NATURAL PHILOSOPHY: OR A DESCRIPTION OF THE WORLD, AND OF the several Creatures therein contained: Viz. Of Angels, of Mankind, of the Heavens, the Stars, the Planets, the four Elements, with their order, nature and government: As also of Minerals, Metals, Plants, and Precious stones; with their colours, forms, and virtues.  
By DANIEL WIDOWS.  
The second Edition, corrected and enlarged.  1 King. 4. 33. He spoke of Trees, from the Cedar tree that is in Libanon, even to the Issope that springeth out of the wall: He spoke also of Beasts, and of Fowls, and of creeping things, and of Fishes. 

These little leaves the World's huge load sustain,  
And what besides the great World can contain.   
Printed at London by Tho. Cotes, for john Bellamy, and are to be sold at the three Golden Lions in Cornhill. 1631.   

TO THE HONOURABLE Sir William Parson's Knight Baronet, his Majesty's Survayour General, Come missioner in the Court of Wards, and one of his Majesty's most Honourable Privy Counsel in Ireland, etc.  
Honourable Sir:  
I Do present to your view a small frame of the world, and of the Creatures therein contained, drawn with the Pensilles of judicious Scribon, and of D. W. A work in nature not unlike to our Survayes in Ireland, that represent most lively,  Countries within a small Map. I offer this to you, having heretofore given to you an account of those services that I have lately done in the survey of Ireland, you being Survayor General of that kingdom, wherein I have spent the most part of thirty years, in the service of my Prince and Country, Tam Marte, quam Mercurio, both by Pike and Pen, with great toil, much hazard, and many hurts; but little profit. Notwithstanding, your demerits and worth be such, as Gratitude hath chosen your Patronage: and Devotion wisheth all honour, health, and happiness to you, to my good Lady, and to yours,  
At your Honour's Command, I. Widows, alias Woodhouse.   

The Contents.  

CHAP. I.  
WHat philosophy is. Page. 1  
What God is. Ibid  
The actions of God towfold. ibid.  
What Angels are. ibid.  
How they appear. ibid.  
What their office is. 2   

CHAP. II. Of motions, qualities, colours, tasting, etc.  
TWo kinds of movers in the world. ibid.  
How created things move. ibid.  
What motion is. ibid.  
Five things in motion. ibid.  
Six kinds of motion. ibid.  
What qualities are. ibid.  
What the quality of heat is. 3  
Lightness and thinness cometh of heat. ibid.  
Heaviness and thickness of cold. ibid.  
What proceedeth from moisture. ibid.  
What proceedeth from dryness. ibid.  
The use of colours. 4  
What a Simple colour is. ibid.  
White, what it is. ibid.  
Black, what it is. ibid.  
Of mixed colours, and whence they proceed. ibid.  
How they are compounded. ibid.  
Tasting, whence it is. ibid.  
The divers kinds of it. ibid.  
Smelling whence it proceeds, when good, when bad. ib.  
Qualities arising by means, what they be. 5  
Hid qualities how known. ibid.  
They are either native or passionate. ibid.  
Native governed by the Heavens. ibid.  
How and when of most efficacy. ibid.  
Passionate how effected. ibid.  
What concord is. ibid.  
What discord is. ibid.   

CHAP. III. Of the Celestial bodies, as the Heavens, the Firmament, the Stars, with their places, order, and government.  
WHat Heaven is. 6  
What the Firmament is. ibid.  
What the Etherial part of it is. ibid.  
What a Star is, with their divers kinds. ibid.  
Their operation over bodies, and how it is. ibid.  
Their rising and falling, and how it is. ibid.  
Stars fixed or wand'ring. 7  
How known from Planets. ibid.  
How and where contained in the heavens. ibid.  
Stars Masculine and Feminine. ibid.  
Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, ibid.  
Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagitarius, 8  
Capricornus, Aquarius, Pisces. ibid.  
Of Stars in the Zodiac. ibid.  
What the Northern Constellations are. ibid.  
What the Southern Constellations are. ibid.  
What Planets are. 9  
Why called wand'ring. 9  
When and how they are stayed. ibid.  
When and how they go back. ibid.  
The virtue and force of Planets. ibid.  
The proper house of each Planet. ibid.  
Planets, some of one light; some of more. ibid.  
Conjunction of Planets common or special. 10  
They presage things to come, and how. ibid.  
A description of Saturn, his properties, and how he ruleth in the body; and over whom. ibid.  
A description of jupiter, his properties, how he ruleth in the body; and over whom. 11  
A description of Mars, his properties, how he ruleth in the body, and in whom. ibid.  
A description of the Sun, the office and use of it, and how and whom it governs. ibid.  
It maketh Winter and Summer, length and shortness of days. 12  
A description of Venus, her properties, how and in whom she governs. ibid.  
A description of Mercury, his nature, how and in whom he ruleth. ibid.  
A description of the Moon. 13  
How the Moon increaseth and decreaseth. ibid.  
When and how the Moon is in the full. ibid.  
In what time she endeth her revolution. 14  
What a Comet is. ibid.  
The light of some Planets, especially of the Sun & Moon, faileth sometime, & the reason of it. ibid.  
Of the eclipse of the Sun and Moon, & the reason of them. ibid.   

CHAP. FOUR Of the four Elements.  
WHat Elements are. 15  
Some Elements clear, as air & water. ib  
The regions of the Air. ibid.  
The necessity of the Air. ibid.  
What water is, the natures and uses of it. ibid.  
Why the water in the Sea is salt. ibid.  
The reason of the ebbing and flowing of the Sea. ib.  
Of Floods and Fountains. 16  
Divers colours and tastes of water. ibid.  
What the earth is. ibid.  
The compass of it. ibid.  
Of concreat and mixed bodies. ibid.  
Of mixed liveless natures, as meteors, what they be, with their several kinds, and the reason of them. ibid.  
Of mixed fiery meteors, as thunder, what it is, and the reason of it. 17  
Of lightning, what it is, and the reason of it. ibid.  
Of watery Meteors, as clouds, what they be, and the reason of them. ibid.  
Divers shapes in the clouds, & the reason of it. ib.  
A false Sun, how occasioned. ibid.  
A rainbow, how occasioned. 18  
A description of the rainbow, & the signs of it. ib  
Of Meteors of dissolved clouds, with the reason of it. ibid.  
Snow what it is, and how occasioned. ibid.  
Hail what it is, and how occasioned. ibid.  
Dew what it is, and how occasioned. 19  
Manna, what it is. 19  
Frost, what it is, and how occasioned. ibid.  
Of Meteors caused of both kinds of Smoke, the reason of them. ibid.  
Wind what it is, and the divers kinds of it, as Storm, Whirlwind, Earthquake. ibid.   

CHAP. V Of mixed living Natures.  
WHat a vegetative soul is, with the nature and office of it. 20  
What nourishment is. ibid.  
What concoction is, with the necessity of it. ibid.  
The necessity of temperate heat cleared by comparison. ibid.  
The benefit of good, and hurt of bad concoction. 21  
Whence inflammation ariseth. ibid.  
The companions of concoction are, 1. Attraction, 2. Retention, 3. Expulsion, what they are. ibid.  
What generation is. 22  
What is the object of it. ibid.   

CHAP. VI Of Minerals and Metals.  
BRimstone, what it is, the nature of it. 22  
Quicksilver what it is, the nature of it. 23  
Gold what it is, the nature of it. ibid.  
Where it is found. ibid.  
Silver what it is, the difference betwixt gold and it. 24  
Brass what it is. ibid.  
Copperasse what it is, the nature of it. ibid.  
Iron, the nature of it. 24  
Lead, the nature of it. 25  
Tin, what it is. ibid.  
Stones, whereof they are, and their variety. ibid.  
Precious stones. ibid.  
Crystal the nature of it. ibid.  
Adamant, the nature of it. 26  
Saphyr, the nature of it. ibid.  
smaragd, the nature of it. ibid.  
Sardonyx, the nature of it. ibid.  
Selenites, the nature of it. ibid.  
Carbuncle, the nature of it. ibid.  
Calcedonian, the nature of it. ibid.  
Assarites, the nature of it. 27  
Ruby, the nature of it. ibid.  
Topaz, the nature of it. ibid.  
Hyacinth, the nature of it. ibid.  
Coral, the nature of it. ibid.  
Asbestos, the nature of it. ibid.  
Loadestone, the nature of it. ibid.  
Galactites, the nature of it. 28  
Achates, the nature of it. ibid.  
Turcoys, the nature of it. ibid.  
Corneolus, the nature of it. ibid.  
Chrysoprasus, the nature of it. ibid.  
Hematite, the nature of it. ibid.  
Chelidonius, the nature of it. ibid.  
Alectorius, the nature of it. 29  
Toadestone, the nature of it. ibid.  
Crabs eye, the nature of it. ibid.  
Perch stone. ibid.  
Curpe stone, the nature of it. ibid.  
Porphirite, Allabastar. 29  
Ophite. ibid.  
Common stones. ibid.  
Salt, what it is, and the nature of it. 30  
Salt Amoniack, the nature of it. ibid.  
Salt Peter. ibid.  
Salt Gem. ibid.  
Salt of Indie. ibid.  
Salt of water. ibid.  
Alum. ibid.  
Liquid Alum. ibid.  
Hard Alum. ibid.  
Bitume. 31  
Liquid Bitume. ibid.  
Naphtha Petreolum▪ ibid.  
Ambar of Arabia. ibid.  
Hard Bitume ibid.  
Pissaphaltus. ibid.  
Succinum. ibid.  
Terra Lemnia. ibid.  
Bole Armenian. 32  
Terra Samia. ibid.  
Ampelite. ibid.  
Chalk. ibid.  
Black Chalk, with the nature of them all. ibid.   

CHAP. VII. Of natures perfectly living.  
WHat natures perfectly living are. 32  
Of Plants. 33  
Frankincense tree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Myrrh tree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Mace, the nature of it. 33  
Nutmeg, the nature of it. ibid.  
Pepper, the nature of it. ibid.  
Wild Palm tree, the nature of it. 34  
Balsam tree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Balm, the nature of it. ibid.  
Pomegranet; the nature of it. 35  
Pome Citron, the nature of it. ibid.  
Orange. ibid.  
Cedar; the nature of it. ibid.  
Figtree. ibid.  
Quince tree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Laurel tree, the nature of it. 36  
juniper tres, the nature of it. ibid.  
Chesnut tree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Beech tree, the nature of it. 37  
Oak tree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Ilex tree, the nature of it. 38  
Cork tree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Pine Appletree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Pitch tree. ibid.  
Fir tree. ibid.  
Larix tree, the nature of it! 39  
Elm tree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Alder tree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Teile tree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Box tree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Birch tree, the nature of it. 40  
Willow tree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Poplar tree, the nature of it. ibid.  
Shrubs. 41  
Cinnamon, the nature of it. ibid.  
Cassia Fistula, the nature of it. ibid.  
Hasell, the nature of it. ibid.  
Eldern, the nature of it. ibid.  
Barberies, the nature of it. 42  
Small Raysin, the nature of it. ibid.  
Rose tree, the nature of it. 43  
Bramble, the nature of it. ibid.  
Gooseberries, the nature of it. ibid.  
Colutea, the nature of it. ibid.  
Herbs. 44  
Wheat, the nature of it. ibid.  
Barley, the nature of it. ibid.  
Spelte, Rye, Oates, Millet, their nature. ibid.  
Rise, Lintils, Pease; Beanes, their nature. 45  
Pot herbs. ibid.  
Coleworts, spinach, Lettise, their nature. ibid.  
Beets, Purslane, Mallows, Onions, their nature. ib.  
Leeks, Parsley, Violets, daisy, their nature. 47  
jelley flower, Marjoram, their nature. ibid.  
Rosemary, Spicknard, Lavender, their nature. 48  
Daffodil, Rose Campion, Saffron, their nature. ibid.  
Ginger, wormseed, Gallingall, their nature. ibid.  
Calamus Aromaticus, Acorus, their nature. 49   

CHAP. VIII. Of humane Creatures, etc.  
WHat man is, and the manner of his generation. 49  
What a feeling soul is. ibid.  
Senses outward, as Touching, Hearing. 50  
Tasting, Smelling. 51  
Senses inward, as Conceiving, Preserving. ibid.  
Sleep, how caused. 52  
Waking, how caused. ibid.  
Dreams what they are, and their variety. ibid.  
The nightmare, how occasioned. 53  
A Trance, what it is. ibid.  
Appetite, what it is. ibid.  
Motion what it is. 54  
Of the bodies of living creatures. ibid.  
What the matter of the body is. ibid.  
Conception, what it is. ibid.  
Natural. ibid.  
Extraordinary 55  
Of the parts of the body: ibid.  
Humours, as Blood, Phlegm, Glue. ibid.  
Spirits. ibid.  
Vital, Animal, what they are. 57  
Gristles, Sweat, what they are. ibid.  
Brain, what it is. 58  
Excrements of the brain, ears, and nose. ibid.  
The breathing parts. 59  
Heart, Spittle, midriff, stomach▪ what they are. 60  
Throat, Vomiting, Liver, what they are. 61  
Urine. 62  
How to discern a sound body by it. ibid.  
Complexions. ibid.  
Diet. 63  
Guts, their several kinds. ibid.  
How placed in the body. ibid.  
The distinction of living creatures, and their several kinds. 64   
FINIS.   

Natural Philosophy.  

CHAP. I. What Philosophy is.  
Philosophy is a knowledge of Natural 
What Philosophy is.  things. Things (her subject) either are He who alone is; from, by, and for whom all things are: or else such they be as are numbered by time, and measured by place, and subject unto motion. God is a Spirit, infinitely good and great. 
What God is.  God is but one divine Essence, consisting of three distinct Persons, the Father, the Son, and the holy Ghost. The actions of God are either, the Creating or Governing 
The actions of God two▪ fold,  of the world. The World consisteth either of things invisible, as of Spirits: or Visible, as the heavens, the elements, and the bodies composed of elements. The heaven of the blessed, vide Gen. 1, 1. is counted the third heaven, the Orbs are the second, the Air is counted the first. The third Heaven visible is of all substances 
What Angels are.  most perfect. The invisible Spirits, viz. Angels were created here. Angel signifieth a messenger, by 
How they appear.  nature he is a spirit. Angels appear sometime in dreams and visions, sometime in bodies apparent and sometimes in true and real bodies: their number is great; their office is to celebrate God's glory, to watch 
What their office is.  over the world, to preserve us, to declare and do Gods will, to put good motions into our minds, to resist ill spirits. The Devils were Angels cast from heaven for sin, into the lower parts of the World, and here they continue seeking to deface the Image of God in man and all creatures.   

CHAP. II. Of motions, qualities, colours, tasting, smelling etc.  
THings visible contained in the world, are Substances, or Accidents. Accidents are either general to all things, as motion, time, and place, for these belong to all: or proper to some things, as Qualities.  
There be two kind of Movers. 1 God. 2 Things 
Two kind of movers in the world. How created things move.  created by him.  
Things created move from God, and are of finite power in moving in a prefixed matter, and in time. They be of two kinds, without, or within the thing moved; the one called violent, the other natural: Motion is an unperfect act, moving to that it was not, 
What motion is. Five things in motion.  from that it was: Five things are in natural motion, the mover, the thing moved, the term from which, the term to which it is moved, and time.  
There be six kinds of motion, generation, corruption, 
Six kinds of motion.  increase, decrease, alteration of quality, and change of place.  
Qualities are either manifest, or secret: Manifest 
What qualities are.  are either principal, or such as proceed from them: the chief of the principal, are heat and cold.  
Heat gathereth together things of one kind, and 
What the quality of heat is.  separateth things of contrary nature; as Gold from Silver or dross. Cold joineth together things, as the frost in winter.  
The weaker qualities are moisture and dryness. Moisture is hardly contained in his own bounds. Dryness keepeth his own bounds.  
Qualities common from the first are either seconds or wrought from them.  
Second qualities from one or more, are derived.  
From Heat cometh Rarity, and Levity. For 
Lightness & thinness cometh of heat.  Heat openeth and enlargeth the poors.  
Raritas or Thinness is that which hath hollow parts or spongy as a sponge, clouds etc.  
Lightness proceedeth from heat, drawing easily 
Heaviness & thickness of cold.  upward. Thickness and heaviness, are of cold. For cold gathereth together, and stoppeth bodies, by which, bodies become heavy.  
Thickness hath his parts shut up together as stones.  
Heaviness, moveth downwards: thus is Mercury, heavier than gold, and gold than Led.  
Tactile or qualities that may be touched: coming 
What proceedeth from moisture.  from moisture, are softness: and tenuity from the Air: smoothness and slipperines from the water.  
From dryness proceed hardness and roughness, casines 
What from dryness.  in breaking and drought.  
From the first qualities diversely disposed, arise others called sensible qualities.  
Their Original is obscure or more manifested.  
Qualities of obscure original, are such as do not always plainly & clearly declare the ground whence they arise. Of this nature are colours: which is the 
The use of Colours.  splendour of the body, illustrated by light, with which all bodies are died according to their moistness, decocted more or less apt to receive greater, or smaller light. Colour, is either simple or mixed.  
A Simple colour consists of none other, as black 
What a simple colour it.  and white.  
White consisteth of much light in a thin body, of 
White what it is.  an eyrie moisture well concocted.  
Black, is in a thick body containing but small 
Black what it is.  light, of moisture either adust or raw waterish mixed with the earth: as appeareth in the inner parts of the earth.  
Mixed colours are from those two, mingled either in 
Of mixed colours and whence they proceed. And how compounded.  a mean or unequall-portion, of equal mixture is red. Other are made of this mean, and one of the extremes. Yellow is of much white and a little red, viz. two parts of white and one of red. Saffron colour or Orange-tawny, is of greater redness, and of lesser whiteness.  
Purple is of much red, and less black. Greene is of much black and less red. This being a clear moisture is most pleasant to the eye.  
Qualities, of a more manifest original are perceived 
Tasting whence it proceeds: divers kinds of it.  in smells and tastes. Taste is made from the straining of dryness through moisture, is either hot or cold, in a high or meanest degree. Very hot tastes are biting, bitter, or salt.  
Tastes meanly hot or sweet: Cold tastes are either thicker or thinner, thick as sour and sharp: or thin as tartness: where also we place freshness. 
Smelling whence it proceeds   
Smell, is a quality coming from a dry earthly heat, made thin by mixture of vapours. If it be well 
When good when bad.  mingled, it is good: if not, it is stinking.  
These qualities come from the first, there are others 
Qualities arising by means what they be.  that come by Means from the first, such are, generating flesh by dryness, and binding in, healing and joining 
Hid qualities how known.  together, but more moderate. Hid qualities are only known by long experience, coming from the form and essence of a thing, which in most things maketh it hard to discern. Hid qualities are either 
They are either native or passionate. Native governed by the heavens. How and when of most efficacy.  inbred or passionate. Native or inbred, come from forms taking their original from heaven, and therefore are governed, most according to the position of the heavens and stars, being of most efficacy in their subject matter rightly prepared, and at certain times.  
As the Loadstone in drawing Iron. The Pionie for falling sickness, Polypody in the diseases of the liver, etc.  
Passionate qualities, are effected by an agreeing or 
Passionate how effected  disagreeing concord.  
Concord is the natural agreement of things, whereby 
What Concord is.  a fierce Bull tied to a figtree is made gentle.  
a Olife taken up and replanted by a virgin, bringeth forth abundance of fruit.  
Ocymum a Pulse, being at the sowing banned groweth the better: The bleeding of a dead body at the presence of the killer. Discord in natural things, 
What discord  whereby the horse-fly is killed with the smell of roses: so goats are poisonous unto plants.   

CHAP. III. Of the Celestial bodies, as the Heavens, the Firmament, the Stars, with their places, order and government.  
Natural things are simple or compact: Simple are stable or unconstant; stable are the heaven and stars. Heaven is as it were a vaulted body made 
What heaven is.  of water, thin like a skin, and movable.  
The Firmament is the orb of the movable heaven: 
What the firmament is.  containing the world, which consisteth of Ethereal and elemental parts.  
The Ethereal part compasseth the Elemental: and 
What the Ethereal part of it is.  is not variable: it containeth 10. spheres, and is in continual motion being moved from the East, to the West in 24. hours, and maketh the natural day. A star 
What a Star is. The divers kinds of them.  is a firm essence, in heaven, giving light. One star is brighter than another, and they are of diverse motion, either simple, as from west to the east; or diverse, as their variable motion, north and south: and they have 
Their operation over bodies, & how it is.  their operation over inferior bodies, which they work by themselves, or by aspect with others; which is either conjunct, or opposite: conjunct, is either in the same or several places: ☌. ☍. □. △. characters be of conjunction ☌. Sextile ⚹, Trine △: quadrat □: opposition ☍, aspects. Their Poetic rising or falling is 
Their rising and falling, & how it is.  either true or apparent, the true is Acronicke, which is of such stars as rise and set about the sun setting: Cosmicke ascend with the ☉ and set with the sun rising. Those stars which rise Cosmically fall Acronically. Apparent rising is called Helical which is of stars getting out of the sun beams, & so if the star get into the ☉ beams at setting: or when any star setteth with the sun. Stars are either fixed or wand'ring, 
Stars fixed or wand'ring.  sixed are the stars of the firmament, whose motion is not sensible; For in 72. years they move scarce a degree: 
How known from Planets.  keeping still one like distance. Stars are known from planets, by their twinkling. The stars are far bigger in compass than the earth, and they are of sixfoold order, first bigger than the earth, 107. fold, second 87. third 72. forth 54. fift 31. sixth 18. times. These stars are more or less glistering: the most glistering are disposed into 48. Images and are divided into three parts the zodiac & both sides thereof. The zodiac containeth 
How and where contained in the heavens.  12 signs, ♈. ♉. ♊. ♋. ♌. ♍. ♎. ♐. ♑. ♒. ♊. of the East are ♈. ♌. ♐. fiery signs. North ♋ ♏. ♓. watery. ♊. ♎. ♒. Eyrie of the West: ♉. ♍. ♑. earthy Southern signs. 
Stars Masculine & Feminine.  Fiery and Eyrie are Masculine: Waterish signs and earthly feminine.  
Aries the Ram is the first sign of the Zodiac consisting 
Aries.  of 13. stars, representing the image of a Ram, it hath 2. stars in his horn of the 3. bigness and 3. in his tail, and one in the tip of his right soot of the 4. bigness.  
Taurus the Bull consisteth of 32. stars, 5. of these 
Taurus.  in his forehead are called Hyades, causing rain, the greatest is called the Bull's eye, being somewhat pale. 7. stars in his shoulder are little and called Vergiliae, and Pleyades, because they show the time of navigation by their rising in the Spring and setting in the Autumn.  
Gemini the twins of 18. stars; in each head, is a 
Gemini.  bright star, called Castor and Pollux.  
Cancer the Crab consisteth of 9 stars somewhat 
Cancer.  obscure.  
Leo the Lion is a bright sign of 27. stars, one in his 
Leo.  heart and one in his tail, are of the first bigness, near his tail are 7. stars called Berenice's hair. 
Virgo.   
Vîrgo the maid with wings of 26. stars, one in her left hand is called Spica.  
Libra the balance is expressed with 8. stars. 
Libra.   
Scorpion hath 21. stars, of which but 14. are notable. 
Scorpion.   
Sagitarius the Archer consisteth of 31. stars. 
Sagitarius.   
Capricornus the Goat, hath 18. stars, of which 12. 
Capricornus  are most conspicuous.  
Aquarius the water-bearer, of 24. stars, like a man 
Aquarius.  pouring water fourth of his pitcher, the star in the extreme of the water is of the first bigness. total. 364. 
Pisces.   
Pisces, the fishes consist of 34. stars.  
The other stars that are not in the Zodiac are 
Of Stars not in the Zodiac. What the northern Coustellations.  either northern or southern stars.  
The Northern Constellations are Cynosura, the little Bear hath 7 Stars. Helice the greater Bear hath 27 stars, of which 12 are more visible. Draco the Snake 31. Boots the Herdsman 22. betwixt whose legs is Arctur. Ariadne's Crown 8. Hercules' 28. Cepheus 11. The Vulture or Lira 10. The Swan 17. Cassiopeia 13. Perseus' 19 The Carter 13. he beareth upon his left shoulder the Goat, Aesculapius 24. The Serpent 18. stars. The Arrow 5. The Eagle 6. The Dolphin 10. Pegasus 20. The foal 4. Andromeda 23. stars. The Triangle hath 4 stars. The total 360.  
The Southern constellations are 25. The Whale 
What the southern Constellations are.  hath 22 Stars.  
Orion hath 38. Eridanus 34. The Hare 12. The great Dog 18. The Whelp 2. The ship 45. Hydra 5. The Crow 7. The Centaur 37. The Wolf 19 The Altar 17. The Crown 13. The fish 12. Stars. The total 316.  
Planets are Stars in the neaver part of Heaven, 
What Planets are. Why called wand'ring.  and are of divers motions, and are therefore called wand'ring, which motions happen not according to the course of other Stars, because in the spheres attributed to the several planets, they moving themselves circularly are stayed either in their highest or lowest Absis, or else are made to go backward. Planets 
When and how they are, stayed.  are stayed when at their set bounds they stay their course and turn to some other part, and so seem to stand still.  
Absis or Aux, the highest place of the Planets, to which being moved, they can ascend no higher, is called Apogaeon, viz. farthest from the earth.  
Absis or Aux, the lowest contrary to the other, and nearest unto us, is called Perigaeon.  
Planets are said to go back, when removing 
When and how they go back.  themselves, they go not forward their course, but return back the way they came, in some part.  
The virtues and force of Planets, are as divers as 
The virtues and force of Planets.  their motions be: stronger by the proper habitation of the house, or by conjunction: otherwise they be weak.  
The proper house of each Planet is that sign of 
The proper house of each Planets.  the Zodiac, in which first at the creation they were placed after the opinion of Astronomers.  
Thus fare in general. Now some shine with one 
Planets some of one light, some more.  particular light, other with more. They that have the same shining, are moved with equal or unequal course. Planets of uneven course have a proper motion to themselves. ♄. ♃. ♂.  
Their conjunction is common or special. Common 
Conjunction of Planets, common or special.  are of these three together, and it is called the greatest conjunction: this through his slow motion foreshoweth wonders, as Astrologers say, though their 
They presage things to come  grounds are uncertain, yet we will set down what they say, not all as truths, yet some may be probable. (Especially the sun regarding) destruction to kingdoms 
And how.  etc. If such conjunction, be in a fiery sign it presageth great drought. In a watery sign it argueth rain, in Airy mighty tempests. In earthy extreme cold. In Masculine death of men, In feminine death of women. Special conjunction is either mean or extreme. Mean of Saturn and Mars betokens wars, contention, strife of Kings and Princes, and to these prosperous successors, if the dominant be good in conjunction.  
The extreme conjunction of Planets, is great or less, greater of ♄, ♃. betokening new sects, and other like. If ♃. be all stronger, shall be for the best, if ♄. be stronger, than followeth loss, tribulation and great discord, say the Astrologers.  
♄. Saturn is a star of a leaden colour, finishing his 
A description of Saturn his properties, how he ruleth in the bodies, and over whom.  course in thirty years, he is a Planet masculine, of cold and dry nature, therefore melancholic, bad & not fortunate, whose proper house is in ♑. ♎. governing melancholic persons, and diseases of that humour, and those of a tough and congealed phlegm as Lepry and Morphew. But if he govern in his proper house in due aspect and degree, most profitable experiments may be made against these infirmities, His rule appeareth in conception of men, as in the first month, and in the eight month much more. Wherefore the child borne in this month, through the bad aspect, and coldness of Saturn, can scarce live long: he ruleth also the lives of men, especially in their end, when old men be cold and full of phlegm, as say Astrologers. 
A description of jupiter. His properties.   
♃ jupiter is a bright Planet, which runneth his course in 12. years, his light is so great, that it causeth a shadow, being near the earth, of which he is called Phaeton: He is hot and moist of nature, good, masculine, 
How he ruleth in the body and over whom.  and his house is in ♐ and ♓ he ruleth over the sanguine, young men and merry sports, and over discases springing of blood not adust: and rightly disposed. In his house, remedies are best applied for cure of such infirmities. Under his power is the child in the second, but more in the ninth month, and the child that is borne is long of life. 
A description of Mars.   
♂ Mars, is the 3 wand'ring star, in colour red or fiery shining, his course is 2. years, is a masculine exceeding hot, scorching and dry nature, after a sort malignant 
His properties. How he governs man's body and in whom.  and infortunate: His house is ♈ and ♍ he showeth his force most upon Choleric persons, and upon motions of youth, stirring to sedition and war: if he be well disposed in his house in fit aspect and degree, there may be remedies used for the Frenzy, agues and other hot sicknesses. He governeth the 3. month of conception, and from 40. to 50. of man's age.  
Now of stars, that finish their course in like space 
A description of the sun. The office and use of it. How and whom it governs.  of time ☉ ♀. ☿. in a year space ☉. The Sun is the brightest of all wand'ring stars, appointing seasons, nourishing life, being the fountain of light, of heat and all vital powers, he is hot and meanly dry, his house is ♌. he ruleth hot and dry affections, and therefore in his rule is fit remedy for such.  
In man's conception he ruleth the 4. month, and governeth from 22. till 41. years of age. ☉ by being nearest or farthest from the earth, maketh Solsticium, which is our Summer and Winter: summer is ☉, being 
He maketh winter and summer.  in ♋. at the highest; winter solstice is ☉, being ♑ farthest from us. The motion of ☉, causeth like length of day 
Length and shortness of days.  and night. ☉, in ♈ and ♎ the Sun in these points of heaven is equally moved in the 6. signs of our hemisphere, and also in the six opposite, although the points and times of both equinoctials vary and change.  
♀ Venus is a very white star, she goeth near ☉, sometime 
A description of Venus.  before him, sometimes after him; in the morning going before him, she is called Lucifer, in the evening, following, she is called Vesperugo and Hesperus. ♀ is could and Eyrie, and moist, her house is in ☍ and 
Her properties: how and in whom she ruleth.  ♎. She loveth youth, women, and wives, ruleth cold and moist diseases, happening most about the genitals. Therefore ♀ in her house in due aspect is best remedy of such, she useth her power in the 5. month, and disposeth life, from 14, to 20. years and two, according to Astrologers.  
☿ Mercury is the least wand'ring star, somewhat white, 
A description of Mercury. His nature: how and in whom he ruleth.  his nature is changeable, and full of turnings, he is hot with the hot, cold with the cold, of the nature of him with whom he is joined, his house is ♊ and ♍, & is of force in merchandise, of which he hath his name, and mathematics are under his rule, he gins and follows studies, & reports rumours & news. He guideth the 6 month, and from 4. to 14. years; if he join with the higher Planets, he denounceth wet and floods, which also he doth meeting Venus in a wet house, in his proper house, winds etc.  
☽ The Moon is the lowest wand'ring star, finishing 
A description of the Moon.  her course in 27. days 7. hours; although this star have light of he own, yet doth she borrow her shining from the Sun. But because her essence or body, is not alike, but thicker in one place, than another, therefore she is not in all places enlightened alike from the Sun. That part which is turned from the Sun, is all of it shadowed and darkish, but that which looketh upon the ☉. is full of light, and only so much light as standeth towards us, seemeth to gain or lose light, as it is farther off, or nearer the sun, where as indeed ever the one half is enlightened from the sun.  
The face seemeth to be enlightened, as joined with ☉, or departing from him.  
The ☽ joined with the ☉ in the 4. first days is covered with greater light of the ☉ beams, and is called the new Moon, but departing from ☉ she appeareth still more enlightened, and it is either in part or whole.  
In part before and after the 8 day, called the increase 
How the Moon increaseth and decreaseth.  and the wain of the Moon. In part less or more, the less is when she is horned, or half moon about the 4. day, being distant from ☉ 2. signs: and after 8. in the 26. day, the half ☽ is seen about the 7. day and after 22. day when she is distant 3. signs or degrees from ☉. The greater apparition of the Moon in part is, she being near her roundness, which is about the 11 day and after the 19 day distant from ☉ 4 signs.  
The full apparition of ☽ is when in a right line she is 
When and how the Moon is in the full.  opposed to ☉ at 14 days or full Moon. Although she finish her couse in the foresaid time in the circle of the Zodiac, yet is allowed to every Moon 29: and a half day, because she is to pass forward 2 days and 4 hours, before she can overtake the ☉ which maketh 29 days, 12 hours. And in 9 years she endeth 
In what time she endeth her revolution.  all her diversity of conjunctions and aspects, and anew beginneth her former revolution, etc.  
A Comet is a wandering star, of diverse motions, 
What a Comet is.  shining in the region of the Planets, this appeareth seldom, sometime above, and sometimes below the Planets. It foretelleth grievous accidents.  
Others say that a Comet is a fat substance drawn by the heat of the Sun from the earth, and the heat of the highest region of the Air; is set on fire appearing like a star, and is sometime moved in the air.  
It foreshewth war, Pestilence, drought, and barrenness of the earth.  
The light of some Planets sometime fail, especially 
The light of some Planets especially the sun and moon faileth sometime, and the reason of them.  of ☉ and ☽ The defects happen in the Zodiac, if these 2. stars be in the knots of their circles, or near to them; which knots are cuttings, made by the course of the ☉ and ☽, and is called the dragon. The higher is called Dragon's head, the lower the Dragon's tail. The Ascendant or higher is where, ☽ departing from the middle Zodiac, doth come nearest unto us.  
The descendant, when the ☽ is removing from us. 
Of the Eclipse of the Sun and Moon and the reason of them.  The Eclipse of those stars is in whole or part. In whole all being obscured, as in the midst of them.  
In part it happeneth near one of the knots.  
The Eclipse of ☉, is by coming of ☽ between our eyes and the ☉, in the conjunction of both Planets.  
A great Eclipse of ☉, is when the centure of these stars, proceed in a direct line to our eye.  
The Eclipse of ☽ is the depriving her of the light of ☉, in the opposition, the earth shadowing her, coming in a strait line between them; her Eclipse is sooner seen in the East than in the West.   

CHAP. FOUR Of the four Elements.  
ELements are simple essences, less durable than the 
What Elements are.  heavens, and are the wombs of mixed things etc.  
Of the Elements 2. are clear, air and water. Air, 
Some clear as Air and water: three regions of the Air.  which is cold and moist, and of these there are described 3. regions, the first is hot and dry, this is termed the fiery which causeth it to be called an Element Air the flame being but inflamed air: the middle region colder and darker; the third region, in which we live, is hot and cold, by the more or less reflection of the Sun beams.  
Air, is so needful to creatures, that none live 
The necessity of the Air.  without it, the thinner the better, and more healthful.  
Water, is an element less thin and clear, moist and 
What water is. The natures and uses of it.  most cold. Water warmed in channels in the earth causeth hot springs, this is heated by running by some hot minerals, and helpeth moist and cold bodies.  
Water, is greater or less. The greatest is the Sea, 
Why the water in the sea is salt. The reason of the ebbing and flowing of the sea.  which is salt, because that the stars draw forth the thin substance leaving the earth behind. The Ocean ebbeth and floweth after the ☽ motion; and from the new moon to the full, humours increase and after decrease, and the tides are known by the Moon. Particular Seas take their name of some country, or of some accident, as the red Sea, etc.  
Waters are in floods or fountains, fountains are 
Of Floods & Fountains.  best which come out of Mountains, or Rocks, etc.  
Water is of diverse colours and tastes. Milky, 
Divers coours & tastes of waters. What the earth is.  Green, Red, Salt, sharp, bitter, and like wine.  
The Earth is a thick element, cold and dry, and is unmoveable, about which all things move, it is round and all things tend as near the centre as they can.  
It is in compass with the water 21600. miles, and 
The compass of it.  is but as a point to the whole world.  
Concreat and mixed bodies or natures, are essences 
Of concreat & mixed bodies  mixed of parts severally disposed. For from sundry things of diverse forms, one form may be form: and things of one mixture according to the diverse affection of their elements are diversely affected.  
As some are Eyrie, some Fiery, and some Earthly. But the proportion maketh temperature, which is a proportion of qualities, cleaving together in mixture: it is equal or uneven, and is either simple or compound: simple is in act or power: compound, as heat with dryness, etc.  
Mixed natures are either liveless or living. Liveless 
Of mixed liveless natures, as meteors; & what they be, with their several kinds, and the reason of them.  as Meteors which are a hot smoke lifted up by the attractive force of stars, some 15. German miles into the air and no higher: this smoke is a vapour or exhalation. A vapour is a moist smoke drawn from water, and is easily resolved into water. Exhalation is a dry smoke drawn from the earth, easy to fire: from exhalation arise fiery impressions which burn like fire, as pillars, darts, candles, goats, shooting stars, fiery Dragons, dark streams, fool's fire, and such like firery Meteors.  
Mixed fiery meteors whose exhalation is somewhat 
Of Mixed fiery meteors, as thunder, what it is, and the reason of it.  unpure thicker and long, her mixture is thunder which is a fiery exhalation, breaking forth of the clouds, with a sound. Lightning small and great is a flaming light, of a burning exhalation, shining before thunder. Though we hear not the thunder, it is at the present breaking out of the flash, the eye being quicker than the care. The great lightning is thicker and burneth more, if it be hardened with the heat of the Sun, and itself, it maketh a stone which is cast out at the crack, this doth much harm.  
Lightning is thick or thin, this boreth through 
Of lightning; what it is, and the reason of it.  without leaving any sign of it. The thicker scorcheth and burneth, it hath much earthy matter, setting on fire steeples and such like, and in great flashes is but some small deal of this earthy matter, else all things would be fired.  
Watery meteors, are vapours more fully compact together, 
Of watery meteors, as clouds, what they be, with the reason of them.  and appear in the lowest part, or midst of the Air, as clouds and such like. A cloud is a vapour joined together by the extreme cold of the middle region. Clouds hang in the Air by the Sun's heat, which draweth them up, and by the moving of the winds are tossed up and down.  
In these Clouds by ☉ and ☽, are framed diverse 
Divers shapes in the clouds, with the reason of them: as a false Sun, how occasioned.  shapes, having no proper matter, but only appear in the clouds, either about ☉ and ☽, or opposite to them as:  
A half Sun which is imprinted in the Cloud by the reflection of his beams, in a cloud being waterish, so that sometime the shape of 2. or 3. Sun's are seen, so of the Moon. Bright circles of the clouds, being black, are from the reflecting beams, seeming to compass the ☉ or ☽ yet they are far lower. These circles appear more often about the moon: she being not able with her beams to consume these vapours.  
The shape in the clouds opposed to the Sun, is 
A rainbow how occasioned.  the rainbow of diverse colours, in a hollow, thin and in an unequal cloud, fashioned by reflection of the Sun's beams, and the rainbow is greater the nearer it cometh to the Horizon. If many rainbows be seen, the latter is made by the shining of the other, and are more obscure than the former.  
The colours of the Rainbow, be light, red, green; 
A description of the rainbow and the signs os it.  sky colour and yellow: the rainbow, is a foreteller of rain, it showeth that many vapours are dissolved, which will shortly be rain. The hail is like this, but it is always under the Sun.  
Meteors of dissolved clouds, are either hardened, 
Meteors of dissolved clouds.  or moist, as rain, which is as it were a cloud melted and turned unto water; if the cloud be near the earth the drops are great, if hie, the drops are smaller. The raining of frogs, fish, milk, flesh, and such like, come of such matter being carried up, which doth again 
Reason of it.  fall with the rain, as worms etc. are begotten of dead carcases in summer time.  
Meteors made hard, after the cloud hath been melted, are snow and Hail.  
Snow is a cloud, prepared for rain before it fall, 
Snow what it is and how occasioned.  being congealed by cold, is by the motion of the winds dispersed into fleakes, and falleth only in winter.  
hail is rain, made hard in the fall, the higher the 
Hail what it is and how occasioned.  fall, the rounder and lesser, because in the fall it melteth. It haileth most in Autumn and in the Spring, for then the sharp air, hath most power over the drops, and in winter, the extreme cold maketh it snow being yet in the clouds.  
In the lowest region of the Air, are dew and frost. 
Dew what it is, and how occasioned.  Dew is a vapour thickened with some earthly matter, which in falling is presently turned into water.  
Dew falleth only in summer, for then the vapour is dissolved with the Sun.  
A fat kind of dew like melting honey, especially at the shining of Syrius, being gathered from leaves of trees, is Manna, called also wild honey, or meldewes.  
This Manna hardened by the heat of ☉ into 
Manna what it is.  lumps, is called Tereniabin.  
Frost is a dewish vapour, made very hard by cold in 
Frost what it is, and how.  winter before it be dissolved.  
Meteors made of both kinds of smoke joined together, 
Of Meteors caused by both▪ kinds of smoke, and the reason of them. Wind what it is, and the divers kinds of it.  are winds and such like.  
Wind is a subtle smoke, beaten downward by the cold in the middle of the air, and is moved sideling on the earth: Ancients noted out 12. principal winds, all which in regard of matter are hot and dry, but differ for their situation of their qualities.  
The wind being great, carried with force, darkens 
Storm. Whirlwind.  the Air, and is called a storm. If it do roll about, it is a Whirlwind, if it be but small, it is called Air.  
An Earthquake is a fume, contained in the earth: 
Earthquake.  when it findeth no vent, it shaketh it, & is made acoording to the breadth or depth of the earth. In breadth it causeth sometime such trembling, that it shaketh down whole Cities. That in depth causeth a gaping or swelling. A Gaping is when the Earth openeth, as it were her mouth, and doth swallow down trees, walls etc. A Swelling is when the earth being lifted up like a mountain, either remaineth so, or else falleth down again.   

CHAP. V Of mixed living Natures.  
Nature's mixed perfectly are living and corporal essences, endued with a Vegetative soul; A Vegetative soul is a faculty giving life to bodies. 
What a vegetative soul is.  Therefore so long as any part of this shall exercise her power in any body, so long is that alive, and remaineth safe. But her chief operation, and so life itself, 
The nature & office of it.  consisteth either in preserving several bodies or whole kinds. Nourishment is the preserving of several bodies, 
What nourishment is.  and is the making of food received, like to the body nourished. Under that name is every thing which is received to sustain our bodies, of which sort is the air itself.  
Some other faculties are required to perfection of nourishment, as concoction, and his companions: Concoction 
What cócoction is, with the necessity of it.  is a working or framing of nourishment, and it is made either of temperate, or increased heat of the parts to be nourished.  
By temperate heat is made ripening: which is a 
The necessity of temperate heat for nourishment cleared by comparison.  concoction of nourishment with moisture, by how much therefore the moisture shall be better tempered with heat, by so much is the ripening sooner, and more perfect, as in a summer too moist, the increase of the earth is later made ripe. Concoction arising from greater store of heat, is either elixation or assation. Elixation is a concoction more perfectly working the thick or waterish moisture, with a strong moist heat: As flesh is sod in water, whose moist heat altereth & consumeth the foamy moistness of meat: if this Elixation remain unperfect, it is called rawness, and the nourishment is not refined, for want of moist heat: For it was not of power to finish concoction.  
Assation is concoction, by means of drier heat fully strengthening the moisture of nourishment. If 
The benefit of good, and the hurt of bad concoction.  this strength of bodies be somewhat weak, it is called thickening; if concoction be vicious, it is turned unto putrefaction. Moist and hot things do most easily corrupt, if the bodies be not open to the Air.  
In stopped bodies, heat having no vent is increased. 
Whence inflammation ariseth.  Whence cometh inflammation, which putrefaction doth follow, causing greater heat. This of concoction.  
The Companions of concoction, are Faculties, fitly 
The companions of concoction.  serving for the perfection of it.  
Of these, one goeth before, the other followeth. The former is Attraction and Retention.  
Attraction is a faculty, supplying matter of convenient 
1. Attraction, what it is.  nourishment, as is seen in things drawing our of the flesh Arrow-heads or thorns deeply fastened. So wheat draweth water out of on earthen pot, it being set upon the heap. Retention which retaineth 
2. Retention, what it is.  nourishment, until it be concocted, & doth nourish the body. Nourishment, is first put to and afterward united. The companion following concoction is expulsion.  
Expulsion, is a driving back of unprofitable matter: 
3. Expulsion, what it is.  when concoction is once made, it is within or without the body. Within, when the stronger thrust superfluities to the weaker, until they come to the weakest of all. Increase which is joined to the nourishment, is continued but to a certain age, & then the nourishing growing weak it ceaseth. Now followeth conservation of the whole stock.  
Generation is a faculty of the body, procreating any 
What generation is.  thing like itself. This faculty preserveth all kinds of things in their estate, though continually they do perish.  
The object of generation, is the procreating seed 
What is the object of it.  of every thing.  
The changing faculty, altereth the seed into parts of the body to be begotten.  
The ministerial virtues of this faculty of generation, do change or form.  
The forming faculty fashioneth the thing into distinct form.   

CHAP. VI Of Minerals and Metals.  
THe Vegetative soul being explained: now follow the kinds of such natures as have perfect, or unperfect growth. Those of unperfect growth are Metals, which are decocted in the veins of the earth. Metals are to be melted easily or hardly. Those that are easy to be dissolved, are either first, or such as spring from them.  
Principal, or first, are of themselves from the original, 
Brimstone what it is, and the nature of it.  as brimstone, and Quicksilver.  
Brimstone is the fat of the earth, with fiery heat decocted unto his hardness, which is the cause that it so speedily is inflamed, and burneth even in water, yea sooner than the fat of the beasts, which though it be fatter than brimstone, yet it is fare colder. So that for his fat dryness, it helpeth scabs of all kinds, and the lepry.  
That Brimstone is counted the best, which is green and clear.  
Quicksilver is a slimy water, mixed with a pure white 
Quicksilver, what it is.  earth, which mettle for the matter whereof it doth consist, is thin, cold, and heavy.  
It is in continual motion, and his thinness causeth 
The nature of it.  that it pierceth metals.  
Metals derived from the first, are more or less 
Gold what it is.  pure; purer, are Gold and Silver. Gold is a mettle made of most subtle and pure red brimstone, and of the like quicksilver. Gold hath the most perfect mixture; as it is most thin, so it is most , whose substance is not corrupted, with either earth, water, or air, nor consumed with fire, but is more purged in it. 
The nature of it.   
And for his thin solidness, it is most soft, and easy to be melted. So that is most worth, which is most red and glistering and soft, that easily it may be wrought.  
Experience teacheth, that the 3 part of one grain of gold can gild a wire of 134 foot long: upon plates of silver, one ounce of gold will suffice to gild eight pound weight of silver. His nature is to be marvelled at. It waxeth cold towards day light, so that those that wear rings of it, may perceive it, when it waxeth day. 
Where it is found.   
It is found in the mountains of Arabia and else where; and the best, in the mountain Terrat, near the City Corbachiam.  
Silver is a mettle begotten of pure white Mercury, 
Silver, what it is. The difference betwixt it and gold.  and the like clear white Brimstone. It differeth from Gold almost only in colour, it being Gold not perfectly refined; yet in pureness, firm solidness, and thinness, it is next to Gold, and one ounce of it may be drawn 3200. foot long, so that it can scarce be discerned from Gold. Yet it is thicker an hundreth fold.  
When it is found, it hath the shape of hairs, twigs, fishes, serpents, and such like.  
Metals less pure, consist of greater store of Brimstone or Quicksilver; of greater store of Brimstone, come Brass, and Iron.  
Brass is a mettle, begotten of thick red Brimstone, 
Brass what it is.  and Mercury somewhat impure; that coming from Cyprus, is called Copper: the matter of Brass is more burnt than that of other metals, and endureth long, and is fit in any work. For it is without all moisture, whether it be kept in earth or water. Minerals near Brass are Copperasse, etc.  
Copperasse, is a mineral mixed of humours strained 
Copperasse, what it is.  by drops into small holes, and it shineth like glass.  
It is hot and dry in the 4. degree, vehemently binding, 
The nature of it.  being of great force to season and preserve raw flesh. It also begetteth sound flesh in festered sores, and stauncheth blood. It is of a green, yellow, and a sky colour, the best hath in it white spots; his kind are Roman vitriol, and red vitriol, or the foam of Copperasse.  
Iron is of store of Mercury, and of thick sulphur, 
Iron, what it is.  impure and adust. It may be softened by quenching in 
The nature of it.  juice of bean shuls or mallows. It being red hot and cooling of himself, becometh pliable.  
But if it be often quenched in cold water, it becometh thereby, very hard and brittle.  
Metals of greater store of Mercury, are Lead and Tin.  
Lead is an unpure mettle, begot of much unpure 
Led, what it is.  thick and drossy Mercury, and likewise of unpure Brimstone; his impurity causeth blackness, which by refining is made whiter. It increaseth in weight, if it lie in moist ground.  
Yea it is thought to increase with rain. It is of a 
The nature of it.  cold and binding nature, and therefore scarce wholesome for man's use.  
Tin is a mettle mixed of Mercury, white without 
Tin, what it is.  and red within, and of Brimstone not well mixed, as it were Led whited with silver.  
Thus fare of metals pliable.  
Metals less pliable are those which are not easily wrought, or melted, and are hard or brittle.  
Those that be altogether hard, are stones. These 
Stones, whereof they are, &c the variety of them.  are engendered of a watery moisture, and fat earth mixed hard together. Of stones, some be rare, some common. Of the rare and strange, some are of more estimation than others.  
The more esteemed are precious stones; which are 
Precious stones.  more beautiful and fine, in regard of their pure and subtle matter: Of Gems some are of one colour, some of sundry colours. More or less transparent be either white, or of other colours.  
White are Crystal or Adamant. Crystal is a 
Crystal.  gem, bright through, begot of a most pure stony moisture, 
The nature of it.  and is found in mines of Marble, etc. His quality is binding: therefore his oil or powder is helpful in Laxes, and increaseth milk in women's breasts.  
The Adamant or Diamant is a gem clear and most 
Adamant.  hard, it can scarce be broken (and thence it is named) 
The nature of it.  unless steeped in the warm blood of a Goat that hath drunk Wine or eaten Parsley.  
Transparent Gems not white, as the Saphir Sardonix, and smaragd, have the same colour in all their kinds. 
Saphir.   
The Saphir is a gem clear through, of a sky colour, growing in the East, and specially in India: 
The nature of it.  Being drunk, it helpeth against the stinging of Serpents, poison, etc. as some affirm.  
The smaragd is of a green colour, making 
smaragd.  green the air near about it; the stone of Britain 
The nature of it.  is the best. It preserveth the wearer from the falling sickness: eight grains of his shaving drunk, expelleth poison, etc. as some affirm.  
The Sardonyx is a clear gem, representing in colours 
Sardonyx.  the nail of a man's hand: it preserveth chasteness, 
The nature of it.  and healeth ulcers about the nails.  
The Selenites is a transparent gem like glass, it 
Selenites.  seemeth to increase and decrease with the moon: 
The nature of it.  whose shape in the night it beareth, and is called therefore the Moone-stone, etc. It is of a white, black, and yellow colour. His scrape heal the falling sickness. Bright shining Gems do follow.  
The Carbuncle is a gem shining in the light like 
Carbuncle.  fire: it is the noblest, and hath most virtues of any precious 
The nature of it.  stone.  
The Calcedonian is of a purple colour, shining 
Calcedonian. The nature of it.  like a star, it expels sadness and fear by purging and cheering the spirits. It hindereth all visions.  
The Astarites is a Crystalline stone, having in the 
Astarites. The nature of it.  midst like a full moon. Bright stones not shining do follow: or the less shining. 
Ruby.   
The Ruby is a red gem, shining in dark like a spark of fire: it cleareth the sight, it expelleth sad 
The nature of it.  and fearful dreams.  
The Topaz is of the colour of gold, casting 
Topaz.  beams in the Sun: being laid to a wound, it stauncheth 
The nature of it.  blood: or cast into hot water, keepeth the hand from scalding. 
Hiachinth.   
The Hyacinth is of waterish colour, it is exceeding hard, and cloudy in the dark, but pure and clear by 
The nature of it.  day. It is cold, moderating the spirits of the heart and of the other parts, and causing mirth, which being worn obtaineth favour.  
Precious stones of less shining, be Coral, Asbestos, Magnes, and Galacte.  
Coral is a stone growing in the Sea like a slimy 
Coral.  shrub, which by the air presently is made hard. It is 
The nature of it▪  taken up full of moss, but being unbarked, it appeareth clear in his proper colour. The spongy Coral is white and cold. The solid is more stony, and is red and black. Red and full of branches is the best, which worn of one shortly to be sick, waxeth pale. His tender substance is affected by the bad vapour, which yet is unable in the body to afflict it. It is good for sore eyes, for the stone, and falling sickness.  
Asbestos is of an Iron colour, being once fired, it 
Asbestos. The nature of it.  cannot be quenched: it is found in Arabia.  
Magnes or Loadstone is of a sky colour, or an Iron 
The Loadstone. The nature of it.  colour: It draweth Iron. It hath like virtue with the Adamant. It purgeth the dropsy, belpeth the flux; respecteth the North and South pole.  
Galactites is of an Ash colour, it seemeth to sweat 
Galactites. The nature of it.  as it were milk, it increaseth milk, and helpeth running of the eyes, and ulcers.  
Now follow stones of diverse colours.  
Achates is a stone of diverse colours, resembling a 
Achates. The nature of it.  Lion's skin: sometime it is black with white veins and yellow: sometime it is as it were sprinkled with blood, it is very variable in colour. Eagles lay it in their nests to preserve their young from poison.  
Turcois is dark, of a sky colour, and greenish: 
Turcois.  It helpeth weak eyes and spirits. 
The nature of it.   
Corneolus is like water of washed flesh. It helpeth 
Corneolus.  against the Pyles in the fundament, and to stop fluxes. 
The nature of it.  In a ring it restraineth anger.  
Chrysoprasus is of a green colour with golden 
Chrysoprasus.  spots. It shineth a little in the dark, it is rare and dear. 
The nature of it.  It comforteth the heart, helpeth dim sight, etc.  
Hematite is of an Iron colour with bloody veins: 
Hematite.  It is cold and dry, cooleth hot waters, stauncheth blood, 
The nature of it.  and helpeth against▪ the scorching of the Sun, as Authors writ.  
Also the qualities of other stones depend rather upon authority than upon proof.  
Stones be found in Beasts, Birds, and Fishes.  
Stones found in Beasts be;  
1. Chelidonius is a small stone in the belly of young 
Chelidonius.  Swallows. It is found in those of the first hatching in 
The nature of it.  the new moon: if two be found, the one is red, the other black. The best is of a sprinkled red. The red in a linen  carried under the left arm, expelleth madness, the falling sickness, and getteth favour, say some.  
2. Alectorius is of a crystal or waterish colour. 
Alectorius.  It is found in the Maw of an old Capon: as big as a bean in one of nine year old, small in one of five year 
The nature of it.  old. This stone quencheth thirst, being held in the mouth. It maketh warlike and courageous.  
3. The Rubet or Toadstone, groweth in the head 
Toadstone.  of a Toad: It is of a white brown colour, sometime 
The nature of it.  it hath a sky coloured eye in the middle: It is to be▪ taken before the Toad touch any Water. It is a remedy against all poison. If it come near poison, it changeth colour, and sweateth as it were drops.  
In fishes are found stones which are made of the cold hardening their matter.  
4. The Crabs eye, of the female, is like an eye, 
Crabs eye.  it dissolveth blood congealed, and expelleth 
The nature of it.  stones.  
5. The Perch stone found in his head, is white and as 
Perchstone,  big as Hempseed.  
6. The carp stone found in his chap, is trianguler, 
Carpestone.  white without, yellow within. It helpeth against 
The nature of it.  abundance of choler. Thus fare of precious stones.  
These following are of price because of their beauty, but not so rare.  
Porphirite, is a Marble shining like purple. Alabaster 
Porphirite. Alabaster.  is a marble like in colour, to spotted Honey. At this day it is clear, and smooth, like Plaster.  
The Ophite is a most hard marble, of a sad green 
Ophite.  spotted, and serpentlike colour.  
Common stones are of unpure slimy earth, thick, 
Common stones.  and dark: some be solid, as the Flint, Boulder, the Whetstone, etc. Some be full of pores as the Pumise, Gravelstone, and freestone.  
Salt is a fryable mettle, begotten of a waterish and 
Salt, what it is.  earthy moisture, mixed and decocted together: It 
The nature of it.  bindeth, scoureth, purgeth, disperseth, represseth, maketh thin and hard. It is gotten in pits or waters. The sorts of digged salts be:  
Salt Amoniack is found in plates under the hot 
Salt Amonaick The nature of it.  sands of Cyreniae. It is hot and dry in the fourth degree, and serveth to purge slimy humours. That which Apothecaries sell in black clods, is made of Camels stolen, and because store of Camels be in Armenia, it is called Armeniack.  
Salt Peter is found in dry places under the ground, 
Salt Peter.  and in hollow Rocks: It is sometime called Nitre, of a Region in Egypt. Of this kind is the salt called Borax.  
Salt Gem, is a white kind of Even-salt, shining like 
Salt Gem.  Crystal: It is also called Stonic, marbly, salt Sarmatic, or Dacian.  
Salt of Indie is blackish Salt, or ruddy. It is in clods 
Salt of Indie.  cut out of mount Oremen.  
Salt of Water is taken on the Sea coast, or from some 
Salt of water.  lakes and springs, and it is sod and congealed of the Sun, or by fire.  
Allo me is a salt sweat of the earth, it is either liquid 
Allome.  or hard.  
Liquid Allome is called Roch or Rock-Allome, 
Liquid Allome.  with it is paper washed, etc.  
Hard Allome, or Allome Scissile is thick, and 
Hard Allome.  cleaveth: It is as it were grey.  
Bitume is a fat and tough moisture, like pitch, and 
Bitume.  is called Earthy pitch.  
Liquid, is like an oilily moisture flowing, and is of 
Liquid Bitume.  diverse colours, after the variety of the place, of which Naphtha is a white fat of Bitumen, which inflamed by water, doth easily draw to it fire, through store of oil that is in it. 
Naphtha Petreolum.   
Naphtha Petreolum is found in rocks. It is for his fatness of some called Oil.  
Ambar of Arabia is Bitume of an Ash colour. 
Ambar of Arabia. Hard Bitume.   
Hard Bitume is tough, like foam swimming on the water, but being taken forth, it waxeth hard: of this kind is Asphaltus, which is black Bitume, hard like stone pitch: The best is gotten in the dead Sea of judea. etc. 
Pissaphaltus▪   
Pissaphaltus Asphaltus, smelling of Pitch, mingled with Bitume: It is called Mummy. Where this wants, they sell us counterfeit of Syria; for poor men that die there, be stuffed with Bitume, but the rich are dressed with Myrrh, Aloes, etc.  
It also is found in clods rolling from mount Ceravine into the Sea. 
Succinum.   
Succinum is Bitume, like a stone, exceeding hard, named, Ex succo, the juice of the earth. It is white or yellow, which is called Ambar, or black as jet. His fatness is so great that it burneth like a Candle, and smelleth like the Pine tree. It draweth to it chaff, and such other light stuff, by a certain hid nature.  
Metallar Earth's which are digged forth of mines. 
Terra Lemnia   
Terra Lemnia, an exceeding red Earth of Lemnos I'll, digged in a red hill: It is sometime used for Armenian. In old time this had Diana's seal upon it, printed by her Priests, who were only wont to wash this earth.  
It is of force to expel poison, it healeth wounds 
The nature of it.  festered and old, and poisoned.  
Bole Armenian, is earth of Armenia, it is of a pale 
Bole Armenian.  red colour, smooth, and easy to break as chalk: It is 
The nature of it.  a dryer, and profiteth against all fluxes.  
Terra Samia is white, stiff, and tough, coming 
Terra Samia  from the I'll Samos.  
Ampelite is a pitchy earth, cleaving and black, it 
Ampelite.  is named of anointing Vines, to kill the worms. This earth is like that we call Stone, or Sea coal.  
Chalk is white earth of Crete, and there is found 
Chalk.  of it in many other places.  
There is also some found that is black, which is 
Black Chalk  called Pignitis.   

CHAP. VII. Of Natures perfectly living.  
SO fare of Minerals; Now follow Natures perfectly living. 
What natures perfectly living are.   
Nature's perfectly-living, are plants, or bodies endowed with a soul. In all these bodies are sundry virtues, according to the temperature of the principal qualities. For the form useth their qualities as Instruments: Whence come divers distinct degrees of those qualities, as some are hot, cold, dry, moist, in the first, second, third, and fourth degree. The qualities in the first are obscure, and scarce to be perceived: in the second they are apparent and manifest: in the third they be vehement: and in the fourth immoderate, and not to be endured. And again each of these hath a beginning, middle, and end.  
Plants grow from a stalk or a trunk. Those from a 
Plants.  stalk have but one stalk or many. Trees are Plants having but one stalk, full of Boughs, and rising on high from the earth. Some grow only in hot Countries: others grow indifferently in all places: those that prosper best in hot Regions, are Frankincense, Mace, Pepper, Palm, Balsam, Pomegranet, Lemmon, Cedar,  
The Frankincense tree groweth chief in Arabia; 
Frankincense tree.  it is tall, and hath leaves like the mastic tree, his gum 
The nature of it.  is soft, white, fat, and round, and is apt to perfume, and the stiffer and liker Rosen it is, so much the better. This perfume was used for sacrifice.  
Myrrh is a tree in India, of hard wood, wrythen 
Myrrh.  towards the earth, with a smooth bark, the leaves 
The nature of it.  sharp pointed towards the end: his gum is fat, like Rosen, thick, and shining red. The distilled liquor of fresh Myrrh was once called Stact, but now it is named Storax. It is hot and dry in the second degree. It drieth & closeth wounds, it expelleth the worms: it is of force against an old cough and short wind. It is bitter: It is good to heal wounds of the head.  
Mace is an Indian tree, grown in the I'll of Banda. It 
Mace.  is almost like the Peach tree, it hath narrow and short leaves, whose fruit is the Nutmeg covered with Mace.  
The Nutmeg hath an husk like a Filberd: the 
Nutmeg▪  fruit is covered with a rind like our Wal-nut, which with ripeness openeth and showeth the Mace, which doth cover the Nutmeg, etc.  
The new and best Nutmeg is full of juice or oil, smelling sweet. It drieth and heateth in the end of the second degree, with a kindly binding. 
Pepper,   
Pepper groweth in India, Of it be two sorts of trees, and two sorts of fruits, one long, the other round. The round groweth on branches like vines, which embraceth trees that stand by it; and his fruit is in clusters, first green, then being dried, it turneth black and rough: it is gathered in October.  
Long Pepper groweth like the long bud on Nut-trees. 
The nature of it.  It is hot and dry.  
Palm tree groweth most in Egypt, and Arabia, always 
Palm tree.  green, with a long round body; his bark is like scales of a Fish, and the more it is pressed, the better it groweth: therefore was it used as a reward for the Conqueror.  
The wild Palm in India, is called Thamarind, 
Wild Palm tree. The nature of it.  the Date is his fruit, it being ripe is black and sweet: Of these bee three kinds. Our Dates come from Egypt: they are hot temperately.  
Balsam is a low tree, his trunk is not much unlike 
Balsam tree.  the Turpentine tree; it hath leaves like Rew, but whither, never falling. It groweth in the valley of Hierico, and Egypt: being cut it sendeth out a milkish liquor: 
The nature of it.  it is to be cut in the uper part of the bark with glass or bone, and not with Iron, lest it die. His juice is gathered with wool into small horns: of it is scarce got each year six Congees: a Congee is about three Pints.  
Native Balm mixed with milk doth easily separate: 
Balm.  and easily dissolve in water, neither doth it stain 
The nature of it.  cloth. It is hot and dry in the second degree: it is of thin parts, and hard to come by. In his stead most commonly is used the Oil of Nutmegs.  


The Pomegranet  
The Orange  
The Cedar tree   doth follow.  
1. Pomegranet is a low tree, that hath narrow shining 
Pomegranet.  leaves, red flowers, and his fruit filled with grains. It came from the Country in which Carthage stood; 
The nature of it.  The juice of this Apple helpeth the stomach: It is very good in a burning Fever.  
2. Pomecytron, Lemmon, and Orange trees, 
Pomecytron.  are always green, the leaf of the Cytron is like 
The nature of it.  the Laurel, indented. The fruit is rough, and always fruitful; his juice cureth inflammations, and other diseases in the skin: the bark comforteth the heart, etc.  
The Orange hath a smother skin, and leaf. 
Orange.   
3. The Cedar is like to juniper, his leaves being 
Cedar.  sharper: the tree is exceeding tall, chief of that of Cyprus; 
The nature of it.  It never rotteth, his nature destroying sound things, preserveth corrupt things.  
The trees less hot are either fruitful or barren. The fruitful have fruit that have a rind thick, or thin. The thinner rind is of Apples, or Berries. Apples are round, as the Fig, Olive, Plum, Cherry.  
The Fig tree is not high, it hath a smooth bark like 
Figtree.  the Walnut tree. It yields a long fruit like a Pear, full of grains. It is so fruitful that it bringeth forth three or four times in a year: so that one Fig thrusteth off another. They are of two kinds, great and little.  
The Olive: the Apple tree: and Peach be common.  
The Quince tree is lower than an Apple tree, his 
Quince tree●  fruit hath downy hair; it is called Cidonia, of a city in Crete, where first it grew. The fruit is cold and 
The nature of it.  binding, and doth much profit hot stomaches.  
The Pear, the Plum, the Meddler, and the Cherry be common.  
Now follow those trees that bear Berries.  
The Laurel is a tree growing in hotter countries; 
Laurel tree.  which in cold doth hardly prosper; it hath sharp and thick leaves ever green, with a thin smooth bark: His leaves be hot and dry, his oil for hot and 
The nature of it.  softening nature helpeth diseases of the breast; and other springing of cold. The powder in wine causeth urine, breaketh the stone of the bladder and reynes.  
juniper beareth a small fruit, the space of two years; 
juniper tree.  and before the first be ripe, it bringeth forth other▪ This tree hath short and sharp leaves, and a strait back, and slit almost in every place: the gum sweeting out of is, Vernix, called so because it congealeth 
The nature of it.  in the spring. It is hot and dry in the third degree. It healeth and glueth, and also heateth a cold stomach. His berries are hot and dry in the first degree, comforting the spirits, and healing putrefactions. It consumeth rotten and moist humours. The oil helpeth the Gout, if you anoint the backebone therewith: it cureth deafness, and eaten helpeth melancholy, and stayeth the Rheum, and the Flux.  
Now follow trees whose fruit hath a shell.  
1. The Almond tree.  
2. The Walnut tree.  
3. The Chestnut tree taketh his name of a town 
Chesnut tree.  in Magnesia, the tree is much like the Walnut, yet the leaf hath more veins, and his edge like a Saw. His fruit is covered with a sharp husk, and within it hath a red husk. It is of two kinds: both hot and dry in 
The nature of it.  the first degree; and for their earthy matter binding. They are hard to digest, and beget lice: but good if roasted and eaten with Salt, Pepper, and Sugar.  
The powder of dry Chestnuts voideth Urine.  
The Beech is tall with a thick white bark, or a 
Beech tree.  sad red. It hath leaves like Laurel, nicked on the edge. His fruit is a theerangle Nut, closed in a little 
The nature of it.  pricking husk. His fruit is hot, sweet, and binding. His leaves are cool, which being eaten, do help much the grief of the gums and lips. If they be stamped, they much strengthen dead members, being anointed with it. Swine and Miso delight much in this fruit.  
Trees whose fruit is but half covered.  
The Oak is a tall tree, having a thick rough bark, 
Oak tree.  his leaves are deep gashed, and his boughs are knotted: his proper fruit is the acorn: the gall and his glue are but accidental. It is moderately hot and dry, 
The nature of it.  it bindeth, and especially the little skin which covereth the acorn. Distilled water of Oak leaves cureth Fluxes, and rottenness of the Liver: and expelleth all congealed blood. His leaves stamped and applied to green wounds heal them.  
Likewise they draw heat from swellings and pimples arising by heat.  
Galls grow especially in old Okes, and in the night, in the Summer, the Sun then leaving Gemini: they be of two sorts; small and rough, and great and smooth.  
Galls have in them sometime Spiders, Flies, and Aunts: Some think Spiders do presage pestilence, Flies war, and Aunt's dearth. The powder of Galls doth heal wounds without any scar. Robur is very hard and during: It hath less fruit.  
The Ilex is very tall with leaves, Lawrell-like, ever 
Ilextree.  green, but lesser and sharp: a thick wood, and of a black red colour; and is very rare.  
Another kind is the Cork tree, having like leaf, 
Cork tree.  fruit, and greenness, yet is it lesser, and hath a most thick bark, which though it be taken off, yet doth 
The nature of it.  not the tree whither: it is called the female Ilex: his wood is full of pores and holes, and most light, and not to be sunk.  
Now follow trees that bear gum, whose Nut hath scales.  
The Pine apple is a Tree full of boughs, with hairy 
Pine Apple tree.  leaves like Comb teeth, of whose sharp top it takes his name. His fruit is Pine-nuts, these are hot 
The nature of it.  and dry, and bind. They are good against coughs, and consumptions, strengthening, and heating.  
The wild Pine is a great high tree with hairy leaves.  
The Pitch tree is tall with a black bark, tough and 
Pitch tree.  stiff, and running along his boughs like a cross, from both sides of the trunk: his leaves are broader, softer, and smother than Rosemary. From between the bark and wood of this tree floweth a gum like .  
The Fir tree is a kind of Pitch tree, but somewhat 
Fir tree.  whiter, his leaves on one side are of an Ash colour: from this floweth also a , which sod with honey profitteth against the destillations of the head and throat, against the Quinsey and other maladies; it assuageth the inflammation of wounds, and joineth them: it sodden with Barley bran and wine, cureth hard kernels.  
The Larix is a high tree with a thick bark clifted 
Larix tree.  on each side: his boughs grow by degrees about the trunk: his leaves are thick, long, soft, and hairy; his fruit is almost like the Cypress, and hath a pleasant 
The nature of it.  smell. The wood of this, for that it is dry and full of , burneth vehemently, and soon melteth mettle. His  is in smell, taste, and working better than common Turpentine.  
In colour it is like honey, tough but not hard. In the body of the tree groweth Fungus Agaricus, a swamp or much▪ room. The best is white, thin, full of pores, light, and easy to break: it purgeth phlegm.  
Now follow trees that bring forth no fruit of note, called Barren-trees.  
The Elm is tall with rough leaves and sharp: his 
Elm tree.  wood is yellow, hard, & deformed: the bark, boughs, 
The nature of it.  and leaves have a healing faculty in scabs. It also closeth wounds.  
The Alder hath a long strait trunk, his wood is 
Alder tree.  soft, his leaf like Peartree, but greater, thicker, and rounder: it groweth in moist places, and by rivers. His wood is hot and dry, and endureth long under the 
The nature of it.  earth, or in water. His thin and fat leaves laid upon tumours with hot water cure them, and help all swellings.  
The Teile is a large and broad tree, with a thick 
Teile tree.  stalk: his leaves like Ivy, but softer and sharper. It 
The nature of it.  bindeth: his other qualities are like the wild Olive.  
The Box hath little round leaves always green, 
Box tree▪  his stalk is rough, for most part full of knots, and black: the wood is hard and heavy, it sinketh in water, and never decayeth with age. Of this, boxes are named, because most of them were wont to be made of Box. It is dry and binding; the powder of his 
The nature of it.  leaves, with Lavender and water, profitteth against madness. Lie of Box maketh yellow hairs.  
The Birch is a tender tree, his bark is black at 
Birch tree.  first, but after white; his wood is soft and weak above other. It hath a sweet sap; In the rude age, his bark was used for paper. His sap taken in the Spring helpeth 
The nature of it.  the stone, jaundice, and rottenness of the mouth; also being put in milk, preserveth the Cheese made of that milk from Maggots.  
Willow groweth apace, it endureth long, for 
Willow tree. The nature of it.  though it be hollow and rotten, yet it liveth. It is of two sorts, solid or brittle: the solid is black or yellow: the black is the greater and better, and is most apt for binding.  
The yellow groweth chief near water, it is sometime white. The brittle Willow is most white, and unapt for binding. Willows are dry and thick: his leaves and bark sod in Wine, helpeth gripings of the belly.  
The Poplar delighteth in moist and waterish places. 
Poplar tree.  It is white or black: the white hath a long strait trunk, and a smooth bark: his leaf round, and after sharper, green beneath, hoary above, and do continually shake; it is moderately hot and dry. The root taken in drink, defendeth from gripings in the belly. Black Poplar is like the white, but greater, softer, and hath narrower leaves, and green below, and of an 
The nature of it.  Ash colour above. It is hot and dry: the boughs held in the hand (some say) forbidden weariness of hand and foot: his gum stamped helpeth looseness.  
Now follow shrubs, which spring up with many 
Shrubs.  stalks; and are noble or less noble: The noble, as first, Cinnamon, which is a bark of a shrub of that 
Cinnamon.  name growing in India: of a black colour, with thin boughs, which if they be broken, cast forth a sweet sent: His bark is of two sorts, thick and thin. The thin is of the sharpest and best taste. The thick is more slowly digested; it comforteth the heart: the best 
The nature of it.  is red and sharp with some sweetness. It is of subtle parts, hot in the third, and dry in the second degree. It helpeth a cold stomach, it strengtheneth the sight, heart, and liver, and begetteth pure blood.  
Cassia Fistula, is a round, great, and purple Cane, 
Cassia Fistula.  having a very black pith; the heaviest and reddest Canes are best. Of the black pith is made a good and 
The nature of it.  gentle purgation, called Cassia extract. This helpeth much against fevers, and many other diseases, if one ounce of it be taken with as much Rose water.  
Shrubs less noble.  
The Hasell is an high shrub with a slender stalk, 
Hasell.  and full of white spots. His leaves are broader, and have more gashes than the Alder. The tree beareth the 
The nature of it.  Filberd, and the Nut: these Nuts are hot and moist, and make fat, but hurt the stomach, and procureth a laske. If stamped in water and sugar, they be applied, they help an old cough. The ashes burnt with Swine's or Boars grease, and applied to the head, causeth the hair to grow.  
The Eldern hath boughs of an Ash colour, and 
Eldern.  in it is store of pith, and his leaves are much like to those of the Wal-nut tree, it beareth purple berries, having red juice.  
Dwarf Eldern is low & short, with a fouresquare stalk; these plants are hot and dry, and have power to 
The nature of it.  purge and digest: Also it healeth and closeth; the root or leaves of Elder sod in wine, purge the dropsy, and nothing is more effectual to that purpose than the root of Dwarf Eldern. Water in which the leaves of Eldern are sod, helps to rid the dry cough. The Pitch or an electuary of the berries, expelleth sweat, and all poison.  
Barberries' are not much unlike the wild Pear, although 
Barberries'.  they be fare less, and in the boughs some two or three pricks grow together. His leaf is like 
The nature of it.  Quince leaves, but narrower. Barberries' bee hot and dry in the second degree. The juice of the berries profitteth against inflammation of the Liver, as also against inward impostumes: if it be applied with nightshade, it quencheth thirst. The bark of his root or fruit stamped, plucketh out a thing fast in the flesh: his syrup tempered with sugar comforteth the hart, restoreth appetite, profiteth against burning Fevers, and all inward diseases of much blood.  
The small Raisin hath purple boughs, and pampin 
Small Raysin.  leaves, but less, and of blackish green: it hath 
The nature of it.  round red berries, upon long stalks; his fruit and leaves are cold and dry in the second degree, having power to close. The juice of the fruit taken, helpeth against trembling of the heart, & inflammations of the body; but chief it helpeth the plague: his juice with Endive water profitteth to remove specks of the face.  
The Rose groweth up with small twigs, of a black 
Rose.  green, full of crooked pricks; his leaves are dented 
The nature of it.  on the edge; his fruit, namely, Roses be of divers colours. All Roses be cold and dry, and help both inward and outward affections of the body.  
The juice sod in Wine helpeth griefs of the head, eyes, and gums. Honey and Rose water strengthen all parts, and purge melancholy and phlegm; sodden with Fennell and Salt, his oil healeth burnings, and laid on the forehead taketh away heaviness, and hot sicknesses. The funge of wild Rose trees in powder with wine expelleth the stone. Water of Roses helpeth sore eyes, comforteth and cooleth the brain, it being drunk, relieveth the heart and stomach: it keepeth the spirits, and natural heat.  
The Bramble is full of pricks, and crawleth about: 
Bramble.  the leaves of sweet briar on the one side are white, on the other black; his fruit is the black berry, full of juice, the berry is dry, cold, and close. His fruit, 
The nature of it.  leaves, or sprouts quench inward heat. The top of his leaves sod in Wine stay the bloody flux, help ulcers of the mouth, and fasten lose teeth.  
Poterion, uva orispa, Gooseberries is full of boughs, 
Gooseberries.  hath ash coloured bark or white, full of sharp thorns, his leaves are less than ground Ivy and crooked, his berries from green turn to reddish: it is cold 
The nature of it.  in the first, dry in the second degree; his green leaves cure inflammations, and apostumes, and assuage Ignis sacer.  
Colutea in leaf not unlike to Fengreke, hath a 
Colutea.  round fruit, as big as a Lentle in a puffed shell. It is hot 
The nature of it.  in the beginning of the second degree, and dry in the first: it purgeth the paunch: scoureth away chief melancholy, 
The nature of it.  without trouble, from the head, brain, and the Instruments of the senses.  
Thus fare of Plants growing from a trunk or stalk, etc.  
Now follow Herbs which have but a thin small 
Herbs.  stalk, consisting most upon leaves: These do nourish more or less, as Corn and Potherbs, which nourish more.  
Wheat is a kind of Corn, having an ear upon 
Wheat.  the blade, stuffed with many grains; it is moderately 
The nature of it.  hot and dry, and of much nourishment, and helpful for many diseases, aswell within as without the body: the best is hard to break, heavy, and of gold colour, smooth, and groweth in fat ground.  
Leaven of Wheat doth draw, ripen, and open ulcers, and apostumes: Biscuit profitteth against rheum.  
Barley is cold and dry in the second degree, and 
Barley.  purgeth. His flower and new milk in plaster cure 
The nature of it.  Biles, and such tumours, by easing their pain, and drawing forth heat. Bread made of it begetteth cold and slimy humours, and nourisheth less than wheat, Barley water maketh the skin fair and smooth.  
Spelte or Zea is of a middle temperature, between 
Spelte.  Wheat and Barley: it is a kind of Wheat, and commonly goeth under that name.  
Rye is not so hot as Wheat, and hurteth much, except 
Rye.  it be well digested.  
Oats are colder than Wheat, and of operation almost 
Oats.  like Barley.  
Now follow of Pulse:  

Millet.  Millet is a most fertile Pulse with sharp leaves, broad below, and sharp towards the top: his cod hath 
The nature of it.  in it a round long fruit. It is cold in the first, and dry in the third degree: It stoppeth the belly, and nourisheth but little.  
Rise is smaller than Millet, and fare less, it groweth 
Rise.  in moist and watery places: it bindeth.  
Lentells grow like small pease, and have a virtue to 
Lentels.  bind.  
Pease are either of the field or garden; bearing a 
Pease.  white, ot a purple flower.  
Beans are meanly cold, and moist, inflaming, 
Beanes.  windy, hard to digest. 
Pot herbs.   
Now follow Potherbs.  
Coleworts have very broad leaves, which enclosing 
Coleworts. Their natures.  one another round about become Cabbedges. These be cold and moist; and in Egypt be very bitter. The Romans for the space of six hundred years used this only herb to cure all diseases. His broth expelleth the stone and gravel, his leaves applied by themselves, or with the flowers cure inflammations: his juice healeth festered sores, it cureth the falling of the hair. Broth made of his leaves with an old Cock, cureth the Colic, and other gripings.  
Spinagh hath an high stalk, and beareth sharp 
Spinagh.  seeds, his leaves being sharp and triangular; it is 
The nature of it.  cold and moist in the first degree. His juice expelleth hurtful rheum: It mollifieth the belly, and cureth hardness of the back and belly. His juice taketh away the pain and heat of the stomach and liver: it helpeth the biting of Spiders,  
Lettise hath his leaves gathered into a curled roundness; 
Lettise.  that which groweth in the field hath a shorter stalk and leaf than Garden Lettise, being bitter, and full of milk.  
It is moderately moist and cold, like Spring water, 
The nature of it.  it is wholesome in Summer, to restore appetite to meat. Yet too much of it hurteth the eyes: and boiled with woman's milk cureth burnings.  
Beets have two colours, the one white, the other 
Beets.  black and red, both of them for their salt digest and cleanse, but the white is more salt, and bindeth, yet being boiled, it looseneth: It cureth obstructions of 
The nature of it.  the liver, especially if it be taken with vinegar and mustard: It also cureth those that be sick of the spleen.  
Purslane hath round, thick, fat, and white leaves 
Purslane:  on the back, a red stalk, yellow flowers like a Star: They of the Garden have broad leaves, and a thick stalk: the wild, lesser, and more leaves. It is cold in 
The nature of it.  the first, and moist in the second degree: it is tart; his juice helpeth a hot stomach, and hot diseases; it being somewhat binding, helpeth fluxes, and evacuations of blood, if it be used with Barley flower.  
Garden Mallows grow with a round leaf, and high 
Mallows.  stalk, his flowers be red, or white: wild Mallows mollify, and a little digest: Garden, are moist, and 
The nature of it.  weaker. The decoction of Mallows drunk, cureth on old cough: his leaves sod and used with common oil heal burning.  
The Onion hath a subtle stalk, round and hollow, 
Onion.  arising from a round root, wound about with many fold: it is hot almost in the fourth degree: it is 
The nature of it.  of thick parts: his juice is a dry substance, and hot. An Onion all night laid in cold water and drunk, killeth worms, and being beaten with salt, it draweth away warts by the roots: his juice put in the ear cureth deafness.  
The Leek groweth almost like Onions, and is of 
Leeks.  the same quality, it doth dissolve swellings, and congealed 
The nature of it.  blood, being applied like a Plaster.  
Parsley hath leaves like Cicuta, it is hot and dry in 
Parsley.  the third degree, it peirceth and dissolveth, provoking 
The nature of it.  urine; the seed is more effectual than the herb. It dissolveth the stone, it consumeth ill moisture, and sores of the head.  
These herbs following are used for Garlands, or physic; some of them smelling sweetly.  
The Violet hath leaves lesser and thinner than Ivy, 
Violet.  but more black; his stalk cometh from the midst of his root, beareth a purple flower, and a seed full of grains. It springeth in woods, and shadowy 
The nature of it.  places, wild, but not sweet: it is cold in the first, and moist in the second: and cooleth hot diseases and inflammations. Of it there be diverse kinds, and colours: as the Pancey or Hearts-ease.  
The Daisy hath leaves somewhat round above and 
daisy. The nature of it.  small below, and the root in the ground wheeling about: it is cold in the second degree.  
The jelly-flower hath sharp leaves, growing like 
jelly-flower.  grass with flowers of sundry colours: it hath an attractive 
The nature of it.  force, and the juice healeth wounds in the head.  
Maioram hath almost a wooden stalk, with many 
Maioram. The nature of it.  rough round leaves, and it smelleth sweetly. It is hot and dry in the fourth degree, it is of thin parts, and of a digesting faculty. It healeth, disgesteth, and provoketh urine.  
Rosemary is hot and dry in the third degree, and 
Rosemary.  smelleth like Frankincense. It mollifieth, disgesteth, 
The nature of it.  and drieth.  
Spicknard is hot in the first, and dry in the second degree. 
Spicknard.  
The nature of it.   
Lavender heateth and drieth in the second degree. 
Lavender.   
White Daffodil is hot and dry. It is of divers 
Daffodil.  kinds.  
Rose Campion is an herb with an Ash coloured 
Rose Campion.  stalk, as it were cotton, long leaved, and white, bearing purple flowers, growing up like the Primrose: 
The nature of it.  his seed is hot and dry almost in the second degree: it prevaileth against the stinging of Scorpions.  
Herbs used in medicine, are aromatic, or ordinary. Aromatic do comfort and strengthen the spirits. Thence they take their name.  
Saffron is hot in the second, and dry in the first degree: 
Saffron.  it a little bindeth, and concocteth; it may with good keeping be preserved five years. 
The nature of it.   
It comforteth the heart and stomach, it maketh pure blood, and provoketh urine, it scoureth the breast, it is deadly, if it be taken too much.  
Ginger waxeth green twice or thrice in the year, 
Ginger.  it heateth in the third, and is moist in the first, it is of 
The nature of it.  more subtle parts than Pepper.  
Zadury or wormseed heateth and drieth in the 
wormseed.  second degree, it is that we do call the root of China, like Ginger but not so biting. 
The nature of it.   
Gallingall is the root of a plant growing in Memphis 
Gallingall.  and Syria, it groweth like the flouredeluce, but with pricks, and is broader and thicker from the 
The nature of it.  root. It is hot and dry in the third degree, as is the root of Cyprus.  
Calamus Aromaticus is an herb of India, growing 
Calamus Aromaticus. The nature of it.  like reeds or figs. It is hot and dry in the second degree, and a little binding.  
Acorus is a plant growing with leaves like Iris, but 
A corus. The nature of it.  smaller, or like sedges; the root is white, sweetly smelling. It is hot and dry in the second degree.  
There be sexes of herbs, as of other living things, some of which more help, namely, the Male or Female according to their kinds.   

CHAP. VIII. Of humane Creatures.  
MAn is a creature that hath reason, & as he is most 
What man it, and the manner of his generation.  excellent, so hath he a more perfect shape in body than others. His members are form, and begin to appear distinctly about the six and twentieth day. And they are all perfect in Males at thirty days, and in Females at 36. days. About this time the Child beginneth to live, and to feel. The Male is moved in the third Month, but the Female in the fourth Month: than it is nourished and increased till the ninth Month, and after the ninth Month, when it is grown great, it is brought forth. This is the forming, and procreating of Man, for whose sake all other creatures were made.  
A feeling soul is a power apprehending and 
What a feeling soul is.  perceiving things placed without the body of living creatures. This faculty is exercised by the senses, and by motion accompanying the senses. The senses are outward or inward. The outward only 
Senses outward.  perceiving things present: And every one of these have their proper subject: and the most have a middle instrument; of all which, if there be a certain mutual consent and just proportion: the senses become of more force: but if any one of them have too excellent an object, or his instrument be corrupt, they are dull and unfit to be used; This is the cause of blindness to those that walk in snow, and of deafness unto Smiths, etc. Furthermore, senses are common to the whole body, or proper to some part thereof. The 
Touching.  sense in the whole body is touching. This is a sense by means of flesh, full of sinews, apprehending tactill qualities.  
His instrument is flesh, full of sinews, or rather a nerve like a hair dispersed throughout the whole body. In man for the abundance of nerves is this sense most quick; his means is flesh and skin, for though the skin be removed, yet a man feeleth hurt. Senses of certain parts are more or less noble. The nobler are Seeing, and Hearing; whose means are the water, 
Geeing.  and air: Sight by the eye perceiveth bright and coloured things: The subject thereof is light, etc. Greene a most temperate colour is most acceptable to the sight. His instrument is the nerve Optic, which from the brain cometh to the eyes.  
Hearing is a sense perceiving sounds; his instrument 
Hearing.  is a little skin in the lowest winding, or turning of the ear, dry and full of holes: the skin is double, one below, which covereth a little bone like an Anvil: another above, containing a little bone, as it were a small Mallet. The upper stricken by the sounds, striketh the lower, and stirreth up the spirits in the nerves to perceive the sound.  
The more un-noble senses are Tasting, and Smelling: 
Tasting.  Tasting apprehendeth tastes. His instrument is a nerve stretched like a Net upon the flesh of the tongue, which is full of little pores. His means is a temperate salt humour, which if it do exceed the just quantity, it doth not exactly perceive tastes: but if it be altogether consumed, no tastes are perceived.  
Smelling judgeth qualities fit for smell: his instrument 
Smelling.  is the entrance into the first ventricle covered with a small skin; the drier it is the quicker of smell, as in Dogs and Vultures: but man for the moystnosse of his brain, hath but a dull smell.  
Now follow the inward senses, which beside things 
Senses inward.  presently offered, do know forms of many absent things. By these the creature doth not only perceive, but also understandeth that which he doth perceive. These have their seat in the brain: They are either conceiving or preserving: Conceiving exerciseth his 
Conceiving.  faculty by discerning, or more fully judging: it is called, Common sense, and the other is Phantasie. Common sense more fully distinguisheth sensible things; his instrument is the former ventricle of the brain, made by dryness sit to receive. Phantasie is an inward sense more diligently examining the forms of things: This is the thought and judgement of creatures, his place is the middle part of the brain, being through dryness apt to retain.  
The preserving sense is Memory, which according 
Preserving.  to the constitution of the brain is better or worse. It is weaker in a moist brain than in the dry brain. His instrument is the hinder part of the brain.  
Memory calling back images preserved in former time, is called Remembrance: but this is not without the use of reason, and therefore is only attributed to man.  
The witty excel in remembrance, the dull▪ in memory.  
Sleep is the resting of the feeling faculty: his cause 
Sleep how caused.  is a cooling of the brain by a pleasant abounding vapour, breathing forth of the stomach, and ascending to the brain. When that vapour is concoct, and turned 
Waking how caused.  into spirits, the heat returneth, and the senses recovering their former function, cause waking. There be certain appointed courses for watch and sleep, lost creatures languish with overmuch motion.  
Affections of sleep are Dreams, Nightmare, and 
Dreams▪  Ecstasy, etc.  
A dream is an inward act of the mind, the body 
What they be.  sleeping: and the quieter that sleep is, the easier be dreams: but if sleep be unquiet, than the mind is troubled.  
Variety of dreams is according to the diverse constitution 
Their variety.  of the body.  
The clear and pleasant dreams are when the spirits of the brain, which the soul useth to imagine with, are most pure and thin, as towards morning when concoction is perfected.  
But troublesome dreams are when the spirits be thick and unpure. All natural dreams are by images, either before proffered to memory, or conceived by temperature alone, or by some influence from the stars, as some think.  
From dreams many things may be collected, touching the constitution of the body.  
The Nightmare, is a seeming of being choked or 
The nightmare.  strangled by one leaping upon him: fear following this compression, the voice is taken away. This affection 
How occasioned.  cometh when the vital spirits in the brain are darkened by vapours, ascending from melancholy and phlegm, insomuch, that that faculty being oppressed, some heavy thing seemeth to be laid upon us.  
Therefore this disease is familiar to those, who through age or sex are much inclined unto these humours.  
An Ecstasy or trance, is a vehement imagination 
A trance▪  of the departure (for a time) of the soul from the body. A deep sleep lasting some days ensueth, for 
What it is▪  the foul giving over itself to cogitation, ceaseth to serve the body. Wherefore men wanting motion and sense seem to be dead. And with what humours the brain shall be compassed, such fancies doth it conceive, although sometime spirits working on such phatasies, imprint other things.  
Now followeth Motion, which accompanieth sense, and is caused either by appetite, or change of place; for we desiring things perceived in sense, cannot attain unto them without moving our body to that thing. 
Appetite▪ What it is.   
Appetite is a faculty desiring such things as are objects to our sense. It chief followeth touching, or thinking. Delight followeth touching. Delight is a desire of an agreeing Object. Grief is his contrary, which is a turning from the hurtful object, or from that we count unpleasant. Appetites following cogitation, are all the motions of the heart, which be called affections, and are either good or bad. The good cherish and preserve the nature of our sensitive faculty, as mirth, love, hope, which come of heat: when the heart dilating itself, desireth to enjoy the thing, with which it is delighted.  
Motion is a faculty of living creatures, stirring a body, 
Motion what it is.  enticed by appetite from one place to another. It is either of the whole body, or of parts: Of the whole body, as by going, etc. Of parts, as breathing, which is made either by enlarging of the parts, which serve for the taking in of the air, or by the closing of them for the expelling of corrupt air.  
Now followeth to entreat, Of the bodies of living 
Of the bodies of living creatures. What the matter of the body is.  creatures.  
The matter of the body in which the foresaid faculties be, is the seed of both sexes. Seed is most pure blood, perfectly concocted in the testicles, and it is gathered from the whole body. For the testicles lacking nourishment, draw blood from the hollow vein and change it.  
Conception is the action of the womb, by which 
Conception, what it is.  the power is stirred up to execute his inbred gift. Then that power being stirred up doth diversely distract the matter, separating his diverse parts: and thus all parts alike get together their shape. Likewise all of them together are adorned with the faculties of the vegetative, or sensitive soul. Amongst the natural faculties of the parts of the body, if there be putrefaction, a fault of the concocting faculty, there is made a certain generation of matter: This is natural, or extraordinary.  
Natural is by an inbred heat, not altogether subdued, 
Natural.  but slackly exercising force, through disposition of the matter. Such is to be seen in inflammations, botches, and impostumes. For in these, nature so fare as it can, laboureth to bring this his subject matter to the best form. Therefore such suppuration is wont to argue a certain strength of nature, wherefore often with convenient helps, it is carefully increased. In this kind, especially is praised white, thick, smooth, equal, and least smelling matter.  
Extraordinary mattering is, when nature altogether 
Extraordinary.  subdued, the humours or parts themselves are made full of corrupt matter through store of rottenness.  
But nature, or the concocting faculty, is overcome either through proper weakness, or by corrupt matter: this is observed in all rotten, malignant, and stinking botches, in which according to the divers fashioning of abounding matter, are found divers sorts of solid bodies, as hairs, and such other like.  
Of parts of the▪ body which appertain to the 
Of the parts of the body.  making up of the whole body, some are containing, and some contained. The contained for their fluent nature are sustained by help of others: Such are humours and spirits. Humours are moist parts begot of the first mixture of nourishment in the liver. These are in the seed of creatures, and are called the beginning of things endued with blood. Any of these if they fail of their proper nature, are not fit to be in the body, but are become unnatural.  
Humours are of the first, & the second sort. The first 
Humours.  are hot or cold, and moist, and dry: Blood is hot and 
Blood.  moist, and it is a thin, red, humour, and sweet. With this the other parts be chief nourished, amongst whom this is the chief. The faults of this is in substance, as putrefaction, or mixture of vicious humours: or in quality, as too thick or too thin; or is affected with some other badness. The humour that is hot and dry, is choler; this is a thin, yellow, pale, and bitter humour. His use is to help the expelling faculty, and chief in the Guts. Gall besides nature, through adustion is yellow, like an eggs yolk, in the stomach it is like rustic brass.  
The cold and moist is phlegm, which is a tough, 
Phlegm.  slimy, and whitish humour, and tastlesse. If this have a fuller concoction, it is turned into blood. His use is to moisten the joints. When it declineth from his proper nature, it is salt or tart, according to his mixture. The cold and dry humour is black choler. This is a thick, blackish, tart, bitter humour. It serveth to strengthen the stomach, that it may more easily retain, and receive meat. When it declineth from his proper nature by immoderate burning, it hath diverse kinds. Humours of the second sort are begotten of the first, being wrought with concoction they are like dew or glue. Dew is a humour contained in the hollowness of the members, and joined to their substance, like dew, with which they are nourished.  
Glue is a humour immoderately congealed, and being 
Glue.  firmly fastened to the members, beginneth to be changed unto their substance, of which change it is called Cambium, and carniformis, like the flesh.  
Now follow the spirits, which are a fluent part of 
Spirits.  the body, most thin, and begotten of the blood of the heart. The spirits are the chief instrument, and as it were the Chariot of the soul's faculties, for with most speedy, and swift motion, it carrieth them over all the body.  
Spirits having root in the heart, be either absolute 
Vital. What they are.  or rude, and to be finished in other parts. Vital spirits be absolute in the heart, and are of a fiery nature, and from the heart by arteries are spread in the body, by whose communication all parts do live.  
Spirits to be perfected in other parts be Animal, 
Animal.  which from the heart be carried into the brain, and 
What they are.  there made subtle by nerves, flowing unto all the other parts; and this is the Chariot of functions or faculties of all living Creatures.  
Parts containing are more solid, which are sustained by themselves; all these either are as a stay or covering. The stay to other parts, is either bone, or gristle. Bone is the hardest and driest part, and stay to all the body. Bones are knit together by ligaments, which are like hard and thick threads, being as bands to the bones of the body.  
Gristles are somewhat softer than the bones, and 
Gristles.  sustain all other parts. The covering of the other 
What they are.  parts, is the skin, which is tender without blood, and covereth the whole body. The membrane is a tender skin, covering some parts.  
There is yet in these parts a common excrement of 
Sweat.  concoction, which is sweat, and is a moistness of the 
What it is,  veins, expelled by secret pores; of this is to be seen a divers colour, according to the die of the moistness, or matter thereof: the usual is waterish, through the white substance of the channels, through which it runneth. But if the pores be large and open, that without delay, and long change it may slide through them: especially, if for some affection of mind or disease, it become thinner, than is it speedily expelled, and tainted with some other colour, etc. Therefore from the colour of sweat, the body's constitution may be known. Cold sweat is worse to be liked than hot, but either is bad if they be unequal.  
Also the containing parts afore-named are animal, or vital, and each of these are more, or less principal. Animal parts are, in which the animal parts are most exercised, as sense and motion together, or alone. The chief member of motion and sense, is the brain contained in the head; whose substance being hurt, it is in danger to lose both sense and motion.  
The Brain is softer than the other parts, white, 
Brain, what it is.  and covered with a double skin closely. The skin of the brain is either called Pia, or Dura matter. The scalp is a thick bone, covering the whole head, and hath up on it a skin with hairs. The scalp is distinguished with certain seams in certain parts, which are true or feigned, etc.  
The excrements of the brain are either thick or 
Excrements of the brain.  thin: The thin are tears bursting from the brain by the angles of the eyes. The greater the flesh of those angles be, so much more plentiful be tears, chief if the complexion be cold and moist, as of women. Tears be caused by heat which openeth, or cold which presseth the flesh, and causeth tears.  
The thicker excrements which are expelled from the brain, either are by the ears or nose.  
In the ears is a moist excrement of the brain, gathering 
Of the ears.  and rotting in their hollowness.  
That of the nose is a thicker excrement than that of 
Of the nose.  the brain: which although it be like phlegm, yet it is altogether of another nature. The pith of the back bone is near to the nature of the brains excrement, save that it is harder and something hotter. The back is bonny, round, and in his length hath twenty four joints. The Nerves are less principal parts of sense and motion, which if they be out of order, the parts in which these be, become unfit to move. Nerves or sinews are thin parts, round, etc. white, much like to thick threads. Some are softer, some harder. The softer are of more use, of which are six pair, by two and two, from the brain arriving to other parts.  
First, to the eyes. Secondly, To move the eyes. Thirdly, to the tongue and taste. Fourthly, to the pallet and skin of the mouth. Fiftly, to the hearing. The sixth, to the mouth of the stomach, by which sense and motion descend.  
Hard Nerves have a duller faculty, and less serving to the senses, of which are thirty pair, which by couples come from the marrow of the back bone: by whose conduct the back easily executeth his faculties.  
Of the parts to breath.  
The principal parts of breathing are in the breast: 
The breathing parts.  being either Lights or Heart; wherefore these being touched, breathing is immediately hurt, and such wounds be deadly. The Lunges are a spongious and thin part, soft, and like foam of congealed blood, declining something to the right side. Breath is brought unto the Lights by a rough Artery, knit to the root of the tongue. This Artery is a long channel made of many gristle rings on a row, which endeth in the Lights. If any thing fall into the hollowness of this, the breath is hindered, and there is danger to be choked.  
The Heart is a fleshy part, solid, and well compacted, 
The heart, what it is.  almost like a Pyramid: it hath two ventricles, the right and the left. The right by an arterial vein communicateth blood to the Lights. This vein is so called of a proper substance and office. From the left ventricle of the Heart ariseth Aorta the root of all the Arteries. These are hollow vessels in the Heart begotten: and are thick, distributing spirits throughout the whole body.  
The excrements of the principal parts of breathing 
Spittle, what it is.  be spittle and cough. Spittle is a windy foam cast out of the breast, and his parts: If it be avoided with noise, it is called coughing. Superfluity of this matter is judged by the colour, for red spittle is of blood, yellow of choler: white of phlegm, and black of melancholy:  
The less principal parts of breathing, are the 
Midriff, what it is.  midriff, and the mediastin. The midriff is a thin skin, like perchment, fastened overthwart to the sides, and includeth the parts of the breast, The mediastin is a double skin in length, dividing the breast into two sides.  
The vital parts are those which serve to the preservation of the spirits of living creatures, and are apppointed to nourishment, or generation. The principal parts for the perfection of nourishment be the stomach and the Liver.  
The Stomach is a part like perchment, sticking to 
Stomach, what it is.  the throat, round, but long, and as it were, twisted with many small threads, and it is the kitchen of nourishment to be concocted.  
The throat is a channel, full of nerves, carrying 
Throat, what it is.  meat from the mouth to the stomach. The Fibres are as it were, very small threads, by benefit whereof the stomach enjoyeth her faculty. These if they be strait and right, draw nourishment unto them: if crooked, they are obliqne or transverse: those retain nourishment received; these expel excrements.  
The casting forth of excrements by the upper parts 
Vomiting.  of the stomach, is called vomit, which expelleth that which aboundeth in the stomach: yet such excrement is many times sent back from other parts into the stomach. The Liver lieth upon the stomach on the 
The Liver.  right side, enclosing it with his laps, and is a fleshy part of nourishment, red, like congealed blood, placed next unto the Midriff. In the Liver is made the second concoction, namely, of nourishment in the belly, turned into a red mass: from the Liver ariseth a hollow vein, the root of all other veins. These are hollow parts, round, and guide the blood unto all the body; the substance of these is thinner by six fold than the skin of the Arteries, whose substance ought to be thicker for the vehement motion of the spirits. That the office of the Liver may be made perfect by means of veins, other particles are allotted thereunto: which receive the abounding humours, choler, etc. The Gall receiveth yellow choler, and the Milt black. The bladder of the Gall is a slimy part in the hollow part of the Liver, of the figure of a Pear: the Milt is a long part like a shoe-sole, on the left side over against the Liver, but somewhat lower. Water from the Liver is received by the reines and bladder. The substance of the reines is thick, and solid flesh; they stick on both sides about the loins, and have emulgent veins arising from the hollow vein. From the trench of the veins hang downward white, narrow veins, guiding water from the reines unto the bladder. The bladder is a slimy part, round, and containing urine in it. Urine is a whey separated from blood in the reines, 
Urine.  and more fully purged in the bladder. This in the body of a temperate man, and sound, is of a mean substance, and in quantity answereth the drink received: in the choleric it is yellow, or red. His sediment is white, smooth, and equal without bubbles, etc.  
A sound body is known by voiding urine, which 
How to discern a sound body by it.  in the morning is white, and after something red. For the one signifieth that it doth, and the other that it hath concocted. Urine is of a mean substance betwixt thin and thick. Thin urine argueth the weakness of the body, and coldness predominant, and rawness of the parts of concoction. And this either remaineth the same or becometh troubled. That showeth concoction is not yet begun, and therefore raw, or This, that it is but new begun. Thick urine like that of beasts, noteth excess of matter or concoction. Urine doth  according to age or complexion, or according to diet and affections of the mind. For the urine of Infants for the most part is white and milky, the urine of boys is thicker, and not so white, the urine of young men is like gold, and of old men white and thin.  
Touching complexions, the choleric have Orange 
Complexions▪  colour: Phlegmatic pale, and thick: the Sanguine, red and mean. The melancholic, wan and thin.  
Diet changeth urine, as Saffron or Cassia caussth Orange 
Diet.  colour. Urine of those that fast long is yellow, of those that eat too much, it is white.  
The less principal parts of concoction, are the 
Guts.  guts and mesenterion. The guts are long, round, hollow, and are knit to the lower part of the stomach. These are thick or thin. The thinner are the three uppermost, as Duodenum, jejunum, and Ileos'.  
Duodenum is the uppermost gut, twelve fingers long. 
Their several kinds.  The jejunum beginneth where the Duodenum beginneth to turn unto rundels. Ileos' is a thin gut, having enwrapped windings. The thicker guts of a thicker skin, are Coecum, Colon, and Rectum.  
The blind gut is thick, large, and short, having but one mouth. The Colon hath many turnings. The right goeth strait to the Tuell: The excrement of the belly, if it be but softly▪ compact, and made at the appointed time, and somewhat yellow, and not much smelling, argueth good concoction. If it be red, it argueth, that much colour floweth in the stomach: if it be white, it showeth crudity and want of choler.  
Blue showeth mortification, and cold of the inward parts. Too thick or thin egestion, argueth bad concoction: if fattish, or slimy, it noteth a consumption. Above all, in these things it must be observed, what meat hath lately been received.  
The guts are wrapped about with the Mesenterion, 
How placed in the body.  which is a skin in the end full of kernels, and woven with many thin veins, which meeting together, make a multiplying of Vena porta in the hollow of the Liver.  
Thus of the common parts of all creatures: their kinds follow.  
All Creatures are reasonable, or unreasonable. They 
The distinction of living creatures, and their several kinds.  which want reason, are Beasts, who live on Land or in Water. Those which live on the earth, move on the earth, or in the air. Beasts moving on the earth, are fourfooted, or creeping. fourfooted Beasts, bring forth young shaped as themselves, or eggs. Those that bring forth living Creatures, some have  feet, and some cloven feet. They have  feet who want horns, as Horses, Mules, and Asses, etc. The cloven footed Beasts, for the most part have horns, as the Ox, Goat, Hart, etc.  
Land Beasts bringing forth eggs, are the Crocodiles, and some which have a shell.  
Frogs, Liserts, and some Serpents have four feet.  
Creatures creeping on the earth, are all kind of Worms, Aunts; Earwigs: to whom may be added, Spiders, Lice, Gnatts, and such other.  
Fowls are hotter and drier than Creatures living only on the land, and all of them bring forth eggs▪ and have but two feet. They have either whole feet or claws. Geese, Ducks, Swans, have whole feet to row in the water.  
Other Birds for the most part have claws, as Doves, Swallows, Hens, Sparrows, etc.  
The insect of Fowls, are Wasps, Bees, Hornetts, Gnatts, Flies. These Creatures are they which live upon the earth: those that live in the water, are Fishes, or of that kind, as the Sea-Horse, the Sea-Dog, etc.  
Fish's many of them are like to Creatures living on the earth in their parts: but they have not so much blood: therefore they are colder and moister.  
Fishes are soft, or hard: the soft have scales, or only a skin.  
Of the scaly be the carp, the Perch. Of the slimy be Eels.  
The harder fishes have plates, as the Crab, the Lobster, etc. Or shells, as Oysters, Mussells, etc.   
FJNJS.