if they were long hills, and the east side is the longest. And between those 〈◊〉 lie also 2 little small Rocks not much above the water, and ●hen a man is a kenning North-east from the foresaid long hill, if ye look out of the top, than it is all alongst between those out Rocks full of Rocks: and at the west end of the broadest long hill do also lie long Rocks, and then a good way westwards of them lies a long ledge of l●we Rocke●, and those lie in four or five parts, and in in the 〈…〉 lie four round hillocks, which are little higher than the l●●ge, & the most easterly hillock lies alone a little to the Eastwards from the ledge.  
And then when you are passed over the Stert, so far that you can see the land to the northwards of Blanchie haven, then is there a long high hill, and is a good way on the top all plain, and both the ends go ●●●●ping down.   

The course of the tides of Portugal, Spain, and France.  
ITem, at Calis Malis, an East southeast Moon makes a low water.  
At saint Lucas of Barame●he, a southeast and by east Moon makes a low water, & so along from thence to the River of Lisbon the like.  
Item all the Coast of Spain, Gascoine, Poitow, and Britain, till Fontenie head: a southeast Moon makes low water.  
Item, in the River of Bordeaux at the mouth, a southeast and by south moon makes a low water.  
Item, in the race of Fontenie, a southeast and by east Moon makes a low water.  
Item, at saint Mathewes, a southeast & by south moon makes a low water.  
Item a south southeast Moon makes a low water at the Fourn●.  
And likewise a south southeast Moon makes a low water at Aberwrack●.  
Item, at the 〈◊〉 Base or Roscow which is within that Island, and li●● 〈◊〉 ●ennings to the Eastwards of the Fourne, a south moon makes a low water, and within th● Island, a south southeast m●one.  
Item, two 〈◊〉 without Ushant, a South moon makes a low water, and the same tide holdeth to the I'll of Base.  
Item, in the fair way off of Ushant, a south-west moon● makes a low 〈◊〉.  
Item, seven 〈◊〉 within the isle of Base, a south-west moon makes a 〈…〉.  
Item before 〈◊〉, a south and by west moon makes a low water.  
At the Set Isles, a south south-west moon makes a low water, and four leagues seaboard the Isles, a south-west and by south moon m●kes a low water.  
Item, before the islands of Briehack, a south south-west moon makes a low water.  
And from Briehack to within the haven of S. Malloes, a south and by east moon makes a low water on the shore.  
And without in the fair way, from the I'll of Base to Saint Malloes, a south-west and by south moon makes a low water.  
Item, from Rock to saint Mallows, and from Granuile to Garnesey, there a south moon makes a low water.  
And within the road of Garnsey, a south & by east moon makes a low water.  
Item from Ga●nsey to the Caskets a southwest moon makes a low water.  
And 6. or 7. leagues without Garnsey, a south-west and by west Moon makes a low water.  
Item between Caskets and Portland, a south-west and by west Moon makes a low 〈…〉 the Coast and 7. or 8. leagues a sea board, a west south-west Moon makes a low water.  
Item, from Bearfleete to the Seinh●●●, in the fair way a west south-west Moon makes 〈…〉, and when it is a high spring, than a west 〈…〉 ●oone makes a low water.  
Item from the point of 〈…〉 within the River of Seine, a West and by south ●o●ne makes a low water.  
Item a south-west Moon makes a low water in the river of Seine within.  
From the Strowter to Some, in the f●ire way, a south and by west Moon makes a low● 〈◊〉.  
Item, at Some in the Fosse, a 〈◊〉 south-west Moon makes a low water, and at 〈◊〉, a west south-west moon makes a low water, and at a west Moon it is but little flood.  
Item, at Bullein and at Calico, at graveling, at Dunkirk, Newport, and alongst all the Coast of Flaunders a west Moon makes a low water.   

Waltersland.  
Item from Waltersland to the abbey of the Brothers a south-west and by west Moon makes a still water. And from thence to Blankenborow, & saint Katherins, a south-west Moon makes a still water. And from Blankenborowe to Saint Katherins, a south-west Moon makes a still water.  
Item, a south Moon makes a high water at Swine.   

Of the Havens alongst the Coasts of Spain and Portugal.  
ITem he that will sail into Ribadewe, he shall go in hard by the point on the east side and then he shall keep forth in the midst of the River, till he come open of the sandy Bay, and there he may come to anchor at six, seven or eight fathom.  
And from Ribadewe eight Leagues to the Northwestwards, lies the sound of Utueris, and he that will go into Uiveris with a south-west wind, he will go in by a high point on the west side: and then let him keep on in the midst of the harbour, going in a good way. And then come to an Anchor, where he shall think good, at ten or twelve fathom.  
Item, west northwest from Uiveris, six Leagues off, lies the point of Ortingall, and it is a high land and without the point there stands five or six high Rocks, which may be seen in the Seawards, at the least two kennings of from the land. And those are Cleves, and there is between them and the land 1● fathom.  
On the east side of Ortingall is a barred haven, and that goeth to the town of Saint Mathewes. And he that will ride there, let him anchor before the village, called Karinoo, which lies beneath the Castle of Ortingall. And that is but a quarter of a league from the Rocks, which lie of the southwards. And he shall have the village North from him.  
And Northwest from Ortiger three leagues or more, lies, the Haven of Sidero, which is a good harbour: and goeth south-west in. And the Southside is a low point, & he that will go in there, let him keep by the south side for the northside is all Rocky and soul ground. And when he hath sailed a little way in, let him anchor at six, seven, or eight fathom.  
cape prior  
When you are north North-east from the Cape Prior, about five or six leagues, then doth the Cape show as here above is set forth.  
Item, the flat end is the southeast end, and the other end is the northwest end, and it lies by the Sea, and it is a high Hill and all ragged aloft. When as you are to the northward, or southwestwards from the Cape Prior, & that you are not far off from it, then is the Cape very high all alongst, and seems on the top of it, as though there were many men sitting on a row, every one a little way from another: and in the Northside of the Cape lies two sandy bay one by another, and on the north North-east corner of the Cape lies a row of low Rocks, and in the midst of the row lies a great Rock, like as it were a stack of hay. And when you are come within the Cape, then is there lying on the south side of the Cape a sandy Bay, and to the south of the sandy Bay, lies a low flat Hill, which is not half so high as the high land that lies within it: and westward from the south end of the flat hill, there lies two great Rocks hard one by another, and to the southwards of the sandy Bay, lies a point out from the entry, within which is the Haven of Faroll.  
When you will sail into the Haven of Faroll, you shall bear into the sound of the Groin, so long till you see the Haven of Faroll open on your Larboard side, and then you may bear boldly in with it. And when you are in, then before the town of Farol, you must go no farther, for within is all should, the haven lies North-east in, and it is a good Haven for Carracts which are bound southwards.  
He that will sail into the Groin, shall keep his course from Cape Prior South and by east towards the Groin, and if he be without the Cape Prior, then let him keep nearest to the East side, for the Westerside is all foul ground. And he shall see to the southwards from him about two leagues off or more, along small tower with a flat head, and doth not show very hi●h abo●e the Sea: and southward from that tower, as you would judge two bow shoots of▪ there stands the town of the Groin: and at the Southeast end of the town stands a Castle, and there is a great four cornered Tower which hath no covering above to be seen: and to the Eastward from the Castle, about four ship● lengthe● from ●he shore, there lies a ledge of Rocks, and when it is a full se●, than you shall see but three or four rocks break above the water, but when it is a low water, than you shall see a great many. And Southward from the Castle about four ships length from the land, there lies a little green Hill, and on that stands a little Church of S. Anthony's, and it seem●● as though it were a little flat house, and you must leave the high Tower▪ the ragged Rocks, with the low 〈◊〉, and that green little hill altogether on your starboard side, and when ye are clean passed that green 〈…〉 towards, go westwards in before the Town, 〈…〉 he clean defended from the Sea, than ye may anchor where you will and in what depth ye list.  
Item, Sisarge l●es a little to the westwards of the Groins and there is a little Island, and is 〈◊〉 on the top, & when you are a little way within the Cape Prior, you may then see betwixt that little Island and Sisarge, and there is no good Road under Sisarge, for the ground is not clean.  
Mongi.  
When you are northwest and by north of Mongie, than it shows as here above is set forth.  
Item, he that will sail into Mongie, and comes from the eastwards, he shall find without at the east point a great high Rock which is called Uillen, and by it stand high cliffs, which are sharp on the top, there stands 3. or 4. of them a good way a sunder one from another, and they lie East south east and west northwest, & alongst north from this point; and to the westwards about four cable length of there lies a Rock under water: that he must leave to the stereboorde side of him, and when he● is passed the Rock, then let him go south-west in and then when he shall see the church of our Lady that is to the westwards, then let him sail directly towards it, and then he may anchor before the town, or between the Town and the Church at 7. or 8. fathom.  
Mongy  
Item, when you are from Mongie North and by West then it shows in this sort.  
Item h● that will sail 〈…〉, and comes from the westwards let him keep the 〈◊〉 the Groin without the point which lies there within, which is a great round point, of a Ships length and it is called Bontrie, going thus till you have opened our Lady's church, and when ye can see the church, ye may anchor at 12. or 15. fathom in the sound, or ye may sail● in before the dosage to the best road.  
Item, betwixt cape Finister and the point of the Groin lies a ledge of rocks half a league into the seaward.  
And whosoever will sail into Mongie, let him take heed of those rocks. And betwixt Finister and the Groin lies a great sandy Bay: where is good riding with an east wind at 10. or 12. fathom.  
Item, when you have the Cape of Finister southeast and yeast from you or there about, and are distant from it about five leagues or more, than it seemeth to be as is figured above.  
Item he that will ride under Cape Finister, let him sail two Cable length off from the Cape, and go so on a good League till ye see our Lady's Church, and then let him anchor against the Church at 10. or 12. fath. but when he hath the Cape west from him, there is no good road for a south wind, for the ground there is foul and rocky all about.  
Item, half a league to the southwards of Cape Finister lies a good haven for ships that are bound southward which is called seek, and lies eastwards from the Cape: to go into that haven, you must sail in on the North side, but you may not come very nigh the North land, for it is not all clear of Rocks nigh the shore. And when you come nigh the haven, there lies a black Rock not much above the water, which you must leave on the sterboord side and sail in about the midst, between the rock & a point● that lies towards Cape Finister, going so a good way into the northwards, keeping you in the middle of the sound, till you see a sandy Bay to the Stereboord side of you, and against that sandy Bay, you may anchor at 10.11. or 12. fathom: and if you go further in it is shalsower.  
Four leagues from Cape Finister, to the southeastwards, lies ta● point of Mounteluer, and in the course thither lie many rocks on both sides, and the most part of the rocks that may hurt you, are in sight. Mounteluer is a great round hill, and there is a little tower on the top of it, and that is the north point of the Moors.  
He that will sail into Haven of Moors he must first bring the middle of the Mounteluer right over a little valley, and when he comes before the Haven, then let him run in east North-east towards Mounteluer, and when he is against Mounteluer, he shall then see another high point lying on the Larboard side of him, & then he shall sail off from Mounteluer in towards the other point, and then he shall see the Town to the Westwards before him, and then let him sail in before the Town, till he come to twelve or fifteen fathom, and there anchor.  
He that will sail into Pontasedre, he must sail in by the Island called Bleedednes which is a flat land.  
Then he shall keep the south side, going East North-east two leagues, and then he shall finds before the midst of the haven a little Island, he shall leave that on hi● Larboard side, and to the southward of the Island, he shall see a great Tower: then let him sail directly before the tower, and there come to an anchor, at six, seven or eight Fathan, and he will ride under that Island, which lies before the middle of the haven, let him bring the Island to the westwards of him and so anchor at 7. or 8. fathom.  
He that will go in to ride under the islands of Bayon, let him keep near to the Island: for at the North-east point of the Island, there lies a rock under water, about a cables length from the point, otherwise all is clear.  
He that comes out of the sea with the islands of Bayon he shall not perceive any other land but Graye Cliffs, and he that will sail in there coming from the south let him leave the rocks which are in the southside of the Island between him and the Island, and so sail in by the middlemost Island, wherein the Eremetage stands. Over against the great sandy Bay●, there is the best road in twelve or fourteen fathom, and you may ride so nigh, till you have brought that north end of the Island directly with that land which lies to the northwards of the Island.  
He that will sail into Bayon▪ let him sail in between the little Island of Baiona, that lieth on the north side of the eu●rie and the town, going in East and by north, till he be as far within as the low town, which he shall see on the south side, and there he may anchor at ten or twelve fathom: but he must take great heed of a ledge of rocks that lie off the Island on the north side.  
I●em▪ there lie five or six rocks by the point or corner of the Cape Pasalis these he must leave on the stereboord side: and he needs not come to anchor, before he see them shut in the other point that the high town stands on.  
Item 19 Leagues to the southwards of this Island of Bayona, lies the river of Portugal.  
Item the river of the port of Portugal, is a good bard haven, and he that will go in there, must keep the south side ●ee●●st him. And let him take good heed of the Rocks which lie at the entering into the haven, and that is but a short cut in. The south side is a lower land than the north side is.  
Item, eleven leagues to the southwards of the port of Portugal, lies the haven Aueiro.  
Item, the Haven of Aueiro is a bard haven, & the land by the water side is a low sandy land: To sail into this Haven, you must take your marks upon the south land, and those are three Beacons of masts, those three Beacons must be kept in one, so long till you be come almost hard by them, than you must set of northwards from them towards the other Shingle, which lies in the North side of the Haven, and there ye may anchor at seven or eight fathom.  
Item, seven leagues by south that haven, there lies the point of Teliacke by Mondego, which is a fair foreland, and from the south point of Teliacke, a mile to the east, southeastwards: there lies Mondego, which is a bard haven.  
And westward from that haven a quarter of a league from the land, lies a bank of seven fathom, & behind that one may ride in 12. or 13. Fatham, it is there good ground and fair, and there is a village thereby North North-east from the road.  
He that will anchor under the Burlings, let him anchor before the Eremitage at ten Fathom, he may come to it by which side he will, for it is clear there of danger.  
Twelve Leagues to the S. southeast of the Burlinges, there lies the Cape of Rocksemper, a little within that point is the Road of Kaskales & he that will ride there may anchor where he list, for there is good anchor hold in every place, but no covert for a south-west wind.  
Then a league Eastwards from the Kaskals of saint gilian's point and is the north point of the River of Lisbon, and he that will sail in by the Northland, he must keep the middle, and sail in betwixt the point of of saint Gillian's, and the land of the Kachopes, till he be within ●he point of saint Gillian's, and then let him sail on forth by the Northland till he come to saint Katherins Bay, and then he must keep off again from thence towards the S. land, for fear of the Rocks which lie by the Rastelles a bow shoot from the north land, and that rock is at a low water in sight, and at half flood it is under water.  
The first white Church is Saint Katherins Church, which stands upon the foreland of saint Gillian's to the Eastwards by the water side, and the other Church is the Rastelles and southeast from thence in twelve Fathom, is a good road for all winds.  
He that will sail in by the great deep of Lisbon coming from the southwards, let him leave the sand of the Kachopes on his Larboard side, and all the other sands that break on his Sterboord side and then he shall see the white sandy Bay that lies next to the Eastwards of the point of Saint Gillians, and keep that North-east and by north of him going still alongst the Kachop●s in 6. or 7 fathom and by these marks he may sail into the Bay of saint Katherins and then let him keep two third parts of the river on his Larboard side, and the other third part on the starboard, and sail on so until he come before the town of Lisbon, and he that will anchor before the Coupers, let him anchor before the Lime Kil and more athwart the River, and lay the one anchor at 13. fathom, and the other at 4 fathom.  
He that will sail in before the Fisher town, let him not come near the shore before the couper's gate, for there lies a rock a pretty way off, and it is il riding thereabout in any place, because the streams turns about so there at the ebb, and it is all rocky.  
Item, within a stones cast to the southwards of the Kachopes is 8. fathom deep, and by the same sand by the south side, it is 13. fathom deep within a Ships length of the sand. And let him that will sail out at Saint Gillian's deep, take good heed of the ebb, for that sets sore towards the sand of Kachopes.  
Item, he that will sail in by the great deep of Lisbon, let him bring the Castle of the Rastel's east, and by north of him, or let him bring the tower of the Rastelles to the northwards of the Southern foreland, keeping them so till he have brought the little Church at S. gilian's point North North-east, or there about from him, then go North-east off it towards S. Katherins bay: and always reckon your tides well.  
He that will sail to S. Toous, he must have half flood with him, and must sail east from Cape Pitcher, than he shall see before him to the northwards, a great high land, when he is past that high land, then let him keep the point of Cape Pitcher open a good way without the high land, going with those marks till he see the Tower to the northwards of him, then let him sail right with the Tower, till he come near to it. And when he is as far in as the Tower, then let him edge into the middle of the channel, and anchor at ten fathom.  
Cape S. Vincent  
Item, when you are off from Cape S. Uincent West or thereabout, then doth it show as is above figured.  
He that will ride under Cape S. Uincent, shall pass on by the first point, and sail a League further in under the other point by a red land, and there anchor at 15. or 20. Fatham, for the ground is all clean thereabouts, and ye may sail fast by the shore that ye may in manner leap a land.  
He that will sail into S. Lucas, he shall at the entering into the mouth of the river of Civil, when he is without before the haven, keep the steeple or Tower of S. Lucas to the eastwards of him, and so go in at six fathom, & ye shall continue so at six fathom almost a league. And when he comes in six fathom he may anchor, and then he shall have have pilots come to him.  
Item, to the westwards of S. Lucas lies a sandy Bay▪ and you may sail alongst by that in six fathom, or come to an anchor if you list.  
Calais.  
Sebastian  
WHen Callismallis is northward of you, than doth it show thus, as is above set forth.  
He that will ride before Calais, let him sail in by the Rocks which lie to the westwards of Calais, which are called the Porkers, and he must leave them Rocks on the steereboord side, and bear in at six Fathom or more. And when he is 3. or 4. cables length within the Porkers, that he may see the Town of Calais open to the southwards, or South south west from him, then let him anchor, at 3.4. 5. or 6, fathom. And right off the Porkers to the northward lie sunken rocks, & there is at a low water but a fathom & a half upon them,  
Item, the marks for the rock which lies between Rotta and the Porkers in the channel are these, when S. Katherine Chapel which stands by west S. Mary's Port by the water's side, and the house that stands upon the high hill which you go over, two shears be brought in one And S, Mary's Cloister in Calais without the north point of Calais, and also two high hills lying to the East North-east, or thereabouts from you brought together, also after this manner, as is here under showed, the less under the greater than are you even hard by the said rock.  
in granado  
Item, when you are come out of the sea, with a large wind, then keep the two hills open in that order, as they stand above figured, but if he keep them shut in one than ye go directly upon the rock.   

The Tides alongst the coast of Ireland and England.  
ITem, on the West part of Ireland, an east North-east, or a west south-west Moon makes a full sea.  
Item to the Bay of Carmardin, in the mouth of Severne, and without in the Channel, & at the Momlesse, an East and by north, or West and by south Moon makes a full sea.  
Item at the Island of Londey, an East Moon makes a full sea, & the same tid holdeth to the Holmes. And at Bristol an east and by south moon makes a full sea.  
Item, a North-east and by east, or a south-west & by south Moon makes a full Sea at Silly.  
Item▪ in Mousehole and in Falmouth an east North-east Moon makes a full Sea, and three or four Leagues off the shore in the fair way, an east southeast Moon makes a full Sea.  
Thwart of Falmouth and Foye in the midst of the Channel, an east and by south Moon makes a full Sea.  
Thwart of Plymouth and Dartmouth, and all betwixt that and Portland in the middle of the channel, an east southeast Moon makes a full sea.  
In Foy, in Plymouth and Dartmouth, an east and by-north moon makes a full sea.  
In the fair way between Dartmouth and Portland a southeast and by south moon makes a full sea.  
In the midst of the channel over against Portsmouth a south southeast Moon makes a full sea. And the like tide is off the I'll of Wight in the midst of the channel.   

Po●tland.  
IN the r●ce of Portland, a southeast moon maketh a full ●ea, and in the road of Portland, an East Southeast Moon makes a full sea.  
A southeast and by south Moon, makes a full sea at the Needles in Wight. And the same tide goeth to Wolter horn on the land, and 3. or four leagues a-seaboard, a south and by east moon makes a full sea, and at saint Ellens a southeast moon.  
And it is to be noted that the flood sets in at the east end of Wight, till the moon be at southeast or northwest.  
At Calshot, Hampton, and at Portsmouth, a south and by east Moon makes a full Sea, before Hampton a south moon makes a full sea.  
From Wight to beachy, a south and by east Moon makes a full sea on the shore.  
At Rye in the Cammer and Winchelsey, a south and by east Moon makes a full sea, and without in the O●tune a south south-west Moon.  
A south south-west Moon, makes a full sea in the road at Dongie Nesse, and a south moon upon the Stell, and without in the channel there a south-west moon makes a full sea.  
From the Nesse to Romney head, a south-west Moon makes a full sea.  
In the Channel and hard by the head, a southeast or north west Moon makes a low water.  
Item, a south moon makes a full sea at Dover, and in the Downs & at Tennet, a south south-west Moon makes a full Sea, and a south or north Moon makes a full Sea at the Shore.   

The course of the streams of Ireland, and England.  
IN primis, from the Cape o● Dorsey, to the Island called Dordon, the flood runs north northwest, and the ebb sets south southeast.  
From Dorsey to Cape clear the flood runs East and by north, and the ebb west and by south.  
From the Cape of Clear to the islands called Salteis, the flood runneth east North-east, & the ebb west south-west.  
From the Cape of Ireland to the Island of Londey, the floods sets in North-east and by east, and the ebb south-west and by west.  
From Londey to Milford, the flood goeth east southeast and the ebb west south west.  
From Milforde to Calvie, to the Bay of Carmardin which is the mouth of Severne, & to the islands of Momlesse, the flood runneth North-east, and the ebb south-west.  
In the midst of the mouth of S. George's channel, the flood runneth north North-east, and the ebb west south-west.  
In the Channel of Bristol, the flood sets east North-east, and the ebb west south-west.  
From Silly to the Lyzart, the flood runneth East and by north, and ebbs west and by south.  
From Silly to the lands end of England, the flood sets east North-east, and the ebb west south-west.  
From the Point of the lands end, to the cape of the Lizard: the flood sets east, and the ebb west.  
From the Lyzart to the Stert, the flood sets North-east and by east, and the ebb south-west and by west.  
Item, in the middle of the channel, against Falmouth, Foy▪ Plymouth, and the Stert, the flood runs North-east, and the ebb west south-west.  
From the Stert to Portland in the middle of the Channel, the flood runs East north east, and the ebb West south-west.  
Against Dartmouth about two leagues from the shore, the ebb sets south-west and by south, and to the Eastward, and on the south south-west side of the entering in towards E●cester, about two leagues from the shore, the ebb sets likewise south-west and by south.   

Portland.  
ITem, within Portland in the Bay, the flood sets North-east and the ebb south-west.  
From Portland to Wight that flood runs east and by north, and the ebb west and by south.  
From Wight to Beachie, the flood runnet East and by north, and nigh to the land in 15. fathom, the flood runs North-east and by east, and the ebb south-west and by west  
He that will sail into Silly coming from by South, let him look well in time, and take good heed of the rocks which lie in the midst of the sound ●ight before the mouth, and he may sail in on either side, ●ut it is best to keep next to the east side, and keep the steeples or towers in the middle of the same Bay▪ and then he may bear in an anchor at 6.7. or 8. fathom.  
portland  
. S. andrew  
Item, when the Béel or point of Portland bears North-east and by east from you, and that you are 2. leagues or more from the shore, then doth it show thus as before is portrayed: but to the Westwards is much more land than here is set forth, and a great deal of the west part, the land seems whitely to look to.  
portland  
Item, when Portland beareth North and by East from you, and that you are five or six leagues off from the land, than it shows thus as above: & when it lies north north-east from you, than it seems plain ab●●e and r●●nd to look on, From Dongie Nesse to Dover, the flood sets North-east and by East, and the ebb northwest & by west, At the south foreland the flood sets North-east and by north and the ebb south-west and by south.   

Hereafter follow the havens alongst the west coast of England.  
ITem, east North-east from Beachie nine leagues off lieth the Nesse, which is a fair low point westward from the Nesse, two leagues off lieth the Cammer of Rye▪ a bard haven, and he that will sail into the Cammer coming from by west, he must keep Beachie open without the point of Fairlee, and bear Eastwards in till he have brought the house northwest from him, & then sail by the Shingle in, and when he comes at the end of the Shingle, then let him anchor within a cables length of the Shingle northwest from the point in ten Fathom, it is not wide there,  
Beachey  
Item, when Beachie lies northwest and by north from you, and that you are about four or five leagues from the land, than it shows thus: and it is a white chalky land.  
Item, he that will ride under Beachie he may anchor where he will, the East side is all should, and on the West side is all good ground.  
Beachy  
Item when Beachie lies North-east off from you, and that you are two leagues from the land, then doth it appear thus, as above is figured.  
Beachie lies from the Caskets, North-east and by east about forty leagues.  
Wigh●  
Item, when Wight beareth Northwest from you, and that you are fou●e leagues from the land, there you shall have 35. fathom, and the ground is great rough stones.  
He that will sail● in at the east end of Wight, let him take heed of the Ow●●s, and fetch the sholding of the west side of the depth before saint Ellins' Church, and there he may ride at seven or eight Fathom. And he that will sail in, let him bring the Lime kill that lies above Portsmouth, and the steeple of Portesemouth in one, & so sail in keeping two third 〈◊〉 of the channel on the Larboard side and sail in so to 〈◊〉.  
At the East end of Wight a northwest Moon makes the entry of the first quarter of the flood.  
He that will sail in at the west end of Wight, he must look well to the tide, for the flood sets very sore upon the needles, and the ebb likewise westwards upon the Swingilles, and chalky Rocks, which lies westwards of the Needles, and is very narrow between the Needles and the swingilles, and let him directly sail with the Needles, even that he come fast by them, and sail in very near them, and when he is on●e within the Needles, then let him keep off from the land before him because of the ●ocks called the Wardens, which lies on the Wight side near the shore.  
And he that will ride under the Beachie which lies on the other side, let him anchor at seven Fathom, and if he will go any further in, let him keep two third pa●ts of the Channel towards the main land, and sail so in till he come before the village of Yarmouth where the new Bulwark stands upon the Wight side: and if he will sail up to Causion, than he must sail on till he may see the town of Hampton appear without the abbey, and anchor nearest to the west part of Causho●.  
He that will ride without Hurst by the Needles, let him bear in and anchor before the village in the North Channel at three Fathom at a low water, and he shall ●aue the Needle's South southeast from him, and at a deep tide, ●he flood doth not rise there above one Fathom.  
He that will ride in Portland road, let him anchor at ●. fathom.  
Item, 12. leagues to the Westwards of Portland, is a road called Torbaie, and lies within the head which is called the Berrie, and Portland and that lie east and West, and on the East side of the Berrie head stands a Church and there against the Church is very good riding at 6. or 7. Fatham.  
Item, when as Torbay bears North Northwest from you, and that you are about three Leagues from the shore, than the land appears in this fashion.  
Dartmouth.  
the start  
He that will anchor under the south point of Torbay let him ride at 7. Fatham, and he shall ride well for a southeast wind.  
dort  
〈◊〉  
Torsbay  
the start  
Item, when Der●mouth bears north northwest from you, and the point of Torbay north and by east of you, than showeth the Stert and Dertmouth after this manner as is here figured, and then you may see the little Bulwark in the East side. & Sa. Patrick's chapel in the west side, and a little ●lat Church to the westwards of you.  
the start  
Item, when the Stert is west northwest from you, and two leagues off from it, then doth it show like as is above portrayed.  
the start  
Item, when the Stert bears Northwest from you, and you being 4. or 5. leagues off it, then doth it show like as is here above set forth.  
Portland lies from Ushant north-east, and is distant 48 leagues.  
portland  
portland  
Item, when Portland lies west and by north from you, than it showeth after this manner.  
Item, when Portland beareth North-east and by North, then doth it show thus.  
He that will sail into Dertmouth, let him go directly with Saint Patrick's Chapel, which stands on the west point of the Haven, and let him take heed that he do not bring that village which stands within on the west side of the haven without Saint Patrick's Church, but let him keep the uttermost house of the same village on the East side of the haven a way in sight without the Bulwark of the west side by Saint Patri●kes Chapel, and then can he not take any hurt on the rocks in the Range by the West p●int, and when he is a little way within the point that lies on the east side, he shall see a sharp corner of a Cliff, & without the sharp corner of the Cliff lies a rock under water very dangerous, let him leave that on the steereboord side, and when he is past that Rock than he may keep himself in the midst of the haven, and bear in without danger.  
He that will ride under the Stert, let him Anchor in ten Fathom there he shall have cle●n●●round: the road is to the Eastwards of the S●ert. To the West Northwestwards of the start six leagues, goeth in the sound of Plymouth, he that will go in there, must bear in the midst of the sound directly with an Island that hath a Chapel on it: and if he be disposed to ri●● within the Island: when he is so far in as the Island, than he must borough hard by the East side thereof in 10. ●a●ham, and when he hath brought the Island to the southwards of him, let him anchor in six or seven fathom.  
He that will sail into the E●ster harbour which is Catwater, let him go alongst by the east shore, ●ill he come before the Blockhouse at the entry of Catwater, and he must take very good heed of the southeast point of the entry of Catwater, for it is all foul ground & shallow, let him sail in by the North-west point within two ships length of the blockhouse, & then run into the North-east & by E. about a bows shoot in and anchor in 4.5. or 6. fathom.  
To the Westwards of Plymouth lies a round hedge, which is called Rams head, & south and to the westwards of that 3. leagues into the sea, lies a rock which is called the Edie stone, and it lies south south-west southerly from the How of P●imouth.  
He that will ride under the Ram's head to the eastwards may anchor at eight or nine Fathom within a bow shoot of the Cape, for there is all clean ground.  
Item▪ four leagues from the Ram's head to the Westwards, l●●s an Island hard by the shore, & it is a little round Island and with small Barqus ye may ride within it, and go through betwixt the main & in the east side is the best coming in, and the best riding is against the midst of the Island, hard by it to the eastwards goeth in Low haven.  
Item, two leagues to the eastward of Lowe, lies the haven of Foye, and a little byeast Foye, lies a Rock under water, and so long as you can see Low Island without the point which lies to the westwards of it, you can take no hurt by it.  
Item, Foye is a bard haven, and at the entry of the haven, there stands on either side upon the high land, a church, and that which stands on the east side is the lesser, they are square towers something white, and hath a flat steeple at the west end.  
He that will sail into the haven of Foye, must have half flood at the least, and let him sail in the midst of the channel, and when he is between the two points, he may keep alongst which shore he will, but the west shore is the widest channel, by the stakes and tower of the steeple which stands in the west side of the haven: and if he come in by the west shore, than he must when he is within those stakes, bear off a little from the west shore, almost into the midst of the channel next to the west shore. Before the village which lies on the west side, is a little dock, and there a ship may lie a float at a low water, or ye may sail further in, and then you shall see a wall standing on the west side of the haven, and a village behind it, there is good anchoring a ships length by south that wall on the east side, but ye must ride by two Cables, or else you may sail further in alongst by that Swach that lies on the west side, wherein the water mill stands, but take heed you come not too nigh the north corner of the Swach, for there lies a rock, and when you are a little past that. ye may row into the midst of the stream, there is best lying for ships that draw much water: and to the southwards of the foresaid wall, a ship that draws 18. foot water, may well ride a float  
Item, there lies within the east point, a village even at the first entry, and before the village is a pool, where two or three ships may well lie, and the deepest is within at the east point. And if he that comes in by the east shore, will not go into that pool, then let him (when he comes a little way within the stakes on ●he east shore) fall something off, and keep nearest to the west shore, for on the east side lies a Flat all alongst, until you come against the first house of the west village. And if perchance the wind were so scarce that you cannot bear in, than ye may come to an anchor without, so as the ship may ride without the stakes. And then ye may warp in with Hawsers, and lie behind t●e stakes, with a ship that draweth twelve or fourt●ene soot water a float at a low water.  
Item, the haven lies N. North-east in, till you be past the Church of the village which lies on the west side, and then it lies north in, till you be past the watermill, and then north North-east in.  
And he that will anchor without, to tarry his tide, or for any other occasion, he may come to an anchor at six, seven, o● eight fathom, so that he have the Church that standeth on the east side, north North-east of him, for there it is clean ground all without.  
The haven of Foye and Daddeman, lie the one off the other, south-west and North-east.  
Whosoever saileth into falmouth, l●t him take good heed of the rock that lieth without in the middlo before the entering. And he may leave the rock on which side he will, but the deepest water is to the eastward of the rocks. And when you are passed the rock, then may you anchor in the midst of the haven where you will, at five, six, or seven fathom, and take heed how you sail in any further, for fear of the banks which lie within. And if you will sail within the banks, than you must have good knowledge of the marks of the haven.  
He that will sail into Helford, had need to take a quarthe flood with him, and let him sail by the east point nigh the land at four fathom, till he see the steeple on the southside bear south of him; then he may anchor against the steeple at four fathom. And by the west point lies a rock under the water, in the west side of the haven.  
He that will come to anchor in the road of Moushole, he must sail hard to by west of a high round hill, and to the northwards of the hills side, lies a white ledge of rocks on the shore, and against that is the road, in five or at seven fathom, it is not very clean ground.  
He that comes from the south, and will sail into silly, let him look out in time, for fear of the Rocks, which lie in the middle of the entering, right before the mouth on either side, but it is the best to keep nearer the east side, and then keep the Church of Saint Maries in the midst of the sandy Bay, and then you may anchor at six, seven, or eight fathom.  
Item silly lieth west south-west off the lands end of England nine leagues  
Item, from the point of the lands end, to the Lizard, the course is southeast and by east eight or nine leagues.   

Sands at the Thames mouth.  
NOw to know the marks of the last, there stands a thick bushy tree upon the foreland, and you must bring Margate by south off that Bushy tree, to sight wit●in two yards length, and keep them so, & you shall pass between the Norther and the Souther last, and when ye have brought the recouluers in one, then are you out of the danger of the Lasts, then keep on your foresaid course toward Sheppy, & when you have brought the high land Sheppy to the Southward of you, than you shall see a white Church standing on the North side, and three or four high trees there by it, bring the said white steeple into the trees, and go so into the lowernesse, and the you shall come to the sea Rocks, and that lies West Northwest in.  
At the Foreland, a south or north Moon makes a full sea, and the Reculuers are two sharp steeples upon one Church, take heed you come not on the lands end at a low water, for there is not above two foot water deep.   

The depths over against England.  
IN primis, the Coast of Flaunders in the right and used channel, is not above 24. fathom deep.  
In the midst of the channel between Dover and blackness, lies a bank, which hath not at a low water above 3. fathom deep on it.  
And within half a league to the southwards of the bank it is 27. fathom deep, and to the northwards, five and twenty fathom.  
Between Winchelsey and Pickardie, the depth is 26. fathom.  
Item, under Ouldersey in the channel, the depth is 25. fathom.  
Item, the channel by east of Beachie, two leagues off, is 27. fathom deep.  
Between Beachie and Seine head, in the channel, is 38 or 40 fathom deep.  
Between Wight and Beachie, it is in the channel, 38. or 40. fathom deep,  
And three leagues without Wight, it is 37. fathom deep and it is not very clean ground there.  
Item, from Berefléete to the midst of the depth of the channel, you shall find it all rocky, and from the midst of the channel, to the East of England, it is all clear ground,  
It is very perilous to trust to sounding by the Island of Aldernay, for hard by the land is forty fathom deep, and west south-west off, by the Kaskets, it is eight and thirty fathom deep.  
Between Portland and the Kaskets, in the channel, is forty fathom And two leagues a seaboord the Island of Aldernaye, is a certain place, which is but thirty fathom deep, whereas in all other places between Porteland, and that Island, it is forty Fathom deep in the channel.  
Item to the south southwestward, about a kenning from the Stert is about forty Fathom, and the ground is red sandy clay.  
South southeast into the Sea from the Stert, and a kenning of it, is 45. Fatham deep, and sailing from that depth southeast a little further forth, ye shall find 55. fathom. And these uncertain deeps are between Rocketo and the Stert.  
Item, to the Southwards of the high land of Dertmouth in the sight of the land, it is about 43. fathom deep, and the ground is white sand, with some little shells amongst it, & very little small long things like unto such Maggots as are sometimes in Bacon.  
Item, 5. or 6. League's south-west from the Stert is 40. Fatham deep, and the ground is grey red sand, reddish, and shellie.  
Item, 10. or 12. leagues south-west from the Stert it is 47. fathom deep, the ground is black gross sand and shellie and little rough things like Maggots, with some small stones amongst.  
Between Dartmouth and Set Isles, in the channel is 55. Fatham, and from the town of Plymouth 4. leagues south south-west into the Sea, it is 30. fathom deep fair white sand.  
Between the Lyzart and the Stert, come no nearer the land by night then 40. Fatham. And if you will anchor between those two heads, you shall anchor at 25. fathom, and be within the stream of the foreland.  
Between joy and the I'll of Basse in the Channel is 58. Fatham, and at the lands end of England it is 50. fathom deep.  
Between the Island of Londey and silly, it is in the right course 40. fathom deep.  
Item ten leagues to the southeastwardes, from the Island of Saltes is but 20. fathom, and the ground is small red ozie sand.  
Item between Milford and the Saltes, in the channel is 40. fathom.  
East southeast from the dale of Milford, right against it about a bow shoot off lies a sunken rock under water.  
From the Island of Saltes to the Cape of clear, in the right course is 56. Fatham, come no near the land in the night than 40. fathom, for than you are but three leagues from the land.  
Item, if you sound being thwart of the cape Clere, & find 80. fathom deep, and the ground clammy, and small white sand, then if it be clear weather, you shall see the Cape out of the top, and that ground and depth is to the southward of the cape.  
Item southward from Dorsey three leagues from the land, it is 70. fathom deep, & the ground is grey sand mingled with small shells.   

The lying of the land of England alongst the coast.  
IN primis the point of the Nesse, lies from the point of Dover south-west.  
Beachie lieth from the point of the Nesse West south-west.  
Donnoze in the I'll of Wight lies from Beachie West and by South.  
Item the coast alongst the I'll of Wight, lies West and by north, and the Wight lies from Nulfers Haven Westwards.  
Portland lies from Wight, West south-west twelve leagues.  
The Haven of Dertmouth lies from Wight west south south-west westerly.  
The Stert lies from Portland west, and by south 16. leagues.  
Plymouth lies from the Stert, west northwest six or seven leagues.  
Dodman lies from Plymouth, south-west and by west 13, leagues.  
The Lyzart lies from the Stert, West and by south 25. leagues.  
The lands end of England lies from the Lyzart, West northwest westerly 8. or 9 leagues.  
Item, it is from the point of Dover to Beachie eighteen leagues.  
And it is from Beachie to Donnoze 20. leagues.  
From Donnoze to Portland, is 16. leagues.  
From Portland to the Stert, is 16. leagues.  
From the Stert to the Lyzart, is 22. leagues.  
From the Lyzart to silly, is 18. leagues.  
And from the Lyzart to the lands end of England is 9 leagues.  
From the lands end to ●●llie is 8. leagues.  
Silly lies from the lands end of England west south-west, and from the Lyzart silly lies due west.   

The lying of the land about the lands ●nd of England, and of the coasts of Ireland.  
IN primis, the Island of Londey, lies from silly North-east and by North, and are distant 30. leagues.  
Waterfoord lies from silly, North and by east 30. leagues,  
The haven at Waterfoord lies from the lands end of England, northwest and by north, 31. leagues.  
The haven of Crock lies from silly northwest 35▪ leagues.  
The Cape of Clear lies from the Island of Salteis, west south-west 43. leagues, and between them lies the Old head which lies from waterfoord 24. leagues.  
The Island of Salteis and the Island of Beumaries or Holihead, lie the one from the other North-east and by north and south-west and by south, and are distant 42. leagues.  
The islands of Dorses lies northwest and by west from the cape of Clere, and are distant 12. leagues.  
The islands of Blaskey lies fro● the Dorses' North and by west, and are distant 19 leagues.  
The Cape of Straven lies from Blaskey North and by west and are distant 8. leagues.   

The courses, the lying of the coasts, and the tides upon the North Coast of England.  


Orfordnes.  
Leistow.  
Yermouth.  
Winterton.    
NOte well, that here the flood comes from the Northwards. And first you shall understand, that the lands end and the Nesse, lies North and something to the Westward, and south something to the east ward, & they are distant two great kennings, and there a south or North Moon makes a full sea.  
Item from the Nesse to Orfordnes, the course is north North-east and to the eastwards, & they are distant two small kennings, and a south or north Moon makes a full sea.  
Item from Orfordnes to Leistowe, the course is north, and they are distant 8. leagues, & at Leistow a south southeast Moon makes a full Sea.  
Item, when you have the foreland south-west of you, and that you are about eight leagues distant from it, there are banks of 17.20.23. and of 24. fathom, & the ground is red sand with white shells, and some stony ground likewise.  
Item our Lady's bank lies at the head between Calis and blackness, about 7.10. or 12. fathom.  
Item, hard by Goodwin you shall have 26, fathom, and the ground is gross red sand.  
Item, the west point of the foreland and the North-east point of Goodwin sands, lie the one off the other southeast and by east, and northwest and by west, and are distant 10. Leagues.  
Item, the Souther head of the Goodwin and the point are Dover, ●ye the one off the other south-west and North-east.  
Item from Leistowe to Yarmouth, the course is north northwest and they are distant 2. leagues, and a southeast or north northwest Moon makes a full sea at Yarmouth.  
Item from Yarmouth to Winterton, the course is north northwest, and they are distant 2. leagues.  
From Winterton to the Shield is no direct course, but they are distant 9 leagues, & there an east or west Moon makes a full sea.  
Item from the Shield to Humber, the course is Northwest, and they are distant three kennings, & a west south-west moon in Humber maketh a full sea.  
Item, from the Shields to Flamborough head, the course is Northwest, and they are distant 30. leagues.  
Item, from Humber to Flamborough head the course is North and by west, and they are distant 12. leagues.  
Item, from Flamborough head to Whitby, the course is northwest and by west and they are distant 10. leagues.  
Item from Scarborough to Whitby, the course is north west, and they are distant 5. leagues.  
And between Scarborowe and Whitby, lieth Robin Hoods Bay, and a south-west or a North-east moon makes a full sea there.  
Item from Whitby to Hartlepoole the course is west northwest, and they are distant eight leagues.  
Item, from Hartlepoole to Tinmouth, the course is north northwest, & they are distant nine leagues, & a south-west or a northwest Moon makes a full sea there.  
Item, all alongst the North Coast of England, the flood comes in from by north.  
Item from Robin Hoods Bay to Tinmouth or Newcastle, the course is northwest.  
Item from the Naze of Norway to Skeutnesse, the course is Southeast and Northwest, and they are distant five kennings. And to know Skeutsnesse it is a plain low land, and to the eastward of Skeutsnesse, there goeth in a deep sound towards Berghen. And on the east side of the same sound, lies a high round rock or Cliff dry abou● water.   

A note how you shall know Skeutsnesse.  
SKeutnesse is a plain low land, and to the the eastward of it doth a sound run into Berghen. And to the eastward of the said sound, lies a high round rock or Cliff, & is called the Bocke. And four leagues to the southward of the same sound, lies another round rock or Cliff in the sea & is called the west Stone, and between the west stone & the sound lies a little low Island which is called the Whiting eye, and to the westward of Skeutsnesse 4. leagues in the sea lies a little Island which is called Whitskersen, and shows as it were two little hills, but it is not high.  
Item, skeutnesse and Oldersound lie one from an other, north northwest, and south southeast, and are distant seven kennings.  
Item nine Leagues to the northward of Skeutsnesse lies a high round Cliff which is called sick, and to the Southward of it, doth go in the Bomwell, a little by north the Saltfoorde, and to the southward of the Saltfoord it is all low land, and to the northward is high land.  
Item between Skeus●nesse and Oldersound, being a pretty way from the land, if you look on it. It seems as it were all broken land on the south side, and there are many sounds that go in between Skeutsnesse & Oldersound.  
Item to know Oldersound, there is a high cliff that lies alone, and when you are a good way off to the northwards, it shows like a sail to the southwards of you, and seeing it from the westward, it is round.  
And from Oldersound to Kin it is four leagues & they lie north & south: and between those two is a haven but you must either go into Oldersound, or into Kinsound, and a-seaboard Kinsound, a goo● way from the land, are many high rocks, And to know Kin, there is a round dry rock● at the south-west end of Kinsound, that stands up forked, like a Bishop's mitre and lies all alone.  
Item from Kinsound to Oldersound is three Leagues, and they lie north and south, and between those two lies a high round sharp Rock, and there is no haven between them.  
Item, from Oldersound to Stade is eight leagues, and they lie North-east; and south south-west.  
Item you shall understand, that between Oldersound and Stade, is a high land, and there you may sail all alongst by the shore, there are no out rocks, whereby you may take any hurt, for they are all in sight. And there is a good haven in Oldersound, and by Kinsound is likewise a good haven which is called Ulwatch.  
Item from Stade to Flovare, or Herie, is four leagues and they lie east North-east, and west south-west, and is all broken Cliffs betwixt.  
Item, from Stade to Flo Godsche sound, the course is North-east, and S.w. & they are distant 7. league. & Flo watch is a round Cliff and lies alone, and the East end to look upon, seems a little lower than the west end, and coming in from the southwards, or by the south-west end, there goeth in Flo, and it is a good haven: & by west off that you shall go into Giske, and that lies in east and West, and is a very good haven, and between Stade, and Go●ssanne, lies a little Island which is called the Swim, and is clean ground to sail about.  
Now for to know Giske, it is a low plain land, and there is church with a church yard on the land, and before it lies a black rock, and two or three sunken rocks, whereon the sea doth commonly break.  
Item, when as you are three or four leagues West in the sea of Giske, then doth that land lie alongst northwest and southeast, almost threescore and seven leagues, and then more easterly.  
Now sailing from Giske, you shall not of long come to any other land, but an Island called Grip, then when you are thwart of Stames Heft, which lies on the main land, for Grip lies a kenning off into the sea, and to the Southward of Grip is the best going in. And your course from Helen is all easterly, and then you shall see a high land, lying before you, & that is called Toster Poster. And when you come by the east land, run all North-east in, so long till you have a stream or a tide that meets you, and you have havens on both sides of the land.   

The courses to be kept in sailing on the Coast of Norway.  
NOw he that will sail in at the easter strait or entry by the Naze of norway, then let him with an east wind sail in hard by the Naze, & let him take heed of the rock called the Bishopboden, for that lies in the midst of the entry, and lies above water. And when you shall be within that sound where you shall ride in, there lieth a bom● within the head of that land: anchor behind that where you will.  
And if it be so, that you will go in at the Easter strait, or entry, than you shall bear in by Maren, and when you are a little within, there stands a little Warder which is a Beacon or mark before the entry, which you may see thorough the midst, and take heed of that shelf, and then go on so in, and let fall your anchor.  
Item, if you will sail in at the Scarsound, you shall know that land by the Cow and her Calf, which is a broken land, and there lies a rock without which is called Melts, and there is an other which is called Sparuay, and then when you come further inwards as far as the heart, than you may sail between the two Beams or marks, or else through between the other shore and the two marks.  
Item, if you will sail into Hesnesse, then keep you near to the west shore, there lies a rock which is called the Cognaile, take good heed of that And also there lies yet an other which is called the Grey Hollome, you mu●t leave that on your starboard side: there are two Beacons set up, and when you have brought those two in one, then are you even thwart the Cognaile: and then as you come inwards, there lies a Bome, which is a mark to take heed by, on the Larboard side: You shall know that land, by that it is a high land, and to the eastwards lies the Drommelles, and you may well see the Church of Mardowe, and if the weather be such that you cannot fetch Mardowe, than you shall run three leagues further into an other haven, which is called Long, there lies a round dry rock before it, and there stands as it were a Beacon with a Barrel on it, keep well on that shore where the Barrel stands, and at the entering in on the starboard side, there is a hand which points you to hold off from that place: and also there is a Bay or Bome, which lies in two fathom and ½. you must take heed of that place.  
Item, if it were so that you would sail into Calfesound, than you shall hale in by a high land which is called Wing, and there stands five Warlockes or Beams upon it, the middlemost is the highest, and is on the north shore, and if you come out of the Sound, you shall know that land by the Distill, and those are all outrockes, and there where the five Warlocks or Beacons are upon the shore where the middlemost is the highest, there you must keep something off from Distill, for it is not all clear, and keep on so North, or rather to the westwards, then to the eastwards there about, for that shore is clear of Rocks, and look that you run not upon the Rocks which lie above water, behind which you shall ride.   

The courses and distances alongst the coast of Norway.  
ITem, wederow and the Scaw do lie the one of the other north and by west, and south and by east, and are distant thirteen leagues.  
Item, from the Naze to Scarsound, the course is east, North-east, and they are distant four leagues.  
Item, from Scarsound to Flecorie, the course is east North-east and they are distant 5. leagues.  
Item from Flecorie to Reeperwicke, the course is East North-east and they are distant two leagues and a half.  
Item from Reeperwicke to Mardowe: the course is North-east, and they are distant 8. leagues.  
Item from Mardow to Longsound, the course is north North-east, and they are distant 8. leagues.  
Item from Longsound to Uerdrro, the course is North-east, and they are distant 11. leagues.  
Item, from the Naze of Norway to Uinesound it is a league, and Uinesound lies in Northwest.  
Item from Uinesound to Scarsound or Westersound, the course is North-east, and they are distant a league.  
Item, from Scar sound, to Hellicksounde it is four leagues.  
Item, from Hellicksound to Fleccorie is a league, and then forth two leagues to Woolfsound.  
Item, from Woolfsound to Blindsound, it is a league, and to Hesines three leagues.  
Item, from Hesines to Mardowe, and to Ostersound, three leagues.  
Item, from Ostersound to joffer land, 3. leagues.  
Item, from joffer land to Longsound it is a league, and likewise to Larwicke three leagues.  
Item, from Larwicke to saint Uéert, a league.  
Item, from Saint Ueert to Miles water, three leagues.  
Item, from Miles Water to Uerdero, three leagues.  
Item from Uerdero to roast four leagues, & from thence to jacksound four leagues.  
Item, from jacksound to Otturen a league, and Norder Wickholme a league.  
Item, from Norder Wickholme to sunder Wickholm four leagues.  
Item, from the Uoort to Busher two leagues, and so forth to Malesound a league.  
Item from Malesound to Kirkesound a league, and then forth to Malstrand three Leagues, & then forth to Calf sound ●oure Leagues, and there men go into Koy, and so forth.  
From Calf sound to Reffesand three leagues, & there they sail into Meluos.  
Item from Reffesand to Westersound, behind Ning four leagues. From thence to Weesbergen it is three leagues. And from thence to the Col, sixteen leagues.    

The going in by the Westergate, or entry of Flecory.  
ITem the wester gate or Wester entry of Flecory doth lie in North North-east, & the easter gate or entry lies west northwest in And you must leave the Island, with all the great rocks on the larboard side, & keep within the white Holm, & leave the little black● rocks on the larboard side, and there you shall have eighteen fathom deep, and before the easter gate entry, you may see the Fox.  
Item a league to the Westwards of the Hesnes there lies Hamersound, where are grey outrocks.  
Item, half a league to the Eastwards of Hamersound lies Kerkfort, and there stands two Beacons or warlocks upon the black rocks, and the one stands on the Starboard side, and the other on the Larboard side. And first go in northwards, and then after more easterly, and anchor in thirteen fathom: and towards the west shore in the fair way, lies a blind rock, which hath four fathom at a full sea upon it.  
Item, half a league to the eastward of Kerkfort, lies Hesnes and if you will go in there, then keep a good breadth off from the west shore, for there lies a Rock before it at the entry, which is called the Cognaile, and there is another rock called Grey Hollome: you shall leave those on the starboard side, and there stands two Masts set up upon it, and when you have brought these two Masts in one, then are you thwart of the Cognaile. And as you come inwards, there lies a dry rock on the Larboard side. And you shall know that land, for that it is a high land and the Drommelles are from you, north northwest, and to the westwards are grey rocks▪ and to the eastwards are round rocks: and hard by the sea side there stands a white church, which you cannot see unless you be hard by it.  
Item, when the Drommelles lie northwest of you, then are you open of Mardow, and the east end of the uttermost Mainholme and that Island, lieth north and by west, and south and by east, and you must lie northwest in, if you will go clear of them.  
A league to the eastwards of Mardow●, lies Ossenfort, and a league to the east wards of Ossenfort lies Fuert: and when the Drommell●s lie west from you there lieth Long, and before it lies a round rock, and there stands a Beacon or mark upon it with a Barrel, keep you near by the land whereon the Barrel stands. And there stands a hand to the Starboard side of the entry, and that hand points, that there lies a blind rock, on which is but eleven foot water.  
Item, the west Stanffort, and the easter Risen, lie three leagues to the Westwards of jofferland, and one of them goeth North in, and the other goeth west in.  
Item, a little to the Westwards of jofferland lies the Kill.  
Item, he that will sail into the Kill, let him keep the high hill that lies next unto jofferland, alone within the land to the west of jofferland, and when you have the Hill Northwest and by west from you, than you are open before the Kill. And upon the West shore stands a Beacon, and it is a white point.  
Item, between jofferland and Langsound, doth lie Abbisuert, by great steep rough rocks.  
He that will sail into Langsound, he must go North north-east in, from the easter out scar of jofferland, and these great out Rocks of the Nesse, and then North northwest goeth with the high rough round Rock, where the bars lies before, so all is north north west in.  
From Uerdro to Soenwater, the course is north and by west, and thence to Rogue North north east, and if you will anchor by Rogue by east, it is a should sandy Bay. And you may likewise sail through between Rogue and the Calf. And if you will anchor under Fletto, then go without the two small Rocks.  
Item the course from Uerdero to Elffange is north-east and by north, and that goeth within the out Rocks, which lie within the Sisters a-seaboard Rogue, and keeping so right against the land you shall see a great grey Rock, leave that on your Larboard side, and there within lie small Rocks, leave those on the Starboard side, & go about by the west shore, then are you right in the narrowest of the gate or entry, and there is good ground to anchor in, & within it is flat and soft ground.  
Item from Uerdero to the Graswicke within the Sisters, the course is North-east, and leave the sharp point on your Larboard side, there is good anchoring, and within lies a round Rock, you may go on either side of it, and to the northwards of that rock, stands a great warleeke, & there is likewise good anchoring, and room for a great fleet of ships, which tarry for a wind, and if you will go in, then go alongst by the west shore, and there within lies likewise a round rock, leave that on your stereboord side, and there you may ride if you will, and the first of the entry lies in northwards, and after about the Island north North-east, and then north northwest in and about the west shore.  
Item, a good way without the Sisters lies a shippell which is likewise a good hard haven.  
Item, Malstrand lieth from the scawe East North-east, if you will sail in there, you shall see a great long Hill, keep that same hill to the east North-east from you, and so you shall leave the Pater Nosters on the Larboard side, and then you may see Malstrand lying before you where upon the great Beacon or UUarlocke is standing.  
Item eight leagues to the eastwards of Malstrand lies UUinne, which is a long Rock, and is small to be known, for there lies at the end of it small Rocks, like as they were in three parts, and that lies east and west from the scawe.  
Item, three leagues by east of UUinne, lies Konsbacks and Malesound, and Nidinck, lying the one of the other North-east and south west, and Malesound is a round Island, and you may sail round about it at five, six, seven or eight fathom. And west northwest from Malesound lies a sunken rock a small base shot from it: and then as far from that lies another little Rock in sight above water, and there stands a Warder or mark upon it at the west northwest end. And further upon the main land stands two warders or marks, those are great ones, and stand upon the sea side, either of them upon an out rock a little a sunder, and there goeth in a little haven between the warders: & the same haven lies east North-east from Malesound and alongst by the low point, you shall see Konsback lying northwards from you, and there it is very shallow, & you may well pass through between Nidincke and the main land, it is all fair ground there, and something shallow.  
Item, the Naze of Norway lies from the Scawe west and they are distant 32. leagues.  
Item, Uerdero lies from the scaw, North northwest and they are distant 13. leagues.  
Item, Malestrand lies from the Scaw East North-east, and they are distant 13. leagues.  
Nidincke lies from Watersbergen southeast and they are distant five leagues.  
Item Watersbergen lies from the Coal south & by east, and they are distant twelve leagues.  
Item, Watersbergen showeth as though it were an out rock, and the land to the eastwards from Watersbergen is all plain whole land, and Werstwards it is altogether rocky.  
Item Breto is a high round hill, and lies by Malestrand and westwards from Breto lies a long high hill.  
Item, when as Breto lies East North-east of you, then are you right before Malestrand.  
Item, Nidincke is a low plain out Rock, and lies a league from the shore, and you may sail round about it.  
Item, the Scawe riff and the Trendelles, lie the one from the other southeast and Northwest, and are distant 9 leagues.  
Item, the Trendelles and Anold riff lie the one from the other southeast & by south, & Northwest and by North and are distant 11. leagues.  
Item Anold riff and the Coal, lie one from the other, next hand southeast and northwest, and are distant twelve leagues.  
Item the Trendelles lies North-east, something northerly from the Wend of Lesol●e, about three small leagues from the shore, and lies alongst into the sea, hard by the Trendelles: it is four fathom deep, and on the Trendele it it is but a fathom and a half, and within them it is five fathom deep or there about.  
Item the Scawe riff and the Trendelles, lie the one from the other southeast and northwest, and are distant 9 leagues.  
Item, the Scawe and Watersbergen, lie one off an other East Southeast, and West northwest, and they are distant 16. leagues.  
Item, when the Scaw beareth west and by south from you, and that you are a great league & more from the land, there you shall have 37. fathom, come no nearer to the scaw in the night, than 13. or 14. fathom, and especially when you are come from the westwards.  
Item when you are south south-west from the point of the Scawe, and that you are a great league from it, you shall have ground there at 38. fathom.  
Item, when you have the Scawe Northwest, or thereabouts from you, and you are a league from the shore, than you shall have 17 or 18. fathom.  
Item between Anold and Waesbergen, it is in the channel 22. fathom deep.  
Item from Lesold to Waesberghen, the course is East, and when you are east from Lesold so far as you can well see it off the Ships Hatches, then shall you have no ground in 40. fathom.  
Item between the Scawe and Lesolde it is twenty fathom deep and soft ground, even hard to the Coast of Norway.  
Item between the Scaw and Lesolde is no hard ground, but that you have about Yotland side, and that is hard sandy ground, and between Lesolde and Anold it is all hard ground.  
Item, by Waesbergen lies a Flat of seventeen Fathom deep.  
Item from Flastenbrowe lies a Flat of twelve fathom deep alongst to Brunt Holland.  
Item, there lies a bank● between Anold and Cole of seven fathom, and sometimes the stream runs round● about and breaks upon it.  
Between Anold and Zealand lies an Island, which you may sail round about, and ride on any side of it, and the same lies hath by Zealand, & there lies out a riff from it towards Zealand, and towards Zealand it is hard, and towards Norway soft, and also there lies another riff off it towards the Belt, and those banks are very steep too, and the Island is called Sedero.  
Item, North-east and by north, of the northwest end of the Coal, lies an Island called Wede●or, he that will ride within that Island, let him anchor against the white church at 7. fathom or thereabouts. It is there a flat soft-ground, you may sail round about it, Norwardes or southwards whethr you will.  
From Anold to Waesbergen, the course is Northwest and they are distant 9 leagues.  
Item, when Anold is south south-west from you, there is the north end deep, and you may sail to the westward of the riff 18 fathom all alongst to the sound. And if you come out of the sound with a scant wind, that you can not keep your course, or near the land, than ye may ride under Anold.  
Between Anold and Lesold is 7. fathom deep, and you may sail through that Says into the Belt.  
Under the North end of Anold you may ride at 10. or 11 fathom, and you must go room of the riff, for to go further in.  
He that will sail into Waesbergen, let him bring the uttermost Buy to the Northwards of the Castle, and so go on north North-east, and take good heed, for there lies a great Rock, even a little under the water, and you must leave that on your starreboorde side, and run so in, till you come against the Castle, and come thereto an anchor at four fathom or there about.  
Item, Lesold lies alongst south and north, and on the south end stands a long flat Church, and there lieth a riff of a good half League, and you must sail without that riff in five or six fathom, for it is shallow, & bear Eastward off. And when you are out of the sound, you may then boldly sail on, and then you must bear out Eastward again at five fathom, until you have brought the south end to the westward of you, and then you shall have there 7. fathom.  
Item North and by east from Nidiucke, lies an Island which is called Malesound, you may ride within that island, for behind it li●s a good haven, which is called Monstersond, and lies North and north North-east in. And to the west northwestwardes, lies a rock about two or three bowshootes off And there stands a warder or Beacon upon it, and you may sail round about these two Islands before named.  
Item, about 12. leagues south west from the Naze, lies a bank of 14. fathom deep, and the ground is gross red sand.  

The courses from the Swine Eastward.  
ITem note that Walgherens and Skentinesse, lie the one from the other, south and north, and are distant a hundred thirty and eight leagues.  
Item Walgheren and the Naze, lie the one from the other south and by west, and North and by east, and are distant 10 leagues.  
Item the Naze and Borneriffe lie one from the other south and North, and are distant 9● leagues.  
Item the Naze and the Frith lie the one from the other east North-east, and west south-west distant 108. leagues.  
Item the Naze and the sands before Yarmouth lie the one from the other north North-east, and south south-west and are distant 112. leagues.  
Item the Naze & the Holmes, lieth one from the other Southeast and by south, and northwest and by north, and are distant 18. or 19 leagues.  
Gotsgesand lies from Walgherens North-east, a little northerly and they are distant 16. leagues.  
Holland lies alongst north North-east, and south south-west, and he that will sail from Gotsgesand without the Haeken, he must go north and by east, and it is from Gotsgesand to hacken 2● leagues.  
Item, when a man coming out of the Sea doth fall with holland so as he may see the land, he shall know it by two steeples which stand both vp●n one Church which is called S. Albert●: and you may be bold to borough by that land in eight fathom, so that you keep yourself as you may get off again with a northwest wind, for that shore is flat far of from the land.  
From the Haethen to Borneriff, the course is North-east, and they are distant 12. leagues.  
Wangeroge lies from Borneriffe east North-east, and is distant from it 35. leagues.  
Holy land  
Holy land lies from Wangeroge North and by east, and they are 9 leagues.  
Item, the riff lies westward into the Sea f●om Yotland, and if ye be in 20. Fatham of the riff, then are you to the southwards of Naze 20. leagues off.  
Bovenbergen lies from Holy land North and by west, and is distant from it 51. leagues.  
From Bovenbergen to the Holmes, the course is North-east, and the distance ten leagues.  
Bovenbergen is a long flat hill, and on the south end of it stands a steeple, and to the northwards at the north end stands likewise a high steeple, and it is all high rough sand-hilles alongst towards the Holmes, & that shore lies north North-east alongst.  
The riff or sand lies out between Bovenbergen and the Holmes west into the sea.  
It●m, from the Holmes to Robs●ot, the course is North-east, and they are distant 8. leagues.  
Item, at the west end of Robsnot, lies a bank of 12 or 13 fathom deep which lies 3. league a from the shore.  
Item, your course from hearts Hals● to the Scaw, is east North-east, and they are distant 8. leagues.  
Item, Trendell and Scaghen riff lie one from an other southeast and northwest, and are distant 8. leagues.  
Item, from Robsnot, is four Leagues to Harts Halse, and Harts Halse lies of it North-east and by east.  
From Harts Halse to the Scaw is 8 leagues.  
Item, the Scaw is a low sandy Land, and Lacklie is a high land, and when you come from by west, you may see it over the Scaw.  
Item, the Scaw riff lies east North-east into the sea, a great half league.  
Item, a great league to the northeastwardes from the west end of Lesold, lies the grounds or flats of the Trendelles, and in some places they are not above a fathom and a half deep.  
Item, when you have Leisold West from you, and that you may see it out of the waste of the ship, you shall have no ground at 40. fathom.  
Lessold is a plain low Island, and Anold is a ragged or knotty Island, and the riff lies a great way off.  
The Coal is a high land, and shows itself in three knobs.   

How to sail from sundry places to the Scawe.  
ITem, he that is ●●ue leagues to the northwards of Calais and will sail in at the 〈◊〉, let him go North North-east, something more north●●● 〈◊〉 h● come in twenty Fathom of the riff, which is an hundred and eighteen leagues off and the course is north 〈◊〉 and something easterly to Holme, and then north and North-east to the Scaw.  
From the Scawe 〈◊〉, southeast and by east, and distant 8. leagues, and th●● 〈◊〉 to the east wards of the Trendelles.  
From Lesold to Anold southeast, distant 8. leagues.  
From Anold ri●●e to the Coal, south southeast twelve leagues.  
Item, when you have the 〈◊〉 a great half League to the North-east of you, there it is ●5. Fatham deep or thereabout. And between 〈◊〉 C●le and Zealand it i● 14. or 15. Fatham deep, and 〈◊〉 of veals in the night any nearer Zealand than twelve fathom. And between Anold riff and the Coal, there is 20 and ●● fathom deep.  
Item, the South 〈◊〉 lies a good way within the Coal and when you will sail into the sound, then keep the castle of Elsenbrowe without the land, and then you can take no harm there.  
Laysand lies something to the northward of Olsenure, on the west side of the sound, ●ome no nearer there than 7. fathom, and you may sail in less.  
Item the Coal and Elsenure lie five leagues asunder, and the course lies from Draker, to Faste● borne riff south.  
From Elsenure to Rerichol, the course is south and by east, and they are distant 5. leagues.  
From Draker to Fasterborne riff, the course is south and by west. And when you can not see between the Castle of Fasterborne and the rhurch▪ then are you upon the shal●owest of the riff.  
Item, Fasterborne and the Moons lie the one off the other, south and by west, and north and by east.  
Item, between the Moons and Fasterborne, it is in the channel 15 or 16. fathom d●●●e or thereabouts.  
Item, between Steeden and Fasterborne are twelve fathom deep in the channel and by Fasterborne it is shallow, and by Stéeden it is thirteen or fourteen Fathom deep.  
Item, the Moons and Stéeden, lie the one from the other southeast and by south and Northwest and by north, and they are distant 3. great leagues.  
Item, Fasterborne and I●smount ly● one from an other south east and northwest, and 〈◊〉 distant 16. leagues.  
Item, jasmount and Whitmount lie one of an other east southeast and west north-west, and are distant 3. great leagues.  
Item, Whitemount and Dorn●hes lie one off another south and by west, and north and by east, and are distant 4. leagues.  
Item jasmount and the Moons lie one from another southeast and by east, and northwest, and by west, and are distant 9 leagues.  
Item, Whitmount and Brenth●llom lie one from an other, south-west and by-west, and North-east, and by east, and are distant 19 leagues.  
Item, Bronthollom and Bl●ckside lie one of another east and by north, and West and by south, and are distant 9 leagues.   

The courses to Misloude and Gripewood.  
ITem, the course from Fasterborne to jasmount lies southeast, and they are distant 16. leagues.  
Item from jasmount to Peert, the course is south southeast, and the distance is 3. great leagues.  
Item, from the Péert too the new Deep, the course is south and westerly, and the distance is 3. leagues.  
Item, he that will ride by Whitmount, he may sail into the wick as far as he will, for it is there all fair ground: when as you are a long league from the shore, in 14 or 15. Fatham, there is all good fast ground, and there you are defended from a Northwest, or North Norwest wind, but at 7.8. or 9 fathom towards the land it is all foul stony groved.  
Item, if you do anchor at Iasmo●nt very near to it it is stony ground, but if you do anchor at 14. fathom, there it is good chackie or clay ground.   

The courses through the flats or grounds which are in the sounds.  
first, for the course through the grounds or flats, from Fasterborne riff to Drakor, you must sail North & by east, and hard by Drakor it is 5. fathom deep, and a little off there about is the shallowest of that deep, and there lies the second Tun or Buy. Kasperkury lies in 6. Fatham or thereabouts, & hard by it, it is 7. or 8. fathom deep.  
Now, the Marks for too bring the Castle at Copenpen haven, and the sharp steeple in one & go directly North and by west to the middle Tun or Buy according as the wind or stream do serve, you may well lie off and on under the Cotholme. The middle mark is the Southerliest Mill by South Copen haven.  
Then forth to the thi●d Tun or Buy, the course is North northwest and there lies a high hillock, by West of other three hillocks, that b●ing ●●●ught by North the town, next to Copen haven, there you shall have ten or eleven fathom. And then going forth north and by east to Elsenure, there you shall have, ●tr●ight as soon● as you are passed the buy, 7.8. or 9 fathom.    

The course from E●senure to Draker.  
THe right course from Elsenure, to th● grounds or stat●, thwart Copen haven and Draker is south and by east, & the distanc● is 8. leagues.  
Then forth from Draker to Steeden, the course is South & by west, the distance five leagues. And between Steeden and Fasterborne, it is 10 or 11. fathom deep, and by Steeden you have deep water.  
Item, the Moons and Steeden lies Southeast and by south, and North-east and by north, distant four leagues.  
Item, in the channel between the Moons & Fastenbrowit is 15. or 16. fathom deep.  
Item, the Moons and I●smount lie one of another, southeast and by east, and northwest and by west, and are distant nine leagues.  
Item, jasmount and Whitmount lie one off an other East southeast, and West northwest, and are distant three leagues.  
Item Whitmount and Dorrembos lie one from an other south-west and by west, and North-east and by east, and are distant 4. leagues.  
Item, Whitmount and Bronthollem, lie the one from the other North-east and byeast, and south-west and by-west, and are distant 12 leagues.  

The courses from Fasterborne to Dansk.  
first, from Fasterborne to Bront Hollom, the course is East and by south, and they are distant 21. leagues, and Bront Hollom lies alongst east southeast.  
Item your course from Bront Hollom to Recoll, is east and by north, and the distance 24. leagues.  
Item, the course from the Recoll to the Rose head, is east North-east, and they are distant 16. leagues.  
Item, from the Rose-head to Externes, the course is east southeast, and they are distant four leagues.  
Item, from Externes to Uernoord, the course is southeast and they are distant one league.  
Item from the ●●rnoord to the Heel is south southeast & they are distant one league.  
Item the course from the Heel to the Wissell, is south and by west, and they are distant five leagues.  
Item, from the Nierinck of Dansk to the Memell, the land lies alongst North-east, and south south-west.  
Item Lobsted is a Castle, and stands upon a high hill, and lies three leagues to the eastwards of Quinshorowe & there is likewise a Mill by it.  
Item the land of Lobsted doth lie along to Dermemble north North-east, and south south-west, and they are distant the one from the other 25. leagues.  
Item from Dermemble to Sevenbergen, the land lies north north west, and south southeast, & they are distant twelve leagues.  
Item, from Sevenbergen to Leserort, the land lieth north and by east, and south and by west, and they are distant 11. leagues.  
Item, Dermemble and Leserort, are distant twentietwo leagues.   

The courses and distances alongst the coast of Pomerland.  
IN primis, from the Rose head to Seruenis head, it is four● leagues, & from thence to Wolnesacke other 4 leagues, and then so Lida a league, and at Lida is but five foot water.  
And then from Lida to the Recoll, you have 7. leagues and from Recoll to Granshood four leagues, and then forwards is a deep bay into jasmount.  
Item, from Granshood to Sivolde, is three leagues, and there comes out a small River which is called Wiper.  
Item, from Rivoold to Colbergen is 9, Leagues, and there comes likewise a small river out.  
Item, Colbergen and jasmount lie East and west, the one from the other, and are distant 19 leagues.  
Item, the course between jasmount and Granshood is east North-east and west south west.  
Item, the coast of Pomerland lies alongst west south-west, and east North-east.   

The courses to sail to Revel.  
ITem from Fosterbo●ne riff, to go by the North side of Bronthollome the course is east, and to the Northwards and are distant 20. leagues.  
Item, from Bronthollome to go to the southwards of the Goteland, the course is North-east, and they are distant 47. leagues.  
Item from Howbrough in Goteland, to Easter Gore, the course is north-east and something to the Northwards and they are distant 14. leagues.  
Item, from Easter Gore to Dagerort the course is North-east northerly, and they are distant 37. leagues, then from Dagerort to Sipiernes it is 7. leagues North-east & by east.  
But take deep of Sipernes. And then your course from Sipernes to UUodhollome, is likewise North-east & by east and they are distant 9 leagues.  
Item, UUodhollome is a little low Island, and lies two leagues from the main land.  
Item, from Wodhollom to Rogue the course is east North-east, and rather more easterly, & they are distant 6 leagues.  
Item from Rogue to Nargen, the course is east North-east rather to the eastwards, and they are distant six leagues, and you must have Nargen on your Larboard side.  
Item, from Naruen to the Buy, you must go east a great league, and ynu shall have Buy on your steareboord side,  
Item, you must go from the Buy to Revel south, and something to the east wards, and they are three leagues distant.   

How Dagerort is known.  
THe b●st knowledge is this: the governors of r●uel have made a high Tower or steeple▪ upon Dagerort without any church to it,  
Item Dagerort and Hontsord lie the one from the other south southeast, and north northwest, and are distant eight leagues.  
Item, between Dagerort and Hontsord is a great gulf or bay, and the same is called Hondeswicke.   

The courses from Dagerort to Derwinda.  
THe course from Dagerort to Derwinda, is north and by west, and south and by east, and they are distant 14. leagues.  
Item, from Derwinda to Sevenberghen, the land lies alongst south by and by west, and north and by east, and they are distant 32. leagues.    

The course from the Rose-head to Derwinda.  
DErwinda is a Castle, and there are three small Towers upon it, one stands in the middle of the Castle and that is the highest, and the Castle stands in Coreland.  
Item the course from the Rosehead to Derwinda, is North-east and by north, and they are distant threescore and three leagues.  

The thwart courses from Coreland to Goteland.  
FIrst Derwinda and Eastergore lie one from another East and West, and they are distant eight and twenty leagues.  
Item, Derwinda and Howbrough which is the south-west end of Goteland, lie one from an other East North-east, and West south-west, and they are distant 44. leagues.  
Item, the south-west end of Goteland and the Heel, lie one from another South and North, and are distant nine and forty leagues.   

The course from the Rose-head to Quinsbrow.  
THe course from the Rose-head to Quinsbrowe, is east and by south, and they are distant 18. leagues.  
Item the Heel and the UUissell of Dansk, lie the one from the other South and by west, and North and by East and are distant 5. leagues.   

The course from Bronthollom to Rye.  
ITem the course from Bronthollome to Derwinda is north-east and by ●ast, and they are distant 77. leagues.  

Leserort.  
Derwinda.  
Bacoven.   
Item, the course from Derwinda to Leserort is north-east and by north, and they are distant 4. leagues.  
〈◊〉  
Item, the course from Leserort to Domesnes, is East North-east, and the distance 13. leagues.  
Item and if you do not sound, it is dangerous on Corland side, therefore you must go the way by your lead. And take good heed of Oessell side, for that is stony ground.  
Item, you may borrow by Leserort in 4.5. or 6. fathom without danger, and the ground is red sand, and when you come to 13. or 14. fathom, then go North-east & by east with Domesnes.  
Item, the course from Domesnes to Rye is southeast, and something more easterly, and the distance 21. leagues.  
Item, between Coreland and Oessell, it is 15 or 16. fathom deep. And thwart of the church of Oessel lies a riff two leagues off from the shore, and the same riff is called Swalueroort, you must take heed you come no nearer that riff then seven Fathom.  
Item between Domesnes and Oessell it is 20. fathom and is fast or hard ground.  
Item he that will ride under Oessell for a Westerlye wind, let him bear in till he come in seven Fathom or thereabout, and there he shall have good clean ground and good anchorhold. And ye shall keep the Church of Oessell half a league from you, west and by north or thereabouts. And there you shall be well for a we●t south-west wind. And the point of Oessel by west the church whereon the houses stand, that shall bear● w●st from you. And the riff lies thwart off from the church two leagues, south & by west into the sea, and in some places it is dry nigh to the land. Take heed therefore you come no nearer the out side of that riff then 8. fathom, for it is very uneven ground and stony. And when you are at anchor in the road at Oessel, then have you the point of Domesnes, southeast from you or thereabout, and distant three great leagues.  
Also the land alongst from Derwinda to the Sevenbergen lies south and by west, and north and by east, & they are distant 11. leagues.   

The thwart course● of Domesnes, Round, and Oes●ell.  
ITem Domesnes is a a riff, and lieth a great League from the land East north-east into the sea, from the point.  
Item, Domesnes and Round lie one from an other east and by north, and West and by south, and are distant right leagues.  
Item, Round and Ambroke lie the one from the other north west and by west, and southeast and by east, and are distant 8. leagues. And Ambroke is a little Island, and lies a league from Oessell and the ground about it is foul stony ground.  
Also the Round and Rye lie one off another, southeast and northwest, and are distant 16. leagues.  
Also Round is an Island, & is in compass a great league about, and you may sail round about it without danger, keeping you in five fathom and a half.  
Also he that will ride by the North-east point of Round: let him anchor against the Chapel in 5. Fath. it is all clean ground there. And on the west south-west side of Round, it is a fair flat land.   

Now followeth the course from Round to 〈◊〉.  
FIrst, from Round to Kin, the course is ●ast North-east, and they are distant 22. leagues.  
Also from Kin to Serkhollome, and from thence to Parno, the course is north-west and by north, and the distance ●ight leagues, an● Parno lies in the Bay of Ryes' bottom.  
Item, Kin, Serkhollome, and Magno, are three islands, and these you must leave all on larboordside, when you sail into Parno, & at Pa●no stands a sharp steeple.  
Also Kin is a lower ragged Island, about two leagues of length, and there is f●ule ground about it.  
Item, it is broad between Corela●d and kin, four● leagues.  
Also Coreland 〈◊〉 is a g●od faite shore, and between Corland and kin it is 10. fathom deep, and between Serkhollom and Corland is five fathom deep, and between that and Parno, now and then less water: to wit, 4. fathom and three fathom.  
Parno and Ry● do lie the one from the other south an● by west, and north and by east, and they are distant nineteen leagues.  
Item, the depth at Parno ●s one fathom & a quarter.  
Now you must take heed that by night you come no nearer to Domesnes, than 15. fathom, and hard by the uttermost part of the riff it is 17. fathom deep, and at the uttermost parts of Domesnes and Round, it is 24. fathom deep.  
Also Domesnes and round lie the one from the other east and by north, and west and by south, distant eight leagues.   

The course● bac●e again from Revel to D●gerort.  
IN primis, from Nargen to Sipernesse, the course is west southwest, and something more southerly, and they are dis●ant 21. leagues.  
Item, the course from Sipernesse to Dageroort, is southeast and by south, and they are distant 6. leagues.  
Item, the course from Dagerort to Eastergor, is south-west and they are distant 19 leagues. And Eastergor, lies by the south side of Gotland near the midst of it, or rathe● nearest toward the east end. Gotland is a good road for such as are bound either eastward or Westward, you may save in all places round about that Island.  
Item, from Eastergor to Bron●hollom, ●our course is south-west, and they are distant 6. leagues.  
Item, Westergore lye● in the Northside of Gotland by Wesbuy.   

The course that is to be kept in sailing from Dagerort, to go about by the North part of Gotland to Bronthollom.  
FIrst the course from Dageroort to Gotsgesand, is south-west and by west, and ●om●what westerly, & they are distant 25. leagues.  
Item, from Gotsgesand to Karelse your course is south-west and by south, and they are dis●ant 28, leagues.  
Item, from Karelse to the south point of Yolland your course is south south-west, and they are distant eight and twenty leagues.  
Item, the course from the southermost point of Yolland to Bronthollom, is south-west, & something more southerly, and they are distant 19 leagues. And from that south point of Yolland, lieth out a riff into the sea, a little league from the shore.  
Item, it is from Revel to Narghen 4. leagues.  
Item, from Narghen to Surpeis' 1. league.  
Item, from Surpe to Rogue is three leagues.  
Item, from Rogue to Woodhollom, is 4. great leagues.  
Woodhollom is a little low Island, and lies a league and a half from the main land.  
Item from Woodhollom to Sipernesse it is 8. leagues.  
Sipernesse is a high land, and there lieth out a riff from the land half a league into the Sea, and on the east side it is flat, but on the west side it is deep, and is a sandy ground.   

The course from Dagerort about by the north side of Goteland.  
FRom Dagerort to Gotsgesand, the course is south-west and by west and they are distant 24. leagues.  
Gotsgesand is a little Island and full of trees, and there is no habitation upon it, and there you may choose your made where you will under the land, for it is all clean ground and fair white sand round about that Island. It lies north North-east from the ●astermoste point of Goteland which is called Fero, about 4. leagues off.  
Item, there lies a riff of sand out from that point of Fero, a great league from the land, and the same riff is called Salve Ontein●, and it is all shingle stones, and lies out from the land North and by east into the sea.  
Item the point of Fero and Eastergore do lie the one from the other south and by west southerly, and north and by east northerly, and are distant 9 leagues.   

The depths and soundings about Goteland and Yolland.  
Between Goteland and Yolland is very uncertain ●ound●ng, for in some place you shall have 33. Fatham and in some other place twenty two fathom, & the ground black gritty stones, and sometime stones as great as peason which are black and earthy▪ and sometime you shall have 19 fathom and all black stony gro●nd.  
And when the souther Norden beareth West off f●om you, and that you are three Leagues or thereabouts from the land, there you shall have hard ground, and 28, or 29 fathom deep.  
Item, when as you are two leagues to the westwards of Eastergore, and three leagues or thereabouts from the land, you shall have rough ground, and one and thirty fathom deep.  
Also when you are Northwest, or Northwest and by north from Howbrough, which is the south-west point of Goteland three leagues from the shore, you shall have gross Gravelye Sand, mingled with some black stones as great as beans.  
Also when the Chapel of Souther Norden doth lie North Northwest, or more Northerlye from you a league from the shore, you shall have there thirteen fathom deep.  
Also when you are North north-east, or thereabouts from Howbrough 6 leagues from the Land, you shall hau● fifteen● Fatham, and ●●onie ground. And when you are south-west of Howbrough, two leagues from the land, you shall have twenty two Fathom, and likewise gross stony ground.  
Item, when Souther Norden beareth West Northwest from you, and you are two Leagues off in the Sea, you shall have there one and thirty fathom, and hard stony ground.  
Also when you are past souther Norden, and are in the fair way about Clippen, there you shall have hard Slymish ground, and 39 fathom deep.  
Also from Karelse to the South end of Yolland, your course is south south-west, and they are distant seven and twenty Leagues.  
Item, the course from the South end of Yolland to Bronthollom is south-west and by south and they are distant 18, leagues.  
Item, Yolland is 18. or 19 leagues long, and a great League broad, and upon Yolland all the steeples are flat and Yollands south coast lies alongst North and by east and south and by west.  
Item, from the south point of Yolland, there lies out a shrord stony riff, which is called Souther Norden, and lies out a league from the shore.  
Also by west Yolland goeth in Cormersound, and that way you may sail to Stoke holm, and by east Yolland it is foul stony ground.  
Also seven leagues from Yolland West south-west, lies an Island which is called Clippen, you may sail round about that Island, and it lies north North-east from Bronthollom, and is distant 16. leagues.  
Item, Bronthollom and the Island called Hanno, lie the one from the other, south & by west, & north and by east, and they are distant 11. leagues. Hanno is a high round Island, & you may ride there if you will, and the land lies from Hanno to Blacksit south south-west.  
Also the Castle of Bronthollome and the Earthollome, lie the one from the other west and by south, and east and by north, and are distant 3. leagues.  
Item, the Earthollome and the south end of Bronthollom, do lie the one from the other South and by east, and north & by west, and are distant 3. great leagues. And in the Earthollom there goeth in a little sound▪ which is four fathom deep. This Island is two great leagues from Bronthollom.  
Item, south-west and by south from Bronthollom, nine or ten leagues off from the shore, lies a riff called the Browers riff, which is a bank, and there is five fathom upon it, and it lies alongst southeast and northwest.  
Also you may sail round about Bronthollom without danger, keeping 12. fathom.   

A note for riding under Gotel●nd.  
FIrst you shall understand that great K●rle and little Churl are two small high rocky islands which do● lie v●r●e near the one to the other, and they lie to ●he North●wards of the wes● part of Goteland hard by it: and ●or such as are bound westwards, is a good road under litt●● Churl which lies next unto Goteland, and all is clean ground round about. But great Churl is not clean ground neither on the northwest side, nor southeast side.  
Item, between great Churl and little Churl, it is 13. or 14. fathom deep.  
Item, Karlesse and Wisbuy lie the one from the other North-east and south-west, and are distant 7. leagues.  
Item, between Karlesse and Wisbuys lies Westergore.  
Item take heed you come not any nearer great Churl on the other side of it, than 11. or 12. fathom.  
Item whosoever will sail into Eastergore, coming from by west, let him pass by the first point and bear in to the other steep point, and anchor there in 7. or 8. fathom there you shall have clean ground, and between the Island and the Maineland it is 11. fathom deep, and 16. ●atham hard by the land.  
Item a little league by west Eastergore lies likewise a good haven and it is called Sandwicke, and there stands a Chapel hard by the shore side, and five leagues from thence to the westwards lies another haven which is called Nerwicke, and is five fathom deep, and so likewise other more, as Buiswige, & Heilicholme, and Farasound, and the Island of Eastergore, and do lie the one off the other south and by west, and north and by east, and are distant 9 or 10. leagues.  
Item, between Howbrough and Eastergore, lies a bank of 24. fathom, gross red stony sand, and from that bank you cannot see the land of Goteland out of the top. And you have also to the Eastward thereby, an other bank of thirteen or fourteen fathom, and the ground is grey or whitish sand, and when ●ou are over that, you shall not have ground at forty fathom.   

The courses from Earthollom to Derwinda.  
ITem the course from Earthollom to Dermemel is east North-east and they are distant 63. leagues.  
Item▪ when the Rosehead beareth southeast from you, and that you are four leagues from it, you shall have there twenty six fathom, and the ground red stones like the riff sand.  
Item when the Rose-head lies south southeast of you, being a league from it, there you shall find fourteen or fifteen fathom, and it is white sandy ground.  
Item, the Rose-head and Goteland lie one from an other south and North, and are distant 38 leagues.  
Item, if you come from Bronthollom being bound for Dansk, and have 30. fathom deep, you shall scant see the land out of the top, and the land is great white sand.  
Item, when the Rose-he●d bears south southeast from you, than it seems like a saddle with two Hillocks.  
Item, when the Rose-head beareth south southwest of you, and that you are a little league off, there the ground is gross white sand, and ye shall have about 30. fathom deep.  
Item, when as the Rose-head beareth West from you, and that you are a small league from the L●nd, there you shall have small white sand, and 15. or 16. fathom deep.  
Item when you are between the Rose head and the Heel, and the East of the Heel, about half a league f●om the land there you shall find 33. fathom and a white sandy ground.  
And before the Heel in the road, you shall have 25. fathom deep, and black sandy ground.   

Grounds and depths.  
ITem, the bank that is at the easter end, lying north-west from the Rock, and the wester end of the bank that lies northwest from Haerlem, hath a sweche in the midst of the bank, in which is 12.14.16. or 17. fathom, and when you are at the broadest, there is 14. fathom, and then you have the Fly east southeast from you.   

The depth and ground thwart of Ameland.  
FIrst at 20. fathom ye shall have gross red sand mingled with some black sand, and shelly. And to the southward of that in 15. fathom, there you shall have small sand with shells. And for the space of the running of 4. or 5. glasses, continually ye shall have 16. Fatham, and the ground all small sand, and that is the bank or flats of Ameland.  
Item, in 24. or 26. fathom North from the Skellings, there you shall have fine white sand.  
Item, upon the riff from three and thirty fathom to four and twenty. And from three and twenty to six and twenty fathom, the ground is all white sand, and continueth so till the last end of four and twenty fathom, and twenty Fathom. And from twenty to seaventeen fathom is all gross stony sand: and that is about Bortkum, and where white shells are mingled withal, and is thwart of the Skellings.  
Item, at 18. fathom of the Skellings, the ground is white sand mingled with black sand.  
Item, the ground thwart of the Fly Island is whit● sand, and mingled with some red Sand, and redd● shells.  
Item, at 18. fathom by the east end of the Skeilinges, the ground is fine white sand mingled with black seeds, and small long white things like Needless.  
Item, about North North-east from the Neas, there lies a should of fourteen fathom, and the ground is gross red sand, there we lay at drift three hours, or there about● and it was still to the southwards, and then we came to four and twenty fathom, and the ground was gross stony sand.   

Certain notes set down by the Author, what his Ship did run at sundry times.  
ITem, I have sailed from Bronthollom to Goteland in 18. hours.  
And from thence to Derwinda, in seventeen hours, having a fresh continual wind, and the Ship being in her ballast.  
Item, Earthollom and the West end of Bronthollom, lie one from another west and by south, and east and by north, and are distant three leagues.  
Item, the Castle at Bronthollom and the Bleckeside, lie the one off the other, southeast and northwest.  
Item, I have sailed out of the Flee over the riff in 28 hours, having a mighty and continuing wind, the ship being in her ballast.  
Item, I have sailed from Bronthollom to Domesnesse, within 4. hours with a stout gale a fore wind.  
Item, I have likewise sailed within ten hours from Bronthollom to Yotland, having a continual fresh gale of wind.  
Item, I have sailed from Bronthollome to Gotelande, within four and twenty hours, and from Goteland to Derwinda in seventeen hours, bearing as much sail as the Ship was able to carry.  
Item, I have sailed out off the south Perdris by Rochel to Bellille in four and twenty hours, with a reasonable gale of wind.  
Item, having a very great gale of wind I have sailed from the Fourne to the I'll of Wight in 33. hours.  
It●m, I have sailed out of the Hoofden to the Scaw in 33, hou●●s having a fresh cool of wind, which carried us w●ll in the running of three glasses two leagues 1/●. and I h●ue sailed to the riff of Scaghen in 17. hours, and was as much as the ship could bear up, and this was the third day of july. 1574. with a laden ship.  
The same third day of july, I sailed on forth from the Scawe to thwart of the Trendelles in 3. hours.  
Item: I have with a fresh through bearing wind sailed from Flushing to Calais in ten hours.  
Item I have sailed from the Hoofden to the Scawe, in three days carrying as much sail as the Ship was able to ●eare, and in three days and three nights to the Nase, which was every glass a league.  
Item, I have sailed from Friburch out of the Elbe to Rochel in five days, & we were two nights in the north sea, & two nights between the Hoofden and the Fourne, and a night between the kaiser or race and Rochel, with a mighty continual wind, as much as mast and Tackle were able to bear.  
Item with a fresh through bearing wind I have sailed from easter Penmarke to Bellille in 8. hours.  
Item with such a like wind, I have sailed from Bellille to Use in 6. hours.  
Item I have sailed having a continual great gale of wind, out of the race of Fountanie to Saint Martin's Island, in twenty four hours.  
Item, I have sailed from the south Peeretrees to Bellille in four and twenty hours, with a reasonable gale of wind.  
Item with a reasonable bearing gale, I have sailed from Bellille to Use in 10 hours.  
Also with such like weather I have sail●● from Bellille to the Toper in 7. hours.  
Also I have sailed from Saint Martin's Island to Use, in 7. hours having a great cool of wind.  
Item, with such a like wind I have sailed from Bellille ●o Penmarke in 9 hours.  
Item, I have sailed out of the race of Fountany to Use in 22, hours, having but a reasonable gale of wind and fa●re weather.  
Item I have sailed from the Fourne thwart of Portland with an easy gale of wind in 24. hours.  
Also I have with a good reasonable wind, sailed from the Needles in the I'll of Wight, to Saint Paul's in 28. hours.  
Also I have sailed from the Fourne, to thwart of the I'll of Wight in 33. hours, having a continual fresh gale of wind.  
Also I have sailed from Beachie to Wight in 10. hours and forth to Portland in 7. hours.  
Also I have with a fresh wind sailed from the Hage to thwart of Dunkirk in 18. hours, and forthwith to the Hooffeden in 4. hours.  
Also I have sailed from the Hage to the Hooffeden in 23. hours, which was with a mighty gale of wind, as much as mast and tackle could bear.  
And I have sailed with a fresh large wind, from Nargen to Woodhollome in 9 hours.  
Also with a like wind I have sailed from Nargen to Dagerort in 17. hours.  
Also in the running of 28. glasses, I did sail from Banges riff to Scaghen.  
Also I have with a reasonable gale of wind sailed from the Peertrees to Bellille in 24. hours.  
Item, I have with a reasonable gale of wind sailed from Bronthollom to Fosterborne riff in 9 hours.  
Item I have sailed from Elsenore to the Scawe in 20. hours, having but a reasonable gale of wind.  
Item Dagerort and Huntsfort lie the one from the other north northwest, and south southeast, and are distant 8. leagues.   

The course through the Belt, & these leagues are to be counted for Wekerses.  
FIrst from the Traven to Femeren it is 9 leagues and without to go about to Stabuy it is 10. leagues, and the course is North-east and by north.  
Item Stabuy is two leagues in length, and the coarse is northwest.  
Item from Stabuy to Langland, it is 5. leagues and the course is west northwest, & against the south end of Langland, there lies a shallow within half a League of Langland, you may sail between them both.  
Item Langland is six leagues long, and the course is north a little to the eastwards.  
Item from Langland to Siroe it is 3. long leagues, and the course is northwest and by north.  
Item from Siroe to Rins is three leagues, and the course is northwest and by north.  
Item from Rins to Sessions is five leagues and the course is north and by west.  
Item, from Sissiones to Siroe is 4. leagues, and the course is north North-east. And directly over against Siroe lies an Island, which is called Wedero, from thence lieth out a riff or bank, a great half league from Siroe, and you may pass through between Siroe and the same riff or bank.  
Item, from Siroe to Stevenshot is six good leagues, and the course is north northwest.  
Item from Stevenshot to the Sea Buy, it is 10. great leagues, and the course is north and by west.  
When you are very nigh unto the land, you have on Larboard side the grounds of Yotland, on which is 4. or 5 fathom, but you may not come any nearer to them. And on your starboard lies the riff of Lesold, you may come within 5. or 6. fathom to that riff, but in the right channel is 10. or 11.  
Item, when as you shall sail off from Steuens, & that you will sail over the sweetring, toward the Dwaell grounds, the course is north North-east 14 leagues, and then when you are come so far, that you can see the high land behind seabuy, then bring that high land which lieth behind Seabuy, so far northerly of you, that Seabuy may bear north northwest, & so show itself clear without the said high land.  
And then sail on north northwest, and you shall have fast ground, and if you have then 8.9. or 10. Fatham deep, then are you in the right channel.  
Item from Seabuye to the Scawe is 6. great leagues, and the course is north and by east: and on your Larboard lies a little Island which is called the Helms, you must take heed of that Island.   

How to sail from the Scawe through the Belt.  
●he scawe  
Item, the riff stretches out East north-east from the Scawe, about a great league from the Land, and you may well sail by it in 14. hours.  
Item, from the Scawe to the Helms, the course is South and by west, and they are distant 4. leagues, and in the right channel is 14. or 15. fathom, and the more to the eastwards so alway is the deeper water.  
Also from the Holmes to Seabuy, the course is south & by west, and they are distant 4. leagues, and against seabuy there lies the Dwaell grounds alongst by the shore, and lie about half a league off from the land, and you may sail by those Dwael ground● keeping at 7.8.9.10.11. or 12. fathom. For in the main channel is 10.11. or 12. fathom deep, and is fast ground.  
And when the ●owne of Seabuy beareth west from you, then are you right against the Dwaell grounds, and East and by south from Seabuy, there lies the Island of Lesol● about three leagues off, and then leave two third parts of the water to Lesold wards.  
Lesolde  
Also there lieth a riff west off from Lesolde about a league from the land: and when you have the Church of Lesold east from you, then are you right against the R●ffe.  
Also when you shall sail through the Dwaell grounds to Steuens Hoof, the course is south south-west, but and if you will leave Steuens Hoof on your Larboard side, then sail south and by east, and there in the right Channel is six or seven fathom, and soft flat ground which is called Sweetring, and you may boldly come on that side of Steuens Hoof at five fathom. But when you are within Steuens Hoof, than you shall have deeper water, to wit 11.12. or 13. fathom and hard ground. And the further you are off from Steuens Hooffe East wards, the deeper water ye s●all have.  
Also, about 3. leagues to the southwards of Steuens Hooft, lies a little town called Orund buy and alongst that runs a quick sand or landloose ground, which is called black ground, and lies about half a league from the land.  
Item, the course from Steuens Hooft to Siro lies south southeast, and they are distant 8. league. And helms (which is a little Island) lies off from Steuens Hooft about south and by west & they are distant 4. leagues. And in the right Channel between Steuens Hooft and Siro it is 11.12. or 13. fathom deep and is hard ground  
And note, that in the right course east southeast from Helm, lies a quick sand ground, which is called Hats riff, and it is not past 4.5. or 6. fathom upon it, but when you are passed that, than thenceforth to Siro, you have 12 or 13. fathom deep, and fast ground.  
And this quick sand lies on the east side of the fair way, & east southeast from this should lies an Island which is called Haslow, which lies so far off that you can but even see it, and you may sail through between Haslow & Zealand alongst to the sound, and about west from Siro lies a little Island which is called Wedero, and there lieth out a riff that stretches to within half a league of Siro, and you may sail through between Siro and that riff, and you must leave two third parts of the way towards the west land (that is to say, on that side the Wedero is in,) and the other third part of the water on Siroes' side, but come no nearer than two third parts of the way or more, which leave on Wederoes side, to wit, on the west side, & the riff lieth off from Wedero about east, and in the right channel it is 12. or 13. fathom deep.  
Item, the course from Siro to Ruffenes, is south south-west and they are distant 4. leagues. And there lies a fl●t off from Ruffenes, and runs south-west off a little, half a league from the shore, and take heed you come no nearer there than 10 fathom.  
Item, the course f●om Ruffenes to Roems, is South southeast & they are distant 4. league. And there lieth a flat off from Roems, east southeast, about a third part of a league, you may ride behind that for a North-east wind, and for a north & northwest wind, but you may not sail about by the westwards of Roems: hard by south of Roems lies a little town which is called Cartmune.  
Item, from Roems to Siro the course is south southeast & they are distant 4. league. And from the southend there lieth out a small riff North-east off about a quarter of a league, and Neborke lieth west south-west from Siro, & Neborke lies in Uanevan side. And there lies a little Island west south-west from Siro about 3. leagues distant, and is called Uresselles, and there lies a riff off, & you must pass through between the riff of Siro, and the riff of Uresselles And that riff lieth northwest and by north from the Uressel, and there lies a should on the east southeast side of the channel.  
Then from Siro to Langland, the course is southeast & they are distant 4. leagues. And about west and by south of that, there lies ● little Island, (which is called Olmes,) and about 3. leagues from the North end of Langland to the northwards, & there lies a riff North-east from Langland, about a third part of a league off. And Langland is 7. leagues long, and lies alongst south and north. And to the east southeastwards of Langland, lies an Island called Laland, and from the south end of Laland, there stretches out a riff or bank West Southwestwards about half a league from the shore, and to the southeast or east southeastwards, there is a shallow water, as five, six, or seven fathom.  
Item, from Laland to Femeren the course is east south east, and they are 5. leagues distant.  
Item, from thwart off Roborgherhert and Femeren, the course lies west south-west.  
Item from Femeren to the Traven, the course lies south south-west, and they are distant 13. leagues.  
Item for to know the marks of Lalands riff. First there stands a high steeple on Laland, which stands in the town of Nascow, when as you have that steeple east & half a point to the northwards off you, then shall you see two little round Hillocks, seeming as though it were two Fishers boats, when as you have brought those two Hillokes, and the said steeple in one, than you are near the riff of Laland.   

The course from the Moons to Lubeck.  
FIrst from the Moons to Ghestro riff, the course is south south-west, & they are distant two kennings. Ghestro riff is a flat, & is a great league from Ghestro, & Rostick, and the riff lie one off another south and north, and are distant 9 leagues.  
Item, the course from Ghestro riff to the the Traven, is south-west & they are distant 3. kennings. Missond and Rosti●ke are distant 7. leagues by land.  
Rosticke and Wismer are distant 8. leagues by land, & Wismer and Lubeck are distant 8. leagues by land.  
Item in the channel sailing to Lubeck it is 14.15. or 16. fathom deep.   

How to sail into Wismer deep.  
TO sail in at the deep of Wismer, which goeth in by the east side, you must have the steeple which stands on the southland to the southwards of you, & sail in so till you have brought the steeple which stands on the West land, near to the most easterly house of those five or six houses which stand there, and by those houses stands a tough of Trees together from the East land, and there lies out a small riff, that stretches off from the Eastland North-west and by north, and when you have brought those steeples that stand upon the Eastland, & those houses in one, then go south southeast in, and in that deep you shall have 14. foot water. And in the Summer there are two tuns or Buys lying: the one lies on the tail of the riff, and the other on the shallow ground, and you may sail through between them.   

Hear followeth farther of Wismer deep.  
ITem, to sail into Wismer deep, when you come from by east, then bear south-west in with the west shore, till you have brought the sharp steeple of Wismer, and the point of the east shore in one. And then hale in southeast and keep the steeple under the land, and there you shall have shallow water off 4. or 5. fathom deep, and the very shouldest is but 3. fathom, and when you come at 3. fathom than you shall have the point or corner of the west shore west and by south from you, and after that three Fathom, you sh●ll have again now and then three Fathom and less, but doubt not, but trust to your course, and to the before written marks.   

The Floods and Ebbs from Calais in Andolozia, to Hambrough.  
FIrst at Calis Malis a south south-west moon makes a full sea.  
Item, at Saint Lucas a south-west Moon makes a full Sea.  
Item, you have the like tide from thence to Lisbon.  
Item, all the Coast of Spain, and Gascoine, Poitowe and Britain to Fonteny, it floweth a south-west and North-east Moon.  
Item, in the River of Bordeaux a south-west and by west moon makes a full sea.  
Item, a south-west and by west moon makes a full sea in the race of Fonteny.  
At Saint Mathewes a south-west and by west Moon.  
At Fourne a West south-west moon makes a high water.  
At Aberwracke a west south-west, and an east North-east moon makes a full sea.  
Item, in the sea before saint Paul's, an east North-east moon makes a full sea, and within the Haven of Roscow a west south-west moon.  
Item, two leagues without Ushant an east or West moon makes a full Sea, and the same tide keeps on to Saint Paul's.  
Item. 9 Leagues without saint Paul's it floweth west northwest.  
Item in the Road at Garnesey, a west and by south moon makes a high water.  
Item from Garnesey to the Kaskets it floweth Northwest.  
Item 6. or 7. leagues without Garnesey it floweth a northwest and by North moon.  
Between the Kaskets and Portland alongst the coast a northwest and by north moon makes a full sea, and seven or eight leagues off the land, a northw. moon makes a full sea.  
Item, at Silly, an east or west moon, and in Falmouth an east and by north moon makes a full sea, and without in the sea an east and by south moon.  
In Plymouth and Dartmouth, an east and by North moon makes a full sea, and without in the sea, an east S. east moon: alongst to Portland and within Portland, an east southeast moon, and in the Raze southeast, and four Leagues a-seaboard, it floweth a south southeast moon.  
Item, at Needles in Wight, a southeast and by south moon. And at S. Ellens a southeast Moon, and at the east end of Wight, and without in the Sea, a south and by east moon makes a full sea.  
Item, at Beachie a south moon, and without a south south-west moon makes a full sea.  
In the Camer a south and by east moon, and in the Downs a south south-west moon. And without upon th● north Coast of England east southeast the flood comes from by north.    

The Tides of the Coast of Flaunders.  
ANd upon Flaunders Coast, a south and north moon makes a full sea at the shore and in the Havens, and without in the fair way a south-west and north-east Moon.  
Item in Zealand a south-west moon makes a full sea.  
Item, a south-west and by South moon makes a full sea before the Maze, and within, a south south-west Moon makes a full sea.  
Item, in the Marsedeepe, an east or west moon makes a full sea.  
Item, at the Flee, a southeast and northwest Moon.  
Item, before the wester and easter Cames, a southeast and northwest moon makes a full Sea.  
Item, before the Weeser and before the Elbe, and before Ankewsen a south or north moon makes a full Sea.  
Item, at Hambrough, it Floweth at an east or west moon.  
Item, a south-west and a North-east moon makes a high water at Amsterdan.  

The Tides serving specially for the Coast of England.  
THe Moon south or north on the lands end full Sea.  
The Moon south and by east, at the Gore end, full sea.  
The moon south south-west between Holy Island and Tinmouth full sea.  
It floweth between Tinmouth & Flambroughhead, a south-west and North-east moon.  
It floweth between Flambroughhead and Bridlington in the Bay, a south-west and by west moon.  
The moon in the west south-west between Bridlington and Laurenas full sea.  
It floweth between Laurenas and Cromer, all along the well an east and west moon.  
It floweth between Cromer and Yarmouth road to Layslow north road, a southeast moon.  
It floweth between Laistow road and Orfordnes, a southeast and by south moon.  
It floweth between Orford & Orewell waves a south southeast moon.  
It floweth between the Naes and the aware head of Colne, a south and by east moon.  
It floweth at the Spits, and at the Scaw, & all alongst the Swinne, a south moon.  
At the west end of the North, a south and by west moon full sea.  
It floweth at Gravesend a south south-west moon.  
It floweth at London bridge a south west moon.  
It floweth at the Northland, a south southeast moon, & so alongst the Coast till you come to Beachy: and in the Offing from the north Forland to the south Forland, it runneth half tide. And from the south Forland to the Naes to Fairly, it runneth half tide. And from fairly to Beech, it runneth quarter tied under other.  
It floweth to the westward of Beche a kenning, a southeast and by south moon.  
It floweth at Portesmouth, a south and by east moon.  
It floweth at S. Elins' a south southeast moon●.  
It floweth on the sea side of the Island, a southeast and by south moon, and so on the Land, & at the Needles, and runneth quarter tied in the Offing.  
It floweth at Pool in the haven, a south east moon.  
It floweth at Waymouth, an east and west moon.  
It floweth at Portland, a southeast moon.  
It floweth from the west part of Portland till you come unto Plymouth an east and west moon.  
It floweth on the shore from Plymouth to the Lizard, a west and by south moon, and in the Offing a southeast moon.  
It floweth at Mount Bay, an east and west moon.  
It floweth at Selly: a west and by south moon.  
It floweth at the Lands end of Goolfe: a west south-west moon.  
It floweth all alongst the Coast up to Bristol, and the coast of Ireland from Waterfoord to Kinsale, a west and by south moon.  
Furthermore it floweth (for the most part) from the Pool head of Burdeaur, all alongst ●he Coast of Biskey, Ga●iza, Portugal, till you come to the straits of Maliga, a south-west and North-east moon.  
It floweth at Flushing a south-west and by south moon  
It floweth at Antwerp an east and west Moon.  
It floweth all alongst the Coast of Flaunders from the Wildings to Calais, a south & by east moon: and so runneth half tied under the other. 
It will flow a point of the Compas●e more in the Spring tides then in the neap.   
Now here is one special thing to be noted, and that is this: it floweth o●e point of the Compass more in the Spring streams, than it doth in any of the quarters of the moon, (so that it be a river where there is any indraft having distance from the sea) when there is neither rage of winds, nor any cause either to hinder or further the said effect.  
As for example, thus: it floweth at Gravesend at the change of the moon or full, a south south west moon, 
Tides in a river that hath any distance unto the Sea.  but in any of the quarters of the Moon, it scant floweth, a south and by west moon: and this is general for ever.   

The marks to go by the east, and of the Flee hard aboard the shore.  
ITem your marks to go into the Souther sea, by the East end of the Flee, being to the Westwards of it, you shall see two beacons, which stand on the east end of the Flee, you must keep them both together, until you come within 4. or 5. fathom of main, and then you shall have sight of the first Buy, which ye must go withal: and being at the first Buy, you shall go in alongst by the shore with the second, in three Fathom, for it is not much deeper in that channel: you may leave the Buy on which side ye will And as you draw near to the east end of the Flee, you shall come to 7.8. or 9 fathom, but take heed you come not too near the Flee, for it is there as you loof in very steep: therefore you must give the point a pretty birth, going up in 4. or ●. Fatham, until you come to the Buy which you shall see to the south southwestwards of you, wh●ch you must leave on your Larboard side, and so go up alongst by the Flee, until the Beacons begin to come together, where you may anchor in 4.5. or 6. fathom, as you think best.   

The marks to go in at the West gate by the Flee Island or Skelling.  
IF ye come out of the Sea, & mean to go in at the wester Gate by the Skelling, you shall see a Beacon stand upon the West end of the Skelling, hard by the Tower, you must run in with the main, keeping the Beacons of the Flee together, until you see the foresaid Beacon and Tower in one, and thus you shall find the first buy, which you must go in by, & so go in from it until ye come to the other, your least water in this deep will be 3. fathom, and thus going in from Buy to Buy, you shall come into the norther gate, and then you may go up in that deep by those Buys, your course is then south and by west, next hand.   

The going in at the Norther gate.  
IF you come out of the sea, & will go in at the norther gate, look for a great Beacon the standeth upon the west end of the Skelling, to the Eastwards of the tower by the sea side, and thus having the Beacon & the Tower together, you shall find the first Buy of this Gate which lies in 3 fathom at the least. Leave it on your Starboard side, & go next hand south in with the next Buy, leaving it on your larboard side: to the next go in south and by west, & leave that also on your Larboard side: with the fourth Buy go south south-west.   

How to go in with the wester Eames.  
Coming out of the sea, to go in for the wester Eames, if you will look out for the first Buy, you shall see it when you have brought the Boss south southeast of you, the second buy lies from the Boss south and by east, the third Buy is from that south: the fourth is south & by west: and these Buys do lie east and by south, and west and by north one off another, and by this you may know what Buy you go in withal.   

The courses from Hedland to Hedland about Island.  
ITem from Ynge to Merchant Foreland, the course is west Afteene leagues, & between them is the Buy called Portland Buy, and a league to the westwards of Ynge is an Island called Ynge Island, & lieth not a league from the main.  
Item, from Merchant Foreland to Westmonie, the course is west and by north 12. leagues, and to the northwestwardes of Westmonie is a Bay, wherein is a harbour called Oribag, and to the eastwards of Westmony lies two islands, the one called Risbell, and the other the Scatter, and they lie not two leagues from that hau●n, and to the southwards of Westmony there lieth also three or four islands called the Gant islands, and the vt●ermoste of them lieth 4. leagues of the main.  
Item, from Westmony to the Roock the course is west northwest, 16, leagues, and three leagues to the eastwards of the Roock is a haven called Genswick, and at the point of the Roock lieth two islands, called the Ganet islands, and they lie three leagues off the Roock, to the west southwestwards.  
Item, from the Roock to Snoffall foot, the course is north northwest twelve Leagues, and between them is Hamford Bay, in the which goeth in two sounds, the one is Hamford and the other is called Keblewicke, and in the south part of the Bay, is Rossimers' Nesse, & the north part is Snaffa● foot, Rosimers' Nesse, and the northwards of the Roock five leagues, and Botsum Haven is to the northwards of the Roock three leagues.  
Item, from Snoffall foot to fair Foreland, the course is north 11. leagues, and between them is a great Bay called Snoffall Bay, and 3. leagues to the northeastward of Snoffall foot in the Bay, is a haven called Gamlike.  
Item, from Fair Foreland to Kettle bay point, the course is North-east 16. leagues distant, and between them in the Bay are these sounds, the next to the Foreland is called Lousy Bay, and is there three leagues off, and to the North-east of it is Anderffer, and the next Dereffer, next Northe●ffer, than pigs Holl, and Soundiffer, which is a sound that is two leagues over: in that sound is a good harbrowe called Scottelffer, and an Island called Blunt Island.  
Item, from Kettlebaye to the Rag, the course is north-east and by east six leagues distant, and between them are these bay, First Kettle Bay, than Floudon Bay, next Wolffe Bay, and then the rag Bay.  
Item, from the Rag to sound rial point, the course is east North-east 20. leagues, and betwixt them are these bay and sounds, there is a Bay six leagues to the eastwards of the Rag called Orgen Bay, and the easter point of that Bay is called the Orgen point and that is the west point of a sound called Langerdall, and within that sound is a harbour called Stingarffer, and the east point of Langerdall is called Shell Nesse, and it is betwixt both points eight leagues, and to the eastwards of Shel Nesse is a sound called Calkerffer, & in the mouth of that sound there are two islands, the one is called the Barnard & the other the Scate.  
Item, from sound rial point to Simbernesse, the course is east North-east ten leagues, and off the mouth of sound rial lies an Island called Gremsie, next sound rial is flat and Flatstrand Bay, next is Oxenfer, and it is betwixt it and Simbernesse 25. leagues.  
Item from Simbernesse to Langnesse, the course is east & by north 12. leagues, and betwixt them is a black bay.  
Item, from Watlingfer point to silly, the course is south-west 20. leagues distant, & betwixt them is Strand Bay and Watlingfer.  
Item, from Watlingfer point to Silly, the course is south-west 15. leagues, and these are between them. First Rose bay, next Southerfer, and then Red-cliffe, next silly and in the mouth of Silly is an Island called Silly.  
Item from Silly to the Horn, the course is west south-west 30. leagues off & between them is first Dofhouse, Rock Bay, pry Bay, Gooderwick, ne●t Pap Island which lieth a league from the shore, and off Doshouse lies a Rock five Leagues off the shore, called the Whales back.  
Item from the Horn to Ynge, the course is West and by south six leagues, and between them is Ynge Bay.    

Brief Notes of Saint George's Channel.  
NOw first from S. Denis head in Wales, to the Calf of Mamis is 37. leagues, & at S. Denis head it floweth east & West half tide, & at the I'll of man it floweth southeast, and the flood runneth to the North-east wards.  
Item, from the Calf of Man to the mould of Galloy, the course is north & by E. & they are 12. leagues distant.  
Item from the Mould of Galloy, to the mould of Kinter, the course is N. northwest, & they are distant 20. leagues.  
Item the mould of Kinter and the sound of Ellye, lie the one from the other north northwest, and south south east, and are distant 12. leagues.  
Item, the Mould of Kinter and Carls I'll lieth south and north, distant six leagues, and it floweth there North-east.  
Item betwixt Caraway and Cormeck I'll, it is five leagues.  
Item, between Cormecke and Dentram five leagues and it floweth there south-west and by west.  
Item, between Dentram and the sound of Ellie it is six leagues.  
Item, between the small sound and Dowret it is four leagues, and it floweth there west south west.  
Item, between Dowret and Lasternel is two leagues.  
Item, between Lasternell and Albermorick, is four leagues and it floweth there east and west.  
Item, from the mould of Kinter, all the sound alongst, until ye come to the Lough against Abermorick, the flood runneth to the northwards, and f●om the great Lo●gh to the northwards, the ebb sets out West and th● flood east, till ye come to the sound of Moule.  
Item, from Abe●moricke to Rowre Remory the course is east south east two leagues.  
Item, from Rowbrie Demorye, to Kittles Croffe, the course is north north-east 14. leagues, and it floweth there east and by south.  
Item, between the Kittles and Macknelles Castle, is two leagues, and it floweth a-seaboard Macknelles Castle a Northwest and by west Moon, and the flood runneth there to the Northwestwards, and the ebb to the southeast.  
Item, from Macknelles castle to seal Island, the course is west northwest, and they are distant two leagues, and there is a very good road in the east southeast side of the Seal Island.  
Item, from Seal Island to Rowre, is ten leagues, and the course is North and South, there the flood runneth to the southwards, till you come to the northwards of Lohcarim, and it floweth there northwest.  
Item, from Rowbrie to Fair head, the course is north and by east thirty leagues, there the flood runneth alongst the Coast to the Northwards, and the ebb to the Southwards.  
Item, Fair head and Holborn head, or Catnesse, lie East north-east six leagues distant, and there it floweth a southeast and Northwest Moon, and the flood sets to the nothwards.  

Hear followeth the course from Woods Hollom up to the narve.  
ITem, from Woods Hollom to the I'll of Nargen▪ the course is east North-east six Leagues, and there lies a Rock east North-east from it two leagues off. At this Island ye may see Revel steeple east southeast from it, about ten or twelve miles.  
Item, from the I'll of Nargen, to the I'll Hogland on Finland side, the course is east North-east 26. leagues, and from Nargen over to Finland side, it is not past 8. or nine leagues, and all the said coast of Finland, is full of rocks and dangers.  
Item, from the I'll of Hogland to the Isle Tuto, the course is southeast 4. leagues, and with that course ye shall go to the westwards of Tuto.  
Item from Tuto to the narve, the course is southeast and by east 8. leagues, but in going from Tuto to the Naruewardes, ye must hale southeast, or southeast and by south to go clear of the shoals on Rufland side, the Latitude of the Narue is 60. degrees and 10. minutes.  
Item, from the narve road the land lieth west, until ye come as fa●re as Revel, it is a fair Coast to sail by, and better passing by it then by Finland side, or by Hogland except the wind be northerly.  
Item, there is an Island west 12. leagues from the Narue, called Earthollom. The said Isle is 2. miles from the main, there is good road about it. Also there is an other Island between Earthollom and the narve road, that is but 8. leagues west from the narve, and there is a good road about it, there is the castle of Keysor●w by it, and on the Northside of it is a great ledge of Rocks called the wrangles, they lie in the midst of the Sound, therefore beware of them.   

A brief way to shift the Sun and Moon by memory.  
First, ye have to consider, that although the moon have prorperly but 29. days 12. hours and 44. minutes from Conjunction to Conjunction, yet in shifting the Sun & Moon for knowing the tides, it shall not be hurtful to give her 30. days just, only to avoid fractions, or broken numbers in the use thereof, for so small is the error that groweth thereby, that it is not to be accounted in any one tide, to be any annoyance to the Mariner.  
Further, you have to note that the 32. points of the Compass contain in this use 24. hours of times, so that every point is just ¼ of an hour. or 45. mi. and every 24. hours the Sun and Moon departed the one from the other 48. minutes which is just a point and 3. minutes more. And being 48. hours or two days old, they are two points and 6. minu apart, and after this manner for every day of her age ye must add to their aper●iment 1. point and 3. mi. until she come to the full or 25. dries old. And also ye shall note, that from the change to the full she riseth by day and hath her horns to the eastwards: and from the full to the change hath her horns to the westwards, so that always her horns are turned from the Sun, and also at the full she is directly against the Sun as appeareth by the figure following on the other side.  
And likewise ye shall note, the continually at the instant of the full, the moon riseth at the present time, that the Sun goeth down in the 
a This is to be understood when the moon hath no Latitude, but is just under the Ecliptic line, for otherwise when the M. hath her greatest N. or So. Latit. she will differ for the most part more than half a point and sometimes an wholepoint & more from the Sun's oposit point in such places as be f●rre towards the North or South.  opposite or contrary point, & therefore those that hold opinion that the moon always riseth at the quart. at 12. of the clock at noon, & at the full at 6. of the clock at night, they are much deceived. For if the sun set at 4. of the clock in winter, he goeth near the south-west and by west, the moon being then at the full in Canc. must needs rise at North-east & by east, at the same present hour that the sun setteth. And as many are deceived in this point, so are there also many mistaken, and oftentimes greatly annoyed in an other point, & that are those the use in going with any bard harbour, should, or land, to set the moon by the compass, to know the time of the ●ull sea in any place, and this is surely a dangerous practice. For if the moon be in north signs as in Gemini or Cancer, & that he seek the full sea on the East, or East Southeast, then by setting the Moon by the compass, to know the full sea he may miss almost 2. hours of his tide, and thereby come to a great annoyance, and knoweth not how nor by what means it chanceth. Therefore let every man that shall stand in need of this rule, practise the use thereof by memory, which is more commendable than Tables, but if their capacities serve them not to do it by head, then I wish them to use rather such tables as are extant for that purpose, until they are otherwise able to do it by memory. For as the Compass lying in all places horizontally, is imperfect to show the true apertiment of the Sun●e & moon in the Zodiac, so likewise by the imperfection, the compass is at no time a true dial to show the hour of the day, except for the instant time of the midday, or directly under the Poles of the World, where the Equinoctial is in the horizon, or else in the Equinoct. points, except the flee of the compass be lifted up a● the Equinoct▪ is elevated in the Lat. where the observation is made. And this is most found in summer time, when the Sun is in north Agnes, as in Cancer or Gemini, at which time it is almost ●. of the clock, before the sun come to the east point of the compass, yet it is commonly counted with many, that an east Sun by the Compass is always 9 of the clock in the mo●ning, & a west Sun to be 6. of the clock ●fter noon, and so consequently for all the other points o● the compass. But all this error cometh by the horizontal lying of the Flee of the Compass as I before hath said. And because the imperfection of the compass is caus● of the error in reckoning the tides, by setting ●he 〈◊〉 it by the eye, therefore I wish no man to use it to the par●●se bu● to reckon their appertiment by memory or by tables as I have before said. And further here is to be ●oted that the common compass being set ½ a point to the eastwards of the true meridien of any place, as some Compasses are almost a whole point, than I say by that Compass where the North point so varieth from the true meridian of the place, so much shall it be uncertain to find out the ●oure of midday or noon, yet many makes not observation of the suns meridian Altitude, until he be at S. by this darted compass, & then is the Sun past the iust●nt of the meridian, and his Altitude some what decreased.  
And the more the Compass is varied to the eastwards, the more shall the Sun● altitude be decreased when he is come to that point, And as the south of the compass ●oth make difference from the true Merid. in the Horizon, so doth all the other points in like proportion from their proper place. And as the varying compass is the only impediment heereof●, so is it likewise being varied imperfect to know the appertiment of the Sun and Moon by the point showed in the Horizon. Therefore for the easier understanding of the willing learne●. I have hereafter set down in plain sort a Compass Fi●e, & the manner how to know the appertiment by memory: how many points and minutes the Sun and Moon shall be apart, for every particular day of her age.   

The order of your compass, that is to know your points both with the Sun, and against the Sun, beginning at the north point, as hereafter followeth.  
NOrth, north & by east, north North-east, North-east and by, north north-east, North-east and by east, east north East, east and by north, East▪ east and by south, east southeast: southeast & by east, southeast, southeast and by south, south southeast, south and by east South, south & by west, south south-west, south-west and by south, south-west, south-west and by west, west south-west, west and by south, west, west and by north, west northwest, northwest & by west, northwest, northwest & by north, north northwest, north and by west, north.  
Thus it is said with the Sun, and as here ●●lloweth against the Sun: north, north & by west, north northwest, and so forth contrary wise.  
And thus must you learn to say your Compass, bo●h with the Sun and against the Sun.   

Now when you have learned your compass with the Sun, and against the Sun perfectly, you shall learn to bring 32 to 24, as hereafter followeth.  
Hear is mentioned before, your Compass wherein are 32. points, also you have to every point 45. minutes and to your 32: points are 24. hours, and to your 24. hours there are 1440. minu. also your, 32, points are not an hour apiece, for they lack 15. minutes a piece, of an hour. Also you shall take out of your 32, points 8, points, so there resteth behind 24, points, which 24, points must be brought into 24 hours, you have mentioned here before your Compass, wherein are 32 points. Also you have here mentioned your 24 points, & also your 8 points. Now for to bring your 24 points to 24. hours, you have to every one of your 24 points, 45. minu. a piece, and so they lack 15. minutes a piece of an hour. Now for to make the 24. points 24. hours you have 8. points which you did take out of your 32. points: also these 8. points must be parted into 24. parts to make the 14. points 24. how. Also you have to every one of your 24. points 45. min. the which 45. min. is three quarters of an hour. Also you have to every one of your 8, points 45. min. a piece, & to your eight points there is 6. how. & to your 6. hour. there is 18. score min. these 18. score min. must be parted into 24, parts, and to every part 15. min. And when your 18. score min. are parted give to every one of your ●4. points 15 minute, and that shall make every point an hour, for 45 min. & 15. minute. makes threescore minutes, and threescore minutes are an hour, and so your 24. points are 24. hours. So that 8. points, make the 24. points 24. hours. and 32. points 24. hours. And so giving to every 4 points 3. hours through your whole compass, in your 32. points 24. hours, and you have to the 24. hours 1440. minute, and this is called th● bringing of your thirty two points to 24. hours, and your 32. is twenty four.  
This rule of bri●ging 32. to 24. or any other number of points, given to the number of hours contained in them, may eastlyer be performed thus:  
As 3. is to 4. so is the number of the points given to the number of hours contained in them. Therefore multiply the points given by 3. and deui●e the Product by 4. for so the quotient shall be, the hours sought for.   

As for Example.  
If you would know how many hours 13. points of the Compass will make, multiply 13. by 3. the Product shall be 39 which being divided by 4. the quotient giveth you 9 hours and three quarters.    

Particular notes from the change to the full, to know how many points and minutes the Sun and Moon are apart, during which time, the Moon seemeth by the course of the diurnal motion to be behind the Sun: nevertheless by her proper motion in the Zodiac, being swifter than the Sun, she goeth continually before him, until the instant of the next conjunction or change.  
FIrst at 1. day old, the Sun and Moon are one point and 3. minutes a sunder, and the Moon to be behinds the sun to the eastwards▪ and so unto the full.  
At 2. days old, they are 2. points and 6. minutes a sunder.  
At 3. days old, they are 3. points and 9 minutes a sunder.  
At 4. days old, they are 4. points and 12. minute. a sunder  
At 5. days old, they are 5. points and 15. minutes a sunder.  
At 6. days old, they are 6. points and 18. minutes a sunder.  
At 7. days old, they are 7. points and 21 minutes a sunder.  
At 8. days old they are 8. points and 24. minutes a sunder.  
At 9 days old, they are 9 points and 27. minutes a sunder.  
At 10. days old, they are 10. points and 30. min a sunder.  
At 11 days old, they are 11. points and 33. min. a sunder.  
At 12. days old, they are 12. points and 36. min. a sunder.  
At 13. days old, they are 13. points and 39 min. a sunder.  
At 14. days old, they are 14. points and 42. min a sunder.  
At 15. days old, they are 16. points and just a sunder, the one directly against the other, and then is the moon at the full, until which time ye must reckon the moon always to be so many points behind the Sun, as is above expressed.   

The apertiment of the Sun & Moon, from the full until the change: in all which time the Moon is to be reckoned before the Sunn●.  
ITtem, at 16 days old, the Sun & Moon are 14 points and 42. minutes a sunder, the Moon seeming to be before the Sun to the westwards.  
At 17. days old, they are 13. points, and 39 minutes a sunder,  
At 18. days old, they are 12. points and 36. minute a sunder  
At 19 days old, they are 11. points and 33. minu a sunder  
At 20. days old, they are 10. points and 30. minu. a sunder  
At 21. days old, they are 9 points and 27. minutes a sunder.  
At 22. days old, they are 8. points and 24. minutes a sunder.  
At 23. days old, they are 7. points and 21. minutes a sunder.  
At 24. days old they are 6. points and 18. minutes a sunder.  
At 25. days old, they are 5. points and 15. minutes a sunder.  
At 26. days old, they are 4. points and 12. min. a sunder.  
At 27. days old, they are 3. points and 9 minute. a sunder.  
At 28. days old, they are 2. points and 6. minu. a sunder.  
At 29. days old, they are 1. point and 3. minute. a sunder.  
At 30. days is the Conjunction of the Sun & Moon.  
Now when you know by these Rules before showed, how many points the Sun and Moon are apart, and whether she be before or behind the Sun, then is it easily known by the course of the Sun, the hour & min. when the Moon shall come upon any point of the compass, w●ere ye desire to know the hour of the full sea, according to her age, as hereafter followeth to make it plain by example.  

An Example.  
WHen the Moon is 10. days old, I desire to know● at what hour the cometh to the south southeast to make full Sea at Calais, or in any other place where it floweth on that point●● say then 10 days of her age showeth her to be 10. points, and three times ten minutes from the sun and behind him. Now for seeking of the hour of the full sea, the Moon being at south southeast, you must reckon the Sun to be 10. points, and 30. min. before her to the westwards, which falleth on the west point, and 30. minutes to the Northwards. And therefore the Sun being on that point, and 30. minutes to the northwards of the west, I say the full Sea shall be at six of the clock and 30 minutes at Calais, and in all other places where a south southeast Moon makes a full sea.   

Another Example.  
WHen the Moon is 18, days old, being before the Su●ne, I desire to know the hour of the full sea, where an east moon makes a ●igh water, I consider that the M. being but 18. days old, there is yet 12. days of her age to come which showeth the Moon to be 12. points, & ●6. min. from the Sun, and before him, the Moon then being at the east & the Sun must be 12 points & 36. mi. behind her, which is at northwest & 36. min: to the westwards. So the full sea where it floweth east or west, & the Moon 18. dai●s old shallbe at 8 of the clock 24. minutes. And that by this computation is easily found in all places, and upon every point of the Compass, the time of the full sea or high water, the age of the moon being known as is before declared.    

H●w to know the hour of the night by the Gwards, by knowing on what point of the Compass they shallbe at midnight, every fifteenth day thorough out the whole year.  
FIrst you must understand, for the certain knowing of the points of the compass, that North is always to be understood, directly over or above the North star, and south under east, as you behold the star to the right hand wards, and West to the left hand, the gwards seem to go against about the sun lattrallye coming from East to north, and from north to west, and from thence to the South, and so ●ound every three months of the year, occupying one quarter of the Compass as followeth.  
january, Februa●ie, and March, occupy the North-east quarter.  
April, May, june, the northwest quarter.  
july, August, and September, the sout● west quarter.  
October, November, and December, the southeast quarter.  
And although I have only showed the hou● of the night by Gwards or little Bear, yet the like also is to be known by any other notable fixed star●e, that is near the Pole because the fixed stars contained within the constellations keep always one equidistant motion from the Pole, with out any great variety, moving always about the Pole, in .24. ho. every one in his proper Circled, according to the diurnal motion. So that by the point or place considered that they occupy every month at midnight, may also easily be known the other hours of the night, in reckoning every point to be of ¼ an hour of time. And although in this rule for the hour of the night, by the Gward, there be 4. imperfections or error, growing by our view, being upon the face or superficies of the earth or water, yet so small is the error and so great the benefit of the hour of the night, that I have rather thought it necessary to let dewn it with that error, then to omit it and lack the benefit & use thereo●. And here I have occasion given me somewhat to speak of them that have written against mariners for their gross judgements and erroneous ●ules, promising general reformation with new instruments, which I long have desired, and daily look for to see extant, I confess the Compass (which is the chief instrument of Navigation) to be most erroneous and variable, by reason of the natural property received from the Stone, as also because of the horizontal lying of the Flee, for some uses. Yet necessity causeth us to use it, because we may by no means find better, nor without it are able to help ourselves in any Navigation. Also the Ma●ine plaits commonly made for the sea & Mariner's use, I acknowledge to be very erroneous, & far from the true shape of the Globe or round body: yet I may not prefer the use of the Globe in Navigation before them, ●or sundry causes, both for want o● true courses as also because the variation. And the●●o●e all such ●ules, & instruments of Navigation, be the● never so erroneous and false, yet of necessity they are tolerable and not to be ●mitted, except it be possible either to reform the old, or to make new more exact.  
Now further to our former purpose for more plain understanding thereof, I will set down where and on what point of the compass the Gwards are found at midnight, every ●5. days through the whole year, as hereafter followeth, and for the better understanding, I have here set the Flee of the Compass, with all the points present.   

Where the Gwardes are at midnight, every month in the year.  

I. The 15. day of ja. the Gwards are at east at midnight.  
The end of ja. east and by north northerly at midnight   

F. The 15. of February at North-east and by east at mid.  
The end of February at North-east at midnight.   

M. The 15. of Mar. at North-east & by N. northerly at mid.  
The end of Marc. north & by east easterly at midnight.   

A. The 15. of April north at midnight.  
The end of April the Gwards' north & by west westerly at midnight   

M. The 15. of May at northwest & by north at midnight  
The end of May at northwest & by north at midnight.   

I. The 15. of june northwest & by west Guards at mid.  
The end of Iu. at which, & by N northerly Guards at mid   

I. The 15 day of july at west Guards at midnight.  
The end of july at west & by south southerly at mid,   

A The 14, of August at southw, & by west westerly, at mid  
The end of August the Gwards' south-west at mid.   

S. The 15, of Sept, at southw & by So, southerly at mid,  
The end of September at south & by west westerly mid.   

O The 15 of October a south Guard is then midnight.  
The end of October at south & by east easterly midn,   

N The 15, of Novemb, at southeast & by S, southerly mid  
The end of November at southeast, than it is midnigh   

D, The 15, of Decemb, at southeast & by east easterly mid.  
The end of December at east & by south southerly mid   
Now when you know on what point of the Compass the Gwards are always at midnight, then may ye by it also know the hours before or after midnight, alway reckoning for every point that they shall lack of the midnight point ¼ of an hour, & for every point that you shall find them to be past the midnight point, likewise ¼ of an hour, as for example.  

Example.  
THe 15. of januarie the Guards are at east at midnight, if then you find them at south east, which is four points short of the east, that showeth it to be four times 1/● of an hour before midnight which is nine of ●he clock in the evening.  
If you find them past the east point, look how many points they are passed, so many times ¼ of an hour is it past midnight, and this is a general rule for every month in the year. If the very same day of the month be not here expressed, which you shall then occupy, then take the midst, or the end of the same month that is next unto the same day, and so the error cannot be great.  
The hour of the night is also known by the Gwards or any other star near unto the north Pole, by divers sorts of instruments made to that use, some divided as the compass into 32. points, thereby reckoning ¼ of an ho. for every point: others divided into 24. hours, as this Instrument following which is to be made of a Hoop of metal divided into 24. hours, every hour having a little pin, that it may be felt in the night when it cannot be seen, to number the hours. This Hoop being divided into 4. equal parts, ye sh●l make fast a thread to every quarter thereof, and the other 4. ends of them shall be fastened to a ring in the midst of the instrument, through the which ye shall see the north star. And thus holding it very upright, & of a reasonable distance from your eye, ye shall have the Gwards directly with the pings in the Hoop, at such hours as is numbered under the pin. But it is necessary that ye know by memory (as I have before showed) what point those stars shall be on at midnight, and thus it serveth for any star near the Pole.     

AT LONDON Printed by E. Allde, for Hugh Astley, and are to be sold at his Shop, at the corner of S. Magnus' Church. 1605.